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{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delta_Sigma_Theta_chapters", "title": "List of Delta Sigma Theta chapters", "header": [ "Name", "Chartered", "Institution", "Location" ], "data": [ { "value": "Kappa Alpha", "urls": [] }, { "value": "April 15 , 1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Oklahoma", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma", "summary": "The University of Oklahoma ( OU ) is a public research university in Norman , Oklahoma . Founded in 1890 , it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma . In Fall 2018 the university had 31,702 students enrolled , most at its main campus in Norman . Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members , the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs , 160 master 's programs , 75 doctorate programs , and 20 majors at the first professional level . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Its Norman campus has two prominent museums , the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History , specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma . The university has won multiple national championships in multiple sports , including seven football national championships and two NCAA Division I baseball championships . The women 's softball team has won the national championship four times : in 2000 , 2013 , and consecutively in 2016 and 2017 . The gymnastics teams have won a combined 11 national championships since 2002 , with the men 's team winning eight in the last 15 years , including three consecutive titles from 2015 to 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Norman , Oklahoma", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma", "summary": "Norman ( /ˈnɔːrmən/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma located 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of downtown Oklahoma City . As the county seat of Cleveland County and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area , its population was 110,925 at the 2010 census . Norman 's estimated population of 122,843 in 2017 makes it the third-largest city in Oklahoma . Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889 , which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement . The city was named in honor of Abner Norman , the area 's initial land surveyor , and was formally incorporated on May 13 , 1891 . Economically the city has prominent higher education and related research industries , as it is home to the University of Oklahoma , the largest university in the state , with nearly 32,000 students enrolled . The university is well known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname Sooners , with over 85,000 people routinely attending football games . The university is home to several museums , including the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university , as well as the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History . The National Weather Center , located in Norman , houses a unique collection of university , state , federal , and private sector organizations that work together to improve the understanding of events related to the Earth 's atmosphere . Norman lies within Tornado Alley , a geographic region where tornadic activity is particularly frequent and intense . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area , including Norman , is the most tornado-prone area in the world . The Storm Prediction Center ( SPC ) , a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) is located at the NWC ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Beta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 12 , 1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jacksonville State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacksonville_State_University", "summary": "Jacksonville State University ( JSU ) is a public university in Jacksonville , Alabama . Founded in 1883 , Jacksonville State offers programs of study in five academic units leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctorate degrees in addition to continuing and distance education programs . In the Fall semester of 2011 , JSU began offering the school 's first doctoral degree , Doctor of Science in Emergency Management . The university was founded as Jacksonville State Normal School , and in 1930 the name changed to Jacksonville State Teachers College , and again in 1957 to Jacksonville State College . The university began operating as Jacksonville State University in 1966 . JSU currently has an enrollment of about 8,500 students , with nearly 500 faculty members ( more than 320 of whom are full-time ) . Jacksonville State 's Business School was ranked within the nation 's 90th percentile by the Princeton Review . It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . In addition , 40 academic programs ( 79% of programs that can be accredited ) earned specialized programmatic accreditations . These programs include business , education , applied engineering , nursing , social work , drama , art , music , computer science , family and consumer science , and communication ." } ] }, { "value": "Jacksonville , Alabama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacksonville,_Alabama", "summary": "Jacksonville is a city in Calhoun County , Alabama , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 12,548 , which is a 49% increase since 2000 . It is included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area . Jacksonville State University is located here , which is a center of commerce and one of the largest employers in the area ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Gamma", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lander University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lander_University", "summary": "Lander University is a public university in Greenwood , South Carolina . It is the state 's second-smallest publicly funded baccalaureate institution ." } ] }, { "value": "Greenwood , South Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina", "summary": "Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Delta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of West Georgia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_West_Georgia", "summary": "The University of West Georgia is a public research university in Carrollton , Georgia . The university offers satellite campuses in Newnan and Douglasville , Georgia and off-campus classes at the Atlanta History Center in Atlanta , Georgia . A total of 13,238 students , including 10,411 undergraduate and 2,827 graduate , were enrolled as of Fall 2019 . The university is also one of four comprehensive universities in the University System of Georgia ." } ] }, { "value": "Carrollton , Georgia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carrollton,_Georgia", "summary": "Carrollton , Georgia is a city in the north west region of Georgia , about 45 miles ( 72 km ) west of Atlanta near the Alabama state line . It is the county seat of Carroll County , which is included in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area . Historically , Carrollton has been a commercial center for several mostly rural counties in both Georgia and Alabama . It is the home of the University of West Georgia and West Georgia Technical College . The 2018 United States Census estimates placed the city 's population at 26,443 ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Epsilon", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 24 , 1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Florida State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florida_State_University", "summary": "Florida State University ( Florida State or FSU ) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university in Tallahassee , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1851 , it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 10 billion . Florida State is home to Florida 's only national laboratory , the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol . Florida State University also operates the John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art , the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum/university complexes in the nation . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 18th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FSU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . In their 113-year history , Florida State 's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Tallahassee , Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida", "summary": "Tallahassee ( /ˌtæləˈhæsi/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida . It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County . Tallahassee became the capital of Florida , then the Florida Territory , in 1824 . In 2018 , the population was 193,551 , making it the 7th-largest city in the U.S state of Florida , and the 126th-largest city in the United States . The population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 385,145 as of 2018 [ update ] . Tallahassee is the largest city in the Florida Big Bend and Florida Panhandle region , and the main center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend and Southwest Georgia regions . Tallahassee is home to Florida State University , ranked the nation 's eighteenth best public university by U.S. News & World Report . It is also home to Florida A & M University , the fifth-largest historically black university by total enrollment . Tallahassee Community College is a large state college that serves mainly as a feeder school to Florida State and Florida A & M . Tallahassee qualifies as a significant college town , with a student population exceeding 70,000 . [ citation needed ] As the capital , Tallahassee is the site of the Florida State Capitol , Supreme Court of Florida , Florida Governor 's Mansion , and nearly 30 state agency headquarters . The city is also known for its large number of law firms , lobbying organizations , trade associations and professional associations , including the Florida Bar and the Florida Chamber of Commerce ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Zeta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Millikin University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Millikin_University", "summary": "Millikin University is a private university in Decatur , Illinois . It was founded in 1901 by prominent Decatur businessman James Millikin and is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Decatur , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois", "summary": "Decatur /dəˈkeɪtər/ is the largest city and the county seat of Macon County in the U.S. state of Illinois , with a population of 76,122 as of the 2010 Census . The city was founded in 1829 and is situated along the Sangamon River and Lake Decatur in Central Illinois . Decatur 's estimated population for 2018 was 71,290 . Decatur is the thirteenth-most populous city in Illinois , and the state 's sixth-most populous city outside the Chicago metropolitan area . Decatur is listed on USA Today as number 7 nationally on Americas fastest shrinking cities which showed a 5.5% population loss of ( -6,072 ) from 2010 to 2018 with loss of 584 full time jobs . The city is home of private Millikin University and public Richland Community College . Decatur has an economy based on industrial and agricultural commodity processing and production , including the North American headquarters of agricultural conglomerate Archer Daniels Midland , international agribusiness Tate & Lyle 's largest corn-processing plant , and the designing and manufacturing facilities for Caterpillar Inc. 's wheel-tractor scrapers , compactors , large wheel loaders , mining class motor grader , off-highway trucks , and large mining trucks ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Eta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Milwaukee , WI City-Wide", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Milwaukee , Wisconsin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin", "summary": "Milwaukee ( /mɪlˈwɔːki/ , locally /mɪˈ-/ ) is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States . The seat of the eponymous county , it is on Lake Michigan 's western shore . Ranked by its estimated 2018 population , Milwaukee was the 31st largest city in the United States . The city 's estimated population in 2018 was 594,511 . Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee metropolitan area which had a population of 2,043,904 in the 2014 census estimate . It is the third-most densely populated metropolitan area in The Midwest , surpassed only by Chicago and Detroit , respectively . Milwaukee is considered a Gamma global city as categorized by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network with a regional GDP of over $ 105 billion . The first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic Jesuit missionaries , who were ministering to Native Americans , and fur traders . In 1818 , the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area , and in 1846 , Juneau 's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the city of Milwaukee . Large numbers of German immigrants arrived during the late 1840s , after the German revolutions , with Poles and other eastern European immigrants arriving in the following decades . Milwaukee is known for its brewing traditions , begun with the German immigrants . Beginning in the early 21st century , the city has been undergoing its largest construction boom since the 1960s ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Theta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Wisconsin Oshkosh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Oshkosh", "summary": "The University of Wisconsin Oshkosh ( also known as UW Oshkosh ) is the third-largest university in Wisconsin , United States . It is part of the University of Wisconsin System and offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degree programs to nearly 14,000 students each year ." } ] }, { "value": "Oshkosh , WI", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oshkosh,_WI", "summary": "Oshkosh is a city in Winnebago County , Wisconsin , United States , located where the Fox River enters Lake Winnebago from the west . The population was 66,083 at the 2010 census . The city is located adjacent to the Town of Oshkosh ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Iota", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 31 , 1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of South Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_South_Florida", "summary": "The University of South Florida ( USF ) is a public research university in Tampa , Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1956 , USF is the fourth-largest public university in the state of Florida , with an enrollment of 50,755 as of the 2018-2019 academic year . The USF system has three institutions : USF Tampa , USF St. Petersburg and USF Sarasota-Manatee . Each institution is separately accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The university is home to 14 colleges , offering more than 80 undergraduate majors and more than 130 graduate , specialist , and doctoral-level degree programs . USF is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . In its 2011 ranking , the Intellectual Property Owners Association placed USF 10th among all universities worldwide in the number of US patents granted . The university has an annual budget of $ 1.5 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 3.7 billion . In a ranking compiled by the National Science Foundation , USF ranks 43rd in the United States for total research spending among all universities , public and private ." } ] }, { "value": "Tampa , Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tampa,_Florida", "summary": "Tampa is a major city in , and the county seat of , Hillsborough County , Florida , United States . It is on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay , near the Gulf of Mexico . Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay Area . With a population of 392,890 in 2018 , Tampa is the third-largest city in Florida , after Miami and Jacksonville . The bay 's port is the largest in the state , near downtown 's Channel District . Bayshore Boulevard runs along the bay , and is east of the historic Hyde Park neighborhood . Today , Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . For U.S. Census purposes , Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The four-county area is composed of roughly 3.1 million residents , making it the second largest metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) in the state , and the fourth largest in the Southeastern United States , behind Washington , D.C. ; Miami ; and Atlanta . The Greater Tampa Bay area , has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas . The city had a population of 335,709 at the 2010 census , and an estimated population of 392,890 in 2018 . As of 2018 , Tampa 's annual growth rate is 1.63% ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Kappa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Baldwin-Wallace College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baldwin-Wallace_College", "summary": "Baldwin Wallace University ( BW ) is a private , independent liberal arts and sciences university in Berea , Ohio , United States , offering bachelor 's and master 's degrees , certificates and professional education programs . The university was founded in 1845 as Baldwin Institute by Methodist businessman John Baldwin . Eventually the school merged with nearby German Wallace College in 1913 to become Baldwin-Wallace College . In 2012 , to more accurately reflect the expanded breadth of BW 's undergraduate and graduate academic programs , Baldwin-Wallace College officially became Baldwin Wallace University . BW has two campus sites : Berea , which serves as the main campus , and BW at Corporate College East in Warrensville Heights . Today BW enrolls around 3,050 full-time undergraduate students , 800 evening and weekend adult learners , and 830 graduate students . BW recruits students throughout Ohio but also students from all over the United States and internationally . Baldwin Wallace 's motto is Creating contributing , compassionate citizens of an increasingly global society . Baldwin Wallace 's athletic teams compete as members of NCAA Division III athletics in the Ohio Athletic Conference . BW is known for its education , business , neuroscience , and music programs . BW is home to the Riemenschneider-Bach Institute and the Baldwin Wallace Conservatory of Music . The BW Conservatory holds the title for the oldest collegiate Bach Festival in the nation ." } ] }, { "value": "Berea , Ohio", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Berea,_Ohio", "summary": "Berea ( /bəˈriːə/ bə-REE-ə ) is a city in Cuyahoga County in the U.S. state of Ohio and is a western suburb of Cleveland . The population was 19,093 at the 2010 census . Berea is home to Baldwin Wallace University , as well as the training facility for the Cleveland Browns and the Cuyahoga County Fairgrounds ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Lambda", "urls": [] }, { "value": "April 27 , 1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Syracuse University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Syracuse_University", "summary": "Syracuse University ( Syracuse , 'Cuse , or SU ) is a private research university in Syracuse , New York . The institution 's roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary , founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima , New York . After several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse , the university was established in 1870 , independent of the college . Since 1920 , the university has identified itself as nonsectarian , although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church . The campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse , east and southeast of downtown , on one of the larger hills . Its large campus features an eclectic mix of buildings , ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings . SU is organized into 13 schools and colleges , with nationally recognized programs in information studies and library science , architecture , communications , business administration , inclusive education and wellness , sport management , public administration , engineering and the College of Arts and Sciences . Syracuse University athletic teams , known as the Orange , participate in 20 intercollegiate sports . SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference , or ACC for all NCAA Division I athletics , except for the men 's rowing and women 's ice hockey teams . SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Syracuse , New York", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York", "summary": "Syracuse ( /ˈsɪrəkjuːz , ˈsɛr- , -kjuːs/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Onondaga County , New York , United States . It is the fifth-most populous city in the state of New York following New York City , Buffalo , Rochester , and Yonkers . At the 2010 census , the city population was 145,252 , and its metropolitan area had a population of 662,577 . It is the economic and educational hub of Central New York , a region with over one million inhabitants . Syracuse is also well-provided with convention sites , with a downtown convention complex . Syracuse was named after the classical Greek city Syracuse ( Siracusa in Italian ) , a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily . The city has functioned as a major crossroads over the last two centuries , first between the Erie Canal and its branch canals , then of the railway network . Today , Syracuse is at the intersection of Interstates 81 and 90 . Its airport is the largest in the region . Syracuse is home to Syracuse University , a major D-1 research university ; Le Moyne College , a nationally recognized jesuit liberal arts college ; SUNY Upstate Medical University , a public medical school ; and SUNY ESF , a public university focusing on forestry , the environment , and natural resources ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Mu", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sam Houston State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University", "summary": "Sam Houston State University ( colloquially known as SHSU or Sam ) is a public university in Huntsville , Texas . It was founded in 1879 and is the third-oldest public college or university in Texas . It is one of the oldest purpose-built institutions for the instruction of teachers west of the Mississippi River and the first such institution in Texas . It is named for Sam Houston , who made his home in the city and is buried there . [ citation needed ] SHSU is a member of the Texas State University System and has an enrollment of more than 20,000 students across over 80 undergraduate , 59 master 's , and 10 doctoral degree programs . Its programs are ranked 230-301 by U.S. News & World Report . The university also offers more than 20 online bachelor 's and graduate degrees . It was the first institution classified as a Doctoral Research University by the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education within the Texas State University System ." } ] }, { "value": "Huntsville , Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Huntsville,_Texas", "summary": "Huntsville is a city in and the county seat of Walker County , Texas . The population was 38,548 as of the 2010 census . It is the center of the Huntsville micropolitan area . Huntsville is approximately 70 miles north of Houston in the East Texas Piney Woods on Interstate 45 , which runs between Houston and Dallas . It is home to Sam Houston State University , the Texas Department of Criminal Justice , Huntsville State Park , and HEARTS Veterans Museum of Texas . The city served as the residence of Sam Houston , who is recognized in Huntsville by the Sam Houston Memorial Museum and a statue on Interstate 45 ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Nu", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Evansville City-Wide ( University of Southern Indiana & University of Evansville )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana", "summary": "Evansville is a city in , and the county seat of , Vanderburgh County , Indiana . The population was 117,429 at the 2010 census , making it the state 's third-most populous city after Indianapolis and Fort Wayne , the largest city in Southern Indiana , and the 232nd-most populous city in the United States . It is the commercial , medical , and cultural hub of Southwestern Indiana and the Illinois-Indiana-Kentucky tri-state area , home to over 911,000 people . The 38th parallel crosses the north side of the city and is marked on Interstate 69 . Situated on an oxbow in the Ohio River , the city is often referred to as the Crescent Valley or River City . As a testament to the Ohio 's grandeur , early French explorers named it La Belle Rivière ( The Beautiful River ) . The area has been inhabited by various indigenous cultures for millennia , dating back at least 10,000 years . Angel Mounds was a permanent settlement of the Mississippian culture from 1000 AD to around 1400 AD . The European-American city was founded in 1812 . Three NYSE companies ( Accuride , Berry Global , and OneMain Financial ) are headquartered in Evansville , along with the global operations center for NYSE company Mead Johnson . Three other companies traded on the NASDAQ ( Escalade , Old National Bank , and Shoe Carnival ) are also headquartered in Evansville . The city is home to public and private enterprise in many areas , as Evansville serves as the region 's economic hub ." }, { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Southern_Indiana", "summary": "The University of Southern Indiana ( USI ) is a public university just outside of Evansville , Indiana . Founded in 1965 , USI enrolls 10,929 dual credit , undergraduate , graduate and doctoral students in more than 80 majors . USI offers programs through the College of Liberal Arts , Romain College of Business , College of Nursing and Health Professions and the Pott College of Science , Engineering , and Education . USI is a member of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities . It is also a Carnegie Foundation Community Engaged University which offers continuing education and special programs to more than 15,000 participants annually through outreach and engagement . USI athletic teams participate in Division II of the NCAA and are known as the Screaming Eagles . USI is a member of the Great Lakes Valley Conference . The university is home to an extensive student life , with more than 140 student organizations ." }, { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Evansville", "summary": "The University of Evansville ( UE ) is a private liberal arts university in Evansville , Indiana . Founded in 1854 as Moores Hill College , the university is focused on liberal arts and science degrees , most with strong cooperative learning opportunities both on and off campus . The university operates a satellite center , Harlaxton College , in Grantham , England . Due in large part to Harlaxton , over 80% of students study abroad at Harlaxton and 200 other study abroad programs and universities during their college experience . UE offers more than 80 different majors and areas of study , each housed within three colleges and one school within the university : the Schroeder School of Business , the College of Education and Health Sciences , the College of Engineering and Computer Science , and the William L. Ridgway College of Arts and Sciences . The school is affiliated with the United Methodist Church . Total enrollment ( including full and part-time , undergraduate , adult , graduate , and UE students at Harlaxton ) is 2,443 students , although full-time undergraduate and Doctor of Physical Therapy enrollment is 1,976 students . The student body represents 55 countries and 44 states with international students comprising 16% of the undergraduate student population . The university also hosts more than 155 student organizations and an active Greek community . UE athletic teams participate in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Purple Aces . Evansville is a member of the Missouri Valley Conference . Notable alumni include many prominent entertainers and sports stars such as actor Rami Malek , producer/writer Matt Williams , and basketball coach Jerry Sloan ." } ] }, { "value": "Evansville , Indiana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana", "summary": "Evansville is a city in , and the county seat of , Vanderburgh County , Indiana . The population was 117,429 at the 2010 census , making it the state 's third-most populous city after Indianapolis and Fort Wayne , the largest city in Southern Indiana , and the 232nd-most populous city in the United States . It is the commercial , medical , and cultural hub of Southwestern Indiana and the Illinois-Indiana-Kentucky tri-state area , home to over 911,000 people . The 38th parallel crosses the north side of the city and is marked on Interstate 69 . Situated on an oxbow in the Ohio River , the city is often referred to as the Crescent Valley or River City . As a testament to the Ohio 's grandeur , early French explorers named it La Belle Rivière ( The Beautiful River ) . The area has been inhabited by various indigenous cultures for millennia , dating back at least 10,000 years . Angel Mounds was a permanent settlement of the Mississippian culture from 1000 AD to around 1400 AD . The European-American city was founded in 1812 . Three NYSE companies ( Accuride , Berry Global , and OneMain Financial ) are headquartered in Evansville , along with the global operations center for NYSE company Mead Johnson . Three other companies traded on the NASDAQ ( Escalade , Old National Bank , and Shoe Carnival ) are also headquartered in Evansville . The city is home to public and private enterprise in many areas , as Evansville serves as the region 's economic hub ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Xi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 12 , 1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arkansas State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arkansas_State_University", "summary": "Arkansas State University ( A-State ) is a public research university in Jonesboro , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the Arkansas State University System and the second largest university in Arkansas by enrollment . It was founded in 1909 and is located atop 1,376 acres ( 5.6 km2 ) on Crowley 's Ridge ." } ] }, { "value": "Jonesboro , Arkansas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jonesboro,_Arkansas", "summary": "Jonesboro is a city located on Crowley 's Ridge in the northeastern corner of the U.S. State of Arkansas . Jonesboro is one of two county seats of Craighead County and the home of Arkansas State University . According to the 2010 Census , the city had a population of 71,551 and is the fifth-largest city in Arkansas . Jonesboro is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Arkansas . It is the principal city of the Jonesboro , Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area . In 2010 , the Jonesboro metropolitan area had a population of 121,026 and a population of 163,116 in the Jonesboro-Paragould Combined Statistical Area . Jonesboro is a regional center for manufacturing , agriculture , medicine , education , and trade ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Omicron", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 21 , 1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "UNC-Chapel Hill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/UNC-Chapel_Hill", "summary": "The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC , UNC-Chapel Hill , North Carolina , Chapel Hill , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Chapel Hill , North Carolina . The flagship of the University of North Carolina system , it is considered a Public Ivy , or a public institution which offers an academic experience equivalent to an Ivy League university . After being chartered in 1789 , the university first began enrolling students in 1795 , which also allows it to be one of three schools to claim the title of the oldest public university in the United States . Among the claimants , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is the only one to have held classes and graduated students as a public university in the eighteenth century . The first public institution of higher education in North Carolina , the school opened its doors to students on February 12 , 1795 . Under the leadership of President Kemp Plummer Battle , in 1877 North Carolina became coeducational and began the process of desegregation in 1951 when African-American graduate students were admitted under Chancellor Robert Burton House . In 1952 , North Carolina opened its own hospital , UNC Health Care , for research and treatment , and has since specialized in cancer care . The school 's students , alumni , and sports teams are known as Tar Heels . The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study and is administratively divided into 13 separate professional schools and a primary unit , the College of Arts & Sciences . Five of the schools have been named : the UNC Kenan-Flagler Business School , the UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media , the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health , the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , and the UNC Adams School of Dentistry . All undergraduates receive a liberal arts education and have the option to pursue a major within the professional schools of the university or within the College of Arts and Sciences from the time they obtain junior status . UNC 's faculty and alumni include 9 Nobel Prize laureates , 23 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 49 Rhodes Scholars ." } ] }, { "value": "Chapel Hill , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Chapel Hill is a town in Orange , Chatham , and Durham counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Its population was 57,233 in the 2010 census , making Chapel Hill the 15th-largest city in the state . Chapel Hill , Durham , and the state capital , Raleigh , make up the corners of the Research Triangle ( officially the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill combined statistical area ) , with a total population of 1,998,808 . The town was founded in 1793 and is centered on Franklin Street , covering 21.3 square miles ( 55 km2 ) . It contains several districts and buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and UNC Health Care are a major part of the economy and town influence . Local artists have created many murals ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Pi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Delta State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Delta_State_University", "summary": "Delta State University ( DSU ) is a public university in Cleveland , Mississippi , in the Mississippi Delta . DSU is one of eight publicly funded universities in the state ." } ] }, { "value": "Cleveland , Mississippi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cleveland,_Mississippi", "summary": "Cleveland is a city in Bolivar County , Mississippi , United States . The population was 12,334 as of the 2010 United States Census . Cleveland has a large commercial economy , with numerous restaurants , stores , and services along U.S. 61 . Cleveland is one of the two county seats of Bolivar County ( the other being Rosedale ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Rho", "urls": [] }, { "value": "September 29 , 1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Virginia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Virginia", "summary": "The University of Virginia ( U.Va . or UVA ) is a public research university in Charlottesville , Virginia . It was founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson . It is the flagship university of Virginia and home to Jefferson 's Academical Village , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . UVA is known for its historic foundations , student-run honor code and secret societies . The original governing Board of Visitors included Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe . Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation and earlier Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVA 's first two rectors . Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study and original architecture . UVA was the first university of the American South elected to the research-driven Association of American Universities in 1904 . More than a century later , the journal Science credited UVA faculty with two of the top ten global scientific breakthroughs of 2015 . The University of Virginia offers 121 majors across the eight undergraduate and three professional schools . Its alumni have founded many companies , such as Reddit and CNET , which together produce more than $ 1.6 trillion in annual revenue and have created 2.3 million jobs ." } ] }, { "value": "Charlottesville , Virginia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia", "summary": "Charlottesville , colloquially known as C'ville and officially named the City of Charlottesville , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the county seat of Albemarle County , which surrounds the city , though the two are separate legal entities . It is named after the British Queen consort ( and Electress of Hanover ) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who as the wife of George III was Virginia 's last Queen . In 2018 , an estimated 48,117 people lived within the city limits . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with Albemarle County for statistical purposes , bringing its population to approximately 150,000 . Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area , which includes Albemarle , Buckingham , Fluvanna , Greene , and Nelson counties . Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents , Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe . During their terms as Governor of Virginia , they lived in Charlottesville , and traveled to and from Richmond , along the 71-mile ( 114 km ) historic Three Notch 'd Road . Orange , located 26 miles ( 42 km ) northeast of the city , was the hometown of President James Madison . The University of Virginia , founded by Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies , straddles the city 's southwestern border . Monticello , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of the city , is , along with the University of Virginia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Sigma", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "East Carolina University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/East_Carolina_University", "summary": "East Carolina University ( ECU ) is a public research university in Greenville , North Carolina . It is the fourth largest university in North Carolina . Founded on March 8 , 1907 , as a teacher training school , East Carolina has grown from 43 acres ( 17 ha ) to almost 1,600 acres ( 647 ha ) today . The university 's academic facilities are located on six properties : Main Campus , Health Sciences Campus , West Research Campus , the Field Station for Coastal Studies in New Holland , North Carolina , the Millennial Research Innovation Campus in Greenville 's warehouse district and an overseas campus in Certaldo Alto , Italy . ECU also operates the Coastal Studies Institute . The nine undergraduate colleges , graduate school , and four professional schools are located on these four properties . All of the non-health sciences majors are located on the main campus . The College of Nursing , College of Allied Health Sciences , The Brody School of Medicine , and School of Dental Medicine are located on the health science campus . There are eleven social sororities , 16 social fraternities , four historically black sororities , five historically black fraternities , one Native American fraternity , and one Native American sorority . There are over 400 registered clubs on campus including fraternities and sororities ." } ] }, { "value": "Greenville , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greenville,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Greenville is the county seat of and the most populous city in Pitt County , North Carolina , United States ; the principal city of the Greenville metropolitan area ; and the 11th-most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Greenville is the health , entertainment , and educational hub of North Carolina 's Tidewater and Coastal Plain . The city 's official population as of the 2017 United States census estimate is 92,156 residents while the Greenville Metropolitan Area includes 200,000 people , making Greenville one of the densest municipalities in the state . In January 2008 and January 2010 , Greenville was named one of the nation 's 100 Best Communities for Young People by the America 's Promise Alliance . In June 2012 , Greenville was ranked in the top ten of the nation 's Best Small Places For Business And Careers by Forbes magazine . In 2010 Greenville was ranked twenty-fourth in mid-city business growth and development by Forbes Magazine . The city was also known as BMX Pro Town USA , as it is home for many top professional BMX riders . Greenville is the home of East Carolina University , the fourth-largest university in the University of North Carolina system , and Vidant Medical Center , the flagship hospital for Vidant Health and the teaching hospital for the Brody School of Medicine . The city has the fifth-highest percentage of residents in North Carolina - almost 30 percent - who have obtained bachelor 's degrees ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Tau", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Texas A & M University-Kingsville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Texas_A&M_University–Kingsville", "summary": "Texas A & M University-Kingsville is a public research university in Kingsville , Texas . It is part of the Texas A & M University System . The university has programs in engineering , agriculture , wildlife , music , and the sciences . It also developed the nation 's first doctoral degree in bilingual education . Texas A & M University-Kingsville is the oldest continuously operating public institution of higher learning in South Texas . The school was chartered as the South Texas Normal School in 1917 ; however , the opening of the school was delayed due to World War I . Founded in 1925 as South Texas State Teachers College , the university 's name changed in 1929 to Texas College of Arts and Industries signaled the broadening of its mission . A 1967 name change to Texas A & I University marked another transition . The university became a member of the Texas A & M University System in 1989 and changed its name to Texas A & M University-Kingsville in 1993 . The school has been continuously accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) since 1928 ." } ] }, { "value": "Kingsville , Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas", "summary": "Kingsville is a city in and the county seat of Kleberg County in the southern region of the U.S. state of Texas . Located on the U.S. Route 77 corridor between Corpus Christi and Harlingen , Kingsville is the principal city of the Kingsville Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the larger Corpus Christi-Kingsville Combined Statistical Area . The population was 26,213 at the 2010 census , and in 2018 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population at 25,487 . Named in honor of Richard King , Kingsville 's first buildings were constructed in 1904 along the newly completed , now defunct , St. Louis , Brownsville and Mexico Railway line , adjacent to the famous King Ranch . The city was incorporated in 1913 . It is home to Texas A & M University-Kingsville , a member of the Texas A & M University System , and Naval Air Station Kingsville , one of the U.S. Navys two locations for jet aviation training ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa Upsilon", "urls": [] }, { "value": "January 12 , 1974", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Auburn University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Auburn_University", "summary": "Auburn University ( AU or Auburn ) is a public research and land-grant university in Auburn , Alabama . With more than 23,000 undergraduate students and a total enrollment of more than 30,000 with 1,260 faculty members , Auburn is the second largest university in Alabama . It is one of the state 's two public flagship universities . The university is classified as an R1 : Doctoral Research - Very High Research Activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . Auburn was chartered on February 1 , 1856 , as East Alabama Male College , a private liberal arts school affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church , South . In 1872 , under the Morrill Act , it became the state 's first land-grant university and was renamed as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama . In 1892 , it became the first four-year coeducational school in Alabama , and in 1899 was renamed Alabama Polytechnic Institute ( API ) to reflect its changing mission . In 1960 , its name was changed to Auburn University to acknowledge the varied academic programs and larger curriculum of a major university ." } ] }, { "value": "Auburn , Alabama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama", "summary": "Auburn is a city in Lee County , Alabama , United States . It is the largest city in eastern Alabama with a 2018 population of 65,738 . It is a principal city of the Auburn-Opelika Metropolitan Area . The Auburn-Opelika , AL MSA with a population of 158,991 , along with the Columbus , GA-AL MSA and Tuskegee , Alabama , comprises the greater Columbus-Auburn-Opelika , GA-AL CSA , a region home to 501,649 residents . Auburn is a historic college town and is the home of Auburn University . It is Alabama 's fastest-growing metropolitan area and the nineteenth fastest-growing metro area in the United States since 1990 . [ citation needed ] U.S. News ranked Auburn among its top ten list of best places to live in the United States for the year 2009 . The city 's unofficial nickname is The Loveliest Village On The Plains , taken from a line in the poem The Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith : Sweet Auburn ! loveliest village of the plain ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Chapters Beginning With `` Kappa ''", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Delta_Sigma_Theta_chapters_10", "intro": "Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. was founded on January 13, 1913 at Howard University, and began to expand its membership early on when it chartered Beta Chapter at Wilberforce University in 1914, Gamma Chapter at the University of Pennsylvania in 1918 and Delta Chapter at the University of Iowa in 1919. Delta Sigma Theta continues to Charter new chapters at both the Collegiate and Alumnae level. Individual Chapters are Chartered, not Founded, as only the Perpetual body was founded, and the founding occurred in 1913. Delta Sigma Theta has more than 940 Chapters located in the United States, England, Japan (Tokyo and Okinawa), Germany, the Virgin Islands, Liberia, Bermuda, Jamaica, The Bahamas, South Korea and Nigeria. The sorority's chapters are organized into seven regions and further sub-divided by state. While initially Alumnae / Graduate Chapters were named using the Greek Alphabet, the perpetual body of Delta Sigma Theta voted at the Twenty-Fourth National Convention, held in Detroit, Michigan on December 26-30, 1956, to abandon this practice. Following the vote, the Greek Letter names for the Alumnae Chapters are no longer in use or recognized by the Grand Chapter. Alumnae Chapters are instead named using their Geographic Location. This list includes Active, Inactive, Reassigned, and Retired undergraduate Chapters." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Brazil", "title": "List of airlines of Brazil", "header": [ "Item", "Airline", "ICAO", "Callsign", "Hub Airport ( s )" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ASTA Linhas Aéreas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ASTA_Linhas_Aéreas", "summary": "ASTA Linhas Aéreas is a domestic airline based in Cuiabá , Brazil . Founded in 2009 , it operates regular charter flights ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SUL AMÉRICA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marechal Rondon International Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marechal_Rondon_International_Airport", "summary": "Marechal Rondon International Airport ( IATA : CGB , ICAO : SBCY ) is the airport serving Cuiabá , Brazil , located in the adjoining municipality of Várzea Grande . It is named after Marshall Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon ( 1865-1958 ) , a Brazilian explorer . It is operated by Aeroeste ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Azul Brazilian Airlines", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Azul_Brazilian_Airlines", "summary": "Azul Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras S/A ( Azul Brazilian Airlines ; or simply Azul ) is a Brazilian carrier based in Barueri , a suburb of São Paulo . The company 's business model is to stimulate demand by providing frequent and affordable air service to underserved markets throughout Brazil . The company was named Azul ( Blue in Portuguese ) after a naming contest in 2008 , where Samba was the other popular name . It was established on May 5 , 2008 by Brazilian-born David Neeleman ( founder of American low-cost airline JetBlue ) , with a fleet of 76 Embraer 195 jets . The airline began service on December 15 , 2008 . According to Brazilian Civil Aviation Authority ( ANAC ) , between January and December 2018 Azul had 18.6% of the domestic and 14.6% of the international market shares in terms of revenue passenger kilometers ( RPK ) , making it the third largest domestic and second largest international airline in Brazil ." } ] }, { "value": "AZU", "urls": [] }, { "value": "AZUL", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Viracopos-Campinas International Airport Recife/Guararapes-Gilberto Freyre International Airport Tancredo Neves International Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Viracopos-Campinas_International_Airport", "summary": "Viracopos/Campinas International Airport ( IATA : VCP , ICAO : SBKP ) ( sometimes referred to as São Paulo/Campinas ) is an international airport serving the municipality of Campinas , in the São Paulo State . On 6 January 1987 , the airport name was officially normalized to its present form . It is named after the neighborhood where it is located . It is operated by Aeroportos Brasil Viracopos ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto_Freyre_International_Airport", "summary": "Recife/Guararapes-Gilberto Freyre International Airport ( IATA : REC , ICAO : SBRF ) is the airport serving Recife , Brazil . It is operated by AENA . Some of its facilities are shared with the Recife Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tancredo_Neves_International_Airport", "summary": "Belo Horizonte - Tancredo Neves/Confins International Airport ( IATA : CNF , ICAO : SBCF ) , formerly called Confins International Airport is the primary international airport serving Belo Horizonte . Since 2 September 1986 the airport is named after Tancredo de Almeida Neves ( 1910-1985 ) , President-elect of Brazil . It is located in the municipality of Confins , in the Minas Gerais . It is operated by BH Airport S.A ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Connect Linhas Aéreas", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/São_Paulo-Guarulhos_International_Airport", "summary": "São Paulo/Guarulhos-Governador André Franco Montoro International Airport ( IATA : GRU , ICAO : SBGR ) , often referred to as GRU Airport , or simply GRU , is the primary international airport serving São Paulo . It is popularly known locally as either Cumbica Airport , after the district where it is located and the Brazilian Air Force base that still exists at the airport complex , or Guarulhos Airport , after the municipality of Guarulhos , in the São Paulo metropolitan area , where it is located . Since November 28 , 2001 the airport has been named after André Franco Montoro ( 1916-1999 ) , former Governor of São Paulo state . The airport was rebranded as GRU Airport in 2012 . In Brazil the airport was ranked first in terms of transported passengers , aircraft operations , and cargo handled in 2012 , placing it as the second busiest airport in Latin America by passenger traffic ( 36,596,326 in 2016 ) after Mexico City International Airport . Guarulhos has slot restrictions , operating with a maximum of 45 operations/hour and being one of the five airports with such restrictions in Brazil ( the others are São Paulo-Congonhas , Brasília , Belo Horizonte-Pampulha and Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont ) . Since 2012 , the airport has been operated by a consortium composed of Invepar S/A , Airports Company South Africa , and Infraero . Some of its facilities are shared with the São Paulo Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GOL Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gol_Transportes_Aéreos", "summary": "GOL Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes S.A ( GOL Intelligent Airlines S.A. also known as VRG Linhas Aéreas S/A ) B3 : GOLL3 , GOLL4 / NYSE : GOL is a Brazilian low-cost airline based in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . According to the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil ( ANAC ) , between January and December 2018 GOL had 35.7% of the domestic and 9.6% of the international market shares in terms of passengers per kilometer flown , making it the largest domestic and third largest international airline in Brazil . GOL competes in Brazil and other South American country with Chilean LATAM Airlines Group and Brazilian Azul . It also owns the brand Varig , although now that name refers to what is informally known as the new Varig , founded in 2006 , not to the extinct old Varig airline , founded in 1927 . GOL operates a growing domestic and international scheduled network . Its main hubs are São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport , Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport and Tancredo Neves International Airport near Belo Horizonte . GOL also has focus operations at Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont Airport , São Paulo-Congonhas Airport , Salgado Filho International Airport in Porto Alegre GOL refers to itself as GOL Intelligent Airlines ( GOL Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes in Portuguese ) as a slogan . The company is traded on the New York Stock Exchange as GOL Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes S.A . The company 's name is a Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish word borrowing from the English word goal from Association football ." } ] }, { "value": "GLO", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GOL", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Congonhas-São Paulo Airport Guarulhos-São Paulo Intl . Airport Fortaleza-Pinto Martins Intl . Airport Brasília-JK Intl . Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Congonhas-São_Paulo_Airport", "summary": "São Paulo/Congonhas-Deputado Freitas Nobre Airport ( IATA : CGH , ICAO : SBSP ) Portuguese pronunciation : [ kõˈɡõɲɐs ] is one of the four commercial airports serving São Paulo , Brazil . The airport is named after the neighborhood where it is located , formerly called Vila Congonhas , property of the descendants of Lucas Antônio Monteiro de Barros ( 1767-1851 ) , Viscount of Congonhas do Campo , first president of the Province of São Paulo after the independence of Brazil in 1822 , during the Empire . In turn , the Viscount 's domain was named after the plural of a shrub known in Brazil as congonha-do-campo ( Luxemburgia polyandra , of the Ochnaceae family ) . Since June 19 , 2017 it is officially named after Deputy Freitas Nobre . The name Congonhas however remains mostly used . It is owned by the City of São Paulo , but operated by Infraero . Congonhas has slot restrictions operating with a maximum of 30 operations/hour , being one of the five airports with such restrictions in Brazil . The central hall of the passenger terminal is considered one of the most outstanding examples of modern architecture in São Paulo . However , modernizing and enlargement work has been conducted at the terminal from 2003 onwards , while trying to preserve the look of the older , historic section . Today the main terminal has 51,535 m2 ( 554,718 sq.ft ) of space ." }, { "url": "/wiki/São_Paulo–Guarulhos_International_Airport", "summary": "São Paulo/Guarulhos-Governador André Franco Montoro International Airport ( IATA : GRU , ICAO : SBGR ) , often referred to as GRU Airport , or simply GRU , is the primary international airport serving São Paulo . It is popularly known locally as either Cumbica Airport , after the district where it is located and the Brazilian Air Force base that still exists at the airport complex , or Guarulhos Airport , after the municipality of Guarulhos , in the São Paulo metropolitan area , where it is located . Since November 28 , 2001 the airport has been named after André Franco Montoro ( 1916-1999 ) , former Governor of São Paulo state . The airport was rebranded as GRU Airport in 2012 . In Brazil the airport was ranked first in terms of transported passengers , aircraft operations , and cargo handled in 2012 , placing it as the second busiest airport in Latin America by passenger traffic ( 36,596,326 in 2016 ) after Mexico City International Airport . Guarulhos has slot restrictions , operating with a maximum of 45 operations/hour and being one of the five airports with such restrictions in Brazil ( the others are São Paulo-Congonhas , Brasília , Belo Horizonte-Pampulha and Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont ) . Since 2012 , the airport has been operated by a consortium composed of Invepar S/A , Airports Company South Africa , and Infraero . Some of its facilities are shared with the São Paulo Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Fortaleza_Airport", "summary": "Fortaleza-Pinto Martins International Airport ( IATA : FOR , ICAO : SBFZ ) is the international airport serving Fortaleza , Brazil , operated by Fraport , located 11 km ( 7 mi ) south of downtown Fortaleza . It was named after Euclides Pinto Martins ( 1892-1924 ) a Ceará-born aviator , who in 1922 was one of the pioneers of the air-link between New York City and Rio de Janeiro . Fortaleza Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force is at north areal ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Brasília_International_Airport", "summary": "Brasília-Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport ( IATA : BSB , ICAO : SBBR ) is the only international airport serving Brasília . The airport was named after Juscelino Kubitschek ( 1902-1976 ) , the 21st President of Brazil . It is located in the administrative region of Lago Sul , in the Federal District . Some of its facilities are shared with the Brazilian Air Force . It is operated by Inframerica ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MAP Linhas Aéreas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/MAP_Linhas_Aéreas", "summary": "MAP Linhas Aéreas is a domestic airline based in Manaus , Brazil , founded in 2011 authorized to operate regular and non-regular charter flights within Brazil . As of August 2019 , MAP is a subsidiary of VoePass , previously known as Passadero Linhas Aéreas . According to the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil ( ANAC ) , between January and December 2018 MAP had 0.1% of the domestic market share in terms of revenue passenger kilometers ( RPK ) . making it the sixth largest domestic airline in Brazil ." } ] }, { "value": "PAM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MAP AIR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eduardo Gomes International Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eduardo_Gomes_International_Airport", "summary": "Manaus International Airport - Eduardo Gomes ( IATA : MAO , ICAO : SBEG ) is the airport serving Manaus , Brazil . It is named after Brazilian politician and military figure Air Marshal Eduardo Gomes ( 1896-1981 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Modern Logistics", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MWM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MODERNAIR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Viracopos-Campinas International Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Viracopos-Campinas_International_Airport", "summary": "Viracopos/Campinas International Airport ( IATA : VCP , ICAO : SBKP ) ( sometimes referred to as São Paulo/Campinas ) is an international airport serving the municipality of Campinas , in the São Paulo State . On 6 January 1987 , the airport name was officially normalized to its present form . It is named after the neighborhood where it is located . It is operated by Aeroportos Brasil Viracopos ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Passaredo Linhas Aéreas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Passaredo_Linhas_Aéreas", "summary": "Passaredo Linhas Aéreas marketed as VoePass is an airline based in Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil . It operates regional services in Brazil . Its main base is Dr. Leite Lopes Airport , Ribeirão Preto . According to the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil ( ANAC ) , between January and December 2018 Passaredo had 0.3% of the domestic market share of revenue passenger kilometers ( RPK ) , making it the fifth largest domestic airline in Brazil ." } ] }, { "value": "PTB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PASSAREDO", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Leite Lopes Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leite_Lopes_Airport", "summary": "Dr. Leite Lopes-Ribeirão Preto State Airport ( IATA : RAO , ICAO : SBRP ) is the airport serving Ribeirão Preto , Brazil . It is operated by DAESP ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Piquiatuba Transportes Aéreos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Piquiatuba_Transportes_Aéreos", "summary": "Piquiatuba Transportes Aéreos is a domestic airline based in Santarém , Pará , Brazil . Founded in 2005 it operates regular charter flights . The company owns Piquiatuba Airfield ( SNCJ ) where most of its aircraft are kept and maintained ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PIQUIATUBA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Val de Cans International Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Val_de_Cans_International_Airport", "summary": "Belém/Val de Cans-Júlio Cezar Ribeiro International Airport ( IATA : BEL , ICAO : SBBE ) is the main airport serving Belém , Brazil . Val de Cans ( sometimes spelled Val de Cães ) is the name of the neighborhood where the airport is located . Since 13 April 2010 the airport is named also after Júlio Cezar Ribeiro de Souza ( 1837-1887 ) a researcher of balloons . It is operated by Infraero . Some of its facilities are shared with Belém Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sideral", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sideral_(airline)", "summary": "Sideral Air Cargo is a Brazilian airline based in Curitiba . It was established in 2010 as a subsidiary of Expresso Adorno Group as a cargo company , but then also carries passengers as charter ." } ] }, { "value": "SID", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SIDERAL", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Afonso Pena International Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Afonso_Pena_International_Airport", "summary": "Afonso Pena International Airport ( IATA : CWB , ICAO : SBCT ) is the main airport serving Curitiba , Brazil , located in the adjoining municipality of São José dos Pinhais . It is named after Afonso Pena ( 1847-1909 ) , the 6th President of Brazil . It is operated by Infraero ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "LATAM Airlines", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/LATAM_Airlines", "summary": "LATAM Airlines Group S.A. is a Chilean airline holding company incorporated under Chilean law and headquartered in Santiago , Chile . It is considered the largest airline in Latin America with subsidiaries in Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay and Peru ." } ] }, { "value": "TAM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "TAM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/São_Paulo-Guarulhos_International_Airport", "summary": "São Paulo/Guarulhos-Governador André Franco Montoro International Airport ( IATA : GRU , ICAO : SBGR ) , often referred to as GRU Airport , or simply GRU , is the primary international airport serving São Paulo . It is popularly known locally as either Cumbica Airport , after the district where it is located and the Brazilian Air Force base that still exists at the airport complex , or Guarulhos Airport , after the municipality of Guarulhos , in the São Paulo metropolitan area , where it is located . Since November 28 , 2001 the airport has been named after André Franco Montoro ( 1916-1999 ) , former Governor of São Paulo state . The airport was rebranded as GRU Airport in 2012 . In Brazil the airport was ranked first in terms of transported passengers , aircraft operations , and cargo handled in 2012 , placing it as the second busiest airport in Latin America by passenger traffic ( 36,596,326 in 2016 ) after Mexico City International Airport . Guarulhos has slot restrictions , operating with a maximum of 45 operations/hour and being one of the five airports with such restrictions in Brazil ( the others are São Paulo-Congonhas , Brasília , Belo Horizonte-Pampulha and Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont ) . Since 2012 , the airport has been operated by a consortium composed of Invepar S/A , Airports Company South Africa , and Infraero . Some of its facilities are shared with the São Paulo Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force ." } ] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Total Linhas Aéreas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Total_Linhas_Aéreas", "summary": "Total Linhas Aéreas S/A is an airline based in Belo Horizonte , Brazil , founded in 1988 . It operates cargo and charter services ." } ] }, { "value": "TTL", "urls": [] }, { "value": "TOTAL", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belo Horizonte/Pampulha - Carlos Drummond de Andrade Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belo_Horizonte/Pampulha_-_Carlos_Drummond_de_Andrade_Airport", "summary": "Belo Horizonte/Pampulha-Carlos Drummond de Andrade Airport ( IATA : PLU , ICAO : SBBH ) is an airport serving Belo Horizonte , Brazil , located in the neighborhood of Pampulha . Since December 16 , 2004 the airport is also named after the Minas Gerais-born poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade ( 1902-1987 ) . The airport is operated by Infraero ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_airlines_of_Brazil_0", "intro": "This is a list of active airlines as of May 2018, which have an Air Operator Certificate issued by the Civil Aviation Authority of Brazil." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_at_the_Olympics", "title": "Indonesia at the Olympics", "header": [ "Medal", "Name", "Games", "Sport", "Event" ], "data": [ { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rudy Hartono", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rudy_Hartono", "summary": "Rudy Hartono Kurniawan ( born Nio Hap Liang ( Chinese : 梁海量 ; pinyin : Liáng Hǎiliàng ) ; 18 August 1949 ) is a former Indonesian badminton star who won the men 's singles title at the prestigious All-England Championship eight times , seven times consecutively ( 1968-1974 ) and at World Championship in 1980 on his only attempt at this title . He is one of the most famous players in the history of the sport and is considered to be one of the greatest badminton players of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "1972 Munich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's singles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ade Chandra Christian Hadinata", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ade_Chandra", "summary": "Ade Chandra ( Chinese : 張鑫源 ; born 4 February 1950 ) is a retired Chinese Indonesian badminton player . A doubles specialist of ample bulk by Indonesian standards , he was noted for his power and quick defensive reflexes . With the formidable Christian Hadinata he won numerous international men 's doubles titles between 1972 and 1980 , including a pair of All-England titles , though they were often runners-up to fellow countrymen Tjun Tjun and Johan Wahjudi at major events . They were unbeaten in two Thomas Cup campaigns together ( 1973 , 1976 ) both of which resulted in world team titles for Indonesia . Late in Chandra 's career he won men 's doubles with Christian at the 1980 IBF World Championships in Jakarta ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Christian_Hadinata", "summary": "Christian Hadinata ( Chinese : 紀明發 , born 11 December 1949 ) is a former Chinese Indonesian badminton player . Though early in his career he was a fine singles player who reached the final of the prestigious All-England Championship in 1973 , Christian 's success in doubles earned him recognition as one of the great doubles players in badminton history . He won two gold medals at the 1980 IBF World Championships in Jakarta , in men 's doubles with Ade Chandra , and in mixed doubles with Imelda Wiguna . He played for Indonesia for 15 years , beginning his career in 1971 and retiring in 1986 . Christian 's Thomas Cup ( Men 's International Team Championship ) record is particularly notable . Playing in six consecutive campaigns from 1973 to 1986 , and with a variety of doubles partners , he dropped only one match , thus helping Indonesia to capture the cup on four occasions ( 1973 , 1976 , 1979 , 1984 ) . In 2001 he was inducted into the World Badminton Hall of Fame ." } ] }, { "value": "1972 Munich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's doubles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Utami Dewi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Utami_Dewi", "summary": "Utami Dewi Kinard ( born 16 June 1951 ) is a former world-class badminton player who was considered Indonesia 's # 1 Women 's Singles player in the 1970s , and became the United States ' # 1 player in 1981 after marrying former 6 time U.S. Men 's Singles Champion , Chris Kinard . She is also the sister of 8 time All-England Singles Champion , Rudy Hartono ." } ] }, { "value": "1972 Munich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's singles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Christian Hadinata Utami Dewi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Christian_Hadinata", "summary": "Christian Hadinata ( Chinese : 紀明發 , born 11 December 1949 ) is a former Chinese Indonesian badminton player . Though early in his career he was a fine singles player who reached the final of the prestigious All-England Championship in 1973 , Christian 's success in doubles earned him recognition as one of the great doubles players in badminton history . He won two gold medals at the 1980 IBF World Championships in Jakarta , in men 's doubles with Ade Chandra , and in mixed doubles with Imelda Wiguna . He played for Indonesia for 15 years , beginning his career in 1971 and retiring in 1986 . Christian 's Thomas Cup ( Men 's International Team Championship ) record is particularly notable . Playing in six consecutive campaigns from 1973 to 1986 , and with a variety of doubles partners , he dropped only one match , thus helping Indonesia to capture the cup on four occasions ( 1973 , 1976 , 1979 , 1984 ) . In 2001 he was inducted into the World Badminton Hall of Fame ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Utami_Dewi", "summary": "Utami Dewi Kinard ( born 16 June 1951 ) is a former world-class badminton player who was considered Indonesia 's # 1 Women 's Singles player in the 1970s , and became the United States ' # 1 player in 1981 after marrying former 6 time U.S. Men 's Singles Champion , Chris Kinard . She is also the sister of 8 time All-England Singles Champion , Rudy Hartono ." } ] }, { "value": "1972 Munich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Mixed doubles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Icuk Sugiarto", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Icuk_Sugiarto", "summary": "Icuk Sugiarto ( born October 4 , 1962 in Surakarta , Central Java ) is a former Indonesian badminton player who rated among the world 's best singles players during the 1980s ." } ] }, { "value": "1988 Seoul", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . There were five events : men 's singles , women 's singles , men 's doubles , women 's doubles , and mixed doubles . Competitions took place at the Seoul National University Gymnasium on 19 September 1988 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's singles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . There were five events : men 's singles , women 's singles , men 's doubles , women 's doubles , and mixed doubles . Competitions took place at the Seoul National University Gymnasium on 19 September 1988 ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lilies Handayani Nurfitriyana Saiman Kusuma Wardhani", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lilies_Handayani", "summary": "Lilies Handayani ( born 15 April 1965 in Surabaya ) is an Indonesian archer who won the first ever Olympic medal for Indonesia . Together with Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani she won the silver medal in the team competition at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . Her career continued to soar until 2008 she stopped and focused on became a coach and managed the archery school she had pioneered before ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nurfitriyana_Saiman", "summary": "Nurfitriyana Saiman-Lantang ( born March 7 , 1962 ) is a retired Indonesian archer . Together with Lilies Handayani and Kusuma Wardhani she won a team silver medal at the 1988 Olympics , bringing the first ever Olympic medal to Indonesia . She also competed in the individual and team events at the 1992 and 1996 Olympics with the best individual result of ninth place in 1988 . In the 1980s , Saiman won multiple medals in individual recurve events at the Southeast Asian Games . After retiring from competitions she worked as a coach and prepared the national archery team for the 2016 Olympics . In the 2016 film 3 Srikandi , she was portrayed by Bunga Citra Lestari ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kusuma_Wardhani", "summary": "Kusuma Wardhani ( born 20 February 1964 ) is a retired Indonesian archer . Together with Nurfitriyana Saiman and Lilies Handayani she won a team silver medal at the 1988 Olympics , bringing the first ever Olympic medal to Indonesia . In the 1980s , Wardhani won multiple medals in individual recurve events at the Southeast Asian Games . After retiring from competitions she headed the Education , Youth and Sports Office of Bali . In the 2016 film 3 Srikandi , she was portrayed by Tara Basro ." } ] }, { "value": "1988 Seoul", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Archery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Archery_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Four events were contested in archery at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . These events included team competitions for the first time in modern Olympic archery . Men 's and women 's individual competitions continued to be part of the schedule as well . The format for the individual competition was altered for the first time since the 1972 Summer Olympics . In Seoul , instead of all archers using the double FITA round to determine rankings , a sort of elimination plan was introduced . Each archer shot a single FITA round to determine initial rankings . Most archers were cut from the competition after this , with only 24 advancing . These archers then shot one-fourth the number of arrows normal for a FITA round , with these scores being used to drop more archers . This process was repeated until only 8 archers finished the fourth segment of the second round ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's team", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Archery_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_-_Women's_team", "summary": "A total of 15 nations competed in the women 's team event at the 1988 Summer Olympics as part of the archery programme . The ranking round score for a team was the sum of the three scores earned by the individual archers in the individual ranking round . The top twelve nations competed in the semifinals , with the top eight advancing to the finals ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dirc Talumewo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1992 Barcelona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Taekwondo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's Flyweight ( 50-54 kg )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rahmi Kurnia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1992 Barcelona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Taekwondo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's Finweight ( -43 kg )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Susilawati", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1992 Barcelona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Taekwondo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's Lightweight ( 55-60 kg )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jefi Tri Aji", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1992 Barcelona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Taekwondo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's Finweight ( -50 kg )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Susi Susanti", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Susi_Susanti", "summary": "Lucia Francisca Susi Susanti Haditono ( Hanzi : 王蓮香 , Pinyin : Wang Lian-xiang , Hokkien : Ong Lien Hiang , born 11 February 1971 in Tasikmalaya , West Java ) is a retired Indonesian badminton player . Relatively small of stature , she combined quick and graceful movement with elegant shotmaking technique , and regarded by many as one of the greatest women 's singles player of all time . She is the first Indonesian Olympic gold medalist and the only Indonesian woman until Lilyana Natsir won gold in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "1992 Barcelona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "In 1992 , there were no bronze medal matches to decide 3rd and 4th place . Both semifinal losers won bronze medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's singles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_-_Women's_Singles", "summary": "N/A" } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alan Budikusuma", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alan_Budikusuma", "summary": "Alexander Alan Budikusuma Wiratama ( born 29 March 1968 , as Goei Djien Phang ; Chinese : 魏仁芳 ) is a former Indonesian badminton player who excelled at the world level from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s . In 1991 he was runner-up to China 's Zhao Jianhua at the IBF World Championships in Copenhagen . He won the 1992 Olympic men 's singles gold medal at Barcelona , defeating fellow countryman Ardy Wiranata in the final . This achievement , together with a gold medal for his then fiancé Susi Susanti , was historical for Indonesia winning the first Olympic golden medals in 50 years history of the country . A crowd estimated at 500,000 to one million Indonesians lined the streets of Jakarta when Susi Susanti and Alan Budikusuma came home in August 1992 and received a two-hour parade . Among his titles , all in singles , are the Thailand Open ( 1989 , 1991 ) , China Open ( 1991 ) , German Open ( 1992 ) , Indonesian Open ( 1993 ) , World Cup ( 1993 ) , and Malaysian Open ( 1995 ) . Budikusuma was a member of world champion Indonesian Thomas Cup teams in 1994 ." } ] }, { "value": "1992 Barcelona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "In 1992 , there were no bronze medal matches to decide 3rd and 4th place . Both semifinal losers won bronze medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's singles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_Singles", "summary": "N/A" } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ardy Wiranata", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ardy_Wiranata", "summary": "Ardy Bernardus Wiranata ( born 10 February 1970 ) was an Indonesian badminton player who rated among the top singles players in the world ( several of whom were fellow Indonesians ) during most of the 1990s . Quick , supple , and powerful , he won numerous international events and arguably had the best overall record of any player in the first half of the decade . Born in Jakarta , Wiranata trained at the PB Djarum . His achievements began when won the invitation World Junior Championships in 1987 in the boys ' singles and mixed doubles event partnered with Susi Susanti . Afterwards , he managed to competing in the senior tournament , by become the runner-up at the 1989 IBF World Championships . Wiranata earned the silver medal in singles at the 1992 Summer Olympics , losing the final to fellow countryman Alan Budikusuma . He also won the silver medal at the 1989 IBF World Championships , and bronze medals at this competition in 1991 and 1993 . His first-place finishes included the prestigious All-England men 's singles in 1991 , three Japan Opens , and six Indonesian Open singles championships between 1990 and 1997 , where he dominated his teammates . Wiranata also won the Malaysia ( 1993 ) , Singapore ( 1994 ) , Korea ( 1994 ) , Swedish ( 1997 ) , and U.S. ( 2000 ) Opens , as well as the Badminton World Cup ( 1991 ) and the World Badminton Grand Prix Final ( 1994 ) . He clinched the decisive third point for Indonesia against Malaysia in the final of the 1994 Thomas Cup ( men 's world team championship ) in Jakarta ." } ] }, { "value": "1992 Barcelona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "In 1992 , there were no bronze medal matches to decide 3rd and 4th place . Both semifinal losers won bronze medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's singles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_Singles", "summary": "N/A" } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eddy Hartono Rudy Gunawan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eddy_Hartono", "summary": "Eddy Hartono Arbie ( Chinese : 洪忠中 , born July 19 , 1964 in Kudus ) is a former Chinese Indonesian badminton player who excelled in the late 1980s and early 1990s . After a brief stint competing in singles , he soon became a doubles specialist noted for his deft racket control and fluent strokes . His two other siblings , Hariyanto and Hastomo were world class shuttlers in men 's singles event ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rudy_Gunawan", "summary": "Rudy Gunawan ( Chinese : 郭宏源 ) ( born 31 December 1966 ) is a former Indonesian badminton player who played between 1980s and 1990s . He is arguably one of the best doubles players ever to play for Indonesia . Rudy Gunawan won various international championships , both in the men 's doubles and mixed doubles events . He has paired up with players such as Eddy Hartono , Rosiana Tendean , Bambang Suprianto , and Ricky Subagja . He was on the Thomas Cup team of Indonesia five times ( 1988 , 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , and 1996 ) but only won gold in 1994 and 1996 . In addition , he helped strengthen the Indonesian team in the race for 1989 Sudirman Cup . Rudy Gunawan twice competed in the Summer Olympics . In the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona , the pair of Rudy Gunawan / Eddy Hartono gained a silver medal after losing in the final to the legendary players of Korea , Park Joo Bong / Kim Moon Soo . In the semifinals Eddy Hartono / Gunawan conquer the mainstay of China , Li Yongbo / Column Bingyi who were at that time champion contenders . While in the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta , Rudy Gunawan paired with Bambang Suprianto lost in the round of 16 ." } ] }, { "value": "1992 Barcelona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "In 1992 , there were no bronze medal matches to decide 3rd and 4th place . Both semifinal losers won bronze medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's doubles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_Doubles", "summary": "N/A" } ] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hermawan Susanto", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hermawan_Susanto", "summary": "Hermawan Susanto ( Chinese : 蔡祥林 , born September 24 , 1967 in Kudus Regency , Central Java ) is a former Chinese Indonesian badminton player who played at the world level during the 1990s . Susanto was one of an impressive cadre of Indonesians who won numerous international tournaments and captured successive Thomas Cup ( men 's world team ) titles during the era . Susanto came close to winning two of badminton 's three biggest events for individual players ; he was a bronze medalist in men 's singles at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona , and was runner-up to fellow countryman Joko Suprianto at the ( then biennial ) World Championships in 1993 . Susanto 's accomplishments included victories at the Dutch Open ( 1990 , 1992 ) , Denmark Open ( 1992 ) , China Open ( 1992 ) , Chinese Taipei Open ( 1991 , 1995 ) , Hong Kong Open ( 1993 ) , U.S. Open ( 1995 ) , and Malaysia Open ( 1997 ) . Now , he is married to another former Indonesian player named Sarwendah Kusumawardhani . They have one child named Andrew Susanto , who is currently following his parents ' footsteps in playing badminton ." } ] }, { "value": "1992 Barcelona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "In 1992 , there were no bronze medal matches to decide 3rd and 4th place . Both semifinal losers won bronze medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's singles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_singles", "summary": "N/A" } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rexy Mainaky Ricky Subagja", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rexy_Mainaky", "summary": "Rexy Ronald Mainaky ( born 9 March 1968 ) is a former men 's doubles badminton world champion from Indonesia who is often simply known as Rexy . He won the men 's doubles Olympic gold medal in 1996 with Ricky Subagja . As of January 2017 , he was selected as the new head coach of the Thailand national team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ricky_Subagja", "summary": "Ricky Subagja ( born 27 January 1971 ) is a former Indonesian badminton player . He was rated among the greatest doubles specialists in the sport 's history ." } ] }, { "value": "1996 Atlanta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics included the four events ( men 's and women 's singles , men 's and women 's doubles ) as well as a new event : mixed doubles . An additional change to the tournament was the playoff game for the bronze medal rather than the awarding of two bronzes . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 except . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University gymnasium ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's doubles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_doubles", "summary": "Mens doubles badminton event at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held from 25 July to 1 August 1996 . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 for men 's doubles . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University Gymnasium ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mia Audina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mia_Audina", "summary": "Mia Audina Tjiptawan ( born 22 August 1979 , Chinese : 張海麗 ) is a former Indonesian badminton player who represented Indonesia and later the Netherlands in international competitions . A badminton prodigy , Audina first played Uber Cup ( the women 's world team championship ) for Indonesia at fourteen , winning the decisive final match in the championship round against China in 1994 . Audina , had been ranked as World No.1 women 's singles player in October 1996 . She helped Indonesia to retain the Uber Cup title in 1996 , and was a member of the 1998 Indonesian team that relinquished the cup to China , before moving to the Netherlands with her Dutch-national husband in 2000 . As a Dutch resident she continued to compete , winning titles in both Europe and Asia before retiring from high-level competition in 2006 . Top honors in badminton 's three most prestigious events for individual players , the Olympics , the All-Englands , and the World Championships , eluded Audina , though she was twice an Olympic silver medalist in singles ( 1996 , 2004 ) and was a bronze medalist at the World Championships in 2003 . Her most significant victories included the open singles titles of the USA ( 1996 ) , Singapore ( 1997 ) , Japan ( 1997 , 2004 ) , Indonesia ( 1998 ) , Korea ( 2003 ) , the Netherlands ( 2001 , 2002 ) , Switzerland ( 2002 ) , and Taiwan ( 2000 , 2003 ) . She won singles at the Southeast Asian Games in 1997 and both singles and women 's doubles at the European Championships in 2004 . A gritty competitor and , in her youth , exceptionally mobile and supple ( she was rarely forced into hitting backhands ) , Audina was a crowd favorite throughout her career ." } ] }, { "value": "1996 Atlanta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics included the four events ( men 's and women 's singles , men 's and women 's doubles ) as well as a new event : mixed doubles . An additional change to the tournament was the playoff game for the bronze medal rather than the awarding of two bronzes . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 except . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University gymnasium ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's singles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_-_Women's_singles", "summary": "Womens singles badminton event at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held from 24 July to 1 August 1996 . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University Gymnasium ." } ] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Antonius Ariantho Denny Kantono", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Antonius_Ariantho", "summary": "S. Antonius Budi Ariantho ( born 3 October 1973 ) is a retired Indonesian badminton player who specialized in men 's doubles . During the 1990s he shared numerous international titles with his regular partner Denny Kantono including the French ( 1993 ) ; Hong Kong ( 1993 ) ; Denmark ( 1994 ) ; Thailand ( 1994 ) ; Chinese Taipei ( 1995 , 1996 ) ; and Indonesia ( 1996 ) Opens ; and the ( now defunct ) Badminton World Cup ( 1996 ) and World Badminton Grand Prix ( 1998 ) events . They were runners-up at the prestigious All-England Open in 1995 , and bronze medalists at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Denny_Kantono", "summary": "Denny Kantono ( Chinese : 关有明 ; born 12 January 1970 ) is a retired Chinese-Indonesian badminton player who specialized in men 's doubles . He shared numerous international titles with his regular partner Antonius Ariantho including the French ( 1993 ) , Hong Kong ( 1993 ) , Denmark ( 1994 ) , Thailand ( 1994 ) , Chinese Taipei ( 1995 , 1999 ) , and Indonesia ( 1996 ) Opens ; as well as the ( now defunct ) Badminton World Cup ( 1996 ) and World Badminton Grand Prix ( 1998 ) events . They were runners-up at the prestigious All-England Championships in 1995 and bronze medalists at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta . Kantono competed in badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics in men 's doubles , with Antonius Ariantho , and won a bronze medal . They lost in semifinals against Cheah Soon Kit and Yap Kim Hock , of Malaysia , 15-10 , 15-4 , and in the bronze medal match they defeated Soo Beng Kiang and Tan Kim Her , of Malaysia , 15-4 , 12-15 , 15-8 ." } ] }, { "value": "1996 Atlanta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics included the four events ( men 's and women 's singles , men 's and women 's doubles ) as well as a new event : mixed doubles . An additional change to the tournament was the playoff game for the bronze medal rather than the awarding of two bronzes . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 except . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University gymnasium ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's doubles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_doubles", "summary": "Mens doubles badminton event at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held from 25 July to 1 August 1996 . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 for men 's doubles . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University Gymnasium ." } ] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Susi Susanti", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Susi_Susanti", "summary": "Lucia Francisca Susi Susanti Haditono ( Hanzi : 王蓮香 , Pinyin : Wang Lian-xiang , Hokkien : Ong Lien Hiang , born 11 February 1971 in Tasikmalaya , West Java ) is a retired Indonesian badminton player . Relatively small of stature , she combined quick and graceful movement with elegant shotmaking technique , and regarded by many as one of the greatest women 's singles player of all time . She is the first Indonesian Olympic gold medalist and the only Indonesian woman until Lilyana Natsir won gold in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "1996 Atlanta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics included the four events ( men 's and women 's singles , men 's and women 's doubles ) as well as a new event : mixed doubles . An additional change to the tournament was the playoff game for the bronze medal rather than the awarding of two bronzes . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 except . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University gymnasium ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's singles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_-_Women's_singles", "summary": "Womens singles badminton event at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held from 24 July to 1 August 1996 . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University Gymnasium ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tony Gunawan Candra Wijaya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tony_Gunawan", "summary": "Tony Gunawan ( Chinese : 吳俊明 ; pinyin : Wu Junming ; born 9 April 1975 ) is a Chinese descended , Indonesian-born badminton player and coach who excelled internationally for Indonesia and later for the United States ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Candra_Wijaya", "summary": "Rafael Candra Wijaya ( Chinese : 陳甲亮 ; born 16 September 1975 ) is a retired Indonesian badminton player ." } ] }, { "value": "2000 Sydney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held at the Sydney Showground Hall 3 from 17 - 23 September . Both men and women competed in their own singles and doubles events and together they competed in a mixed doubles event ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's doubles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_doubles", "summary": "These are the results for the mens doubles badminton tournament of 2000 Summer Olympics . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 for men 's doubles . The tournament was held at The Dome and Exhibition Complex ." } ] } ], "section_title": "List of medalists", "section_text": "Medalist of Demonstration & Exhibition Sports Medals by gender Gender Total Percentage Male 5 5 7 17 53,12% Female 1 6 5 12 37,51% Mixed 1 2 0 3 9,37% Total 7 13 12 32 100%", "uid": "Indonesia_at_the_Olympics_0", "intro": "Indonesia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1964, due to controversy around the Games of the New Emerging Forces, and 1980, when they participated in the US-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Indonesia has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. The National Olympic Committee for Indonesia was created in 1946 and recognized in 1952. Indonesian athletes have won a total of 32 medals, nineteen in badminton, twelve in weightlifting and one in archery. Among the countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia ranks second in terms of both the number of gold medals (7) and medals overall (32), trailing only Thailand, who has a total of 33 medals, with nine of them being golds. Archers Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani gained the republic's first ever podium finish, a silver medal, in the women's team event at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Future married couple Susi Susanti and Alan Budikusuma won the nation's first 2 gold medals in the badminton women's and men's singles events respectively at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Barcelona 1992 was also the only Games in which Indonesia won 2 gold medals. Since then, Indonesia has won a single gold medal at every subsequent Summer Olympics, all in badminton, with the exception of the 2012 London Olympics where Indonesia failed to garner any gold medals. The last gold medalists were Lilyana Natsir and Tontowi Ahmad in the mixed doubles event of badminton at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Roller_Derby_Association", "title": "United Kingdom Roller Derby Association", "header": [ "League", "Location", "Country", "Admitted" ], "data": [ { "value": "Auld Reekie Roller Girls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Auld_Reekie_Roller_Girls", "summary": "Auld Reekie Roller Derby ( ARRD ) is a womens flat track roller derby league based in Edinburgh , Scotland . Founded in 2008 , ARRD was the first Scottish Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) member . The league aims to create teams with the ability to compete locally and internationally at the highest levels . ARRD play by the rules of the WFTDA , and were officially accepted as an Apprentice League on 5 October 2010 . The league graduated as full members of the WFTDA on 1 September 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Edinburgh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edinburgh", "summary": "Edinburgh ( /ˈɛdɪnbərə/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Edinburgh ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Èideann [ ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ ] ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas . Historically part of the county of Midlothian ( interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921 ) , it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth 's southern shore . Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government , the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland . The city 's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland . The city has long been a centre of education , particularly in the fields of medicine , Scots law , literature , philosophy , the sciences and engineering . It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom ( after London ) and the city 's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom 's second most popular tourist destination attracting 1.75 million visits from overseas in 2016 . Edinburgh is Scotland 's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The official population estimates are 488,050 ( 2016 ) for the Locality of Edinburgh ( Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno ) , 518,500 ( 2018 ) for the City of Edinburgh , and 1,339,380 ( 2014 ) for the city region . Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian , Edinburgh , Fife , Midlothian , Scottish Borders and West Lothian . The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland , the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery . The University of Edinburgh , founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city , is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020 ." } ] }, { "value": "Scotland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "June 2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Basingstoke Bullets Roller Derby", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Basingstoke , Hampshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Basingstoke,_Hampshire", "summary": "Basingstoke ( /ˈbeɪzɪŋstoʊk/ BAY-zing-stohk ) is the largest town in the administrative county of Hampshire ( Southampton and Portsmouth are now unitary authorities in their own right , and Winchester is a city ) . It is situated in south central England , and lies across a valley at the source of the River Loddon . It is located 30 miles ( 48 km ) northeast of Southampton , 48 miles ( 77 km ) southwest of London , and 19 miles ( 31 km ) northeast of the county town and former capital Winchester . According to the 2016 population estimate the town had a population of 113,776 . [ d ] It is part of the borough of Basingstoke and Deane and part of the parliamentary constituency of Basingstoke . Basingstoke is often nicknamed Doughnut City or Roundabout City because of the number of large roundabouts . Basingstoke is an old market town expanded in the mid 1960s as a result of an agreement between London County Council and Hampshire County Council . It was developed rapidly after World War II , along with various other towns in the United Kingdom , in order to accommodate part of the London 'overspill ' as perceived under the Greater London Plan in 1944 . Basingstoke market was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 , and it remained a small market town until the early 1960s . At the start of World War II the population was little more than 13,000 . It still has a regular market , but is now larger than Hampshire County Council 's definition of a market town . Basingstoke has become an important economic centre during the second half of the 20th century , and houses the locations of the UK headquarters of De La Rue , Sun Life Financial , The Automobile Association , ST Ericsson , GAME , Motorola , Barracuda Networks , Eli Lilly and Company , FCB Halesway part of FCB , BNP Paribas Leasing Solutions , the leasing arm of BNP Paribas in the UK , and Sony Professional Solutions ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hampshire", "summary": "Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ , /-ʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; postal abbreviation Hants . ) [ note 1 ] is a county in southern England . The county town is the city of Winchester . Its two largest cities , Southampton and Portsmouth , are administered separately as unitary authorities ; the rest of the county is governed by Hampshire County Council . First settled about 14,000 years ago , Hampshire 's history dates to Roman Britain , when its chief town was Winchester . When the Romans left Britain , the area was infiltrated by tribes from Scandinavia and mainland Europe , principally in the river valleys . The county was recorded in the 11th century Domesday Book , divided into 44 hundreds . From the 12th century , the ports grew in importance , fuelled by trade with the continent , wool and cloth manufacture in the county , and the fishing industry , and a shipbuilding industry was established . By the 16th century , the population of Southampton had outstripped that of Winchester . By the mid-19th century , with the county 's population at 219,210 ( double that at the beginning of the century ) in more than 86,000 dwellings , agriculture was the principal industry and 10 per cent of the county was still forest . Hampshire played a crucial military role in both World Wars . The Isle of Wight , historically part of Hampshire , became a separate ceremonial county in 1974 ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "October 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bath Roller Derby Girls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bath_Roller_Derby_Girls", "summary": "Bath Roller Derby Girls ( BRDG ) is a roller derby league based in Bath . Founded in 2012 , the league consists of women from Bath and the surrounding area . As of May 2015 , the league is a member of the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association ( UKRDA ) . As a regularly competing league , BRDG has played over a dozen ranked bouts as well as having played one international bout and are currently competing in the British Championships ( Tier 4 South West ) and the South West Season . The league currently has two bouting teams drawn from all league skaters ; Bath Spartans ( A Team ) and Roman Rollers ( B Team ) . The Bath Home Girls is formed from non-bouting skaters and the Bath Skeleton Crew is the league 's official crew , providing skating and non-skating officials for home and away games ." } ] }, { "value": "Bath , Somerset", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bath,_Somerset", "summary": "Bath is the largest city in the county of Somerset , England , known for and named after its Roman-built baths . In 2011 , the population was 88,859 . Bath is in the valley of the River Avon , 97 miles ( 156 km ) west of London and 11 miles ( 18 km ) southeast of Bristol . The city became a World Heritage site in 1987 . The city became a spa with the Latin name Aquae Sulis ( the waters of Sul ) c. 60 AD when the Romans built baths and a temple in the valley of the River Avon , although hot springs were known even before then . Bath Abbey was founded in the 7th century and became a religious centre ; the building was rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries . In the 17th century , claims were made for the curative properties of water from the springs , and Bath became popular as a spa town in the Georgian era . Georgian architecture , crafted from Bath stone , includes the Royal Crescent , Circus , Pump Room and Assembly Rooms where Beau Nash presided over the city 's social life from 1705 until his death in 1761 . Many of the streets and squares were laid out by John Wood , the Elder , and in the 18th century the city became fashionable and the population grew . Jane Austen lived in Bath in the early 19th century . Further building was undertaken in the 19th century and following the Bath Blitz in World War II . The city has software , publishing and service-oriented industries ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Somerset", "summary": "Somerset ( /ˈsʌmərsɛt/ ( listen ) or locally /ˈzʌmərzɛt/ ; archaically , Somersetshire ) is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north , Wiltshire to the east , Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west . It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel , its coastline facing southeastern Wales . Its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon . Somerset 's county town is Taunton . Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills , the Blackdown Hills , Mendip Hills , Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park , and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels . There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times , and of subsequent settlement by the Celts , Romans and Anglo-Saxons . The county played a significant part in Alfred the Great 's rise to power , and later the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion . The city of Bath is famous for its Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belfast Roller Derby", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belfast_Roller_Derby", "summary": "Belfast Roller Derby ( BRD ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Belfast in Northern Ireland . Founded in January 2010 , the league consists of two teams that play teams from other leagues , and is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Belfast", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belfast", "summary": "Belfast ( /ˈbɛlfɑːst/ BEL-fahst ; from Irish : Béal Feirste , meaning mouth of the sand-bank ford , Irish pronunciation : [ bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ ( ə ) ʃtʲə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland , standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast of Northern Ireland . It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest on the island of Ireland . It had a population of 333,871 as of 2015 [ update ] . Belfast suffered greatly in the Troubles : in the 1970s and 1980s it was reported to be one of the world 's most dangerous cities , with a homicide rate around 31 per 100,000 . By the early 19th century , Belfast became a major port . It played a key role in the Industrial Revolution , becoming the biggest linen-producer in the world , earning it the nickname Linenopolis . By the time it was granted city status in 1888 , it was a major centre of Irish linen production , tobacco-processing and rope-making . Shipbuilding was also a key industry ; the Harland and Wolff shipyard , which built the RMS Titanic , was the world 's biggest shipyard . Belfast as of 2019 [ update ] has a major aerospace and missiles industry . Industrialisation , and the inward migration it brought , made Belfast Northern Ireland 's biggest city and it became the capital of Northern Ireland following the Partition of Ireland in 1922 . Its status as a global industrial centre ended in the decades after the Second World War of 1939-1945 . Belfast is still a major port , with commercial and industrial docks , including the Harland and Wolff shipyard , dominating the Belfast Lough shoreline ." } ] }, { "value": "Northern Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "26 May 2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Big Bucks High Rollers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "High Wycombe , Buckinghamshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/High_Wycombe", "summary": "High Wycombe , often referred to as Wycombe ( /ˈwɪkəm/ WIK-əm ) , is a large town in Buckinghamshire , England . Lying in the valley of the River Wye surrounded by the Chiltern Hills , it is 29 miles ( 47 km ) west north west of Charing Cross in London ; this information is also engraved on the Corn Market building in the centre of the town . It is also 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) south-south-east of the county town of Aylesbury , 23.4 miles ( 37.7 km ) southeast of Oxford , 15.4 miles ( 24.8 km ) north east of Reading and 7.7 miles ( 12.4 km ) north of Maidenhead . According to the ONS official estimates for 2016 , High Wycombe has a population of 125,257 and it is the second largest town in the county of Buckinghamshire after Milton Keynes . High Wycombe Urban Area , the conurbation of which the town is the largest component , has a population of 133,204 . High Wycombe is mostly an unparished area in the Wycombe district . Part of the urban area constitutes the civil parish of Chepping Wycombe , which had a population of 14,455 according to the 2001 census - this parish represents that part of the ancient parish of Chepping Wycombe which was outside the former municipal borough of Wycombe . Wycombe is a combination of industrial and market town , with a traditional emphasis on furniture production . There has been a market held in the High Street since at least the Middle Ages . The market is currently held on Tuesday , Friday and Saturday ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Buckinghamshire", "summary": "Buckinghamshire ( /ˈbʌkɪŋəmʃər , -ʃɪər/ ) , abbreviated Bucks. , is a ceremonial county in South East England which borders Greater London to the south east , Berkshire to the south , Oxfordshire to the west , Northamptonshire to the north , Bedfordshire to the north east and Hertfordshire to the east . Buckinghamshire is one of the home counties and towns such as High Wycombe , Amersham , Chesham and the Chalfonts in the east and southeast of the county are parts of the London commuter belt , forming some of the most densely populated parts of the county . Development in this region is restricted by the Metropolitan Green Belt . Other large settlements include the county town of Aylesbury , Marlow in the south near the Thames and Princes Risborough in the west near Oxford . Some areas without direct rail links to London , such as around the old county town of Buckingham and near Olney in the northeast , are much less populous . The largest town is Milton Keynes in the northeast , which with the surrounding area is administered as a unitary authority separately to the rest of Buckinghamshire . The remainder of the county is administered by Buckinghamshire County Council as a non-metropolitan county , and four district councils . In national elections , Buckinghamshire is considered a reliable supporter of the Conservative Party . A large part of the Chiltern Hills , an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty , runs through the south of the county and attracts many walkers and cyclists from London . In this area older buildings are often made from local flint and red brick . Many parts of the county are quite affluent and like many areas around London this has led to high housing costs : several reports have identified the market town of Beaconsfield as having among the highest property prices outside London . Chequers , a mansion estate owned by the government , is the country retreat of the incumbent Prime Minister ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17 September 2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Birmingham Blitz Dames", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz_Dames", "summary": "Birmingham Blitz Dames ( BBD ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Birmingham in England . Founded in 2006 , the league is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Birmingham , West Midlands", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham", "summary": "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ." }, { "url": "/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)", "summary": "The West Midlands County is a metropolitan county and combined authority area in western-central England with a 2018 estimated population of 2,916,458 , making it the second most populous county in England after Greater London . It came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 , formed from parts of Staffordshire , Worcestershire and Warwickshire . The county itself is a NUTS 2 region within the wider NUTS 1 region of the same name . The county consists of seven metropolitan boroughs : the City of Birmingham , the City of Coventry and the City of Wolverhampton , as well as the boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell , Solihull and Walsall . The metropolitan county exists in law and as a geographic frame of reference , and as a ceremonial county it has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . Between 1974 and 1986 , the West Midlands County Council was the administrative body covering the county ; this was abolished on 31 March 1986 , and the constituent metropolitan boroughs effectively became unitary authorities . A new administrative body for the county ( and some of the district surrounding it as Non-Constituent members ) , the West Midlands Combined Authority , was created in June 2016 . Since May 2017 , the authority has been headed by a directly elected Mayor of the West Midlands , a position currently held by Andy Street of the Conservative Party . Other county-wide bodies include the West Midlands Police , the West Midlands Fire Service and Transport for West Midlands . The county is sometimes described as the West Midlands metropolitan area or the West Midlands conurbation or Greater Birmingham , although these have different , and less clearly defined , boundaries . The main conurbation , or urban area , does not include Coventry for example . The name West Midlands is also used for the much larger West Midlands region , which sometimes causes confusion , not surprising perhaps when geographically it is on the eastern side of the region , the western side comprising Shropshire and Herefordshire the southern side comprising Worcestershire and most of Warwickshire ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "June 2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brighton Rockers Roller Derby", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brighton_Rockers_Roller_Derby", "summary": "Brighton Rockers Roller Derby ( BRRD ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Brighton in East Sussex , England . Founded in 2010 , the league consists of three teams , which compete against teams from other leagues . Brighton Rockers is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) . In March 2012 , Brighton was accepted as a member of the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association ( UKRDA ) , and in 2013 it played in the first UKRDA Southern Tournament , which it finished in fourth place after a narrow loss to Bristol Roller Derby . The team suffered a setback in July 2012 , when its team kit was stolen from a member 's car . However , by January 2013 , it was ranked in the top eight leagues in the UK . In January 2015 , Brighton Rockers entered the WFTDA Apprentice Program . Brighton Rockers became a full member of the WFTDA in July 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Brighton , East Sussex", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brighton", "summary": "Brighton ( /ˈbraɪtən/ ) is a seaside resort in the county of East Sussex . It is a constituent part of the city of Brighton and Hove , created from the formerly separate towns of Brighton and Hove . Brighton is located on the south coast of England , positioned 47 miles ( 76 km ) south of London . Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age , Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods . The ancient settlement of Brighthelmstone was documented in the Domesday Book ( 1086 ) . The town 's importance grew in the Middle Ages as the Old Town developed , but it languished in the early modern period , affected by foreign attacks , storms , a suffering economy and a declining population . Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France . The town also developed in popularity as a health resort for sea bathing as a purported cure for illnesses . In the Georgian era , Brighton developed as a fashionable seaside resort , encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent , later King George IV , who spent much time in the town and constructed the Royal Pavilion in the Regency era . Brighton continued to grow as a major centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841 , becoming a popular destination for day-trippers from London . Many of the major attractions were built in the Victorian era , including the Metropole Hotel ( now Hilton ) Grand Hotel , the West Pier , and the Brighton Palace Pier . The town continued to grow into the 20th century , expanding to incorporate more areas into the town 's boundaries before joining Hove to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove in 1997 , which was granted city status in 2000 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/East_Sussex", "summary": "East Sussex is a county in South East England . It is bordered by the counties of Kent to the north and east , West Sussex to the west , and Surrey to the north-west , as well as the English Channel to the south ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 March 2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bristol Roller Derby", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bristol_Roller_Derby", "summary": "Bristol Roller Derby ( BRD ) is a roller derby league based in Bristol . Founded in 2010 , the league consists of two women 's roller derby teams , a men 's team , a Co-Ed team and a fledgling juniors team . In 2016 both the women 's A team and the men 's team achieved promotion in the British Championships tournament , the men into tier 3 and the women into premier tier 1 . On 16 September 2018 , the Co-Ed All-Stars beat the North Wales Men 's team to gain promotion into Tier 2 of the British Championships . This game was streamed on BBC Sport , a first for the team ." } ] }, { "value": "Bristol", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bristol", "summary": "Bristol ( /ˈbrɪstəl/ ( listen ) ) is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400 . The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England . The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK . The city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east , respectively . South Wales lies across the Severn estuary . Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon , and around the beginning of the 11th century , the settlement was known as Brycgstow ( Old English the place at the bridge ) . Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county of itself . From the 13th to the 18th century , Bristol was among the top three English cities , after London , in tax receipts . Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool in the Industrial Revolution . Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World . On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot , a Venetian , became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America . In 1499 William Weston , a Bristol merchant , was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14 December 2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Central City Rollergirls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Central_City_Rollergirls", "summary": "Central City Rollergirls ( CCR ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Birmingham , United Kingdom . Founded in 2007 , the league is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) and plays under the WFTDA ruleset ." } ] }, { "value": "Birmingham , West Midlands", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham", "summary": "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ." }, { "url": "/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)", "summary": "The West Midlands County is a metropolitan county and combined authority area in western-central England with a 2018 estimated population of 2,916,458 , making it the second most populous county in England after Greater London . It came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 , formed from parts of Staffordshire , Worcestershire and Warwickshire . The county itself is a NUTS 2 region within the wider NUTS 1 region of the same name . The county consists of seven metropolitan boroughs : the City of Birmingham , the City of Coventry and the City of Wolverhampton , as well as the boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell , Solihull and Walsall . The metropolitan county exists in law and as a geographic frame of reference , and as a ceremonial county it has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . Between 1974 and 1986 , the West Midlands County Council was the administrative body covering the county ; this was abolished on 31 March 1986 , and the constituent metropolitan boroughs effectively became unitary authorities . A new administrative body for the county ( and some of the district surrounding it as Non-Constituent members ) , the West Midlands Combined Authority , was created in June 2016 . Since May 2017 , the authority has been headed by a directly elected Mayor of the West Midlands , a position currently held by Andy Street of the Conservative Party . Other county-wide bodies include the West Midlands Police , the West Midlands Fire Service and Transport for West Midlands . The county is sometimes described as the West Midlands metropolitan area or the West Midlands conurbation or Greater Birmingham , although these have different , and less clearly defined , boundaries . The main conurbation , or urban area , does not include Coventry for example . The name West Midlands is also used for the much larger West Midlands region , which sometimes causes confusion , not surprising perhaps when geographically it is on the eastern side of the region , the western side comprising Shropshire and Herefordshire the southern side comprising Worcestershire and most of Warwickshire ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "June 2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Crash Test Brummies", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Birmingham , West Midlands", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham", "summary": "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ." }, { "url": "/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)", "summary": "The West Midlands County is a metropolitan county and combined authority area in western-central England with a 2018 estimated population of 2,916,458 , making it the second most populous county in England after Greater London . It came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 , formed from parts of Staffordshire , Worcestershire and Warwickshire . The county itself is a NUTS 2 region within the wider NUTS 1 region of the same name . The county consists of seven metropolitan boroughs : the City of Birmingham , the City of Coventry and the City of Wolverhampton , as well as the boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell , Solihull and Walsall . The metropolitan county exists in law and as a geographic frame of reference , and as a ceremonial county it has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . Between 1974 and 1986 , the West Midlands County Council was the administrative body covering the county ; this was abolished on 31 March 1986 , and the constituent metropolitan boroughs effectively became unitary authorities . A new administrative body for the county ( and some of the district surrounding it as Non-Constituent members ) , the West Midlands Combined Authority , was created in June 2016 . Since May 2017 , the authority has been headed by a directly elected Mayor of the West Midlands , a position currently held by Andy Street of the Conservative Party . Other county-wide bodies include the West Midlands Police , the West Midlands Fire Service and Transport for West Midlands . The county is sometimes described as the West Midlands metropolitan area or the West Midlands conurbation or Greater Birmingham , although these have different , and less clearly defined , boundaries . The main conurbation , or urban area , does not include Coventry for example . The name West Midlands is also used for the much larger West Midlands region , which sometimes causes confusion , not surprising perhaps when geographically it is on the eastern side of the region , the western side comprising Shropshire and Herefordshire the southern side comprising Worcestershire and most of Warwickshire ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7 December 2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dolly Rockit Rollers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dolly_Rockit_Rollers", "summary": "The Leicestershire Dolly Rockit Rollers ( LDRR ) are a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Leicestershire , England . Formed in January 2010 , they skate flat track roller derby to the rules of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) , of which they have been a member since July 2014 , and have been a member of the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association ( UKDRA ) since September 2011 . The league is entirely owned and run by its members , and was the first roller derby league to operate in Leicestershire ." } ] }, { "value": "Leicester , Leicestershire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leicester", "summary": "Leicester ( /ˈlɛstər/ ( listen ) LEST-ər ) is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England , and the county town of Leicestershire . The city lies on the River Soar and close to the eastern end of the National Forest . It is to the north-east of Birmingham and Coventry , south of Nottingham , and west of Peterborough . The 2016 mid year estimate of the population of the City of Leicester unitary authority was 348,300 , an increase of approximately 18,500 ( 5.6% ) from the 2011 census figure of 329,839 , making it the most populous municipality in the East Midlands region . The associated urban area is also the 11th most populous in England and the 13th most populous in the United Kingdom . Leicester is at the intersection of two major railway lines - the north-south Midland Main Line and the east/west Birmingham to London Stansted CrossCountry line ; as well as the confluence of the M1/M69 motorways and the A6/A46 trunk routes . Leicester is the home to football club Leicester City and rugby club Leicester Tigers ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Leicestershire", "summary": "Leicestershire ( /ˈlɛstərʃər , -ʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; postal abbreviation Leics . ) is a landlocked county in the English Midlands . The county borders Nottinghamshire to the north , Lincolnshire to the north-east , Rutland to the east , Northamptonshire to the south-east , Warwickshire to the south-west , Staffordshire to the west , and Derbyshire to the north-west . The border with most of Warwickshire is Watling Street , the modern A5 road . Leicestershire takes its name from the city of Leicester located at its centre and administered separately from the rest of the county . The ceremonial county - the non-metropolitan county plus the city of Leicester - has a total population of just over 1 million ( 2016 estimate ) , more than half of which lives in the Leicester Urban Area ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13 September 2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dundee Roller Girls", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dundee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dundee", "summary": "Dundee ( /dʌnˈdiː/ ( listen ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Dè or Dùn Dèagh [ ˈt̪uːn tʲeː ] ) is Scotland 's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom . The mid-year population estimate for 2018 was 148,750 , giving Dundee a population density of 2,478/km2 or 6,420/sq mi , the second-highest in Scotland . It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay , which feeds into the North Sea . Under the name of Dundee City ( officially the City of Dundee ) , it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland . Historically part of Angus , the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century and established itself as an important east coast trading port . Rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution , particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry . This , along with its other major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute , jam and journalism . Today , Dundee is promoted as One City , Many Discoveries in honour of Dundee 's history of scientific activities and of the RRS Discovery , Robert Falcon Scott 's Antarctic exploration vessel , which was built in Dundee and is now berthed at Discovery Point . Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s , and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdom 's digital entertainment industry , including mobile app development and gaming . Dundee has two universities - the University of Dundee and the Abertay University . In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UK 's first UNESCO City of Design for its diverse contributions to fields including medical research , comics and video games . A unique feature of Dundee is that its two professional football clubs , Dundee F.C ." } ] }, { "value": "Scotland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Glasgow Roller Girls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Glasgow_Roller_Girls", "summary": "Glasgow Roller Derby is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Glasgow , Scotland . Founded in 2007 , the league has four teams , and three combined teams which compete with other leagues . Glasgow is a member of the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association ( UKRDA ) , and the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Glasgow", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Glasgow", "summary": "Glasgow ( /ˈɡlæzɡoʊ/ , also UK : /ˈɡlɑːzɡoʊ , ˈɡlɑːsɡoʊ/ , US : /ˈɡlæsɡoʊ , ˈɡlæskoʊ/ ; Scots : Glesga [ ˈɡlezɡə ] ; Scottish Gaelic : Glaschu [ ˈkl̪ˠas̪əxu ] ) is the most populous city in Scotland , and the third most populous city in the United Kingdom , as of the 2017 estimated city population of 621,020 . Historically part of Lanarkshire , the city now forms the Glasgow City council area , one of the 32 council areas of Scotland ; the local authority is Glasgow City Council . Glasgow is situated on the River Clyde in the country 's West Central Lowlands . It is the fifth most visited city in the UK . Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians or , informally , as Weegies . Glasgow is also known for the Glasgow patter , a distinct dialect of the Scots language that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city . Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Scotland , and tenth largest by tonnage in Britain . Expanding from the medieval bishopric and royal burgh , and the later establishment of the University of Glasgow in the fifteenth century , it became a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment in the eighteenth century . From the eighteenth century onwards , the city also grew as one of Great Britain 's main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America and the West Indies . With the onset of the Industrial Revolution , the population and economy of Glasgow and the surrounding region expanded rapidly to become one of the world 's pre-eminent centres of chemicals , textiles and engineering ; most notably in the shipbuilding and marine engineering industry , which produced many innovative and famous vessels . Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period , although many cities argue the title was theirs . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , Glasgow 's population grew rapidly , reaching a peak of 1,127,825 people in 1938 ." } ] }, { "value": "Scotland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "June 2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Granite City Roller Derby", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aberdeen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aberdeen", "summary": "Aberdeen ( /ˌæbərˈdiːn/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Aiberdeen , listen ( help·info ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Obar Dheathain [ opəɾ ˈɛ.ɛɲ ] ; Latin : Aberdonia ) is a city in northeast Scotland . It is Scotland 's third most populous city , one of Scotland 's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom 's 39th most populous built-up area , with an official population estimate of 196,670 for the city of Aberdeen and 227,560 for the local council area . During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries , Aberdeen 's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite , which can sparkle like silver because of its high mica content . Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s , Aberdeen has been known as the off-shore oil capital of Europe . The area around Aberdeen has been settled for at least 8,000 years , when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don . The city has a long , sandy coastline and a marine climate , the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters . Aberdeen received Royal burgh status from David I of Scotland ( 1124-1153 ) , transforming the city economically . The city has two universities , the University of Aberdeen , founded in 1495 , and Robert Gordon University , which was awarded university status in 1992 , making Aberdeen the educational centre of north-east Scotland . The traditional industries of fishing , paper-making , shipbuilding , and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen 's seaport . Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland . Aberdeen used to host the Aberdeen International Youth Festival , a major international event which attracted up to 1000 of the most talented young performing arts companies but the council ended funding in 2017 and the festival was wound up in 2018 . In 2015 , Mercer named Aberdeen the 57th most liveable city in the world , as well as the fourth most liveable city in Britain ." } ] }, { "value": "Scotland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Halifax Bruising Banditas", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Halifax , West Yorkshire", "urls": [] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Haunted City Rollers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Derby , Derbyshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Derby", "summary": "Derby ( /ˈdɑːrbi/ ( listen ) DAR-bee ) is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire , England . It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire , of which it was traditionally the county town . [ nb 1 ] Derby gained city status in 1977 , and by the 2011 census its population was 248,700 . Derby was settled by Romans - who established the town of Derventio - Saxons and Vikings , who made Derby one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw . Initially a market town , Derby grew rapidly in the industrial era . Home to Lombe 's Mill , an early British factory , Derby has a claim to be one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution . It contains the southern part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site . With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century , Derby became a centre of the British rail industry . Derby is a centre for advanced transport manufacturing , home to the world 's second largest aero-engine manufacturer , Rolls-Royce . Bombardier Transportation are based at the Derby Litchurch Lane Works and were for many years the UK 's only train manufacturer . Toyota Manufacturing UK 's automobile headquarters is south west of the city at Burnaston . To the east lies Nottingham , separated by the M1 motorway ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Derbyshire", "summary": "Derbyshire ( /ˈdɑːrbiʃər , -ʃɪər/ ) is a county in the East Midlands of England . A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire , containing the southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills which extend into the north of the county . The county contains part of the National Forest , and borders on Greater Manchester to the northwest , West Yorkshire to the north , South Yorkshire to the northeast , Nottinghamshire to the east , Leicestershire to the southeast , Staffordshire to the west and southwest and Cheshire also to the west . Kinder Scout , at 636 metres ( 2,087 ft ) , is the highest point in the county , whilst Trent Meadows , where the River Trent leaves Derbyshire , is its lowest point at 27 metres ( 89 ft ) . :1 The River Derwent is the county 's longest river at 66 miles ( 106 km ) , and runs roughly north to south through the county . In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms ( near Swadlincote ) as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain . The city of Derby is a unitary authority area , but remains part of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire . The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants . There is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland : 75% of the population live in 25% of the area . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "28 November 2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hellfire Harlots", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hellfire_Harlots", "summary": "The Nottingham Hellfire Harlots are a roller derby league based in Nottingham , England . Founded in April 2010 , as of 2020 the league has a two teams who plays against teams from other leagues , both nationally an internationally . Nottingham is a member of the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association ( UKRDA ) and the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Nottingham , Nottinghamshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nottingham", "summary": "Nottingham ( /ˈnɒtɪŋəm/ ( listen ) NOT-ing-əm ) is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire , England . Part of the East Midlands region , it is 128 miles ( 206 km ) north of London and 45 miles ( 72 km ) northeast of Birmingham . To the west lies Derby , separated by the M1 motorway . Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making , bicycle ( notably Raleigh bikes ) , and tobacco industries . It was granted its city charter in 1897 as part of Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee celebrations . Nottingham is a tourist destination ; in 2018 , the city received the second highest amount of overnight visitors in the Midlands and the highest amount in the East Midlands . In 2017 , Nottingham had an estimated population of 329,200 . The population of the city proper , compared to its regional counterparts , has been attributed to its historical and tightly-drawn city boundaries . The wider conurbation , which includes many of the city 's suburbs , has a population of 768,638 . It is the largest urban area in the East Midlands and the second-largest in the Midlands . Its Functional Urban Area , also the largest in the East Midlands , has a population of 919,484 . The population of the Nottingham/Derby metropolitan area is estimated to be 1,610,000 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nottinghamshire", "summary": "Nottinghamshire ( pronounced /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; abbreviated Notts . ) is a county in the East Midlands region of England , bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west , Lincolnshire to the east , Leicestershire to the south , and Derbyshire to the west . The traditional county town is Nottingham , though the county council is based at County Hall in West Bridgford in the borough of Rushcliffe , at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent . The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield , Bassetlaw , Broxtowe , Gedling , Mansfield , Newark and Sherwood , and Rushcliffe . The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 , but is now a unitary authority , remaining part of Nottinghamshire for ceremonial purposes . In 2017 , the county was estimated to have a population of 785,800 . Over half of the population of the county live in the Greater Nottingham conurbation ( which continues into Derbyshire ) . The conurbation has a population of about 650,000 , though less than half live within the city boundaries . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hot Wheel Roller Derby", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hot_Wheel_Roller_Derby", "summary": "Leeds Roller Derby is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Leeds , England . Founded in 2007 , the league has two travel teams which play against teams from other leagues across Europe . Leeds Roller Derby is a member of the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association ( UKRDA ) and the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Leeds , West Yorkshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leeds", "summary": "Leeds is the largest city in the county of West Yorkshire in Northern England , approximately 170 miles north of central London . Leeds has one of the most diverse economies of all the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city . It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities , with 77% of its workforce working in the private sector . Leeds has the third-largest jobs total by local authority area , with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015 . Leeds is ranked as a High Sufficiency level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Leeds is the cultural , financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . Leeds is served by five universities , and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country 's fourth largest urban economy . Leeds was a small manorial borough in the 13th century , and in the 17th and 18th centuries it became a major centre for the production and trading of wool , and in the Industrial Revolution a major mill town ; wool was still the dominant industry , but flax , engineering , iron foundries , printing , and other industries were also important . From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century , Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century . It now lies within the West Yorkshire Urban Area , the United Kingdom 's fourth-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.6 million . Today , Leeds has become the largest legal and financial centre outside London with the financial and insurance services industry worth £13 billion to the city 's economy . The finance and business service sector account for 38% of total output with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city , including an office of the Bank of England ." }, { "url": "/wiki/West_Yorkshire", "summary": "West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England . It is an inland and , in relative terms , upland county having eastward-draining valleys while taking in the moors of the Pennines . West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 and has a population of 2.2 million . West Yorkshire consists of five metropolitan boroughs ( City of Bradford , Calderdale , Kirklees , City of Leeds and City of Wakefield ) and is bordered by the counties of Derbyshire to the south , Greater Manchester to the south-west , Lancashire to the north-west , North Yorkshire to the north and east , and South Yorkshire to the south and south-east . Remnants of strong coal , wool and iron ore industries remain in the county , having attracted people over the centuries , and this can be seen in the buildings and architecture . Major railways and two major motorways traverse the county , which also contains Leeds Bradford International Airport . West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 , so its five districts became effectively unitary authorities . However , the metropolitan county , which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres ( 783 sq mi ) , continues to exist in law , and as a geographic frame of reference . Since 1 April 2014 West Yorkshire has been a combined authority area , with the local authorities pooling together some functions over transport and regeneration as the West Yorkshire Combined Authority . West Yorkshire includes the West Yorkshire Urban Area , which is the biggest and most built-up urban area within the historic county boundaries of Yorkshire ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hulls Angels Roller Dames", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kingston-upon-Hull , East Riding of Yorkshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kingston-upon-Hull", "summary": "Kingston upon Hull , usually abbreviated to Hull , is a port city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber Estuary , 25 miles ( 40 km ) inland from the North Sea , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Leeds , 34 miles ( 55 km ) south-east of York and 54 miles ( 87 km ) north-east of Sheffield . With a population of 260,645 ( mid-2018 est . ) , Hull is the fourth-largest city in Yorkshire and the Humber . The town of Wyke on Hull was founded late in the 12th century by the monks of Meaux Abbey as a port from which to export their wool . Renamed Kings-town upon Hull in 1299 , Hull has been a market town , military supply port , trading hub , fishing and whaling centre and industrial metropolis . Hull was an early theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars . Its 18th-century Member of Parliament , William Wilberforce , took a prominent part in the abolition of the slave trade in Britain . After suffering heavy damage in the Second World War ( the Hull Blitz ) , Hull weathered a period of post-industrial decline , gaining unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation , education and policing . In the early 21st century spending boom before the late 2000s recession the city saw large amounts of new retail , commercial , housing and public service construction spending . Tourist attractions include The Hull People 's Memorial , the historic Old Town and Museum Quarter , Hull Marina and The Deep aquarium . Sports teams include EFL Championship football club Hull City and rugby league clubs Hull F.C ." }, { "url": "/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire", "summary": "The East Riding of Yorkshire , or simply East Riding or East Yorkshire , is an area in Northern England and can refer either to the administrative county ( Local Government Area ) of the East Riding of Yorkshire which is a unitary authority , to the ceremonial county ( Lieutenancy ) of the East Riding of Yorkshire or to the easternmost of the three subdivisions ( ridings ) of the traditional county of Yorkshire . No two of these areas share the same geographical boundaries despite sharing the same name . The traditional East Riding of Yorkshire includes parts of ceremonial North Yorkshire such as Filey but not Goole , whereas both the administrative and ceremonial East Riding of Yorkshire include Goole but not those parts of North Yorkshire . Both the traditional and ceremonial East Riding include Kingston upon Hull , but the administrative East Riding does not as Kingston upon Hull is in its own unitary authority . The traditional East Riding covers a larger area than both the ceremonial and administrative East Riding . The East Riding , North Riding and West Riding were treated as three separate counties for many purposes , such as having separate quarter sessions . In 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888 , administrative counties with a county council were created on the historic boundaries . In 1974 both the Local Government Area and the Lieutenancy of the East Riding of Yorkshire were abolished under the Local Government Act 1972 , being succeeded in most of the riding by the newly created Humberside which included parts of the West Riding and parts of Lincolnshire . The modern Local Government Area and the ceremonial East Riding of Yorkshire were formed in 1996 from the northern part of Humberside upon its abolition . At the 2011 Census , the population was 334,179 . The landscape consists of a crescent of low chalk hills , the Yorkshire Wolds , surrounded by the low-lying fertile plains of Holderness and the Vale of York . The Humber Estuary and North Sea mark its southern and eastern limits ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5 October 2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kent Roller Girls", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Herne Bay and Chatham , Kent", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Herne_Bay,_Kent", "summary": "Herne Bay /hɜːrn/ is a seaside town in Kent , South East England , with a population of 38,563 . On the south coast of the Thames Estuary , it is 6 miles ( 10 km ) north of Canterbury and 4 miles ( 6 km ) east of Whitstable . It neighbours the ancient villages of Herne and Reculver and is part of the City of Canterbury local government district . Herne Bay 's seafront is home to the world 's first freestanding purpose-built Clock Tower , built in 1837 ; from the late Victorian period until 1978 , the town had the second-longest pier in the United Kingdom . The town began as a small shipping community , receiving goods and passengers from London en route to Canterbury and Dover . The town rose to prominence as a seaside resort during the early 19th century after the building of a pleasure pier and promenade by a group of London investors , and reached its heyday in the late Victorian era . Its popularity as a holiday destination has declined over the past decades , due to the increase in foreign travel and to a lesser degree exposure to flooding that has prevented the town 's redevelopment ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chatham,_Kent", "summary": "Chatham ( /ˈtʃætəm/ CHAT-əm ) is one of the Medway towns located within the Medway unitary authority , in North Kent , in South East England . The town developed around Chatham Dockyard and several Army barracks , together with 19th-century forts which provided a defensive shield for the dockyard . The Corps of Royal Engineers is still based in Chatham at Brompton Barracks . The Dockyard closed in 1984 , but major naval buildings remain as the focus for a flourishing tourist industry . Following closure , part of the site became a commercial port , other parts were redeveloped for business and residential use , and part became the Chatham Historic Dockyard museum , which features the submarine HMS Ocelot among a good many other attractions . The town has important road links and the railway and bus stations are the main interchanges for the area . It is the administrative headquarters of Medway unitary authority , as well as its principal shopping centre ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6 January 2012", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Members", "section_text": "", "uid": "United_Kingdom_Roller_Derby_Association_0", "intro": "The United Kingdom Roller Derby Association (UKRDA) is the National Association for roller derby in the UK. The association was formed in 2010 with 15 member leagues, and was recognized by the British Roller Sports Federation soon after. The UKRDA has a cooperative relationship with the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) and recognises the WFTDA rules and regulations as the universal standard, several of its members are also WFTDA members. The UKRDA is a member-led organisation that exists to promote and lobby for roller derby in the UK, however unlike the WFTDA, it will admit men's and mixed leagues." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Napa_County", "title": "California Historical Landmarks in Napa County", "header": [ "", "Landmark name", "Location", "City or town" ], "data": [ { "value": "814", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Beringer Brothers Winery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beringer_Vineyards", "summary": "Beringer Vineyards is a large winery in St. Helena , California . Founded in 1876 , Beringer Vineyards is the oldest continuously operating winery in the Napa Valley , and is listed under both the National Register of Historical Places and as a California Historical Landmark . In 1934 it was the first California winery to offer public tours and wine tasting following the repeal of Prohibition . In 1939 , Beringer invited attendees of the Golden Gate International Exposition to visit the winery ; the winery also invited Hollywood stars including Clark Gable , Charles Laughton , and Carole Lombard to visit ." } ] }, { "value": "2000 Main St. 38°30′38″N 122°28′52″W / 38.5105°N 122.481°W / 38.5105 ; -122.481 ( Beringer Brothers Winery )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. Helena", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Helena,_California", "summary": "St. Helena ( /həˈliːnə/ hə-LEE-nə ; Wappo : Anakotanoma , Bull Snake Village ) is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country , part of the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area . The population was 5,814 at the 2010 census . The city 's American Viticultural Area includes 416 vineyards encompassing 6,800 acres ( 2,800 ha ) of planted vineyards . St. Helena is also the location of The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone and a campus of Napa Valley College ." } ] }, { "value": "687", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calistoga Depot", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1458 Lincoln Ave. 38°34′48″N 122°34′42″W / 38.579867°N 122.578283°W / 38.579867 ; -122.578283 ( Calistoga Depot )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calistoga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calistoga,_California", "summary": "Calistoga is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . During the 2010 census , the population was 5,155 ." } ] }, { "value": "563", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charles Krug Winery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_Krug_Winery", "summary": "The Charles Krug Winery is a winery founded by Charles Krug in 1861 . It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 8 , 1974 ." } ] }, { "value": "2800 Main St. 38°31′02″N 122°29′20″W / 38.517283°N 122.488867°W / 38.517283 ; -122.488867 ( Charles Krug Winery )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. Helena", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Helena,_California", "summary": "St. Helena ( /həˈliːnə/ hə-LEE-nə ; Wappo : Anakotanoma , Bull Snake Village ) is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country , part of the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area . The population was 5,814 at the 2010 census . The city 's American Viticultural Area includes 416 vineyards encompassing 6,800 acres ( 2,800 ha ) of planted vineyards . St. Helena is also the location of The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone and a campus of Napa Valley College ." } ] }, { "value": "547", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chiles Mill", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chiles and Pope Rd . and Lower Chiles Valley Rd", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. Helena", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Helena,_California", "summary": "St. Helena ( /həˈliːnə/ hə-LEE-nə ; Wappo : Anakotanoma , Bull Snake Village ) is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country , part of the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area . The population was 5,814 at the 2010 census . The city 's American Viticultural Area includes 416 vineyards encompassing 6,800 acres ( 2,800 ha ) of planted vineyards . St. Helena is also the location of The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone and a campus of Napa Valley College ." } ] }, { "value": "878", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First Presbyterian Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Napa,_California)", "summary": "First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 1333 3rd Street in Napa , California ." } ] }, { "value": "1333-3rd St between Randolph and Franklin Sts . 38°17′48″N 122°17′13″W / 38.296567°N 122.286883°W / 38.296567 ; -122.286883 ( First Presbyterian Church )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Napa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Napa,_California", "summary": "Napa is the largest city and the county seat of Napa County . It is the principal city of the Napa County Metropolitan Statistical Area , with a population of 80,011 as of the 2010 census . It is the second-largest city in California 's Wine Country , after Santa Rosa . Napa was incorporated as a city in 1872 ." } ] }, { "value": "564", "urls": [] }, { "value": "George Yount 's Blockhouse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_C._Yount", "summary": "George Calvert Yount ( May 4 , 1794 - October 5 , 1865 ) was a trapper in William Wolfskill 's party from New Mexico and came to California in 1831 . He was the first Euro-American permanent settler in the Napa Valley , where he was the grantee of two Mexican land grants . Yountville , California is named for him ." } ] }, { "value": "Cook Rd . and Yount Mill Rd . 38°25′16″N 122°22′12″W / 38.421183°N 122.369867°W / 38.421183 ; -122.369867 ( George Yount 's Blockhouse )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yountville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yountville,_California", "summary": "Yountville ( /ˈjɔːntvɪl/ or /ˈjaʊntvɪl/ ) is an incorporated town in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . It is in the North Bay portion of the San Francisco Bay Area . The population was 2,933 at the 2010 census . Almost one-third of the town 's population lives on the grounds of the Veterans Home of California . The town 's name is derived from the name of early pioneer George Calvert Yount . Yount was considered responsible for establishing the first vineyard in the Napa Valley . Yountville is a noted destination for gourmet diners , and has two Michelin-starred restaurants , The French Laundry and Bouchon Bistro ." } ] }, { "value": "693", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grave of George Yount", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_C._Yount", "summary": "George Calvert Yount ( May 4 , 1794 - October 5 , 1865 ) was a trapper in William Wolfskill 's party from New Mexico and came to California in 1831 . He was the first Euro-American permanent settler in the Napa Valley , where he was the grantee of two Mexican land grants . Yountville , California is named for him ." } ] }, { "value": "George C. Yount Pioneer Cemetery , Lincoln and Jackson Sts . 38°24′31″N 122°22′07″W / 38.4085°N 122.3685°W / 38.4085 ; -122.3685 ( Grave of George Yount )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yountville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yountville,_California", "summary": "Yountville ( /ˈjɔːntvɪl/ or /ˈjaʊntvɪl/ ) is an incorporated town in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . It is in the North Bay portion of the San Francisco Bay Area . The population was 2,933 at the 2010 census . Almost one-third of the town 's population lives on the grounds of the Veterans Home of California . The town 's name is derived from the name of early pioneer George Calvert Yount . Yount was considered responsible for establishing the first vineyard in the Napa Valley . Yountville is a noted destination for gourmet diners , and has two Michelin-starred restaurants , The French Laundry and Bouchon Bistro ." } ] }, { "value": "683", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hudson Cabin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hwy 29 & Lincoln Ave", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calistoga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calistoga,_California", "summary": "Calistoga is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . During the 2010 census , the population was 5,155 ." } ] }, { "value": "686", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kelsey House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hwy 29 & Diamond Mtn . Rd", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calistoga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calistoga,_California", "summary": "Calistoga is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . During the 2010 census , the population was 5,155 ." } ] }, { "value": "939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Litto 's Hubcap Ranch", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6654 Pope Valley Rd", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pope Valley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pope_Valley,_California", "summary": "Pope Valley is an unincorporated community located in the small valley of the same name in the Mayacamas Mountains and northern Napa County , California . It is east of Calistoga , north of Angwin , and borders Lake Berryessa , the second largest man-made lake in California . The zip code for Pope Valley is 94567 , and the area code 707 ." } ] }, { "value": "359", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Old Bale Mill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bale_Grist_Mill_State_Historic_Park", "summary": "Bale Grist Mill State Historic Park is a California state park located in Napa County between St. Helena and Calistoga . The park is the site of a water-powered grist mill that was built in 1846 is one of only two water-driven mills remaining west of the Mississippi River ." } ] }, { "value": "Bale Grist Mill State Historic Park 38°32′29″N 122°30′30″W / 38.541389°N 122.508333°W / 38.541389 ; -122.508333 ( Old Bale Mill )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bale_Grist_Mill_State_Historic_Park", "summary": "Bale Grist Mill State Historic Park is a California state park located in Napa County between St. Helena and Calistoga . The park is the site of a water-powered grist mill that was built in 1846 is one of only two water-driven mills remaining west of the Mississippi River ." } ] }, { "value": "St. Helena", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Helena,_California", "summary": "St. Helena ( /həˈliːnə/ hə-LEE-nə ; Wappo : Anakotanoma , Bull Snake Village ) is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country , part of the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area . The population was 5,814 at the 2010 census . The city 's American Viticultural Area includes 416 vineyards encompassing 6,800 acres ( 2,800 ha ) of planted vineyards . St. Helena is also the location of The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone and a campus of Napa Valley College ." } ] }, { "value": "710", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert Louis Stevenson State Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_State_Park", "summary": "Robert Louis Stevenson State Park is a California state park , located in Sonoma , Lake and Napa counties . The park offers a 5-mile ( 8 km ) hike to the summit of Mount Saint Helena from which much of the Bay Area can be seen . On clear days it is possible to see the peak of Mount Shasta , 192 miles ( 310 km ) distant ." } ] }, { "value": "Robert Louis Stevenson State Park 38°39′12″N 122°36′12″W / 38.653416°N 122.603406°W / 38.653416 ; -122.603406 ( Robert Louis Stevenson State Park )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_State_Park", "summary": "Robert Louis Stevenson State Park is a California state park , located in Sonoma , Lake and Napa counties . The park offers a 5-mile ( 8 km ) hike to the summit of Mount Saint Helena from which much of the Bay Area can be seen . On clear days it is possible to see the peak of Mount Shasta , 192 miles ( 310 km ) distant ." } ] }, { "value": "Yountville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yountville,_California", "summary": "Yountville ( /ˈjɔːntvɪl/ or /ˈjaʊntvɪl/ ) is an incorporated town in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . It is in the North Bay portion of the San Francisco Bay Area . The population was 2,933 at the 2010 census . Almost one-third of the town 's population lives on the grounds of the Veterans Home of California . The town 's name is derived from the name of early pioneer George Calvert Yount . Yount was considered responsible for establishing the first vineyard in the Napa Valley . Yountville is a noted destination for gourmet diners , and has two Michelin-starred restaurants , The French Laundry and Bouchon Bistro ." } ] }, { "value": "685", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sam Brannan Cottage", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sam_Brannan_Cottage", "summary": "The Sam Brannan Cottage , at 109 Wapoo Ave. in Calistoga , California , was built in 1862 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The listing included four contributing buildings . It was originally a 22 by 41 feet ( 6.7 m × 12.5 m ) wood frame building , but has been somewhat modified . Its National Register nomination states that it is :" } ] }, { "value": "1311 Washington St", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calistoga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calistoga,_California", "summary": "Calistoga is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . During the 2010 census , the population was 5,155 ." } ] }, { "value": "684", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sam Brannan Store", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wapoo Ave and Grant St", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calistoga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calistoga,_California", "summary": "Calistoga is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . During the 2010 census , the population was 5,155 ." } ] }, { "value": "561", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Schramsberg Vineyards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Schramsberg_Vineyards", "summary": "Schramsberg Vineyards is a winery located in Calistoga , California in the Napa Valley region . The vineyard , which was founded in 1862 by the German immigrant Jacob Schram , produces a series of sparkling wines using the same method as champagne . Schramsberg is considered one of the premium brands in the production of sparkling wine in California and the first U.S. wine to match the style and quality of the best French Champagnes . After nearly 50 years of inactivity , Schramsberg was acquired by Jack and Jamie Davies in 1965 who began producing champagne method wine . Today , Schramsberg is managed by Hugh Davies , the youngest son of Jack and Jamie Davies ." } ] }, { "value": "Schramsberg Rd . 38°33′10″N 122°31′53″W / 38.552683°N 122.5315°W / 38.552683 ; -122.5315 ( Schramsberg Vineyards )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calistoga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calistoga,_California", "summary": "Calistoga is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . During the 2010 census , the population was 5,155 ." } ] }, { "value": "828", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Veterans Home of California Yountville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Veterans_Home_of_California_Yountville", "summary": "The Veterans Home of California is located in Yountville , California , and was founded in 1884 . The facility is the largest of its kind in the United States and has a population of almost 800 aged and disabled veterans of World War II , Korean War , Vietnam War , Gulf War , War in Afghanistan , and Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom . Several levels of care are offered to residents , including domiciliary services , residential care for the elderly , intermediate nursing care , skilled nursing care , adult day health care , and outpatient clinic . The grounds of the facility include the 1,214 seat Lincoln Theater ( home of Symphony Napa Valley , Orchestra Institute Napa Valley as well as a robust education program ) , a 9-hole golf course , baseball stadium , bowling alley , swimming pool , U.S. Post Office , and a military base exchange branch store . All of these facilities are available for use by resident veterans at no additional cost . Additionally , the home offers services specifically for residents including a fitness center , a resident operated television station , auto hobby shop , a 35,000 volume library , creative arts center , and a multi-faith chapel . A cemetery on the grounds holds the graves of more than 5,500 veterans and their spouses dating back to the Spanish-American War of 1898 ." } ] }, { "value": "California Dr. & Hwy 29 38°23′39″N 122°21′54″W / 38.394087°N 122.364907°W / 38.394087 ; -122.364907 ( Veterans Home of California Yountville )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yountville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yountville,_California", "summary": "Yountville ( /ˈjɔːntvɪl/ or /ˈjaʊntvɪl/ ) is an incorporated town in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . It is in the North Bay portion of the San Francisco Bay Area . The population was 2,933 at the 2010 census . Almost one-third of the town 's population lives on the grounds of the Veterans Home of California . The town 's name is derived from the name of early pioneer George Calvert Yount . Yount was considered responsible for establishing the first vineyard in the Napa Valley . Yountville is a noted destination for gourmet diners , and has two Michelin-starred restaurants , The French Laundry and Bouchon Bistro ." } ] }, { "value": "682", "urls": [] }, { "value": "York 's Cabin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hwy 29 & Lincoln Ave", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calistoga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calistoga,_California", "summary": "Calistoga is a city in Napa County , in California 's Wine Country . During the 2010 census , the population was 5,155 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Listings", "section_text": "", "uid": "California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Napa_County,_California_0", "intro": "List table of the properties and districts - listed on the California Historical Landmarks - within Napa County, California." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_One", "title": "Carrier Air Wing One", "header": [ "Code", "Squadron", "Nickname", "Assigned Aircraft" ], "data": [ { "value": "VFA-11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Strike Fighter Squadron 11", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/VFA-11", "summary": "Strike Fighter Squadron 11 ( VFA-11 ) is a United States Navy strike fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia , United States . The squadron was established in 1950 and is nicknamed Red Rippers ( call sign Ripper ) . VFA-11 is equipped with the Boeing F/A-18F Super Hornet and currently assigned to Carrier Air Wing One ." } ] }, { "value": "Red Rippers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "F/A-18F Super Hornet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet", "summary": "The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine , carrier-capable , multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet . The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons . Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air refueling system . Designed and initially produced by McDonnell Douglas , the Super Hornet first flew in 1995 . Low-rate production began in early 1997 with full-rate production starting in September 1997 , after the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing the previous month . The Super Hornet entered service with the United States Navy in 2001 , replacing the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , which was retired in 2006 ; the Super Hornet serves alongside the original Hornet . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , which has operated the F/A-18A as its main fighter since 1984 , ordered the F/A-18F in 2007 to replace its aging F-111C fleet . RAAF Super Hornets entered service in December 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "VFA-81", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Strike Fighter Squadron 81", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/VFA-81", "summary": "Strike Fighter Squadron 81 ( VFA-81 ) , also known as the Sunliners , is a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet strike fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Oceana . They are a part of Carrier Air Wing One , their radio callsign is Inferno , and their tail code is AB . Their mission is to conduct prompt and sustained combat operations from the sea . The squadron was originally designated VA-66 on 1 July 1955 , was redesignated VF-81 the same day , redesignated VA-81 on 1 July 1959 , and finally redesignated VFA-81 on 4 February 1988 ." } ] }, { "value": "Sunliners", "urls": [] }, { "value": "F/A-18E Super Hornet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/F/A-18E_Super_Hornet", "summary": "The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine , carrier-capable , multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet . The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons . Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air refueling system . Designed and initially produced by McDonnell Douglas , the Super Hornet first flew in 1995 . Low-rate production began in early 1997 with full-rate production starting in September 1997 , after the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing the previous month . The Super Hornet entered service with the United States Navy in 2001 , replacing the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , which was retired in 2006 ; the Super Hornet serves alongside the original Hornet . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , which has operated the F/A-18A as its main fighter since 1984 , ordered the F/A-18F in 2007 to replace its aging F-111C fleet . RAAF Super Hornets entered service in December 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "VFA-136", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Strike Fighter Squadron 136", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/VFA-136", "summary": "Strike Fighter Squadron 136 ( VFA-136 ) also known as the Knighthawks is a United States Navy strike fighter squadron based at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The Knighthawks are an operational fleet squadron flying the F/A-18E Super Hornet . They are attached to Carrier Air Wing One ( CVW-1 ) and homeported at NAS Lemoore . Their tailcode AB and their radio callsign is Gunstar ." } ] }, { "value": "Knighthawks", "urls": [] }, { "value": "F/A-18E Super Hornet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/F/A-18E_Super_Hornet", "summary": "The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine , carrier-capable , multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet . The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons . Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air refueling system . Designed and initially produced by McDonnell Douglas , the Super Hornet first flew in 1995 . Low-rate production began in early 1997 with full-rate production starting in September 1997 , after the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing the previous month . The Super Hornet entered service with the United States Navy in 2001 , replacing the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , which was retired in 2006 ; the Super Hornet serves alongside the original Hornet . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , which has operated the F/A-18A as its main fighter since 1984 , ordered the F/A-18F in 2007 to replace its aging F-111C fleet . RAAF Super Hornets entered service in December 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "VFA-211", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Strike Fighter Squadron 211", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/VFA-211", "summary": "Strike Fighter Squadron 211 ( VFA-211 ) , nicknamed the Fighting Checkmates , is an aviation unit of the United States Navy established in 1945 . The squadron is based at Naval Air Station Oceana and is equipped with the F/A-18F Super Hornet ." } ] }, { "value": "Fighting Checkmates", "urls": [] }, { "value": "F/A-18F Super Hornet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet", "summary": "The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine , carrier-capable , multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet . The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons . Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air refueling system . Designed and initially produced by McDonnell Douglas , the Super Hornet first flew in 1995 . Low-rate production began in early 1997 with full-rate production starting in September 1997 , after the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing the previous month . The Super Hornet entered service with the United States Navy in 2001 , replacing the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , which was retired in 2006 ; the Super Hornet serves alongside the original Hornet . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , which has operated the F/A-18A as its main fighter since 1984 , ordered the F/A-18F in 2007 to replace its aging F-111C fleet . RAAF Super Hornets entered service in December 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "VAW-126", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 126", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/VAW-126", "summary": "Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 126 ( VAW-126 ) , nicknamed the Seahawks , is a carrier airborne early warning squadron of the United States Navy . The squadron is based at NS Norfolk , equipped with four E-2D Hawkeye aircraft ." } ] }, { "value": "Seahawks", "urls": [] }, { "value": "E-2D Hawkeye", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/E-2_Hawkeye", "summary": "The Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye is an American all-weather , carrier-capable tactical airborne early warning ( AEW ) aircraft . This twin-turboprop aircraft was designed and developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s by the Grumman Aircraft Company for the United States Navy as a replacement for the earlier , piston-engined E-1 Tracer , which was rapidly becoming obsolete . The aircraft 's performance has been upgraded with the E-2B , and E-2C versions , where most of the changes were made to the radar and radio communications due to advances in electronic integrated circuits and other electronics . The fourth major version of the Hawkeye is the E-2D , which first flew in 2007 . The E-2 was the first aircraft designed specifically for its role , as opposed to a modification of an existing airframe , such as the Boeing E-3 Sentry . Variants of the Hawkeye have been in continuous production since 1960 , giving it the longest production run of any carrier-based aircraft . The E-2 also received the nickname Super Fudd because it replaced the WF ( later E-1 ) Willy Fudd . In recent decades , the E-2 has been commonly referred to as the Hummer because of the distinctive sounds of its turboprop engines , quite unlike that of turbojet and turbofan jet engines . In addition to U.S. Navy service , smaller numbers of E-2s have been sold to the armed forces of Egypt , France , Israel , Japan , Mexico , Singapore , and Taiwan ." } ] }, { "value": "VAQ-137", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Electronic Attack Squadron 137", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/VAQ-137", "summary": "Electronic Attack Squadron 137 ( VAQ-137 ) also known as the Rooks , is a United States Navy electronic attack squadron based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island Washington , flying the Boeing EA-18G Growler . The squadron is attached to Carrier Air Wing 1 ( CVW-1 ) , which is currently assigned to USS Harry S. Truman ( CVN 75 ) . Their radio callsign is Rook and their tailcode is AB of CVW-1 . The Rooks are widely regarded as the best VAQ squadron in the United States Navy ." } ] }, { "value": "Rooks", "urls": [] }, { "value": "EA-18G Growler", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EA-18G_Growler", "summary": "The Boeing EA-18G Growler is an American carrier-based electronic warfare aircraft , a specialized version of the two-seat F/A-18F Super Hornet . The EA-18G replaced the Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowlers in service with the United States Navy . The Growler 's electronic warfare capability is primarily provided by Northrop Grumman . The EA-18G began production in 2007 and entered operational service with the US Navy in late 2009 . Australia has also purchased twelve EA-18Gs , which entered service with the Royal Australian Air Force in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "VRC-40", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40 Det . 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/VRC-40", "summary": "Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40 ( VRC-40 ) , also known as the Rawhides , is a United States Navy fleet logistics support squadron based at NS Norfolk . Commissioned in 1960 , it is one of only two active fleet logistics squadrons in the Navy , the other being VRC-30 ." } ] }, { "value": "Rawhides", "urls": [] }, { "value": "C-2A Greyhound", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/C-2_Greyhound", "summary": "The Grumman C-2 Greyhound is a twin-engine , high-wing cargo aircraft , designed to carry supplies , mail , and passengers to and from aircraft carriers of the United States Navy . Its primary mission is carrier onboard delivery ( COD ) . The aircraft provides critical logistics support to carrier strike groups . The aircraft is mainly used to transport high-priority cargo , mail , and passengers between carriers and shore bases , and can also deliver cargo like jet engines and special stores . Prototype C-2s first flew in 1964 , and production followed the next year . The initial Greyhound aircraft were overhauled in 1973 . In 1984 , more C-2As were ordered under designation Reprocured C-2A or C-2A ( R ) . In 2010 all C-2A ( R ) aircraft received updated propellers ( from four to eight blades ) and navigational updates ( glass cockpit ) ." } ] }, { "value": "HSC-11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 11", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Helicopter_Sea_Combat_Squadron_11_(United_States_Navy)", "summary": "Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 11 ( HSC-11 ) , also known as the Dragonslayers , is a United States Navy helicopter squadron based at Naval Air Station Norfolk as part of Carrier Air Wing 1 operating MH-60S helicopters deployed aboard aircraft carriers . The squadron was established on 27 June 1957 at Naval Air Station Quonset Point as Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 11 ( HS-11 ) with Sikorsky HSS-1 Seabat helicopters . In 2016 , HS-11 transitioned to MH-60S and re-designated as HSC-11 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dragon Slayers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MH-60S Seahawk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SH-60_Seahawk", "summary": "The Sikorsky SH-60/MH-60 Seahawk ( or Sea Hawk ) is a twin turboshaft engine , multi-mission United States Navy helicopter based on the United States Army UH-60 Black Hawk and a member of the Sikorsky S-70 family . The most significant modifications are the folding main rotor and a hinged tail to reduce its footprint aboard ships . The U.S. Navy uses the H-60 airframe under the model designations SH-60B , SH-60F , HH-60H , MH-60R , and MH-60S . Able to deploy aboard any air-capable frigate , destroyer , cruiser , fast combat support ship , amphibious assault ship , or aircraft carrier , the Seahawk can handle anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , anti-surface warfare ( ASUW ) , naval special warfare ( NSW ) insertion , search and rescue ( SAR ) , combat search and rescue ( CSAR ) , vertical replenishment ( VERTREP ) , and medical evacuation ( MEDEVAC ) ." } ] }, { "value": "HSM-72", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 72", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/HSM-72", "summary": "Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron SEVEN TWO ( HSM-72 ) was originally established as Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Light FOUR TWO ( HSL-42 ) on October 5 , 1984 , at Naval Station Mayport . For 28 years , Proud Warriors of HSL-42 , consisting of 10 combat ready detachments , deployed in an expeditionary construct aboard United States Naval cruisers , destroyers and frigates , flying the SH-60B while supporting independent deployer , Amphibious Ready Group , and Carrier Strike Group operations around the globe . On January 15 , 2013 , HSL-42 was re-designated HSM-72 and relocated to Naval Air Station Jacksonville , reflecting the squadrons shift from the SH-60B to the MH-60R , and departure from the expeditionary construct , entering the world of Carrier Air Wing operations . In 2013 , Proud Warriors were assigned to Carrier Air Wing SEVEN ( CVW-7 ) and departed on their maiden Carrier Air Wing deployment in November 2015 , with Carrier Strike Group EIGHT ( CSG-8 ) . In November 2016 , HSM-72 transitioned to Carrier Air Wing ONE ( CVW-1 ) , remaining in CSG-8 and deployed in support of the USS HARRY S TRUMAN Carrier Strike Group tasking , executing Department of the Navys inaugural Dynamic Force Employment operations to the U.S. SECOND and SIXTH Fleet in 2018 , with a follow-on deployment in 2019 to the U.S. SIXTH and FIFTH Fleet Areas of Responsibility . In the Carrier Air Wing construct , Proud Warriors are dispersed between the Carrier Element embarked the nuclear aircraft carrier , and three Combat Elements embarked the three Strike Group escort ships . In support of Carrier Strike Group , Combined and Joint Task Forces , United Nations , and North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) operations , the MH-60R is utilized to execute the primary mission sets of surface warfare , anti-submarine warfare , electronic warfare , command and control , and non-combat operations . During an illustrious history , Proud Warriors have conducted deployed operations across the globe , from South America , to the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean , throughout the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas , off the Horn of Africa , and to the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf . Proud Warriors stand ever-ready to support global tasking , continue to uphold the highest traditions and core values of the United States Navy , and demonstrate a level of expertise and professionalism abroad and State-side , making HSM-72 the premier east coast HSM squadron ." } ] }, { "value": "Proud Warriors", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MH-60R Seahawk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SH-60_Seahawk", "summary": "The Sikorsky SH-60/MH-60 Seahawk ( or Sea Hawk ) is a twin turboshaft engine , multi-mission United States Navy helicopter based on the United States Army UH-60 Black Hawk and a member of the Sikorsky S-70 family . The most significant modifications are the folding main rotor and a hinged tail to reduce its footprint aboard ships . The U.S. Navy uses the H-60 airframe under the model designations SH-60B , SH-60F , HH-60H , MH-60R , and MH-60S . Able to deploy aboard any air-capable frigate , destroyer , cruiser , fast combat support ship , amphibious assault ship , or aircraft carrier , the Seahawk can handle anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , anti-surface warfare ( ASUW ) , naval special warfare ( NSW ) insertion , search and rescue ( SAR ) , combat search and rescue ( CSAR ) , vertical replenishment ( VERTREP ) , and medical evacuation ( MEDEVAC ) ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Subordinate units", "section_text": "See also : List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons CVW-1 consists of 9 Squadrons [ 1 ]", "uid": "Carrier_Air_Wing_One_0", "intro": "Carrier Air Wing One (CVW-1) is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia, with most of its various squadrons also home based at NAS Oceana. Additional squadrons are based at Naval Station Norfolk/Chambers Field, Virginia; Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina; Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington; and Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida. Carrier Air Wing One is assigned to USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75)." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_educated_at_the_United_States_Naval_Academy", "title": "List of Medal of Honor recipients educated at the United States Naval Academy", "header": [ "Name", "Class year", "Notability" ], "data": [ { "value": "Isaac C. Kidd", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Isaac_C._Kidd", "summary": "Isaac Campbell Kidd ( March 26 , 1884 - December 7 , 1941 ) was an American Rear Admiral in the United States Navy . Kidd was killed on the bridge of USS Arizona during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . He was the father of Admiral Isaac C. Kidd , Jr . He was a posthumous recipient of his nation 's highest military honor - the Medal of Honor . The highest ranking casualty at Pearl Harbor , he became the first U.S. Navy flag officer killed in action in World War II as well as the first killed in action against any foreign enemy . A Fletcher-class destroyer , Kidd ( DD-661 ) , was commissioned in his honor on April 23 , 1943 . The second ship named after him , Kidd ( DDG-993 ) , lead ship of four Kidd-class destroyers , was commissioned on March 27 , 1981 . An Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer , Kidd ( DDG-100 ) , was the third ship named after him and was commissioned on June 9 , 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "1906", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rear Admiral ; recipient of the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions on the bridge of USS Arizona during the Attack on Pearl Harbor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)", "summary": "USS Arizona was a Pennsylvania-class battleship built for the United States Navy in the mid-1910s . Named in honor of the 48th state 's recent admission into the union , the ship was the second and last of the Pennsylvania class of super-dreadnought battleships . Although commissioned in 1916 , the ship remained stateside during World War I . Shortly after the end of the war , Arizona was one of a number of American ships that briefly escorted President Woodrow Wilson to the Paris Peace Conference . The ship was sent to Turkey in 1919 at the beginning of the Greco-Turkish War to represent American interests for several months . Several years later , she was transferred to the Pacific Fleet and remained there for the rest of her career . Aside from a comprehensive modernization in 1929-1931 , Arizona was regularly used for training exercises between the wars , including the annual Fleet Problems ( training exercises ) . When an earthquake struck Long Beach , California , on 10 March 1933 , Arizona 's crew provided aid to the survivors . In July 1934 , the ship was featured in a James Cagney film , Here Comes the Navy , about the romantic troubles of a sailor . In April 1940 , she and the rest of the Pacific Fleet were transferred from California to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , as a deterrent to Japanese imperialism . Arizona was hit by Japanese torpedo bombers during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 . After one of their bombs detonated in a magazine , she exploded violently and sank , with the loss of 1,177 officers and crewmen ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor", "summary": "The attack on Pearl Harbor [ nb 3 ] was a surprise , preemptive military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States ( a neutral country at the time ) against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu , Territory of Hawaii , just before 08:00 , on Sunday morning , December 7 , 1941 . The attack led to the United States ' formal entry into World War II the next day . The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI , and as Operation Z during its planning . Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States . Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S.-held Philippines , Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . The attack commenced at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 18:18 GMT ) . [ nb 4 ] The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft ( including fighters , level and dive bombers , and torpedo bombers ) in two waves , launched from six aircraft carriers . All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged , with four sunk . All but USS Arizona were later raised , and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war . The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers , three destroyers , an anti-aircraft training ship , [ nb 5 ] and one minelayer . 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed ; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded . Important base installations such as the power station , dry dock , shipyard , maintenance , and fuel and torpedo storage facilities , as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) were not attacked ." } ] }, { "value": "Franklin Van Valkenburgh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Franklin_Van_Valkenburgh", "summary": "Franklin Van Valkenburgh ( April 5 , 1888 - December 7 , 1941 ) was an American naval officer who served as the last captain of the USS Arizona ( BB-39 ) . He was killed when the Arizona exploded and sank during the attack on Pearl Harbor ." } ] }, { "value": "1909", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Captain ; recipient of the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions during the attack on Pearl Harbor as the last captain of USS Arizona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)", "summary": "USS Arizona was a Pennsylvania-class battleship built for the United States Navy in the mid-1910s . Named in honor of the 48th state 's recent admission into the union , the ship was the second and last of the Pennsylvania class of super-dreadnought battleships . Although commissioned in 1916 , the ship remained stateside during World War I . Shortly after the end of the war , Arizona was one of a number of American ships that briefly escorted President Woodrow Wilson to the Paris Peace Conference . The ship was sent to Turkey in 1919 at the beginning of the Greco-Turkish War to represent American interests for several months . Several years later , she was transferred to the Pacific Fleet and remained there for the rest of her career . Aside from a comprehensive modernization in 1929-1931 , Arizona was regularly used for training exercises between the wars , including the annual Fleet Problems ( training exercises ) . When an earthquake struck Long Beach , California , on 10 March 1933 , Arizona 's crew provided aid to the survivors . In July 1934 , the ship was featured in a James Cagney film , Here Comes the Navy , about the romantic troubles of a sailor . In April 1940 , she and the rest of the Pacific Fleet were transferred from California to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , as a deterrent to Japanese imperialism . Arizona was hit by Japanese torpedo bombers during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 . After one of their bombs detonated in a magazine , she exploded violently and sank , with the loss of 1,177 officers and crewmen ." } ] }, { "value": "Mervyn S. Bennion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mervyn_S._Bennion", "summary": "Mervyn Sharp Bennion ( May 5 , 1887 - December 7 , 1941 ) was a captain in the United States Navy who died during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . While mortally wounded , he remained in command of his ship . For conspicuous devotion to duty , extraordinary courage , and complete disregard of his own life , he posthumously received the Medal of Honor ." } ] }, { "value": "1910", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Captain ; recipient of the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions during the attack on Pearl Harbor while commanding , and saving from destruction , USS West Virginia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)", "summary": "USS West Virginia ( BB-48 ) was the fourth dreadnought battleship of the Colorado class , though because Washington was cancelled , she was the third and final member of the class to be completed . The Colorado class proved to be the culmination of the standard-type battleship series built for the United States Navy in the 1910s and 1920s ; the ships were essentially repeats of the earlier Tennessee design , but with a significantly more powerful main battery of eight 16-inch ( 406 mm ) guns in twin-gun turrets . West Virginia was built between her keel laying in 1920 and her commissioning into the Navy in 1923 . The ship spent the 1920s and 1930s conducting routine training exercises , including the typically-annual Fleet Problems , which provided invaluable experience for the coming war in the Pacific . West Virginia was moored in Battleship Row on the morning of 7 December 1941 when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor , bringing the United States into World War II . Badly damaged by torpedoes , the ship sank in the shallow water but was later refloated and extensively rebuilt over the course of 1943 and into mid-1944 . She returned to service in time for the Philippines Campaign , where she led the American line of battle at the Battle of Surigao Strait on the night of 24-25 October . There , she was one of the few American battleships to use her radar to acquire a target in the darkness , allowing her to engage a Japanese squadron in what was the final action between battleships in naval history . After Surigao Strait , the ship remained in the Philippines to support troops fighting during the Battle of Leyte in 1944 and then supported the invasion of Lingayen Gulf in early 1945 . The ship also took part in the Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa later that year , providing extensive fire support to the ground forces invading those islands . During the latter operation , she was hit by a kamikaze that did little damage . Following the surrender of Japan , West Virginia took part in the initial occupation and thereafter participated in Operation Magic Carpet , carrying soldiers and sailors from Hawaii to the mainland United States before being deactivated in 1946 ." } ] }, { "value": "Daniel J. Callaghan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daniel_J._Callaghan", "summary": "Daniel Judson Callaghan ( July 26 , 1890 - November 13 , 1942 ) was a United States Navy officer who received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal . In a career spanning just over 30 years , he served his country in two wars . He served on several ships during his first 20 years of service , including escort duties during World War I , and also filled some shore-based administrative roles . He later came to the attention of US President Franklin Roosevelt , who appointed Callaghan as his naval aide in 1938 . A few years later , he returned to command duties during the early stages of World War II . Callaghan was killed by an enemy shell on the bridge of his flagship , USS San Francisco , during a surface action against a larger Japanese force off Savo Island . The battle ended in a strategic victory for the Allied side ." } ] }, { "value": "1911", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rear Admiral ; posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for bravery and leadership in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on November 13 , 1942 ; classmate Norman Scott was his second-in-command and he also perished that night and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal", "summary": "The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal , sometimes referred to as the Third and Fourth Battles of Savo Island , the Battle of the Solomons , the Battle of Friday the 13th , or , in Japanese sources , the Third Battle of the Solomon Sea ( 第三次ソロモン海戦 , Dai-san-ji Soromon Kaisen ) , took place from 12-15 November 1942 , and was the decisive engagement in a series of naval battles between Allied ( primarily American ) and Imperial Japanese forces during the months-long Guadalcanal Campaign in the Solomon Islands during World War II . The action consisted of combined air and sea engagements over four days , most near Guadalcanal and all related to a Japanese effort to reinforce land forces on the island . The only two U.S. Navy admirals to be killed in a surface engagement in the war were lost in this battle . Allied forces landed on Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942 and seized an airfield , later called Henderson Field , that was under construction by the Japanese military . There were several subsequent attempts to recapture the airfield by the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy using reinforcements delivered to Guadalcanal by ship , efforts which ultimately failed . In early November 1942 , the Japanese organized a transport convoy to take 7,000 infantry troops and their equipment to Guadalcanal to attempt once again to retake the airfield . Several Japanese warship forces were assigned to bombard Henderson Field with the goal of destroying Allied aircraft that posed a threat to the convoy . Learning of the Japanese reinforcement effort , U.S. forces launched aircraft and warship attacks to defend Henderson Field and prevent the Japanese ground troops from reaching Guadalcanal . In the resulting battle , both sides lost numerous warships in two extremely destructive surface engagements at night . Nevertheless , the U.S. succeeded in turning back attempts by the Japanese to bombard Henderson Field with battleships . Allied aircraft also sank most of the Japanese troop transports and prevented the majority of the Japanese troops and equipment from reaching Guadalcanal . Thus , the battle turned back Japan 's last major attempt to dislodge Allied forces from Guadalcanal and nearby Tulagi , resulting in a strategic victory for the U.S. and its allies and deciding the ultimate outcome of the Guadalcanal campaign in their favor ." } ] }, { "value": "Norman Scott", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norman_Scott_(admiral)", "summary": "Norman ( Nicholas ) Scott ( August 10 , 1889 - November 13 , 1942 ) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy , and was one of only two U.S. Navy admirals killed in action during a surface battle in World War II . Scott posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Pacific Theater of World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1911", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rear Admiral ; posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for bravery and leadership in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on November 13 , 1942 ; was second-in-command to classmate Daniel Callaghan who also perished that night and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Albert H. Rooks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Albert_H._Rooks", "summary": "Albert Harold Rooks ( December 29 , 1891 - March 1 , 1942 ) was a captain in the United States Navy who posthumously received the Medal of Honor during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1914", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Captain ; posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for bravery and leadership in the south Pacific during a series of actions as a commanding officer of USS Houston in February 1942 against Japanese air and sea forces", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_Houston_(CA-30)", "summary": "USS Houston ( CL/CA-30 ) , was a Northampton-class cruiser of the United States Navy . She was the second Navy ship to bear the name Houston . She was launched by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company , Newport News , Virginia on 7 September 1929 , sponsored by Elizabeth Holcombe ( daughter of Oscar Holcombe , then-mayor of Houston , Texas ) , and commissioned on 17 June 1930 , Captain Jesse Bishop Gay commanding . The ship was originally classified as a light cruiser ( hull number CL-30 ) because of her thin armor . Houston was redesignated a heavy cruiser ( CA-30 ) on 1 July 1931 , as the provisions of the 1930 London Naval Treaty considered ships with 8-inch main guns to be heavy cruisers ." } ] }, { "value": "Cassin Young", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cassin_Young", "summary": "Cassin Young ( March 6 , 1894 - November 13 , 1942 ) was a captain in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for his heroism during the attack on Pearl Harbor ." } ] }, { "value": "1916", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Captain ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions as a commanding officer of USS Vestal during the attack on Pearl Harbor ; posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for actions during the Battle of Cape Esperance and Naval Battle of Guadalcanal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_Vestal_(AR-4)", "summary": "USS Vestal ( AR-4 ) was a repair ship in service with the United States Navy from 1913 to 1946 . Before her conversion to a repair ship , she had served as a collier since 1909 . Vestal served in both World Wars . She was damaged during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and received two battle stars for her World War II service ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Esperance", "summary": "The Battle of Cape Esperance , also known as the Second Battle of Savo Island and , in Japanese sources , as the Sea Battle of Savo Island ( サボ島沖海戦 ) , took place on 11-12 October 1942 , in the Pacific campaign of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and United States Navy . The naval battle was the second of four major surface engagements during the Guadalcanal campaign and took place at the entrance to the strait between Savo Island and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands . Cape Esperance ( 9°15′S 159°42′E / 9.250°S 159.700°E / -9.250 ; 159.700 ( Cape Esperance ) ) is the northernmost point on Guadalcanal , and the battle took its name from this point . On the night of 11 October , Japanese naval forces in the Solomon Islands area - under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa - sent a major supply and reinforcement convoy to their forces on Guadalcanal . The convoy consisted of two seaplane tenders and six destroyers and was commanded by Rear Admiral Takatsugu Jojima . At the same time , but in a separate operation , three heavy cruisers and two destroyers - under the command of Rear Admiral Aritomo Gotō - were to bombard the Allied airfield on Guadalcanal ( called Henderson Field by the Allies ) with the object of destroying Allied aircraft and the airfield 's facilities . Shortly before midnight on 11 October , a U.S. force of four cruisers and five destroyers - under the command of Rear Admiral Norman Scott - intercepted Gotō 's force as it approached Savo Island near Guadalcanal . Taking the Japanese by surprise , Scott 's warships sank one of Gotō 's cruisers and one of his destroyers , heavily damaged another cruiser , mortally wounded Gotō , and forced the rest of Gotō 's warships to abandon the bombardment mission and retreat . During the exchange of gunfire , one of Scott 's destroyers was sunk and one cruiser and another destroyer were heavily damaged . In the meantime , the Japanese supply convoy successfully completed unloading at Guadalcanal and began its return journey without being discovered by Scott 's force . Later on the morning of 12 October , four Japanese destroyers from the supply convoy turned back to assist Gotō 's retreating , damaged warships . Air attacks by U.S. aircraft from Henderson Field sank two of these destroyers later that day ." } ] }, { "value": "Samuel G. Fuqua", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Samuel_G._Fuqua", "summary": "Samuel Glenn Fuqua ( October 15 , 1899 - January 27 , 1987 ) was a United States Navy rear admiral and a recipient of America 's highest military decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II during the attack on Pearl Harbor ." } ] }, { "value": "1923", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rear Admiral ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions during the attack on USS Arizona where he directed damage control and rescue of personnel , as senior surviving officer he directed abandoning of the ship and left with the last boatload", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)", "summary": "USS Arizona was a Pennsylvania-class battleship built for the United States Navy in the mid-1910s . Named in honor of the 48th state 's recent admission into the union , the ship was the second and last of the Pennsylvania class of super-dreadnought battleships . Although commissioned in 1916 , the ship remained stateside during World War I . Shortly after the end of the war , Arizona was one of a number of American ships that briefly escorted President Woodrow Wilson to the Paris Peace Conference . The ship was sent to Turkey in 1919 at the beginning of the Greco-Turkish War to represent American interests for several months . Several years later , she was transferred to the Pacific Fleet and remained there for the rest of her career . Aside from a comprehensive modernization in 1929-1931 , Arizona was regularly used for training exercises between the wars , including the annual Fleet Problems ( training exercises ) . When an earthquake struck Long Beach , California , on 10 March 1933 , Arizona 's crew provided aid to the survivors . In July 1934 , the ship was featured in a James Cagney film , Here Comes the Navy , about the romantic troubles of a sailor . In April 1940 , she and the rest of the Pacific Fleet were transferred from California to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , as a deterrent to Japanese imperialism . Arizona was hit by Japanese torpedo bombers during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 . After one of their bombs detonated in a magazine , she exploded violently and sank , with the loss of 1,177 officers and crewmen ." } ] }, { "value": "John P. Cromwell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_P._Cromwell", "summary": "Captain John Philip Cromwell ( September 11 , 1901 - November 19 , 1943 ) was the most senior submariner awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II and one of the three submarine officers who received it posthumously . In some ways similar to his fellow honoree , Howard Gilmore , Cromwell consciously chose to sacrifice his own life to safeguard the lives of others , in a combat action which took place in November 1943 ." } ] }, { "value": "1924", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Captain ; posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions while commander of a submarine group and on board USS Sculpin near Truk island he went down with the submarine when the crew had to abandon it", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_Sculpin_(SS-191)", "summary": "USS Sculpin ( SS-191 ) , a Sargo-class submarine , was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the sculpin . Her keel was laid down on 7 September 1937 at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery , Maine . She was launched on 27 July 1938 sponsored by Mrs. Bernice F. Defrees , wife of Rear Admiral Joseph R. Defrees , Sr , Chief of Staff to the Commander , Scouting Force , US Fleet . ( Their son would later lose his life on this boat . See below ) The boat was commissioned on 16 January 1939 , Lieutenant Warren D. Wilkin in command ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon", "summary": "Chuuk Lagoon ( also previously known as Truk Lagoon ) is a sheltered body of water in the central Pacific . About 1,800 kilometres ( 1,100 miles ) north-east of New Guinea , it is located mid-ocean at 7 degrees North latitude , and is part of Chuuk State within the Federated States of Micronesia . The atoll consists of a protective reef , 225 kilometres ( 140 mi ) around , enclosing a natural harbour 79 by 50 kilometres ( 49 by 31 miles ) , with an area of 2,130 square kilometres ( 820 square miles ) . It has a land area of 93.07 square kilometres ( 35.93 square miles ) , with a population of 36,158 people and a maximal height of 443 m. Weno city on Moen Island functions as the atoll 's capital and also as the state capital and is the largest city in the FSM with its 13,700 people ." } ] }, { "value": "Herbert Emery Schonland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Herbert_Emery_Schonland", "summary": "Herbert Emery Schonland ( September 7 , 1900 - November 13 , 1984 ) was a United States Navy Rear Admiral and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1925", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rear Admiral ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions as damage control officer of USS San Francisco during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_San_Francisco_(CA-38)", "summary": "USS San Francisco ( CA-38 ) , a New Orleans-class cruiser , was the second ship of three of the United States Navy named after the city of San Francisco , California . Commissioned in 1934 , she was one of the most decorated ships of World War II , earning 17 battle stars . Like most of her sister ships , she saw extensive action during the Guadalcanal campaign , including the Battle of Cape Esperance and the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal , during which she was heavily damaged and her captain and admiral killed . Earlier in the battle she mistakenly fired on the light cruiser Atlanta , causing serious damage and inflicting numerous casualties . Decommissioned immediately after the end of the war , she was sold for scrap in 1959 . Her bridge wings , damaged during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal and removed during repairs , are now mounted on a promontory in Golden Gate National Recreation Area . They are set on the great circle course from San Francisco to Guadalcanal ." } ] }, { "value": "Howard W. Gilmore", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Howard_W._Gilmore", "summary": "Howard Walter Gilmore ( September 29 , 1902 - February 7 , 1943 ) was a submarine commander in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his heroic self-sacrifice during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1926", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Commander ; posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions during January-February 1943 while commanding officer of USS Growler ; while surfaced and on deck he ordered his submarine to dive while he remained on deck", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_Growler_(SS-215)", "summary": "USS Growler ( SS-215 ) , a Gato-class submarine , was the third ship of the United States Navy named for the growler . Her keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company of Groton , Connecticut . She was launched on 2 November 1941 and sponsored by Mrs. Lucile E. Ghormley , wife of Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley , Special Naval Observer to the United Kingdom . The boat was commissioned on 20 March 1942 with Lieutenant Commander Howard W. Gilmore in command ." } ] }, { "value": "Bruce Van Voorhis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bruce_Van_Voorhis", "summary": "Bruce Avery Van Voorhis ( January 29 , 1908 - July 6 , 1943 ) was a United States Navy aviator who was shot down in the Pacific theater during World War II . For his action on July 6 , 1943 , he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor ." } ] }, { "value": "1929", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lieutenant Commander ; posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in the Solomon Islands he flew a 700-mile unescorted bombing/reconnaissance mission", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Solomon_Islands", "summary": "The Solomon Islands are a sovereign state consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania lying to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu and covering a land area of 28,400 square kilometres ( 11,000 sq mi ) . The country 's capital , Honiara , is located on the island of Guadalcanal . The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago , which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands ( part of Papua New Guinea ) , but excludes outlying islands , such as Rennell and Bellona , and the Santa Cruz Islands . In 1568 , the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to visit them , naming them the Islas Salomón . Britain defined its area of interest in the Solomon Islands archipelago in June 1893 , when Captain Gibson R.N. , of HMS Curacoa , declared the southern Solomon Islands a British protectorate . During World War II , the Solomon Islands campaign ( 1942-1945 ) saw fierce fighting between the United States and the Empire of Japan , such as in the Battle of Guadalcanal . The official name of the then British administration was changed from the British Solomon Islands Protectorate to the Solomon Islands in 1975 , and self-government was achieved the following year . Independence was obtained , and the name changed to just Solomon Islands ( without the definite article ) , in 1978 . At independence , Solomon Islands became a constitutional monarchy . The Queen of Solomon Islands is Elizabeth II , represented by the Governor-General ." } ] }, { "value": "Harold W. Bauer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harold_W._Bauer", "summary": "Lieutenant Colonel Harold William Joe Bauer ( November 20 , 1908 - November 14 , 1942 ) was a United States Marine Corps air group commander , fighter pilot and flying ace credited with destroying 11 Japanese aircraft during World War II . He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions as a fighter squadron commander during the crucial struggle for the control of the Solomon Islands at the Battle of Guadalcanal ." } ] }, { "value": "1930", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lieutenant Colonel , USMC ; posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in the Solomon Islands for shooting down 11 enemy planes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Solomon_Islands", "summary": "The Solomon Islands are a sovereign state consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania lying to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu and covering a land area of 28,400 square kilometres ( 11,000 sq mi ) . The country 's capital , Honiara , is located on the island of Guadalcanal . The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago , which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands ( part of Papua New Guinea ) , but excludes outlying islands , such as Rennell and Bellona , and the Santa Cruz Islands . In 1568 , the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to visit them , naming them the Islas Salomón . Britain defined its area of interest in the Solomon Islands archipelago in June 1893 , when Captain Gibson R.N. , of HMS Curacoa , declared the southern Solomon Islands a British protectorate . During World War II , the Solomon Islands campaign ( 1942-1945 ) saw fierce fighting between the United States and the Empire of Japan , such as in the Battle of Guadalcanal . The official name of the then British administration was changed from the British Solomon Islands Protectorate to the Solomon Islands in 1975 , and self-government was achieved the following year . Independence was obtained , and the name changed to just Solomon Islands ( without the definite article ) , in 1978 . At independence , Solomon Islands became a constitutional monarchy . The Queen of Solomon Islands is Elizabeth II , represented by the Governor-General ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Flying_ace", "summary": "A flying ace , fighter ace or air ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down several enemy aircraft during aerial combat . The actual number of aerial victories required to officially qualify as an ace has varied , but is usually considered to be five or more . The concept of the ace emerged in 1915 during World War I , at the same time as aerial dogfighting . It was a propaganda term intended to provide the home front with a cult of the hero in what was otherwise a war of attrition . The individual actions of aces were widely reported and the image was disseminated of the ace as a chivalrous knight reminiscent of a bygone era . For a brief early period when air-to-air combat was just being invented , the exceptionally skilled pilot could shape the battle in the skies . For most of the war , however , the image of the ace had little to do with the reality of air warfare , in which fighters fought in formation and air superiority depended heavily on the relative availability of resources ." } ] }, { "value": "Samuel David Dealey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Samuel_David_Dealey", "summary": "Samuel David Dealey ( September 13 , 1906 - August 24 , 1944 ) was the commanding officer of a United States Navy submarine killed in action with his crew during World War II . Among American service members , he is among the most decorated for valor during war , receiving the Medal of Honor , the Navy Cross ( 4 ) , the Army Distinguished Service Cross , and the Silver Star for his service on the submarine USS Harder ( SS-257 ) . He was the nephew of George B. Dealey , publisher of the Dallas News and for whom Dealey Plaza is named ." } ] }, { "value": "1930", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Commander ; posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions as a commanding officer of USS Harder ; recipient of four Navy Crosses", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_Harder_(SS-257)", "summary": "USS Harder ( SS-257 ) , a Gato-class submarine , was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the harder , a fish of the mullet family found off South Africa . One of the most famous submarines of World War II , she received the Presidential Unit Citation . Her skipper throughout her service , the resolute and resourceful Commander Samuel D. Dealey ( 1906-1944 ) , a submariner 's submariner , was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor , as well as four Navy Crosses during his lifetime . Her keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company in Groton , Connecticut , on 1 December 1941 . She was launched on 19 August 1942 ( sponsored by Miss Helen M. Shaforth , daughter of Rear Admiral John M. Shaforth ) , and commissioned on 2 December 1942 with Commander Dealey , ( Class of 1930 ) in command ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)", "summary": "The Navy Cross is the United States military 's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat . The Navy Cross is awarded primarily to a member of the United States Navy , Marine Corps , and the Coast Guard ( when operating under the Department of the Navy ) for extraordinary heroism . The medal is equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Cross , the Air Force Cross , and the Coast Guard Cross . The Navy Cross is bestowed by the Secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services , and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services . The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress ( Public Law 65-253 ) and approved on February 4 , 1919 ." } ] }, { "value": "Richard Antrim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Richard_Antrim", "summary": "Richard Nott Antrim ( December 17 , 1907 - March 7 , 1969 ) was an officer in the United States Navy who received the United States ' highest military decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions as a prisoner of war during World War II . He retired in 1954 as a rear admiral ." } ] }, { "value": "1931", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rear Admiral ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for heroism as a prisoner of war ; Navy Cross recipient", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prisoner_of_war", "summary": "A prisoner of war ( POW ) is a non-combatant - whether a military member , an irregular military fighter , or a civilian - who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict . The earliest recorded usage of the phrase prisoner of war dates back to 1610 . Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of legitimate and illegitimate reasons , such as isolating them from enemy combatants still in the field ( releasing and repatriating them in an orderly manner after hostilities ) , demonstrating military victory , punishing them , prosecuting them for war crimes , exploiting them for their labour , recruiting or even conscripting them as their own combatants , collecting military and political intelligence from them , or indoctrinating them in new political or religious beliefs ." } ] }, { "value": "Ernest E. Evans", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ernest_E._Evans", "summary": "Ernest Edwin Evans ( August 13 , 1908 - October 25 , 1944 ) was an officer of the United States Navy who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle off Samar in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1931", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Commander ; posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for heroism while commanding officer of USS Johnston during the Battle off Samar ; Navy Cross recipient", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_Johnston_(DD-557)", "summary": "USS Johnston ( DD-557 ) was a World War II-era Fletcher-class destroyer in the service of the United States Navy . She was the first Navy ship named after Lieutenant John V. Johnston . The ship is widely known for her bold action in the Battle off Samar . The small tincan destroyer , armed with nothing larger than 5-inch ( 127 mm ) guns and torpedoes , would lead the attack of a handful of light ships which had inadvertently been left unprotected in the path of a massive Japanese fleet led by battleships and cruisers . The actions of Johnston and her little escort carrier task unit Taffy 3 helped stop Admiral Kurita 's Center Force from attacking vulnerable U.S. landing forces , and eventually inflicted greater losses to the Japanese attackers than they suffered ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_off_Samar", "summary": "The Battle off Samar ( Filipino : Labanan sa may Samar ) was the centermost action of the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history , which took place in the Philippine Sea off Samar Island , in the Philippines on October 25 , 1944 . It was the only major action in the larger battle in which the Americans were largely unprepared . The Battle off Samar has been cited by historians as one of the greatest last stands in naval history . Admiral William Halsey , Jr. was lured into taking his powerful 3rd Fleet after a decoy fleet , taking with him every ship in the area that he had the power to command . The only remaining American forces in the area were three escort carrier groups of the 7th Fleet . The escort carriers and destroyer escorts which had been designed to protect slow convoys from submarine attack had been repurposed to attack ground targets and had few torpedoes , as they normally relied on Halsey 's fleet to protect them from armored warships . A Japanese surface force of battleships and cruisers , battered earlier in the larger battle and thought to have been in retreat , instead turned around unobserved and encountered the northernmost of the three groups , Task Unit 77.4.3 ( Taffy 3 ) , commanded by Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague . Taffy 3 's three destroyers and four destroyer escorts possessed neither the firepower nor the armor to effectively oppose the 23 ships of the Japanese force , but nevertheless desperately attacked with 5/38 caliber guns and torpedoes to cover the retreat of their slow jeep carriers . Aircraft from the carriers of Taffy 1 , 2 , and 3 , including FM-2 Wildcats , F6F Hellcats and TBM Avengers , strafed , bombed , torpedoed , rocketed , depth-charged , fired at least one .38 caliber handgun and made numerous dry runs at the Japanese force when they ran out of ammunition . Sprague 's task unit lost two escort carriers , two destroyers , a destroyer escort , and several aircraft . Over a thousand Americans died , comparable to the combined losses of American men and ships at the better-known Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway . But in exchange for the heavy losses for such a small force , they sank three Japanese cruisers , disabled another three , and caused enough confusion to persuade the Japanese commander , Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita , to regroup and ultimately withdraw , rather than advancing to sink troop and supply ships in Leyte Gulf ." } ] }, { "value": "Lawson P. Ramage", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lawson_P._Ramage", "summary": "Lawson Paterson Red Ramage ( 19 January 1909 - 15 April 1990 ) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy and a noted submarine commander during World War II . Ramage was decorated with the Medal of Honor and several other combat decorations during the war . He also served during the Korean War and the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "1931", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vice Admiral ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for heroism while commanding officer of USS Parche ; recipient of two Navy Crosses", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USS_Parche_(SS-384)", "summary": "The first USS Parche ( SS-384/AGSS-384 ) was a United States Navy submarine . She bore the name ( pronounced with two equal syllables : /ˌpɑːrˈtʃeɪ/ ) of a butterfly fish , Chaetodon capistratus . Parche was built by the Portsmouth Navy Yard . Her keel was laid on 9 April 1943 and was christened on 24 July , when Betty Russell smashed the traditional bottle of champagne across the bow as she slid into the water for the first time . Russell was the daughter of the U.S. District Judge Robert Lee Russell , formerly Judge Advocate General of the Navy . Parche was commissioned on 20 November 1943 with Commander Lawson P. Ramage commanding ." } ] }, { "value": "Bruce McCandless", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bruce_McCandless", "summary": "Bruce McCandless I ( August 12 , 1911 - January 24 , 1968 ) was an officer of United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor during World War II for his heroism on board USS San Francisco , during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal , November 13 , 1942 . He retired with the rank of Rear Admiral . McCandless was the father of NASA astronaut , Captain Bruce McCandless II , USN ( Ret ) . Additionally , Admiral McCandless was the great-grandson of David Colbert McCanles of the Rock Creek Station , Nebraska shoot-out with Wild Bill Hickok . After that , the McCanles family changed its name to McCandless and moved to Florence , Colorado ." } ] }, { "value": "1932", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rear Admiral ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his heroism on board USS San Francisco during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal ; father of Bruce McCandless II , astronaut , class of 1958", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II", "summary": "Bruce McCandless II ( June 8 , 1937 - December 21 , 2017 ) was a U.S. naval officer and aviator , electrical engineer , and NASA astronaut . In 1984 , during the first of his two Space Shuttle missions , he made the first untethered spacewalk , by using the Manned Maneuvering Unit ." } ] }, { "value": "John D. Bulkeley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_D._Bulkeley", "summary": "John Duncan Bulkeley ( 19 August 1911 - 6 April 1996 ) was a vice admiral in United States Navy and was one of its most decorated naval officers . Bulkeley received the Medal of Honor for actions in the Pacific Theater during World War II . He was also the PT boat skipper who evacuated General Douglas MacArthur from Corregidor in the Philippines and commanded at the Battle of La Ciotat . The United States Navy named an Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer after him : USS Bulkeley ( DDG-84 ) , commissioned in 2001 ." } ] }, { "value": "1933", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vice Admiral ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for combat actions from December 1941 - April 1942 while commanding Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three , which rescued General of the Army Douglas MacArthur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_Squadron_Three", "summary": "Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three was a United States Navy squadron based at Cavite , Philippines , from September 1941 to mid-April 1942 . It was commanded by Lieutenant John D. Bulkeley and made up of six motor torpedo boats : PT-31 , PT-32 , PT-33 , PT-34 , PT-35 , and PT-41 , the last as the squadron flagship . The other six boats of the squadron remained at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , and were there when war broke out , eventually being shipped to the Solomons . After the outbreak of hostilities between the United States and Japan on 7 December 1941 , the squadron moved from Cavite to Sisiman Bay [ note 1 ] on the Bataan Peninsula with the requisitioned tug Trabajador as tender , where it helped in the defense of Bataan and Corregidor during the Japanese invasion of the Philippines . PT-31 and PT-33 were sunk during the battle . The desired practice was for boats to patrol in pairs in the event one PT needed assistance from another . The critical shortage of spares and fuel often prevented such pairing so that one of the small converted patrol yachts , Maryann , Perry , or Fisheries II , or one of the two old destroyers , Peary or Pillsbury , were used to accompany a single PT on patrol . On 11 March 1942 , the remaining boats of the squadron transported General Douglas MacArthur and several high-ranking officers from Corregidor to Mindanao , an act which earned every member of the squadron the Silver Star . PT-32 was abandoned during this mission , reducing the squadron to three boats : PT-41 , PT-34 , and PT-35 . These three boats were based at Mindanao until mid-April 1942 , where two of them ( PT-41 and PT-34 ) attacked the Japanese cruiser Kuma , scoring at least one hit . This was to be the squadron 's last action : PT-34 was destroyed by Japanese aircraft , PT-35 had to be scuttled to avoid capture , and PT-41 was commandeered by the U.S. Army to defend Lake Lanao . She was scuttled as well , three days after transfer ." }, { "url": "/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)", "summary": "General of the Army ( abbreviated as GA ) is a five-star general officer and the second highest possible rank in the United States Army . A General of the Army ranks immediately above a general and is equivalent to a fleet admiral and a General of the Air Force . The General of the Army insignia consisted of five 3/8th inch stars in a pentagonal pattern , with points touching . The insignia was paired with the gold and enameled United States Coat of Arms on service coat shoulder loops . The silver colored five-star metal insignia alone would be worn for use as a collar insignia of grade and on the garrison cap . Soft shoulder epaulettes with five 7/16th inch stars in silver thread and gold-threaded United States Coat of Arms on green cloth were worn with shirts and sweaters . The rank of General of the Army has had two incarnations . The rank was introduced in 1866 , the year after the American Civil War . It was reserved for the Commanding General of the United States Army , was a four-star rank , and was held by three different individuals from 1866 to 1888 . The rank was revived as the modern five-star rank during World War II , and may be awarded to more than one serving officer at a time . It was held by five different individuals from 1944 to 1981 . A special rank of General of the Armies , which ranks above General of the Army , exists but has been conferred only twice , to World War I 's John J. Pershing , and posthumously to George Washington , by proclamation 177 years after his death ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur", "summary": "General of the Army Douglas MacArthur ( 26 January 1880 - 5 April 1964 ) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army . He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign , which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal . He was one of only five to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army , and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army . Raised in a military family in the American Old West , MacArthur was valedictorian at the West Texas Military Academy where he finished high school , and First Captain at the United States Military Academy at West Point , where he graduated top of the class of 1903 . During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz , he conducted a reconnaissance mission , for which he was nominated for the Medal of Honor . In 1917 , he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd ( Rainbow ) Division . In the fighting on the Western Front during World War I , he rose to the rank of brigadier general , was again nominated for a Medal of Honor , and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross twice and the Silver Star seven times . From 1919 to 1922 , MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , where he attempted a series of reforms . His next assignment was in the Philippines , where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny . In 1925 , he became the Army 's youngest major general . He served on the court-martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam ." } ] }, { "value": "David McCampbell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_McCampbell", "summary": "Captain David McCampbell ( January 16 , 1910 - June 30 , 1996 ) was a United States Navy captain , fighter pilot , and a Medal of Honor recipient . He retired from the navy in 1964 with 31 years of service . McCampbell is the United States Navy 's all-time leading flying ace and top F6F Hellcat ace with 34 aerial victories . He was the third-highest American scoring ace of World War II and the highest-scoring American ace to survive the war . He also set a world single mission aerial combat record of shooting down nine enemy planes in one mission , on October 24 , 1944 , at the beginning of the Battle of Leyte Gulf , in the Philippines ." } ] }, { "value": "1933", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Captain ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for aerial combat during World War II ; became the Navy 's all-time fighter ace with 34 aerial victories", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flying_ace", "summary": "A flying ace , fighter ace or air ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down several enemy aircraft during aerial combat . The actual number of aerial victories required to officially qualify as an ace has varied , but is usually considered to be five or more . The concept of the ace emerged in 1915 during World War I , at the same time as aerial dogfighting . It was a propaganda term intended to provide the home front with a cult of the hero in what was otherwise a war of attrition . The individual actions of aces were widely reported and the image was disseminated of the ace as a chivalrous knight reminiscent of a bygone era . For a brief early period when air-to-air combat was just being invented , the exceptionally skilled pilot could shape the battle in the skies . For most of the war , however , the image of the ace had little to do with the reality of air warfare , in which fighters fought in formation and air superiority depended heavily on the relative availability of resources ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_educated_at_the_United_States_Naval_Academy_3", "intro": "The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The Academy is often referred to as Annapolis, while sports media refer to the Academy as Navy and the students as Midshipmen; this usage is officially endorsed. During the latter half of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th, the United States Naval Academy was the primary source of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps officers, with the Class of 1881 being the first to provide officers to the Marine Corps. Graduates of the Academy are also given the option of entering the United States Army or United States Air Force. Most Midshipmen are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes various fields of engineering. This list is drawn from alumni of the Naval Academy who are recipients of the Medal of Honor (MOH), the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. The Academy was founded in 1845 and graduated its first class in 1846. The first alumnus to graduate and go on to receive the Medal of Honor was Harry L. Hawthorne (class of 1882). The most recent alumnus to receive the Medal of Honor was James Stockdale (class of 1947). Two alumni, Orion P. Howe (class of 1870) and Henry Lakin Simpson (class of 1882), received the Medal of Honor before being appointed to the Academy. At the Naval Academy, in Bancroft Hall, twenty-one rooms are dedicated to each Academy graduate Medal of Honor recipient since the start of World War II." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)", "title": "List of American Civil War generals (Union)", "header": [ "Name", "Substantive rank", "Brevet rank", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "Abbott , Henry Livermore", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Livermore_Abbott", "summary": "Henry Livermore Abbott ( January 21 , 1842 - May 6 , 1864 ) , was a Major in the Union Army during the American Civil War ( Civil War ) . Abbott was posthumously awarded the grade of brevet brigadier general , United States Volunteers , to rank from August 1 , 1864 , and the grades of brevet lieutenant colonel , brevet colonel and brevet brigadier general , United States Army , all to rank from March 13 , 1865 for gallant and meritorious services at the Battle of the Wilderness , where he was killed in action . Abbott was engaged at the center of several key Civil War battles and was widely known and admired for his leadership , courage and composure under fire ." } ] }, { "value": "Major , USV ( October 10 , 1863 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 ." } ] }, { "value": "Brigadier general , USV ( March 13 , 1865 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." } ] }, { "value": "KIA , Battle of the Wilderness ( May 6 , 1864 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness", "summary": "The Battle of the Wilderness , fought May 5-7 , 1864 , was the first battle of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Virginia Overland Campaign against Gen. Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War . Both armies suffered heavy casualties , around 5,000 men killed in total , a harbinger of a bloody war of attrition by Grant against Lee 's army and , eventually , the Confederate capital , Richmond , Virginia . The battle was tactically inconclusive , as Grant disengaged and continued his offensive . Grant attempted to move quickly through the dense underbrush of the Wilderness of Spotsylvania , but Lee launched two of his corps on parallel roads to intercept him . On the morning of May 5 , the Union V Corps under Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren attacked the Confederate Second Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell , on the Orange Turnpike . That afternoon the Third Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill , encountered Brig . Gen. George W. Getty 's division ( VI Corps ) and Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock 's II Corps on the Orange Plank Road . Fighting until dark was fierce but inconclusive as both sides attempted to maneuver in the dense woods . At dawn on May 6 , Hancock attacked along the Plank Road , driving Hill 's Corps back in confusion , but the First Corps of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet arrived in time to prevent the collapse of the Confederate right flank . Longstreet followed up with a surprise flanking attack from an unfinished railroad bed that drove Hancock 's men back to the Brock Road , but the momentum was lost when Longstreet was wounded by his own men . An evening attack by Brig . Gen. John B. Gordon against the Union right flank caused consternation at Union headquarters , but the lines stabilized and fighting ceased ." } ] }, { "value": "Abercrombie , John Joseph", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Joseph_Abercrombie", "summary": "John Joseph Abercrombie ( March 4 , 1798 - January 3 , 1877 ) was a career United States Army officer who served in numerous wars , finally reaching the rank of brigadier general during the American Civil War ." } ] }, { "value": "Colonel , USA ( February 25 , 1861 ) Brigadier general , USV ( August 31 , 1861 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1822 Resigned June 24 , 1865", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Allen , Robert", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Allen_(general)", "summary": "Robert Allen ( March 15 , 1811 - August 5 , 1886 ) was a career officer in the United States Army , serving as a brigadier general during the American Civil War ." } ] }, { "value": "Colonel , USA ( February 19 , 1862 ) Brigadier general , USV ( May 23 , 1863 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 ) Major general , USV ( March 13 , 1865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1836", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alvord , Benjamin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Benjamin_Alvord_(mathematician)", "summary": "Benjamin Alvord ( August 18 , 1813 - October 16 , 1884 ) was an American soldier , mathematician , and botanist ." } ] }, { "value": "Major , USA ( June 22 , 1854 ) Brigadier general , USV ( April 15 , 1862 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier general , USA ( April 9 , 1865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1833", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ames , Adelbert", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adelbert_Ames", "summary": "Adelbert Ames ( October 31 , 1835 - April 13 , 1933 ) was an American sailor , soldier , and politician who served with distinction as a Union Army general during the American Civil War . A Radical Republican , he was military governor , U.S . Senator , and civilian governor in Reconstruction-era Mississippi . In 1898 , he served as a United States Army general during the Spanish-American War . He was the last Republican to serve as the state governor of Mississippi until the election of Kirk Fordice , who took office in January 1992 , 116 years since Ames vacated the office . Ames was the second to last general officer of the Civil War to die . He succumbed at the age of ninety-seven in 1933 . He was outlived in this respect only by Aaron Daggett , who died in 1938 at the age of one hundred . However , because Daggett was a brigadier general by brevet rank only , Ames was the last full-ranked Civil War general to die ." } ] }, { "value": "Captain , USA ( June 11 , 1864 ) Brigadier general , USV ( May 20 , 1863 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Captain_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States uniformed services , captain is a commissioned-officer rank . In keeping with the traditions of the militaries of most nations , the rank varies between the services , being a senior rank in the naval services and a junior rank in the ground and air forces ." } ] }, { "value": "Major general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 ) Major general , USV ( January 15 , 1865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1861 MOH , First Battle of Bull Run ( July 21 , 1861 ) Provisional Governor Mississippi ( 1868-1869 ) U.S . Senator from Mississippi ( 1870-1874 ) Governor of Mississippi ( 1875 ) Last surviving Union General , d. April 13 , 1933 Son-in-law of Benjamin Franklin Butler", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run", "summary": "The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the First Battle of Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was the first major battle of the American Civil War and was a Confederate victory . The battle was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington , D.C . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the Confederacy . Yielding to political pressure , Brig . Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig . Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig . Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi", "summary": "The governor of Mississippi is the head of the executive branch of Mississippi 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The Governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Mississippi Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and , except in cases of treason or impeachment , to grant pardons and reprieves . To be elected governor , a person must be at least 30 years old , and must have been a citizen of the United States for twenty years and a resident of Mississippi for at least five years at the time of inauguration . The Constitution of Mississippi , ratified in 1890 , calls for a four-year term for the governor . He or she may be reelected once ( prior to a 1987 amendment to the state Constitution , governors were limited to one term ) . The original Constitution of 1817 had only a two-year term for governor ; this was expanded to four years in the 1868 Constitution . Uniquely among the states , the Mississippi Constitution requires a gubernatorial candidate to win not just a majority of the popular vote but also a majority of state legislative districts in order to be elected - if no candidate gets both majorities , the state House chooses from the highest two popular vote-getters . The lieutenant governor is elected at the same time as the governor and serves as president of the Mississippi Senate . When the office of governor becomes vacant for any reason , the lieutenant governor becomes governor for the remainder of the term . The governor of Mississippi is also appoints the members of the Institutions of Higher Learning Board of Trustees ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mississippi", "summary": "Mississippi ( /ˌmɪsɪˈsɪpi/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States . Mississippi is bordered to the north by Tennessee , to the east by Alabama , to the south by the Gulf of Mexico , to the southwest by Louisiana , and to the northwest by Arkansas . Mississippi 's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River . Jackson is both the state 's capital and largest city . Greater Jackson , with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States . On December 10 , 1817 , Mississippi became the 20th state admitted to the Union . By 1860 , Mississippi was the nation 's top cotton producing state and enslaved persons accounted for 55% of the state population . Mississippi declared its secession from the Union on March 23 , 1861 , and was one of the seven original Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was restored to the Union on February 23 , 1870 . Until the Great Migration of the 1930s , African Americans were a majority of Mississippi 's population . Mississippi was the site of many prominent events during the American Civil Rights movement , including the 1962 Ole Miss riots , the 1963 assassination of Medgar Evers , and the 1964 Freedom Summer murders ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)", "summary": "Benjamin Franklin Butler ( November 5 , 1818 - January 11 , 1893 ) was a major general of the Union Army , politician , lawyer and businessman from Massachusetts . Born in New Hampshire and raised in Lowell , Massachusetts , Butler is best known as a political major general of the Union Army during the American Civil War , and for his leadership role in the impeachment of U.S. President Andrew Johnson . He was a colorful and often controversial figure on the national stage and in the Massachusetts political scene and ran several campaigns for Governor before his election to that office in 1882 . Butler , a successful trial lawyer , served in the Massachusetts legislature as an antiwar Democrat and as an officer in the state militia . Early in the Civil War he joined the Union Army , where he was noted for his lack of military skill , and his controversial command of New Orleans , which brought him wide dislike in the South and the Beast epithet . He helped create the legal idea of effectively freeing fugitive slaves by designating them as contraband of war in service of military objectives , which led to a political groundswell in the North which included general emancipation and the end of slavery as official war goals . His commands were marred by financial and logistical dealings across enemy lines , some of which probably took place with his knowledge and to his financial benefit . Butler was dismissed from the Union Army after his failures in the First Battle of Fort Fisher , but soon won election to the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts . As a Radical Republican he opposed President Johnson 's Reconstruction agenda , and was the House 's lead manager in the Johnson impeachment proceedings . As Chairman of the House Committee on Reconstruction , Butler authored the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 and coauthored the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1875 . In Massachusetts , Butler was often at odds with more conservative members of the political establishment over matters of both style and substance . Feuds with Republican politicians led to his being denied several nominations for the governorship between 1858 and 1880 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ammen , Jacob", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacob_Ammen", "summary": "Jacob Ammen ( January 7 , 1806 - February 6 , 1894 ) was a college professor , civil engineer , and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . His younger brother , Daniel Ammen , was an admiral in the United States Navy ." } ] }, { "value": "Brigadier general , USV ( July 16 , 1862 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1831 Resigned January 14 , 1865", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anderson , Robert", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)", "summary": "Robert Anderson ( June 14 , 1805 - October 26 , 1871 ) was a United States Army officer during the American Civil War . He was the Union commander in the first battle of the American Civil War at Fort Sumter in April 1861 ; the Confederates bombarded the fort and forced its surrender to start the war . Anderson was celebrated as a hero in the North and promoted to brigadier general and given command of Union forces in Kentucky . He was removed late in 1861 and reassigned to Rhode Island , before retiring from military service in 1863 ." } ] }, { "value": "Brigadier general , USA ( May 15 , 1861 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major general , USA ( February 3 , 1865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1825 Retired October 27 , 1863", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrews , Christopher Columbus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Andrews", "summary": "Christopher Columbus Andrews ( October 27 , 1829 - September 21 , 1922 ) was an American soldier , diplomat , newspaperman , author , and forester ." } ] }, { "value": "Brigadier general , USV ( January 5 , 1864 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major general , USV ( March 9 , 1865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrews , George Leonard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_Leonard_Andrews", "summary": "George Leonard Andrews ( August 31 , 1828 - April 4 , 1899 ) was an American professor , civil engineer , and soldier . He was a Brigadier General in the Union Army during the American Civil War and was awarded the honorary grade of brevet Major General . During the Civil War , Andrews served in a number of important commands , first as the Colonel of the 2nd Massachusetts , a regiment which saw heavy action in the Battles of Cedar Mountain and Antietam , among other actions . Mentored by Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Prentice Banks , Andrews became part of Banks 's staff and was assigned several command roles in the Army Department of the Gulf during the later years of the war . After the war , Andrews pursued a variety of vocations , including service as a United States Marshal , before returning to the United States Military Academy at West Point as a professor until his retirement ." } ] }, { "value": "Brigadier general , USV ( November 10 , 1862 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major general , USV ( March 26 , 1865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1851 Resigned , 1855", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrews , Timothy Patrick", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Timothy_Andrews_(general)", "summary": "Timothy Patrick Andrews ( 1794 - March 11 , 1868 ) was an Irish-born , career U.S. Army officer . He served as Paymaster General of the Union Army during the American Civil War ." } ] }, { "value": "Colonel , USA ( September 6 , 1862 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier general , USA ( September 13 , 1847 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Paymaster General ( 1862-1864 ) Retired November 29 , 1864 Rejected a commission as brevet brigadier general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 ) on the basis that he already possessed such an appointment", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arnold , Lewis Golding", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lewis_Golding_Arnold", "summary": "Lewis Golding Arnold ( January 15 , 1817 - September 22 , 1871 ) was a career U.S. Army officer and a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War , primarily noted for his service in Florida ." } ] }, { "value": "Lieutenant colonel , USA ( August 1 , 1863 ) Brigadier general , USV ( January 24 , 1862 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank , just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 , for officers in the Active Component , and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) , for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15-17 years of cumulative commissioned service ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1837 Retired February 8 , 1864", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arnold , Richard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Richard_Arnold_(general)", "summary": "Richard Arnold ( April 12 , 1828 - November 8 , 1882 ) was a career U.S. Army officer who served as a brigadier general in the Union forces during the American Civil War . His artillery helped force the surrender of two important Confederate towns , including Mobile , Alabama ." } ] }, { "value": "Captain , USA ( May 14 , 1861 ) Brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 ) Major general , USV ( August 22 , 1865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1850", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asboth , Alexander Sandor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexander_Asboth", "summary": "Alexander Sandor Asboth ( Hungarian : Asbóth Sándor , December 18 , 1811 - January 21 , 1868 ) was a Hungarian military leader best known for his victories as a Union general during the American Civil War . He also served as United States Ambassador to Argentina and as United States Ambassador to Uruguay ." } ] }, { "value": "Brigadier general , USV ( March 21 , 1862 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major general , USV ( March 13 , 1865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Appointed brigadier general , USV ( September 3 , 1861 ) by John Charles Frémont who lacked the authority to make such an appointment United States Minister to Argentina and Uruguay ( 1866-1868 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_C._Frémont", "summary": "John Charles Frémont or Fremont ( January 21 , 1813 - July 13 , 1890 ) was an American explorer , military officer , and politician . He was a US Senator from California , and in 1856 was the first Republican candidate for President of the United States . During the 1840s , he led five expeditions into the American West , and became known as The Pathfinder . During the Mexican-American War , Frémont , a major in the U.S. Army , took control of California from the California Republic in 1846 . Frémont was convicted in court-martial for mutiny and insubordination after a conflict over who was the rightful military governor of California . After his sentence was commuted and he was reinstated by President Polk , Frémont resigned from the Army . Frémont led a private fourth expedition , which cost ten lives , seeking a rail route over the mountains around the 38th parallel in the winter of 1849 . Afterwards , Frémont settled in California at Monterey while buying cheap land in the Sierra foothills . When gold was found on his Mariposa ranch , Frémont became a wealthy man during the California Gold Rush , but he was soon bogged down with lawsuits over land claims , between the dispossession of various land owners during the Mexican-American War and the explosion of Forty-Niners immigrating during the Rush . These cases were settled by the U.S. Supreme Court allowing Frémont to keep his property . Frémont 's fifth and final privately funded expedition , between 1853 and 1854 , surveyed a route for a transcontinental railroad . Frémont became one of the first two U.S. senators elected from the new state of California in 1850 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Argentina", "summary": "The United States Ambassador to Argentina is the official representative of the President of the United States to the head of state of Argentina . Argentina had declared its independence from Spain in 1816 and there followed a series of revolutionary wars until 1861 when the nation was united . The United States recognized the government of Buenos Aires , the predecessor to Argentina , on January 27 , 1823 . Caesar Augustus Rodney was appointed as American Minister Plenipotentiary to Buenos Aires . Between 1854 and 1866 , U.S. ambassadors were commissioned to the Argentine Confederation . Since 1867 , ambassadors have been commissioned to the Argentine Republic . Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Argentina were interrupted but not severed in June 1944 when the U.S. government recalled its ambassador in a dispute with the newly appointed dictator Edelmiro Julián Farrell . The U.S. government believed that Farrell was not committed to the defense of the Western Hemisphere against the Axis powers . Normal relations were resumed with the appointment of a new ambassador in April 1945 when Argentina declared war against Germany . The official residence of the U.S . Ambassador in Buenos Aires is the Bosch Palace , listed on the State Department 's Register of Culturally Significant Property ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Uruguay", "summary": "The following is a list of United States ambassadors , or other chiefs of mission , to Uruguay . The current title given by the United States State Department to this position is Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ." } ] }, { "value": "Augur , Christopher Columbus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Christopher_C._Augur", "summary": "Christopher Columbus Augur ( July 10 , 1821 - January 16 , 1898 ) was an American military officer , most noted for his role in the American Civil War . Although less well known than other Union commanders , he was nonetheless considered an able battlefield commander ." } ] }, { "value": "Lieutenant colonel , USA ( July 1 , 1863 ) Major general , USV ( August 9 , 1862 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1843", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Averell , William Woods", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_W._Averell", "summary": "William Woods Averell ( November 5 , 1832 - February 3 , 1900 ) was a career United States Army officer and a cavalry general in the American Civil War . After the war , he was a diplomat and became wealthy by inventing American asphalt pavement ." } ] }, { "value": "Captain , USA ( July 17 , 1862 ) Brigadier general , USV ( September 26 , 1862 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 ) Major general , USV ( August 7 , 1864 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1855", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ayres , Romeyn Beck", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Romeyn_B._Ayres", "summary": "Romeyn Beck Ayres ( December 20 , 1825 - December 4 , 1888 ) was a Union Army general in the American Civil War ." } ] }, { "value": "Captain , USA ( May 14 , 1861 ) Brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 ) Major general , USV ( August 1 , 1864 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USMA , 1847", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Union generals -- A", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_American_Civil_War_Generals_(Union)_0", "intro": "The following lists show the names, substantive ranks, and brevet ranks (if applicable) of all general officers who served in the United States Army during the Civil War, in addition to a small selection of lower-ranked officers who received brevets as general officers; while some 1,600 officers received or were nominated for brevets as general officers in the course of the war (or immediately following it for service during the war), only a small selection is listed here; only those who were killed in action, served as department heads within the army, had revoked or incomplete appointments or became U.S. President are listed here. In addition to their names and ranks, there is a small set of notes after every entry listing Medal of Honor or Thanks of Congress citations, West Point graduation dates, important political or Army offices held, retirements or deaths during the war (whether in action or other means), notable relations, rejections or expiration of appointments, or unique facts pertaining to this article (i.e. youngest general, last surviving general, etc. ); for all other information on their lives and accomplishments, please refer to their individual entries. If available, ranks are followed by the to rank from dates (i.e. the date on which the commission is effective) rather than the date of appointment or confirmation, which were generally months if not years later; this is particularly true in the case of brevets, most of which were granted after the war between 1866 and 1869. Note on abbreviations:" }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League_reserves_affiliations", "title": "Australian Football League reserves affiliations", "header": [ "AFL club", "Reserves arrangement", "Affiliated club", "Affiliated league" ], "data": [ { "value": "Adelaide Crows", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club", "summary": "The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed the Crows , are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club has both a men 's team , which played its first match in 1991 , and a women 's team , which began in 2017 in the inaugural season of the AFLW . The club is based in Adelaide , South Australia , playing its home matches at Adelaide Oval . The club has its training and administration base at Football Park in West Lakes , where it previously played home matches between 1991 and 2013 . The club song is The Pride of South Australia , to the tune of the US Marines ' Hymn . The Crows were formed in 1990 to be the 'state team ' to represent the South Australia in the AFL . They were originally owned by the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , before gaining independence . They played their first season in 1991 . The men 's team won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals , and have appeared in 15 finals series in their 28-year history . The club has had a reserves team compete in the South Australian National Football League since 2014 and has fielded a women 's team in the AFL Women 's competition since 2017 . The men 's team is currently coached by Matthew Nicks and captained by Rory Sloane , who was appointed co-captain alongside Taylor Walker prior to the 2019 season . Don Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015 before departing the club at the end of 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Adelaide Crows", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club_(SANFL)", "summary": "The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed The Crows , is an Australian rules football club which competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . Originally established in 1990 for the national AFL competition , Adelaide was permitted entrance in the SANFL competition as a reserves team beneath the AFL team from 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "SANFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SANFL", "summary": "The South Australian National Football League , or SANFL ( /ˈsænfəl/ or S-A-N-F-L ) , is an Australian rules football league based in the Australian state of South Australia . It is also the governing body for the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia . Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877 , the SANFL is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia and one of the oldest football competitions in the world , forming just a few years after the United Hospitals Challenge Cup ( 1874 ) , the oldest rugby football competition , and over a decade before The Football League , although later than the FA Cup ( soccer ) . Consisting of a single division competition , since 2014 the season has been an 18-round home-and-away ( regular ) season from April to September . The top five teams play-off in a final series culminating in the grand final for the Thomas Seymour Hill Premiership Trophy . The grand final had traditionally been held at Football Park in October , generally the week after the AFL Grand Final , though this was altered ahead of the 2014 season resulting in Adelaide Oval hosting the grand final in the penultimate weekend of September . The league owned the sub-licences for South Australia 's two AFL clubs - Adelaide Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club until March 2014 , when South Australian Football Commission reached an agreement with the Adelaide and Port Adelaide football clubs - endorsed by the AFL - which will see the two AFL licences transferred to the clubs in return for payments totalling more than $ 18 million . The league is also responsible for the management of all levels of football in the state . This includes junior football , country football , amateur football and specific programs rolled out across schools , indigenous communities ( including the APY Lands in the state 's north ) and newly arrived migrant communities . The SANFL owns Football Park , formerly the largest stadium in South Australia . The stadium , which opened in 1974 , was primarily used for Australian Football League matches up until 2013 and had a capacity of over 51,000 prior to being demolished . The stadium was the headquarters for the league from 1974-2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Brisbane Lions", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brisbane_Lions", "summary": "The Brisbane Lions Australian Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club who play in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . The club was formed in late 1996 from the merger of the Fitzroy Lions and the Brisbane Bears . The Lions are one of the most successful AFL clubs of the 21st century , having appeared in four consecutive AFL Grand Finals from 2001 to 2004 and winning three premierships ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ) . The club plays home matches in the AFL at the Gabba and is captained by Dayne Zorko and coached by Chris Fagan . The Lions were a foundation team in the AFL Women 's competition in 2017 and have featured in two grand finals in that time , finishing runners-up on both occasions . The Brisbane Bears were the first south-east Queensland based team formed in the region . They played at their home ground at Carrara Stadium on the Gold Coast from 1987 to 1992 before relocating to the Gabba in 1993 . The club continues to play its home games at the Gabba ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brisbane Lions", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_East_Australian_Football_League", "summary": "The North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) is an Australian rules football league in New South Wales , Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory . The league was formed in November 2010 , and its inaugural competition was in 2011 . It is a second division league , sitting below the national Australian Football League ( AFL ) and features the reserves teams of the region 's four AFL clubs playing alongside six non-AFL affiliated NEAFL senior teams ." } ] }, { "value": "NEAFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_East_Australian_Football_League", "summary": "The North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) is an Australian rules football league in New South Wales , Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory . The league was formed in November 2010 , and its inaugural competition was in 2011 . It is a second division league , sitting below the national Australian Football League ( AFL ) and features the reserves teams of the region 's four AFL clubs playing alongside six non-AFL affiliated NEAFL senior teams ." } ] }, { "value": "Carlton Blues", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club", "summary": "The Carlton Football Club , nicknamed the Blues , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Founded in 1864 in Carlton , an inner suburb of Melbourne , the club competes in the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and was one of the competition 's eight founding member clubs in 1896 . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Carlton at Princes Park , its traditional home ground , and it currently plays its home matches at either Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) or the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Carlton has historically been one of the AFL 's most successful clubs , having won sixteen senior VFL/AFL premierships , equal with Essendon as the most of any club ; prior to this , it won six senior premierships , including two in the Victorian Football Association . The club has also fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since its establishment in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Club affiliation", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Northern Blues", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northern_Blues", "summary": "Northern Blues Football Club is a long-established Australian rules football club based in Preston and currently playing in the Victorian Football League . The Northern Blues are affiliated with the Carlton Blues in the AFL , and play their home games at the Preston City Oval and Ikon Park . The club was established in 1882 as the Preston Football Club . The club participated in the VFA between 1903 and 1912 , and then since 1926 . After World War II , the club was known as the Bullants , and wore a plain red guernsey with a white monogram . The club later became the Northern Bullants . Ahead of the 2012 season , the club adopted the colours and nickname of its AFL-affiliate ; to become the Northern Blues . In 2013 the third open age team affiliated with the Victorian Amateur Football Association began and in 2016 reverted to the name Preston Bullants ." } ] }, { "value": "VFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victorian_Football_League", "summary": "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Collingwood Magpies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club", "summary": "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Collingwood Magpies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club_(VFL)", "summary": "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ." } ] }, { "value": "VFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victorian_Football_League", "summary": "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Essendon Bombers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club", "summary": "The Essendon Football Club , nicknamed the Bombers , is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Thought to have formed in 1872 , the club played its first recorded game on 7 June 1873 against a Carlton Second 20 , winning 1 goal to nil . The club played a senior club in the Victorian Football Association in 1878 , one year after the VFA formed . It is historically associated with Essendon , a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne , Victoria . Since 2013 , the club has been headquartered at The Hangar , Melbourne Airport , and plays its home games at either Docklands Stadium or the Melbourne Cricket Ground ; throughout most of its history the club 's home ground and headquarters was Windy Hill , Essendon , where it played from 1922 until 1991 . While it stopped playing games at the ground thereafter , Windy Hill remained its training and administration base until the end of 2013 . Dyson Heppell is the current team captain . A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association , in 1877 , and the Victorian Football League ( renamed the AFL in 1990 ) , in 1896 , Essendon is one of Australia 's best-known football clubs . Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships , which , along with Carlton , is the most of any club in the competition . The club won four consecutive VFA premierships between 1891 and 1894 , a feat matched only by Collingwood between 1927 and 1930 ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Essendon Bombers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club_(VFL)", "summary": "The Essendon Football Club , nicknamed the Bombers , is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Thought to have formed in 1872 , the club played its first recorded game on 7 June 1873 against a Carlton Second 20 , winning 1 goal to nil . The club played a senior club in the Victorian Football Association in 1878 , one year after the VFA formed . It is historically associated with Essendon , a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne , Victoria . Since 2013 , the club has been headquartered at The Hangar , Melbourne Airport , and plays its home games at either Docklands Stadium or the Melbourne Cricket Ground ; throughout most of its history the club 's home ground and headquarters was Windy Hill , Essendon , where it played from 1922 until 1991 . While it stopped playing games at the ground thereafter , Windy Hill remained its training and administration base until the end of 2013 . Dyson Heppell is the current team captain . A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association , in 1877 , and the Victorian Football League ( renamed the AFL in 1990 ) , in 1896 , Essendon is one of Australia 's best-known football clubs . Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships , which , along with Carlton , is the most of any club in the competition . The club won four consecutive VFA premierships between 1891 and 1894 , a feat matched only by Collingwood between 1927 and 1930 ." } ] }, { "value": "VFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victorian_Football_League", "summary": "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Fremantle Dockers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club", "summary": "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ." } ] }, { "value": "Club affiliation", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Peel Thunder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peel_Thunder", "summary": "The Peel Thunder Football Club is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . The team is based in Mandurah , Western Australia , with their home ground being Rushton Park . The club joined the WAFL as an expansion team in 1997 . Since the 2014 season , Peel has served as the host club in the WAFL for the Fremantle Dockers of the Australian Football League , an arrangement which sees Fremantle 's reserve players playing for Peel ." } ] }, { "value": "WAFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League", "summary": "The West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) is an Australian rules football league based in Perth , Western Australia . The WAFL is the third-most popular league in the nation , behind the nationwide Australian Football League ( AFL ) and South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . The league currently consists of ten teams , which play each other in a 20-round season usually lasting from March to September , with the top five teams playing off in a finals series , culminating in a Grand Final . The league also runs reserves , colts ( under-19 ) and womens competitions . The WAFL was founded in 1885 as the West Australian Football Association ( WAFA ) , and has undergone a variety of name changes since then , re-adopting its current name in 2001 . For most of its existence , the league was considered one of the traditional big three Australian rules football leagues , along with the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) and South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . However , since the introduction of two Western Australia-based clubs into the VFL ( later renamed the Australian Football League ) - the West Coast Eagles in 1987 and the Fremantle Football Club in 1995 - the popularity and standard of the league has decreased to the point where it is considered a feeder competition to the AFL . Although payments are made to players , it is generally considered to be a semi-professional competition . A salary cap of A $ 200,000 per club is in place . The league is currently affiliated with the two Western Australia-based AFL clubs . Players who are not selected to play with their respective AFL clubs instead play for allocated clubs in the WAFL . The competition is governed by the West Australian Football Commission , and based at Subiaco Oval ." } ] }, { "value": "Geelong Cats", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club", "summary": "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Geelong Cats", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club_(VFL)", "summary": "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ." } ] }, { "value": "VFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victorian_Football_League", "summary": "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold Coast Suns", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gold_Coast_Football_Club", "summary": "The Gold Coast Suns Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based on the Gold Coast , Queensland . The club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season , having been founded as the league 's 17th active club by a consortium formerly known as GC17 and being granted a licence to join the AFL on 1 April 2009 . The team is based in the Gold Coast suburb of Carrara and play matches at Carrara Stadium ( known for commercial purposes as Metricon Stadium ) and train at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre . The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland , the other being its main rival , the Brisbane Lions . The Suns also field teams in the AFL Women 's and North East Australian Football Leagues ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold Coast Suns", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_East_Australian_Football_League", "summary": "The North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) is an Australian rules football league in New South Wales , Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory . The league was formed in November 2010 , and its inaugural competition was in 2011 . It is a second division league , sitting below the national Australian Football League ( AFL ) and features the reserves teams of the region 's four AFL clubs playing alongside six non-AFL affiliated NEAFL senior teams ." } ] }, { "value": "NEAFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_East_Australian_Football_League", "summary": "The North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) is an Australian rules football league in New South Wales , Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory . The league was formed in November 2010 , and its inaugural competition was in 2011 . It is a second division league , sitting below the national Australian Football League ( AFL ) and features the reserves teams of the region 's four AFL clubs playing alongside six non-AFL affiliated NEAFL senior teams ." } ] }, { "value": "Greater Western Sydney Giants", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Football_Club", "summary": "The Greater Western Sydney Football Club , commonly referred to as GWS Giants or simply GWS , is a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Representing the Greater Western Sydney area and Canberra , the club is based at the Tom Wills Oval in Sydney Olympic Park . The team 's primary home ground is Sydney Showground Stadium , also located in the Olympic Park precinct . The club plays four home games a year at Manuka Oval in Canberra as part of a deal with the government of the Australian Capital Territory . The club played its first AFL premiership match in March 2012 . It won only three games in its first two seasons and consecutive wooden spoons . They made the finals for the first time during the 2016 season , and played in its first grand final in 2019 where they were defeated by Richmond by 89 points . The Giants operate three other teams outside of the AFL . The club has fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since 2017 and a reserves team , known as the Western Sydney University Giants ( formerly UWS Giants ) , has participated in the North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) since 2012 , as part of a partnership between the club and the university . A netball team , known as Giants Netball , competes in the National Netball League ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greater Western Sydney Giants", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_East_Australian_Football_League", "summary": "The North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) is an Australian rules football league in New South Wales , Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory . The league was formed in November 2010 , and its inaugural competition was in 2011 . It is a second division league , sitting below the national Australian Football League ( AFL ) and features the reserves teams of the region 's four AFL clubs playing alongside six non-AFL affiliated NEAFL senior teams ." } ] }, { "value": "NEAFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_East_Australian_Football_League", "summary": "The North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) is an Australian rules football league in New South Wales , Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory . The league was formed in November 2010 , and its inaugural competition was in 2011 . It is a second division league , sitting below the national Australian Football League ( AFL ) and features the reserves teams of the region 's four AFL clubs playing alongside six non-AFL affiliated NEAFL senior teams ." } ] }, { "value": "Hawthorn Hawks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club", "summary": "The Hawthorn Football Club , nicknamed the Hawks , is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club , founded in 1902 , is the youngest of the Victorian-based teams in the AFL and has won thirteen VFL/AFL premierships . It is the only club to have won premierships in each decade of the 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . The team play in brown and gold vertically striped guernsey . The club 's Latin motto is spectemur agendo , the English translation being Let us be judged by our acts . The Hawks ' origins are in the inner-eastern Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn and also at Glenferrie Oval , the club 's former administrative and training base and social club . Matches , however , have not been played there since 1973 . In 2006 , Hawthorn 's training and administration facilities were relocated to Waverly Park which is located 27.8 km from the CBD and in the middle of the club 's major supporter base in Melbourne 's outer-eastern region . The mascot of the club is a hawk . Since 2007 Hawthorn have played four games a year at their second ground of York Park in Launceston , Tasmania , with the remaining games played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the club 's current playing home ground . Hawthorn 's current Victorian Football League ( VFL ) affiliate team is the Box Hill Hawks Football Club ." } ] }, { "value": "Club affiliation", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Box Hill Hawks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Box_Hill_Football_Club", "summary": "Box Hill Hawks Football Club is an Australian rules football club playing in the Victorian Football League . It has an alliance with the Hawthorn Football Club , which plays in the Australian Football League ." } ] }, { "value": "VFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victorian_Football_League", "summary": "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Melbourne Demons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club", "summary": "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ." } ] }, { "value": "Club affiliation", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Casey Demons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Casey_Demons", "summary": "The Casey Football Club , nicknamed the Demons and formerly the Scorpions , is an Australian rules football club based in Cranbourne East , Victoria . The club , which was known until 2005 as the Springvale Football Club and the Casey Scorpions ( 2006-16 ) and was based in Springvale , currently plays in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) . It has a reserves affiliation with the Melbourne Football Club . The club changed its nickname to Demons prior to the 2017 season to strengthen its alliance with the Melbourne Football Club , also known as the Demons ." } ] }, { "value": "VFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victorian_Football_League", "summary": "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "North Melbourne Kangaroos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club", "summary": "The North Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Kangaroos or less formally the Roos , the Kangas or North , is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in North Melbourne , Victoria in 1869 , it is based at its traditional home ground , Arden Street Oval , and currently plays its home matches at both the nearby Docklands Stadium and Blundstone Arena in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's mascot is a grey kangaroo donning the club uniform , and its use dates from the mid-20th century . The club is also unofficially known as The Shinboners , a term which dates back to its 19th-century abattoir-worker origins . The club 's motto is Victoria amat curam , Latin for Victory Demands Dedication . Aside from their representation in the AFL , the Kangaroos also field teams in the following competitions ; AFL Women 's , VFL Women 's and Victorian Football League ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "North Melbourne Kangaroos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club", "summary": "The North Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Kangaroos or less formally the Roos , the Kangas or North , is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in North Melbourne , Victoria in 1869 , it is based at its traditional home ground , Arden Street Oval , and currently plays its home matches at both the nearby Docklands Stadium and Blundstone Arena in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's mascot is a grey kangaroo donning the club uniform , and its use dates from the mid-20th century . The club is also unofficially known as The Shinboners , a term which dates back to its 19th-century abattoir-worker origins . The club 's motto is Victoria amat curam , Latin for Victory Demands Dedication . Aside from their representation in the AFL , the Kangaroos also field teams in the following competitions ; AFL Women 's , VFL Women 's and Victorian Football League ." } ] }, { "value": "VFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victorian_Football_League", "summary": "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Port Adelaide Power", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club", "summary": "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Port Adelaide Magpies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club", "summary": "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ." } ] }, { "value": "SANFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SANFL", "summary": "The South Australian National Football League , or SANFL ( /ˈsænfəl/ or S-A-N-F-L ) , is an Australian rules football league based in the Australian state of South Australia . It is also the governing body for the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia . Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877 , the SANFL is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia and one of the oldest football competitions in the world , forming just a few years after the United Hospitals Challenge Cup ( 1874 ) , the oldest rugby football competition , and over a decade before The Football League , although later than the FA Cup ( soccer ) . Consisting of a single division competition , since 2014 the season has been an 18-round home-and-away ( regular ) season from April to September . The top five teams play-off in a final series culminating in the grand final for the Thomas Seymour Hill Premiership Trophy . The grand final had traditionally been held at Football Park in October , generally the week after the AFL Grand Final , though this was altered ahead of the 2014 season resulting in Adelaide Oval hosting the grand final in the penultimate weekend of September . The league owned the sub-licences for South Australia 's two AFL clubs - Adelaide Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club until March 2014 , when South Australian Football Commission reached an agreement with the Adelaide and Port Adelaide football clubs - endorsed by the AFL - which will see the two AFL licences transferred to the clubs in return for payments totalling more than $ 18 million . The league is also responsible for the management of all levels of football in the state . This includes junior football , country football , amateur football and specific programs rolled out across schools , indigenous communities ( including the APY Lands in the state 's north ) and newly arrived migrant communities . The SANFL owns Football Park , formerly the largest stadium in South Australia . The stadium , which opened in 1974 , was primarily used for Australian Football League matches up until 2013 and had a capacity of over 51,000 prior to being demolished . The stadium was the headquarters for the league from 1974-2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Richmond Tigers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club", "summary": "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Richmond Tigers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club_(VFL)", "summary": "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ." } ] }, { "value": "VFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victorian_Football_League", "summary": "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "St Kilda Saints", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club", "summary": "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ." } ] }, { "value": "Club affiliation", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sandringham Zebras", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sandringham_Football_Club", "summary": "The Sandringham Football Club , nicknamed The Zebras , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne which was formed in 1929 and plays in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) which was formerly called the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "VFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victorian_Football_League", "summary": "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Sydney Swans", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sydney_Swans", "summary": "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sydney Swans", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_East_Australian_Football_League", "summary": "The North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) is an Australian rules football league in New South Wales , Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory . The league was formed in November 2010 , and its inaugural competition was in 2011 . It is a second division league , sitting below the national Australian Football League ( AFL ) and features the reserves teams of the region 's four AFL clubs playing alongside six non-AFL affiliated NEAFL senior teams ." } ] }, { "value": "NEAFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_East_Australian_Football_League", "summary": "The North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) is an Australian rules football league in New South Wales , Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory . The league was formed in November 2010 , and its inaugural competition was in 2011 . It is a second division league , sitting below the national Australian Football League ( AFL ) and features the reserves teams of the region 's four AFL clubs playing alongside six non-AFL affiliated NEAFL senior teams ." } ] }, { "value": "West Coast Eagles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Coast_Football_Club", "summary": "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "West Coast Eagles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles", "summary": "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ." } ] }, { "value": "WAFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League", "summary": "The West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) is an Australian rules football league based in Perth , Western Australia . The WAFL is the third-most popular league in the nation , behind the nationwide Australian Football League ( AFL ) and South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . The league currently consists of ten teams , which play each other in a 20-round season usually lasting from March to September , with the top five teams playing off in a finals series , culminating in a Grand Final . The league also runs reserves , colts ( under-19 ) and womens competitions . The WAFL was founded in 1885 as the West Australian Football Association ( WAFA ) , and has undergone a variety of name changes since then , re-adopting its current name in 2001 . For most of its existence , the league was considered one of the traditional big three Australian rules football leagues , along with the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) and South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . However , since the introduction of two Western Australia-based clubs into the VFL ( later renamed the Australian Football League ) - the West Coast Eagles in 1987 and the Fremantle Football Club in 1995 - the popularity and standard of the league has decreased to the point where it is considered a feeder competition to the AFL . Although payments are made to players , it is generally considered to be a semi-professional competition . A salary cap of A $ 200,000 per club is in place . The league is currently affiliated with the two Western Australia-based AFL clubs . Players who are not selected to play with their respective AFL clubs instead play for allocated clubs in the WAFL . The competition is governed by the West Australian Football Commission , and based at Subiaco Oval ." } ] }, { "value": "Western Bulldogs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Footscray_Bulldogs", "summary": "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand-alone reserves team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Footscray Bulldogs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Footscray_Bulldogs_(VFL)", "summary": "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ." } ] }, { "value": "VFL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victorian_Football_League", "summary": "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Current affiliations", "section_text": "In the 2019 season , the eighteen Australian Football League clubs have the following reserves arrangements .", "uid": "Australian_Football_League_reserves_affiliations_0", "intro": "The Australian Football League stages the highest-level senior Australian rules football competition in the country. However, since the late 1980s, when the former Victorian Football League expanded interstate to become the modern Australian Football League, there has not been a league-wide reserves competition; and, since 2000, there has been no dedicated reserves competition of any kind. As a result, AFL-listed players who are not selected in their senior teams are made eligible to play in one of the second-tier state leagues: the Victorian Football League, South Australian National Football League, West Australian Football League, or North East Australian Football League. The system used to accommodate AFL-listed players within these leagues varies considerably from state to state." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoris_Crux_Silver", "title": "Honoris Crux Silver", "header": [ "Name", "Rank", "HCS no", "Date of action", "Unit", "Service Arm" ], "data": [ { "value": "Swanepoel , Pieter Arnoldus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cpl", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corporal", "summary": "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ." } ] }, { "value": "006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11 Nov 1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2 SAI BN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2_South_African_Infantry_Battalion", "summary": "2 South African Infantry Battalion is a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army ." } ] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Van Niekerk , Hermanus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2 Lt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Second_lieutenant", "summary": "Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank ." } ] }, { "value": "001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "23 Nov 1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14 Fd Rgt", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Wannenburg , Frederick Gerhardus †", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Killed_in_action", "summary": "Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived ." } ] }, { "value": "2 Lt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Second_lieutenant", "summary": "Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank ." } ] }, { "value": "003", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7 Dec 1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 Recce Rgt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1_Reconnaissance_Commando_(South_Africa)", "summary": "The 1 Reconnaissance Commando was the first South African special forces unit , founded by General Fritz Loots - the founder of the South African Special Forces , and the first General Officer Commanding of the South African Special Forces . He appointed 11 qualified paratroopers ( known as The Dirty Dozen , although they were made up of only 11 men ) as the founder members . Included in these 11 paratroopers was Jan Breytenbach , who was placed in command of the Founder Members by General Loots ." } ] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Piccione , Kevin Bruce", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tpr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Trooper_(rank)", "summary": "Trooper ( abbr . Tpr ) from the French troupier is the equivalent rank to private in a regiment with a cavalry tradition in the British Army and many other Commonwealth armies , including those of Australia , Canada , South Africa and New Zealand ; it is also used by the Irish Army . In the British Army the Royal Tank Regiment , although not a former cavalry unit also uses the term Trooper as do the Special Air Service and Honourable Artillery Company . Airtrooper ( Atpr ) is used in the Army Air Corps . Cavalry units are organized into squadrons , further divided into troops , hence a trooper is a member of a troop . Trooper can also be used colloquially to mean any cavalry soldier ( although not usually an officer ) . In the United States cavalry and airborne , trooper is a colloquialism that has traditionally been used not as a rank , but rather as a general term for any enlisted soldier . Cavalry Troopers are generally considered to be socially a cut above other soldiers . This distinction stems from the days when cavalry needed to supply their own horses and equipment , and so would need to be reasonably wealthy and a gentleman of sorts . In addition cavalry regiments were seen to be relatively fashionable and dashing , often having colourful or even garish uniforms ." } ] }, { "value": "004", "urls": [] }, { "value": "26 Dec 1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 SSB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Rawlins , Vincent R", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cpl", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corporal", "summary": "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ." } ] }, { "value": "005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 Jan 1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 SAI BN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/3_South_African_Infantry_Battalion", "summary": "3 South African Infantry Battalion is the Basic training unit of the South African Army ." } ] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Ward , William James Harold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "S Sgt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Staff_sergeant", "summary": "Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services ." } ] }, { "value": "002", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10 Mar 1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2 Recce Rgt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2_Reconnaissance_Commando_(South_Africa)", "summary": "2 Reconnaissance Regiment was the Active Citizen Force unit of the South African Special Forces . Its part-time service personnel formed part of the reserve component of the South African Defence Force ." } ] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Childs , Perry James", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant", "summary": "A lieutenant ( UK : /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ lef-TEN-ənt or US : /luːˈtɛnənt/ loo-TEN-ənt abbreviated Lt , LT , Lieut and similar ) is the second junior-most or in some cases the junior-most commissioned officer in the armed forces , fire services , police , and other organizations of many nations . The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries ( see comparative military ranks ) , but is often subdivided into senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant and even third lieutenant ) ranks . In navies it is often equivalent to the army rank of captain ; it may also indicate a particular post rather than a rank . The rank is also used in fire services , emergency medical services , security services and police forces . Lieutenant may also appear as part of a title used in various other organisations with a codified command structure . It often designates someone who is second-in-command , and as such , may precede the name of the rank directly above it . For example , a lieutenant master is likely to be second-in-command to the master in an organisation using both ranks . Political uses include lieutenant governor in various governments , and Quebec lieutenant in Canadian politics . In the United Kingdom , a lord lieutenant is the sovereign 's representative in a county or lieutenancy area , while a deputy lieutenant is one of the lord lieutenant 's deputies ." } ] }, { "value": "007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "27 Mar 1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17 Sqn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/17_Squadron_SAAF", "summary": "17 Squadron SAAF is a squadron of the South African Air Force . It is currently a transport/utility helicopter squadron ." } ] }, { "value": "SAAF", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Air_Force", "summary": "The South African Air Force ( SAAF ) is the air force of South Africa , with its headquarters in Pretoria . The South African Air Force was established on 1 February 1920 . The Air Force has seen service in World War II and the Korean War . From 1966 the SAAF was involved in providing infantry support in a low intensity war ( The Border War ) in Angola , South-West Africa ( Namibia ) and Rhodesia . As the war progressed , the intensity of air operations increased until in the late 1980s , the SAAF were compelled to fly fighter missions against Angolan aircraft in order to maintain tactical air superiority . On conclusion of the Border War in 1990 , aircraft numbers were severely reduced due to economic pressures as well as the cessation of hostilities with neighbouring states . Today the SAAF has a limited air combat capability and has been structured towards regional peace-keeping , disaster relief and maritime patrol operations . During the apartheid era , it was also known by its Afrikaans name of Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag ( SALM , lit . South African Air Force ) , a moniker which has since been depreciated ." } ] }, { "value": "Meerholz , Cornelius Alwyn Johannes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Capt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)", "summary": "The army rank of captain ( from the French capitaine ) is a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to the command of a company of soldiers . The rank is also used by some air forces and marine forces . Today , a captain is typically either the commander or second-in-command of a company or artillery battery ( or United States Army cavalry troop or Commonwealth squadron ) . In the Chinese People 's Liberation Army , a captain may also command a company , or be the second-in-command of a battalion . In NATO countries , the rank of captain is described by the code OF-2 and is one rank above an OF-1 ( lieutenant or first lieutenant ) and one below an OF-3 ( major or commandant ) . The rank of captain is generally considered [ by whom ? ] to be the highest rank a soldier can achieve while remaining in the field . In some militaries , such as United States Army and Air Force and the British Army , captain is the entry-level rank for officer candidates possessing a professional degree , namely , most medical professionals ( doctors , pharmacists , dentists ) and lawyers . In the U.S. Army , lawyers who are not already officers at captain rank or above enter as lieutenants during training , and are promoted to the rank of captain after completion of their training if they are in the active component , or after a certain amount of time , usually one year from their date of commission as a lieutenant , for the reserve components . The rank of captain should not be confused with the naval rank of captain or with the UK-influenced air force rank of group captain , both of which are equivalent to the army rank of colonel ." } ] }, { "value": "008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "28 Oct 1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 Recce Rgt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1_Reconnaissance_Commando_(South_Africa)", "summary": "The 1 Reconnaissance Commando was the first South African special forces unit , founded by General Fritz Loots - the founder of the South African Special Forces , and the first General Officer Commanding of the South African Special Forces . He appointed 11 qualified paratroopers ( known as The Dirty Dozen , although they were made up of only 11 men ) as the founder members . Included in these 11 paratroopers was Jan Breytenbach , who was placed in command of the Founder Members by General Loots ." } ] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Hogan , Leo Anthony", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rfn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rifleman", "summary": "A rifleman is an infantry soldier armed with a rifled long gun . Although the rifleman role had its origin with 16th century hand cannoneers and 17th century musketeers , the term originated in the 18th century with the introduction of the rifled musket . By the mid-19th century , entire regiments of riflemen were formed and became the mainstay of all standard infantry , and rifleman became a generic term for any common infantryman ." } ] }, { "value": "009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9 Nov 1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 Para Bn", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Costa , Feliciano", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rfn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rifleman", "summary": "A rifleman is an infantry soldier armed with a rifled long gun . Although the rifleman role had its origin with 16th century hand cannoneers and 17th century musketeers , the term originated in the 18th century with the introduction of the rifled musket . By the mid-19th century , entire regiments of riflemen were formed and became the mainstay of all standard infantry , and rifleman became a generic term for any common infantryman ." } ] }, { "value": "010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "23 Apr 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "32 Bn", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Breytenbach , Cornelius Noël", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cmdt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Commandant_(rank)", "summary": "Commandant ( /ˌkɒmənˈdɑːnt/ or /ˌkɒmənˈdænt/ ) is a military or police rank . In the French , Spanish , Irish and Monegasque armed forces it is a rank equivalent to major . In South Africa for most of the second half of the 20th century , commandant was a rank equivalent to lieutenant-colonel ." } ] }, { "value": "011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 Sep 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19 Sqn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/19_Squadron_SAAF", "summary": "19 Squadron SAAF is a current squadron of the South African Air Force operating as a transport/utility helicopter squadron . It was formed in 1939 as part of the Air Force airways Wing , flying transport aircraft but was disbanded after a few months . It was re-formed from No . 227 Squadron RAF in 1944 and disbanded again after the end of World war 2 . It was again re-established in 1970 as a helicopter squadron - a role which it still performs today ." } ] }, { "value": "SAAF", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Air_Force", "summary": "The South African Air Force ( SAAF ) is the air force of South Africa , with its headquarters in Pretoria . The South African Air Force was established on 1 February 1920 . The Air Force has seen service in World War II and the Korean War . From 1966 the SAAF was involved in providing infantry support in a low intensity war ( The Border War ) in Angola , South-West Africa ( Namibia ) and Rhodesia . As the war progressed , the intensity of air operations increased until in the late 1980s , the SAAF were compelled to fly fighter missions against Angolan aircraft in order to maintain tactical air superiority . On conclusion of the Border War in 1990 , aircraft numbers were severely reduced due to economic pressures as well as the cessation of hostilities with neighbouring states . Today the SAAF has a limited air combat capability and has been structured towards regional peace-keeping , disaster relief and maritime patrol operations . During the apartheid era , it was also known by its Afrikaans name of Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag ( SALM , lit . South African Air Force ) , a moniker which has since been depreciated ." } ] }, { "value": "Stannard , Richard John", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant", "summary": "A lieutenant ( UK : /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ lef-TEN-ənt or US : /luːˈtɛnənt/ loo-TEN-ənt abbreviated Lt , LT , Lieut and similar ) is the second junior-most or in some cases the junior-most commissioned officer in the armed forces , fire services , police , and other organizations of many nations . The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries ( see comparative military ranks ) , but is often subdivided into senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant and even third lieutenant ) ranks . In navies it is often equivalent to the army rank of captain ; it may also indicate a particular post rather than a rank . The rank is also used in fire services , emergency medical services , security services and police forces . Lieutenant may also appear as part of a title used in various other organisations with a codified command structure . It often designates someone who is second-in-command , and as such , may precede the name of the rank directly above it . For example , a lieutenant master is likely to be second-in-command to the master in an organisation using both ranks . Political uses include lieutenant governor in various governments , and Quebec lieutenant in Canadian politics . In the United Kingdom , a lord lieutenant is the sovereign 's representative in a county or lieutenancy area , while a deputy lieutenant is one of the lord lieutenant 's deputies ." } ] }, { "value": "012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "28 Jan 1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 Recce Rgt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1_Reconnaissance_Commando_(South_Africa)", "summary": "The 1 Reconnaissance Commando was the first South African special forces unit , founded by General Fritz Loots - the founder of the South African Special Forces , and the first General Officer Commanding of the South African Special Forces . He appointed 11 qualified paratroopers ( known as The Dirty Dozen , although they were made up of only 11 men ) as the founder members . Included in these 11 paratroopers was Jan Breytenbach , who was placed in command of the Founder Members by General Loots ." } ] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Lewer , Richard Campbell McNeillie", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Maj", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major", "summary": "Major is a military rank of commissioned officer status , with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world ." } ] }, { "value": "013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "23 Aug 1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8 Sqn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/8_Squadron_SAAF", "summary": "8 Squadron was a South African Air Force squadron during World War II and was again active between 1951 and 2001 . During this second period , it was designated at different times as either a Citizen Force or Permanent Force squadron and was disbanded on 31 March 2001 ." } ] }, { "value": "SAAF", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Air_Force", "summary": "The South African Air Force ( SAAF ) is the air force of South Africa , with its headquarters in Pretoria . The South African Air Force was established on 1 February 1920 . The Air Force has seen service in World War II and the Korean War . From 1966 the SAAF was involved in providing infantry support in a low intensity war ( The Border War ) in Angola , South-West Africa ( Namibia ) and Rhodesia . As the war progressed , the intensity of air operations increased until in the late 1980s , the SAAF were compelled to fly fighter missions against Angolan aircraft in order to maintain tactical air superiority . On conclusion of the Border War in 1990 , aircraft numbers were severely reduced due to economic pressures as well as the cessation of hostilities with neighbouring states . Today the SAAF has a limited air combat capability and has been structured towards regional peace-keeping , disaster relief and maritime patrol operations . During the apartheid era , it was also known by its Afrikaans name of Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag ( SALM , lit . South African Air Force ) , a moniker which has since been depreciated ." } ] }, { "value": "Botes , Christo Wilhelm", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sgt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sergeant", "summary": "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ." } ] }, { "value": "014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29 Dec 1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "AFB Ondangwa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SAAF", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Air_Force", "summary": "The South African Air Force ( SAAF ) is the air force of South Africa , with its headquarters in Pretoria . The South African Air Force was established on 1 February 1920 . The Air Force has seen service in World War II and the Korean War . From 1966 the SAAF was involved in providing infantry support in a low intensity war ( The Border War ) in Angola , South-West Africa ( Namibia ) and Rhodesia . As the war progressed , the intensity of air operations increased until in the late 1980s , the SAAF were compelled to fly fighter missions against Angolan aircraft in order to maintain tactical air superiority . On conclusion of the Border War in 1990 , aircraft numbers were severely reduced due to economic pressures as well as the cessation of hostilities with neighbouring states . Today the SAAF has a limited air combat capability and has been structured towards regional peace-keeping , disaster relief and maritime patrol operations . During the apartheid era , it was also known by its Afrikaans name of Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag ( SALM , lit . South African Air Force ) , a moniker which has since been depreciated ." } ] }, { "value": "Barnes , Leslie Edward", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sgt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sergeant", "summary": "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ." } ] }, { "value": "015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20 May 1983", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MRU", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SAAF", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Air_Force", "summary": "The South African Air Force ( SAAF ) is the air force of South Africa , with its headquarters in Pretoria . The South African Air Force was established on 1 February 1920 . The Air Force has seen service in World War II and the Korean War . From 1966 the SAAF was involved in providing infantry support in a low intensity war ( The Border War ) in Angola , South-West Africa ( Namibia ) and Rhodesia . As the war progressed , the intensity of air operations increased until in the late 1980s , the SAAF were compelled to fly fighter missions against Angolan aircraft in order to maintain tactical air superiority . On conclusion of the Border War in 1990 , aircraft numbers were severely reduced due to economic pressures as well as the cessation of hostilities with neighbouring states . Today the SAAF has a limited air combat capability and has been structured towards regional peace-keeping , disaster relief and maritime patrol operations . During the apartheid era , it was also known by its Afrikaans name of Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag ( SALM , lit . South African Air Force ) , a moniker which has since been depreciated ." } ] }, { "value": "Bantjes , Alexander Petrus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cpl", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corporal", "summary": "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ." } ] }, { "value": "016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19 Mar 1984", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MRU", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SAAF", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Air_Force", "summary": "The South African Air Force ( SAAF ) is the air force of South Africa , with its headquarters in Pretoria . The South African Air Force was established on 1 February 1920 . The Air Force has seen service in World War II and the Korean War . From 1966 the SAAF was involved in providing infantry support in a low intensity war ( The Border War ) in Angola , South-West Africa ( Namibia ) and Rhodesia . As the war progressed , the intensity of air operations increased until in the late 1980s , the SAAF were compelled to fly fighter missions against Angolan aircraft in order to maintain tactical air superiority . On conclusion of the Border War in 1990 , aircraft numbers were severely reduced due to economic pressures as well as the cessation of hostilities with neighbouring states . Today the SAAF has a limited air combat capability and has been structured towards regional peace-keeping , disaster relief and maritime patrol operations . During the apartheid era , it was also known by its Afrikaans name of Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag ( SALM , lit . South African Air Force ) , a moniker which has since been depreciated ." } ] }, { "value": "Hashomwenda , Dawie", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rfn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rifleman", "summary": "A rifleman is an infantry soldier armed with a rifled long gun . Although the rifleman role had its origin with 16th century hand cannoneers and 17th century musketeers , the term originated in the 18th century with the introduction of the rifled musket . By the mid-19th century , entire regiments of riflemen were formed and became the mainstay of all standard infantry , and rifleman became a generic term for any common infantryman ." } ] }, { "value": "017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6 Feb 1985", "urls": [] }, { "value": "101 Bn", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Van Zyl , Hendrik Gideon", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant", "summary": "A lieutenant ( UK : /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ lef-TEN-ənt or US : /luːˈtɛnənt/ loo-TEN-ənt abbreviated Lt , LT , Lieut and similar ) is the second junior-most or in some cases the junior-most commissioned officer in the armed forces , fire services , police , and other organizations of many nations . The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries ( see comparative military ranks ) , but is often subdivided into senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant and even third lieutenant ) ranks . In navies it is often equivalent to the army rank of captain ; it may also indicate a particular post rather than a rank . The rank is also used in fire services , emergency medical services , security services and police forces . Lieutenant may also appear as part of a title used in various other organisations with a codified command structure . It often designates someone who is second-in-command , and as such , may precede the name of the rank directly above it . For example , a lieutenant master is likely to be second-in-command to the master in an organisation using both ranks . Political uses include lieutenant governor in various governments , and Quebec lieutenant in Canadian politics . In the United Kingdom , a lord lieutenant is the sovereign 's representative in a county or lieutenancy area , while a deputy lieutenant is one of the lord lieutenant 's deputies ." } ] }, { "value": "018", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11 Feb 1985", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Spec Serv HQ", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SAMS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Military_Health_Service", "summary": "The South African Military Health Service is the branch of the South African National Defence Force responsible for medical facilities and the training and deployment of all medical personnel within the force . Though unusual , as most national militaries integrate their medical structures into their existing service branches , the SANDF regards this structure as being the most efficient method of providing care and support to the SANDF 's personnel . It is a significant actor in the effort to control HIV/AIDS within the SANDF ." } ] }, { "value": "Diedericks , André HC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Honoris_Crux_(1975)", "summary": "The Honoris Crux ( Cross of Honour ) of 1975 , post-nominal letters HC , is a military decoration for bravery which was instituted by the Republic of South Africa on 1 July 1975 . The decoration was awarded to members of the South African Defence Force for bravery in dangerous circumstances . It was the junior in a set of four Honoris Crux decorations in four classes , which together replaced the discontinued Honoris Crux of 1952 ." } ] }, { "value": "Maj", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major", "summary": "Major is a military rank of commissioned officer status , with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world ." } ] }, { "value": "019", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 Jun 1985", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Spec Forces HQ", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Steyn , Jacobus Frederik", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Maj", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major", "summary": "Major is a military rank of commissioned officer status , with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world ." } ] }, { "value": "020", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 Jan 1987", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NC Command", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SA Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_African_Army", "summary": "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Recipients", "section_text": "In respect of those recipients about whom it is available , the actions they were cited for follow below the table .", "uid": "Honoris_Crux_Silver_0", "intro": "The Honoris Crux Silver (Silver Cross of Honour), post-nominal letters HCS, is a military decoration for bravery which was instituted by the Republic of South Africa on 1 July 1975. It was awarded to members of the South African Defence Force for exceptional acts of bravery while in great danger. The Honoris Crux Silver was the third most senior in a set of four classes of Honoris Crux decorations, which together replaced the discontinued Honoris Crux of 1952." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup_records", "title": "FIBA Basketball World Cup records", "header": [ "Year", "Player", "Scoring Average" ], "data": [ { "value": "1950", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1950_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1950 FIBA World Championship , also called the 1st World Basketball Championship - 1950 , was an international basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Buenos Aires , Argentina , from 22 October to 3 November 1950 . Ten nations participated in the inaugural tournament . All competition was held at the Luna Park , Buenos Aires . Argentina claimed the gold medal , by beating the United States 64-50 ." } ] }, { "value": "Álvaro Salvadores", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Álvaro_Salvadores", "summary": "Álvaro Salvadores Salvi ( born 12 October 1928 in Chile - died 13 April 2002 in Cartagena de Indias , Colombia ) was a Chilean-Spaniard basketball player who competed at the 1950 FIBA World Championship in the Spain national team , and at the 1952 Summer Olympics , in the Chile . Salvadores was also Chile 's ambassador to Colombia , from 1986 to 1988 . One of his younger brothers , Luis Salvadores , was a basketball player ." } ] }, { "value": "13.8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1954", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1954_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1954 FIBA World Championship ( also called the 2nd World Basketball Championship - 1954 ) was an international basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Ginásio do Maracanãzinho , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil from October 23 to November 5 , 1954 . Twelve nations participated in the tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "Oscar Moglia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oscar_Moglia", "summary": "Oscar Aldo Moglia ( February 1 , 1935 - October 8 , 1989 ) was a basketball player from Uruguay . He was Jewish ." } ] }, { "value": "18.7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1959", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1959_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1959 FIBA World Championship was the 3rd FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . It hosted by Chile from January 16 to 31 , 1959 . Amaury Antônio Pasos was named the MVP . The hosting cities for the competition were Antofagasta , Concepción , Temuco , Valparaíso , with the final stages being held at the capital of Santiago . The final stages were supposed to be held at the newly constructed Metropolitan Indoor Stadium , but because the venue was not finished in time the games were postponed by a year from the original date and moved outdoors to the Estadio Nacional de Chile , configured in a way that the games were seen by a crowd of 16,000 ." } ] }, { "value": "James T. L. Chen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chen_Tsu-li", "summary": "Chen Tsu-li ( Chinese : 陳祖烈 ; pinyin : Chén Zǔliè [ citation needed ] ) , also known as James T. L. Chen is a Taiwanese former basketball player and coach ." } ] }, { "value": "20.1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1963", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1963_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1963 FIBA World Championship was the 4th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . The competition was hosted by Brazil . The Philippines was originally supposed to host the tournament but FIBA revoked hosting rights after the country refused to grant visas to players from communist countries . Brazil being the defending Champion and a previous host , fairly managed to re-host the Championship from May 12 to 25 , 1963 and won the 1st back to back title with just six ( 6 ) games by seeding the well-rested host team in the final round only ." } ] }, { "value": "Ricardo Duarte", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ricardo_Duarte", "summary": "Ricardo Duarte Mungi ( born February 9 , 1940 ) is a Peruvian former professional basketball player . Standing at 2.03 m ( 6 ' 8 ) tall , Duarte played at the center position . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players , in 1991 ." } ] }, { "value": "23.1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1967", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1967 FIBA World Championship was the 5th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . It was hosted by Montevideo , Uruguay from May 27 to June 11 , 1967 ." } ] }, { "value": "Mieczysław Łopatka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mieczysław_Łopatka", "summary": "Mieczysław Łopatka ( born 10 October 1939 ) is a Polish former professional basketball player and coach . At a height of 1.96 m ( 6 ' 5 ) tall , and a weight of 96 kg ( 212 lbs . ) , he played at the small forward position ." } ] }, { "value": "19.7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1970", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1970_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1970 FIBA World Championship was the 6th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . It was hosted by Yugoslavia at Bosnia Sarajevo , Croatia Split , Karlovac , Macedonia Skopje and Slovenia Ljubljana , from May 10 to 24 , 1970 . It was the first ever FIBA World Championship hosted outside South America ." } ] }, { "value": "Shin Dong-pa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shin_Dong-pa", "summary": "Shin Dong-pa ( Korean : 신동파 ; born September 2 , 1944 ) is a South Korean basketball coach , sports commentator , and former basketball player who competed at the men 's basketball tournaments at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics . He was also a member of the senior South Korean national team that won the gold medal at the 1969 FIBA Asian Cup . He also played with South Korea at the 1970 FIBA World Championship , where he finished as that tournament 's top scorer . Shin played primarily as a shooting guard , during his playing career . He is considered to be one of the best Asian basketball players of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "32.6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1974", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1974_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1974 FIBA World Championship was the 7th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . It was hosted by Puerto Rico from July 3 to 14 , 1974 ." } ] }, { "value": "Arturo Guerrero", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arturo_Guerrero", "summary": "Arturo Guerrero Moreno ( born 30 August 1948 ) is a Mexican former basketball player and coach . With Mexico 's senior national team , he played at two Summer Olympic Games ( 1968 Mexico City and 1976 Montreal ) . Due to his shooting ability , he was nicknamed Mano Santa ( Holy Hand ) . Along with Manolo Raga , he is generally considered to be one of the two best Mexican basketball players of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "27.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1978", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1978 FIBA World Championship was the 8th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . The tournament was hosted by Philippines from October 1 to 14 , 1978 . Rizal Memorial Coliseum at Manila and Araneta Coliseum at Quezon City ( both cities in Metro Manila ) , were the venues for the event ." } ] }, { "value": "Kamil Brabenec", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kamil_Brabenec_(basketball)", "summary": "Kamil Brabenec ( born 4 February 1951 ) is a retired Czech professional basketball player . At 6 ' 4 ( 1.93 m ) tall , he was a small forward . He is considered to be one of the best Czech basketball players of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "26.9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1982", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1982_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1982 FIBA World Championship was the 9th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . The tournament was hosted by Colombia from August 15 to 28 , 1982 ." } ] }, { "value": "Rolando Frazer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rolando_Frazer", "summary": "Rolando Frazer Thorne ( born July 3 , 1958 in Panama City , Panama ) is a former Panamanian professional basketball player . At a height of 6 ' 7 ( 2.01 m ) tall , he played at the power forward and center positions . He was an inaugural inductee of the Briar Cliff Athletic Hall of Fame , in 1991 ." } ] }, { "value": "24.4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1986", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1986_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1986 FIBA World Championship was the 10th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . It was hosted by Spain and was held from July 5 to 19 , 1986 . The Final phase of the tournament was held at the Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad , Madrid . They were classified as the official men 's basketball event of the 1986 Goodwill Games , held simultaneously in Moscow . This was the final tournament for West Germany , which did not participate in the next tournament prior to its unification with East Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "Nikos Galis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nikos_Galis", "summary": "Nikolaos Georgalis ( Greek : Νικόλαος Γεωργαλής ; born July 23 , 1957 ) , commonly known as either Nikos Galis ( Greek : Νίκος Γκάλης ) , or Nick Galis , is a retired Greek professional basketball player . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 , is an inaugural member of the FIBA Hall of Fame and was chosen as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors in 2008 . Galis is widely regarded as one of Europe 's greatest scorers to ever play the game , as well as one of the all-time greatest players in FIBA international basketball history . [ a ] In 2017 , he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Galis played the point guard position during his college basketball years at Seton Hall University , but turned into a shooting guard as a professional . He spent most of his career in Aris , before having a late stint with Panathinaikos . He is the EuroLeague 's all-time leader in points per game ( counting both FIBA Europe and Euroleague Basketball Company era games 1958 season-present ) , leading the competition in scoring eight times . In the premier European club scene , he reached the EuroLeague Final Four on four occasions , three consecutive times with Aris ( 1988 , 1989 , and 1990 ) , and another one with Panathinaikos ( 1994 ) . An eight-time Greek league champion , Galis is the Greek Championship 's unofficial all-time leading scorer , in both career points scored and career scoring average , counting all league formats ( since the 1963-64 season , official stats are recognized since the 1992-93 season ) . Galis led the senior Greek national team to a EuroBasket gold medal in 1987 , as well as to a EuroBasket silver medal in 1989 , earning the tournament MVP honor in 1987 , and being elected to the All-EuroBasket Team four times . Among his myriad accomplishments , he holds the EuroBasket record for highest career scoring average ( 31.2 points per game ) , and was the leading scorer of four EuroBasket tournaments in 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , and 1991 . In addition to that , he holds the FIBA World Championship/Cup record for highest career scoring average ( 33.5 points per game ) , as well as for most points ever scored in a single tournament , which he set at the 1986 FIBA World Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "33.7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1990", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1990_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1990 FIBA World Championship was the 11th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . It was hosted by Argentina from August 8 to August 20 , 1990 . The competition final phase was held at the Luna Park , Buenos Aires . Yugoslavia emerged as the tournament winner . This was the last World Championship in which the country participated before its dissolution . Likewise , the Soviet Union participated in its final tournament before its dissolution . This was the first ever FIBA World Championship ( now called FIBA Basketball World Cup ) tournament , in which non-American current NBA players that had also already played in an official regular season NBA game could participate ." } ] }, { "value": "Oscar Schmidt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oscar_Schmidt", "summary": "Oscar Daniel Bezerra Schmidt ( born February 16 , 1958 ) is a retired Brazilian professional basketball player . He is also known as Oscar Schmidt Bezerra in Spain , where he played for Fórum Valladolid for the 1993-94 and 1994-95 seasons , and simply Oscar , or Mão Santa ( Holy Hand ) , in his homeland . Schmidt played the small forward position , was 2.05 m ( 6 ft 8​3⁄4 in ) tall and weighed 107 kg ( 236 lbs ) . He was born in Natal , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil . He is considered to be the all-time leading scorer in the history of basketball , with 49,737 career points scored ( club play , plus national team play combined ) . He is also a record holder for the longest career span of a professional basketball player , and the top scorer in the history of the Summer Olympic Games . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . On August 20 , 2010 , Schmidt was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame , in recognition of his play in international competition . On September 8 , 2013 , Schmidt was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ." } ] }, { "value": "34.6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1994", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1994_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1994 FIBA World Championship was the 12th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . The tournament was hosted by Canada from August 4 to August 14 , 1994 . The tournament was held at SkyDome and Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto as well as at Copps Coliseum in Hamilton . The hosting duties were originally awarded to Belgrade , Yugoslavia , but after United Nations limited participation in sporting events in Yugoslavia , Toronto stepped in as a replacement option in 1992 . The 1994 FIBA World Championship was the first time that the FIBA World Championship ( now called FIBA Basketball World Cup ) allowed current American NBA players that had already played in an official NBA regular season game to participate . Prior to that only professionals from other leagues were allowed to compete , since players from other leagues were still considered amateurs . The tournament was won by the United States 's Dream Team II , who beat Russia 137-91 in the Final . The United States finished with a perfect 8-0 record ( 8 wins and 0 losses ) . The bronze medal was won by Croatia who beat Greece 78-60 in the bronze-medal game ." } ] }, { "value": "Andrew Gaze", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrew_Gaze", "summary": "Andrew Barry Casson Gaze , AM ( born 24 July 1965 ) is an Australian former professional basketball player who played 22 seasons in the National Basketball League ( NBL ) with the Melbourne Tigers . He has been described as one of the greatest players Australia has ever produced . Gaze played every season for the Tigers between 1984 and 2005 , winning the league 's MVP award seven times and winning the scoring title 14 times . He also guided the Tigers to two NBL championships , in 1993 and 1997 , and was named an All-NBL first team member every year between 1986 and 2000 , a feat matched by no other player in NBL history . Gaze led the senior Australian national team , the Boomers , to five Summer Olympic Games - including as the flag bearer at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Olympics , and he was also the Australian Team Captain . He was inducted into the Australian Basketball Hall of Fame in 2004 , and the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 2005 , after becoming a member of the Order of Australia in 2002 . In 2013 , he joined his father , Lindsay , in the FIBA Hall of Fame , to become just the third Australian inductee . Two Australian basketball awards have been named in Gaze 's honour : the NBL MVP award is named the Andrew Gaze Trophy , and the Australian International Player of the Year award is named the Gaze Medal ." } ] }, { "value": "23.9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1998", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1998_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 1998 FIBA World Championship was the 13th FIBA World Championship , an international basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation and hosted in Greece from 29 July to 9 August 1998 . The tournament was contested by 16 nations and the matches were played in two venues in Athens and Piraeus . Because of the National Basketball Association lockout and unlike in the previous championship , the USA Basketball Association was unable to send a team composed of NBA players , thus causing the American national team roster consisting of professional basketball players playing in Europe and two college players . The tournament was won by FR Yugoslavia , in their first participation after the breakup of Yugoslavia , defeating Russia in the final 64-62 ." } ] }, { "value": "Alberto Herreros", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alberto_Herreros", "summary": "Alberto Herreros Ros ( born 20 April 1969 ) is a retired Spanish professional basketball player . He is considered to be one of the best Spanish basketball players and shooters of all-time . At a height of 2.00 m ( 6 ' 6 ​3⁄4 ) tall , he played at the small forward position . He played with Estudiantes and Real Madrid . He still works for Real Madrid basketball ." } ] }, { "value": "17.9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2002", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2002_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 2002 FIBA World Championship was the 14th FIBA World Championship , the international world championship for men 's basketball teams . The tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States from August 29 to September 8 , 2002 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dirk Nowitzki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dirk_Nowitzki", "summary": "Dirk Werner Nowitzki ( German pronunciation : [ ˈdɪʁk ˈvɛʁnɐ noˈvɪtski ] ) ( born June 19 , 1978 ) is a German retired professional basketball player . An alumnus of the DJK Würzburg basketball club , Nowitzki was chosen as the ninth pick in the 1998 NBA draft by the Milwaukee Bucks and was immediately traded to the Dallas Mavericks , where he played his entire 21-year National Basketball Association ( NBA ) career . Listed at 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) , Nowitzki is widely regarded as one of the greatest power forwards of all time and he is considered by many to be the greatest European player of all time . Nowitzki led the Mavericks to 15 NBA playoff appearances ( 2001-2012 ; 2014-2016 ) , including the franchise 's first Finals appearance in 2006 and its only NBA championship in 2011 . Known for his scoring ability , his versatility , his accurate outside shooting , and his trademark fadeaway jump shot , Nowitzki won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in 2007 and the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in 2011 . Nowitzki is the only player ever to play for a single NBA franchise for 21 seasons . He is a 14-time All-Star , a 12-time All-NBA Team member , the first European player to start in an All-Star Game , and the first European player to receive the NBA Most Valuable Player Award . Nowitzki is the highest-scoring foreign-born player in NBA history . He is the first Maverick voted onto an All-NBA Team and holds several all-time Mavericks franchise records . On December 10 , 2012 , he became the first non-American player to receive the Naismith Legacy Award . Following his retirement , Nowitzki stood sixth on the list of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders . In international play , Nowitzki led the German national basketball team to a bronze medal in the 2002 FIBA World Championship and silver in EuroBasket 2005 , and was the leading scorer and MVP in both tournaments ." } ] }, { "value": "24.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2006", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2006_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 2006 FIBA World Championship was the 15th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship for men 's teams . The tournament was hosted by Japan and held from August 19 to September 3 , 2006 . It was co-organised by the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) , Japan Basketball Association ( JABBA ) and the 2006 Organizing Committee . For the first time since 1986 , the World Championship was contested by 24 nations , eight more than in 2002 . As a result , group rounds were conducted in four cities , with the knockout rounds being hosted by Saitama City . The tournament was won by Spain , who , in the championship final , beat Greece , 70-47 , to finish the tournament having won all nine games played . For Spain , it was a record breaking performance at the FIBA World Championship and something the country had never seen before . It was the first time Spain had won Gold in the FIBA World Championship along with it being the first time Spain had won a medal at the FIBA world championship . Pau Gasol also became the first Spaniard to win the MVP award . It was the first time a country has won all nine of its games since 1994 when the United States won all nine games and took the gold medal home . The bronze medal was won by the United States , who defeated Argentina , 96-81 , in the third place game , after a crushing loss by Greece . Up to 2014 , including the 2014 tournament , it has been the only tournament where neither Yugoslavia or the USA have reached the final until 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "Yao Ming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yao_Ming", "summary": "Yao Ming ( Chinese : 姚明 ; born September 12 , 1980 ) is a Chinese basketball executive and retired professional basketball player who played for the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA ) and the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was selected to start for the Western Conference in the NBA All-Star Game eight times , and was named to the All-NBA Team five times . At the time of his final season , he was the tallest active player in the NBA , at 2.29 m ( 7 ft 6 in ) . He is the only player from outside of the United States to lead the NBA in All-Star votes . Yao , who was born in Shanghai , started playing for the Shanghai Sharks as a teenager , and played on their senior team for five years in the Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA ) , winning a championship in his final year . After negotiating with the CBA and the Sharks to secure his release , Yao was selected by the Houston Rockets as the first overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft . He reached the NBA Playoffs four times , and the Rockets won the first-round series in the 2009 postseason , their first playoff series victory since 1997 . In July 2011 , Yao announced his retirement from professional basketball because of a series of foot and ankle injuries which forced him to miss 250 games in his last six seasons . In eight seasons with the Rockets , Yao ranks sixth among franchise leaders in total points and total rebounds , and second in total blocks . Yao is one of China 's best-known athletes , with sponsorships with several major companies . His rookie year in the NBA was the subject of a documentary film , The Year of the Yao , and he co-wrote , along with NBA analyst Ric Bucher , an autobiography titled Yao : A Life in Two Worlds . Known in China as the Yao Ming Phenomenon and in the United States as the Ming Dynasty , Yao 's success in the NBA , and his popularity among fans , made him a symbol of a new China that was both more modern and more confident ." } ] }, { "value": "25.3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2010_FIBA_World_Championship", "summary": "The 2010 FIBA World Championship was the 16th FIBA World Championship , the international basketball world championship contested by the men 's national teams . The tournament ran from August 28 to September 12 , 2010 . It was co-organized by the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) , Turkish Basketball Federation and the 2010 Organizing Committee . It was considered as prestigious a competition as the Olympic Basketball Tournament . The tournament was hosted by Turkey . For the third time ( after the 1986 and 2006 tournaments ) , the World Championship had 24 competing nations . As a result , the group stage games were played in four cities , and the knockout round was hosted by Istanbul . The United States won the tournament for their fourth time after going undefeated in the Opening Round and beating host Turkey in the final . The draw for the Championship took place on December 15 , 2009 in Istanbul . Teams were drawn into four preliminary round groups of six teams each . Teams first played a round-robin schedule , with the top sixteen teams advancing to the knockout stage ." } ] }, { "value": "Luis Scola", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luis_Scola", "summary": "Luis Alberto Scola Balvoa ( born April 30 , 1980 ) is an Argentine professional basketball player for Olimpia Milano of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) and EuroLeague . A three-time All-EuroLeague selection with Tau Ceramica , he signed with the Houston Rockets in 2007 , and was voted to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . Later on , he played for the Phoenix Suns , Indiana Pacers , Toronto Raptors and Brooklyn Nets . Scola has been a regular member of the Argentina national team since 1999 , that won an Olympic gold team medal in 2004 , and a bronze team medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics . He was honored as the national flag bearer at the 2016 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "27.1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2014_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup", "summary": "The 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup was the 17th edition of the FIBA Basketball World Cup , the tournament previously known as the FIBA World Championship . Hosted by Spain , it was the last tournament to be held on the then-current four-year cycle . The next FIBA World Cup was held five years later , in 2019 , to reset the four-year-cycle on a different year than the FIFA World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "J. J. Barea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/J._J._Barea", "summary": "José Juan J. J. Barea Mora ( born June 26 , 1984 ) is a Puerto Rican professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Northeastern University before joining the Mavericks in 2006 and becoming only the seventh Puerto Rican to play in the NBA . He went on to win an NBA championship with the Mavericks in 2011 before signing with the Minnesota Timberwolves , where he played for the next three seasons . He has also played in the NBA Development League and the Baloncesto Superior Nacional . Barea was a member of the Puerto Rican national team that won the gold medal in the 2006 and 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games . He was the starting point guard for Puerto Rico when they won the gold medal in the 2011 Pan American Games and the silver medal in the 2007 Pan American Games ." } ] }, { "value": "22.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2019", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2019_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup", "summary": "The 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup was the 18th tournament of the FIBA Basketball World Cup for men 's national basketball teams . The tournament was hosted in China and was rescheduled from 2018 to 2019 , becoming the first since 1967 that did not occur in the same year as the FIFA World Cup ( which was held the previous year ) . The tournament expanded from 24 to 32 teams . The tournament also served as qualification for the 2020 Summer Olympics , which took the top two teams from each of the Americas and Europe , and the top team from each of Africa , Asia and Oceania , alongside the tournament 's host Japan . Montenegro and the Czech Republic each made their first appearance as independent nations after previously being part of Serbia and Montenegro and Czechoslovakia respectively , while Poland marked its return to the FIBA Basketball World Cup for the first time since 1967 . The defending champions , the United States , experienced their worst result at a World Cup , losing to France in the quarter-finals and Serbia in the subsequent classification game . The United States ' previous worst result was sixth place in 2002 . This was the first World Cup at which all three of the historically most successful teams ( United States , Serbia/Yugoslavia and Russia/Soviet Union ) failed to reach the semi-finals . Spain captured their second title after beating Argentina in the final by 95-75 . For Spain , this was the second time that it reaches a World Cup final , winning both , while for Argentina it meant the second defeat in a WC final . France went on to win the bronze medal for the second consecutive time after defeating Australia 67-59 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ra Gun-ah", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ricardo_Ratliffe", "summary": "Ricardo Preston Ratliffe or Ra Gun-ah ( born February 20 , 1989 ) is an American-born South Korean basketball player for Ulsan Mobis Phoebus of the Korean Basketball League ( KBL ) and the South Korea national basketball team . Ratliffe played collegiately at the University of Missouri ." } ] }, { "value": "23.0", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup_records_0", "intro": "FIBA Basketball World Cup records are the records attained throughout the history of the FIBA Basketball World Cup." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history", "title": "Minnesota Vikings draft history", "header": [ "Round", "Pick #", "Overall", "Name", "Position", "College" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anthony Barr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anthony_Barr_(American_football)", "summary": "Anthony Barr ( born March 18 , 1992 ) is an American football outside linebacker for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at UCLA from 2010 to 2013 , where he was a consensus All-American in 2013 . He was drafted by the Vikings in the first round , ninth overall of the 2014 NFL Draft . Barr was an offensive player his first two years at UCLA , playing running back , wide receiver and tight end . He struggled as a running back , and switched to linebacker during his junior year , at which position he was named a first team All-Pac-12 selection and to the CBSSports.com All-America second team . As a senior Barr received the Lott IMPACT Award after leading the team in sacks . In 2014 , Barr 's first season playing professional football in the NFL , he was named NFC Defensive Player of the Week for Week 8 and selected for the Pro Football Focus All-NFC North Team . His rookie season was cut short due to a knee injury . Barr has since made four consecutive Pro Bowl appearances ( 2015-2018 ) . In the spring of 2019 , he signed a five-year extension of his contract with the Vikings ." } ] }, { "value": "Linebacker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "UCLA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_football", "summary": "The UCLA Bruins football program represents the University of California , Los Angeles , in college football as members of the Pac-12 Conference at the NCAA Division I FBS level . The Bruins have enjoyed several periods of success in their history , having been ranked in the top ten of the AP Poll at least once in every decade since the poll began in the 1930s . Their first major period of success came in the 1950s , under head coach Henry Russell Sanders . Sanders led the Bruins to the Coaches ' Poll national championship in 1954 , three conference championships , and an overall record of 66-19-1 in nine years . In the 1980s and 1990s , during the tenure of Terry Donahue , the Bruins compiled a 151-74-8 record , including 13 bowl games and an NCAA record eight straight bowl wins . The program has produced 28 first round picks in the NFL Draft , 30 consensus All-Americans , and multiple major award winners , including Heisman winner Gary Beban . The UCLA Bruins ' main rival is the USC Trojans . Chip Kelly became head coach in 2018 . The Bruins were the Pac-12 Conference South Division champions for two years in a row and played Pac-12 Football Championship Games in both 2011 and 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "32", "urls": [] }, { "value": "32", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Teddy Bridgewater", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Teddy_Bridgewater", "summary": "Theodore Edmond Bridgewater Jr. ( born November 10 , 1992 ) is an American football quarterback for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at the University of Louisville , and was drafted in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings , with whom he made a Pro Bowl appearance ." } ] }, { "value": "Quarterback", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." } ] }, { "value": "Louisville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_football", "summary": "The Louisville Cardinals football team represents the University of Louisville in the sport of American football . The Cardinals compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "72", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scott Crichton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scott_Crichton_(American_football)", "summary": "Scott Crichton ( born October 30 , 1991 ) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Oregon State and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round , 72nd overall of the 2014 NFL Draft ." } ] }, { "value": "Defensive end", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defensive_end", "summary": "Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played ." } ] }, { "value": "Oregon State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers_football", "summary": "The Oregon State Beavers football team represents Oregon State University in NCAA Division I FBS college football . The team first fielded an organized football team in 1893 and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference 's North Division . Jonathan Smith has been the head coach since November 29 , 2017 . Their home games are played at Reser Stadium in Corvallis , Oregon ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "32", "urls": [] }, { "value": "96", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jerick McKinnon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jerick_McKinnon", "summary": "Jerick Deshun McKinnon ( born May 3 , 1992 ) is an American football running back for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Georgia Southern and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round of the 2014 NFL Draft ." } ] }, { "value": "Running back", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Georgia Southern", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Georgia_Southern_Eagles_football", "summary": "The Georgia Southern Eagles football program represents Georgia Southern University in football as part of the Sun Belt Conference under head coach Chad Lunsford . The Eagles have won six FCS ( I-AA ) national championships and have produced two Walter Payton Award winners . The Eagles first continuously fielded a football team in 1924 ; however , play was suspended for World War II and revived in 1981 . The Eagles competed as an FCS independent from 1984 until 1992 as the Eagles ' main conference at the time , the Trans America Athletic Conference ( now known as the Atlantic Sun Conference ) , did not sponsor football , and as a member of the Southern Conference from 1993 until 2013 , winning 10 SoCon championships . Georgia Southern joined the Sun Belt Conference upon transitioning to the FBS level in 2014 . The Eagles won the Sun Belt Conference championship outright in its first year as an FBS member . Georgia Southern 's main Sun Belt rival is Appalachian State ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "145", "urls": [] }, { "value": "David Yankey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_Yankey", "summary": "David Famiyekyi Yankey ( born January 18 , 1992 ) is an American football offensive guard who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Stanford , where he was a two-time consensus All-American . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fifth round , 145th overall of the 2014 NFL Draft ." } ] }, { "value": "Guard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)", "summary": "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ." } ] }, { "value": "Stanford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football", "summary": "The Stanford Cardinal football program represents Stanford University in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference 's North Division . Stanford has a highly successful football tradition . The team is currently known as the Cardinal , adopted prior to the 1982 season . Stanford was known as the Indians from 1930 to January 1972 , and the Cardinals from 1972 through 1981 . A student vote in December 1975 to change the nickname to Robber Barons was not approved by administrators . Stanford has fielded football teams every year since 1892 with a few exceptions . Like a number of other teams from the era concerned with violence in the sport , the school dropped football in favor of rugby from 1906 to 1917 . The school also did not field a team in 1918 ( due to World War I ) or in 1943 , 1944 , and 1945 ( due to World War II ) . The school participated in the first-ever Rose Bowl against Michigan in 1902 , in which they were routed 49-0 . Its annual Big Game against California is the oldest and most storied rivalry in the Pac-12 and western United States . The Cardinal also compete for the Legends Trophy against independent rival Notre Dame . The program has an all-time record of 657-467-49 for a winning percentage of .581 and has winning series records against all of its Pac-12 North rivals , except for the Washington Huskies , against whom they are tied 43-43-4 ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "182", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Antone Exum", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Antone_Exum", "summary": "Antone Chavez Exum Jr. ( born February 27 , 1991 ) is an American football safety who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Virginia Tech , and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2014 NFL Draft ." } ] }, { "value": "Cornerback", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cornerback", "summary": "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ." } ] }, { "value": "Virginia Tech", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football", "summary": "The Virginia Tech Hokies football team represents Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in the sport of American football . The Hokies compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference . They previously competed in the Big East . Their home games are played at Lane Stadium , located in Blacksburg , Virginia with a seating capacity of over 65,000 fans . Lane Stadium was [ when ? ] considered to be one of the loudest stadiums in the country , being voted number one in ESPN 's Top 20 Scariest Places to Play . Also , it was recognized in 2005 by Rivals.com as having the best home-field advantage in the country . It is currently the 31st largest stadium in college football . In 124 seasons , the Hokies have won over 700 games and appeared in 32 bowl games , including the 2000 BCS National Championship game . The Hokies currently rank 23rd among all Division I college football teams for most wins . With 25 consecutive bowl appearances , beginning in 1993 , the Hokies currently have the longest bowl game streak in the country recognized by the NCAA . The program has also claimed ten conference titles ( 2 South Atlantic , 1 Southern , 3 Big East & 4 ACC ) and produced eight All-Americans ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "184", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kendall James", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kendall_James", "summary": "Kendall James ( born June 29 , 1991 ) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2014 NFL Draft . He played college football at Maine ." } ] }, { "value": "Cornerback", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Maine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears_football", "summary": "The Maine Black Bears football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of Maine located in the U.S. state of Maine . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Colonial Athletic Association . Maine 's first football team was fielded in 1892 . The team plays its home games at the 8,419 seat Alfond Stadium in Orono , Maine ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "220", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shamar Stephen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamar_Stephen", "summary": "Shamar Irvin Stephen ( born February 25 , 1991 ) is an American football defensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Connecticut . He was drafted by the Vikings in the seventh round , 220th overall of the 2014 NFL Draft . He has also played for the Seattle Seahawks ." } ] }, { "value": "Defensive tackle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defensive_tackle", "summary": "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_football", "summary": "The UConn Huskies football team is a college football team that represents the University of Connecticut in the sport of American football . The team competes in NCAA Division I FBS as an Independent . Connecticut first fielded a team in 1896 , and participated in Division I-AA until 1999 . The Huskies began their two-year Division I-A transition period in 2000 , and became a full-fledged Division I-A team in 2002 . From 2000 to 2003 the team played as an independent . The school 's football team then joined the conference of its other sport teams , the Big East ( later named the American Athletic Conference ( the American ) in 2013 ) , taking effect in 2004 , through 2019 . In 2019 , UConn announced that the team would be leaving the American to play as an independent ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "223", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brandon Watts", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brandon_Watts", "summary": "Brandon Watts ( born January 21 , 1991 ) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Georgia Tech . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the seventh round , 223rd overall , of the 2014 NFL Draft ." } ] }, { "value": "Linebacker", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Georgia Tech", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football", "summary": "The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represents the Georgia Institute of Technology in the sport of American football . The Yellow Jackets team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Georgia Tech has fielded a football team since 1892 and , as of 2017 , has an all-time record of 735-502-43 ( a .591 winning percentage ) . The Yellow Jackets play in Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field in Atlanta , which has a capacity of 55,000 . One of the most successful college football programs over a long history , the Yellow Jackets have won four national championships across four different decades ( 1917 , 1928 , 1952 , 1990 ) as well as sixteen conference titles . Among the team 's former coaches are John Heisman , for whom the Heisman Trophy is named , and Bobby Dodd , for whom the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award and the school 's stadium are named . Heisman led the team to the most lopsided game in football history , 222-0 , and both Heisman and Dodd led Tech 's football team to national championships . Dodd also led the Jackets on their longest winning streak - 8 straight games - against the University of Georgia in Tech 's most time-endured rivalry , called Clean , Old-Fashioned Hate . For his part , Heisman led Georgia Tech to an undefeated 12-0-1 record in the Georgia Tech-Clemson football rivalry and what made it sting even more was that Heisman had previously coached Clemson . A number of successful collegiate and professional football players have also played for Tech . The program has 48 first-team All-Americans and over 150 alumni who have played in the NFL . Among the most lauded and most notable players the school has produced are Maxie Baughan , Calvin Johnson , Demaryius Thomas , Keith Brooking , Joe Hamilton , Joe Guyon , Pat Swilling and Billy Shaw ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "225", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jabari Price", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jabari_Price", "summary": "Jabari Price ( born August 31 , 1992 ) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent . He played college football at North Carolina . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the seventh round , 225th overall of the 2014 NFL Draft ." } ] }, { "value": "Cornerback", "urls": [] }, { "value": "North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football", "summary": "The North Carolina Tar Heels football team represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the sport of American football . The Tar Heels play in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . North Carolina has played in 34 bowl games in its history and won three Southern Conference championships and five Atlantic Coast Conference titles . Thirty Tar Heel players have been honored as first-team All-Americas on 38 occasions . Carolina had 32 All-Southern Conference selections when it played in that league until 1952 and since joining the ACC in 1953 , has had 174 first-team All-ACC choices . Since joining the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1953 , the team has won five conference championships , with the most recent title coming in 1980 . One very important contribution to the game of football by Carolina is the modern use of the forward pass ; they were the first college team to use the play in 1895 . Bob Quincy notes in his 1973 book They Made the Bell Tower Chime : John Heisman , a noted historian , wrote 30 years later that , indeed , the Tar Heels had given birth to the forward pass against the Bulldogs ( UGA ) . It was conceived to break a scoreless deadlock and give UNC a 6-0 win . The Tar Heels were in a punting situation and a Georgia rush seemed destined to block the ball . The punter , with an impromptu dash to his right , tossed the ball and it was caught by George Stephens , who ran 70 yards for a touchdown . The program has long been overshadowed by the school 's powerhouse men 's basketball team ." } ] } ], "section_title": "2014 NFL Draft", "section_text": "", "uid": "Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history_53", "intro": "This page is a list of the Minnesota Vikings NFL Draft selections. The first draft the Vikings participated in was the 1961 NFL Draft, in which they made Tommy Mason of Tulane their first ever selection." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Martin_County,_Minnesota", "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Martin County, Minnesota", "header": [ "", "Name on the Register", "Date listed", "Location", "City or town", "Description" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Orville P. and Sarah Chubb House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Orville_P._and_Sarah_Chubb_House", "summary": "The Orville P. and Sarah Chubb House is a historic house in Fairmont , Minnesota , United States . Built in 1867 , the Chubb House is the oldest residence standing in Fairmont , and the only surviving house known to have been built with brick from Fairmont 's first brickyard . It was the home of prominent homesteader Orville Chubb , who was the community 's first physician . The house is an example of a property associated with the early Yankee American development of southern Minnesota town sites . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for having local significance in the theme of exploration/settlement . It was nominated for its connections to the founding of Fairmont and for representing the Yankee settlement of southern Minnesota towns ." } ] }, { "value": "May 18 , 1995 ( # 95000616 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "209 Lake Ave. 43°39′13″N 94°27′55″W / 43.653652°N 94.465296°W / 43.653652 ; -94.465296 ( Orville P. and Sarah Chubb House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fairmont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fairmont,_Minnesota", "summary": "Fairmont is a city in and the county seat of Martin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 10,666 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Fairmont 's oldest surviving house , built in 1867 ; associated with the town 's founding and the broader settlement of southern Minnesota by New Englanders . Restored to period condition for tours and events", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fairmont Opera House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fairmont_Opera_House", "summary": "The Fairmont Opera House in Fairmont , Minnesota was built in 1901 . Frank A . Day , editor of the Fairmont Sentinel , prodded local businessmen to establish an opera house starting in 1899 . The Fairmont Opera House Company acquired the land in July , 1901 and began construction . The first grand opening was on February 11 , 1902 , with the opening show being The Chaperone performed by the Frank L. Perley Singing Comedians . From 1902 through 1912 , it housed a variety of events such as traveling stock companies , local talent shows , graduation ceremonies , musicals , conventions , and political meetings . In 1912 , W.L . Nicholas and Billy Hay became the managers , changed its name to the Haynic Theater , and began to show movies there . In 1926 , the house was remodeled to accommodate live stock companies , road shows , and movies . Billy Hay died in 1926 , and the opera house was rechristened the Nicholas Theatre , with a grand opening on July 27 , 1927 . The 1927 opening introduced an organ by Marr and Colton , complete with sound effects such as drums , a xylophone , car horns , horses ' hoof beats , cymbals , and other novelties . The Nicholas Theater was used exclusively as a movie house until 1980 ." } ] }, { "value": "July 2 , 1980 ( # 80004530 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Downtown Plaza and Blue Earth Ave. 43°39′07″N 94°27′43″W / 43.651944°N 94.461944°W / 43.651944 ; -94.461944 ( Fairmont Opera House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fairmont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fairmont,_Minnesota", "summary": "Fairmont is a city in and the county seat of Martin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 10,666 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "1901 theater , a well-preserved and longstanding venue for cultural and social events", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First Church of Christ , Scientist", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Red_Rock_Center_for_the_Arts", "summary": "Red Rock Center for the Arts is a historic structure located at 222 East Blue Earth Avenue , in Fairmont , Minnesota , United States . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 18 , 1988 as the First Church of Christ , Scientist . It is now owned by Martin County , which leases it to the Martin County Preservation Association . First Church of Christ , Scientist , Fairmont , was organized October 1 , 1891 , and the church edifice , designed by noted Minnesota architect , Harry Wild Jones was completed in 1898 . Sioux quartzite blocks quarried in Minnesota were used for the walls . The massive blocks are called red rocks because of their color and this gave rise to the present name of the building . In 1937 , First Church sold the building to the Christian Church of Fairmont which sold it in 1988 to a businessman . First Church of Christ , Scientist , Fairmont , had another church building built at 205 Albion Avenue ( between Tilden and Forest streets ) , which was designed by noted Chicago architect , Charles Draper Faulkner in the Colonial Revival style . That building is now the Lakeview Funeral Home . First Church of Christ , Scientist , Fairmont , is no longer in existence ." } ] }, { "value": "May 19 , 1988 ( # 88000594 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "222 Blue Earth Ave. , E. 43°39′07″N 94°27′35″W / 43.651947°N 94.459642°W / 43.651947 ; -94.459642 ( First Church of Christ , Scientist )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fairmont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fairmont,_Minnesota", "summary": "Fairmont is a city in and the county seat of Martin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 10,666 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "1898 church noted for its Richardsonian Romanesque design by Harry Wild Jones and the unusual emergence of a Christian Science congregation in a small town soon after the movement 's founding . Now the Red Rock Center for the Arts", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque", "summary": "Richardsonian Romanesque is a style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after architect Henry Hobson Richardson ( 1838-1886 ) . The revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French , Spanish and Italian Romanesque characteristics . Richardson first used elements of the style in his Richardson Olmsted Complex in Buffalo , New York , designed in 1870 . Multiple architects followed in this style in the late 1800s ; Richardsonian Romanesque later influenced modern styles of architecture as well ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Harry_Wild_Jones", "summary": "Harry Wild Jones ( June 9 , 1859 - September 25 , 1935 ) was a popular Minneapolis , Minnesota-based architect who designed throughout the country and the world . Born two years before the start of the American Civil War , Jones , a twelfth generation New Englander , took his place on the American architectural stage in the late 19th century . His life spanned seventy-six dynamic years , during a period of U.S. history that matched his exuberant , spirited personality . Known as an architect adept at any design technique , Jones is credited with introducing Shingle Style architecture to Minneapolis . He created an impressive portfolio from neoclassic to eclectic , reflecting his unique brand of versatility and creativity ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Christian_Science", "summary": "Christian Science is a set of beliefs and practices belonging to the metaphysical family of new religious movements . [ n 2 ] It was developed in 19th-century New England by Mary Baker Eddy , who argued in her 1875 book Science and Health that sickness is an illusion that can be corrected by prayer alone . [ n 3 ] The book became Christian Science 's central text , along with the Bible , and by 2001 had sold over nine million copies . Eddy and 26 followers were granted a charter in 1879 to found the Church of Christ , Scientist , and in 1894 the Mother Church , The First Church of Christ , Scientist , was built in Boston , Massachusetts . Christian Science became the fastest growing religion in the United States , with nearly 270,000 members there by 1936 , a figure that had declined by 1990 to just over 100,000 , and by 2009 reportedly to under 50,000 . The church is known for its newspaper , The Christian Science Monitor , which won seven Pulitzer Prizes between 1950 and 2002 , and for its public Reading Rooms around the world . [ n 4 ] Eddy described Christian Science as a return to primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing . There are key differences between Christian Science theology and that of traditional Christianity . In particular , adherents subscribe to a radical form of philosophical idealism , believing that reality is purely spiritual and the material world an illusion . This includes the view that disease is a mental error rather than physical disorder , and that the sick should be treated not by medicine but by a form of prayer that seeks to correct the beliefs responsible for the illusion of ill health . The church does not require that Christian Scientists avoid all medical care - adherents use dentists , optometrists , obstetricians , physicians for broken bones , and vaccination when required by law - but maintains that Christian-Science prayer is most effective when not combined with medicine . Between the 1880s and 1990s , the avoidance of medical treatment led to the deaths of several adherents and their children ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fox Lake Site", "urls": [] }, { "value": "April 8 , 1994 ( # 94000339 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Weber Island in Fox Lake 43°40′40″N 94°43′12″W / 43.677778°N 94.720000°W / 43.677778 ; -94.720000 ( Fox Lake Site )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fox_Lake_(Martin_County,_Minnesota)", "summary": "Fox Lake is a lake in Martin County , Minnesota , in the United States . Fox Lake is the English translation of the Native American name ." } ] }, { "value": "Sherburn vicinity", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sherburn,_Minnesota", "summary": "Sherburn is a city in Martin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,137 at the 2010 census . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated 2018 population is 1,093 . Interstate 90 and Minnesota State Highway 4 are two of the main arterial routes in the city . In 1988 , Sherburn consolidated with neighboring Trimont and Welcome schools to form the Martin County West School District . In 1999 , Sherburn combined its Police Department , with nearby Welcome . The Department is currently known as the Sherburn/Welcome Police Department ." } ] }, { "value": "First prehistoric habitation site in southwest Minnesota excavated by professional archaeologists , and the type site for the region 's early Woodland Period phase", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Type_site", "summary": "In archaeology a type site ( also known as a type-site or typesite ) is a site that is considered the model of a particular archaeological culture . For example , the type site of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A culture is Jericho , in the West Bank . A type site is also often the eponym ( the site after which the culture is named ) . For example , the type site of the pre-Celtic/Celtic Bronze Age Hallstatt culture is the lakeside village of Hallstatt , Austria . In geology the term is used similarly for a site considered to be typical of a particular rock formation etc . A type site contains artifacts , in an assemblage , that are typical of that culture . Type sites are often the first or foundational site discovered about the culture they represent . The use of this term is therefore similar to that of the specimen type in biology ( see biological types ) or locus typicus ( type locality ) in geology ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Woodland_Period", "summary": "In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America , the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America , with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period , from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period . The term Woodland Period was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter-gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures . The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region , the Eastern United States , along to the Gulf of Mexico . This period is variously considered a developmental stage , a time period , a suite of technological adaptations or traits , and a family tree of cultures related to earlier Archaic cultures . It can be characterized as a chronological and cultural manifestation without any massive changes in a short time but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools , leather crafting , textile manufacture , cultivation , and shelter construction . Many Woodland peoples used spears and atlatls until the end of the period , when they were replaced by bows and arrows ; however , Southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns . The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery ( although pottery manufacture had arisen during the Archaic period in some places ) , and the diversification of pottery forms , decorations , and manufacturing practices . The increasing use of horticulture and the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex , consisting of weedy seed plants as well as gourd cultivation , also meant that groups became less mobile over time and , in some times and places , people lived in permanently occupied villages and cities . Intensive agriculture characterizes the Mississippian period from c. 1000-1400 CE and may have continued up to European contact , around 500 years ago ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Martin County Courthouse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martin_County_Courthouse_(Minnesota)", "summary": "The Martin County Courthouse is located at 201 Lake Avenue Fairmont , Martin County in the U.S. state of Minnesota . It is a Beaux Arts building featuring a high copper dome with four clock faces . The first floor was made out of Michigan sandstone . The second and third stories are built of Bedford limestone . The arched entrance is flanked by polished double Corinthian order columns and topped by a pediment . The building was designed by Charles E. Bell and built by J . B. Nelson for $ 125,000 during 1906-1907 . Interior murals of figures representing Peace , War , Inspiration , Genius , Sentence , and The Execution were painted by Franz E. Rohrbeck of Milwaukee . Interior finishing includes marble countertops , metalwork , and stained glass ." } ] }, { "value": "September 22 , 1977 ( # 77000755 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "201 Lake Ave. 43°39′11″N 94°27′54″W / 43.652952°N 94.464993°W / 43.652952 ; -94.464993 ( Martin County Courthouse )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fairmont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fairmont,_Minnesota", "summary": "Fairmont is a city in and the county seat of Martin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 10,666 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Courthouse built 1906-7 , exemplifying the Renaissance / Baroque Revival influence on turn-of-the-20th-century public buildings through its design by architect Charles E. Bell and its interior artwork", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture", "summary": "Renaissance Revival architecture ( sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance ) is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation Renaissance architecture nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Renaissance humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid- and later nineteenth century : Neo-Renaissance might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called Italianate , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) . The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets - all deemed Renaissance - illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture", "summary": "The Baroque Revival , also known as Neo-Baroque ( or Second Empire architecture in France and Wilhelminism in Germany ) , was an architectural style of the late 19th century . The term is used to describe architecture and architectural sculptures which display important aspects of Baroque style , but are not of the original Baroque period . Elements of the Baroque architectural tradition were an essential part of the curriculum of the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , the pre-eminent school of architecture in the second half of the 19th century , and are integral to the Beaux-Arts architecture it engendered both in France and abroad . An ebullient sense of European imperialism encouraged an official architecture to reflect it in Britain and France , and in Germany and Italy the Baroque Revival expressed pride in the new power of the unified state ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Charles_E._Bell", "summary": "Charles Emlen Bell ( 1858-1932 ) , often known as C.E . Bell , was an American architect of Council Bluffs , Iowa and Minneapolis , Minnesota . He worked alone and in partnership with John H. Kent and Menno S. Detweiler . He also worked as part of Bell , Tyrie and Chapman . A number of his works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sherburn Commercial Historic District", "urls": [] }, { "value": "August 3 , 1987 ( # 87001303 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Main St. , N. , between Front and 2nd Sts . 43°39′13″N 94°43′39″W / 43.653483°N 94.727546°W / 43.653483 ; -94.727546 ( Sherburn Commercial Historic District )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sherburn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sherburn,_Minnesota", "summary": "Sherburn is a city in Martin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,137 at the 2010 census . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated 2018 population is 1,093 . Interstate 90 and Minnesota State Highway 4 are two of the main arterial routes in the city . In 1988 , Sherburn consolidated with neighboring Trimont and Welcome schools to form the Martin County West School District . In 1999 , Sherburn combined its Police Department , with nearby Welcome . The Department is currently known as the Sherburn/Welcome Police Department ." } ] }, { "value": "Two-block downtown historic district representing turn-of-the-20th-century commercial architecture and Sherburn 's emergence as a railroad-based trade center , with 15 buildings constructed 1898-1908", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "United States Post Office", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 12 , 2008 ( # 08000403 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "51-55 Downtown Plaza 43°39′08″N 94°27′43″W / 43.652346°N 94.462059°W / 43.652346 ; -94.462059 ( United States Post Office )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fairmont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fairmont,_Minnesota", "summary": "Fairmont is a city in and the county seat of Martin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 10,666 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "1926 federal post office that transformed local life by facilitating the shipment of agricultural products and mail-order goods via parcel post , and by anchoring a new business district in Fairmont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Parcel_post", "summary": "Parcel post is a postal service for mail that is too heavy for normal letter post . It is usually slower than letter post . The development of the parcel post is closely connected with the development of the railway network which enabled parcels to be carried in bulk , to a regular schedule and at economic prices . Today many parcels also travel by road and international shipments may travel by sea or airmail ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "George Wohlheter House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "June 20 , 1975 ( # 75000994 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "320 Woodland Ave. 43°38′48″N 94°28′04″W / 43.646595°N 94.467781°W / 43.646595 ; -94.467781 ( George Wohlheter House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fairmont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fairmont,_Minnesota", "summary": "Fairmont is a city in and the county seat of Martin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 10,666 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Fairmont 's most prominent residence , built in 1899 in transitional Queen Anne / Neoclassical architecture", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States", "summary": "In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture", "summary": "Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Current listings", "section_text": "Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX", "uid": "National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Martin_County,_Minnesota_0", "intro": "This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Martin County, Minnesota. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Martin County, Minnesota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 8 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delta_Sigma_Theta_chapters", "title": "List of Delta Sigma Theta chapters", "header": [ "Name", "Chartered", "Institution", "Location" ], "data": [ { "value": "Sigma Alpha", "urls": [] }, { "value": "November 21 , 1993", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of North Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_North_Florida", "summary": "The University of North Florida ( UNF ) is a public university in Jacksonville , Florida . It is part of the State University System of Florida and is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award baccalaureate , masters , and doctorate degrees . Its campus comprises 1,300 acres amid a natural preserve on Jacksonville 's Southside . The current president is David Szymanski . UNF was established in 1965 and began offering classes in 1972 . UNF was initially designated an upper division college for juniors and seniors . It began admitting freshmen in 1984 . UNF is organized into five colleges which offer 53 undergraduate degree programs , 28 graduate degree programs and 7 doctoral degree programs , with noted business , coastal biology , nursing , nutrition , and music programs . Doctoral programs offered through the Brooks College of Health at UNF include the doctorate in clinical nutrition , BSN-DNP in family nurse practitioner , BSN-DNP in nurse anesthesiology , post-MSN doctor of nursing practice , post-MSN doctor of nursing practice in psych-mental health , and doctor of physical therapy . The College of Education and Human Services offers the specialist degree in educational leadership and the doctorate of education in educational leadership . Most students reside off campus , though there are six areas of on-campus housing . In 2006 , the Social Sciences building became the first facility to be LEED-certified in northeast Florida , as well as the first green building on campus ." } ] }, { "value": "Jacksonville , Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida", "summary": "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida as well as the southeastern United States , and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . It is the seat of Duval County , with which the city government consolidated in 1968 . Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits . As of 2018 , Jacksonville 's population was estimated to be 903,889 . The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,523,615 and is the fourth largest metropolitan area in Florida . Jacksonville is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River in the First Coast region of northeast Florida , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the Georgia state line and 328 miles ( 528 km ) north of Miami . The Jacksonville Beaches communities are along the adjacent Atlantic coast . The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people , and in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline , one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the continental United States . Under British rule , a settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed , known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British . A platted town was established there in 1822 , a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain ; it was named after Andrew Jackson , the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States . Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port . Its riverine location facilitates Naval Station Mayport , Naval Air Station Jacksonville , the U.S. Marine Corps Blount Island Command , and the Port of Jacksonville , Florida 's third largest seaport ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Beta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "February 19 , 1994", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Davenport University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Davenport_University", "summary": "Davenport University is a private , not for profit , university with campuses throughout Michigan and online . It was founded in 1866 by Conrad Swensburg and currently offers associate 's , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees ; diplomas ; and post-grad certification programs in business , technology , health professions , and graduate studies ( MBA ) . Davenport 's W.A . Lettinga Main Campus is in Grand Rapids , Michigan . The main campus includes student organizations , residence halls , and athletic programs ." } ] }, { "value": "Grand Rapids , Michigan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan", "summary": "Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan and the largest city in West Michigan . It is on the Grand River about 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Lake Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 188,040 . In 2010 , the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648 , and the combined statistical area of Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland had a population of 1,321,557 . Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County . A historic furniture-manufacturing center , Grand Rapids is home to five of the world 's leading office furniture companies , and is nicknamed Furniture City . Other nicknames include River City and more recently , Beer City ( the latter given by USA Today and adopted by the city as a brand ) . The city and surrounding communities are economically diverse , based in the health care , information technology , automotive , aviation , and consumer goods manufacturing industries , among others . Grand Rapids is the childhood home of U.S. President Gerald Ford , who is buried with his wife Betty on the grounds of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in the city . The city 's main airport and one of its freeways are also named after him ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Delta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "October 15 , 1992", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Missouri University of Science and Technology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Missouri_University_of_Science_and_Technology", "summary": "Missouri S & T , or Missouri University of Science and Technology , is a public land grant and space grant university in Rolla , Missouri . It is a member institution of the University of Missouri System . Most of its 8,884 students ( fall 2017 ) study engineering , business , sciences , and mathematics . Known primarily for its engineering school , Missouri S & T offers degree programs in business and management systems , information science and technology , sciences , social sciences , humanities , and arts ." } ] }, { "value": "Rolla , Missouri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rolla,_Missouri", "summary": "Rolla ( /ˈrɒlə/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Phelps County , Missouri , United States . The population in the 2010 United States Census was 19,559 . Rolla is located approximately midway between St. Louis and Springfield along I-44 . The Rolla , Mo Micropolitan Statistical area consists of Phelps County , Missouri . It is the home of the Missouri University of Science and Technology , well known , both nationally and internationally , for its many engineering departments and computer science department . The headquarters of the Mark Twain National Forest is located in Rolla . In addition , this is part of the Ozark Highlands American Viticultural Area , with vineyards established first by Italian immigrants to the area ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Epsilon", "urls": [] }, { "value": "February 26 , 1995", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kennesaw State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kennesaw_State_University", "summary": "Kennesaw State University ( KSU ) is a public university in the U.S. state of Georgia with two primary campuses , one in Kennesaw and the other in Marietta . The school was founded in 1963 by the Georgia Board of Regents using local bonds and a federal grant during a time of major Georgia economic expansion after World War II . KSU also holds classes at the Cobb Galleria Centre , Dalton State College , and in Paulding County ( Dallas ) . Present enrollment is over 37,000 students , making it the third-largest university within Georgia and one of the top 50 largest universities in the United States . KSU is part of the University System of Georgia . The university has multiple academic programs in business , education , engineering , nursing , physical sciences , information technology , criminal justice , and sports management . Both the Kennesaw and Marietta campuses are located in suburban areas on a combined 581 acres ( 235 ha ) of land . Since 2005 , Kennesaw State 's athletic teams ( except football ) have been a NCAA Division I member of the Atlantic Sun Conference . The football team is a FCS member of the Big South Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Kennesaw , Georgia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kennesaw,_Georgia", "summary": "Kennesaw is a city in Cobb County , Georgia , United States , located in the greater Atlanta metropolitan area . Known from its original settlement in the 1830s until 1887 as Big Shanty , it became Kennesaw under its 1887 charter . It had a population of 29,783 according to the 2010 census . Kennesaw has an important place in railroad history . During the Civil War , Kennesaw was the staging ground for the Great Locomotive Chase on April 12 , 1862 . The city is perhaps best known nationally today for its mandatory gun-possession ordinance ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Zeta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Northern Kentucky University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northern_Kentucky_University", "summary": "Northern Kentucky University is a public university in Highland Heights , Kentucky . It is primarily an undergraduate institution , having for example a liberal arts program , but also features graduate programs . Total enrollment exceeds 14,000 students , with over 12,000 undergraduate students and nearly 2,000 graduate students . Northern Kentucky University is the third largest university , behind the University of Cincinnati and Miami University , of Greater Cincinnati 's four large universities and the youngest of Kentucky 's eight , although it joined the state system before the University of Louisville . Notable among the university 's programs are the Salmon P. Chase College of Law and the College of Informatics , founded in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Highland Heights , Kentucky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Highland_Heights,_Kentucky", "summary": "Highland Heights is a home rule-class city in Campbell County , Kentucky , in the United States . The population was 6,923 at the 2010 U.S. census . Highland Heights is home to Northern Kentucky University and General Cable , a Fortune 500 company whose present headquarters were constructed in 1992 . It is located in the Cincinnati metropolitan area ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Eta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1995", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Samford University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Samford_University", "summary": "Samford University is a private Christian university in Homewood , Alabama . In 1841 , the university was founded as Howard College . Samford University is the 87th oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . The university enrolls 5,692 students from 46 states and 28 countries ." } ] }, { "value": "Birmingham , Alabama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama", "summary": "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14" } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Theta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Midwestern State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Midwestern_State_University", "summary": "Midwestern State University ( also known as MSU Texas ) is a public university in Wichita Falls , Texas . In 2015 , it had over 6,000 students . Midwestern is one of four independent public universities in Texas unaffiliated with a state public university system . It is the state 's only public institution focused on the liberal arts ." } ] }, { "value": "Wichita Falls , Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas", "summary": "Wichita Falls ( /ˈwɪtʃɪtɑː/ WITCH-i-tah ) is a city in and the county seat of Wichita County , Texas , United States . It is the principal city of the Wichita Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Archer , Clay , and Wichita counties . According to the 2010 census , it had a population of 104,553 , making it the 38th-most populous city in Texas . In addition , its central business district is 5 miles ( 8 km ) from Sheppard Air Force Base , which is home to the Air Force 's largest technical training wing and the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training program , the world 's only multinationally staffed and managed flying training program chartered to produce combat pilots for both USAF and NATO . The city is home to the Newby-McMahon Building ( otherwise known as the world 's littlest skyscraper ) , constructed downtown in 1919 and featured in Robert Ripley 's Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Iota", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1995", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lynchburg College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lynchburg_College", "summary": "The University of Lynchburg is a private university associated with the Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) and located in Lynchburg , Virginia . It has approximately 2,800 undergraduate and graduate students . The University of Lynchburg spans 264 acres ." } ] }, { "value": "Lynchburg , Virginia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia", "summary": "Lynchburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 75,568 , estimated to have risen to 82,126 as of 2018 . Located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River , Lynchburg is known as the City of Seven Hills or the Hill City . In the 1860s , Lynchburg was the only major city in Virginia that was not recaptured by the Union before the end of the American Civil War . Lynchburg lies at the center of a wider metropolitan area close to the geographic center of Virginia . It is the fifth-largest MSA in Virginia , with a population of 260,320 . It is the site of several institutions of higher education , including Virginia University of Lynchburg , University of Lynchburg , Randolph College , Central Virginia Community College and Liberty University . Nearby cities include Roanoke , Charlottesville , and Danville ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Mu", "urls": [] }, { "value": "March 29 , 1996", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Texas at Dallas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Dallas", "summary": "The University of Texas at Dallas ( UTD or UT Dallas ) is a public research university with its main campus in Richardson , Texas . It is part of the University of Texas System . Approximately one-third of the campus is located within Dallas County , with plans to open an on-campus DART train stop on the Silver Line ( 2022 ) . The institution , established in 1961 as the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest and later renamed the Southwest Center for Advanced Studies ( SCAS ) , began as a research arm of Texas Instruments . In 1969 , the founders bequeathed SCAS to the state of Texas , officially creating The University of Texas at Dallas . The university has been characterized by rapid growth in research output and its competitive undergraduate admissions policies since its inception . Less than 47 years after its founding , the Carnegie Foundation had classified the university as a doctoral research university with Highest Research Activity - faster than any other school in Texas . The university is associated with four Nobel Prizes , and has members of the National Academy of Science and National Academy of Engineering on its faculty . Research projects include the areas of Space Science , Bioengineering , Cybersecurity , Nanotechnology , and Behavioral and Brain Sciences . The University of Texas at Dallas offers more than 140 academic programs across its eight schools and hosts more than 50 research centers and institutes . From July 2017 to June 2018 , the university granted 3,907 bachelor 's degrees , 3,698 master 's degrees , and 231 PhDs for a total of 7,836 degrees . The school has a Division III athletics program in the American Southwest Conference and fields 14 intercollegiate teams including a co-ed varsity eSports program ." } ] }, { "value": "Richardson , Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Richardson,_Texas", "summary": "Richardson is a principal city in Dallas and Collin counties in the U.S. state of Texas . As of the 2018 American Community Survey , the city had a total population of 120,981 . Richardson is an affluent inner suburb of Dallas . It is home to the University of Texas at Dallas and the Telecom Corridor , with a high concentration of telecommunications companies . More than 5,000 businesses have operations within Richardson 's 28 square miles ( 73 km2 ) , including many of the world 's largest telecommunications and networking companies , such as AT & T , Verizon , Cisco Systems , Samsung , ZTE , MetroPCS , Texas Instruments , Qorvo , and Fujitsu . Richardson 's largest employment base is provided by the insurance industry , with Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas 's headquarters , a regional hub for GEICO , regional offices for United Healthcare , and one of State Farm Insurance 's three national regional hubs located in the community ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Nu", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Missouri Western State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Missouri_Western_State_University", "summary": "Missouri Western State University is a public university in Saint Joseph , Missouri . As of September 2016 , the school enrolls 5,145 undergraduate students and 243 graduate students ." } ] }, { "value": "saint Joseph , Missouri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Missouri", "summary": "St. Joseph ( informally St. Joe ) is a small city in and the county seat of Buchanan County , Missouri , United States . Small parts of St. Joseph extend into Andrew County , Missouri . Saint Joseph is known for hosting the Kansas City Chiefs Training Camp every year at Missouri Western State University . Saint Joseph is filled with many lush forests and parks as well as its very own go kart track and mini golf course . It is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Buchanan , Andrew , and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County , Kansas . As of the 2010 census , St. Joseph had a total population of 76,780 , making it the eighth largest city in the state , and the third largest in Northwest Missouri . St. Joseph is located roughly thirty miles north of the Kansas City , Missouri city limits and approximately 125 miles south of Omaha , Nebraska . The city was named after the town 's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph . the city is located on the Missouri River . It is the birthplace of hip hop star Eminem as well as the death place of Jesse James ; it is also the starting point of the Pony Express . St. Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Xi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "April 21 , 1996", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Coastal Carolina University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_University", "summary": "Coastal Carolina University ( CCU or Coastal ) is a public liberal arts university in Conway , South Carolina . Founded in 1954 , Coastal became an independent university in 1993 . The university is a national sea-grant institution and owns part of Waties Island , an Atlantic barrier island that serves as a natural laboratory for CCU 's instruction and research . The campus is also the home of the Horry County Schools Scholars Academy , a high school for gifted students ." } ] }, { "value": "Conway , South Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Conway,_South_Carolina", "summary": "Conway is a city in Horry County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 17,103 at the 2010 census , and had an estimated population in 2018 of 24,980 . It is the county seat of Horry County and is part of the Myrtle Beach metropolitan area . It is the home of Coastal Carolina University . Numerous buildings and structures located in Conway are on the National Register of Historic Places . Among these is the City Hall building , designed by Robert Mills , architect of the Washington Monument . Since the completion of the Main Street USA project in the 1980s , Conway 's downtown has been revitalized with shops and bistros . Highlighting the renovation of the downtown area is the Riverwalk , an area of restaurants which follows a stretch of the Waccamaw River that winds through Conway . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Omicron", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Utah", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Utah", "summary": "The University of Utah ( U of U , UofU , or simply The U ) is a public research university in Salt Lake City , Utah . As the state 's flagship university , it offers more than 100 undergraduate majors and more than 92 graduate degree programs . The university is classified among Doctoral Universities - Very High Research Activity with selective , higher transfer-in admissions . Graduate studies include the S.J . Quinney College of Law and the School of Medicine , Utah 's first medical school . As of Fall 2018 , there were 24,735 undergraduate students and 8,251 graduate students , for an enrollment total of 32,994 . The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret ( /ˌdɛzəˈrɛt/ ( listen ) ) by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret , making it Utah 's oldest institution of higher education . It received its current name in 1892 , four years before Utah attained statehood , and moved to its current location in 1900 . The university ranks 61st among U.S. universities by total research expenditures with over $ 380 million spent in 2017 . 22 Rhodes Scholars , four Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners , eight MacArthur Fellows , various Pulitzer Prize winners , two astronauts , Gates Cambridge Scholars , and Churchill Scholars have been affiliated with the university as students , researchers , or faculty members in its history . In addition , the university 's Honors College has been reviewed among 100 leading national Honors Colleges in the U.S . The university 's athletic teams , the Utes , participate in NCAA Division I athletics ( FBS for football ) as a member of the Pac-12 Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Salt Lake City , Utah", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah", "summary": "Salt Lake City ( often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah , as well as the seat of Salt Lake County , the most populous county in Utah . With an estimated population of 200,591 in 2018 , the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , which has a population of 1,222,540 ( 2018 estimate ) . Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area , a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along a 120-mile ( 190 km ) segment of the Wasatch Front , comprising a population of 2,606,548 ( as of 2018 estimates ) . It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin . The world headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) is located in Salt Lake City . The city was founded in 1847 by followers of the church , led by Brigham Young , who were seeking to escape persecution that they had experienced while living farther east . The Mormon pioneers , as they would come to be known , entered an arid valley and immediately began building , planning , and extending an extensive irrigation network which could feed the population and foster future growth . Salt Lake City 's street grid system is based on a standard compass grid plan , with the Salt Lake Temple at the origin . Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake , the city was named Great Salt Lake City . In 1868 , the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature dropped the word Great from the city 's name . Immigration of international members of the church , mining booms , and the construction of the first transcontinental railroad initially brought economic growth , and the city was nicknamed the Crossroads of the West . It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway , the first transcontinental highway , in 1913 ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Pi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Newberry College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Newberry_College", "summary": "Newberry College is a private Lutheran liberal-arts college in Newberry , South Carolina . It has 1,250 students ." } ] }, { "value": "Newberry , South Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Newberry,_South_Carolina", "summary": "Newberry is a city in Newberry County , South Carolina , United States , in the Piedmont 43 miles ( 69 kilometers ) northwest of Columbia . The charter was adopted in 1894 . The population was 10,277 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Newberry County ; at one time it was called Newberry Courthouse . Newberry became a city in 1976 , but did not report the change to the Census Bureau for more than twenty-five years . As a result , the city was listed as a town in the 2000 census . It is the home of Newberry College , a private liberal-arts college affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Rho", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1997", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Alaska Anchorage", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Anchorage", "summary": "The University of Alaska Anchorage ( UAA ) is a public research university in Anchorage , Alaska . UAA also administers four community campuses spread across Southcentral Alaska . These are Kenai Peninsula College , Kodiak College , Matanuska-Susitna College , and Prince William Sound College . Between the community campuses and the main Anchorage campus , nearly 18,000 undergraduate , graduate , and professional students are currently enrolled at UAA . It is Alaska 's largest institution of higher learning and the largest university in the University of Alaska System . UAA 's main campus is located approximately 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southeast of its downtown area in the University-Medical District , adjacent to the Alaska Native Medical Center , Alaska Pacific University and Providence Alaska Medical Center . Nestled among an extensive green belt , close to Goose Lake Park , UAA has been recognized as a Tree Campus USA by the Arbor Day Foundation for ten consecutive years ( 2010-2019 ) . Much of the campus is connected by a network of paved , outdoor trails , as well as an elevated , indoor spine that extends east to west from Rasmuson Hall , continuing through the student union and across UAA Drive ( the more heavily-traveled of the two north-south roads which go through the campus ) before terminating inside the Consortium Library . UAA is divided into five instructional and research units at the Anchorage campus : the College of Arts and Sciences , College of Business and Public Policy , the Community and Technical College , College of Engineering , and the College of Health . UAA offers master 's degrees and graduate certificates in select programs , and the ability to complete certain PhD programs through cooperating universities through its Graduate Division . As of May 2012 , the university is accredited to confer doctoral degrees . UAA is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities ." } ] }, { "value": "Anchorage , Alaska", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska", "summary": "Anchorage ( officially called the Municipality of Anchorage ; Dena'ina : Dgheyay Kaq ' ) is a unified home rule municipality in the U.S. state of Alaska , on the West Coast of the United States . With an estimated 291,538 residents in 2018 , it is Alaska 's most populous city and contains more than 40% of the state 's population ; among the 50 states , only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in its most populous city . The Anchorage metropolitan area , which includes Anchorage and the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough , had a population of 399,148 in 2018 , accounting for more than half the state 's population . At 1,706 square miles ( 4,420 km2 ) of land area , the city is the fourth-largest by area in the United States and larger than the smallest state , Rhode Island , which has 1,212 square miles ( 3,140 km2 ) . Anchorage is in Southcentral Alaska , at the terminus of the Cook Inlet , on a peninsula formed by the Knik Arm to the north and the Turnagain Arm to the south . The city limits span 1,961.1 square miles ( 5,079.2 km2 ) , encompassing the urban core , a joint military base , several outlying communities and almost all of Chugach State Park . Due to its location , almost equidistant from New York City and Tokyo , Anchorage lies within ​9 1⁄2 hours by air of nearly 90% of the industrialized world . For this reason , Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a common refueling stop for international cargo flights and home to a major FedEx hub , which the company calls a critical part of its global network of services . Anchorage has won the All-America City Award four times : in 1956 , 1965 , 1984-85 , and 2002 , from the National Civic League . Kiplinger has named it the United States ' most tax-friendly city ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Sigma", "urls": [] }, { "value": "November 26 , 1930", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Austin , Texas Alumnae", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Austin , Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austin,_Texas", "summary": "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Tau", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "California State University , Stanislaus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/California_State_University,_Stanislaus", "summary": "California State University , Stanislaus ( Stanislaus State , Stan State ) is a public university in Turlock in Stanislaus County , California . It is part of the California State University system . It was established in 1957 and is also the only campus in the system to offer a bachelor 's degree in cognitive studies . The university offers 45 Bachelor 's degrees , 17 Master 's degrees , one Doctoral degree ( Doctor of Education ) , and 6 teaching credentials ." } ] }, { "value": "Turlock , California", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Turlock,_California", "summary": "Turlock is a city in Stanislaus County , California , United States . Its estimated 2018 population of 73,504 made it the second-largest city in Stanislaus County after Modesto ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Upsilon", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Wisconsin-Parkside", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Parkside", "summary": "The University of Wisconsin-Parkside is a public university in Somers , Wisconsin . Part of the University of Wisconsin System , the university has 4,300 students , 161 full-time faculty , and 89 lecturers and part-time faculty . The university offers 33 undergraduate majors and 11 master 's degrees in 22 academic departments . UW-Parkside is one of two universities in the UW System not named for the city in which it is located , the other being UW-Stout . It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . UW-Parkside is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II for athletics . The athletics teams are nicknamed the Rangers and wear forest green , black , and white . The Rangers compete in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Kenosha , Wisconsin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin", "summary": "Kenosha ( /kɛˈnoʊˌʃə/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Kenosha County , Wisconsin , United States . Kenosha is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan . With an estimated population of 100,164 as of July 1 , 2018 , it is the fourth-largest city in Wisconsin and the fourth-largest city on Lake Michigan . Although closer to Milwaukee , the city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Chicago Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Phi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Arkansas at Monticello", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_at_Monticello", "summary": "The University of Arkansas at Monticello ( UAM ) is a public university in Monticello , Arkansas with Colleges of Technology in Crossett and McGehee . UAM is part of the University of Arkansas System and offers master 's degrees , baccalaureate degrees , and associate degrees . UAM is also home to Arkansas ' only School of Forest Resources . The university is governed by the University of Arkansas Board of Trustees , which also oversees the operation of universities and other post-secondary educational institutions in Batesville , DeQueen , Fayetteville , Fort Smith , Helena , Hope , Little Rock , Morrilton , and Pine Bluff , Arkansas . UAM offers in-state tuition rates not only to Arkansas residents but also to residents of Mississippi , Louisiana , Texas , Oklahoma , Missouri , and Tennessee ." } ] }, { "value": "Monticello , Arkansas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monticello,_Arkansas", "summary": "Monticello ( /ˌmɒntɪˈsɛloʊ/ MON-tih-SEL-oh ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Drew County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 9,467 . Founded in 1849 in the Arkansas Timberlands very near the Arkansas Delta region , the city has long been a commercial , cultural and educational hub for southeast Arkansas . With a historically agriculture- and silviculture-based economy , Monticello has diversified to include growth from the medical sector and the University of Arkansas at Monticello ( UAM ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Chi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1997", "urls": [] }, { "value": "West Virginia Wesleyan College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Virginia_Wesleyan_College", "summary": "West Virginia Wesleyan College is a private , coeducational , liberal arts college in Buckhannon , West Virginia , United States . It has an enrollment of about 1,400 students from 35 U.S. states and 26 countries . The school was founded in 1890 by the West Virginia Conference of the United Methodist church . In 2014 , U.S. News & World Report ranked West Virginia Wesleyan College 14th on the list of Best Colleges in the South region . It was also listed as one of the Best Southeastern Colleges by the Princeton Review in 2011 . West Virginia Wesleyan College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . Wesleyan continues to serve as a residential , liberal arts college . The primary majors are elementary and secondary education , business , and natural sciences ." } ] }, { "value": "Buckhannon , West Virginia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buckhannon,_West_Virginia", "summary": "Buckhannon is the only incorporated city in , and the county seat of , Upshur County , West Virginia , United States , and is located along the Buckhannon River . The population was 5,639 at the 2010 census . The city is located 115 miles northeast from the capital city of Charleston and 140 miles south of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Buckhannon is home to West Virginia Wesleyan College and the West Virginia Strawberry Festival , held annually on the third week of May ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Chapters Beginning With `` Sigma ''", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Delta_Sigma_Theta_chapters_18", "intro": "Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. was founded on January 13, 1913 at Howard University, and began to expand its membership early on when it chartered Beta Chapter at Wilberforce University in 1914, Gamma Chapter at the University of Pennsylvania in 1918 and Delta Chapter at the University of Iowa in 1919. Delta Sigma Theta continues to Charter new chapters at both the Collegiate and Alumnae level. Individual Chapters are Chartered, not Founded, as only the Perpetual body was founded, and the founding occurred in 1913. Delta Sigma Theta has more than 940 Chapters located in the United States, England, Japan (Tokyo and Okinawa), Germany, the Virgin Islands, Liberia, Bermuda, Jamaica, The Bahamas, South Korea and Nigeria. The sorority's chapters are organized into seven regions and further sub-divided by state. While initially Alumnae / Graduate Chapters were named using the Greek Alphabet, the perpetual body of Delta Sigma Theta voted at the Twenty-Fourth National Convention, held in Detroit, Michigan on December 26-30, 1956, to abandon this practice. Following the vote, the Greek Letter names for the Alumnae Chapters are no longer in use or recognized by the Grand Chapter. Alumnae Chapters are instead named using their Geographic Location. This list includes Active, Inactive, Reassigned, and Retired undergraduate Chapters." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sigma_Phi_Epsilon_brothers", "title": "List of Sigma Phi Epsilon brothers", "header": [ "Name", "Original chapter", "Notability" ], "data": [ { "value": "Sam Arora", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sam_Arora", "summary": "Sam Arora ( born January 9 , 1981 ) is an American businessman and politician from Montgomery County , Maryland . A Democrat , Arora was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 2010 , representing the state 's 19th district . He was sworn into office on January 12 , 2011 . He announced in 2013 that he would not seek reelection to a second term ." } ] }, { "value": "Columbia University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Columbia_University", "summary": "Columbia University ( also known as Columbia , and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York ) is a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Established in 1754 on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan , Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence , seven of which belong to the Ivy League . It has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Columbia was established as King 's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain in reaction to the founding of Princeton University in New Jersey . It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution , and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . In 1896 , the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University . Columbia scientists and scholars have played an important role in the development of notable scientific fields and breakthroughs including : brain-computer interface ; the laser and maser ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; the first nuclear pile ; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas ; Thomas Hunt Morgan 's drosophila experiment - considered the origin of modern genetics ; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift ; and much of the initial research and planning of the Manhattan Project during World War II . The Columbia University Physics Department has been affiliated with 33 Nobel Prize winners as alumni , faculty or research staff , the third most of any American institution behind MIT and Harvard . In addition , 22 Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine have been affiliated with Columbia , the third most of any American institution . The university 's research efforts include the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory , Goddard Institute for Space Studies and accelerator laboratories with major technology firms such as IBM . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D ." } ] }, { "value": "Maryland State Delegate , Montgomery County , Maryland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland", "summary": "Montgomery County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Maryland , located adjacent to Washington , D.C. As of the 2010 census , the county 's population was 971,777 , increasing by 8.3% to an estimated 1,052,567 in 2018 . The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville , although the census-designated place of Germantown is the most populous city within the county . Montgomery County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area , which in turn forms part of the Baltimore-Washington Combined Statistical Area . Most of the county 's residents live in unincorporated locales , of which the most urban are Silver Spring and Bethesda , although the incorporated cities of Rockville and Gaithersburg are also large population centers , as are many smaller but significant places . [ N 1 ] As one of the most affluent counties in the United States , Montgomery County also has the highest percentage ( 29.2% ) of residents over 25 years of age who hold post-graduate degrees . The county has been ranked as one of the wealthiest in the United States . Like other inner-suburban Washington , D.C. counties , Montgomery County contains many major U.S. government offices , scientific research and learning centers , and business campuses , which provide a significant amount of revenue for the county ." } ] }, { "value": "Steve Bartlett", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Steve_Bartlett", "summary": "Harry Steven Bartlett , known as Steve Bartlett ( born September 19 , 1947 ) , is an American politician and former President and CEO of the Financial Services Roundtable , an advocacy group lobbying the U.S. federal government on financial services legislation , a position which he held from 1999 to 2012 . He is the former U.S. Representative for Texas 's 3rd congressional district , the former 56th mayor of Dallas , Texas , and is a former member of the Dallas City Council ." } ] }, { "value": "Renaissance Brother , University of Texas at Austin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin", "summary": "The University of Texas at Austin ( UT Austin ) is a public research university in Austin , Texas . It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . The University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929 , becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected . The institution has the nation 's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment , with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff . A Public Ivy , it is a major center for academic research , with research expenditures exceeding $ 615 million for the 2016-2017 school year . The university houses seven museums and seventeen libraries , including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and the Blanton Museum of Art , and operates various auxiliary research facilities , such as the J. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory . Among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , the Wolf Prize , the Primetime Emmy Award , the Abel Prize , the Turing Award , and the National Medal of Science , as well as many other awards . As of October 2019 , 12 Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners and two Fields medalists have been affiliated with the school as alumni , faculty members or researchers . Student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference . Its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university . The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I National Football Championships , six NCAA Division I National Baseball Championships , thirteen NCAA Division I National Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships , and has claimed more titles in men 's and women 's sports than any other school in the Big 12 since the league was founded in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "Former U.S . Congressman , Mayor of Dallas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mayor_of_Dallas", "summary": "The Mayor of the City of Dallas is the head of the Dallas City Council . The current mayor is Eric Johnson , who has served one term since 2019 and is the 62nd mayor to serve the position . Dallas operates under a weak-mayor system , and a board-appointed city manager operates as the chief executive of the city ." } ] }, { "value": "Ronald H. Brown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ronald_H._Brown", "summary": "Ronald Harmon Brown ( August 1 , 1941 - April 3 , 1996 ) was an American politician . He served as the United States Secretary of Commerce during the first term of President Bill Clinton . Prior to this he was chairman of the Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) . He was the first African American to hold these positions . He was killed , along with 34 others , in a 1996 plane crash in Croatia ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Former U.S. Secretary of Commerce", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce", "summary": "The United States Secretary of Commerce ( SecCom ) is the head of the United States Department of Commerce . The secretary is appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate and serves in the president 's Cabinet . The secretary is concerned with promoting American businesses and industries ; the department states its mission to be to foster , promote , and develop the foreign and domestic commerce . Until 1913 , there was one secretary of commerce and labor , uniting this department with the Department of Labor , which is now headed by a separate secretary of labor . The current commerce secretary is Wilbur Ross , who was nominated by President Donald Trump and approved by the Senate on February 28 , 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Harvey Locke Carey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harvey_Locke_Carey", "summary": "Harvey Locke Carey ( January 19 , 1915 - January 8 , 1984 ) was an attorney , United States Navy officer , and politician from , principally , Shreveport in northwestern Louisiana . He married Katie Elizabeth Drew of Minden in nearby Webster Parish ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Louisiana , 1950-1952", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Attorney", "summary": "United States attorneys ( also known as chief federal prosecutors and , historically , as United States district attorneys ) represent the United States federal government in United States district courts and United States courts of appeals . The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual suspected of breaking the law , initiating and directing further criminal investigations , guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders , and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings . [ failed verification ] There are 93 U.S. Attorney offices located throughout the United States , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands . One U.S. Attorney is assigned to each of the judicial districts , with the exception of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands where a single U.S. Attorney serves both districts . Each U.S. Attorney is the chief federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction , acting under the guidance of the United States Attorneys ' Manual . They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U.S . Attorneys ( AUSAs ) and as many as 350 support personnel . An Assistant United States Attorney ( AUSA ) , or federal prosecutor , is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U.S. Attorney ( USA ) in criminal prosecutions , and in certain civil cases as either the plaintiff or the defendant . In carrying out their duties as prosecutors , AUSAs have the authority to investigate persons , issue subpoenas , file formal criminal charges , plea bargain with defendants , and grant immunity to witnesses and accused criminals . U.S . Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice . U.S ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Louisiana", "summary": "The United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana ( in case citations , W.D . La . ) is a United States federal court with jurisdiction over approximately two thirds of the state of Louisiana , with courts in Alexandria , Lafayette , Lake Charles , Monroe , and Shreveport . These cities comprise the Western District of Louisiana . Appeals from the Western District of Louisiana are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Ward Connerly", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ward_Connerly", "summary": "Wardell Anthony Ward Connerly ( born June 15 , 1939 ) is an American political activist , businessman , and former University of California Regent ( 1993-2005 ) . He is also the founder and the chairman of the American Civil Rights Institute , a national non-profit organization in opposition to racial and gender preferences . He is considered to be the man behind California 's Proposition 209 prohibiting race- and gender-based preferences in state hiring , contracting and state university admissions , a program known as affirmative action ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Civil rights activist , regent of the University of California", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_California", "summary": "The University of California ( UC ) is a public university system in the U.S. state of California . Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education , the University of California is a part of the state 's three-system public higher education plan , which also includes the California State University system and the California Community Colleges System . The University of California was founded on March 23 , 1868 , and operated in Oakland before moving to its campus in Berkeley in 1873 . In March 1951 , the University of California began to reorganize itself into something distinct from its campus at Berkeley , with Robert Gordon Sproul remaining in place as the first systemwide President , Clark Kerr becoming the first Chancellor of UC Berkeley , and Raymond B. Allen became the first Chancellor of UCLA . However , the 1951 reorganization was stalled by resistance from Sproul and his allies , and it was not until Kerr succeeded Sproul as President that UC was able to evolve into a system from 1957 to 1960 . In the 21st century , the University of California has 10 campuses , a combined student body of 280,380 students , 21,200 faculty members , 144,000 staff members and over 1.86 million living alumni , as governed by a semi-autonomous Board of Regents . Its tenth and newest campus in Merced opened in fall 2005 . Nine campuses enroll both undergraduate and graduate students ; one campus , UC San Francisco , enrolls only graduate and professional students in the medical and health sciences . In addition , the UC Hastings College of Law , located in San Francisco , is legally affiliated with UC , but other than sharing its name is entirely autonomous from the rest of the system . The University of California also manages or co-manages three national laboratories for the U.S. Department of Energy : Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( LBNL ) , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) , and Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ) . Collectively , the colleges , institutions , and alumni of the University of California make it the most comprehensive and advanced postsecondary educational system in the world , responsible for nearly $ 50 billion per year of economic impact . UC campuses have large numbers of distinguished faculty in almost every academic discipline , with UC faculty and researchers having won at least 62 Nobel Prizes as of 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "John E. Douglas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_E._Douglas", "summary": "John Edward Douglas ( born June 18 , 1945 ) is a retired special agent and unit chief in the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . He was one of the first criminal profilers and has written books on criminal psychology ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Former Chief , FBI Investigative Support Unit", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FBI", "summary": "The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency . Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice , the FBI is also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence . A leading U.S. counter-terrorism , counterintelligence , and criminal investigative organization , the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes . Although many of the FBI 's functions are unique , its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB . Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad , the FBI is primarily a domestic agency , maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States , and more than 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and areas across the nation . At an FBI field office , a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence . Despite its domestic focus , the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint , operating 60 Legal Attache ( LEGAT ) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe . These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries . The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas , just as the CIA has a limited domestic function ; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies . The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation , the BOI or BI for short . Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) in 1935 . The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building , located in Washington , D.C ." } ] }, { "value": "Brian Dubie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brian_Dubie", "summary": "Brian E. Dubie ( born 9 March 1959 ) is an American politician who was the 79th Lieutenant Governor of Vermont from 2003 to 2011 . He lost the 2010 election for Governor of Vermont by fewer than 5,000 votes . He is a captain for American Airlines and a strategic advisor to growing companies . In 2012 , he retired from the United States Air Force Reserve with the rank of colonel ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lt . Governor , State of Vermont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vermont", "summary": "Vermont ( /vərˈmɒnt/ ( listen ) ) is a northeastern U.S. state in the New England region . It borders the states of Massachusetts to the south , New Hampshire to the east , and New York to the west , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . Vermont is the second-smallest by population and the sixth-smallest by area of the 50 U.S. states . The state capital is Montpelier , the least populous state capital in the United States . The most populous city , Burlington , is the least populous city to be the most populous city in a state . Vermont 's crime statistics for the period 2016-8 caused it to be ranked as the safest state in the country . For some 12,000 years , indigenous peoples inhabited this area . The historically competitive tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Iroquoian-speaking Mohawk were active in the area at the time of European encounter . During the 17th century , French colonists claimed the territory as part of the Kingdom of France 's colony of New France . After the Kingdom of Great Britain began to settle colonies to the south along the Atlantic coast , the two nations competed in North America in addition to Europe . For years , each country enlisted Native American allies in continuous raiding and warfare between the New England and New France colonies . This produced an active trade in captives taken during such raids , often held for ransom , although some captives were adopted by families into the Mohawk or Abenaki tribes ." } ] }, { "value": "John Engler ( Honorary Member )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Engler", "summary": "John Mathias Engler ( born October 12 , 1948 ) is an American businessman and member of the Republican Party who was elected to serve three terms as the 46th Governor of Michigan from 1991 to 2003 . He later worked for Business Roundtable , where The Hill called him one of the country 's top lobbyists . Engler has spent most of his adult life in government . He was serving in the Michigan Senate when he enrolled at Thomas M. Cooley Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree , having served as a Michigan State senator since 1979 . He was elected Senate majority leader in 1984 and served there until being elected governor in 1990 . Engler served on the board of advisors of the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal , an educational organization that continues the intellectual legacy of noted conservative and Michigan native Russell Kirk . Engler also served on the board of trustees of the Marguerite Eyer Wilbur Foundation , which funds many Kirk Center programs . Engler was a member of the Annie E. Casey Foundation board of trustees until 2014 . As of 2018 , he serves on the board of directors of Universal Forest Products . Previous board service included serving as a director of Dow Jones and Delta Air Lines and as a trustee of Munder Funds ." } ] }, { "value": "Michigan State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michigan_State_University", "summary": "Michigan State University ( MSU ) is a public research university in East Lansing , Michigan . MSU was founded in 1855 and served as a model for land-grant universities later created under the Morrill Act of 1862 . The university was founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan , one of the country 's first institutions of higher education to teach scientific agriculture . After the introduction of the Morrill Act , the college became coeducational and expanded its curriculum beyond agriculture . Today , MSU is one of the largest universities in the United States ( in terms of enrollment ) and has approximately 634,300 living alumni worldwide . U.S. News & World Report ranks its graduate programs the best in the U.S. in elementary teacher 's education , secondary teacher 's education , industrial and organizational psychology , rehabilitation counseling , African history ( tied ) , supply chain logistics and nuclear physics in 2019 . MSU pioneered the studies of packaging , hospitality business , supply chain management , and communication sciences . Michigan State is a member of the Association of American Universities , an organization of 62 leading research universities in North America . The university 's campus houses the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory , the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden , the Abrams Planetarium , the Wharton Center for Performing Arts , the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum , the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams , and the country 's largest residence hall system . The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference . Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954 , 1956 , 1988 and 2014 , and a total of six national championships . Spartans men 's basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000 and has attained the Final Four eight times since the 1998-1999 season , including in 2019 with a victory over Duke ." } ] }, { "value": "Governor , State of Michigan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michigan", "summary": "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ." } ] }, { "value": "Lowe Finney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lowe_Finney", "summary": "Lowe Finney ( born November 1 , 1975 ) is an American politician and a Democratic former member of the Tennessee Senate for the 27th district , which is composed of Madison , Gibson , and Carroll counties ." } ] }, { "value": "University of Tennessee-Martin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Tennessee-Martin", "summary": "The University of Tennessee at Martin ( UT Martin or UTM ) is a public university in Martin , Tennessee . It is one of the five campuses of the University of Tennessee system . Prior to the acquisition of Lambuth University in Jackson by University of Memphis in 2011 , UTM was the only public university in West Tennessee outside of Memphis . UTM operates a large experimental farm and several satellite centers in West Tennessee ." } ] }, { "value": "Tennessee State Senator , Gibson County , Carroll County , Madison County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gibson_County,_Tennessee", "summary": "Gibson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee . As of the 2010 census , the population was 49,683 . Its county seat is Trenton . The county was formed in 1823 and named for John H. Gibson , a soldier of the Natchez Expedition and the Creek War ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Carroll_County,_Tennessee", "summary": "Carroll County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee . As of the 2010 census , the population was 28,522 . Its county seat is Huntingdon . The county was established by the Tennessee General Assembly on November 7 , 1821 , and was named for Governor William Carroll ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Madison_County,_Tennessee", "summary": "Madison County is a county located in the western part of the U.S. state of Tennessee . As of the 2010 census , the population was 98,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Madison County is included in the Jackson , TN Metropolitan Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "Vito John Fossella , Jr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vito_John_Fossella,_Jr.", "summary": "Vito John Fossella Jr. ( born March 9 , 1965 ) is an American Republican politician from the state of New York who formerly represented the state 's 13th Congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives for six terms , from 1997 to 2009 serving as the lone Republican from New York City . Fossella , a Staten Island native , was born to a family that included several politicians . Fossella initially took office in 1997 , after winning a special election held to replace the resigning Susan Molinari . After a DUI arrest in Alexandria , Virginia on May 1 , 2008 , it was discovered that he was living with Laura Fay , a retired US Air Force lieutenant colonel , while Fossella was married . The two had a child together and were living in Virginia as a married couple while he was living in Staten Island with his wife . He announced on his official website on May 20 that he had chosen to serve out the remainder of his term , which ended on January 3 , 2009 , but decided not to run for re-election ." } ] }, { "value": "University of Pennsylvania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania", "summary": "The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars ." } ] }, { "value": "U.S . Congressman , Staten Island and Brooklyn , New York , 1997 - 2009", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Staten_Island", "summary": "Staten Island ( /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ ) is a borough of New York City , coterminous with Richmond County , in the U.S. state of New York . Located in the southwest portion of the city , the borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull and from the rest of New York by New York Bay . With an estimated population of 476,179 in 2018 , Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third-largest in land area at 58.5 sq mi ( 152 km2 ) . The borough also contains the southern-most point in the state , South Point . If each borough were ranked as a city , Staten Island would rank as the 39th most populous in the U.S. Staten Island joined New York City in 1898 , and was referred to as the Borough of Richmond until 1975 . Staten Island has sometimes been called the forgotten borough by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government . The North Shore - especially the neighborhoods of St. George , Tompkinsville , Clifton and Stapleton - is the most urban part of the island ; it contains the designated St. George Historic District and the St. Paul 's Avenue-Stapleton Heights Historic District , which feature large Victorian houses . The East Shore is home to the 2.5-mile ( 4 km ) F.D.R . Boardwalk , the fourth-longest boardwalk in the world . The South Shore , site of the 17th-century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement , developed rapidly beginning in the 1960s and 1970s and is now mostly suburban in character . The West Shore is the least populated and most industrial part of the island . Motor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn via the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey via the Outerbridge Crossing , Goethals Bridge and Bayonne Bridge ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Brooklyn", "summary": "Brooklyn ( /ˈbrʊklɪn/ ) is a borough of New York City , coterminous with Kings County , located in the U.S. state of New York , the most populous county in the state , and the second-most densely populated county in the United States . It is New York City 's most populous borough , with an estimated 2,504,700 residents in 2010 . Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen , it shares a land border with the borough of Queens at the western end of Long Island . Brooklyn has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan across the East River , and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge connects it with Staten Island . With a land area of 70.82 square miles ( 183.4 km2 ) and water area of 26 square miles ( 67 km2 ) , Kings County is New York state 's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area , though it is the second-largest among the city 's five boroughs . If each borough were ranked as a city , Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous in the U.S. , after Los Angeles and Chicago . Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city ( and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution ) until January 1 , 1898 , when , after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s , according to the new Municipal Charter of Greater New York , Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities , boroughs , and counties to form the modern City of New York , surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs . The borough continues , however , to maintain a distinct culture . Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves . Brooklyn 's official motto , displayed on the Borough seal and flag , is Eendraght Maeckt Maght , which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength . In the first decades of the 21st century , Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as an avant-garde destination for hipsters , with concomitant gentrification , dramatic house price increases and a decrease in housing affordability . Since the 2010s , Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship , high technology startup firms , postmodern art and design ." }, { "url": "/wiki/New_York_(state)", "summary": "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ." } ] }, { "value": "John Arthur Love", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Arthur_Love", "summary": "John Arthur Love ( November 29 , 1916 - January 21 , 2002 ) was an American attorney and Republican politician who served as the 36th Governor of the State of Colorado from 1963 to 1973 ." } ] }, { "value": "University of Denver", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Denver", "summary": "The University of Denver ( DU ) is a private research university in Denver , Colorado . Founded in 1864 , it is the oldest independent private university in the Rocky Mountain Region of the United States . DU enrolls approximately 5,600 undergraduate students and 6,100 graduate students . The 125-acre ( 0.51 km2 ) main campus is a designated arboretum and is located primarily in the University Neighborhood , about five miles ( 8 km ) south of downtown Denver ." } ] }, { "value": "Governor , State of Colorado", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colorado", "summary": "Colorado ( /ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ , -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ ( listen ) , other variants ) is a state of the Western United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains . It is the 8th most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state . The estimated population of Colorado is 5,770,545 as of 2019 , an increase of 14.7% since the 2010 United States Census . The state was named for the Colorado River , which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado ( Red River ) for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains . The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28 , 1861 , and on August 1 , 1876 , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state . Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence . Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north , Nebraska to the northeast , Kansas to the east , Oklahoma to the southeast , New Mexico to the south , Utah to the west , and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners . Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains , forests , high plains , mesas , canyons , plateaus , rivers and desert lands . Colorado is part of the western and southwestern United States and is one of the Mountain States . Denver is the capital and most populous city of Colorado . Residents of the state are known as Coloradans , although the antiquated term Coloradoan is occasionally used ." } ] }, { "value": "Scott McClellan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scott_McClellan", "summary": "Scott McClellan ( born February 14 , 1968 ) was the twenty-second White House Press Secretary ( 2003-06 ) for President George W. Bush , and author of a controversial No . 1 New York Times bestseller about the Bush Administration titled What Happened . He replaced Ari Fleischer as press secretary in July 2003 and served until May 10 , 2006 . McClellan was the longest serving press secretary under George W. Bush . He is now the Vice President for Communications at Seattle University ." } ] }, { "value": "University of Texas at Austin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin", "summary": "The University of Texas at Austin ( UT Austin ) is a public research university in Austin , Texas . It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . The University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929 , becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected . The institution has the nation 's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment , with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff . A Public Ivy , it is a major center for academic research , with research expenditures exceeding $ 615 million for the 2016-2017 school year . The university houses seven museums and seventeen libraries , including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and the Blanton Museum of Art , and operates various auxiliary research facilities , such as the J. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory . Among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , the Wolf Prize , the Primetime Emmy Award , the Abel Prize , the Turing Award , and the National Medal of Science , as well as many other awards . As of October 2019 , 12 Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners and two Fields medalists have been affiliated with the school as alumni , faculty members or researchers . Student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference . Its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university . The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I National Football Championships , six NCAA Division I National Baseball Championships , thirteen NCAA Division I National Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships , and has claimed more titles in men 's and women 's sports than any other school in the Big 12 since the league was founded in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "White House Press Secretary , 2003-2006", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary", "summary": "The White House press secretary is a senior White House official whose primary responsibility is to act as spokesperson for the executive branch of the United States government administration , especially with regard to the president , senior aides and executives , as well as government policies . The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the president 's administration and issues the administration 's reactions to developments around the world . The press secretary interacts with the media , and deals with the White House press corps on a daily basis , generally in a daily press briefing . The press secretary serves by the appointment and at the pleasure of the president of the United States ; the office does not require the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate , though because of the frequent briefings given to the media , who in turn inform the public , the position is still a very prominent non-Cabinet post . Stephanie Grisham is the current press secretary , having replaced Sarah Sanders on July 1 , 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "Roy R. Romer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Roy_R._Romer", "summary": "Roy Rudolf Romer ( born October 31 , 1928 ) is an American politician , who served as the 39th Governor of Colorado and served as the superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Colorado State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colorado_State_University", "summary": "Colorado State University ( Colorado State or CSU ) is a public research university in Fort Collins , Colorado . The university is the state 's land grant university and the flagship university of the Colorado State University System . In 2004 , enrollment was approximately 33,877 students , including resident and non-resident instruction students . The university has approximately 2,000 faculty in eight colleges and 55 academic departments . Bachelor 's degrees are offered in 65 fields of study , with master 's degrees in 55 fields . Colorado State confers doctoral degrees in 40 fields of study , in addition to a professional degree in veterinary medicine . In fiscal year 2017 , CSU spent $ 338.4 million on research and development , ranking 70th in the nation overall and 41st when excluding medical school spending . CSU graduates include Pulitzer Prize winners , astronauts , CEOs , and two former governors of Colorado ." } ] }, { "value": "Governor , State of Colorado", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cecil H. Underwood", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cecil_H._Underwood", "summary": "Cecil Harland Underwood ( November 5 , 1922 - November 24 , 2008 ) was an American Republican Party politician from West Virginia , known for the length of his career . He was the 25th and 32nd Governor of West Virginia from 1957 to 1961 , and from 1997 to 2001 . He ran for re-election in 2000 but was defeated by Democrat Bob Wise . Underwood was both the youngest and the oldest person ever to serve as Governor of West Virginia . He was also the first guest on the television game show To Tell the Truth . He was a Methodist ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor , State of West Virginia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Virginia", "summary": "West Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States , and is also considered to be a part of the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Region . It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north , Maryland to the east and northeast , Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , and Ohio to the northwest . West Virginia is the 41st largest state by area , and is ranked 38th in population . The capital and largest city is Charleston . West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861 , at the start of the American Civil War . Delegates from the Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia , which also included secessionist counties in the new state . West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , and was a key border state during the war . It was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state , the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts , and was one of two states admitted to the Union during the American Civil War ( the other being Nevada ) . While a portion of its residents held slaves , most of the residents were yeoman farmers , and the delegates provided for gradual abolition of slavery in the new state Constitution . The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States . However , the Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies the state as a part of the Mid-Atlantic region . The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio , with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area , while Bluefield is less than 70 miles ( 110 km ) from North Carolina ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexander Wiley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexander_Wiley", "summary": "Alexander Wiley ( May 26 , 1884 - October 26 , 1967 ) was a Republican who served four terms in the United States Senate for the state of Wisconsin from 1939 to 1963 . When he left the Senate , he was its most senior Republican member ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Senator , Wisconsin 1939-1963", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wisconsin", "summary": "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Sigma_Phi_Epsilon_brothers_3", "intro": "List of notable members of Sigma Phi Epsilon." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkedo_Studio", "title": "Arkedo Studio", "header": [ "Game title", "Year released", "Platform ( s )", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "Nervous Brickdown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nervous_Brickdown", "summary": "Nervous Brickdown JPN is a breakout clone video game developed by the French team Arkedo Studio and published by Eidos Interactive for Nintendo DS ." } ] }, { "value": "2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nintendo DS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo_DS", "summary": "The Nintendo DS , [ b ] or simply DS , is a dual-screen handheld game console developed and released by Nintendo . The device released globally across 2004 and 2005 . The DS , an acronym for Developers ' System or Dual Screen , introduced distinctive new features to handheld gaming : two LCD screens working in tandem ( the bottom one being a touchscreen ) , a built-in microphone , and support for wireless connectivity . Both screens are encompassed within a clamshell design similar to the Game Boy Advance SP . The Nintendo DS also features the ability for multiple DS consoles to directly interact with each other over Wi-Fi within a short range without the need to connect to an existing wireless network . Alternatively , they could interact online using the now-defunct Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service . Its main competitor was Sony 's PlayStation Portable during the seventh generation of video game consoles . Prior to its release , the Nintendo DS was marketed as an experimental , third pillar in Nintendo 's console lineup , meant to complement the Game Boy Advance and GameCube . However , backward compatibility with Game Boy Advance titles and strong sales ultimately established it as the successor to the Game Boy series . On March 2 , 2006 , Nintendo launched the Nintendo DS Lite , a slimmer and lighter redesign of the original Nintendo DS with brighter screens . On November 1 , 2008 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DSi , another redesign with several hardware improvements and new features , although it lost backwards compatibility for Game Boy Advance titles . All Nintendo DS models combined have sold 154.02 million units , making it the best selling handheld game console to date , and the second best selling video game console of all time behind Sony 's PlayStation 2 ." } ] }, { "value": "The developer 's first project . Published by Eidos in North America and Europe . Success published the Japanese version", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eidos_Interactive", "summary": "Square Enix Limited ( formerly Domark Limited and Eidos Interactive Limited ) , doing business as Square Enix Europe , is a British video game publisher , acting as the European subsidiary of Square Enix . The company was founded as Domark in 1984 , named after the founders Mark Strachan and Dominic Wheatley . In 1995 , the company was acquired by Eidos and was merged with two other studios and renamed Eidos Interactive the following year . Eidos was in turn acquired by SCi in 2005 , and Eidos Interactive was sold to Square Enix in 2009 . On 9 November 2009 , Square Enix completed the merger of its existing European branch with Eidos Interactive , renaming the resulting company Square Enix Europe . Intellectual properties owned by Square Enix Europe include Deus Ex , Tomb Raider and Just Cause , among others ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Success_(company)", "summary": "Success Corporation ( 株式会社サクセス Kabushiki gaisha Sakusesu ) is a Japanese video game and online game developer and publisher , based in Shinagawa , Tokyo , and founded on June 7 , 1978 . They are best known for their Cotton series of shooter games , Zoo Keeper and others . Their most recently published titles include Metal Saga for PlayStation 2 and Minon : Everyday Hero for the Wii console ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Bang Mini", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Bang_Mini", "summary": "Big Bang Mini is a Nintendo DS title that was released on January 21 , 2009 , in North America and March 6 , 2009 , in Europe . It was developed by Arkedo Studio , known for their previous DS game Nervous Brickdown , and published by SouthPeak Games ." } ] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nintendo DS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo_DS", "summary": "The Nintendo DS , [ b ] or simply DS , is a dual-screen handheld game console developed and released by Nintendo . The device released globally across 2004 and 2005 . The DS , an acronym for Developers ' System or Dual Screen , introduced distinctive new features to handheld gaming : two LCD screens working in tandem ( the bottom one being a touchscreen ) , a built-in microphone , and support for wireless connectivity . Both screens are encompassed within a clamshell design similar to the Game Boy Advance SP . The Nintendo DS also features the ability for multiple DS consoles to directly interact with each other over Wi-Fi within a short range without the need to connect to an existing wireless network . Alternatively , they could interact online using the now-defunct Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service . Its main competitor was Sony 's PlayStation Portable during the seventh generation of video game consoles . Prior to its release , the Nintendo DS was marketed as an experimental , third pillar in Nintendo 's console lineup , meant to complement the Game Boy Advance and GameCube . However , backward compatibility with Game Boy Advance titles and strong sales ultimately established it as the successor to the Game Boy series . On March 2 , 2006 , Nintendo launched the Nintendo DS Lite , a slimmer and lighter redesign of the original Nintendo DS with brighter screens . On November 1 , 2008 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DSi , another redesign with several hardware improvements and new features , although it lost backwards compatibility for Game Boy Advance titles . All Nintendo DS models combined have sold 154.02 million units , making it the best selling handheld game console to date , and the second best selling video game console of all time behind Sony 's PlayStation 2 ." } ] }, { "value": "Published by SouthPeak Games", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SouthPeak_Games", "summary": "SouthPeak Interactive Corporation , doing business as SouthPeak Games , was an American video game publisher based in Midlothian , Virginia . Founded on March 1 , 1996 , as a subsidiary of SAS Institute in Cary , North Carolina , it was sold and moved to Midlothian , Virginia in 2000 , and became a public company in 2008 . Also in 2008 , the company acquired and closed Austin , Texas-based publisher Gamecock Media Group , and opened a separate digital distribution subsidiary 7Sixty in Grapevine , Texas in 2011 . SouthPeak Games quietly ceased from the public eye in July 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Arkedo Series - 01 JUMP !", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Xbox Live Indie Games , PlayStation Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Xbox_Live_Indie_Games", "summary": "Xbox Live Indie Games ( abbreviated as XBLIG , and previously called Xbox Live Community Games abbreviated as XBLCG ) are video games created by individual developers or small teams of developers released on Microsoft 's Xbox Live Marketplace for the Xbox 360 . The games were developed using Microsoft XNA , and developed by one or more independent developers that are registered with App Hub . Unlike Xbox Live Arcade titles , these were generally only tested within the local creator community , had much lower costs of production , and generally were less expensive to purchase . The service was released to widespread use alongside the New Xbox Experience , and as of November 2014 [ update ] , over 3,300 games have been released on the service , many receiving media attention . All Indie Games currently require the user to be logged into their Xbox Live account to initiate the start-up of each game . Indie Games were not available in Australia , due to the requirement for all games to be rated by the Australian Classification Board , and the prohibitive expenses involved . The Xbox Live Indie Games program did not continue with the release of the Xbox One , and the marketplace for these games was shuttered in October 7 , 2017 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_Network", "summary": "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ." } ] }, { "value": "The first game in the Arkedo series", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arkedo Series - 02 SWAP !", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Xbox Live Indie Games , PlayStation Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Xbox_Live_Indie_Games", "summary": "Xbox Live Indie Games ( abbreviated as XBLIG , and previously called Xbox Live Community Games abbreviated as XBLCG ) are video games created by individual developers or small teams of developers released on Microsoft 's Xbox Live Marketplace for the Xbox 360 . The games were developed using Microsoft XNA , and developed by one or more independent developers that are registered with App Hub . Unlike Xbox Live Arcade titles , these were generally only tested within the local creator community , had much lower costs of production , and generally were less expensive to purchase . The service was released to widespread use alongside the New Xbox Experience , and as of November 2014 [ update ] , over 3,300 games have been released on the service , many receiving media attention . All Indie Games currently require the user to be logged into their Xbox Live account to initiate the start-up of each game . Indie Games were not available in Australia , due to the requirement for all games to be rated by the Australian Classification Board , and the prohibitive expenses involved . The Xbox Live Indie Games program did not continue with the release of the Xbox One , and the marketplace for these games was shuttered in October 7 , 2017 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_Network", "summary": "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ." } ] }, { "value": "The second game in the Arkedo series", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arkedo Series - 03 PIXEL !", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Xbox Live Indie Games , PlayStation Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Xbox_Live_Indie_Games", "summary": "Xbox Live Indie Games ( abbreviated as XBLIG , and previously called Xbox Live Community Games abbreviated as XBLCG ) are video games created by individual developers or small teams of developers released on Microsoft 's Xbox Live Marketplace for the Xbox 360 . The games were developed using Microsoft XNA , and developed by one or more independent developers that are registered with App Hub . Unlike Xbox Live Arcade titles , these were generally only tested within the local creator community , had much lower costs of production , and generally were less expensive to purchase . The service was released to widespread use alongside the New Xbox Experience , and as of November 2014 [ update ] , over 3,300 games have been released on the service , many receiving media attention . All Indie Games currently require the user to be logged into their Xbox Live account to initiate the start-up of each game . Indie Games were not available in Australia , due to the requirement for all games to be rated by the Australian Classification Board , and the prohibitive expenses involved . The Xbox Live Indie Games program did not continue with the release of the Xbox One , and the marketplace for these games was shuttered in October 7 , 2017 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_Network", "summary": "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ." } ] }, { "value": "The third and final game in the Arkedo series", "urls": [] }, { "value": "OMG : Our Manic Game", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Windows Phone", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Windows_Phone", "summary": "Windows Phone ( WP ) is a family of discontinued mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones as the replacement successor to Windows Mobile and Zune . Windows Phone featured a new user interface derived from Metro design language . Unlike Windows Mobile , it was primarily aimed at the consumer market rather than the enterprise market . It was first launched in October 2010 with Windows Phone 7 . Windows Phone 8.1 is the latest public release of the operating system , released to manufacturing on April 14 , 2014 . Windows Phone was succeeded by Windows 10 Mobile in 2015 ; it emphasizes a larger amount of integration and unification with its PC counterpart - including a new , unified application ecosystem , along with an expansion of its scope to include small-screened tablets . On October 8 , 2017 , Joe Belfiore announced that work on Windows 10 Mobile was drawing to a close due to lack of market penetration and resultant lack of interest from app developers . In January 2019 , Microsoft announced that support for Windows 10 Mobile would end on December 10 , 2019 , and that Windows 10 Mobile users should migrate to iOS or Android phones ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hell Yeah ! Wrath of the Dead Rabbit", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hell_Yeah!_Wrath_of_the_Dead_Rabbit", "summary": "Hell Yeah ! Wrath of the Dead Rabbit is an action-platformer video game for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 through PlayStation Network , and Xbox 360 through Xbox Live Arcade . It was developed by French video game development company Arkedo Studio and published by Sega . Hell Yeah ! was released September 25 , 2012 for the PlayStation Network , September 26 , 2012 for Xbox Live Arcade , and October 3 , 2012 for the PC , with an ESRB rating of Teen . The game puts a player in control of Ash , the prince of Hell , as he sets out across Hell on a self-imposed quest to restore his dignity by killing a number of monsters . He accomplishes this with the use of a large circular-saw blade jetpack that serves as both his primary weapon and his main mode of transportation . Hell Yeah ! Wrath of the Dead Rabbit received mixed reviews upon its release . The game was praised for its visuals , but widely criticized for its control scheme ." } ] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Steam , Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Steam_(software)", "summary": "Steam is a video game digital distribution service by Valve . It was launched as a standalone software client in September 2003 as a way for Valve to provide automatic updates for their games , and expanded to include games from third-party publishers . Steam has also expanded into an online web-based and mobile digital storefront . Steam offers digital rights management ( DRM ) , matchmaking servers , video streaming , and social networking services . It also provides the user with installation and automatic updating of games , and community features such as friends lists and groups , cloud saving , and in-game voice and chat functionality . The software provides a freely available application programming interface ( API ) called Steamworks , which developers can use to integrate many of Steam 's functions into their products , including matchmaking , in-game achievements , microtransactions , and support for user-created content through Steam Workshop . Though initially developed for use on Microsoft Windows operating systems , versions for macOS and Linux were later released . Mobile apps were also released for iOS , Android , and Windows Phone in the 2010s . The platform also offers a small selection of other content , including design software , hardware , game soundtracks , anime , and films . The Steam platform is the largest digital distribution platform for PC gaming , holding around 75% of the market space in 2013 . By 2017 , users purchasing games through Steam totaled roughly US $ 4.3 billion , representing at least 18% of global PC game sales . The service had over 34,000 games on it by 2019 , with over 95 million monthly active users ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade", "summary": "Xbox Live Arcade ( XBLA ) is a digital video game download service available through the Xbox Games Store , Microsoft 's digital distribution network for the Xbox 360 . It focuses on smaller downloadable games from both major publishers and independent game developers . Titles range from classic console and arcade video games , to new games designed from the ground up for the service . Games available through the XBLA service range from $ 5-20 in price , and as of October 2016 , there have been 719 Xbox Live Arcade titles released for the Xbox 360 . Prior to the Xbox 360 , Xbox Live Arcade was the name for an online distribution network on the original Xbox , which was replaced by the Xbox Live Marketplace ." }, { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_Network", "summary": "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ." } ] }, { "value": "Published by Sega", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sega", "summary": "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ." } ] }, { "value": "Poöf vs. the Cursed Kitty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Steam , Windows", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Steam_(software)", "summary": "Steam is a video game digital distribution service by Valve . It was launched as a standalone software client in September 2003 as a way for Valve to provide automatic updates for their games , and expanded to include games from third-party publishers . Steam has also expanded into an online web-based and mobile digital storefront . Steam offers digital rights management ( DRM ) , matchmaking servers , video streaming , and social networking services . It also provides the user with installation and automatic updating of games , and community features such as friends lists and groups , cloud saving , and in-game voice and chat functionality . The software provides a freely available application programming interface ( API ) called Steamworks , which developers can use to integrate many of Steam 's functions into their products , including matchmaking , in-game achievements , microtransactions , and support for user-created content through Steam Workshop . Though initially developed for use on Microsoft Windows operating systems , versions for macOS and Linux were later released . Mobile apps were also released for iOS , Android , and Windows Phone in the 2010s . The platform also offers a small selection of other content , including design software , hardware , game soundtracks , anime , and films . The Steam platform is the largest digital distribution platform for PC gaming , holding around 75% of the market space in 2013 . By 2017 , users purchasing games through Steam totaled roughly US $ 4.3 billion , representing at least 18% of global PC game sales . The service had over 34,000 games on it by 2019 , with over 95 million monthly active users ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Microsoft_Windows", "summary": "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ." } ] }, { "value": "Published by Neko Entertainment", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Neko_Entertainment", "summary": "Neko Entertainment is a French video game developer and publisher located in a suburb of Paris , France . It was founded in 1999 . Neko 's productions are based on an evolutionary development platform for 3D consoles called the Neko Game Development Kit which allows the company to simultaneously develop games across all platforms and to rapidly port existing games . Neko Entertainment is licensed to develop for 3DS , Game Boy Advance , GameCube , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation Vita , Wii , Wii U , Windows and Xbox 360 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Games developed", "section_text": "", "uid": "Arkedo_Studio_0", "intro": "Arkedo Studio was a French independent video game developer, founded in 2006 by Camille Guermonprez and Aurélien Régard. The company released their first game, Nervous Brickdown for the Nintendo DS, in 2007. They followed that game with 2009's Big Bang Mini - also for DS, and then later OMG: Our Manic Game for Windows Phone 7. The company's founding goal was to be as small as possible, while still creating 'real' games - in boxes, with a manual. The company's owners have sought to retain the rights to their intellectual properties; as of January 2010, they continue to hold them all. On February 23, 2013 it was announced that the studio is shutting down." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics", "title": "Hungary at the 1924 Summer Olympics", "header": [ "Medal", "Name", "Sport", "Event", "Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sándor Pósta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sándor_Pósta", "summary": "Sandor Posta ( September 25 , 1888 - 4 November 1952 ) was a Hungarian fencer and Olympic champion in the sabre competition . Sandor Posta 's early fencing career was interrupted by service in the First World War . During fighting in the trenches he sustained a serious hip injury which threatened his sporting career . Following an operation in Vienna he was able to return to the sport . He was very superstitious and would not talk to anyone directly before or after a fight . His statement to the press following his Olympic win was slid under a hotel room door on the journalist 's calling card . He received a gold medal in sabre individual at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris , and a silver medal in team ( sabre ) . He was also a member of the Hungarian team that received a bronze medal in foil team in the 1924 Olympics . Following his Olympic victory he worked as a dentist and sports journalist . He served briefly as the Deputy People 's Comissar of Health for the Republic of Hungary ." } ] }, { "value": "Fencing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Summer Olympics , seven fencing events were contested . A women 's event , the individual foil , was held for the first time ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's sabre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_sabre", "summary": "The men 's sabre was one of seven fencing events on the Fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics programme . It was the seventh appearance of the event , the only fencing event to have been on the programme at every Games . The competition was held from Tuesday July 16 , 1924 to Thursday July 18 , 1924 . 47 fencers from 15 nations competed . Italian Oreste Puliti was disqualified when the other Italian fencers in the final were accused of conspiring to lose to him in order to inflate his score . This led to Puliti assaulting or threatening to assault a Hungarian judge , Gyorgy Kovacs , and 4 months later the two duelled with real swords . The duel ended in a draw ." } ] }, { "value": "18 July", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gyula Halasy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gyula_Halasy", "summary": "Gyula Halasy ( 19 July 1891 - 20 December 1970 ) was a Hungarian sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics . In 1924 he won the gold medal in the individual trap competition . He also finished tenth with the Hungarian team in the team clay pigeons event ." } ] }, { "value": "Shooting", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris , ten events in shooting were contested . These would be the last Games in which team events were part of the Olympic shooting program . The competitions were held from 23 June 1924 to 9 July 1924 at the shooting ranges at Versailles , Reims , Camp de Châlons ( Mourmelon ) , and Issy-les-Moulineaux ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's trap", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_trap", "summary": "The men 's trap was a shooting sports event held as part of the Shooting at the 1924 Summer Olympics programme . It was the fifth appearance of the event . The competition was held on 8 and 9 July 1924 at the shooting ranges at Issy-les-Moulineaux . 44 shooters from 14 nations competed ." } ] }, { "value": "9 July", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elemér Somfay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elemér_Somfay", "summary": "Elemér Somfay ( 28 August 1898 - 15 May 1979 ) was a Hungarian athlete who competed mainly in the pentathlon . He competed for a Hungary at the 1924 Summer Olympics held in Paris , France in the Pentathlon where he won the silver medal . He also competed in the modern pentathlon at the 1932 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Summer Olympics held in Paris , 27 athletics events were contested , all for men only . The competitions were held from 6 to 13 July ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's pentathlon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_pentathlon", "summary": "The men 's pentathlon event was part of the track and field athletics programme at the 1924 Summer Olympics . It was the third and last appearance of a pentathlon at the Olympics . The competition was held on Monday , July 7 , 1924 . Thirty pentathletes from 17 nations competed ." } ] }, { "value": "7 July", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "László Berti , János Garay , Sándor Pósta , József Rády , Zoltán Ozoray Schenker , László Széchy , Ödön Tersztyánszky , Jenő Uhlyárik", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/László_Berti", "summary": "László Berti ( 24 June 1875 - 23 June 1952 ) was a Hungarian fencer . He won a gold medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics and a silver and bronze at the 1924 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/János_Garay_(fencer)", "summary": "János Garay ( 23 February 1889 in Budapest , Hungary - 5 March 1945 in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp , Oberösterreich , Austria ) was a Hungarian fencer , and one of the best sabre fencers in the world in the 1920s ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sándor_Pósta", "summary": "Sandor Posta ( September 25 , 1888 - 4 November 1952 ) was a Hungarian fencer and Olympic champion in the sabre competition . Sandor Posta 's early fencing career was interrupted by service in the First World War . During fighting in the trenches he sustained a serious hip injury which threatened his sporting career . Following an operation in Vienna he was able to return to the sport . He was very superstitious and would not talk to anyone directly before or after a fight . His statement to the press following his Olympic win was slid under a hotel room door on the journalist 's calling card . He received a gold medal in sabre individual at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris , and a silver medal in team ( sabre ) . He was also a member of the Hungarian team that received a bronze medal in foil team in the 1924 Olympics . Following his Olympic victory he worked as a dentist and sports journalist . He served briefly as the Deputy People 's Comissar of Health for the Republic of Hungary ." }, { "url": "/wiki/József_Rády", "summary": "József Rády ( 22 September 1884 - 11 October 1957 ) was a Hungarian fencer . He won a silver medal at the 1924 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zoltán_Ozoray_Schenker", "summary": "Zoltán Ozoray Schenker ( October 13 , 1880 - August 25 , 1966 ) was a Hungarian Olympic sabre and foil fencer , who won three Olympic medals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/László_Széchy", "summary": "László Széchy ( 18 November 1891 - 9 December 1963 ) was a Hungarian fencer . He won a silver medal at the 1924 Summer Olympics in the team sabre competition ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ödön_Tersztyánszky", "summary": "Ödön Tersztyánszky ( March 6 , 1890 - June 21 , 1929 ) was a Hungarian fencer and olympic champion in sabre competition . He received a gold medal in sabre individual and in sabre team at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . Tersztyánszky was killed in a car accident outside Budapest ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jenő_Uhlyárik", "summary": "Jenő Uhlyárik ( 15 October 1893 - 23 April 1974 ) was a Hungarian fencer . He won a silver medal at the 1924 Summer Olympics in the team sabre competition ." } ] }, { "value": "Fencing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Summer Olympics , seven fencing events were contested . A women 's event , the individual foil , was held for the first time ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's team sabre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team_sabre", "summary": "The men 's team sabre was one of seven fencing events on the Fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics programme . It was the fourth appearance of the event . The competition was held from Friday July 12 , 1924 , to Monday July 15 , 1924 . 14 teams , composed of 80 fencers , competed ." } ] }, { "value": "15 July", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lajos Keresztes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lajos_Keresztes", "summary": "Lajos Keresztes ( 30 April 1900 in Alsósófalva ( now Ocna de Jos , Romania ) - 9 August 1978 in Budapest ) was a Hungarian wrestler and Olympic champion in Greco-Roman wrestling ." } ] }, { "value": "Wrestling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Summer Olympics thirteen wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were six weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and seven classes in freestyle wrestling . The Greco-Roman events were held from July 6 to July 10 , 1924 and the freestyle competitions were held from July 11 to July 14 , 1924 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's Greco-Roman lightweight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_lightweight", "summary": "The men 's Greco-Roman lightweight was a Greco-Roman wrestling event held as part of the Wrestling at the 1924 Summer Olympics programme . It was the fourth appearance of the event . Lightweight was the third-lightest category , including wrestlers weighing 62 to 67 kilograms ." } ] }, { "value": "10 July", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "László Berti , István Lichteneckert , Sándor Pósta , Zoltán Ozoray Schenker , Ödön Tersztyánszky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/László_Berti", "summary": "László Berti ( 24 June 1875 - 23 June 1952 ) was a Hungarian fencer . He won a gold medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics and a silver and bronze at the 1924 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/István_Lichteneckert", "summary": "István Lichteneckert ( 17 August 1892 - 10 November 1929 ) was a Hungarian fencer . He won a bronze medal at the 1924 Summer Olympics in the team foil competition ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sándor_Pósta", "summary": "Sandor Posta ( September 25 , 1888 - 4 November 1952 ) was a Hungarian fencer and Olympic champion in the sabre competition . Sandor Posta 's early fencing career was interrupted by service in the First World War . During fighting in the trenches he sustained a serious hip injury which threatened his sporting career . Following an operation in Vienna he was able to return to the sport . He was very superstitious and would not talk to anyone directly before or after a fight . His statement to the press following his Olympic win was slid under a hotel room door on the journalist 's calling card . He received a gold medal in sabre individual at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris , and a silver medal in team ( sabre ) . He was also a member of the Hungarian team that received a bronze medal in foil team in the 1924 Olympics . Following his Olympic victory he worked as a dentist and sports journalist . He served briefly as the Deputy People 's Comissar of Health for the Republic of Hungary ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zoltán_Ozoray_Schenker", "summary": "Zoltán Ozoray Schenker ( October 13 , 1880 - August 25 , 1966 ) was a Hungarian Olympic sabre and foil fencer , who won three Olympic medals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ödön_Tersztyánszky", "summary": "Ödön Tersztyánszky ( March 6 , 1890 - June 21 , 1929 ) was a Hungarian fencer and olympic champion in sabre competition . He received a gold medal in sabre individual and in sabre team at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . Tersztyánszky was killed in a car accident outside Budapest ." } ] }, { "value": "Fencing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Summer Olympics , seven fencing events were contested . A women 's event , the individual foil , was held for the first time ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's team foil", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team_foil", "summary": "The men 's team foil was one of seven fencing events on the programme for fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics . It was the third appearance of the event . The competition was held from Thursday June 27 , 1924 , to Sunday June 30 , 1924 . 12 teams , composed of 67 fencers , competed ." } ] }, { "value": "30 June", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "János Garay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/János_Garay_(fencer)", "summary": "János Garay ( 23 February 1889 in Budapest , Hungary - 5 March 1945 in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp , Oberösterreich , Austria ) was a Hungarian fencer , and one of the best sabre fencers in the world in the 1920s ." } ] }, { "value": "Fencing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Summer Olympics , seven fencing events were contested . A women 's event , the individual foil , was held for the first time ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's sabre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_sabre", "summary": "The men 's sabre was one of seven fencing events on the Fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics programme . It was the seventh appearance of the event , the only fencing event to have been on the programme at every Games . The competition was held from Tuesday July 16 , 1924 to Thursday July 18 , 1924 . 47 fencers from 15 nations competed . Italian Oreste Puliti was disqualified when the other Italian fencers in the final were accused of conspiring to lose to him in order to inflate his score . This led to Puliti assaulting or threatening to assault a Hungarian judge , Gyorgy Kovacs , and 4 months later the two duelled with real swords . The duel ended in a draw ." } ] }, { "value": "18 July", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Károly Bartha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Károly_Bartha_(swimmer)", "summary": "Károly Bartha ( 4 November 1907 - 4 February 1991 ) was a Hungarian swimmer who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics . He won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke event ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris , eleven swimming events were contested , six for men and five for women . The competitions were held from Sunday July 13 , 1924 , to Sunday July 20 , 1924 . There were 169 participants from 23 countries competing . The United States team , coached by Bill Bachrach , won 19 of the 33 medals , and 9 of the 11 gold medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 100 m backstroke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_100_metre_backstroke", "summary": "The men 's 100 metre backstroke was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1924 Summer Olympics programme . It was the fourth appearance of the event , which was established in 1908 . The competition was held on Wednesday July 16 , 1924 , on Thursday July 17 , 1924 , and on Friday July 18 , 1924 ." } ] }, { "value": "18 July", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rajmund Badó", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rajmund_Badó", "summary": "Rajmund Badó ( 15 August 1902 - 31 December 1986 ) was a Hungarian wrestler who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and the 1928 Summer Olympics . At the 1924 Summer Olympics , he won the bronze medal in the Greco-Roman wrestling heavyweight class ." } ] }, { "value": "Wrestling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Summer Olympics thirteen wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were six weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and seven classes in freestyle wrestling . The Greco-Roman events were held from July 6 to July 10 , 1924 and the freestyle competitions were held from July 11 to July 14 , 1924 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's Greco-Roman heavyweight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_heavyweight", "summary": "The men 's Greco-Roman heavyweight was a Greco-Roman wrestling event held as part of the Wrestling at the 1924 Summer Olympics programme . It was the third appearance of the event . Heavyweight was the heaviest category , including wrestlers weighing over 75 kilograms ." } ] }, { "value": "10 July", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Medalists", "section_text": "Further information : 1924 Summer Olympics medal table and List of 1924 Summer Olympics medal winners", "uid": "Hungary_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_0", "intro": "Hungary competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France, returning to the Olympic Games after not being invited to the 1920 Games because of the nation's role in World War I. 89 competitors, 86 men and 3 women, took part in 54 events in 12 sports." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_Florida", "title": "List of National Natural Landmarks in Florida", "header": [ "Name", "Date", "Location", "County", "Ownership", "Description" ], "data": [ { "value": "Archbold Biological Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Archbold_Biological_Station", "summary": "The Archbold Biological Station ( ABS ) is a research institute with a surrounding 5,192.63-acre ( 21 km2 ) estate near Lake Placid , Florida , USA . It includes an extensive area of Florida scrub , a scientifically interesting and highly threatened ecosystem . It was established in 1941 by Richard Archbold when his sponsorship of zoological research in New Guinea was curtailed by the outbreak of the Second World War in the Pacific region . The Station supports 19 federally listed threatened species , including the Sand Skink ( Neoseps reynoldsi ) and 13 endemic plant species . It is a venue for field research and education . The station and grounds are open to visitors , who must register at the main office . There are some displays about the property and its history , a video about the biodiversity and conservation of the Lake Wales Ridge , a 1/2 mile nature trail and picnic tables . Nature and environmental education programs are offered for schools , adults and specialty groups . On July 20 , 2007 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . Archbold acquired the initial land for the biological research station through his friend Donald Roebling from his father , John A. Roebling II . Subsequently , additional land was purchased ." } ] }, { "value": "May 1987", "urls": [] }, { "value": "27°10′50″N 81°21′0″W / 27.18056°N 81.35000°W / 27.18056 ; -81.35000 ( Archbold Biological Station )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Highlands", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Highlands_County,_Florida", "summary": "Highlands County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 98,786 . Its county seat is Sebring . Highlands County comprises the Sebring-Avon Park , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "Private", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Protects the largest undisturbed tract of the Lake Wales Ridge", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Big Cypress Bend", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fakahatchee_Strand_Preserve_State_Park", "summary": "Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve is a Florida State Park just west of Copeland , Florida . It is located in the Fakahatchee Strand , a thread of forested strand ( swamp ) in Big Cypress , a section of the Florida Everglades off SR 29 ." } ] }, { "value": "October 1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "25°51′32″N 81°2′2″W / 25.85889°N 81.03389°W / 25.85889 ; -81.03389 ( Big Cypress Bend )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Collier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida", "summary": "Collier County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 321,520 . Its county seat is East Naples , where the county offices were moved from Everglades City in 1962 . Collier County comprises the Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Cape Coral-Fort Myers-Naples Combined Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A part of Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park , it features the largest grove of royal palm trees in the country", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fakahatchee_Strand_Preserve_State_Park", "summary": "Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve is a Florida State Park just west of Copeland , Florida . It is located in the Fakahatchee Strand , a thread of forested strand ( swamp ) in Big Cypress , a section of the Florida Everglades off SR 29 ." } ] }, { "value": "Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corkscrew_Swamp_Sanctuary", "summary": "Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary is a National Audubon Society sanctuary located in southwest Florida , north of Naples , Florida and east of Bonita Springs , in the United States . The sanctuary was established to protect one of the largest remaining stands of bald cypress ( Taxodium distichum ) and pond cypress ( T. ascendens ) in North America from extensive logging that was ongoing throughout the 1940s and 1950s ." } ] }, { "value": "March 1964", "urls": [] }, { "value": "26°25′4.41″N 81°32′18.33″W / 26.4178917°N 81.5384250°W / 26.4178917 ; -81.5384250 ( Corkscrew Swamp )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Collier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida", "summary": "Collier County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 321,520 . Its county seat is East Naples , where the county offices were moved from Everglades City in 1962 . Collier County comprises the Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Cape Coral-Fort Myers-Naples Combined Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "State , private", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Contains the nation 's largest remaining virgin strand of bald cypress trees", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Devil 's Millhopper", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Devil's_Millhopper_Geological_State_Park", "summary": "Devil 's Millhopper Geological State Park is a Florida State Park located in the north-westernmost part of Gainesville , Florida , off County Road 232 , northwest of the University of Florida . The park is maintained by the Florida State Parks system , a division of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection . The park is adjacent to San Felasco County Park and is near the San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park ." } ] }, { "value": "December 1974", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29°42′25″N 82°23′42″W / 29.70694°N 82.39500°W / 29.70694 ; -82.39500 ( Devil 's Millhopper )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alachua", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alachua_County,_Florida", "summary": "Alachua County ( /əˈlætʃuə/ ə-LATCH-oo-ə ) is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 247,336 . The county seat is Gainesville , the home of the University of Florida since 1906 , when the campus opened with 106 students . Alachua County is included in the Gainesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county is known for its diverse culture , local music , and artisans . Much of its economy revolves around the university , which had nearly 55,000 students in fall 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A karst dry sinkhole located within the eponymous state park", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emeralda Marsh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emeralda_Marsh_Conservation_Area", "summary": "The Emeralda Marsh Conservation Area ( EMCA ) is a 7,089-acre ( 28.69 km2 ) U.S. conservation area administered by the St. Johns River Water Management District in Florida . It is to the east of the Lake Griffin State Park , and covers parts of Lake and Marion counties . In December 1974 , it was designated a National Natural Landmark . It is one of the sites along the Great Florida Birding Trail ." } ] }, { "value": "December 1974", "urls": [] }, { "value": "28°58′1.46″N 81°48′13.88″W / 28.9670722°N 81.8038556°W / 28.9670722 ; -81.8038556 ( Emeralda Marsh )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lake , Marion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lake_County,_Florida", "summary": "Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 297,052 . Its county seat is Tavares , and its largest city is Clermont . Lake County is included in the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Marion_County,_Florida", "summary": "Marion County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 331,298 . Its county seat is Ocala . Marion County comprises the Ocala , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area . it includes part of Ocala National Forest , which also extends into three other counties ." } ] }, { "value": "State , private", "urls": [] }, { "value": "This inland freshwater sawgrass marsh is also a popular birding area", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Florida Caverns Natural Area", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florida_Caverns_State_Park", "summary": "Florida Caverns State Park is a state park of Florida in the United States , part of the Florida State Parks system . It is located in the Florida Panhandle near Marianna . It is the only Florida state park with air-filled caves accessible to the public . The limestone caves in the park have stalagmites , stalactites and flowstones formed by the erosion of bedrock . Other formations are above ground , including rivers and springs . Florida Caverns State Park and the neighboring golf course were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps as part of the New Deal . The park opened in 1942 ." } ] }, { "value": "December 1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "30°48′50″N 85°13′59″W / 30.81389°N 85.23306°W / 30.81389 ; -85.23306 ( Florida Caverns Natural Area )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jackson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jackson_County,_Florida", "summary": "Jackson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida , on its northwestern border with Alabama . As of the 2010 census , the population was 49,746 . Its county seat is Marianna ." } ] }, { "value": "State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eponymous state park protects Florida 's only publicly accessible cave . Winter home of the endangered Indiana bat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Indiana_bat", "summary": "The Indiana bat ( Myotis sodalis ) is a medium-sized mouse-eared bat native to North America . It lives primarily in Southern and Midwestern U.S. states and is listed as an endangered species . The Indiana bat is gray , black , or chestnut in color and is 1.2-2.0 in long and weighs 4.5-9.5 g ( 0.16-0.34 oz ) . It is similar in appearance to the more common little brown bat , but is distinguished by its feet size , toe hair length , pink lips , and a keel on the calcar . Indiana bats live in hardwood and hardwood-pine forests . It is common in old-growth forest and in agricultural land , mainly in forest , crop fields , and grasslands . As an insectivore , the bat eats both terrestrial and aquatic flying insects , such as moths , beetles , mosquitoes , and midges . The Indiana bat is listed as an endangered species by the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service . It has had serious population decline , estimated to be more than 50% over the past 10 years , based on direct observation and a decline on its extent of occurrence ." } ] }, { "value": "Ichetucknee Springs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ichetucknee_Springs_State_Park", "summary": "Ichetucknee Springs State Park is a 2,241-acre ( 9.07 km2 ) Florida State Park and National Natural Landmark located 4 miles ( 6 km ) northwest of Fort White off State Road 47 and State Road 238 . It centers around the 6-mile-long ( 10 km ) Ichetucknee River , which flows through shaded hammocks and wetlands into the Santa Fe River . The park contains hardwood hammock and limestone outcrops . Like many rivers in this part of North Florida , the Ichetucknee is fed by natural springs which boil up ( in various holes ) from the aquifer . The state of Florida purchased the property in 1970 from the Loncala Phosphate Corporation for $ 1,850,000 ." } ] }, { "value": "October 1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29°58′2.47″N 82°46′33.82″W / 29.9673528°N 82.7760611°W / 29.9673528 ; -82.7760611 ( Ichetucknee Springs )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Columbia , Suwannee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Columbia_County,_Florida", "summary": "Columbia County county is on the northern border of the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 67,531 . Its county seat is Lake City . Columbia County comprises the Lake City , FL Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Gainesville-Lake City , FL Combined Statistical Area . Osceola National Forest is partially in Columbia County ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Suwannee_County,_Florida", "summary": "Suwannee County is a county located in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 41,551 . Its county seat is Live Oak . Suwannee County was a moist county until August 2011 , when the sale of alcoholic beverages became legal in the county ." } ] }, { "value": "State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Artisan spring , the state 's third largest , included in eponymous state park", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lignumvitae Key", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lignumvitae_Key_State_Botanical_Park", "summary": "Lignumvitae Key Botanical State Park is a Florida State Park located on 280-acre ( 1 km2 ) Lignumvitae Key , one mile west of U.S. 1 ( Overseas Highway ) at mile marker 78.5 , and can only be reached by private boat or tour boat . The park was also added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16 , 1999 under the designation of Lignumvitae Key Archeological and Historical District . According to the National Register , it contains 3 historic buildings , 3 structures and 8 objects ." } ] }, { "value": "October 1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "24°54′7.18″N 80°41′57.56″W / 24.9019944°N 80.6993222°W / 24.9019944 ; -80.6993222 ( Lignumvitae Key )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monroe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monroe_County,_Florida", "summary": "Monroe County is a county in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 73,090 . Its county seat is Key West . Monroe County includes the islands of the Florida Keys and comprises the Key West Micropolitan Statistical Area . Although 87% of the county 's land area is on the mainland , that region is part of the Everglades and is virtually uninhabited with only 60 people in total . Over 99% of the county 's population lives on the Florida Keys ." } ] }, { "value": "State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Located in an eponymous state park , contains the best preserved tropical hammock forest in the country", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Manatee Springs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manatee_Springs_State_Park", "summary": "Manatee Springs State Park is a Florida State Park located six miles west of Chiefland on SR 320 , off US 19 . Manatee Spring is a first magnitude spring that flows directly into the Suwannee River by way of a short run ( though it is the longest spring run feeding the Suwannee River ) . Present also are swamps and hardwood wetlands along the Suwannee , along with many sinkhole ponds , including one with a cave 90 feet below the ground that connects to a popular divers ' destination known as the catfish hotel ." } ] }, { "value": "December 1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29°29′25.49″N 82°58′37.47″W / 29.4904139°N 82.9770750°W / 29.4904139 ; -82.9770750 ( Manatee Springs )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Levy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Levy_County,_Florida", "summary": "Levy County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 40,801 . Its county seat is Bronson ." } ] }, { "value": "State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "An eponymous state park surrounds the state 's sixth largest artisan spring", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osceola Research Natural Area", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osceola_National_Forest", "summary": "Osceola National Forest is a National Forest located in northeast Florida . Osceola National Forest was created by President Herbert Hoover 's proclamation , on July 10 , 1931 . It is named in honor of the noted Seminole warrior , Osceola . The forest is made up of approximately 200,000 acres ( 810 km2 ) of pine flatwoods and cypress-hardwood swamps in northeastern Florida , and is about 50 miles ( 80 km ) west of Jacksonville . It is located in parts of Columbia , Baker , Bradford , and Hamilton counties . The forest administration headquarters are in Tallahassee , as are all three National Forests in Florida . Local ranger district offices located in Olustee . There is one officially designated wilderness area in the forest , the 13,660 acres ( 55.3 km2 ) Big Gum Swamp Wilderness ." } ] }, { "value": "December 1974", "urls": [] }, { "value": "30°17′26″N 82°19′18″W / 30.29056°N 82.32167°W / 30.29056 ; -82.32167 ( Osceola Research Natural Area )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Baker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baker,_Florida", "summary": "Baker is an unincorporated community in Okaloosa County , Florida , United States . It is located approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of the county seat , Crestview , in the Florida Panhandle . A stop on the Florida , Alabama and Gulf Railroad , Baker was platted in 1910 and grew up around the timber and turpentine industries . The Baker Block Museum is in Baker ." } ] }, { "value": "Federal", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Isolated mixed hardwood forest featuring virgin bald cypress strands . A portion of Osceola National Forest", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osceola_National_Forest", "summary": "Osceola National Forest is a National Forest located in northeast Florida . Osceola National Forest was created by President Herbert Hoover 's proclamation , on July 10 , 1931 . It is named in honor of the noted Seminole warrior , Osceola . The forest is made up of approximately 200,000 acres ( 810 km2 ) of pine flatwoods and cypress-hardwood swamps in northeastern Florida , and is about 50 miles ( 80 km ) west of Jacksonville . It is located in parts of Columbia , Baker , Bradford , and Hamilton counties . The forest administration headquarters are in Tallahassee , as are all three National Forests in Florida . Local ranger district offices located in Olustee . There is one officially designated wilderness area in the forest , the 13,660 acres ( 55.3 km2 ) Big Gum Swamp Wilderness ." } ] }, { "value": "Paynes Prairie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paynes_Prairie", "summary": "Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park , encompassing a 21,000-acre ( 85 km2 ) savanna in Micanopy , Florida , south of Gainesville . It is also a U.S. National Natural Landmark . It is crossed by both I-75 and U.S. 441 ( which has a scenic outlook ramp ) . It is in the center of the Paynes Prairie Basin . The basin 's primary source of drainage is Alachua Sink . During occasional wet periods , the basin will become full . A notable period occurred from 1871 to 1891 when the Alachua Sink was temporarily blocked . During this period , shallow draft steamboats were a frequent sight on Alachua Lake in the center of the prairie . The region was also historically known as the Alachua Savannah . Its drainage has been modified by several canals . Since 1927 , Camps Canal has linked the basin to the River Styx which leads to Orange Lake and eventually the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Johns River . That reduced the basins water intake by half ." } ] }, { "value": "December 1974", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29°34′1″N 82°22′52″W / 29.56694°N 82.38111°W / 29.56694 ; -82.38111 ( Paynes Prairie )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alachua", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alachua_County,_Florida", "summary": "Alachua County ( /əˈlætʃuə/ ə-LATCH-oo-ə ) is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 247,336 . The county seat is Gainesville , the home of the University of Florida since 1906 , when the campus opened with 106 students . Alachua County is included in the Gainesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county is known for its diverse culture , local music , and artisans . Much of its economy revolves around the university , which had nearly 55,000 students in fall 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "State , private", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Freshwater marsh in one of the state 's largest sinks . Majority of the site included in Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rainbow Springs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rainbow_Springs_State_Park", "summary": "Rainbow Springs State Park is a Florida State Park located on U.S. 41 , three miles ( 5 km ) north of Dunnellon , Florida . It comprises 1,459.07 acres ( 5.9046 km2 ) upland ( which includes around 100 acres ( 0.40 km2 ) of wetlands ) and 12.83 acres ( 51,900 m2 ) submerged . The most significant natural feature is the first magnitude headspring basin which produces up to 600,000,000 US gallons ( 2,300,000 m3 ) of fresh water per day , forming The Rainbow River . The looking glass waters of Rainbow Springs come from several vents , not one large bubbling spring . The river itself supports a wide variety of fish , wildlife , and plants , many within easy viewing by visitors . In total , the park contains 11 distinct natural communities , including sandhills , flatwoods , upland mixed forests , and hydric hammocks . Visitors are able to see a variety of wildflowers in season ; oak , longleaf pines , magnolia , dogwood , red maple , redbud , cypress , sabal , and hickory trees ; gray squirrels , red-shouldered hawks , swallowtail kites , barred owls , whitetail deer , and a wide variety of wading birds . The relative peace and quiet of the winter season offers much for the nature enthusiast . There is an interpretive room located in the visitor center displaying historical , natural , and cultural resources of the park ." } ] }, { "value": "October 1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29°6′9.57″N 82°26′13.38″W / 29.1026583°N 82.4370500°W / 29.1026583 ; -82.4370500 ( Rainbow Springs )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marion_County,_Florida", "summary": "Marion County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 331,298 . Its county seat is Ocala . Marion County comprises the Ocala , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area . it includes part of Ocala National Forest , which also extends into three other counties ." } ] }, { "value": "State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Florida 's second largest artisan spring . Part of an eponymous state park", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Reed Wilderness Seashore Sanctuary", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hobe_Sound_National_Wildlife_Refuge", "summary": "The Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge , a part of the United States National Wildlife Refuge System , is a refuge on Jupiter Island in Florida . Its official name as of 2019 is the Nathaniel P. Reed Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge . Part of the refuge is inside the town of Jupiter Island , while the rest is in the unincorporated areas of Martin County . The 1,035-acre ( 4.19 km2 ) refuge was established in 1969 , to protect the loggerhead and green sea turtles . It is administered as part of the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge . Within the refuge is the 173-acre ( 0.70 km2 ) Reed Wilderness Seashore Sanctuary , designated a National Natural Landmark on November 1967 ." } ] }, { "value": "November 1967", "urls": [] }, { "value": "27°2′25.64″N 80°6′49.47″W / 27.0404556°N 80.1137417°W / 27.0404556 ; -80.1137417 ( Reed Wilderness Seashore Sanctuary )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Martin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martin_County,_Florida", "summary": "Martin County is a county located in the Treasure Coast region of the state of Florida , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 146,318 . Its county seat is Stuart . Martin County is in the Port St. Lucie , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "Federal", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A part of Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge , protects the largest undisturbed stretch of Florida 's Atlantic coast . A nesting site of the loggerhead turtle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Loggerhead_turtle", "summary": "The loggerhead sea turtle ( Caretta caretta ) , also commonly called Caretta Caretta , is a species of oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world . It is a marine reptile , belonging to the family Cheloniidae . The average loggerhead measures around 90 cm ( 35 in ) in carapace length when fully grown . The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs approximately 135 kg ( 298 lb ) , with the largest specimens weighing in at more than 450 kg ( 1,000 lb ) . The skin ranges from yellow to brown in color , and the shell is typically reddish brown . No external differences in sex are seen until the turtle becomes an adult , the most obvious difference being the adult males have thicker tails and shorter plastrons ( lower shells ) than the females . The loggerhead sea turtle is found in the Atlantic , Pacific , and Indian Oceans , as well as the Mediterranean Sea . It spends most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats , with females briefly coming ashore to lay eggs . The loggerhead sea turtle has a low reproductive rate ; females lay an average of four egg clutches and then become quiescent , producing no eggs for two to three years . The loggerhead reaches sexual maturity within 17-33 years and has a lifespan of 47-67 years . The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous , feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates . Its large and powerful jaws serve as an effective tool for dismantling its prey ." } ] }, { "value": "San Felasco Hammock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Felasco_Hammock_Preserve_State_Park", "summary": "San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park in Alachua County , Florida . It is located northwest of Gainesville , Florida on CR 232 ( Millhopper Road ) , just south of the town of Alachua ." } ] }, { "value": "December 1974", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29°43′44″N 82°26′31″W / 29.72889°N 82.44194°W / 29.72889 ; -82.44194 ( San Felasco Hammock )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alachua", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alachua_County,_Florida", "summary": "Alachua County ( /əˈlætʃuə/ ə-LATCH-oo-ə ) is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 247,336 . The county seat is Gainesville , the home of the University of Florida since 1906 , when the campus opened with 106 students . Alachua County is included in the Gainesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county is known for its diverse culture , local music , and artisans . Much of its economy revolves around the university , which had nearly 55,000 students in fall 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "State , private", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mainly located in San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park , contains a diverse forest environment", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver Springs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Silver_Springs_(attraction)", "summary": "Silver Springs is a group of artesian springs that feed into the Silver River in Marion County , Florida . It is the largest artesian spring in the world and the site of the oldest commercial tourist attraction in Florida . It was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1971 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019 . Its main features are the glass-bottom boat tours on the river , which have operated there , in various forms , since 1878 . Long privately owned and operated , the springs area was formerly the site of a small amusement park , Silver Springs Nature Theme Park . Developed in the late 19th century , the springs became a tourist destination for Northerners . It changed hands several times over the years , with various operators introducing boat rides and building related attractions of varying scientific and entertainment quality . It was first used as a location for a Hollywood film in 1916 , and was a frequent location for the series of Tarzan films in the 1930s and into the 1950s . Beginning in 1993 , the first thorough scientific studies of the springs were conducted and wildlife rehabilitation was started . That year , the State of Florida bought the underlying land , while private businesses continued to operate the attractions and concessions . Environmental issues such as nitrate runoff , related to development in the region , adversely affected the park 's health and tourist revenues declined . On January 23 , 2013 , the Florida Cabinet announced the state would take over the facility after the end of the 2013 summer season , and that the park operators would pay a $ 4 million buyout of their lease ." } ] }, { "value": "October 1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29°12′59″N 82°3′28″W / 29.21639°N 82.05778°W / 29.21639 ; -82.05778 ( Silver Springs )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marion_County,_Florida", "summary": "Marion County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 331,298 . Its county seat is Ocala . Marion County comprises the Ocala , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area . it includes part of Ocala National Forest , which also extends into three other counties ." } ] }, { "value": "Private", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eponymous state park surrounds the state 's largest artesian spring", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Torreya State Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Torreya_State_Park", "summary": "Torreya State Park is a 13,735 acre ( 56 km² ) Florida State Park , United States National Natural Landmark and historic site thirteen miles ( 19 km ) north of Bristol . It is located north of S.R 12 on the Apalachicola River , in northwestern Florida ( Florida Panhandle ) , at 2576 N.W . Torreya Park Road . It was named for the Florida Nutmeg ( Torreya taxifolia ) trees , a rare species of Torreya tree endemic to the local east bank of the Apalachicola River 's limestone bluffs ." } ] }, { "value": "December 1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "30°34′8″N 84°56′53″W / 30.56889°N 84.94806°W / 30.56889 ; -84.94806 ( Torreya State Park )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Liberty", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Liberty_County,_Florida", "summary": "Liberty County is a county located in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 8,365 , making it the least populous county in Florida . Its county seat is Bristol . The Apalachicola National Forest occupies half the county ." } ] }, { "value": "State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Steep ravines cut through this eponymous state park . Home of endangered plants such as the Florida yew", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florida_yew", "summary": "Taxus floridana , the Florida yew , is a species of yew , endemic to a small area of under 10 km² on the eastern side of the Apalachicola River in mesophytic forests of northern Florida at altitudes of 15-40 m. It is listed as critically endangered . It is protected in reserves at the Torreya State Park and at the Nature Conservancy 's Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines Preserve , and has legal protection under the United States and Florida Endangered Species laws ." } ] }, { "value": "Waccasassa Bay Preserve State Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Waccasassa_Bay_Preserve_State_Park", "summary": "Waccasassa Bay Preserve State Park is a 30,784-acre ( 124.58 km2 ) salt marsh that stretches from Cedar Key and Yankee Town , and is only accessible by boat . It includes the part of Gulf Hammock wetlands area that is closest to the Gulf . Some access points are from County Road 40 in Yankee Town , by boat down the Waccasassa River from the community of Gulf Hammock , and Cedar Key . It is the home to numerous species of saltwater fish and shellfish , as well as many endangered and threatened species , including manatees , alligators , bald eagles and black bears ." } ] }, { "value": "December 1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29°10′44.37″N 82°55′50.31″W / 29.1789917°N 82.9306417°W / 29.1789917 ; -82.9306417 ( Waccasassa Bay Preserve State Park )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Levy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Levy_County,_Florida", "summary": "Levy County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 40,801 . Its county seat is Bronson ." } ] }, { "value": "State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brackish mangrove protected in an eponymous state park", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wakulla Springs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edward_Ball_Wakulla_Springs_State_Park", "summary": "Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park is a Florida State Park in Wakulla County , Florida , United States . This 6,000 acre ( 24 km2 ) wildlife sanctuary , located south of Tallahassee , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and designated a National Natural Landmark . It has three nature trail systems which lead the visitor through pine forests , bald cypress wetlands and hardwood hammock . Hikers , bicyclists and horse riders are welcome . The wildlife found in the forest includes white-tailed deer , wild turkey , and many other bird species , while American alligators , bass , gar , various snakes , and West Indian manatee ( during the winter ) populate the springs , swamps , and river ." } ] }, { "value": "October 1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "30°13′58″N 84°17′32″W / 30.23278°N 84.29222°W / 30.23278 ; -84.29222 ( Wakulla Springs )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wakulla", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wakulla_County,_Florida", "summary": "Wakulla County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 30,776 . Its county seat is Crawfordville . Wakulla County is part of the Tallahassee , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area . Wakulla County has a near-absence of any municipal population , with two small municipalities holding about 3% of the population . The county seat , Crawfordville , is one of only two unincorporated county seats among Florida 's 67 counties ." } ] }, { "value": "State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Located in Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park , includes the state 's deepest artesian spring", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "National Natural Landmarks", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_Florida_0", "intro": "The National Natural Landmarks (NNLs) in Florida include 18 of the almost 600 such landmarks in the United States. They cover areas of geological, biological and historical importance, and include springs, swamps, marshes and seashore. Several of the sites provide habitat for rare or endangered plant and animal species. The landmarks are located in 14 of the state's 67 counties. Four counties each contain all or part of two or more NNLs, while two landmarks is split between two counties. The first designation, Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, was made in 1964, while the most recent designation, Archbold Biological Station, was made in 1987. Natural Landmarks in Florida range from 593 to 14,000 acres (240.0 to 5,665.6 ha; 0.9 to 21.9 sq mi) in size. Owners include private individuals and several state and federal agencies. The National Natural Landmarks Program is administered by the National Park Service, a branch of the Department of the Interior. The National Park Service determines which properties meet NNL criteria and, after notifying the owners, makes nomination recommendations. The Secretary of the Interior reviews nominations and, based on a set of predetermined criteria, makes a decision on NNL designation or a determination of eligibility for designation. Both public and privately owned properties can be designated as NNLs." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay", "title": "Tunisian detainees at Guantanamo Bay", "header": [ "isn", "name", "arrival date", "departure date", "notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "38", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_38", "summary": "Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi is a citizen of Tunisia held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps , in Cuba since the day it opened , on January 11 , 2002 . Al Yazidi 's Guantanamo detainee ID number 38 . The Department of Defense reports that he was born on January 24 , 1965 , in Unfidel , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ridah_Bin_Saleh_Al_Yazidi", "summary": "Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi is a citizen of Tunisia held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps , in Cuba since the day it opened , on January 11 , 2002 . Al Yazidi 's Guantanamo detainee ID number 38 . The Department of Defense reports that he was born on January 24 , 1965 , in Unfidel , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "2002-01-12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "46", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Salah Bin Al Hadi Asasi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2002-01-20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010-02-24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Transferred to Albania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Albania", "summary": "Albania ( /ælˈbeɪniə , ɔːl-/ ( listen ) a ( w ) l-BAY-nee-ə ; Albanian : Shqipëri or Shqipëria ; Gheg Albanian : Shqipni or Shqipnia also Shqypni or Shqypnia ) , officially the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Republika e Shqipërisë , pronounced [ ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea . It shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest , Kosovo [ a ] to the northeast , North Macedonia to the east , Greece to the south and maritime borders with Greece , Montenegro and Italy to the west . Geographically , the country displays varied climatic , geological , hydrological and morphological conditions , defined in an area of 28,748 km2 ( 11,100 sq mi ) . It possesses remarkable diversity with the landscape ranging from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps as well as the Korab , Skanderbeg , Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains to the hot and sunny coasts of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea along the Mediterranean Sea . Historically , the country has been inhabited by numerous civilisations such as the Illyrians , Thracians , Ancient Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Venetians and Ottomans . The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century . The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania formed between the 13th and 14th centuries . Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century , the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe . Between the 18th and 19th centuries , Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance . After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars , the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912 . In the 20th century , the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany . Enver Hoxha formed Communist Albania after the Second World War and launched the Albanians on a path of oppression and decades of isolation ." } ] }, { "value": "148", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_148", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Adil Ben HMIDA Mabrouk", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2002-02-09", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009-11-30", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Transferred to Italy for criminal prosecution", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Italy", "summary": "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ." } ] }, { "value": "168", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_168", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Adel bin Ibrahim Hkiml", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adel_bin_Ibrahim_Hkiml", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014-12-30", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Transferred to Kazakhstan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kazakhstan", "summary": "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ." } ] }, { "value": "174", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_174", "summary": "Hisham Sliti , is a citizen of Tunisia who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba . His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number is 174 . The list of the names of all the Guantanamo detainees states that his date of birth was February 12 , 1966 , in Hamam Lif , Tunisia . He was transferred to Guantanamo on May 1 , 2002 , and held there for twelve and a half years . On November 20 , 2014 , Sliti and Hussein Salem Mohammed were granted asylum in Slovakia . Clive Stafford Smith represents Sliti as one of his lawyers . Sliti reported to his lawyers that he was beaten on August 5 , 2005 . Sliti claims that his interrogator threw a chair , and a mini-fridge at him , and then called in the initial reaction force . Sliti participated in a widespread hunger strike during July 2005 , and then participated in a second hunger strike that started in August 2005 due to Qur'an desecration . The Slovak Spectator reports that Sliti was arrested by Slovak security officials , and the release of their arrest video stirred controversy ." } ] }, { "value": "Hisham Sliti", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hisham_Sliti", "summary": "Hisham Sliti , is a citizen of Tunisia who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba . His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number is 174 . The list of the names of all the Guantanamo detainees states that his date of birth was February 12 , 1966 , in Hamam Lif , Tunisia . He was transferred to Guantanamo on May 1 , 2002 , and held there for twelve and a half years . On November 20 , 2014 , Sliti and Hussein Salem Mohammed were granted asylum in Slovakia . Clive Stafford Smith represents Sliti as one of his lawyers . Sliti reported to his lawyers that he was beaten on August 5 , 2005 . Sliti claims that his interrogator threw a chair , and a mini-fridge at him , and then called in the initial reaction force . Sliti participated in a widespread hunger strike during July 2005 , and then participated in a second hunger strike that started in August 2005 due to Qur'an desecration . The Slovak Spectator reports that Sliti was arrested by Slovak security officials , and the release of their arrest video stirred controversy ." } ] }, { "value": "2002-05-01", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014-11-20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Transferred to Slovakia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Slovakia", "summary": "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "502", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_502", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Abdul Bin Mohammed Bin Abess Ourgy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Abdul_Bin_Mohammed_Bin_Abess_Ourgy", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "2002-05-01", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014-12-08", "urls": [] }, { "value": "granted asylum in Uruguay", "urls": [] }, { "value": "510", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_510", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Riyad Bil Mohammed Tahir Nasseri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Riyad_Bil_Mohammed_Tahir_Nasseri", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "2002-06-08", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009-11-30", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Transferred to Italy for criminal prosecution", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Italy", "summary": "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ." } ] }, { "value": "660", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_660", "summary": "Lufti Bin Swei Lagha is a citizen of Tunisia who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States 's Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba . The Department of Defense reports that he was born on November 28 , 1968 , in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Lufti Bin Swei Lagha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lufti_Bin_Swei_Lagha", "summary": "Lufti Bin Swei Lagha is a citizen of Tunisia who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States 's Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba . The Department of Defense reports that he was born on November 28 , 1968 , in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "2002-06-14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2007-06-17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "717", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_717", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Abdul Haddi Bin Hadiddi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Abdul_Haddi_Bin_Hadiddi", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "2002-08-05", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010-03-23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Transferred to Georgia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Georgia_(country)", "summary": "Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველო , translit . : sakartvelo , IPA : [ sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ ] ( listen ) ) , known until 1995 as the Republic of Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველოს რესპუბლიკა , translit . : sakartvelos resp'ublik ' a ) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia . Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe , it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea , to the north by Russia , to the south by Turkey and Armenia , and to the southeast by Azerbaijan . The capital and largest city is Tbilisi . Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres ( 26,911 sq mi ) , and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million . Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic , with the government elected through a representative democracy . During the classical era , several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia , such as Colchis and Iberia . The Georgians officially adopted Christianity in the early 4th century . The Georgian Orthodox Church had enormous importance for the spiritual and political unification of early Georgian states . The unified Kingdom of Georgia reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great in the 12th and early 13th centuries . Thereafter , the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under the hegemony of various regional powers , including the Mongols , the Ottoman Empire and successive dynasties of Iran ." } ] }, { "value": "721", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_721", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Abdullah Bin Omar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Abdullah_Bin_Omar", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "2002-08-05", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2007-06-17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "892", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_892", "summary": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo . A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new detainees , all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives . On February 24 , 2010 , Carol Rosenberg , of the Miami Herald , reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees , a Tunisian , Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin , an Egyptian , and a Libyan . The men will not be allowed to leave Albania . On July 27 , 2012 , Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rafiq_Bin_Bashir_Bin_Jalud_Al_Hami", "summary": "Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud al Hami ( رافق بن بشر بن جالود الحامي ) is a citizen of Tunisia , who was formerly held for over seven years without charge or trial in the United States 's Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba . His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 892 . The Department of Defense reports that he was born on 14 March 1969 , in Omaron , Tunisia . He is a Tunisian-born German , working in the restaurant industry , when he was captured by unknown Iranian authorities and handed over to the CIA after traveling to Pakistan in 1999 to study with the Jamaat al-Tablighi missionary group . He was held in a Black site as a ghost prisoner , before being transferred to Guantanamo . According to a report on the CIA 's use of torture prepared by the Senate Intelligence Committee , al Hami was one of the CIA 's captives who interrogators tortured without first getting authorization ." } ] }, { "value": "2003-02-07", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010-01-24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Transferred to Slovakia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Slovakia", "summary": "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "894", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ISN_894", "summary": "Lotfi Bin Ali is a Tunisian whom the United States held in extrajudicial detention for over thirteen years in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba . He was one of five men transferred to Kazakhstan in 2014 . He was extensively quoted following the death by lack of medical care of one of the other captives transferred to Kazakhstan . In a September 2016 profile in The Guardian , he described exile in Kazakhstan as being very isolating , and , in some ways , almost as bad as Guantanamo ." } ] }, { "value": "Lufti Bin Ali", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lufti_Bin_Ali", "summary": "Lotfi Bin Ali is a Tunisian whom the United States held in extrajudicial detention for over thirteen years in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba . He was one of five men transferred to Kazakhstan in 2014 . He was extensively quoted following the death by lack of medical care of one of the other captives transferred to Kazakhstan . In a September 2016 profile in The Guardian , he described exile in Kazakhstan as being very isolating , and , in some ways , almost as bad as Guantanamo ." } ] }, { "value": "2003-02-07", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014-12-30", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Transferred to Kazakhstan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kazakhstan", "summary": "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo", "section_text": "", "uid": "Tunisian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay_0", "intro": "The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding Tunisian detainees in Guantanamo. A total of 779 detainees have been held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11, 2002\nThe camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660. Only nineteen new detainees, all high value detainees have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Rasul v. Bush. As of January 2017, 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo. By July 2012 the camp held 168 captives. On February 24, 2010, Carol Rosenberg, of the Miami Herald, reported that Albania accepted the transfer of three former detainees, a Tunisian, Saleh Bin Hadi Asasi and Sharif Fati Ali al Mishad and Rauf Omar Mohammad Abu al Qusin, an Egyptian, and a Libyan. The men will not be allowed to leave Albania. On July 27, 2012, Tunisia Live asserted the five remaining Tunisian captives would be repatriated by the end of 2012." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Skate_Canada_International", "title": "1995 Skate Canada International", "header": [ "Rank", "Name", "Nation", "TFP", "SP", "FS" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Evgenia Shishkova / Vadim Naumov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Evgenia_Shishkova", "summary": "Evgenia Vasilievna Shishkova ( Russian : Евгения Васильевна Шишкова ; born 18 December 1972 ) is a Russian pair skater and coach . With partner and husband Vadim Naumov , she is the 1994 World champion and the 1995-96 Champions Series Final champion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Vadim_Naumov", "summary": "Vadim Vladimirovich Naumov ( Russian : Вадим Владимирович Наумов ; born 7 April 1969 ) is a Russian former pair skater . With partner Evgenia Shishkova , he is the 1994 World champion and the 1995-96 Champions Series Final champion ." } ] }, { "value": "Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russia", "summary": "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ." } ] }, { "value": "1.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Maria Petrova / Anton Sikharulidze", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maria_Petrova_(figure_skater)", "summary": "Maria Igorevna Petrova ( Russian : Мария Игоревна Петрова ; born 29 November 1977 ) is a Russian pair skater . With partner Alexei Tikhonov , she is the 2000 World champion and a two-time ( 1999 , 2000 ) European champion" }, { "url": "/wiki/Anton_Sikharulidze", "summary": "Anton Tarielyevich Sikharulidze ( Russian : Антон Тариэльевич Сихарулидзе , born 25 October 1976 ) is a Russian former pair skater . With Elena Berezhnaya , he is the 1998 and 1999 World champion , 1998 Olympic silver medalist and 2002 Olympic champion . His first partner was Maria Petrova , with whom he became the 1994 and 1995 World Junior Champion . He began competing with Berezhnaya in 1996 after helping her recover from an accident with her previous partner . Within two years of the accident , Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze had established themselves as one of the best pair teams in the world . During their competitive career , they were coached by Tamara Moskvina at the Yubileyny Sports Palace in Saint Petersburg , Russia , and the Ice House in Hackensack , New Jersey . Their Olympic gold medals are shared with Canadian pair Jamie Salé and David Pelletier ." } ] }, { "value": "Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russia", "summary": "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ." } ] }, { "value": "3.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jodeyne Higgins / Sean Rice", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jodeyne_Higgins", "summary": "Jodeyne Higgins ( born September 26 , 1974 ) is a Canadian pair skater who also competed in the fours discipline . With Sean Rice , she is a two-time ( 1993 , 1995 ) Canadian pairs bronze medallist and four-time ( 1993-1996 ) Canadian fours champion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sean_Rice", "summary": "Sean Rice ( born July 20 , 1972 ) is a Canadian pair skater who also competed in the fours discipline . With Jodeyne Higgins , he is a two-time ( 1993 , 1995 ) Canadian pairs bronze medallist and four-time ( 1993-1996 ) Canadian fours champion ." } ] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "4.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shelby Lyons / Brian Wells", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shelby_Lyons", "summary": "Shelby Lyons ( born May 24 , 1981 in Oswego , New York ) is an American retired competitive figure skater who competed in both singles and pairs . She originally competed as a single skater on the novice level before teaming up with Brian Wells . They won four medals at the United States Figure Skating Championships between 1995 and 1998 , and competed with twice at the World Figure Skating Championships , placing 10th in 1996 and in 1998 . Their partnership ended in 1998 . During this time , Lyons had been competing in singles . She was the 1996 U.S . Junior national champion in singles and had competed on the Junior Grand Prix . Following the end of the partnership , Lyons went back to focusing on skating singles . She has since retired and has skated professionally on Disney on Ice . She now teaches singles , pairs , and dance in Colorado ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Brian_Wells_(figure_skater)", "summary": "Brian Wells ( born September 23 , 1970 ) is an American retired competitive pair skater . He had the most success with partner Shelby Lyons , with whom he won four medals at the United States Figure Skating Championships , and competed with twice at the World Figure Skating Championships , placing 10th in 1996 and in 1998 . Their partnership ended in 1998 . Wells had previously competed with Laura Murphy , with whom he won the gold at the 1990 United States Collegiate Championships . Before that , he had competed with sister Ann-Marie Wells on the Junior level and at the 1988 and 1989 World Junior Figure Skating Championships . Following his skating days , Wells went back to college , eventually attending Harvard University and becoming a dentist ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "6.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Olena Bilousivska / Serhiy Potalov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olena_Bilousivska", "summary": "Olena Bilousivska ( Ukrainian : Олена Білоусівська ; Russian : Елена Белоусовская : Elena Belousovskaya ; born 7 November 1980 ) is a Ukrainian former pair skater . She began competing with Ihor Maliar in 1993 . They placed ninth at the 1994 European Championships and were selected to represent Ukraine at the 1994 Winter Olympics , finishing 16th in Lillehammer . Bilousivska teamed up with Serhiy Potalov in mid-1994 . The pair placed in the top ten at two European Championships ( 1995 and 1996 ) and the 1996 World Championships in Edmonton . In mid-1996 , Bilousivska formed a partnership with Stanislav Morozov . They placed eighth at the 1997 European Championships and won two international medals - gold at the 1997 Karl Schäfer Memorial and silver at the 1997 Nebelhorn Trophy ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Serhiy_Potalov", "summary": "Serhiy Potalov ( Ukrainian : Сергій Поталов ; Russian : Сергей Поталов : Sergei Potalov ) is a Ukrainian former pair skater . He teamed up with Olena Bilousivska in mid-1994 . In autumn 1995 , they won silver at the Nebelhorn Trophy and bronze at Skate Israel . They placed in the top ten at the 1995 European Championships in Dortmund , the 1996 European Championships in Sofia , and the 1996 World Championships in Edmonton . The pair was coached by Halyna Kukhar ." } ] }, { "value": "Ukraine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ukraine", "summary": "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ." } ] }, { "value": "7.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Line Haddad / Sylvain Privé", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Line_Haddad", "summary": "Line Haddad is a World and Olympic pair skater and was the youngest athlete to compete at the Olympics at Albertville . She is also an international choreographer and a performer with the Ice theatre of Ny company . Former student of Oleg Vassiliev , she is two time French National Champion , one-time Israeli National Champion . As a dancer , she graduated from the Paris Conservatoire in ballet and has also trained and performed in modern dance and Argentine Tango ( NY City Center , Google , NY Live Arts , and The Madison Theatre ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sylvain_Privé", "summary": "Sylvain Privé ( born 27 March 1970 in Montmorency , Val-d'Oise ) was a French figure skater who competed in pairs . With partner Line Haddad , Privé won the gold medal at the 1992 French Figure Skating Championships and finished 16th at the 1992 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "France", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/France", "summary": "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "9.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michelle Menzies / Jean-Michel Bombardier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michelle_Menzies", "summary": "Michelle Menzies ( born April 28 , 1972 in Halifax , Nova Scotia ) is a Canadian former pair skater . With partner Jean-Michel Bombardier , she won the gold medal at the Canadian Figure Skating Championships in 1995 and 1996 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jean-Michel_Bombardier", "summary": "Jean-Michel Bombardier ( born August 22 , 1970 ) is a Canadian former pair skater . With Michelle Menzies , he won two national titles and finished in the top ten at three World Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "10.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lesley Rogers / Michael Aldred", "urls": [] }, { "value": "United Kingdom", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_Kingdom", "summary": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ." } ] }, { "value": "12.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Results -- Pairs", "section_text": "", "uid": "1995_Skate_Canada_International_2", "intro": "The 1995 Skate Canada International was the second event of five in the 1995-96 ISU Champions Series, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held in Saint John, New Brunswick on November 2-5. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1995-96 Champions Series Final." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization", "title": "List of public corporations by market capitalization", "header": [ "Rank", "Name", "Headquarters", "Primary industry", "Market value ( USD million )" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Microsoft", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Microsoft", "summary": "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond , Washington . It develops , manufactures , licenses , supports , and sells computer software , consumer electronics , personal computers , and related services . Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , the Microsoft Office suite , and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers . Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers . In 2016 , it was the world 's largest software maker by revenue ( currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue ) . The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software . Microsoft is ranked No . 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4 , 1975 , to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s , followed by Microsoft Windows . The company 's 1986 initial public offering ( IPO ) , and subsequent rise in its share price , created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees . Since the 1990s , it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions , their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion in December 2016 , followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $ 8.5 billion in May 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Software industry", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Software_industry", "summary": "The software industry includes businesses for development , maintenance and publication of software that are using different business models , mainly either license/maintenance based ( on-premises ) or Cloud based ( such as SaaS , PaaS , IaaS , MaaS , AaaS , etc. ) . The industry also includes software services , such as training , documentation , consulting and data recovery ." } ] }, { "value": "271,854", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "General Electric", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/General_Electric", "summary": "General Electric Company ( GE ) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York City and headquartered in Boston . As of 2018 [ update ] , the company operates through the following segments : aviation , healthcare , power , renewable energy , digital industry , additive manufacturing , venture capital and finance and lighting . In 2018 , GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 18th-largest firm in the U.S. by gross revenue . In 2011 , GE ranked among the Fortune 20 as the 14th-most profitable company but has since very severely underperformed the market ( by about 75% ) as its profitability collapsed . Two employees of GE - Irving Langmuir ( 1932 ) and Ivar Giaever ( 1973 ) - have been awarded the Nobel Prize ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Conglomerate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)", "summary": "A conglomerate is a multi-industry company - i.e. , a combination of multiple business entities operating in entirely different industries under one corporate group , usually involving a parent company and many subsidiaries . Conglomerates are often large and multinational . Conglomerates were popular in the 1960s due to a combination of low interest rates and a repeating bear-bull market , which allowed the conglomerates to buy companies in leveraged buyouts , sometimes at temporarily deflated values . Famous examples from the 1960s include Ling-Temco-Vought , ITT Corporation , Litton Industries , Textron , Teledyne . Because of low interest on the loans , the overall return on investment of the conglomerate appeared to grow . In addition , the conglomerate had a better ability to borrow in the money market , or capital market , than the smaller firm at their community bank . [ citation needed ] For many years this was enough to make the company 's stock price rise , as companies were often valued largely on their return on investment . The aggressive nature of the conglomerators themselves was enough to make many investors , who saw a powerful and seemingly unstoppable force in business , buy their stock . [ citation needed ] High stock prices allowed them to raise more loans , based on the value of their stock , and thereby buy even more companies . This led to a chain reaction , which allowed them to grow very rapidly . However , all of this growth was somewhat illusory and when interest rates rose to offset inflation , conglomerate profits fell . Investors noticed that the companies inside the conglomerate were growing no faster than before they were purchased , whereas the rationale for buying a company was that synergies would provide efficiency ." } ] }, { "value": "258,871", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Exxon Mobil", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Exxon_Mobil", "summary": "Exxon Mobil Corporation , doing business as ExxonMobil , is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving , Texas . It is the largest direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil , and was formed on November 30 , 1999 by the merger of Exxon ( formerly the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey ) and Mobil ( formerly the Standard Oil Company of New York ) . ExxonMobil 's primary brands are Exxon , Mobil , Esso , and ExxonMobil Chemical . ExxonMobil is incorporated in Texas . One of the world 's largest companies by revenue , ExxonMobil from 1996 to 2017 varied from the first to sixth largest publicly traded company by market capitalization . The company was ranked ninth globally in the Forbes Global 2000 list in 2016 . ExxonMobil was the tenth most profitable company in the Fortune 500 in 2017 . As of 2018 , the company ranked second in the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Approximately 55.56% of the company 's shares are held by institutions . As of March 2019 , ExxonMobil 's largest shareholders include The Vanguard Group ( 8.15% ) , BlackRock ( 6.61% ) , and State Street Corporation ( 4.83% ) . ExxonMobil is one of the largest of the world 's Big Oil companies . As of 2007 [ update ] , it had daily production of 3.921 million BOE ( barrels of oil equivalent ) ; but significantly smaller than a number of national companies ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oil and gas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Petroleum_industry", "summary": "The petroleum industry , also known as the oil industry or the oil patch , includes the global processes of exploration , extraction , refining , transporting ( often by oil tankers and pipelines ) , and marketing of petroleum products . The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline ( petrol ) . Petroleum ( oil ) is also the raw material for many chemical products , including pharmaceuticals , solvents , fertilizers , pesticides , synthetic fragrances , and plastics . The extreme monetary value of oil and its products has led to it being known as black gold . The industry is usually divided into three major components : upstream , midstream , and downstream . Upstream deals with Drilling and Production mainly . Petroleum is vital to many industries , and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration , making it a critical concern for many nations . Oil accounts for a large percentage of the worlds energy consumption , ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia , to a high of 53% for the Middle East . Other geographic regions ' consumption patterns are as follows : South and Central America ( 44% ) , Africa ( 41% ) , and North America ( 40% ) . The world consumes 30 billion barrels ( 4.8 km³ ) of oil per year [ citation needed ] , with developed nations being the largest consumers . The United States consumed 25% of the oil produced in 2007 . The production , distribution , refining , and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the world 's largest industry in terms of dollar value ." } ] }, { "value": "172,213", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Royal Dutch Shell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell", "summary": "Royal Dutch Shell PLC , commonly known as Shell , is a British-Dutch oil and gas company headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom . It is one of the oil and gas supermajors and the third-largest company in the world measured by 2018 revenues ( and the largest based in Europe ) . In the 2019 Forbes Global 2000 , Shell was ranked as the ninth-largest company in the world ( and the largest outside China and the United States ) , and the largest energy company . Shell was first in the 2013 Fortune Global 500 list of the world 's largest companies ; in that year its revenues were equivalent to 84% of the Dutch national $ 556 billion GDP . Shell is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry , including exploration and production , refining , transport , distribution and marketing , petrochemicals , power generation and trading . It also has renewable energy activities , including biofuels , wind , energy-kite systems , and hydrogen . Shell has operations in over 70 countries , produces around 3.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide . As of 31 December 2014 , Shell had total proved reserves of 13.7 billion barrels ( 2.18×109 m3 ) of oil equivalent . [ note 1 ] Shell Oil Company , its principal subsidiary in the United States , is one of its largest businesses . Shell holds 50% of Raízen , a joint venture with Cosan , which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company by revenues and a major producer of ethanol . Shell was formed in 1907 through the amalgamation of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the Shell Transport and Trading Company of the United Kingdom . Until its unification in 2005 the firm operated as a dual-listed company , whereby the British and Dutch companies maintained their legal existence but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes ." } ] }, { "value": "The Netherlands", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oil and gas", "urls": [] }, { "value": "164,157", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Merck", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Merck_&_Co.", "summary": "Merck & Co. , Inc. , d.b.a . Merck Sharp & Dohme ( MSD ) outside the United States and Canada , is an American multinational pharmaceutical company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world . Merck is incorporated in New Jersey . The company was established in 1891 as the United States subsidiary of the German company Merck , which was founded in 1668 by the Merck family . Merck & Co. was expropriated by the US government during World War I and subsequently established as an independent American company in 1917 . While it operates as Merck & Co. in the United States and Canada , the original Merck based in Darmstadt holds the rights to the Merck name everywhere else . Merck & Co. is the world 's seventh largest pharmaceutical company by market capitalization and revenue . Its headquarters is located in Kenilworth , New Jersey . The company ranked No . 78 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Merck & Co. publishes The Merck Manuals , a series of medical reference books for physicians , nurses , technicians , and veterinarians . These include the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy , the world 's best-selling medical reference ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Health care", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Health_care", "summary": "Health care , health-care , or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention , diagnosis , treatment , recovery , or cure of disease , illness , injury , and other physical and mental impairments in people . Health care is delivered by health professionals in allied health fields . Physicians and physician associates are a part of these health professionals . Dentistry , pharmacy , midwifery , nursing , medicine , optometry , audiology , psychology , occupational therapy , physical therapy , athletic training and other health professions are all part of health care . It includes work done in providing primary care , secondary care , and tertiary care , as well as in public health . Access to health care may vary across countries , communities , and individuals , influenced by social and economic conditions as well as health policies . Providing health care services means the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best possible health outcomes . Factors to consider in terms of healthcare access include financial limitations ( such as insurance coverage ) , geographic barriers ( such as additional transportation costs , possibility to take paid time off of work to use such services ) , and personal limitations ( lack of ability to communicate with healthcare providers , poor health literacy , low income ) . Limitations to health care services affects negatively the use of medical services , efficacy of treatments , and overall outcome ( well-being , mortality rates ) . Health care systems are organizations established to meet the health needs of targeted populations . According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , a well-functioning health care system requires a financing mechanism , a well-trained and adequately paid workforce , reliable information on which to base decisions and policies , and well maintained health facilities to deliver quality medicines and technologies . An efficient health care system can contribute to a significant part of a country 's economy , development and industrialization ." } ] }, { "value": "154,753", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pfizer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pfizer", "summary": "Pfizer Inc. ( /ˈfaɪzər/ ) is an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation headquartered in New York City . It is one of the world 's largest pharmaceutical companies . It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange , and its shares have been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 2004 . Pfizer ranked No . 57 on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . On December 19 , 2018 , Pfizer announced a joint merger of their consumer healthcare division with UK pharma giant GlaxoSmithKline ; the British company will maintain a controlling share ( listed at 68% ) . The company developed and produces medicines and vaccines for a wide range of medical disciplines , including immunology , oncology , cardiology , endocrinology , and neurology . Its products include the blockbuster drug Lipitor ( atorvastatin ) , used to lower LDL blood cholesterol ; Lyrica ( pregabalin ) for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia ; Diflucan ( fluconazole ) , an oral antifungal medication ; Zithromax ( azithromycin ) , an antibiotic ; Viagra ( sildenafil ) for erectile dysfunction ; and Celebrex ( also Celebra , celecoxib ) , an anti-inflammatory drug . In 2016 , Pfizer Inc. was expected to merge with Allergan , plc to create the Ireland-based Pfizer plc in a deal that would have been worth $ 160 billion . The merger was called off in April 2016 , however , because of new rules from the United States Treasury against tax inversions , a method of avoiding taxes by merging with a foreign company . The company has made the second-largest pharmaceutical settlement with the United States Department of Justice ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Health care", "urls": [] }, { "value": "148,074", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Intel Corporation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Intel_Corporation", "summary": "Intel Corporation ( commonly known as Intel and stylized as intel ) is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara , California , in Silicon Valley . It is the world 's largest and highest valued semiconductor chip manufacturer based on revenue , and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors , the processors found in most personal computers ( PCs ) . Intel ranked No . 46 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Intel is incorporated in Delaware . Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple , Lenovo , HP , and Dell . Intel also manufactures motherboard chipsets , network interface controllers and integrated circuits , flash memory , graphics chips , embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing . Intel Corporation was founded on July 18 , 1968 , by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore ( of Moore 's law ) , and is associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove . The company 's name was conceived as portmanteau of the words integrated and electronics , with co-founder Noyce having been a key inventor of the integrated circuit ( microchip ) . The fact that intel is the term for intelligence information also made the name appropriate . Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips , which represented the majority of its business until 1981 . Although Intel created the world 's first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971 , it was not until the success of the personal computer ( PC ) that this became its primary business ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Computer hardware", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Computer_hardware", "summary": "Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer , such as the case , central processing unit ( CPU ) , monitor , keyboard , computer data storage , graphics card , sound card , speakers and motherboard . By contrast , software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware . Hardware is so-termed because it is hard or rigid with respect to changes , whereas software is soft because it is easy to change . Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction . A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system , although other systems exist with only hardware ." } ] }, { "value": "144,060", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Coca-Cola Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company", "summary": "The Coca-Cola Company is an American multinational corporation , and manufacturer , retailer , and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups . The company produces Coca-Cola , invented in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta , Georgia . In 1889 the formula and brand were sold for $ 2,300 to Asa Griggs Candler , who incorporated The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1892 . The Coca-Cola Company is the single largest plastic polluter in the world , producing over 3 million tonnes of plastic packaging each year including 110 billion plastic bottles . The company - headquartered in Atlanta , Georgia , but incorporated in Delaware - has operated a franchised distribution system since 1889 : the Company largely produces syrup concentrate , which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold exclusive territories . The company owns its anchor bottler in North America , Coca-Cola Refreshments . The company 's stock is listed on the NYSE and is part of DJIA , the S & P 500 index , the Russell 1000 Index , and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Beverage", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beverage", "summary": "A drink ( or beverage ) is a liquid intended for human consumption . In addition to their basic function of satisfying thirst , drinks play important roles in human culture . Common types of drinks include plain drinking water , milk , coffee , tea , hot chocolate , juice and soft drinks . In addition , alcoholic drinks such as wine , beer , and liquor , which contain the drug ethanol , have been part of human culture for more than 8,000 years . Non-alcoholic drinks often signify drinks that would normally contain alcohol , such as beer and wine , but are made with less than .5 percent alcohol by volume . The category includes drinks that have undergone an alcohol removal process such as non-alcoholic beers and de-alcoholized wines ." } ] }, { "value": "142,164", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wal-Mart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wal-Mart", "summary": "Walmart Inc. ( /ˈwɔːlmɑːrt/ ; formerly Wal-Mart Stores , Inc. ) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores , and grocery stores , headquartered in Bentonville , Arkansas . The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31 , 1969 . It also owns and operates Sam 's Club retail warehouses . As of January 31 , 2020 , [ update ] Walmart has 11,503 stores and clubs in 27 countries , operating under 55 different names . The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada , as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America , as Asda in the United Kingdom , as the Seiyu Group in Japan , and as Best Price in India . It has wholly owned operations in Argentina , Chile , Canada , and South Africa . Since August 2018 , Walmart only holds a minority stake in Walmart Brasil , which was renamed Grupo Big in August 2019 , with 20 percent of the company 's shares , and private equity firm Advent International holding 80 percent ownership of the company . Walmart is the world 's largest company by revenue , with US $ 514.405 billion , according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2019 . It is also the largest private employer in the world with 2.2 million employees . It is a publicly traded family-owned business , as the company is controlled by the Walton family . Sam Walton 's heirs own over 50 percent of Walmart through their holding company Walton Enterprises and through their individual holdings . Walmart was the largest U.S. grocery retailer in 2019 , and 65 percent of Walmart 's US $ 510.329 billion sales came from U.S. operations ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Retail", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Retail", "summary": "Retail is the process of selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit . Retailers satisfy demand identified through a supply chain . The term retailer is typically applied where a service provider fills the small orders of many individuals , who are end-users , rather than large orders of a small number of wholesale , corporate or government clientele . Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products . Sometimes this is done to obtain final goods , including necessities such as food and clothing ; sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity . Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing : it does not always result in a purchase . Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history , dating back to antiquity . Some of the earliest retailers were itinerant peddlers . Over the centuries , retail shops were transformed from little more than rude booths to the sophisticated shopping malls of the modern era . Most modern retailers typically make a variety of strategic level decisions including the type of store , the market to be served , the optimal product assortment , customer service , supporting services and the store 's overall market positioning . Once the strategic retail plan is in place , retailers devise the retail mix which includes product , price , place , promotion , personnel , and presentation . In the digital age , an increasing number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels , including both bricks and mortar and online retailing ." } ] }, { "value": "123,062", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IBM", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/IBM", "summary": "The International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM ) is an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk , New York , with operations in over 170 countries . The company began in 1911 , founded in Endicott , New York , as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company ( CTR ) and was renamed International Business Machines in 1924 . IBM is incorporated in New York . IBM produces and sells computer hardware , middleware and software , and provides hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology . IBM is also a major research organization , holding the record for most U.S. patents generated by a business ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) for 27 consecutive years . Inventions by IBM include the automated teller machine ( ATM ) , the floppy disk , the hard disk drive , the magnetic stripe card , the relational database , the SQL programming language , the UPC barcode , and dynamic random-access memory ( DRAM ) . The IBM mainframe , exemplified by the System/360 , was the dominant computing platform during the 1960s and 1970s . IBM has continually shifted business operations by focusing on higher-value , more profitable markets . This includes spinning off printer manufacturer Lexmark in 1991 and the sale of personal computer ( ThinkPad/ThinkCentre ) and x86-based server businesses to Lenovo ( in 2005 and 2014 , respectively ) , and acquiring companies such as PwC Consulting ( 2002 ) , SPSS ( 2009 ) , The Weather Company ( 2016 ) , and Red Hat ( 2019 ) . Also in 2015 , IBM announced that it would go fabless , continuing to design semiconductors , but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries . Nicknamed Big Blue , IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the world 's largest employers , with ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) over 350,000 employees , known as IBMers . At least 70% of IBMers are based outside the United States , and the country with the largest number of IBMers is India ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Software industry , computer hardware", "urls": [] }, { "value": "121,184", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Publicly traded companies -- 1998", "section_text": "This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 30 September 1998 . [ 79 ]", "uid": "List_of_corporations_by_market_capitalization_7", "intro": "The following is a list of publicly traded companies having the greatest market capitalization. This list is primarily based on the Financial Times Global 500. Market capitalization is calculated from the share price (as recorded on selected day) multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. Figures are converted into USD millions (using rate from selected day) to allow for comparison. Only companies with free float at least 15% are included, value of unlisted stock classes is excluded. Investment companies are not included in the list." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I", "title": "NCAA Division I", "header": [ "Conference", "Nickname", "Founded", "Members", "Sports", "Headquarters" ], "data": [ { "value": "American Athletic Conference ***", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The American Athletic Conference ( The American or AAC ) , is an American collegiate athletic conference , featuring 12 member universities and six associate member universities that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's ( NCAA ) Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . Member universities represent a range of private and public universities of various enrollment sizes located primarily in urban metropolitan areas in the Northeastern , Midwestern , and Southern regions of the United States . The American 's legal predecessor , the original Big East Conference , was considered one of the six collegiate power conferences of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) era in college football , and The American inherited that status in the BCS 's final season . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , The American became a Group of Five conference , which shares one automatic spot in the New Year 's Six bowl games . [ note 3 ] The league is the product of substantial turmoil in the old Big East during the 2010-14 conference realignment period . It is one of two conferences to emerge from the all-sports Big East in 2013 . While the other successor , which does not sponsor football , purchased the Big East Conference name , The American inherited the old Big East 's structure and is that conference 's legal successor . However , both conferences claim 1979 as their founding date , and the same history up to 2013 . The American is headquartered in Providence , Rhode Island , and led by Commissioner Michael Aresco ." } ] }, { "value": "The American", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Providence , Rhode Island", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island", "summary": "Providence is the capital and most populous city of the state of Rhode Island and is one of the oldest cities in the United States . It was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams , a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of God 's merciful Providence which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay . Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city is the third most populous city in New England after Boston and Worcester , Massachusetts ." } ] }, { "value": "Atlantic Coast Conference **", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference", "summary": "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ." } ] }, { "value": "ACC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1953", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "26", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greensboro , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Ten Conference **", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference", "summary": "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Ten , B1G", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1896", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "28", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rosemont , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rosemont,_Illinois", "summary": "Rosemont is a village in Cook County , Illinois , United States . Located immediately northwest of Chicago , as of the 2010 census it had a population of 4,202 . The village was incorporated in 1956 , though it had been settled long before that . While Rosemont 's land area and population are relatively small among municipalities in the Chicago Metropolitan Area , the village is a major center for commercial activity in the region and is a key component of the Golden Corridor . Due to its proximity to several interstates , O'Hare International Airport , and downtown Chicago , it has emerged as a significant edge city and entertainment district , with corporate facilities , millions of square feet of office space , nearly 50 restaurants , 15 hotels , the 840,000-square-foot ( 78,000 m2 ) Donald E. Stephens Convention Center ( home to conventions and trade shows ) , the 16,000+ seat Allstate Arena ( home to the Chicago Wolves , Chicago Sky , DePaul Blue Demons until 2017 , and concerts and other live entertainment events ) , the 4,000+ seat Rosemont Theatre , the 130-store Fashion Outlets of Chicago , the Rosemont Stadium ( home to an outdoor collegiate-level baseball stadium and 140,000 sq ft indoor sports dome ) , and the entertainment complex Parkway Bank Park , which features restaurants , entertainment and a large common area used for summer concerts and ice skating in the winter . Rosemont is near Rivers Casino in Des Plaines and additional hotels , offices , restaurants , and corporate facilities in the adjacent O'Hare neighborhood of Chicago and nearby suburban communities such as Des Plaines and Schiller Park . The residential sections of Rosemont are a gated community , as a result of the 1995 decision by residents to enclose the residential portions of the village ( roughly half the area of the village ) , thereby restricting access to locals ." } ] }, { "value": "Big 12 Conference **", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_12_Conference", "summary": "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ." } ] }, { "value": "Big 12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "21", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irving , Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irving,_Texas", "summary": "Irving is a principal city in Dallas County in the U.S. state of Texas and it is also an inner ring suburb of the city of Dallas . According to a 2017 estimate from the United States Census Bureau , the city population was 240,373 making it the thirteenth-most populous city in Texas and 93rd most populous city in the U.S . The city of Irving is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . Irving includes the Las Colinas community , one of the first master-planned developments in the United States and once the largest mixed-use development in the Southwest with a land area of more than 12,000 acres ( 4,856 ha ) . Las Colinas is home to the Mustangs at Las Colinas , which is the largest equine sculpture in the world , as well as many Fortune 500 companies , such as ExxonMobil , Kimberly-Clark and Fluor Corporation . In April 2019 , the Westin Irving Convention Center Hotel opened , signalling the completion of the city 's special entertainment district that includes the Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas and the Toyota Music Factory . Part of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport lies inside the city limits of Irving ." } ] }, { "value": "Conference USA ***", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Conference_USA", "summary": "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ." } ] }, { "value": "C-USA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1995", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irving , Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irving,_Texas", "summary": "Irving is a principal city in Dallas County in the U.S. state of Texas and it is also an inner ring suburb of the city of Dallas . According to a 2017 estimate from the United States Census Bureau , the city population was 240,373 making it the thirteenth-most populous city in Texas and 93rd most populous city in the U.S . The city of Irving is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . Irving includes the Las Colinas community , one of the first master-planned developments in the United States and once the largest mixed-use development in the Southwest with a land area of more than 12,000 acres ( 4,856 ha ) . Las Colinas is home to the Mustangs at Las Colinas , which is the largest equine sculpture in the world , as well as many Fortune 500 companies , such as ExxonMobil , Kimberly-Clark and Fluor Corporation . In April 2019 , the Westin Irving Convention Center Hotel opened , signalling the completion of the city 's special entertainment district that includes the Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas and the Toyota Music Factory . Part of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport lies inside the city limits of Irving ." } ] }, { "value": "Mid-American Conference ***", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mid-American_Conference", "summary": "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ." } ] }, { "value": "MAC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1946", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cleveland , Ohio", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cleveland", "summary": "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ." } ] }, { "value": "Mountain West Conference ***", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference", "summary": "The Mountain West Conference ( MW ) is one of the collegiate athletic conferences affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) ( formerly I-A ) . The MW officially began operations in July 1999 . Geographically , the MW covers a broad expanse of the Western United States , with member schools located in California , Colorado , Hawaii , Idaho , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming . Craig Thompson has served as Commissioner of the MW since its founding in 1999 . The charter members of the MW included the United States Air Force Academy , Brigham Young University , Colorado State University , San Diego State University , the University of New Mexico , the University of Nevada , Las Vegas , the University of Utah , and the University of Wyoming . Before forming the Mountain West Conference , seven of its eight charter members had been longtime members of the Western Athletic Conference , and half of these had been charter members of that conference from 1962 . Overall , each school that has ever been either a full or football-only member of the MW spent at least three years in the WAC before joining the Mountain West ." } ] }, { "value": "MW", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1999", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colorado Springs , Colorado", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado", "summary": "Colorado Springs is a home rule municipality that is the largest city by area in Colorado as well as the county seat and the most populous municipality of El Paso County , Colorado , United States . It is in east central Colorado , on Fountain Creek , 60 miles ( 97 km ) south of Denver . At 6,035 feet ( 1,839 m ) the city stands over 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) above sea level , though some areas are significantly higher and lower . Colorado Springs is near the base of Pikes Peak , which rises 14,115 feet ( 4,302 m ) above sea level on the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains . The United States Air Force Academy opened just north of Colorado Springs in 1958 . The city is home to 24 national sports governing bodies , including the United States Olympic Committee , the United States Olympic Training Center , and USA Hockey . The city had an estimated population of 472,688 in 2018 , and a metro population of approximately 738,939 , making it Colorado 's second most populous city , behind Denver , and the 39th most populous city in the United States . The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 712,327 in 2016 . The city is in the Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong region of urban population along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming , generally following Interstate 25 . The city covers 194.9 square miles ( 505 km2 ) , making it the most extensive municipality in Colorado . In 2017 and 2018 , Colorado Springs received several accolades . In 2018 U.S. News named it the most desirable place to live in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Pac-12 Conference **", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pac-12_Conference", "summary": "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ." } ] }, { "value": "Pac-12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1915", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Walnut Creek , California", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California", "summary": "Walnut Creek is a city in Contra Costa County , California , United States , located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , about 16 miles ( 26 km ) east of the city of Oakland . With a total estimated population of 69,122 , Walnut Creek serves as a hub for its neighboring cities because of its location at the junction of the highways from Sacramento and San Jose ( I-680 ) and San Francisco/Oakland ( SR-24 ) and its accessibility by BART . Its active downtown neighborhood features hundred-year-old buildings and extensive high-end retail establishments , restaurants and entertainment venues ." } ] }, { "value": "Southeastern Conference **", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southeastern_Conference", "summary": "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ." } ] }, { "value": "SEC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1932", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Birmingham , Alabama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama", "summary": "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14" } ] }, { "value": "Sun Belt Conference ***", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference", "summary": "The Sun Belt Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that has been affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I since 1976 . Originally a non-football conference , the Sun Belt began sponsoring football in 2001 . Its football teams participate in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . The 12 member institutions of the Sun Belt are distributed primarily across the southern United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Sun Belt", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Orleans , Louisiana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Orleans", "summary": "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Football subdivisions -- Conferences", "section_text": "", "uid": "Division_I_(NCAA)_8", "intro": "NCAA Division I (D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the United States. D-I schools include the major collegiate athletic powers, with larger budgets, more elaborate facilities and more athletic scholarships than Divisions II and III as well as many smaller schools committed to the highest level of intercollegiate competition. This level was once called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division; these terms were replaced with numeric divisions in 1973. The University Division was renamed Division I, while the College Division was split in two; the College Division members that offered scholarships or wanted to compete against those who did became Division II, while those who did not want to offer scholarships became Division III. For college football only, D-I schools are further divided into the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), and those institutions that do not have any football program. FBS teams have higher game attendance requirements and more players receiving athletic scholarships than FCS teams. The FBS is named for its series of postseason bowl games, with various polls ranking teams after the conclusion of these games, while the FCS national champion is determined by a multi-team bracket tournament. For the 2014-15 school year, Division I contained 345 of the NCAA's 1,066 member institutions, with 125 in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), 125 in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), and 95 non-football schools, with six additional schools in the transition from Division II to Division I. There was a moratorium on any additional movement up to D-I until 2012, after which any school that wants to move to D-I must be accepted for membership by a conference and show the NCAA it has the financial ability to support a D-I program." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_U_(Japan)", "title": "List of Virtual Console games for Wii U (Japan)", "header": [ "Title", "Publisher", "Release Date", "CERO" ], "data": [ { "value": "Donkey Kong 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Donkey_Kong_64", "summary": "Donkey Kong 64 is a 1999 adventure platform game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 , and the first in the Donkey Kong series to feature 3D gameplay . As the gorilla named Donkey Kong , the player explores the themed levels of an island to collect items and rescue his kidnapped friends from King K. Rool . The player completes minigames and puzzles as five playable Kong characters - each with its own special abilities - to receive bananas and other collectibles . In a separate multiplayer mode , up to four players can compete in deathmatch and last man standing games . Rare , which had previously developed the Donkey Kong Country games , began development in 1997 . A 16-person team , with many members recruited from Rare 's Banjo group , finished the game in 1999 , when it was published by Nintendo in North America in November and worldwide in December . It was the first game to require the Nintendo 64 console 's Expansion Pak , an accessory that added memory resources . The game 's exceptionally large marketing budget included advertisements , sweepstakes , and a national tour . The game received universal acclaim from reviewers and was Nintendo 's top seller during the 1999 holiday season , with 2.3 million units sold by 2004 . It won the 1999 E3 Game Critics award for Best Platform Game , and multiple awards and nominations from games magazines . Reviewers noted the game 's exceptional size and length , but criticized its camera controls and emphasis on item collection and backtracking . Some cited its similarity in gameplay and visuals to Rare 's 1998 predecessor , Banjo-Kazooie , despite Donkey Kong 64 's mandatory memory add-on ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "April 2 , 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Super Mario 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Super_Mario_64", "summary": "Super Mario 64 [ a ] is a 1996 platform video game for the Nintendo 64 and the first in the Super Mario series to feature three-dimensional ( 3D ) gameplay . As Mario , the player explores Princess Peach 's castle and must rescue her from Bowser . Super Mario 64 features open-world playability , degrees of freedom through all three axes in space , and relatively large areas which are composed primarily of true 3D polygons as opposed to only two-dimensional ( 2D ) sprites . It emphasizes exploration within vast worlds , which require the player to complete various missions in addition to the occasional linear obstacle courses ( as in traditional platform games ) . It preserves many gameplay elements and characters of earlier Mario games as well as the visual style . Producer/director and Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto conceived a 3D Mario game during the production of Star Fox ( 1993 ) . Super Mario 64 's development , handled by Nintendo EAD , lasted approximately three years ; one was spent on designing while the next two on direct work . The visuals were created using the Nichimen N-World toolkit and Miyamoto aimed to include more details than earlier games . The score was composed by Koji Kondo . A multiplayer mode featuring Luigi as a playable character was planned but cut . Along with Pilotwings 64 , Super Mario 64 was one of the launch games for Nintendo 64 . Nintendo released it in Japan on June 23 , 1996 , and later in North America , Europe , and Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "April 8 , 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mario Story", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paper_Mario", "summary": "Paper Mario [ a ] is a role-playing video game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 home video game console . It was first released in Japan in 2000 and in the rest of the world in 2001 . Paper Mario was re-released for Nintendo 's Wii Virtual Console in July 2007 as well as Wii U Virtual Console in 2015 . Paper Mario is set in the Mushroom Kingdom as the protagonist Mario tries to rescue Princess Peach from Bowser , who has imprisoned the seven Star Spirits , lifted her castle into the sky and has successfully defeated his foe after stealing the Star Rod from Star Haven and making himself invincible . To save Mushroom Kingdom , rescue Peach , get the castle back , and defeat Bowser , Mario must locate the Star Spirits , who can negate the effects of the stolen Star Rod , by defeating Bowser 's minions guarding the star spirits . The player controls Mario and a number of partners to solve puzzles in the game 's overworld and defeat enemies in a turn-based battle system . The battles are unique in that the player can influence the effectiveness of attacks by performing required controller inputs known as action commands . Paper Mario is the second Mario role-playing game to be released ( following Super Mario RPG ) and is the first installment for the Paper Mario series . Paper Mario is the predecessor to the GameCube game Paper Mario : The Thousand-Year Door , the Wii game Super Paper Mario , the 3DS game Paper Mario : Sticker Star , the crossover title Mario & Luigi : Paper Jam , and the Wii U game Paper Mario : Color Splash . The game received critical acclaim upon release , attaining an aggregate score of 88% from GameRankings and 93% from Metacritic . It was rated the 63rd best game made on a Nintendo system in Nintendo Power 's Top 200 Games list in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "July 15 , 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hoshi no Kirby 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kirby_64:_The_Crystal_Shards", "summary": "Kirby 64 : The Crystal Shards [ a ] is a 2000 platform game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 ( N64 ) . It is the first Kirby game to feature 3D computer graphics and follows Kirby as he attempts to reassemble a sacred crystal shattered by Dark Matter . Gameplay is viewed from a 2.5D perspective and is similar to previous Kirby titles ; the player traverses levels and obtains powers by eating enemies . Kirby 64 introduces Power Combos , the ability to mix powers to create more powerful ones . In a multiplayer mode , up to four players can compete in three minigames . Development began in September 1997 . The game was intended for the N64 's 64DD add-on , but became a standard N64 title after the add-on failed . HAL initially planned to use the N64 controller 's analog stick for Kirby 64 , but switched to the D-pad about a year before release . The game received mostly positive reviews , with praise directed at its colorful visuals and classic style of gameplay . For some critics , the game 's low difficulty and short length left them feeling underwhelmed . It was rereleased for the Virtual Console on the Wii and Wii U in 2008 and 2015 , and was included in the Wii compilation Kirby 's Dream Collection ( 2012 ) . Kirby 64 was the last traditional home console Kirby game until Return to Dream Land ( 2011 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "August 19 , 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mario Golf 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mario_Golf_(video_game)", "summary": "Mario Golf [ a ] is a sports game developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 in 1999 . In the game , Mario , his friends , and his enemies play golf on a variety of Mario-themed courses . Following NES Open Tournament Golf , it is the second game in the Mario Golf series . A Game Boy Color version of this game [ b ] was also developed by Camelot Software Planning . Unlike the console version , it includes role-playing video game elements ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "September 2 , 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zelda no Densetsu : Toki no Okarina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time", "summary": "The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time [ a ] is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 . It was released in Japan and North America in November 1998 , and in PAL regions the following month . Ocarina of Time is the fifth game in The Legend of Zelda series , and the first with 3D graphics . The player controls Link in the fantasy land of Hyrule on a quest to stop the evil king Ganondorf , traveling through time and navigating dungeons and an overworld . The game introduced features such as a target-lock system and context-sensitive buttons that have since become common in 3D adventure games . Music plays an important role , as the player must learn to play numerous songs on an ocarina to progress . Ocarina of Time received widespread acclaim and won several awards and accolades , and has been widely cited as one of the greatest video games of all time , with numerous publications ranking it the greatest video game ever made . It was also commericially successful , selling over seven million copies worldwide . In the United States , it received more than three times more pre-orders than any other video game up to that point and was the best selling game in the country that year . As of February 2020 , it is the highest-rated game on review aggregator site Metacritic and the second highest-rated on GameRankings , behind Super Mario Galaxy , also made by Nintendo . Ocarina of Time was followed by a direct sequel , The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask , in 2000 . In the early 2000s , it was re-released as part of the The Legend of Zelda : Collector 's Edition promotional disc for the GameCube , as well as for the iQue Player in China ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "December 22 , 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mario Kart 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mario_Kart_64", "summary": "Mario Kart 64 [ a ] is a kart racing video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 . It is the successor to Super Mario Kart for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , and the second game in the Mario Kart series . It was released in Japan on December 14 , 1996 , and in North America and Europe in 1997 . It was later released as a Virtual Console game for the Wii and Wii U in 2007 and 2016 , respectively . Changes from the original include the move to polygon-based true 3D computer graphics for track design , and the inclusion of four-player support . Players take control of characters from the Mario franchise , who race around a variety of tracks with items that can either harm opponents or aid the user . The move to three-dimensional graphics allowed for track features not possible with the original game 's Mode 7 graphics , such as changes in elevation , bridges , walls , and pits . However , the characters and items remained 2D pre-rendered sprites ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "January 6 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1080° Snowboarding", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1080°_Snowboarding", "summary": "1080° Snowboarding [ a ] is a 1998 snowboard racing game developed by Nintendo EAD and published by Nintendo . It was released for the Nintendo 64 , and was re-released in 2008 for the Wii 's Virtual Console . In the game , the player controls one of five snowboarders from a third-person perspective , using a combination of buttons to jump and perform tricks over eight levels . 1080° was announced in November 1997 and developed over nine months ; it garnered critical acclaim and won an Interactive Achievement Award from the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences . 1080° sold over two million units , and a second installment , 1080° Avalanche , was released for the Nintendo GameCube in November 2003 ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "January 20 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yoshi 's Story", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yoshi's_Story", "summary": "Yoshi 's Story [ a ] is a side-scrolling platform game published and developed by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 . It was first released in Japan in December 1997 , and worldwide the following year . It was re-released on the Wii 's Virtual Console service in 2007 , and later for the Wii U 's Virtual Console in 2016 . Serving as a follow up to the Super NES title Yoshi 's Island , the game continues within the platform genre , presenting gameplay similar to its predecessor . However , Yoshi 's Story turns in a more puzzle-oriented direction , with the aspect of challenge being foremost tied to the achievement of a high score by strategic means . Taking place within a pop-up storybook , the game features vivid pre-rendered 3D graphics , illustrating worlds that are crafted from different materials , such as cardboard , fabrics , plastic , and wood ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "February 17 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mario Party 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mario_Party_2", "summary": "Mario Party 2 [ a ] is a party video game developed by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 . The second game in the Mario Party series , it was released in Japan in December 1999 and in North America in January 2000 . Mario Party 2 features six playable characters : Mario , Luigi , Princess Peach , Yoshi , Wario , and Donkey Kong from the Mario series and the original Mario Party , who can be directed as characters on various themed game boards . The objective is to earn the most stars of all players on the board ; stars are obtained by purchase from a single predefined space on the game board . Each character 's movement is determined by a roll of a dice , with a roll from each player forming a single turn . Each turn in Mario Party 2 is followed by a mini-game , which is competed to earn coins for the character , used to buy items and stars . Mario Party 2 was followed by Mario Party 3 in 2000 , and was later re-released on the Wii Virtual Console in 2010 , and for the Wii U Virtual Console in North America in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "March 30 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pokémon Snap", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pokémon_Snap", "summary": "Pokémon Snap [ a ] is a first-person rail shooter and simulation video game co-developed by HAL Laboratory and Pax Softnica and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 . It was first released in Japan in March 1999 , and was later released in June 1999 in North America and in September 2000 for PAL regions . It is a spin-off game in the Pokémon series , being one of the first console-based games for it , and featuring many Pokémon rendered for the first time in real-time 3D . The game was re-released for the Wii 's Virtual Console in December 2007 as well as Wii U 's Virtual Console in 2016 . Originally announced as a Nintendo 64DD title , development of Pokémon Snap was moved to the Nintendo 64 due to the 64DD 's delays . The gameplay is similar to other first-person games , viewing from the perspective of protagonist Todd Snap as he moves automatically on a rail . The objective of the game is to take pictures of Pokémon , using items such as apples and pester balls to achieve better shots . After each round , players are judged based on the quality of their photos . The Virtual Console version features the ability to send pictures taken in the game to the Wii Message Board and send them to friends , whereas the Nintendo 64 cartridge could be taken to either Blockbuster or Lawson stores in North America and Japan to have pictures from the game printed on stickers . Its release was promoted heavily by Nintendo , including being featured in more than 86,000 hotels , and a contest to send the winner to Australia . By the end of 1999 , Pokémon Snap sold 1.5 million copies , and was a strong rental title in 1999 after its release . It was met with a mostly positive reception by critics , described as addictive by IGN and Boys ' Life , and innovative by Electric Playground ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "April 6 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tsumi to Batsu : Hoshi no Keishōsha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sin_and_Punishment", "summary": "Sin and Punishment [ a ] is a rail shooter and shooting gallery video game co-developed by Treasure and Nintendo . Originally published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 in 2000 , Sin and Punishment takes place in the near future of 2007 when humanity is struggling with a global famine . Scientists develop a new species to raise as food , but the creatures revolt and war breaks out . The player takes on the roles of Saki and Airan as they fight to save Earth from destruction . The game employs a unique Nintendo 64 controller layout , utilizing both the D-pad and control stick . This control scheme allows the player to strafe , jump , and dodge around the screen while simultaneously aiming the targeting reticle . The player must shoot at enemies and projectiles while also dodging attacks to survive and progress through the game . The development of Sin and Punishment lasted longer than usual for the era . Development commenced in 1997 with only four staff and concluded in 2000 with more people involved than in any of Treasure 's previous projects . The guiding inspiration to develop Sin and Punishment was the design of the Nintendo 64 controller . Treasure wanted to make a game that had the player holding the left side of the controller instead of the right which was typical across the system 's library . The Treasure team encountered difficulties programming the game , citing the system 's complex 3D rendering capabilities and difficulties adapting 2D gameplay ideas into 3D environments ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "April 27 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Custom Robo V2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Custom_Robo_V2", "summary": "Custom Robo V2 [ a ] is a sci-fi action role playing game developed by Noise and published by Nintendo . It was released for the Nintendo 64 in Japan on November 10 , 2000 . Later , on February 19 , 2008 , it was released for the Virtual Console in Japan , but it is unknown if it will be released in any region outside Japan for the Virtual Console . It is the second title of the Custom Robo series , as well as the last of the series for the Nintendo 64 . It is also the first title of the series to allow up to four players to play , instead of two players ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "June 8 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zelda no Densetsu : Mujura no Kamen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Majora's_Mask", "summary": "The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask [ a ] is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 . It was released in 2000 as the sixth main installment in The Legend of Zelda series and was the second to use 3D graphics , following 1998 's The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time . Designed by a creative team led by Eiji Aonuma , Yoshiaki Koizumi , and Shigeru Miyamoto , Majora 's Mask was completed in less than two years . It featured enhanced graphics and several gameplay changes from its predecessor , though it reused a number of elements and character models , which the game 's creators called a creative decision made necessary by time constraints . Majora 's Mask is set in Termina , an alternate reality to Ocarina of Time 's Hyrule , which is to be destroyed along with its inhabitants in three days by a giant falling moon unless the player , as Link , can save it from imminent doom . The plot 's antagonist is a mischievous imp called the Skull Kid who has stolen a powerful , ancient artifact called Majora 's Mask from an enigmatic traveling mask salesman . The game introduced several novel concepts , revolving around the perpetually repeating three-day cycle and the use of various masks that can transform Link into different beings . As the player progresses through the game , Link also learns to play numerous melodies on his ocarina , which allow him to control the flow of time or open passages to four temple dungeons . Characteristic of the Zelda series , completion of the game involves successfully traversing through several dungeons , each of which contain a number of complex puzzles and enemies . On the Nintendo 64 , Majora 's Mask required the Expansion Pak , unlike Ocarina of Time , which provided additional memory for more refined graphics and greater flexibility in generating on-screen characters . Majora 's Mask earned widespread acclaim from critics , who praised the graphics and complex story , and has since been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time . It has also been recognized for its dark themes and undertones , tribal-inspired artstyle , and level design ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "June 29 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wave Race 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wave_Race_64", "summary": "Wave Race 64 [ a ] is a racing video game developed by Nintendo EAD and published by Nintendo . It was released for the Nintendo 64 in 1996 and is a follow-up to the 1992 Game Boy title Wave Race . Most of the game involves the player racing on a Jet Ski on a variety of courses while successfully manoeuvring the vehicle around various buoys . A multiplayer mode where two players can compete against each other on a chosen course is also included . The game supports the Controller Pak , which allows players to transfer saved data from one game cartridge to another . Originally referred to as F-Zero on water , the game was intended to feature high-speed boats with transforming capabilities . However , these were ultimately replaced with Jet Skis as producer Shigeru Miyamoto felt that the game would not be differentiated enough from other titles on other systems . Wave Race 64 received acclaim from critics , who praised the game 's satisfying controls and dynamic watery environments . The game is credited for helping Nintendo effectively make its paradigmatic leap from the 16-bit 2D graphics of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System to the Nintendo 64 's 3D capabilities . It was re-released for the Wii and Wii U 's Virtual Console in 2007 and 2016 , respectively . A sequel , Wave Race : Blue Storm , was released in 2001 ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "July 13 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mario Tennis 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mario_Tennis", "summary": "Mario Tennis [ a ] is a sports video game developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 video game console . The game was released in North America and Japan in the summer of 2000 , and released in Europe later in November . It is the first tennis-based game starring Mario since Mario 's Tennis , and the second game developed by Camelot on a Nintendo system . The game is known for being the introduction of Luigi 's evil doppelgänger , Waluigi , and the re-introduction of Princess Daisy and Birdo . A Game Boy Color version , also developed by Camelot and Nintendo , was published under the same title in Western regions and as Mario Tennis GB in Japan . Mario Tennis was re-released on the Wii Virtual Console in 2010 and on the Wii U Virtual Console in 2015 . The game 's success led to four sequels : Mario Power Tennis released for the GameCube in 2004 , Mario Tennis Open released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2012 , Mario Tennis : Ultra Smash released for the Wii U in 2015 and Mario Tennis Aces which was released for the Nintendo Switch in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "July 20 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Star Fox 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Star_Fox_64", "summary": "Star Fox 64 , [ a ] known in the PAL region as Lylat Wars , is a 3D scrolling shooter game themed around aircraft combat for the Nintendo 64 video game console . It is a reboot of the original Star Fox , and the only game in the Star Fox series to be released on the Nintendo 64 . An autostereoscopic remake , titled Star Fox 64 3D , was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2011 . Star Fox 64 was the first Nintendo 64 game to have included support for the Rumble Pak , with which it initially came bundled . The game has sold over 4 million copies since its release , making it one of the best-selling games on the system . The game received critical acclaim for its precise controls , multiplayer modes , voice acting and use of multiple gameplay paths . It has been deemed by many critics and gamers to be one of the greatest video games of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "August 31 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "F-Zero X", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/F-Zero_X", "summary": "F-Zero X [ a ] is a futuristic racing video game for the Nintendo 64 ( N64 ) console . Developed by Nintendo 's EAD division , it was released in Japan , North America , and Europe in 1998 . In 2000 , an expansion pack was released in Japan providing numerous extra features not in the original game . F-Zero X was ported in 2004 to the iQue Player in China . The game was re-released on the Wii Virtual Console in Japan , Europe and in North America , in 2007 . To honor the 100th Virtual Console release in Europe , it became available on June 15 . It was a sequel to the original 1990 F-Zero game , and is the first F-Zero installment to have featured 3D graphics . The game has a steep learning curve and its gameplay experience is similar to that of the original F-Zero game . F-Zero X introduced a death race mode and a random track generator called the X Cup . In the death race , the player 's objective is to annihilate the 29 other racers as speedily as possible , while the X-Cup creates a different set of tracks each time played . Critics generally praised F-Zero X for its fast gameplay , abundance of courses and vehicles , track design , and maintaining a high framerate . However , the game has been widely criticized for its lack of graphical detail ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "November 2 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Excitebike 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Excitebike_64", "summary": "Excitebike 64 [ a ] is a video game published by Nintendo and developed by Left Field Productions . It was initially released in North America on April 30 , 2000 , for the Nintendo 64 video game console . It was released on the North American Wii U Virtual Console on November 17 , 2016 . It is the second installment in the Excite series , and is the first 3D game in the series . It is the sequel to the acclaimed Nintendo Entertainment System game Excitebike . It was later succeeded by the Wii game Excite Truck . Many real-life dirt bike gear brands are extensively featured throughout the game , such as Bell Helmets , Alpinestars and No Fear ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo", "summary": "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "June 21 , 2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Baku Bomberman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bomberman_64_(1997_video_game)", "summary": "Bomberman 64 [ a ] is a video game developed by Hudson Soft , published by Hudson Soft in Japan and published by Nintendo in North America and Europe for the Nintendo 64 . The game was released in Europe on November 27 , 1997 and released in North America three days later . While the game never saw a release on the Wii 's Virtual Console service , it was eventually released on the Wii U Virtual Console in both Europe and North America in March 2017 followed by Japan in June 2017 . Bomberman 64 is the first 3D game within the Bomberman series . It implements a different single-player mode by incorporating action-adventure and platforming stages instead of arenas in which enemies or other elements must be destroyed . Three more Bomberman games were released on the Nintendo 64 : Bomberman Hero ( 1998 ) , Bomberman 64 : The Second Attack ( 2000 ) , and Bomberman 64 ( 2001 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Konami", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Konami", "summary": "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ." } ] }, { "value": "June 28 , 2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Available titles -- Nintendo 64", "section_text": "There are currently 22 games available to purchase .", "uid": "List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_U_(Japan)_2", "intro": "The following is the complete list of the 481 Virtual Console titles available for the Wii U in Japan sorted by system and release date. English translations are highlighted between parenthesis." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Everglades_National_Park", "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Everglades National Park", "header": [ "", "Name on the Register", "Date listed", "Location", "City or town", "Description" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anhinga Trail", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anhinga_Trail", "summary": "The Anhinga Trail is a short trail ( about 0.4 miles ) in the Everglades National Park . Located 4 miles from the park entrance , it starts at the Royal Palm Visitor Center . The trail is a paved walkway and a boardwalk over Taylor Slough , a freshwater sawgrass marsh . Abundant wildlife is visible from the trail , including alligators , turtles , anhingas , herons , and egrets . it is one of the most popular trails in the Park . On November 5 , 1996 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . In 2003 , tourists witnessed a fight between an alligator and a Burmese python which went on for 24 hours , until a larger alligator joined the fight and the snake escaped . Video and news coverage of the fight was widespread and brought attention to the spread of the python , an invasive species , in the Everglades ." } ] }, { "value": "November 5 , 1996 ( # 96001178 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Address Restricted 25°22′54″N 80°36′35″W / 25.381667°N 80.609722°W / 25.381667 ; -80.609722 ( Anhinga Trail )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Homestead", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Homestead,_Florida", "summary": "Homestead is a city within Miami-Dade County in the U.S. state of Florida , between Biscayne National Park to the east and Everglades National Park to the west . Homestead is primarily a Miami suburb and a major agricultural area . It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census . Homestead was incorporated in 1913 and is the second oldest city in Miami-Dade County next to the city of Miami . It is located approximately 35 miles ( 56 km ) southwest of Miami , and 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of Key Largo . The name originates from when the Florida East Coast Railway extension to Key West was being built . The rail line was passing through an area opened up for homesteading , and as the construction camp at the end of the line did not have a particular name , construction materials and supplies for the workers were consigned to Homestead Country , shortened to Homestead by the engineers who mapped the area . The population was 60,512 at the 2010 census . Homestead and neighboring South Miami-Dade County communities bore the brunt of Category 5 Hurricane Andrew on August 24 , 1992 . The city of Homestead is located near the southern terminus of the Homestead Extension of Florida 's Turnpike where it ends at its junction with U.S. 1 . Homestead is immediately north and east of Florida City , and these two cities comprise the greater Homestead-Florida City area . Some of the notable unincorporated communities in the area are Redland , Leisure City , Naranja , and Princeton ." } ] }, { "value": "Part of the Archeological Resources of Everglades National Park MPS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Archeological_Resources_of_Everglades_National_Park_MPS", "summary": "The following sites were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Archeological Resources of Everglades National Park Multiple Property Submission ( or MPS ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bear Lake Mounds Archeological District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bear_Lake_Mounds_Archeological_District", "summary": "The Bear Lake Mounds Archeological District is a U.S. historic district ( designated as such on November 5 , 1996 ) located north of Flamingo , Florida , east of Bear Lake . It suffered extensive damaged from Hurricane Wilma on October 24 , 2005 and it , as well as the trail and surrounding boardwalk has been closed to the public since then . The trail to Bear Lake was reopened in March 2008 to foot and bicycle traffic ." } ] }, { "value": "November 5 , 1996 ( # 96001182 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Address Restricted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flamingo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flamingo,_Florida", "summary": "Flamingo is the southernmost headquarters of Everglades National Park , in Monroe County , Florida , United States . Flamingo is one of the two end points of the 99-mile ( 159-km ) Wilderness Waterway ( with another end point at Gulf Coast Visitor Center in the Everglades City ) , and the southern end of the only road ( running 39.3 miles ( 63.2 km ) ) through the park from Florida City . It began as a small coastal settlement on the eastern end of Cape Sable on the southern tip of the Florida peninsula , facing Florida Bay . The actual town of Flamingo was located approximately 4 1/2 miles west of the current Flamingo campground area . All that remains of the former town are a few remnants of building foundations , but it is considered a ghost town ." } ] }, { "value": "Part of the Archeological Resources of Everglades National Park MPS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Everglades_National_Park", "summary": "Everglades National Park is an American national park that protects the southern twenty percent of the original Everglades in Florida . The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States , and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River . An average of one million people visit the park each year . Everglades is the third-largest national park in the contiguous United States after Death Valley and Yellowstone . UNESCO declared the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 , and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979 , while the Ramsar Convention included the park on its list of Wetlands of International Importance in 1987 . Everglades is one of only three locations in the world to appear on all three lists . Most national parks preserve unique geographic features ; Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile ecosystem . The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing 0.25 miles ( 0.40 km ) per day out of Lake Okeechobee , southwest into Florida Bay . The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical wading birds in North America and contains the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere . Thirty-six threatened or protected species inhabit the park , including the Florida panther , the American crocodile , and the West Indian manatee , along with 350 species of birds , 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish , 40 species of mammals , and 50 species of reptiles . The majority of South Florida 's fresh water , which is stored in the Biscayne Aquifer , is recharged in the park . Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Multiple_Property_Submission", "summary": "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cane Patch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cane_Patch", "summary": "The Cane Patch is a historic site near Everglades City , Florida , United States . On November 5 , 1996 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "November 5 , 1996 ( # 96001179 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Address Restricted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Everglades City", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Everglades_City,_Florida", "summary": "Everglades City ( formerly known as Everglades ) is a city in Collier County , Florida , United States , of which it is the former county seat . As of the 2013 census , the population is 402 . It is part of the Naples-Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area . The Gulf Coast Visitor Center for Everglades National Park is in Everglades City ." } ] }, { "value": "Part of the Archeological Resources of Everglades National Park MPS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Everglades_National_Park", "summary": "Everglades National Park is an American national park that protects the southern twenty percent of the original Everglades in Florida . The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States , and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River . An average of one million people visit the park each year . Everglades is the third-largest national park in the contiguous United States after Death Valley and Yellowstone . UNESCO declared the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 , and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979 , while the Ramsar Convention included the park on its list of Wetlands of International Importance in 1987 . Everglades is one of only three locations in the world to appear on all three lists . Most national parks preserve unique geographic features ; Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile ecosystem . The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing 0.25 miles ( 0.40 km ) per day out of Lake Okeechobee , southwest into Florida Bay . The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical wading birds in North America and contains the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere . Thirty-six threatened or protected species inhabit the park , including the Florida panther , the American crocodile , and the West Indian manatee , along with 350 species of birds , 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish , 40 species of mammals , and 50 species of reptiles . The majority of South Florida 's fresh water , which is stored in the Biscayne Aquifer , is recharged in the park . Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Multiple_Property_Submission", "summary": "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monroe Lake Archeological District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monroe_Lake_Archeological_District", "summary": "The Monroe Lake Archeological District is a U.S. historic district ( designated as such on November 5 , 1996 ) located southwest of Homestead , Florida , in the vicinity of Monroe Lake ." } ] }, { "value": "November 5 , 1996 ( # 96001184 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Address Restricted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Homestead", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Homestead,_Florida", "summary": "Homestead is a city within Miami-Dade County in the U.S. state of Florida , between Biscayne National Park to the east and Everglades National Park to the west . Homestead is primarily a Miami suburb and a major agricultural area . It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census . Homestead was incorporated in 1913 and is the second oldest city in Miami-Dade County next to the city of Miami . It is located approximately 35 miles ( 56 km ) southwest of Miami , and 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of Key Largo . The name originates from when the Florida East Coast Railway extension to Key West was being built . The rail line was passing through an area opened up for homesteading , and as the construction camp at the end of the line did not have a particular name , construction materials and supplies for the workers were consigned to Homestead Country , shortened to Homestead by the engineers who mapped the area . The population was 60,512 at the 2010 census . Homestead and neighboring South Miami-Dade County communities bore the brunt of Category 5 Hurricane Andrew on August 24 , 1992 . The city of Homestead is located near the southern terminus of the Homestead Extension of Florida 's Turnpike where it ends at its junction with U.S. 1 . Homestead is immediately north and east of Florida City , and these two cities comprise the greater Homestead-Florida City area . Some of the notable unincorporated communities in the area are Redland , Leisure City , Naranja , and Princeton ." } ] }, { "value": "Part of the Archeological Resources of Everglades National Park MPS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Archeological_Resources_of_Everglades_National_Park_MPS", "summary": "The following sites were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Archeological Resources of Everglades National Park Multiple Property Submission ( or MPS ) ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mud Lake Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mud_Lake_Canal", "summary": "The Mud Lake Canal is a prehistoric long-distance canoe canal near Flamingo , Florida , U.S . It is located at Cape Sable , in the Everglades National Park . At 3.9 miles ( 6.3 km ) , it is the longest of Florida 's known prehistoric canals , believed to form a part of a sheltered travel route between the Florida Keys and the Ten Thousand Islands . On September 20 , 2006 , it was designated a National Historic Landmark and added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "September 20 , 2006 ( # 06000979 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cape Sable in Everglades National Park 25°10′26″N 80°56′17″W / 25.173889°N 80.938056°W / 25.173889 ; -80.938056 ( Mud Lake Canal )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Everglades_National_Park", "summary": "Everglades National Park is an American national park that protects the southern twenty percent of the original Everglades in Florida . The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States , and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River . An average of one million people visit the park each year . Everglades is the third-largest national park in the contiguous United States after Death Valley and Yellowstone . UNESCO declared the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 , and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979 , while the Ramsar Convention included the park on its list of Wetlands of International Importance in 1987 . Everglades is one of only three locations in the world to appear on all three lists . Most national parks preserve unique geographic features ; Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile ecosystem . The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing 0.25 miles ( 0.40 km ) per day out of Lake Okeechobee , southwest into Florida Bay . The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical wading birds in North America and contains the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere . Thirty-six threatened or protected species inhabit the park , including the Florida panther , the American crocodile , and the West Indian manatee , along with 350 species of birds , 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish , 40 species of mammals , and 50 species of reptiles . The majority of South Florida 's fresh water , which is stored in the Biscayne Aquifer , is recharged in the park . Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades ." } ] }, { "value": "Flamingo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flamingo,_Florida", "summary": "Flamingo is the southernmost headquarters of Everglades National Park , in Monroe County , Florida , United States . Flamingo is one of the two end points of the 99-mile ( 159-km ) Wilderness Waterway ( with another end point at Gulf Coast Visitor Center in the Everglades City ) , and the southern end of the only road ( running 39.3 miles ( 63.2 km ) ) through the park from Florida City . It began as a small coastal settlement on the eastern end of Cape Sable on the southern tip of the Florida peninsula , facing Florida Bay . The actual town of Flamingo was located approximately 4 1/2 miles west of the current Flamingo campground area . All that remains of the former town are a few remnants of building foundations , but it is considered a ghost town ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nike Missile Site HM-69", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/HM-69", "summary": "The Nike Missile Site HM-69 ( also known as Hole in the Donut or Everglades Nike Site or Missile Base ) is a former Nike-Hercules missile base , now listed as a historic site west of Homestead , Florida , United States . It is located on Long Pine Key Road in the Everglades National Park . The site with 22 buildings opened in 1964 and closed in 1979 when it was turned over to the National Park Service ." } ] }, { "value": "July 27 , 2004 ( # 04000758 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Long Pine Key Road 25°22′11″N 80°41′05″W / 25.369722°N 80.684722°W / 25.369722 ; -80.684722 ( Nike Missile Site HM-69 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Homestead", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Homestead,_Florida", "summary": "Homestead is a city within Miami-Dade County in the U.S. state of Florida , between Biscayne National Park to the east and Everglades National Park to the west . Homestead is primarily a Miami suburb and a major agricultural area . It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census . Homestead was incorporated in 1913 and is the second oldest city in Miami-Dade County next to the city of Miami . It is located approximately 35 miles ( 56 km ) southwest of Miami , and 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of Key Largo . The name originates from when the Florida East Coast Railway extension to Key West was being built . The rail line was passing through an area opened up for homesteading , and as the construction camp at the end of the line did not have a particular name , construction materials and supplies for the workers were consigned to Homestead Country , shortened to Homestead by the engineers who mapped the area . The population was 60,512 at the 2010 census . Homestead and neighboring South Miami-Dade County communities bore the brunt of Category 5 Hurricane Andrew on August 24 , 1992 . The city of Homestead is located near the southern terminus of the Homestead Extension of Florida 's Turnpike where it ends at its junction with U.S. 1 . Homestead is immediately north and east of Florida City , and these two cities comprise the greater Homestead-Florida City area . Some of the notable unincorporated communities in the area are Redland , Leisure City , Naranja , and Princeton ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rookery Mound", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rookery_Mound", "summary": "The Rookery Mound is an archaeological site near Everglades City , Florida . On November 5 , 1996 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "November 5 , 1996 ( # 96001183 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Address Restricted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Everglades City", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Everglades_City,_Florida", "summary": "Everglades City ( formerly known as Everglades ) is a city in Collier County , Florida , United States , of which it is the former county seat . As of the 2013 census , the population is 402 . It is part of the Naples-Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area . The Gulf Coast Visitor Center for Everglades National Park is in Everglades City ." } ] }, { "value": "Part of the Archeological Resources of Everglades National Park MPS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Everglades_National_Park", "summary": "Everglades National Park is an American national park that protects the southern twenty percent of the original Everglades in Florida . The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States , and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River . An average of one million people visit the park each year . Everglades is the third-largest national park in the contiguous United States after Death Valley and Yellowstone . UNESCO declared the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 , and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979 , while the Ramsar Convention included the park on its list of Wetlands of International Importance in 1987 . Everglades is one of only three locations in the world to appear on all three lists . Most national parks preserve unique geographic features ; Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile ecosystem . The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing 0.25 miles ( 0.40 km ) per day out of Lake Okeechobee , southwest into Florida Bay . The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical wading birds in North America and contains the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere . Thirty-six threatened or protected species inhabit the park , including the Florida panther , the American crocodile , and the West Indian manatee , along with 350 species of birds , 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish , 40 species of mammals , and 50 species of reptiles . The majority of South Florida 's fresh water , which is stored in the Biscayne Aquifer , is recharged in the park . Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Multiple_Property_Submission", "summary": "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shark River Slough Archeological District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shark_River_Slough_Archeological_District", "summary": "The Shark River Slough Archeological District is a historic district within the Everglades National Park in Miami-Dade County , Florida , United States , west of Homestead , that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "November 5 , 1996 ( # 96001181 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Address Restricted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Homestead", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Homestead,_Florida", "summary": "Homestead is a city within Miami-Dade County in the U.S. state of Florida , between Biscayne National Park to the east and Everglades National Park to the west . Homestead is primarily a Miami suburb and a major agricultural area . It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census . Homestead was incorporated in 1913 and is the second oldest city in Miami-Dade County next to the city of Miami . It is located approximately 35 miles ( 56 km ) southwest of Miami , and 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of Key Largo . The name originates from when the Florida East Coast Railway extension to Key West was being built . The rail line was passing through an area opened up for homesteading , and as the construction camp at the end of the line did not have a particular name , construction materials and supplies for the workers were consigned to Homestead Country , shortened to Homestead by the engineers who mapped the area . The population was 60,512 at the 2010 census . Homestead and neighboring South Miami-Dade County communities bore the brunt of Category 5 Hurricane Andrew on August 24 , 1992 . The city of Homestead is located near the southern terminus of the Homestead Extension of Florida 's Turnpike where it ends at its junction with U.S. 1 . Homestead is immediately north and east of Florida City , and these two cities comprise the greater Homestead-Florida City area . Some of the notable unincorporated communities in the area are Redland , Leisure City , Naranja , and Princeton ." } ] }, { "value": "Part of the Archeological Resources of Everglades National Park MPS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Archeological_Resources_of_Everglades_National_Park_MPS", "summary": "The following sites were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Archeological Resources of Everglades National Park Multiple Property Submission ( or MPS ) ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ten Thousand Islands Archeological District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Islands", "summary": "The Ten Thousand Islands are a chain of islands and mangrove islets off the coast of southwest Florida , between Cape Romano ( at the south end of Marco Island ) and the mouth of the Lostman 's River . Some of the islands are high spots on a submergent coastline . Others were produced by mangroves growing on oyster bars . Despite the name , the islets in the chain only number in the hundreds . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "November 5 , 1996 ( # 96001180 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Address Restricted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Everglades City", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Everglades_City,_Florida", "summary": "Everglades City ( formerly known as Everglades ) is a city in Collier County , Florida , United States , of which it is the former county seat . As of the 2013 census , the population is 402 . It is part of the Naples-Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area . The Gulf Coast Visitor Center for Everglades National Park is in Everglades City ." } ] }, { "value": "Part of the Archeological Resources of Everglades National Park MPS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Everglades_National_Park", "summary": "Everglades National Park is an American national park that protects the southern twenty percent of the original Everglades in Florida . The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States , and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River . An average of one million people visit the park each year . Everglades is the third-largest national park in the contiguous United States after Death Valley and Yellowstone . UNESCO declared the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 , and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979 , while the Ramsar Convention included the park on its list of Wetlands of International Importance in 1987 . Everglades is one of only three locations in the world to appear on all three lists . Most national parks preserve unique geographic features ; Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile ecosystem . The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing 0.25 miles ( 0.40 km ) per day out of Lake Okeechobee , southwest into Florida Bay . The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical wading birds in North America and contains the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere . Thirty-six threatened or protected species inhabit the park , including the Florida panther , the American crocodile , and the West Indian manatee , along with 350 species of birds , 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish , 40 species of mammals , and 50 species of reptiles . The majority of South Florida 's fresh water , which is stored in the Biscayne Aquifer , is recharged in the park . Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Multiple_Property_Submission", "summary": "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Current listings", "section_text": "", "uid": "National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Everglades_National_Park_0", "intro": "This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Everglades National Park. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Everglades National Park, Florida, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are nine properties and districts listed on the National Register in the park, one of which is a National Historic Landmark." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_racecourses", "title": "List of British racecourses", "header": [ "Racecourse", "Location", "Country", "Code", "Opened", "Surface", "Owner" ], "data": [ { "value": "Aintree Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse", "summary": "Aintree Racecourse is a racecourse in Aintree , Metropolitan Borough of Sefton , Merseyside , England . The racecourse is best known for annually holding the world-famous Grand National steeplechase . The Grand National meeting takes place in April over 3 days . Aintree also holds meetings in May and June ( both on Friday evenings ) , October ( Sunday ) , November and December ( both Saturdays ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Merseyside", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Merseyside", "summary": "Merseyside ( /ˈmɜːrzisaɪd/ MUR-zee-syde ) is a metropolitan county in North West England , with a population of 1.38 million . It encompasses the metropolitan area centred on both banks of the lower reaches of the Mersey Estuary and comprises five metropolitan boroughs : Knowsley , St Helens , Sefton , Wirral , and the city of Liverpool . Merseyside , which was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 , takes its name from the River Mersey . Merseyside spans 249 square miles ( 645 km2 ) of land which border Lancashire ( to the north-east ) , Greater Manchester ( to the east ) , Cheshire ( to the south and south-east ) and the Irish Sea to the west . North Wales is across the Dee Estuary . There is a mix of high density urban areas , suburbs , semi-rural and rural locations in Merseyside , but overwhelmingly the land use is urban . It has a focused central business district , formed by Liverpool City Centre , but Merseyside is also a polycentric county with five metropolitan districts , each of which has at least one major town centre and outlying suburbs . The Liverpool Urban Area is the fifth most populous conurbation in England , and dominates the geographic centre of the county , while the smaller Birkenhead Urban Area dominates the Wirral Peninsula in the south . For the 12 years following 1974 the county had a two-tier system of local government ; district councils shared power with the Merseyside County Council . The county council was abolished in 1986 , and so its districts ( the metropolitan boroughs ) are now effectively unitary authority areas . However , the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference , and several county-wide services are co-ordinated by authorities and joint-boards , such as Merseytravel ( for public transport ) , Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service and the Merseyside Police ( for law-enforcement ) ; as a ceremonial county , Merseyside has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . As the Lancashire county palatine boundaries remain the same as the historic boundaries , the High Sheriff of Merseyside , along with those of Lancashire and Greater Manchester are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "National Hunt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/National_Hunt", "summary": "In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "1829", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jockey Club", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jockey_Club", "summary": "The Jockey Club is the largest commercial horse racing organisation in the United Kingdom . No longer responsible for the governance and regulation of British horseracing , today it owns 15 of Britain 's famous racecourses , including Aintree , Cheltenham , Epsom Downs and both the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket , amongst other concerns such as the National Stud , and the property and land management company , Jockey Club Estates . The registered charity Racing Welfare is also a company limited by guarantee with the Jockey Club being the sole member . As it is governed by Royal Charter , all profits it makes are reinvested back into the sport . Formerly the regulator for the sport , the Jockey Club 's responsibilities were transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( now the British Horseracing Authority ) in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ascot Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse", "summary": "Ascot Racecourse ( ascot pronounced /ˈæskət/ , often incorrectly pronounced /ˈæskɒt/ ) is a British racecourse , located in Ascot , Berkshire , England , which is used for thoroughbred horse racing . It is one of the leading racecourses in the United Kingdom , hosting 13 of Britain 's 36 annual Group 1 horse races . [ citation needed ] The course , owned by Ascot Racecourse Ltd , enjoys close associations with the British Royal Family , being approximately 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from Windsor Castle . [ citation needed ] Ascot currently stages 26 days of racing over the course of the year , comprising 18 flat meetings held between the months of May and October inclusive . It also stages important jump racing throughout the winter months . The Royal Meeting held each June , remains a major draw , its highlight being The Gold Cup . The most prestigious race is the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes run over the course in July . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Berkshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Berkshire", "summary": "Berkshire ( /ˈbɑːrkʃər , -ʃɪər/ ( listen ) BARK-shər , -⁠sheer ; in the 17th century sometimes spelt phonetically as Barkeshire ; abbreviated Berks . ) is a county in South East England . One of the home counties , Berkshire was recognised by the Queen as the Royal County of Berkshire in 1957 because of the presence of Windsor Castle , and letters patent were issued in 1974 . Berkshire is a county of historic origin , a ceremonial county and a non-metropolitan county without a county council . The county town is Reading . The River Thames formed the historic northern boundary , from Buscot in the west to Old Windsor in the east . The historic county therefore includes territory that is now administered by the Vale of White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire in Oxfordshire , but excludes Caversham , Slough and five less populous settlements in the east of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead . All the changes mentioned , apart from the change to Caversham , took place in 1974 . The towns of Abingdon , Didcot , Faringdon , Wallingford and Wantage were transferred to Oxfordshire , the six places joining came from Buckinghamshire . Berkshire County Council was the main local government of most areas from 1889 to 1998 and was based in Reading , the county town which had its own County Borough administration ( 1888-1974 ) . Since 1998 , Berkshire has been governed by the six unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest , Reading , Slough , West Berkshire , Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham . The ceremonial county borders Oxfordshire ( to the north ) , Buckinghamshire ( to the north-east ) , Greater London ( to the east ) , Surrey ( to the south-east ) , Wiltshire ( to the west ) and Hampshire ( to the south ) ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mixed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1711", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ayr Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ayr_Racecourse", "summary": "Ayr Racecourse at Whitletts Road , Ayr , Scotland , was opened in 1907 . There are courses for flat and for National Hunt racing ." } ] }, { "value": "Ayrshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ayrshire", "summary": "Ayrshire ( Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Inbhir Àir , pronounced [ ˈʃirˠəxk iɲiˈɾʲaːɾʲ ] ) is a historic county and registration county in south-west Scotland , located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde . Its principal towns include Ayr , Kilmarnock and Irvine and it borders the counties of Renfrewshire and Lanarkshire to the north-east , Dumfriesshire to the south-east , and Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire to the south . Like many other counties of Scotland it currently has no administrative function , instead being sub-divided into the council areas of North Ayrshire , South Ayrshire and East Ayrshire . It has a population of approximately 366,800 . The electoral and valuation area named Ayrshire covers the three council areas of South Ayrshire , East Ayrshire and North Ayrshire , therefore including the Isle of Arran , Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae . These three islands are part of the County of Bute and are sometimes included when the term Ayrshire is applied to the region . The same area is known as Ayrshire and Arran in other contexts ." } ] }, { "value": "Scotland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mixed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1907", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bangor on Dee Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bangor_on_Dee_Racecourse", "summary": "Bangor-on-Dee Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located in Bangor-on-Dee near Wrexham , Wales . It is a left-handed National Hunt racecourse , and does not have a grandstand ." } ] }, { "value": "Wrexham", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wrexham", "summary": "Wrexham ( /ˈrɛksəm/ REKS-əm ; Welsh : Wrecsam ; Welsh pronunciation : [ ˈwrɛksam ] ) is a minster and market town in the north of Wales and an administrative , commercial , retail and educational centre . Wrexham is situated between the Welsh mountains and the lower Dee Valley alongside the border with England . Historically part of Denbighshire , the town became part of Clwyd in 1974 and since 1996 has been the centre of the Wrexham County Borough . The town is also the largest town in North Wales . At the 2011 Census , Wrexham had a population of 65,692 , making it the fourth largest urban area in Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "Wales", "urls": [] }, { "value": "National Hunt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/National_Hunt", "summary": "In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "1859", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chester Race Company", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bath Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bath_Racecourse", "summary": "Bath Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located on Lansdown Hill , about 3 1⁄4 miles ( 5.2 km ) northeast of Bath , Somerset , England . It is owned and operated by Arena Racing Company . The racecourse is a left-handed oval track of 1 mile 4 furlongs and 25 yards , with a run-in of nearly half-a-mile . At 780 feet ( 238 m ) above sea level , Bath is Britain 's highest flat racecourse , although National Hunt courses Hexham and Exeter are higher ." } ] }, { "value": "Somerset", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Somerset", "summary": "Somerset ( /ˈsʌmərsɛt/ ( listen ) or locally /ˈzʌmərzɛt/ ; archaically , Somersetshire ) is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north , Wiltshire to the east , Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west . It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel , its coastline facing southeastern Wales . Its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon . Somerset 's county town is Taunton . Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills , the Blackdown Hills , Mendip Hills , Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park , and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels . There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times , and of subsequent settlement by the Celts , Romans and Anglo-Saxons . The county played a significant part in Alfred the Great 's rise to power , and later the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion . The city of Bath is famous for its Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flat_racing", "summary": "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ." } ] }, { "value": "by 1728", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arena Racing Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company", "summary": "Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition ." } ] }, { "value": "Beverley Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beverley_Racecourse", "summary": "Beverley Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located in the town of Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . An annual meeting at Beverley was first established in 1767 . Before that races had only occasionally been run there . Then , for a short period between 1798 and 1805 racing once again stopped . Later in the 19th century a three-day meeting was taking place annually in the week after York 's May meeting . In 2012 , Beverley hosted racing on 19 days . Its most prestigious races being two Listed races - the Hilary Needler Trophy for two-year-olds in May and Beverley Bullet Sprint over 5 furlongs in August for three-year-olds and up . The racecourse is a right-handed flat course , that is just over 1 mile 3 furlongs . It is predominantly flat but with a stiff , uphill finish and tight turns . Beverley has the most pronounced draw bias on a UK racecourse on its 5 furlong course . The sharp right hand bend and the fact that the ground runs away to the left make a low draw ( i.e . on the inside rail ) much more advantageous than a high draw ( i.e ." } ] }, { "value": "East Riding of Yorkshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire", "summary": "The East Riding of Yorkshire , or simply East Riding or East Yorkshire , is an area in Northern England and can refer either to the administrative county ( Local Government Area ) of the East Riding of Yorkshire which is a unitary authority , to the ceremonial county ( Lieutenancy ) of the East Riding of Yorkshire or to the easternmost of the three subdivisions ( ridings ) of the traditional county of Yorkshire . No two of these areas share the same geographical boundaries despite sharing the same name . The traditional East Riding of Yorkshire includes parts of ceremonial North Yorkshire such as Filey but not Goole , whereas both the administrative and ceremonial East Riding of Yorkshire include Goole but not those parts of North Yorkshire . Both the traditional and ceremonial East Riding include Kingston upon Hull , but the administrative East Riding does not as Kingston upon Hull is in its own unitary authority . The traditional East Riding covers a larger area than both the ceremonial and administrative East Riding . The East Riding , North Riding and West Riding were treated as three separate counties for many purposes , such as having separate quarter sessions . In 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888 , administrative counties with a county council were created on the historic boundaries . In 1974 both the Local Government Area and the Lieutenancy of the East Riding of Yorkshire were abolished under the Local Government Act 1972 , being succeeded in most of the riding by the newly created Humberside which included parts of the West Riding and parts of Lincolnshire . The modern Local Government Area and the ceremonial East Riding of Yorkshire were formed in 1996 from the northern part of Humberside upon its abolition . At the 2011 Census , the population was 334,179 . The landscape consists of a crescent of low chalk hills , the Yorkshire Wolds , surrounded by the low-lying fertile plains of Holderness and the Vale of York . The Humber Estuary and North Sea mark its southern and eastern limits ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flat_racing", "summary": "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ." } ] }, { "value": "by 1767", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brighton Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brighton_Racecourse", "summary": "Brighton Racecourse is an English horse racing venue located a mile to the northeast of the centre of Brighton , Sussex owned by the Arena Racing Company ." } ] }, { "value": "East Sussex", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/East_Sussex", "summary": "East Sussex is a county in South East England . It is bordered by the counties of Kent to the north and east , West Sussex to the west , and Surrey to the north-west , as well as the English Channel to the south ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flat_racing", "summary": "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ." } ] }, { "value": "1783", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arena Racing Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company", "summary": "Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition ." } ] }, { "value": "Carlisle Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carlisle_Racecourse", "summary": "Carlisle Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located in the village of Blackwell near Carlisle in Cumbria , England . The course has been on its present site since 1904 , when it moved there from another location nearer to Carlisle . The course is 1 mile and 4 furlongs ( 2.41 km ) in circumference , right-handed , and hosts flat racing in the summer and National Hunt racing over the winter months . The last half mile is up a steep incline . The going can get very heavy in the winter . History was made on 2 July 1929 when the newly formed Totalisator Board operated their pool betting system for the first time on a British racecourse at Carlisle . Carlisle is home to the Carlisle Bell , one of the oldest horse races in existence . Carlisle also had a King 's Plate - a race for 5-year-old horses in 3-mile heats - instigated by George III in 1763 ." } ] }, { "value": "Cumbria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cumbria", "summary": "Cumbria ( /ˈkʌmbriə/ KUM-bree-ə ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England . The county and Cumbria County Council , its local government , came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 . Cumbria 's county town is Carlisle , in the north of the county , and the only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the southwestern tip of the county . The county of Cumbria consists of six districts ( Allerdale , Barrow-in-Furness , Carlisle , Copeland , Eden , and South Lakeland ) and in 2008 had a population of just under 500,000 people . Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in England , with 73.4 people per km2 ( 190/sq mi ) . Cumbria is the third largest county in England by area , and is bounded to the north by the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders , to the west by the Irish Sea , to the south by Lancashire , to the southeast by North Yorkshire , and to the east by County Durham and Northumberland . Cumbria is predominantly rural and contains the Lake District National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered one of England 's finest areas of natural beauty , serving as inspiration for artists , writers , and musicians . A large area of the southeast of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB . Much of Cumbria is mountainous , and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) above sea level , with Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet ( 978 m ) being the highest point of England . An upland , coastal , and rural area , Cumbria 's history is characterised by invasions , migration , and settlement , as well as battles and skirmishes between the English and the Scots . Notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle , Furness Abbey , Hardknott Roman Fort , Brough Castle and Hadrian 's Wall ( also a World Heritage Site ) ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mixed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1904", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jockey Club", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jockey_Club", "summary": "The Jockey Club is the largest commercial horse racing organisation in the United Kingdom . No longer responsible for the governance and regulation of British horseracing , today it owns 15 of Britain 's famous racecourses , including Aintree , Cheltenham , Epsom Downs and both the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket , amongst other concerns such as the National Stud , and the property and land management company , Jockey Club Estates . The registered charity Racing Welfare is also a company limited by guarantee with the Jockey Club being the sole member . As it is governed by Royal Charter , all profits it makes are reinvested back into the sport . Formerly the regulator for the sport , the Jockey Club 's responsibilities were transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( now the British Horseracing Authority ) in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Cartmel Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cartmel_Racecourse", "summary": "Cartmel Racecourse is a small national hunt racecourse in the village of Cartmel , now in the Ceremonial County of Cumbria , historically in Lancashire . Nine racedays are held each year , starting on the Whit Holiday weekend at the end of May and ending on the August Bank Holiday weekend in August Bank Holidays . The three-day May race meeting actually takes place over five days - allowing a day off for racegoers to enjoy the Lake District countryside in between each day at the races . The racegoers arrive so early in the day and leave so late that , unlike most racecourses , there is not time to clear up and turn the racecourse around for consecutive days racing . The two-day July meeting ( taking place over three days , with a day off in-between ) features the most valuable race at Cartmel , the Cumbria Crystal Hurdle Race , which is worth over £40,000 . The August racemeeting features the Cartmel Cup ( a hurdle race ) and the Cavendish Cup ( a steeplechase ) . Although the racecourse is considered [ by whom ? ] to be small , it often has the third-highest average attendance of any jumps track in Britain after Aintree and Cheltenham - the largest crowds can be just over 20,000 on one day . The visitors gather in the centre of the racecourse which is bisected by the finishing straight . On one side of the straight is a very large fairground and on the other the Parade Ring and Winners ' Enclosure . There is a small grandstand , but in general most of the facilities at Cartmel are temporary . The village shops are a short walk from the track and a visit to the village is often considered [ by whom ? ]" } ] }, { "value": "Cumbria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cumbria", "summary": "Cumbria ( /ˈkʌmbriə/ KUM-bree-ə ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England . The county and Cumbria County Council , its local government , came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 . Cumbria 's county town is Carlisle , in the north of the county , and the only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the southwestern tip of the county . The county of Cumbria consists of six districts ( Allerdale , Barrow-in-Furness , Carlisle , Copeland , Eden , and South Lakeland ) and in 2008 had a population of just under 500,000 people . Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in England , with 73.4 people per km2 ( 190/sq mi ) . Cumbria is the third largest county in England by area , and is bounded to the north by the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders , to the west by the Irish Sea , to the south by Lancashire , to the southeast by North Yorkshire , and to the east by County Durham and Northumberland . Cumbria is predominantly rural and contains the Lake District National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered one of England 's finest areas of natural beauty , serving as inspiration for artists , writers , and musicians . A large area of the southeast of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB . Much of Cumbria is mountainous , and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) above sea level , with Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet ( 978 m ) being the highest point of England . An upland , coastal , and rural area , Cumbria 's history is characterised by invasions , migration , and settlement , as well as battles and skirmishes between the English and the Scots . Notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle , Furness Abbey , Hardknott Roman Fort , Brough Castle and Hadrian 's Wall ( also a World Heritage Site ) ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "National Hunt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/National_Hunt", "summary": "In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "by 1856", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Catterick Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Catterick_Racecourse", "summary": "Catterick Racecourse , sometimes known as Catterick Bridge Racecourse , is a thoroughbred horse racing venue one mile north west of Catterick in North Yorkshire , England , near the hamlet of Catterick Bridge . The first racing at Catterick was held in 1783 . The track is left-handed , sharp and undulating , just over a mile round , with a 3 furlong run-in . The gravel subsoil means the going is usually good . It has been said that it is not one of the North 's most glamorous fixtures . The Catterick Sunday Market , held on the racecourse grounds , is the largest Sunday Market in the North of England . The international flat racing champion Collier Hill won his first race here in March 2002 . The feature event at the course is the North Yorkshire Grand National held in January . There are plans to create an All Weather track and change the layout of the National Hunt course ." } ] }, { "value": "North Yorkshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Yorkshire", "summary": "North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county ( or shire county ) and the largest ceremonial county in England by area . It is located primarily in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber but partly in the region of North East England . The estimated ( by ONS ) population of North Yorkshire was 602,300 in mid-2016 ( not including the unitary districts of York , Middlesbrough , Stockton and Redcar & Cleveland ) . Created by the Local Government Act 1972 , it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres ( 3,341 sq mi ) , making it the largest county in England . The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshire 's boundaries , and around 40% of the county is covered by National Parks . The largest towns are Middlesbrough ( 174,700 ) , York ( 152,841 ) , Harrogate ( 73,576 ) and Scarborough ( 61,749 ) ; the county town , Northallerton , has a population of 16,832 ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mixed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1783", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chelmsford City Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chelmsford_City_Racecourse", "summary": "Chelmsford City racecourse , originally known as Great Leighs Racecourse , is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located in Great Leighs near Chelmsford , Essex , England . When it opened in April 2008 , it was the first entirely new racecourse in the UK since Taunton opened in 1927 . It went into administration in January 2009 , and racing did not resume until January 2015 . Chelmsford City ( known as Great Leighs at the time ) was developed and owned by entrepreneur John Holmes and his son , Jonathan . It aimed to exploit potentially the largest unserved market in British horseracing . Overall there is slightly more than one racecourse per million people in Great Britain , but there was no racecourse in Essex ( population > 1.6 million ) , in east London ( formerly in part , part of Essex ) or in the neighbouring county of Hertfordshire ( population > 1 million ) . The new course is only 50 miles ( 80 kilometres ) from Newmarket , the largest racehorse training centre in Britain . The course is laid out as an 8.5-furlong ( 1,700-metre ) left-handed Polytrack oval , with a 2-furlong ( 400-metre ) home straight . The 10,000-capacity grandstand was used at the 2006 Ryder Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Essex", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Essex", "summary": "Essex ( /ˈɛsɪks/ ) is a county in the southeast of England , northeast of London . One of the home counties , it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north , Hertfordshire to the west , Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south , and London to the southwest . The county town is Chelmsford , the only city in the county . For government statistical purposes Essex is placed in the East of England region . There are three definitions of the extent of Essex , the widest being the Ancient County , the more usual being the smaller Ceremonial County and smallest being the administrative county - the area administered by the County Council and which excludes the two unitary authorities of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea . The Ceremonial County occupies the eastern part of what was , during the Early Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Essex . As well as rural areas , the county also includes London Stansted Airport , the new towns of Basildon and Harlow , Lakeside Shopping Centre , the port of Tilbury and the borough of Southend-on-Sea ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flat_racing", "summary": "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ." } ] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Polytrack", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Polytrack", "summary": "The track surface of a horse racing track refers to the material of which the track is made . There are three types of track surfaces used in modern horse racing . These are :" } ] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cheltenham Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse", "summary": "Cheltenham Racecourse at Prestbury Park , near Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , England , hosts National Hunt horse racing . Its most prestigious meeting is the Cheltenham Festival , held in March , which features several Grade I races including the Cheltenham Gold Cup , Champion Hurdle , Queen Mother Champion Chase , Ryanair Chase and the Stayers ' Hurdle . The racecourse has a scenic location in a natural amphitheatre , just below the escarpment of the Cotswold Hills at Cleeve Hill , with a capacity of 67,500 spectators . Cheltenham Racecourse railway station no longer connects to the national rail network , but is the southern terminus of the preserved Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway ." } ] }, { "value": "Gloucestershire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gloucestershire", "summary": "Gloucestershire ( /ˈɡlɒstərʃər/ ( listen ) , /-ʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; formerly abbreviated as Gloucs . in print but now often as Glos . ) is a county in South West England . The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills , part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn , and the entire Forest of Dean . The county town is the city of Gloucester , and other principal towns include Cheltenham , Stroud , Tewkesbury , Cirencester and Dursley . Gloucestershire borders Herefordshire to the north west , Wiltshire to the south , Bristol and Somerset to the south west , Worcestershire to the north , Oxfordshire to the east , Warwickshire to the north east , and the Welsh county of Monmouthshire to the west ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "National Hunt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/National_Hunt", "summary": "In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "1831", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jockey Club", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jockey_Club", "summary": "The Jockey Club is the largest commercial horse racing organisation in the United Kingdom . No longer responsible for the governance and regulation of British horseracing , today it owns 15 of Britain 's famous racecourses , including Aintree , Cheltenham , Epsom Downs and both the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket , amongst other concerns such as the National Stud , and the property and land management company , Jockey Club Estates . The registered charity Racing Welfare is also a company limited by guarantee with the Jockey Club being the sole member . As it is governed by Royal Charter , all profits it makes are reinvested back into the sport . Formerly the regulator for the sport , the Jockey Club 's responsibilities were transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( now the British Horseracing Authority ) in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Chepstow Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chepstow_Racecourse", "summary": "Chepstow Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing course located just north of the town of Chepstow in Monmouthshire , Wales , near the southern end of the Wye Valley and close to the border with England . It is one of 16 racecourses operated by the Arena Racing Company and is home of the richest race in Wales , the Coral Welsh Grand National ." } ] }, { "value": "Monmouthshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monmouthshire", "summary": "Monmouthshire ( Welsh : Sir Fynwy ) is a county in south-east Wales . The name derives from the historic county of Monmouthshire of which it covers the eastern 60% . The largest town is Abergavenny . Other towns and large villages are Caldicot , Chepstow , Monmouth , Magor and Usk . It borders Torfaen and Newport to the west ; Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the east ; and Powys to the north ." } ] }, { "value": "Wales", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mixed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1926", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arena Racing Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company", "summary": "Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition ." } ] }, { "value": "Chester Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chester_Racecourse", "summary": "Chester Racecourse , known as the Roodee , is officially recognised by the Guinness World Records as the oldest racecourse still in operation . Horse racing at Chester dates back to the early sixteenth century , with 1539 cited as the year racing began . It is also thought to be the smallest racecourse of significance in England at 1 mile and 1 furlong ( 1.8 km ) long ." } ] }, { "value": "Cheshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cheshire", "summary": "Cheshire ( /ˈtʃɛʃər , -ɪər/ CHESH-ər , -⁠eer ; archaically the County Palatine of Chester ) is a county in North West England , bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north , Derbyshire to the east , Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south , and Flintshire and Wrexham County Borough in Wales to the west . Cheshire 's county town is the City of Chester ( 118,200 ) ; the largest town is Warrington ( 209,700 ) . Other major towns include Crewe ( 71,722 ) , Runcorn ( 61,789 ) , Widnes ( 61,464 ) , Ellesmere Port ( 55,715 ) , Macclesfield ( 52,044 ) , Winsford ( 32,610 ) and Northwich ( 19,924 ) . The county covers 905 square miles ( 2,344 km2 ) and has a population of around 1 million . It is mostly rural , with a number of small towns and villages supporting the agricultural and other industries which produce Cheshire cheese , salt , chemicals and silk ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flat_racing", "summary": "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ." } ] }, { "value": "1539", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chester Race Company", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Doncaster Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Doncaster_Racecourse", "summary": "Doncaster Racecourse ( also known as the Town Moor course ) is a racecourse in Doncaster , South Yorkshire , England . It hosts two of Great Britain 's 36 annual Group 1 flat races , the St Leger Stakes and the Racing Post Trophy ." } ] }, { "value": "South Yorkshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Yorkshire", "summary": "South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England . It is the southernmost county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and had a population of 1.34 million in 2011 . It has an area of 1,552 square kilometres ( 599 sq mi ) and consists of four metropolitan boroughs , Barnsley , Doncaster , Rotherham and Sheffield . South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 . Its largest settlement is Sheffield . Lying on the east side of the Pennines , South Yorkshire is landlocked , and borders Derbyshire to the west and south-west , West Yorkshire to the north-west , North Yorkshire to the north , the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north-east , Lincolnshire to the east and Nottinghamshire to the south-east . The Sheffield Urban Area is the tenth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom , and dominates the western half of South Yorkshire with over half of the county 's population living within it . South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region , reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshire 's two largest cities . South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 and its metropolitan boroughs are now effectively unitary authorities , although the metropolitan county continues to exist in law . As a ceremonial county , South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . South Yorkshire was created from 32 local government districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire ( the administrative county and four independent county boroughs ) , with small areas from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire . In the 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom 's membership of the European Union , South Yorkshire voted 62% leave and 38% remain , making it one of the most heavily Leave areas in the country ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mixed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "by 1595", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arena Racing Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company", "summary": "Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition ." } ] }, { "value": "Epsom Downs Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse", "summary": "Epsom Downs is a Grade 1 racecourse on the hills associated with Epsom in Surrey , England which is used for thoroughbred horse racing . The Downs referred to in the name are part of the North Downs . The course , which has a crowd capacity of 130,000 when taking into account people watching from the Epsom Downs , an area freely available to the public , is best known for hosting the Derby Stakes which has come to be widely referred to as The Derby ( note , 'Epsom ' is not part of the title of the race ) , the United Kingdom 's premier thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old colts and fillies , over a mile and a half ( 2400 m ) . It also hosts the Oaks Stakes ( also widely referred to as The Oaks ) for three-year-old fillies , and the Coronation Cup for horses aged four years and upwards . All three races are Group 1 races and run over the same course and distance . The Chairman of the course since 2015 is Julia Budd . The course , owned by the Jockey Club , has enjoyed a long association with the British Royal Family , with the Queen attending most years for the Derby ." } ] }, { "value": "Surrey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Surrey", "summary": "Surrey ( /ˈsʌri/ SURR-ee ) is a county in South East England which borders Kent to the east , East Sussex to the southeast , West Sussex to the south , Hampshire to the west , Berkshire to the northwest , and Greater London to the northeast . With about 1.2 million people , Surrey is the twelfth most populous English county , the third most populous home county , after Kent and Essex , and the third most populous in the Southeast , after Hampshire and Kent . Surrey is a wealthy county . It has the highest GDP per capita of any English county , some of the highest property values outside Inner London , and also the highest cost of living outside the capital . It has the highest proportion of woodland of counties in England . It has four horse racing courses , and golf courses including the international competition venue at Wentworth . Guildford is popularly regarded as the county town , although Surrey County Council is based extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames . Surrey is divided into eleven districts ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flat_racing", "summary": "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ." } ] }, { "value": "by 1661", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jockey Club", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jockey_Club", "summary": "The Jockey Club is the largest commercial horse racing organisation in the United Kingdom . No longer responsible for the governance and regulation of British horseracing , today it owns 15 of Britain 's famous racecourses , including Aintree , Cheltenham , Epsom Downs and both the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket , amongst other concerns such as the National Stud , and the property and land management company , Jockey Club Estates . The registered charity Racing Welfare is also a company limited by guarantee with the Jockey Club being the sole member . As it is governed by Royal Charter , all profits it makes are reinvested back into the sport . Formerly the regulator for the sport , the Jockey Club 's responsibilities were transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( now the British Horseracing Authority ) in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Exeter Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Exeter_Racecourse", "summary": "Exeter Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located near the city of Exeter , Devon , England . Locally it is known as Haldon racecourse because of its location on top of the Haldon Hills . Until the early 1990s it was officially known as Devon and Exeter . On 1 November 2005 racehorse Best Mate died at the course of a suspected heart attack whilst competing in the William Hill Haldon Gold Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Devon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Devon", "summary": "Devon ( /ˈdɛvən/ ) , also known as Devonshire , is a county of England , reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south . It is part of South West England , bounded by Cornwall to the west , Somerset to the north east , and Dorset to the east . The city of Exeter is the county town . The county includes the districts of East Devon , Mid Devon , North Devon , South Hams , Teignbridge , Torridge , and West Devon . Plymouth and Torbay are each geographically part of Devon , but are administered as unitary authorities . Combined as a ceremonial county , Devon 's area is 6,707 km2 ( 2,590 square miles ) and its population is about 1.1 million . Devon derives its name from Dumnonia . During the British Iron Age , Roman Britain , and the early Middle Ages , this was the homeland of the Dumnonii Brittonic Celts . ( The shift from M to V is a typical Celtic consonant shift . ) The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries . The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936 . Devon was later constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "National Hunt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/National_Hunt", "summary": "In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "by 1804", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jockey Club", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jockey_Club", "summary": "The Jockey Club is the largest commercial horse racing organisation in the United Kingdom . No longer responsible for the governance and regulation of British horseracing , today it owns 15 of Britain 's famous racecourses , including Aintree , Cheltenham , Epsom Downs and both the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket , amongst other concerns such as the National Stud , and the property and land management company , Jockey Club Estates . The registered charity Racing Welfare is also a company limited by guarantee with the Jockey Club being the sole member . As it is governed by Royal Charter , all profits it makes are reinvested back into the sport . Formerly the regulator for the sport , the Jockey Club 's responsibilities were transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( now the British Horseracing Authority ) in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Fakenham Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fakenham_Racecourse", "summary": "Fakenham Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located south of Fakenham , Norfolk , England . The Prince of Wales is patron ." } ] }, { "value": "Norfolk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norfolk", "summary": "Norfolk ( /ˈnɔːrfək/ ) is a county in East Anglia in England . It borders Lincolnshire to the northwest , Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest , and Suffolk to the south . Its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea and to the north-west , The Wash . The county town is Norwich . With an area of 2,074 square miles ( 5,370 km2 ) and a population of 859,400 , Norfolk is a largely rural county with a population density of 401 per square mile ( 155 per km2 ) . Of the county 's population , 40% live in four major built up areas : Norwich ( 213,000 ) , Great Yarmouth ( 63,000 ) , King 's Lynn ( 46,000 ) and Thetford ( 25,000 ) . The Broads is a network of rivers and lakes in the east of the county , extending south into Suffolk . The area is not a national park although it is marketed as such . It has similar status to a national park , and is protected by the Broads Authority ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "National Hunt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/National_Hunt", "summary": "In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "1905", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ffos Las Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ffos_Las_Racecourse", "summary": "The Ffos Las racecourse ( strictly : Ffos Las Racecourse & Conference Centre ) is a Welsh horse racing , equestrian sports and conferencing venue situated in Ffos Las , Wales . The Ffos Las racecourse was built at the site of an open cast coal mine after mining operations ceased ." } ] }, { "value": "Carmarthenshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carmarthenshire", "summary": "Carmarthenshire ( /kərˈmɑːrðənʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; Welsh : Sir Gaerfyrddin ; [ siːr gɑːɨrˈvərðɪn ] or informally Sir Gâr ) is a unitary authority in southwest Wales , and one of the historic counties of Wales . The three largest towns are Llanelli , Carmarthen and Ammanford . Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre . Carmarthenshire has been inhabited since prehistoric times . The county town was founded by the Romans , and the region was part of the Principality of Deheubarth in the High Middle Ages . After invasion by the Normans in the 12th and 13th centuries it was subjugated , along with other parts of Wales , by Edward I of England . There was further unrest in the early 15th century , when the Welsh rebelled under Owain Glyndŵr , and during the English Civil War . Carmarthenshire is mainly an agricultural county , apart from the southeastern part which was once heavily industrialised with coal mining , steel-making and tin-plating . In the north of the county , the woollen industry was very important in the 18th century . The economy depends on agriculture , forestry , fishing and tourism . West Wales was identified in 2014 as the worst-performing region in the United Kingdom along with the South Wales Valleys with the decline in its industrial base , and the low profitability of the livestock sector . Carmarthenshire , as a tourist destination , offers a wide range of outdoor activities ." } ] }, { "value": "Wales", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mixed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arena Racing Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company", "summary": "Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition ." } ] }, { "value": "Fontwell Park Racecourse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fontwell_Park_Racecourse", "summary": "Fontwell Park Racecourse is a horse racing course located in the village of Fontwell in West Sussex , England , owned by ARC Racing . It features an oval hurdles course . Fontwell Park was founded by Alfred Day who trained racehorses at The Hermitage , by the Chichester to Arundel road , from 1887 . Day brought the name Fontwell back into use after researching the history of the area , and by 1924 he had purchased enough land to open a racecourse at Fontwell . The hurdles track was a normal shape , but the steeplechase course was laid out in a figure of eight shape to use the space on the site . The first meeting took place on 21 May 1924 . The grandstand and the weighing room were built with thatched roofs . The opening race was won by Gem , the 5/4 favourite Gem , ridden by jockey Fred Rees . It was the course where Queen Elizabeth II , then Princess Elizabeth , had her first winner as an owner when Monaveen won the Chichester Handicap Chase there in October 1949 . In 1984 John Francome rode his 1,036th career winner at Fontwell Park , passing Stan Mellor 's record for a National Hunt jockey - Francome 's record has subsequently been beaten . The feature race of the season at Fontwell Park is the Grade Two National Spirit Hurdle run over a distance of two miles and four furlongs in February . It is a recognised Cheltenham Festival trial ." } ] }, { "value": "West Sussex", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Sussex", "summary": "West Sussex is a county in the south of England , bordering East Sussex ( with Brighton and Hove ) to the east , Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north , and to the south the English Channel . West Sussex is the western part of the historic county of Sussex , formerly a medieval kingdom . With an area of 1,991 square kilometres ( 769 sq mi ) and a population of over 800,000 , West Sussex is a ceremonial county , with a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . Chichester in the south-west is the county town and the only city in West Sussex ; the largest towns are Crawley , Worthing and Horsham . West Sussex has a range of scenery , including wealden , downland and coastal . The highest point of the county is Blackdown , at 280 metres ( 919 ft ) . It has a number of stately homes including Goodwood , Petworth House and Uppark , and castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle . Over half the county is protected countryside , offering walking , cycling and other recreational opportunities ." } ] }, { "value": "England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "National Hunt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/National_Hunt", "summary": "In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "1924", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arena Racing Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company", "summary": "Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Current racecourses", "section_text": "The following British horse racing courses are in operation as of 2 February 2020 :", "uid": "List_of_British_racecourses_0", "intro": "This List of British racecourses gives details of both current and former horse racing venues in Great Britain. There are, as of 2 February 2020, 59 racecourses operating in Great Britain (excluding Point-to-Point courses). In addition, there is a former racecourse, Folkestone, which is mothballed pending a decision over its future. There are currently no plans for Folkestone to operate fixtures although the basic racecourse infrastructure remains intact. Hereford racecourse reopened in October 2016 having been closed since 2012. Towcester racecourse is currently in administration and the future of racing at the venue is uncertain." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All_My_Children_cast_members", "title": "List of All My Children cast members", "header": [ "Actor", "Character", "Duration" ], "data": [ { "value": "Julia Barr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Julia_Barr", "summary": "Julia Barr ( born Julia Rose Buchheit on February 8 , 1949 in Fort Wayne , Indiana ) is an American actress . Barr is most famous for her role on the soap opera All My Children , playing the character of Brooke English . She played the role from 1976 to 1981 and from 1982 to December 20 , 2006 and Barr made a special appearance as Brooke on January 5 , 2010 as part of the series ' 40th anniversary , and returned on February 23 , 2010 for a three-month stint until April 23 , 2010 . Growing up as an only child in Fort Wayne , Barr made her acting debut at the age of 13 in a production of Peter Pan . This helped her decide to pursue acting as a career , and by the time she graduated from college at Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne , she had performed in 25 professional productions . She spent two years at the Studio Arena Theater in Buffalo , New York ." } ] }, { "value": "Brooke English # 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brooke_English", "summary": "Brooke Allison English ( formerly Cudahy , Chandler , and Martin ) is a fictional character on the television soap opera All My Children . Originated by Elissa Leeds in 1976 , she was portrayed by Julia Barr from 1976 to 1981 and from 1982 to 2006 . Harriet Hall temporarily played the role in 1981 . Barr made a special appearance as Brooke on January 5 , 2010 , as part of the series ' 40th anniversary , and returned on February 23 , 2010 , for a three-month stint until April 23 , 2010 . She later returned for the show 's final week on ABC on September 16 , 2011 . She returned as Brooke on the Prospect Park 's continuation of All My Children . Barr earned eight Daytime Emmy Award nominations for the role , and won twice in 1990 and 1998 for Best Supporting Actress ." } ] }, { "value": "1976-1981 , 1982-2006 , 2010-11 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ryan Bittle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ryan_Bittle", "summary": "Ryan James Bittle ( born March 21 , 1976 ) is an American actor . He began appearing on television in 1994 ." } ] }, { "value": "J. R. Chandler", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/J._R._Chandler", "summary": "Adam JR Chandler Jr. is a fictional character from the ABC and The Online Network daytime drama All My Children . He was portrayed by Jacob Young from 2003 to 2011 , prior to Ryan Bittle taking over the role in 2013 . Bittle was cast as the new JR on Prospect Park 's continuation of All My Children ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Matthew Cowles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matthew_Cowles", "summary": "Matthew Cowles ( September 28 , 1944 - May 22 , 2014 ) was an American actor and playwright ." } ] }, { "value": "Billy Clyde Tuggle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Billy_Clyde_Tuggle", "summary": "This is a list of characters appearing ( or who have appeared ) on the ABC Daytime and TOLN soap opera All My Children ." } ] }, { "value": "1977-80 , 1984 , 1989-90 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Paula Garcés", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paula_Garcés", "summary": "Paula Garces ( born March 20 , 1974 ) is a Colombian American film and TV actress , known for her appearance in films such as Clockstoppers , Man of the House and The Harold and Kumar Series , and on TV shows such as CSI : Miami , On My Block , The Shield , Law and Order : Special Victims Unit , The Sopranos , Oz , Devious Maids , Guiding Light and All My Children ." } ] }, { "value": "Lea Marquez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lea_Marquez", "summary": "This is a list of actors and actresses who have had roles on the soap opera , All My Children ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lindsay Hartley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lindsay_Hartley", "summary": "Lindsay Nicole Korman ( born April 17 , 1978 ) is an American actress and singer . She first came to attention with three long-running soap opera roles : Theresa Lopez-Fitzgerald Crane Winthrop on Passions , Cara Castillo on All My Children and Arianna Hernandez on Days of Our Lives . Since leaving soap operas , Korman has appeared in a number of made for television films on the Lifetime network ." } ] }, { "value": "Dr. Cara Castillo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cara_Castillo", "summary": "Cara Castillo is a fictional character from the original ABC and The Online Network soap opera , All My Children . Amanda Hall Rogers portrayed the character for two episodes on June 9 and June 10 , 2003 , before being written off . The character was reintroduced , portrayed by actress Lindsay Hartley on December 9 , 2010 , until the series finale on September 23 , 2011 . In December 2012 , it was announced that Hartley would reprise the role for the impending online reboot on April 29 , 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "2010-11 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vincent Irizarry", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vincent_Irizarry", "summary": "Vincent Michael Irizarry ( born November 12 , 1959 ) is an American actor . He was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 1985 and 2002 , and won in 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dr. David Hayward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_Hayward", "summary": "Dr. David Hayward is a fictional character from the ABC and The Online Network serial drama All My Children . The role has been portrayed by Vincent Irizarry , off and on , from November 27 , 1997 to September 2 , 2013 . The character has been a top television villain for years . His criminal actions have been alluded to by authors , as well as recognized by their own fictional characters . David evolves , but always remains a force antagonizing heroes and heroines of the series ." } ] }, { "value": "1997-2006 , 2008-11 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Thorsten Kaye", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thorsten_Kaye", "summary": "Thorsten Kaye ( born Thorsten Ernst Kieselbach on 22 February 1966 in Frankfurt , Federal Republic of Germany ) is a German-British actor ." } ] }, { "value": "Dr. Zach Slater", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2004-11 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael E. Knight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_E._Knight", "summary": "Michael Edward Knight ( born May 7 , 1959 ) is an American actor , best known for his role as Tad Martin on ABC soap opera All My Children ." } ] }, { "value": "Tad Martin # 3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tad_Martin_(All_My_Children)", "summary": "Thaddeus James Tad Martin is a fictional character from the American daytime drama , All My Children . Tad was played by three actors , according to the age of the character : Matthew Anton , John E. Dunn , and Michael E. Knight . Knight has portrayed the role on and off from 1982 until the series finale in 2011 . Tad represents the good on the show , often butting heads with villains like Adam Chandler . He is perhaps the best male friend to Erica Kane . His relationship with Dixie Cooney made them a favorite of fans , reaching supercouple status . Under secrecy , Knight returned for the first-season finale of Prospect Park 's version of All My Children on September 2 , 2013 . Knight has won three Daytime Emmys for his portrayal of Tad Martin . He won the Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Younger Actor twice in 1986 and 1987 , and won the Supporting Actor trophy in 2001 . He is one of the very few actors to be nominated in younger , supporting , and lead actor categories , all while portraying the same character ." } ] }, { "value": "1982-86 , 1988-90 , 1992-2011 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jill Larson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jill_Larson", "summary": "Jill Larson ( born October 7 , 1947 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Opal Cortlandt on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children ." } ] }, { "value": "Opal Cortlandt # 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Opal_Cortlandt", "summary": "Opal Cortlandt is a fictional character from the ABC and The Online Network soap opera , All My Children . She was portrayed by Dorothy Lyman from 1981 to 1983 , and by Jill Larson from December 13 , 1989 to September 2 , 2013 . Larson was demoted from contract to recurring status from June 14 , 2006 to December 2 , 2009 , before returning to contract status effective December 10 , 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "1989-2011 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cady McClain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cady_McClain", "summary": "Cady McClain ( born Katie Jo McClain ; October 13 , 1969 ) is an American actress , singer , and author ." } ] }, { "value": "Dixie Cooney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dixie_Cooney", "summary": "Dixie Cooney is a fictional character from the American daytime drama , All My Children . The character was initially portrayed by actress Kari Gibson from her debut in July 1988 until October of that year when she was replaced by actress Cady McClain who portrayed the role for the rest of the character 's existence . The character 's initial run lasted from July 1988 to May 2 , 1996 ; she appeared again from July 3 , 1998 to February 26 , 2002 , and from December 23 , 2005 to January 31 , 2007 , when the character was killed . The decision to kill the character in 2007 attracted much criticism and controversy , with TV Guide being dismayed by the choice and calling her the heart and soul of the show . McClain returned to the series May 2 , 2008 , playing the character as a ghost . The return lasted through June 12 , 2008 . McClain again returned briefly to All My Children from March 4 , 2010 through April 20 , 2010 . On April 25 , 2011 , it was announced that McClain would reprise her role of Dixie full-time on a contract basis as a series regular beginning in the spring of 2011 . Her first airdate was May 17 , 2011 and she played the role until the final televised episode on September 23 , 2011 . On February 7 , 2013 , McClain announced on her website that she would be reprising her role as Dixie on Prospect Park 's online continuation of the show ." } ] }, { "value": "1988-96 , 1998-2002 , 2005-08 , 2010-11 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Debbi Morgan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Debbi_Morgan", "summary": "Deborah Ann Morgan ( born September 20 , 1951 ) is an American film and television actress . She played the role of Angie Baxter-Hubbard on the ABC soap opera All My Children for which she was the first African-American to win the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1989 . She is also known for her roles as the Seer in the fourth and fifth seasons of Charmed . In film , she received critical acclaim for her performance as Mozelle Batiste-Delacroix in Eve 's Bayou ( 1997 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Dr. Angie Hubbard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Angie_Hubbard", "summary": "Jesse and Angela Angie Hubbard are fictional characters and a supercouple from the ABC and The Online Network daytime drama All My Children . Jesse is portrayed by Darnell Williams and Angie is portrayed by Debbi Morgan . [ note 1 ] Jesse first appeared in Pine Valley in 1981 as the nephew of Dr. Frank Grant , who assumed custody after the death of his sister ( Jesse 's mother ) . Angie first appeared in 1982 , as the daughter of a well-to-do Pine Valley couple . Shortly after Angie 's first appearance on the show , they were paired with one another . Jesse and Angie were best friends to fellow supercouple Greg Nelson and Jenny Gardner . They are daytime television 's first African American supercouple , and arguably the two most popular African American characters in soap opera history . Angie also appeared on Loving and The City . [ note 2 ] Along with her son Frankie Hubbard and former heiress Skye Chandler , she is one of only three individuals who have been regular characters on three ABC soap operas . [ note 3 ]" } ] }, { "value": "1982-90 , 2008-11 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Nader", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Nader", "summary": "Michael Nader ( born February 18 , 1945 ) is an American actor , known for his roles as Dex Dexter on the ABC primetime soap opera Dynasty from 1983 to 1989 , and Dimitri Marick on the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children from 1991 to 2001 , and in 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dimitri Marick", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dimitri_Marick", "summary": "Dimitri Marick is a fictional character from the American ABC soap opera All My Children . The role has been most notably portrayed by Michael Nader , previously famed for his role on Dynasty . Former head writers Agnes Nixon and Lorraine Broderick created the character in 1991 , designing him as a brooding and mysterious character based on heroes from gothic literature , such as Maxim de Winter from Daphne du Maurier 's novel Rebecca and Heathcliff from Emily Brontë 's novel Wuthering Heights . The character 's introduction raised All My Children in the Nielsen ratings and was credited as the saving grace of the unpopular Natalie and Janet storyline . Soon after his debut on the soap opera , Dimitri became a complex leading man and took part in some of the most notable plots of the 1990s . Those storylines included popular romances with Erica Kane ( Susan Lucci ) and Alexandra Devane ( Finola Hughes ) , as well as a loving yet antagonistic fraternal relationship with Edmund Grey ( John Callahan ) . In July 1999 , Nader was let go from All My Children due to budgetary considerations , however , he later returned in May 2000 . The following year , the actor 's arrest brought him and the character to the center of a large fan campaign organized by a group called the Loyalists , as well as a highly publicized lawsuit catching the attention of People and Entertainment Tonight , among other media outlets . As a result , Nader was let go again by the soap opera , with an official statement saying they would be prepared to consider having him return once he had addressed the lawsuit issues . The role was temporarily recast with actor Anthony Addabbo , who was negatively received by viewers , and let go shortly after his debut . Nader later stated in an interview that ABC had informed him that they had no intention of ever bringing him or the character back due to a lack of storyline . In 2004 , Nader 's suit was subsequently thrown out ." } ] }, { "value": "1991-1999 , 2000-2001 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eric Nelsen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eric_Nelsen", "summary": "Eric Nelsen ( born June 26 , 1991 ) is a 4x Emmy Award winning American television , film and Broadway actor and producer . He is best known for his work as an actor in Hulu 's revival of All My Children playing AJ Chandler and most recently , his recurring role in season 4 of Showtime 's hit drama The Affair . On stage , Nelsen portrayed Brett Sampson in the original Broadway production of 13 The Musical starring alongside Ariana Grande , and starred with Gretchen Mol in The Good Mother , produced by The New Group . He has appeared in over 30 television series , including The Blacklist , Girls , The Following , NCIS , Blue Bloods and iCarly . Nelsen has also appeared in the Universal Pictures film , A Walk Among the Tombstones opposite Academy Award nominee , Liam Neeson and Coming Through the Rye opposite Academy Award winner , Chris Cooper . In 2018 , Nelsen most recently won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series for his work on the Amazon web series The Bay . As a producer , Nelsen has won three Daytime Emmys for his work producing The Bay and holds the world record for youngest Emmy Award winning producer in television history . He also produced the indie feature , Wakefield starring Bryan Cranston and Jennifer Garner ." } ] }, { "value": "AJ Chandler", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AJ_Chandler", "summary": "AJ Chandler also known as Adam AJ Chandler III is a fictional character from the American serial drama , All My Children . From April 29 to September 2 , 2013 , the role has been portrayed by Eric Nelsen ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brooke Newton", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colby Chandler", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colby_Chandler_(All_My_Children)", "summary": "Colby Chandler is a fictional character from the original ABC Daytime soap opera , All My Children . Born on-screen in 1999 , the character was rapidly aged in 2006 . The role has been recast several times , but most recently the role was portrayed by Natalie Hall from 2009 until the show 's cancellation in 2011 . When the show was relaunched as a web series to air on The Online Network owned and operated by production company , Prospect Park , Brooke Newton stepped into the role of Colby . Colby is the daughter of Adam Chandler and Liza Colby , and heiress to the Chandler family fortune ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jason Pendergraft", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dr. Carter Anders", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jordan Lane Price", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Celia Fitzgerald", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Celia_Fitzgerald", "summary": "Celia Fitzgerald is fictional character from The Online Network reboot of soap opera drama series All My Children . Celia has been portrayed by Jordan Lane Price since the revival 's debut episode on April 29 , 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eden Riegel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eden_Riegel", "summary": "Eden Sonja Jane Riegel ( born January 1 , 1981 ) is an American actress . She portrayed Bianca Montgomery in the daytime drama All My Children , and propelled the character into a gay icon , as well as a popular figure within the medium . Nominated previously on multiple occasions , she received a Daytime Emmy Award for the role in 2005 . In addition to her work on All My Children , Riegel has guest starred in several prime time shows , as well as film , and starred as character Eden in the web series Imaginary Bitches . She assumed the role of Heather Stevens on The Young and the Restless from April 2010 to November 2011 . She is the voice director for Disney 's animated TV series Amphibia and The Owl House ." } ] }, { "value": "Bianca Montgomery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bianca_Montgomery", "summary": "Bianca Montgomery is a fictional character from the American daytime drama All My Children . Until Eden Riegel assumed the role , portraying the character from July 2000 to January 2010 , the character was portrayed solely by child actresses : Lacey Chabert , Nathalie Paulding , Gina Gallagher , Caroline Wilde and Jessica Leigh Falborn . When Riegel decided to permanently exit the role , plans to recast were confirmed ; in June 2010 , Christina Bennett Lind replaced Riegel , and remained on the series through the original television finale episode , which aired September 23 , 2011 . In February 2013 , it was announced that Riegel would be reprising her role as Bianca in a guest-arc on Prospect Park 's continuation of All My Children . Bianca is scripted as the daughter of Erica Kane and the late Travis Montgomery , born onscreen on February 8 , 1988 . Her birthday was revised to February 9 , 1984 on January 31 , 2002 by the show 's producers , and her age was stated as 16 in 2000 . The middle name given to the character is Christine , after her paternal aunt , Christine Montgomery , and she is portrayed as sweet-natured and well-loved in the fictional community of Pine Valley . Shown to suffer from Reye 's syndrome in infancy , as well as anorexia nervosa later in life , she overcomes both with the significant aid of her family . Outside of fiction , Bianca has emerged as a gay icon within the LGBT community . Newspapers such as The New York Times cite her as the first lead character on a major daytime drama to be a lesbian , and The Advocate calls her the most famous gay soap role of all time . She has been the subject and study of various academic works , said to have inspired soap opera writers to begin with the scripting of sexual identities of tortured teen characters , and is a heroine . Under Riegel 's portrayal , her popularity has been cited as groundbreaking ." } ] }, { "value": "2000-10 , 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Saleisha Stowers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Saleisha_Stowers", "summary": "Saleisha Lashawn Stowers ( born January 20 , 1986 ) is an American actress and model . She is best known for being the winner season 9 of America 's Next Top Model . She is also known for portraying the role of Lani Price on NBC 's soap opera Days of Our Lives ." } ] }, { "value": "Cassandra Foster", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cassandra_Foster", "summary": "Cassandra Foster is a fictional character on the ABC and The Online Network soap opera All My Children . On February 25 , 2013 , model Sal Stowers was cast as Cassandra on the Prospect Park 's continuation of All My Children . The character originated in March 1997 as an infant on the now-defunct series The City , in its final days before cancellation . In 2008 , Yaya DaCosta began portraying the character as a teenager from April 25 , 2008 to August 25 , 2008 . DaCosta had placed runner-up in the third cycle of America 's Next Top Model , while Stowers had won the competition in the ninth cycle of the show . Stowers made her debut on April 30 , 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Denyse Tontz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Denyse_Tontz", "summary": "Denyse Tontz ( born September 17 , 1994 ) is an American actress , singer , and songwriter . Tontz is known for her roles as Cortney Strathmore on Freeform 's The Fosters , Miranda Montgomery on All My Children , and most recently Elena on the 2017 Syfy series Incorporated and heroine Alicia Mendoza in the 2019 ABC summer series Grand Hotel . She is known in the music world for her single , United States of Anxiety , debuted in 2016 by People.com ." } ] }, { "value": "Miranda Montgomery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miranda_Montgomery", "summary": "Miranda Montgomery is a fictional character from the American serial drama , All My Children ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Darnell Williams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Darnell_Williams", "summary": "Darnell Williams ( born 3 March 1955 ) is a British-born soap opera actor . He is best known for his portrayal of Jesse Hubbard on the ABC soap opera All My Children from 1981 to 1988 , and from 2008 to 2011 , a role which has earned him two Daytime Emmy Awards ." } ] }, { "value": "Jesse Hubbard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jesse_Hubbard_(All_My_Children)", "summary": "Jesse Hubbard is a fictional character on the long-running ABC and The Online Network soap opera All My Children and half of the Jesse and Angie supercouple . He has been portrayed by Darnell Williams since the character 's inception in 1981 and continued until the character 's death in 1988 . He returned for special guest appearances in 1994 , 2001 , and 2002 . Williams returned to the role in 2008 when it was revealed that Jesse was alive . He is the father of Frankie Hubbard , Natalia Fowler , Ellie Hubbard , and Lucy Hubbard ." } ] }, { "value": "1981-88 , 1994 , 2001 , 2008-11 , 2013", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "2013 online reboot cast -- Main cast", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_All_My_Children_cast_members_2", "intro": "This is a list of actors and actresses who have had roles on the soap opera, All My Children." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clubs_in_the_German_football_championship", "title": "List of clubs in the German football championship", "header": [ "Club", "Qualified", "Champions", "Runners-up", "Seasons" ], "data": [ { "value": "DFC Prag", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/DFC_Prag", "summary": "The multi-national character of Austria-Hungary meant that footballers in the monarchy could find themselves playing in the leagues of Germany , Austria , Hungary or Bohemia . It was common for sports clubs to be founded based on the shared ethnicity of their members . DFC Prag was founded on 25 May 1893 , by a group of German Jews from the football department of Deutscher Eis- und Ruder-Club Regatta Prag , established in 1891 . When it was formed in 1900 , the German Football Association ( DFB ) , actively sought out members among ethnically German clubs from outside of the country . DFC Prag was a founding member of the German association and its president , Dr. Ferdinand Hueppe , became the first president of this new national association ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1903", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1903_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1903 German football championship was the first tournament sanctioned by the German Football Association ( DFB ) to crown a national champion . At the time , the newly founded DFB only had about 150 member clubs in 30 mostly local associations . Every champion of these associations was eligible for play in the championship . Additionally , associations from outside Germany were allowed to take part , such as the Prague association that sent her champion to Germany . Although thirty teams would have been eligible , only six eventually entered the competition . VfB Leipzig became the first club to be awarded the Viktoria , the trophy for the German champions from 1903 to 1944 . The trophy later disappeared during the final stages of the Second World War , did not resurface until after the German reunification and was put on display at the DFB headquarters in Frankfurt until 2015 , when it was moved to the new Deutsches Fußballmuseum in Dortmund ." } ] }, { "value": "NSTG Prag", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1941", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1941_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1941 German football championship , the 34th edition of the competition , was won by SK Rapid Wien , the club 's sole German championship . Rapid , which had previously won twelve Austrian football championship between 1911 and 1938 as well as the 1938 German Cup , won the competition by defeating Schalke 04 4-3 in the final . The final was held on 22 June 1941 , the same day Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa ." } ] }, { "value": "1 . FC Pforzheim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1._FC_Pforzheim", "summary": "1 . FC Pforzheim was a German association football club playing in Pforzheim , Baden-Württemberg . The club was established on 5 May 1896 and was a founding member of the German Football Association in Leipzig in 1900 . In 2010 it merged with VfR Pforzheim to 1 . CfR Pforzheim ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1906", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1906_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1906 German football championship was the fourth competition for the national championship of Germany . Held under the auspices of the German Football Association ( DFB ) , eight teams competed for the title . For the first time only champions of regional football associations were admitted to the championship , excluding champions of local associations such as the Verband Magdeburger Ballspielvereine ( Association of Magdeburg ballgame clubs ) . An exception was the situation in Berlin where two associations - the Verband Berliner Ballspielvereine ( VBB ) and the Märkischer Fußballbund ( MFB ) - existed . Both their champions were admitted , as were defending champions Berliner TuFC Union 92 . This led to three teams from Berlin competing in the final tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "FK Pirmasens", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FK_Pirmasens", "summary": "FK Pirmasens is a German association football club in Pirmasens , Rhineland-Palatinate . The team was formed as the football section of the gymnastics and sports club TV Pirminia Pirmasens in 1903 and became independent in 1914 . They took on their current name in 1925 . FK is one of the few teams that uses the German Klub in their name as opposed to the commonly affected English-style term Club ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1958_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1958 German football championship was the culmination of the football season in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957-58 . Schalke 04 were crowned champions for a seventh time after a group stage and a final . It was the club 's first title since 1942 and also its last , as of present . It was won in impressive fashion , Schalke winning all its four finals games , scoring 19 goals and conceding only one ; a reminder of how the club dominated German football in the 1930s and early 1940s . On the strength of this title , Schalke participated in the 1958-59 European Cup , where it was knocked out in the quarter finals by Atlético Madrid . For Hamburg , it was the second lost final in a row , having lost 4-1 in 1957 to Borussia Dortmund and having to wait another two seasons for its first title since 1928 . The format used to determine the German champion was the same as in the 1957 season . Nine clubs qualified for the tournament , with the runners-up of West and Southwest having to play a qualifying match . The remaining eight clubs then played a single round in two groups of four , with the two group winners entering the final ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1959_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1959 German football championship was the culmination of the football season in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1958-59 . Eintracht Frankfurt were crowned champions for the first time after a group stage and a final . It was Eintracht 's second appearance in the German final , having previously lost to FC Bayern Munich in 1932 . The team won all seven games it played in the finals . On the strength of this title , the club participated in the 1959-60 European Cup , where it became the first German club to reach the final . For the losing finalist , Kickers Offenbach , it was its second time to reach the national title game , having lost to VfB Stuttgart in 1950 . It was also the only time the final was contested by two clubs from the state of Hesse . The format used to determine the German champion was very similar to the one used in the 1957 and 1958 season . Nine clubs qualified for the tournament , with the runners-up of North and Southwest having to play a qualifying match . The remaining eight clubs then played a home-and-away round in two groups of four , with the two group winners entering the final . In previous seasons , only a single round had been played in the group stage , increasing the number of group games per team from three to six from 1959 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1960_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1960 German football championship was the culmination of the football season in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1959-60 . Hamburger SV were crowned champions for the third time after a group stage and a final , having previously won the title in 1923 and 1928 . It was the club 's third appearance in the final in four years , having lost the 1957 and 1958 final . On the strength of this title , the club participated in the 1960-61 European Cup , where HSV lost to FC Barcelona in the semi-finals . Hamburg 's Uwe Seeler was the 1960 championships top scorer with 13 goals , the highest total for any top scorer in the competition after the Second World War . Runners-up 1 . FC Köln made its first appearance in the national title game . The 1960 German championship saw an attendance record for the Oberliga era with 87,739 seeing Tasmania 1900 Berlin hosting 1 . FC Köln . The format used to determine the German champion was the same as the one used in the 1959 season . Nine clubs qualified for the tournament , with the runners-up of West and South having to play a qualifying match . The remaining eight clubs then played a home-and-away round in two groups of four , with the two group winners entering the final ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1962_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1962 German football championship was the culmination of the football season in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1961-62 . 1 . FC Köln were crowned champions for the first time after a group stage and a final , having previously reached the final in 1960 , where they lost to Hamburger SV . On the strength of this title , the club participated in the 1962-63 European Cup , where Köln lost to Dundee F.C . in the preliminary round . Runners-up 1 . FC Nürnberg made its twelfth and last appearance in the national title game , having won the previous years championship . The format used to determine the German champion was similar to the one used in the 1961 season . Nine clubs qualified for the tournament , with the runners-up of West and North having to play a qualifying match . The remaining eight clubs then played a single round in two groups of four , with the two group winners entering the final . In previous years , a home-and-away round had been played in the group stages but because of the 1962 FIFA World Cup , where Germany participated in , the schedule was reduced , as had been the case in previous world cup years ." } ] }, { "value": "SC Planitz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SC_Planitz", "summary": "FSV Zwickau is a German association football club located in Zwickau , Saxony . Today 's club claims as part of its complex heritage sides that were East Germany 's first champions : 1948 Ostzone winners SG Planitz and 1950 DDR-Oberliga champions ZSG Horch Zwickau ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1942 , 1948", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1942_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1942 German football championship , the 35th edition of the competition , was won by Schalke 04 , the club 's sixth championship , won by defeating First Vienna FC in the final . It marked the third and last occasion of a club from Vienna ( German : Wien ) in the final , Rapid Wien having won the competition in the previous season while Admira Wien had made a losing appearance in the 1939 final . It was the last time that Schalke was awarded the Viktoria , the annual trophy for the German champions from 1903 to 1944 as the trophy disappeared during the final stages of the Second World War . Schalke 's Fritz Szepan was the 1942 championships top scorer with eight goals . The 1942 championship marked the last highlight of the golden era of Schalke 04 which had reached the semi-finals of each edition of the national championship from 1932 to 1942 and won the competition in 1934 , 1935 , 1937 , 1939 , 1940 and 1942 while losing the final in 1933 , 1938 and 1941 . By appearing in the 1942 final Schalke also equaled Hertha BSC 's record of six consecutive final appearances which the latter had set from 1926 to 1931 . Schalke would however not win another German championship until 1958 . The twenty-five 1941-42 Gauliga champions , five more than in the previous season , competed in a single-leg knock out competition to determine the national champion . In the following season , the German championship was played with twenty nine clubs . From there it gradually expanded further through a combination of territorial expansion of Nazi Germany and the sub-dividing of the Gauligas in later years , reaching a strength of thirty one in its last completed season , 1943-44 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1948_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1948 German football championship , the 38th edition of the competition , was the culmination of the 1947-48 football season in Allied-occupied Germany . 1 . FC Nürnberg were crowned champions for the seventh time after one-leg knock-out tournament . It was the first time the championship had been played since 1944 . It was Nürnberg 's tenth appearance in the final . For the losing finalists 1 . FC Kaiserslautern , it was the first appearance in the final since the establishment of a national championship in 1903 . Eight teams were to take part in the final stage which was played in a one-leg knock-out tournament , the vice-champions and champions of the British , American and French occupation zones , the champion of the Soviet occupation zone and the Berlin champion . In the end , SG Planitz were not allowed to travel to Stuttgart to play their quarter final against eventual champions Nürnberg . The 1948 championship is unique as it is the only one of the German championships where no trophy was awarded . The pre-Second World War trophy , the Viktoria had disappeared during the final stages of the war and would not resurface until after the German reunification , while the new trophy , the Meisterschale , would only be ready for the following season ." } ] }, { "value": "SuBC Plauen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1932", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1932_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1932 German football championship , the 25th edition of the competition , ended with the first national title for FC Bayern Munich . The title was won with a 2-0 over Eintracht Frankfurt . It was a replay of the Southern German championship final , in which Eintracht had defeated Bayern 2-0 on 24 April 1932 . For both clubs it was their first appearance in the German final . While Bayern , the winner , never appeared in another one , Eintracht made up for the 1932 loss by winning the 1959 final . To qualify for the national championship , a team needed to win or finish runners-up in one of the seven regional championships . On top of those 14 clubs , the two strongest regions , West and South were allowed to send a third team each . In the West , this was the local cup winner while in the South , the third placed team of the championship received this place ." } ] }, { "value": "DWM Posen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1943 , 1944", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1943_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1943 German football championship , the 36th edition of the competition , was won by Dresdner SC , the club 's first-ever championship , won by defeating FV Saarbrücken in the final . The twenty-nine 1942-43 Gauliga champions , four more than in the previous season , competed in a single-leg knock out competition to determine the national champion . In the following season , the last completed one during the war , the German championship was played with thirty one clubs , expanded through a combination of territorial expansion of Nazi Germany and the sub-dividing of the Gauligas in later years . The 1943 championship marked the end of the golden era of Schalke 04 which had reached the semi-finals of each edition of the national championship from 1932 to 1942 and won the competition in 1934 , 1935 , 1937 , 1939 , 1940 and 1942 while losing the final in 1933 , 1938 and 1941 . In 1943 defending champions Schalke was knocked out in the quarter finals by Holstein Kiel , thereby ending the clubs quest for a twelfth consecutive semi-finals appearance . Ernst Kalwitzki of FC Schalke 04 and Herbert Binkert of 1 . FC Saarbrücken were the joint top scorers for the 1943 championship with five goals each , the lowest for any top scorer since 1925 . For Kalwitzki it was the third and last time , after 1937 and 1939 , to finish as top scorer . Dresdner SC became the last club to be awarded the Viktoria , the annual trophy for the German champions from 1903 to 1944 . The trophy disappeared during the final stages of the war , did not resurface until after the German reunification and was put on display at the DFB headquarters in Frankfurt until 2015 , when it was moved to the new Deutsches Fußballmuseum in Dortmund . Dresdner SC completed the 1942-43 season unbeaten , finishing the Gauliga Sachsen with -8 wins out of 18 games and than to win all five games in the championship as well ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1944_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1944 German football championship , the 37th edition of the competition , was won by Dresdner SC , the club defending its 1943 title by defeating Luftwaffe team LSV Hamburg in the final . The final years of the German Championship during the war saw many military teams compete in the championship , Luftwaffe teams , Luftwaffensportvereine , short LSV , and , Wehrmacht teams , Wehrmachtssportvereine , short WSV , became very competitive . Dresden 's Helmut Schön who would later coach Germany to the 1974 FIFA World Cup , became the top scorer of the 1944 championship with 14 goals , the second-highest individual amount of any player in the history of the competition from 1903 to 1963 . It was the last edition of the tournament during the Second World War with the competition not held again until 1948 . The thirty-one 1943-44 Gauliga champions , two more than in the previous season , competed in a single-leg knock out competition to determine the national champion . Dresdner SC became the last club to be awarded the Viktoria , the annual trophy for the German champions from 1903 to 1944 . The trophy disappeared during the final stages of the war , did not resurface until after the German reunification and was put on display at the DFB headquarters in Frankfurt until 2015 , when it was moved to the new Deutsches Fußballmuseum in Dortmund ." } ] }, { "value": "LSV Pütnitz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/LSV_Pütnitz", "summary": "LSV Pütnitz was a short-lived German association football club from the district of Pütnitz in Ribnitz-Damgarten , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1942 , 1943", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1942_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1942 German football championship , the 35th edition of the competition , was won by Schalke 04 , the club 's sixth championship , won by defeating First Vienna FC in the final . It marked the third and last occasion of a club from Vienna ( German : Wien ) in the final , Rapid Wien having won the competition in the previous season while Admira Wien had made a losing appearance in the 1939 final . It was the last time that Schalke was awarded the Viktoria , the annual trophy for the German champions from 1903 to 1944 as the trophy disappeared during the final stages of the Second World War . Schalke 's Fritz Szepan was the 1942 championships top scorer with eight goals . The 1942 championship marked the last highlight of the golden era of Schalke 04 which had reached the semi-finals of each edition of the national championship from 1932 to 1942 and won the competition in 1934 , 1935 , 1937 , 1939 , 1940 and 1942 while losing the final in 1933 , 1938 and 1941 . By appearing in the 1942 final Schalke also equaled Hertha BSC 's record of six consecutive final appearances which the latter had set from 1926 to 1931 . Schalke would however not win another German championship until 1958 . The twenty-five 1941-42 Gauliga champions , five more than in the previous season , competed in a single-leg knock out competition to determine the national champion . In the following season , the German championship was played with twenty nine clubs . From there it gradually expanded further through a combination of territorial expansion of Nazi Germany and the sub-dividing of the Gauligas in later years , reaching a strength of thirty one in its last completed season , 1943-44 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1943_German_football_championship", "summary": "The 1943 German football championship , the 36th edition of the competition , was won by Dresdner SC , the club 's first-ever championship , won by defeating FV Saarbrücken in the final . The twenty-nine 1942-43 Gauliga champions , four more than in the previous season , competed in a single-leg knock out competition to determine the national champion . In the following season , the last completed one during the war , the German championship was played with thirty one clubs , expanded through a combination of territorial expansion of Nazi Germany and the sub-dividing of the Gauligas in later years . The 1943 championship marked the end of the golden era of Schalke 04 which had reached the semi-finals of each edition of the national championship from 1932 to 1942 and won the competition in 1934 , 1935 , 1937 , 1939 , 1940 and 1942 while losing the final in 1933 , 1938 and 1941 . In 1943 defending champions Schalke was knocked out in the quarter finals by Holstein Kiel , thereby ending the clubs quest for a twelfth consecutive semi-finals appearance . Ernst Kalwitzki of FC Schalke 04 and Herbert Binkert of 1 . FC Saarbrücken were the joint top scorers for the 1943 championship with five goals each , the lowest for any top scorer since 1925 . For Kalwitzki it was the third and last time , after 1937 and 1939 , to finish as top scorer . Dresdner SC became the last club to be awarded the Viktoria , the annual trophy for the German champions from 1903 to 1944 . The trophy disappeared during the final stages of the war , did not resurface until after the German reunification and was put on display at the DFB headquarters in Frankfurt until 2015 , when it was moved to the new Deutsches Fußballmuseum in Dortmund . Dresdner SC completed the 1942-43 season unbeaten , finishing the Gauliga Sachsen with -8 wins out of 18 games and than to win all five games in the championship as well ." } ] } ], "section_title": "List -- P", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_football_clubs_in_the_German_national_championship_15", "intro": "This is a list of all clubs that have taken part in the German football championship from 1903 to 1963, in the era when the national championship was decided by a finals round with a national title game at the end. The German football championship was first held in 1903 and won by VfB Leipzig. In 1904, the championship was not completed due to a protest by Karlsruher FV about a technicality, with all games but the final played. The competition was held again in 1905 and, from then on, annually. The championship was interrupted by the World War I, and not held from 1915 to 1920, when football returned to more organised fashion after the disruptions caused by the war. In 1922, the final was inconclusive and Hamburger SV was declared champions but declined the honor. After this, a championship was held every season until 1944. With the expansion of Nazi Germany, clubs from occupied territories or annexed countries took part in the competition, including teams from Austria, France, Luxembourg, Poland, and Czechoslovakia." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II", "title": "List of aircraft of World War II", "header": [ "Name of aircraft", "Year first flight", "Country of origin" ], "data": [ { "value": "Aichi S1A", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aichi_S1A", "summary": "The Aichi S1A Denko ( Bolt of Light ) was a Japanese night fighter , intended to replace the Nakajima J1N1-S Gekkou ( Allied code name Irving ) . Like the Gekkou , it was to be equipped with radar to counter the B-29 air raids over Japan . Development time for the S1A increased while trying to overcome design shortcomings , such as the insufficient power of the Navy 's requested Nakajima Homare engines , resulting in no aircraft being completed before the war ended ." } ] }, { "value": "1945", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Japan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arado Ar 240", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arado_Ar_240", "summary": "The Arado Ar 240 was a German twin-engine , multi-role heavy fighter aircraft , developed for the Luftwaffe during World War II by Arado Flugzeugwerke . Its first flight was in 1940 , but problems with the design hampered development , and it remained only marginally stable throughout the prototype phase . The project was eventually cancelled , with the existing airframes used for a variety of test purposes ." } ] }, { "value": "1940", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arsenal-Delanne 10", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arsenal-Delanne_10", "summary": "The Arsenal-Delanne 10 was an experimental fighter aircraft of French origin . The plane had a rear cockpit and a distinctive tandem wing ." } ] }, { "value": "1941", "urls": [] }, { "value": "France", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boeing_YB-40_Flying_Fortress", "summary": "The Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress was a modification for operational testing purposes of the B-17 Flying Fortress bomber aircraft , converted to act as a heavily armed gunship for other bombers during World War II . At the time of its development , long-range fighter aircraft such as the North American P-51 Mustang were just entering quantity production , and thus were not yet available to accompany bombers all the way from England to Germany and back ." } ] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Boeing XF8B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boeing_XF8B", "summary": "The Boeing XF8B ( Model 400 ) was a single-engine aircraft developed by Boeing during World War II to provide the United States Navy with a long-range shipboard fighter aircraft . The XF8B was intended for operation against the Japanese home islands from aircraft carriers outside the range of Japanese land-based aircraft . Designed for various roles including interceptor , long-range escort fighter , dive-bomber , and torpedo bomber , the final design embodied a number of innovative features in order to accomplish the various roles . Despite its formidable capabilities , the XF8B-1 never entered series production ." } ] }, { "value": "1944", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Boulton Paul P.92", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boulton_Paul_P.92", "summary": "The Boulton Paul P.92 was a British design by Boulton Paul for a two-seat turret-armed fighter/ground attack aircraft to meet Air Ministry Specification F.11/37 . Only a half scale prototype - the P.92/2 - was built and tested as check on aerodynamics before the project was cancelled in 1940 ." } ] }, { "value": "1937", "urls": [] }, { "value": "UK", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SABCA S.47", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caproni_Ca.335", "summary": "The Caproni Ca.335 Maestrale ( Mistral ) was an Italian single-engined two-seat fighter-bomber/reconnaissance aircraft of the 1930s ." } ] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Consolidated XB-41 Liberator", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Consolidated_XB-41_Liberator", "summary": "The Consolidated XB-41 Liberator was a single Consolidated B-24D Liberator bomber , serial 41-11822 , which was modified for the long-range escort role for U.S. Eighth Air Force bombing missions over Europe during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1942", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Consolidated Vultee XP-81", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Consolidated_Vultee_XP-81", "summary": "The Consolidated Vultee XP-81 ( later redesignated ZXF-81 ) is a development of the Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation to build a single seat , long range escort fighter that combined use of both turbojet and turboprop engines . Although promising , the lack of suitable engines combined with the end of World War II doomed the project ." } ] }, { "value": "1945", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US", "urls": [] }, { "value": "De Havilland Hornet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/De_Havilland_Hornet", "summary": "The de Havilland DH.103 Hornet is a twin-piston engined fighter aircraft developed by de Havilland . It further exploited the wooden construction techniques that had been pioneered by the de Havilland Mosquito . Development of the Hornet had started during the Second World War as a private venture . The aircraft was to conduct long range fighter operations in the Pacific Theatre against the Empire of Japan but the war ended before the Hornet reached operational squadron status . The Hornet entered service with RAF Fighter Command where it equipped several day fighter units and was commonly stationed in the British mainland . It saw combat in the Far East , being used as a strike fighter as part of the British military action taken during the Malayan Emergency . A naval carrier-capable version , the Sea Hornet , had been envisioned early on and was procured by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy ." } ] }, { "value": "1944", "urls": [] }, { "value": "UK", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fisher P-75 Eagle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fisher_P-75_Eagle", "summary": "The General Motors/Fisher P-75 Eagle was a fighter aircraft designed by the Fisher Body Division of General Motors . Development started in September 1942 in response to United States Army Air Forces requirement for a fighter possessing an extremely high rate of climb , using the most powerful liquid-cooled engine then available , the Allison V-3420 . The program was cancelled after only a small number of prototypes and production aircraft had been completed , as it was no longer required in its original role , could not be quickly deployed , and possessed no significant advantages over aircraft already in production ." } ] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gloster F.9/37", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gloster_F.9/37", "summary": "The Gloster F.9/37 , also known as the Gloster G.39 , was a British twin-engined design from the Gloster Aircraft Company for a cannon-armed heavy fighter to serve with the Royal Air Force , planned before the Second World War . The F.9/37 was rejected in favour of other designs . A development of the F.9/37 as a night fighter , for a new Air Ministry Specifications F.29/40 - known unofficially as the Gloster Reaper - was dropped so that Gloster could concentrate on existing work and on the nascent British jet projects ." } ] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "UK", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grumman XF5F Skyrocket", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grumman_XF5F_Skyrocket", "summary": "The Grumman XF5F Skyrocket was a prototype twin-engined shipboard fighter interceptor . The United States Navy ordered one prototype , model number G-34 , from Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation on 30 June 1938 ; its designation was XF5F-1 . The aircraft had a unique appearance : The forward nose of the fuselage did not extend forward of the wing . Provisions were included for two 23 mm ( 0.906 in ) Madsen cannon as armament ." } ] }, { "value": "1940", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grumman XP-50", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grumman_XP-50", "summary": "The Grumman XP-50 was a land-based development of the shipboard XF5F-1 Skyrocket fighter , entered into a United States Army Air Corps ( USAAC ) contest for a twin-engine heavy interceptor aircraft . The USAAC placed an order for a prototype on 25 November 1939 , designating it XP-50 , but it lost the competition to the Lockheed XP-49 ." } ] }, { "value": "1941", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hawker Hotspur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hawker_Hotspur", "summary": "The Hawker Hotspur was a Hawker Henley redesigned to take a Boulton-Paul semi-powered four gun turret . It was designed in response to Air Ministry Specification F.9/35 , which required a powered turret as the main armament to replace the Hawker Demon ." } ] }, { "value": "1938", "urls": [] }, { "value": "UK", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hughes D-2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hughes_D-2", "summary": "The Hughes D-2 was an American fighter and bomber project begun by Howard Hughes as a private venture . It never proceeded past the flight testing phase but was the predecessor of the Hughes XF-11 . The sole D-2 was completed in 1942-1943 ." } ] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IMAM Ro.58", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/IMAM_Ro.58", "summary": "The IMAM Ro.58 was an Italian twin-engined , two-seat monoplane heavy fighter and attack aircraft , a development of the IMAM Ro.57 . First flown in May 1942 , it was considered a general improvement over its predecessor , mainly due to the substitution of higher power Daimler-Benz DB 601 engines for the Fiat A.74 engines used on the Ro.57 . Initially it had many problems and during the maiden flight only the proficiency of the test pilot , Adriano Mantelli , saved the plane . It was easily recognizable because it appeared to have a long hump over the fuselage ( to accommodate two crew members as opposed to one in the Ro.57 ) . The Ro.58 was a twin-tailed aircraft , in layout similar to the Bf 110 . The performance of the aircraft with the DB 601 engines was much better than even many single engine fighters of the time ( 605 km/h at 5,000 m , 1,500 km endurance , 10,500 m ceiling ) . More heavily armed than its predecessor , with five forward-firing MG 151s ; three in the nose and two under the belly ( the underbelly guns were not present during the first flight tests ) and one 12.7 mm rear-facing Breda-SAFAT machine gun . Tested alongside an Me 410 it was found to be superior , but even so it initially had its share of problems that delayed production . By the time it was refined it was too late for Italy , and there were no resources even for single-engine fighters , much less the more expensive twin-engined ones . As with the Ro.57 , which was not put into production in 1940 or 1941 , the Ro.58 , better armed and faster appeared only in May 1942 , and too late to be produced in any numbers , as Italy surrendered to the Allies in September 1943 ." } ] }, { "value": "1942", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kawasaki Ki-64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-64", "summary": "The Kawasaki Ki-64 ( Allied code name : Rob ) was a one-off prototype of an experimental heavy , single seat , fighter . It had two unusual design features . First ; it had two Kawasaki Ha-40 engines in tandem ; one in the aircraft nose , the other behind the cockpit , both being connected by a drive shaft . This combination ( called the Kawasaki Ha-201 ) drove two , three-bladed , contra-rotating propellors . The second feature was the use of the wing surface as a radiator for the water-cooled engines . The aircraft first flew in December 1943 . During the fifth flight , the rear engine caught fire ; and while the aircraft made an emergency landing , it was damaged . The aircraft was subsequently abandoned in mid-1944 in favour of more promising projects . The airframe survived the war , and parts of the unique cooling system were sent to Wright Field for examination ." } ] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Japan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kawasaki Ki-96", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-96", "summary": "The Kawasaki Ki-96 was a Japanese single seat , twin-engine heavy fighter of World War II . It was intended to replace the Kawasaki Ki-45s of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service . However , it was not adopted and only three prototypes were built ." } ] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Japan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lockheed XP-49", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lockheed_XP-49", "summary": "The Lockheed XP-49 ( company Model 522 ) was an advancement on the P-38 Lightning for a fighter in response to U.S. Army Air Corps proposal 39-775 . Intended to use the new 24-cylinder Pratt & Whitney X-1800 engine , this proposal , which was for an aircraft substantially similar to the P-38 , was assigned the designation XP-49 , while the competing Grumman Model G-46 was awarded second place and designated XP-50 ." } ] }, { "value": "1942", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Prototypes -- Fighter prototypes", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II_24", "intro": "The List of aircraft of World War II includes all the aircraft used by those countries which were at war during World War II from the period between their joining the conflict and the conflict ending for them. Aircraft developed but not used operationally in the war are in the prototypes section at the end. Prototypes for aircraft that entered service under a different design number are ignored in favour of the service version. The date the aircraft entered service, or was first flown if the service date is unknown or it did not enter service follows the name, followed by the country of origin and major wartime users. Aircraft used for multiple roles are generally only listed under their primary role unless specialized versions were built for other roles in significant numbers. Aircraft used by neutral countries such as Spain, Switzerland and Sweden or countries which did no significant fighting such as most of those in South America (except Brazil), are not included." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Panettiere", "title": "Hayden Panettiere", "header": [ "Year", "Title", "Role" ], "data": [ { "value": "1998", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Object of My Affection", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Object_of_My_Affection", "summary": "The Object of My Affection is a 1998 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Nicholas Hytner and starring Jennifer Aniston and Paul Rudd . The film was adapted from the novel of the same name by Stephen McCauley and the screenplay was written by Wendy Wasserstein . The story concerns a pregnant New York social worker who develops romantic feelings for her gay best friend and decides to raise her child with him , and the complications that ensue . It was filmed in 1997 in various locations around New York City , New Jersey , and Connecticut . The film received mixed reviews and was a moderate box office success grossing $ 46.9 million on a $ 15 million budget ." } ] }, { "value": "Mermaid", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1998", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A Bug 's Life", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/A_Bug's_Life", "summary": "A Bug 's Life is a 1998 American computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures . It was the second film produced by Pixar . Directed by John Lasseter and co-directed and written by Andrew Stanton , the film involves a misfit ant , Flik , who is looking for tough warriors to save his colony from greedy grasshoppers , only to recruit a group of insects that turn out to be an inept circus troupe . The film stars the voices of Dave Foley , Kevin Spacey Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and Hayden Panettiere among others . The film is inspired by Aesop 's fable The Ant and the Grasshopper . Production began shortly after the release of Toy Story in 1995 . The screenplay was penned by Stanton and comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw from a story by Lasseter , Stanton , and Ranft . The ants in the film were redesigned to be more appealing , and Pixar 's animation unit employed technical innovations in computer animation . Randy Newman composed the music for the film . During production , a controversial public feud erupted between Steve Jobs and Lasseter of Pixar and DreamWorks cofounder Jeffrey Katzenberg due to the parallel production of his similar film Antz , which was released the same year . The film was released on November 20 , 1998 , and grossed $ 363 million in receipts . It was the first film to be digitally transferred frame-by-frame and released to DVD , and has been released multiple times on home video ." } ] }, { "value": "Dot", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1999", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Message in a Bottle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Message_in_a_Bottle_(film)", "summary": "Message in a Bottle is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Luis Mandoki and based on Nicholas Sparks ' 1998 novel of the same name . It stars Kevin Costner , Robin Wright and Paul Newman , and was filmed in Maine , Chicago and Wilmington , North Carolina . The film was released on February 12 , 1999 by Warner Bros. Pictures . The film was panned by the critics but was a moderate box office hit grossing $ 118 million against an $ 80 million budget ." } ] }, { "value": "Girl on Sinking Boat", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dinosaur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dinosaur_(film)", "summary": "Dinosaur is a 2000 American live-action/computer-animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and The Secret Lab . The 39th Disney animated feature film,1 it follows a heroic young Iguanodon who was adopted and raised by a family of lemurs on a tropical island . After surviving a devastating meteor shower , the family move out for their new home and befriend a herd of dinosaurs along the way while on a journey to the Nesting Grounds . Unfortunately , they are being hunted down by predators such as Carnotaurus . The initial idea was conceived in 1986 by Phil Tippett and Paul Verhoeven where it was conceived as a darker , naturalistic film about dinosaurs . The project underwent numerous iterations with multiple directors attached . In 1994 , Walt Disney Feature Animation began development on the project and spent several years developing the software to create the dinosaurs . While the characters in Dinosaur are computer-generated , most of the backgrounds are live-action and were filmed on location . A number of backgrounds were found in various continents such as the Americas and Asia ; various tepuis and Angel Falls also appear in the film . It is the second film ( after Fantasia 2000 ) produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation to feature computer-generated three-dimensional animation . Dinosaur was released on May 19 , 2000 to mixed reviews from film critics who praised the animation and soundtrack , but criticized the story for a lack of originality . The film grossed over $ 349 million worldwide , becoming the fifth highest-grossing film of 2000 ." } ] }, { "value": "Suri", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Remember the Titans", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Remember_the_Titans", "summary": "Remember the Titans is a 2000 American biographical sports film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Boaz Yakin . The screenplay , written by Gregory Allen Howard , is based on the true story of African-American coach Herman Boone , portrayed by Denzel Washington , and his attempt to integrate the T. C. Williams High School football team in Alexandria , Virginia , in 1971 . Will Patton portrays Bill Yoast , Boone 's assistant coach . Real-life athletes Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell are portrayed by Ryan Hurst and Wood Harris , respectively . The film was co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films and released by Buena Vista Pictures . On September 29 , 2005 , the film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records . It features songs by several recording artists including Creedence Clearwater Revival , The Hollies , Marvin Gaye , James Taylor , The Temptations , and Cat Stevens . Remember the Titans had a budget of $ 30 million and premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on September 29 , 2000 . It has grossed an estimated $ 115.6 million in the U.S. , and $ 136.7 million worldwide . The film is often listed among the best football films ." } ] }, { "value": "Sheryl Yoast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Joe Somebody", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joe_Somebody", "summary": "Joe Somebody is a 2001 American comedy-drama film written by John Scott Shepherd and directed by John Pasquin . The film stars Tim Allen as an ordinary man forced into violence by a workplace bully . The film also stars Julie Bowen , Kelly Lynch , Greg Germann , Hayden Panettiere , Patrick Warburton and Jim Belushi . Screenwriter John Scott Shepherd wrote the script based on his experiences working in advertising . Though originally offered to Jim Carrey , the role of Joe Scheffer would eventually be taken by Allen . The film marked Allen and Pasquin 's third feature together , after 1994 's The Santa Clause and 1997 's Jungle 2 Jungle . The entire film was shot over a nearly eight-week span in Minnesota . The film was released in the U.S. on December 21 , 2001 , to negative reviews . Produced on a $ 38 million budget , the film ended its theatrical run with $ 24.5 million worldwide , making it a financial failure . The film received one award nomination , which went to young Panettiere 's performance as the title character 's daughter ." } ] }, { "value": "Natalie Scheffer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Affair of the Necklace", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Affair_of_the_Necklace", "summary": "The Affair of the Necklace is a 2001 American historical drama film directed by Charles Shyer . The screenplay by John Sweet is based on what became known as the Affair of the Diamond Necklace , an incident that helped fuel the French populace 's disillusionment with the monarchy and , among other causes , eventually led to the French Revolution . The film received negative reviews from critics , but the sets , music and costume design were widely praised ." } ] }, { "value": "Young Jeanne de Saint-Rémy de Valois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jeanne_de_Valois-Saint-Rémy", "summary": "Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy , soi-disant Comtesse de la Motte ( 22 July 1756 - 23 August 1791 ) was a notorious French adventuress and thief ; she was married to Nicholas de la Motte whose family 's claim to nobility is dubious . She herself was an impoverished descendant of the Valois royal family through an illegitimate son of King Henry II . She is known for her prominent role in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace , one of many scandals that led to the French Revolution and helped to destroy the monarchy of France ." } ] }, { "value": "2004", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Dust Factory", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Dust_Factory", "summary": "The Dust Factory is a 2004 film directed and written by Eric Small ." } ] }, { "value": "Melanie Lewis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2004", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Raising Helen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Raising_Helen", "summary": "Raising Helen is a 2004 American comedy-drama film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Jack Amiel and Michael Begler . It stars Kate Hudson , John Corbett , Joan Cusack , Hayden Panettiere , siblings Spencer and Abigail Breslin , and Helen Mirren . It grossed $ 37,486,138 at the U.S. box office ." } ] }, { "value": "Audrey Davis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Racing Stripes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Racing_Stripes", "summary": "Racing Stripes is a 2005 American sports comedy family film directed by Frederik Du Chau . The film was produced by Andrew A. Kosove , Broderick Johnson , Lloyd Phillips and Edward L. McDonnell , based on a script written by David Schmidt , Steven P. Wegner and Kirk DeMicco . It was released theatrically on January 14 , 2005 by Warner Bros . The film tells the story of Stripes , a circus zebra who is accidentally abandoned in Kentucky and raised on a farm next to a racing track . Believing he is a racehorse , Stripes dreams of training for and competing in the races . The film stars Hayden Panettiere , Bruce Greenwood , Wendie Malick and M. Emmet Walsh , with the vocal and voice talents of Frankie Muniz , Mandy Moore , Michael Clarke Duncan , Jeff Foxworthy , Joshua Jackson , Joe Pantoliano , Michael Rosenbaum , Steve Harvey , David Spade , Snoop Dogg , Fred Dalton Thompson , Dustin Hoffman and Whoopi Goldberg . It was filmed in Pietermaritzburg and Nottingham Road , South Africa . The film received mixed reviews from critics and it earned $ 90 million . Racing Stripes was released on DVD and VHS on May 10 , 2005 by Warner Home Video ." } ] }, { "value": "Channing Walsh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ice Princess", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ice_Princess", "summary": "Ice Princess is a 2005 American figure-skating film directed by Tim Fywell , written by Hadley Davis from a story by Meg Cabot and Davis , and starring Michelle Trachtenberg , Joan Cusack , Kim Cattrall and Hayden Panettiere . The film focuses on Casey Carlyle , a normal teenager who gives up a promising future academic life in order to pursue her new-found dream of being a professional figure skater . The film was released on March 18 , 2005 . Ice Princess had an unsuccessful performance at the box office , grossing $ 24 million in the United States during its theatrical run against a production budget of $ 25 million ." } ] }, { "value": "Gennifer Gen Harwood", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bring It On : All or Nothing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bring_It_On:_All_or_Nothing", "summary": "Bring It On : All or Nothing ( previously known as Bring It On Yet Again ) is a 2006 American comedy film directed by Steve Rash and starring Hayden Panettiere and Solange Knowles-Smith . It is the third installment in the Bring it On series of films that revolves around high school cheerleading . The film was released direct-to-DVD on August 8 , 2006 . This film , which is the second sequel to Bring It On , has a tenuous link to its predecessors , featuring only a similar plot of competing cheerleading teams that have to try something different in order to win . There are no recurring cast members or canonical references to the preceding films . However , the film stylistically refers to its predecessors in that it is the third film in the Bring It On series to open with a choreographed musical number that turns out to be a dream sequence of the protagonist , and like all three films , the end credits feature outtakes and clips of the cast having fun dancing ." } ] }, { "value": "Britney Allen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Architect", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Architect_(film)", "summary": "The Architect is a 2006 American drama film directed by Matt Tauber . The plot is about architect Leo Waters ( Anthony LaPaglia ) , who is confronted by angry residents of a housing complex he designed . The buildings have created a culture of crime in the neighborhood and the residents want them pulled down . The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26 , 2006 , and received a limited release in the United States on December 1 , 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Christina Waters", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mr. Gibb", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mr._Gibb", "summary": "Mr. Gibb ( released on DVD as The Good Student ) is a 2006 American dark comedy drama film starring Tim Daly and Hayden Panettiere ." } ] }, { "value": "Allyson 'Ally ' Palmer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shanghai Kiss", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_Kiss", "summary": "Shanghai Kiss is a 2007 direct-to-DVD film directed by Kern Konwiser and David Ren . The film was released on DVD on October 9 , 2007 . Hayden Panettiere won the Feature Film Award at the Newport Beach Film Festival for her role as Adelaide . Liam Liu ( Ken Leung ) , a Chinese American actor dwelling in Los Angeles , unwittingly gets involved with a high school girl . He suddenly has to go to China after learning from his father that he has inherited his grandmother 's home in Shanghai . He is not very appreciative of his Chinese roots and at first only wants to sell the house and get back to the U.S. as fast as possible . He gets a taste of Chinese customs after meeting a girl there and ends up having some big decisions to make ." } ] }, { "value": "Adelaide Bourbon", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Diary of a New Girl", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hannah Rochelle", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fireflies in the Garden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fireflies_in_the_Garden", "summary": "Fireflies in the Garden is a 2008 American drama film written and directed by Dennis Lee and starring Willem Dafoe , Ryan Reynolds , and Julia Roberts . It premiered at the 2008 Berlin International Film Festival and was released theatrically in the United States on October 14 , 2011 . Fireflies in the Garden is set in the present day , and revolves around three generations of a family , with numerous memories of their childhood to their growing up . A major focus is on domineering father Charles and his strained relationships with son Michael , sister-in-law Jane and other family members . A terrible accident on the way to a family reunion with Charles and wife Lisa at Jane 's house , and the ensuing funeral set the scene for Michael to discover/uncover much about the inner lives and affairs of this family and finding a route to reconciliation ." } ] }, { "value": "Young Jane Lawrence", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scooby-Doo ! and the Goblin King", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scooby-Doo!_and_the_Goblin_King", "summary": "Scooby-Doo ! and the Goblin King is a 2008 direct-to-DVD animated comedy horror fantasy film , and the twelfth in the series of Scooby-Doo direct-to-video films produced by Warner Bros . Animation ( though it used a Hanna-Barbera logo at the end of the movie ) . It was dedicated to Paulette Oates , who helped resurrect Warner Bros . Animation in the late 1980s . All the main voice actors of Mystery , Inc. reprise their roles . The DVD was released on September 23 , 2008 . This is the first Scooby cartoon produced entirely without either one of the original creators , William Hanna and Joseph Barbera . Unlike the previous seven movies , this film is similar to Zombie Island , Witch 's Ghost ( which previously featured Tim Curry ) , Alien Invaders and Cyber Chase , by making all the fantastical elements of the story real ." } ] }, { "value": "Fairy Princess Willow", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "I Love You , Beth Cooper", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/I_Love_You,_Beth_Cooper_(film)", "summary": "I Love You , Beth Cooper is a 2009 comedy film directed by Chris Columbus and starring Hayden Panettiere and Paul Rust . It is based on the novel by Larry Doyle , with Doyle also writing the film 's screenplay ." } ] }, { "value": "Beth Cooper", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Cove", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Cove_(film)", "summary": "The Cove is a 2009 documentary film directed by Louie Psihoyos which analyzes and questions dolphin hunting practices in Japan . It was awarded the 2010 Oscar for Best Documentary Feature in 2010 . The film is a call to action to halt mass dolphin kills , change Japanese fishing practices , and to inform and educate the public about the risks , and increasing hazard , of mercury poisoning from dolphin meat . The film is told from an ocean conservationist 's point of view . The film highlights the fact that the number of dolphins killed in the Taiji dolphin drive hunting is several times greater than the number of whales killed in the Antarctic , and asserts that 23,000 dolphins and porpoises are killed in Japan every year by the country 's whaling industry . The migrating dolphins are herded into a cove where they are netted and killed by means of spears and knives over the side of small fishing boats . The film argues that dolphin hunting as practiced in Japan is unnecessary and cruel . Since the film 's release , The Cove has drawn controversy over neutrality , secret filming , and its portrayal of the Japanese people . The film was directed by former National Geographic photographer Louie Psihoyos . Portions were filmed secretly in 2007 using underwater microphones and high-definition cameras disguised as rocks . The documentary won the U.S . Audience Award at the 25th annual Sundance Film Festival in January 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "Herself", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Filmography -- Film", "section_text": "", "uid": "Hayden_Panettiere_0", "intro": "Hayden Lesley Panettiere (/ˌpænətiˈɛər/; born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, model, and singer. She is known for playing cheerleader Claire Bennet on the NBC Superhero series Heroes (2006-2010) and Juliette Barnes in the ABC/CMT musical drama series Nashville (2012-2018). A native of New York, she first appeared in a commercial at the age of eleven months. Her full-time acting career began by playing Sarah Roberts on One Life to Live (1994-1997) and Lizzie Spaulding on Guiding Light (1996-2000), and then played Sheryl Yoast in the Disney feature film Remember the Titans at age ten. Other roles include her portrayal of the title character in the true crime drama Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy, the original voice actress for Kairi in the Kingdom Hearts series, and Kirby Reed in the slasher film Scream 4. She received two nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series, Miniseries or Television Film, for her work on Nashville in 2012 and 2013." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Bolivia_at_the_Olympics", "title": "List of flag bearers for Bolivia at the Olympics", "header": [ "#", "Event year", "Season", "Flag bearer", "Sport" ], "data": [ { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ángela Castro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ángela_Castro", "summary": "Ángela Melania Castro Chirivechz ( born 21 February 1993 ) is a Bolivian race walker . She competed in the women 's 20 kilometres walk event at the 2016 Summer Olympics finishing in 18th place . It was the best result ever for Bolivian in Olympic athletics . She was the flag bearer for Bolivia during both the opening ceremony and closing ceremony ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics were held during the last 10 days of the games , from 12-21 August 2016 , at the Olympic Stadium . The sport of athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics was made into three distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events ." } ] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Karen Torrez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Karen_Torrez", "summary": "Karen Milenka Torrez Guzman ( born 29 July 1992 ) is a Bolivian swimmer from Cochabamba . She competes in the Women 's 100m Freestyle . She was flag bearer for the nation at the 2012 Summer Olympics . She qualified to the 2019 Pan American Games during the 2018 South American Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_(sport)", "summary": "Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one 's entire body to move through water . The sport takes place in pools or open water ( e.g. , in a sea or lake ) . Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports , with varied distance events in butterfly , backstroke , breaststroke , freestyle , and individual medley . In addition to these individual events , four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay . A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke , ordered as backstroke , breaststroke , butterfly and freestyle . Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques ; in competition , there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke . There are also regulations on what types of swimsuits , caps , jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions . Although it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur several injuries from the sport , such as tendinitis in the shoulders or knees , there are also multiple health benefits associated with the sport ." } ] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "César Menacho", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/César_Menacho", "summary": "César David Menacho Flores ( born October 14 , 1964 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra ) is a Bolivian sport shooter . At age forty-three , Menacho made his official debut for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where he competed in men 's trap shooting . He placed thirty-fourth out of thirty-five shooters in the two-day qualifying rounds , with a total hit of 106 targets . For being the oldest member of the team , Menacho became the nation 's flag bearer at the opening ceremony ." } ] }, { "value": "Shooting", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shooting_(sport)", "summary": "Shooting sports is a collective group of competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy , precision and speed in shooting - the art of using various types of ranged weapons , mainly referring to human-portable guns ( firearms and airguns , in forms such as handguns , rifles and shotguns ) and bows/crossbows . Different disciplines of shooting sports can be categorized by equipment , shooting distances , targets , time limits and degrees of athleticism involved . Shooting sports may involve both team and individual competition , and team performance is usually assessed by summing the scores of the individual team members . Due to the noise of shooting and the high ( and often lethal ) impact energy of the projectiles , shooting sports are typically conducted at either designated permanent shooting ranges or temporary shooting fields in the area away from settlements ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2004", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Geovanna Irusta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Geovanna_Irusta", "summary": "Geovana Irusta Morejon ( born September 26 , 1975 in Sucre ) is a female Bolivian racewalker . She represented Bolivia in three editions of the Olympic Games ( 1996 , 2000 , and 2004 ) , and has captured nine consecutive titles in both 10 and 20 km race walk at the South American Championships since her sporting debut in 1996 . She also set a personal best of 1:32:06 ( 20 km race walk ) from La Coruña Grand Prix in Spain . Irusta made her official debut at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , where she finished thirty-seventh in the women 's 10 km race walk with a time of 47:13 . At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Irusta came from behind the pack through the halfway mark to take the forty-second spot in the inaugural 20 km race walk at a personal best of 1:43.34 . Eight years after competing in her first Olympics , Irusta qualified for her third Bolivian team , as a 28-year-old , in the 20 km race walk at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens by attaining a B-standard entry time of 1:32:06 from La Coruña Grand Prix . She surpassed Ukraine 's Vira Zozulya and held off United States ' Teresa Vaill by a ten-second edge on the final lap to cross the finish line with a forty-first place time in 1:38:36 . Building her own milestone as a three-time Olympian , Irusta was also appointed by the National Olympic Committee ( Spanish : Comité Olímpico Boliviano ) to carry the Bolivian flag in the opening ceremony . At the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro , Irusta almost claimed a silver medal in a tight finish against El Salvador 's Cristina López in the same program , but was disqualified by the officials for lifting a third time at the final lap ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_(sport)", "summary": "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2000", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marco Condori", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marco_Condori", "summary": "Marco Condori ( born 26 March 1966 ) is a Bolivian long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's marathon at the 2000 Summer Olympics . Condori also represented Bolivia in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1995 Pan American Games , finishing eighth ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_(sport)", "summary": "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Policarpio Calizaya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Policarpio_Calizaya", "summary": "Policarpio Calizaya Huaca ( born September 10 , 1962 ) is a retired long-distance runner from Bolivia , who represented his native country in three consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1988 . He was the oldest member at the 1996 Summer Olympics for Bolivia , and carried the flag at the opening ceremony ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_(sport)", "summary": "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1992", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , were a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 8 to 23 February 1992 in Albertville , France . They were the last Winter Olympics to be held the same year as the Summer Olympics , and the first where the Winter Paralympics were held at the same site . Albertville was selected as host in 1986 , beating Sofia , Falun , Lillehammer , Cortina d'Ampezzo , Anchorage and Berchtesgaden . The games were the third Winter Olympics held in France , after Chamonix in 1924 and Grenoble in 1968 , and the fifth Olympics overall in the country . Only some of the skating and the opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville , while the rest of the events took place in the villages of Courchevel , La Plagne , Les Arcs , Les Menuires , Les Saisies , Méribel , Pralognan-la-Vanoise , Tignes and Val d'Isère . Sixty-four nations with 1,801 athletes participated in the games , including the Unified Team which represented non-Baltic former Soviet republics . Germany participated as a unified team following reunification in 1990 , while five newly independent European countries debuted , as did six warm-weather countries . Short track speed skating , moguls and women 's biathlon made their debut as an Olympic sport . The games were the last Winter Games until 2014 to have demonstration sports , consisting of curling , aerials , ski ballet and speed skiing . It was the last Olympics to have an outdoor speed skating rink . The games were succeeded by the 1992 Winter Paralympics from 25 March to 1 April . Norwegians won every male cross-country skiing race , with Bjørn Dæhlie and Vegard Ulvang both collecting three gold ." } ] }, { "value": "Winter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guillermo Avila", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guillermo_Avila", "summary": "Guillermo Avila ( born 28 December 1960 ) is a Bolivian alpine skier . He competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing", "summary": "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1988", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Katerine Moreno", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Katerine_Moreno", "summary": "Katerine Moreno de Quintanilla ( born 4 May 1974 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra ) is a retired swimmer from Bolivia . She competed in four Summer Olympics for her native South American country , starting in 1988 ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_(sport)", "summary": "Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one 's entire body to move through water . The sport takes place in pools or open water ( e.g. , in a sea or lake ) . Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports , with varied distance events in butterfly , backstroke , breaststroke , freestyle , and individual medley . In addition to these individual events , four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay . A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke , ordered as backstroke , breaststroke , butterfly and freestyle . Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques ; in competition , there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke . There are also regulations on what types of swimsuits , caps , jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions . Although it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur several injuries from the sport , such as tendinitis in the shoulders or knees , there are also multiple health benefits associated with the sport ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1988", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1988 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , was a multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary , Alberta , Canada , between February 13 and 28 , 1988 and were the first Winter Olympics to be held over a whole two week period . The host city was selected in 1981 over Falun , Sweden , and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy . Most events took place in Calgary while several skiing events were held in the mountain resorts of Nakiska and Canmore , west of the city . A then-record 57 nations competed and 1,423 athletes participated . As it had in Montreal in 1976 , Canada again failed to win a gold medal in an official medal event as the host nation . Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen and Dutch speed skater Yvonne van Gennip were individual medal leaders with each winning three gold medals . The games are also remembered for the heroic failure of British ski jumper Eddie The Eagle Edwards , and the Winter Olympic début of the Jamaica national bobsled team , both of which would be subjects of major feature films about their participation in the games . The Calgary games were at the time one of the most expensive Olympics ever held , but the organizing committee turned record television and sponsorship revenue into a net surplus that was used to maintain the facilities built for the Olympics and develop the Calgary region into the heart of Canada 's elite winter sports program . The five purpose-built venues continue to be used in their original functions , and have helped the country develop into one of the top nations in Winter Olympic competition ; Canada more than quintupled the five medals it won in Calgary at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Winter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guillermo Avila", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guillermo_Avila", "summary": "Guillermo Avila ( born 28 December 1960 ) is a Bolivian alpine skier . He competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing", "summary": "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1980", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1980 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XIII Olympic Winter Games , was a multi-sport event which was celebrated from February 13 to February 24 , 1980 , in Lake Placid , New York , United States . This was the second time the Upstate New York village hosted the Games , after 1932 . The only other candidate city to bid for the Games was Vancouver-Garibaldi , British Columbia , Canada , which withdrew before the final vote ( though Vancouver would eventually win the bid to host the 2010 Winter Olympics . ) The mascot of the Games was Roni , a raccoon . The mask-like rings on a raccoon 's face recall the goggles and hats worn by many athletes in winter sports . The sports were played at the Olympic Center , Whiteface Mountain , Mt . Van Hoevenberg Olympic Bobsled Run , the Olympic Ski Jumps , the Cascade Cross Country Ski Center , and the Lake Placid High School Speed Skating Oval ." } ] }, { "value": "Winter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Billy Farwig", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Billy_Farwig", "summary": "Billy Farwig ( born 24 October 1957 ) is a Bolivian alpine skier . He competed in three events at the 1980 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing", "summary": "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1972", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roberto Nielsen-Reyes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Equestrian", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Equestrianism made its Summer Olympics debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris , France . It disappeared until 1912 , but has appeared at every Summer Olympic Games since . The current Olympic equestrian disciplines are Dressage , Eventing , and Jumping . In each discipline , both individual and team medals are awarded . Women and men compete together on equal terms . Equestrian disciplines and the equestrian component of Modern Pentathlon are also the only Olympic events that involve animals . The horse is considered as much an athlete as the rider . The International Governing Body for equestrian sports is the Fédération Équestre Internationale ( FEI ) . The 1924 Olympics were the first at which equestrian competitions were held under the authority of the FEI ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1964", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1964 Winter Olympics , officially known as the IX Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les IXes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( German : Olympische Winterspiele 1964 ) , was a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in Innsbruck , Austria , from January 29 to February 9 , 1964 . The Games included 1091 athletes from 36 nations , and the Olympic Torch was carried by Joseph Rieder , a former alpine skier who had participated in the 1956 Winter Olympics . The Games were affected by the deaths of Australian alpine skier Ross Milne and British luge slider Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski , during training , and by the deaths , three years earlier , of the entire US figure skating team and family members ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fernando Inchauste", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fernando_Inchauste", "summary": "Fernando Inchauste ( 18 June 1930 - 13 May 2006 ) was a Bolivian sprint canoer and sports shooter who competed from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s . As a sprint canoer , he was eliminated in the repechage round of the K-1 1000 m event at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . Four years later in Mexico City , Inchauste did not finish his heat of the K-1 1000 m event . In the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , he finished 86th in the small-bore rifle , prone event ." } ] }, { "value": "Canoeing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canoeing", "summary": "Canoeing is an activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle . Common meanings of the term are limited to when the canoeing is the central purpose of the activity . Broader meanings include when it is combined with other activities such as canoe camping , or where canoeing is merely a transportation method used to accomplish other activities . Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational activity . In some parts of Europe canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking , with a canoe being called an open canoe . A few of the recreational forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing . Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes , rivers , oceans , ponds and streams ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1956", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1956 Winter Olympics , officially known as the VII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les VIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Italian : VII Giochi olimpici invernali ) , was a multi-sport event held in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy , from 26 January to 5 February 1956 . Cortina , which had originally been awarded the 1944 Winter Olympics , beat out Montreal , Colorado Springs and Lake Placid for the right to host the 1956 Games . The Cortina Games were unique in that many of the venues were within walking distance of each other . The organising committee received financial support from the Italian government for infrastructure improvements , but the rest of the costs for the Games had to be privately financed . Consequently , the organising committee was the first to rely heavily on corporate sponsorship for funding . Thirty-two nations - the largest number of countries participating in the Winter Olympics until then - competed in the four sports and twenty-four events . Austrian Toni Sailer became the first person to sweep all three alpine skiing events in a single Olympics . The figure skating competition was held outdoors for the last time at these Games . Logistically , the only problem encountered was a lack of snow at the alpine skiing events . To remedy this , the Italian army transported large amounts of snow to ensure the courses were adequately covered . Politics did not affect the 1956 Winter Games - unlike the Summer Games in Melbourne , Australia later in the year which many nations boycotted after the Soviet repression of the Hungarian Revolution , and the Suez War . The Cortina Olympics were the first Winter Olympics televised to a multi-national audience ." } ] }, { "value": "Winter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "René Farwig", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Farwig", "summary": "René Farwig ( born 30 September 1935 ) is a Bolivian alpine skier . He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing", "summary": "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1936", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1936 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1936 ) , officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in 1936 in Berlin , Nazi Germany . Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona , Spain , on 26 April 1931 , at the 29th IOC Session in Barcelona . It marked the second and final time the International Olympic Committee gathered to vote in a city that was bidding to host those Games . To outdo the Los Angeles games of 1932 , Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler had a new 100,000-seat track and field stadium built , as well as six gymnasiums and many other smaller arenas . The games were the first to be televised , and radio broadcasts reached 41 countries . Filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl was commissioned by the German Olympic Committee to film the Games for $ 7 million . Her film , titled Olympia , pioneered many of the techniques now common in the filming of sports . Hitler saw the Games as an opportunity to promote his government and ideals of racial supremacy and antisemitism , and the official Nazi party paper , the Völkischer Beobachter , wrote in the strongest terms that Jews should not be allowed to participate in the Games . German Jewish athletes were barred or prevented from taking part by a variety of methods , although some women swimmers from the Jewish sports club , Hakoah Vienna , did take part . Jewish athletes from other countries seem to have been side-lined in order not to offend the Nazi regime . Total ticket revenues were 7.5 million Reichsmark , generating a profit of over one million ℛℳ . The official budget did not include outlays by the city of Berlin ( which issued an itemized report detailing its costs of 16.5 million ℛℳ ) or outlays of the German national government ( which did not make its costs public , but is estimated to have spent US $ 30 million ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alberto Conrad", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alberto_Conrad", "summary": "Alberto Conrad Machuca ( born March 26 , 1910 , date of death unknown ) was a Bolivian freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics . He was the first ever Olympic competitor for Bolivia and the Bolivian flag bearer at the Berlin Games . At the swimming competitions he was eliminated in the first round of the 100 metre freestyle event ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_(sport)", "summary": "Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one 's entire body to move through water . The sport takes place in pools or open water ( e.g. , in a sea or lake ) . Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports , with varied distance events in butterfly , backstroke , breaststroke , freestyle , and individual medley . In addition to these individual events , four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay . A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke , ordered as backstroke , breaststroke , butterfly and freestyle . Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques ; in competition , there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke . There are also regulations on what types of swimsuits , caps , jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions . Although it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur several injuries from the sport , such as tendinitis in the shoulders or knees , there are also multiple health benefits associated with the sport ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "Bolivia at theOlympicsIOC codeBOLNOCBolivian Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.cobol.org.bo ( in Spanish ) Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances19361948–1960196419681972197619801984198819921996200020042008201220162020Winter appearances19561960–197619801984198819921994–20142018 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Bolivia at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .", "uid": "List_of_flag_bearers_for_Bolivia_at_the_Olympics_0", "intro": "This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Bolivia at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_NFL_Draft", "title": "2008 NFL Draft", "header": [ "Original NFL team", "Player", "Pos", "College", "Conf" ], "data": [ { "value": "Baltimore Ravens", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Baltimore_Ravens_season", "summary": "The 2008 Baltimore Ravens season was the 13th season for the team in the NFL . Despite having one of the toughest schedules in the NFL , the Ravens completed a major turnaround from the 2007 season , finishing the season with an 11-5 record and a playoff berth . They defeated the Miami Dolphins in the Wild Card round of the playoffs , and then in the divisional round they defeated the Tennessee Titans , who had compiled the best record in the AFC over the regular season . However , in the AFC championship game , the Ravens ' season came to an end as they were defeated by their division rival and eventual Super Bowl XLIII champion Pittsburgh Steelers , denying what would 've been a bird-themed Super Bowl , with the other finalists being the Arizona Cardinals and Philadelphia Eagles . Quarterback Joe Flacco , drafted 18th overall in the 2008 draft became the first quarterback in NFL history to win multiple playoff games in their rookie season . Flacco would be joined by Mark Sanchez of the New York Jets the following year ." } ] }, { "value": "Jameel McClain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jameel_McClain", "summary": "Jameel Lashawn McClain ( born July 25 , 1985 ) is a former American football linebacker who is currently the Director of Player Engagement for the Baltimore Ravens . After playing college football for Syracuse University , he was signed by the Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He was also a member of the New York Giants ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "Syracuse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Syracuse_Orange_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Syracuse Orange football team competed in football on behalf of Syracuse University during the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The Orange were coached by Greg Robinson and played their home games at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse , New York ." } ] }, { "value": "Big East", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979–2013)", "summary": "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013 . The conference 's members participated in 24 NCAA sports . The conference had a history of success at the national level in basketball throughout its history , while its shorter ( 1991 to 2013 ) football program , created by inviting one college and four other associate members ( their football programs only ) into the conference , resulted in two national championships . In basketball , Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships ( UConn with three , Villanova , Georgetown , Syracuse , and Louisville with one each ) . Of the Big East 's full members , all but South Florida attended the Final Four , the most of any conference , though Marquette , DePaul , Notre Dame , Rutgers , Cincinnati , and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East . In 2011 , the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying . In football , the Big East entered competition as a conference in 1991 , after inviting five football colleges to become members of the Big East , joining three teams from the Big East whose football teams were competing as Division I independents ( Boston College , Pittsburgh and Syracuse ) to form a new Division I football league . The strength of this league earned the Big East an automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series , when that series was created in 1998 . The Big East won two national football championships , both by University of Miami . Between 2005 and 2012 , four of the more successful football schools left the Big East for other conferences , starting a process that led to a complete realignment of the Big East in 2013 . On July 1 , 2013 , the non-football playing schools ( also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7 ) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name . The remaining six football-playing members , three of whom had only joined the Big East in 2005 when the earlier exodus had started , joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which is the Big East 's legal successor ." } ] }, { "value": "Chicago Bears", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Chicago_Bears_season", "summary": "The 2008 Chicago Bears season was the franchise 's 89th regular season in the National Football League . They finished the 2008 season with a 9-7 record , improving upon their 7-9 record from the 2007 season . The Bears failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season ." } ] }, { "value": "Caleb Hanie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caleb_Hanie", "summary": "Caleb Jeffrey Hanie ( born September 11 , 1985 ) is a former American football quarterback . He played college football at Colorado State and was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He also played for the Denver Broncos , Cleveland Browns , and New England Patriots ." } ] }, { "value": "QB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." } ] }, { "value": "Colorado State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Colorado_State_Rams_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Colorado State Rams football team represented Colorado State University in the college football 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . They played their home games at Sonny Lubick Field at Hughes Stadium in Fort Collins , CO and were led by head coach Sonny Lubick in his final season at CSU . The Rams finished the season 3-9 ( 2-6 MWC ) for eighth place in the Mountain West Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "MWC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference", "summary": "The Mountain West Conference ( MW ) is one of the collegiate athletic conferences affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) ( formerly I-A ) . The MW officially began operations in July 1999 . Geographically , the MW covers a broad expanse of the Western United States , with member schools located in California , Colorado , Hawaii , Idaho , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming . Craig Thompson has served as Commissioner of the MW since its founding in 1999 . The charter members of the MW included the United States Air Force Academy , Brigham Young University , Colorado State University , San Diego State University , the University of New Mexico , the University of Nevada , Las Vegas , the University of Utah , and the University of Wyoming . Before forming the Mountain West Conference , seven of its eight charter members had been longtime members of the Western Athletic Conference , and half of these had been charter members of that conference from 1962 . Overall , each school that has ever been either a full or football-only member of the MW spent at least three years in the WAC before joining the Mountain West ." } ] }, { "value": "Dallas Cowboys", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Dallas_Cowboys_season", "summary": "The 2008 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise 's 49th season in the National Football League . The season ended when the Cowboys were blown out by the Philadelphia Eagles 44-6 in week 17 , their worst loss since the 1985 Chicago Bears came to Texas Stadium and beat the Cowboys 44-0 . It was the last season the Cowboys played at Texas Stadium ; they moved to Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Despite entering the last month of the season four games above .500 , they failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 2005 , losing three of their last four games and finishing with a 9-7 record ." } ] }, { "value": "Danny Amendola", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Danny_Amendola", "summary": "Daniel James Amendola ( born November 2 , 1985 ) is an American football wide receiver for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Texas Tech . He was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2008 , and has also played for the Philadelphia Eagles , St. Louis Rams , New England Patriots , and Miami Dolphins ." } ] }, { "value": "WR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wide_receiver", "summary": "A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist ." } ] }, { "value": "Texas Tech", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The team was coached by Mike Leach . The Red Raiders played their home games at Jones AT & T Stadium in Lubbock , Texas . Entering the season , the Red Raiders were predicted to finish fifth in the Big 12 South , ahead of only the Baylor Bears . However , they completed conference play tied for third place with Texas A & M and Oklahoma State . While all three teams had a matching 4-4 conference record , Tech had a better overall record of 9-4 compared to the Aggies and Cowboys who both had a record of 7-6 . Final Coaches and AP Polls put the Red Raiders at 23 and 22 , respectively ." } ] }, { "value": "Big 12", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_12_Conference", "summary": "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ." } ] }, { "value": "St. Louis Rams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_St._Louis_Rams_season", "summary": "The 2008 St. Louis Rams season was the 71st season for the team in the National Football League and their 14th in St. Louis , Missouri . They failed to improve upon their 3-13 record from the previous season and dropped to a 2-14 record . On September 29 , 2008 , following a 0-4 start , head coach Scott Linehan was fired and replaced by defensive coordinator Jim Haslett , who occupied the head coach position with the team for the remainder of the 2008 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Andrew Hawkins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrew_Hawkins", "summary": "Andrew Austin Wyatt Hawkins ( born March 10 , 1986 ) is a former American football wide receiver . He played six seasons in the National Football League with the Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns and two seasons for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League , where he was part of back-to-back Grey Cup Championships . He had signed with the New England Patriots in the 2017 offseason , but announced his retirement just days before training camp . He played college football for the Toledo Rockets from 2004 to 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "WR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wide_receiver", "summary": "A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist ." } ] }, { "value": "Toledo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Toledo_Rockets_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Toledo Rockets football team represented the University of Toledo during the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . They competed as a member of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) in the West Division . The Rockets were led by head coach Tom Amstutz ." } ] }, { "value": "MAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mid-American_Conference", "summary": "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver Broncos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Denver_Broncos_season", "summary": "The 2008 Denver Broncos season was the franchise 's 39th season in the National Football League , the 49th overall and the 25th under the ownership of Pat Bowlen . The Broncos improved from their 7-9 record from 2007 , but failed to make the playoffs with an 8-8 record . Entering Week 15 , the Broncos had an 8-5 record - three games ahead of the San Diego Chargers for the AFC West division title . The Chargers ended the season on a four-game winning streak , while the Broncos ended the season on a three-game losing streak , losing 52-21 to the San Diego Chargers in the regular season finale . The Broncos and Chargers both finished 8-8 , however , the Broncos lost the tiebreaker due to the Chargers ' owning a better division record ( 5-1 to 3-3 ) . On December 30 , 2008 , two days after the regular season ended , Mike Shanahan was fired as the Broncos ' head coach after 14 seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Brett Kern", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brett_Kern", "summary": "Brett Alan Kern ( born February 17 , 1986 ) is an American football punter for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football at Toledo ." } ] }, { "value": "P", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Punter_(football)", "summary": "A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting ." } ] }, { "value": "Toledo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Toledo_Rockets_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Toledo Rockets football team represented the University of Toledo during the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . They competed as a member of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) in the West Division . The Rockets were led by head coach Tom Amstutz ." } ] }, { "value": "MAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mid-American_Conference", "summary": "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver Broncos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Denver_Broncos_season", "summary": "The 2008 Denver Broncos season was the franchise 's 39th season in the National Football League , the 49th overall and the 25th under the ownership of Pat Bowlen . The Broncos improved from their 7-9 record from 2007 , but failed to make the playoffs with an 8-8 record . Entering Week 15 , the Broncos had an 8-5 record - three games ahead of the San Diego Chargers for the AFC West division title . The Chargers ended the season on a four-game winning streak , while the Broncos ended the season on a three-game losing streak , losing 52-21 to the San Diego Chargers in the regular season finale . The Broncos and Chargers both finished 8-8 , however , the Broncos lost the tiebreaker due to the Chargers ' owning a better division record ( 5-1 to 3-3 ) . On December 30 , 2008 , two days after the regular season ended , Mike Shanahan was fired as the Broncos ' head coach after 14 seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Wesley Woodyard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wesley_Woodyard", "summary": "Wesley Woodyard Jr. ( born July 21 , 1986 ) is an American football linebacker for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Denver Broncos in 2008 . He played college football for the University of Kentucky ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "Kentucky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the college football season of 2007-2008 . The team 's head football coach was Rich Brooks , in his 5th year as Kentucky 's head coach . The Wildcats played their home games at Commonwealth Stadium in Lexington , Kentucky . The team is remembered by many college football fans for its prolific offense , led by seniors Rafael Little , Keenan Burton , Stevie Johnson , and André Woodson ." } ] }, { "value": "SEC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southeastern_Conference", "summary": "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver Broncos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Denver_Broncos_season", "summary": "The 2008 Denver Broncos season was the franchise 's 39th season in the National Football League , the 49th overall and the 25th under the ownership of Pat Bowlen . The Broncos improved from their 7-9 record from 2007 , but failed to make the playoffs with an 8-8 record . Entering Week 15 , the Broncos had an 8-5 record - three games ahead of the San Diego Chargers for the AFC West division title . The Chargers ended the season on a four-game winning streak , while the Broncos ended the season on a three-game losing streak , losing 52-21 to the San Diego Chargers in the regular season finale . The Broncos and Chargers both finished 8-8 , however , the Broncos lost the tiebreaker due to the Chargers ' owning a better division record ( 5-1 to 3-3 ) . On December 30 , 2008 , two days after the regular season ended , Mike Shanahan was fired as the Broncos ' head coach after 14 seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Tyler Polumbus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tyler_Polumbus", "summary": "Tyler Polumbus ( born April 10 , 1985 ) is a former American football offensive tackle . He was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football at the University of Colorado at Boulder . In addition to the Broncos , Polumbus has been a member of the Detroit Lions , Seattle Seahawks , Washington Redskins , and Atlanta Falcons ." } ] }, { "value": "OT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)", "summary": "Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense ." } ] }, { "value": "Colorado", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado at Boulder in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The team was coached by Dan Hawkins in his second season at Colorado and played their home games at Folsom Field . Colorado finished 6-7 after losing in the Independence Bowl to Alabama . 2007 was Colorado 's first consecutive losing season in 22 years , but represented a vast improvement over the team 's 2-10 mark in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Big 12", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_12_Conference", "summary": "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ." } ] }, { "value": "Detroit Lions", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Detroit_Lions_season", "summary": "The 2008 Detroit Lions season was the franchise 's 79th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) , and their 75th as the Detroit Lions . The season is notable for being only one of five winless seasons in American football history , and one of only two such seasons since the schedule was expanded to 16 games . 2008 was the third season under head coach Rod Marinelli , and the season began with high hopes thanks to their 7-9 record the year before ( and going undefeated in the pre-season ) , their best since the 2000 season . However , the Lions instead suffered one of the worst seasons in NFL history , finishing 0-16 and joining the expansion 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers as the only other team to finish a full-length season winless since the AFL-NFL merger ( as well as the first to do it since the schedule was expanded to sixteen games in 1978 ) . The Lions gave up 517 points during the season , coming within 16 of matching the 1981 Colts ' record of 533 points allowed . The Lions ' 32.31 points per game allowed on defense is the third worst of any NFL team since the 1960s , bettering only the 1966 Giants ( 35.79 PPG ) and the aforementioned 1981 Colts ( 33.31 PPG ) . The Lions were mathematically eliminated from the playoffs by Week 11 , when they stood 0-10 . Embattled team president and CEO Matt Millen , who had served in those roles since 2001 was fired on September 24 , 2008 . Marinelli was fired after the season ended along with most of his staff . To celebrate their 75th year playing as the Lions ( they had been known as the Portsmouth Spartans their first four seasons ) , the Lions wore special throwback uniforms for two home games , a replica of the ones used in 1934 , the first year as the Lions . The uniforms had blue jerseys with silver lettering , solid silver pants , blue socks , and solid silver helmets ( as helmets were leather back then ) . This replaced their black alternate jersey used in the 2005 to 2007 seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Jon Weeks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jon_Weeks", "summary": "Jonathan Donald Weeks ( born February 17 , 1986 ) is an American football long snapper for the Houston Texans of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was signed by the Texans as a street free agent in 2010 . He played college football at Baylor ." } ] }, { "value": "LS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Long_snapper", "summary": "In gridiron football , the long snapper ( or deep snapper ) is a special teams specialist whose duty is to snap the football over a longer distance , typically around 15 yards during punts , and 7-8 yards during field goals and extra point attempts . During field goal and point after touchdown attempts , the snap is received by the holder , typically 7-8 yards away . During punts , the snap is delivered to the punter from 13-15 yards away . Following a punt snap , the snapper often executes a blocking assignment and then must cover the kick by running downfield and attempting to stop the opposing team 's punt returner from advancing the ball in the opposite direction . If the punt goes uncaught , it is the snapper 's responsibility to make sure the ball does not enter the end zone or bounce backward resulting in loss of yards . The majority of snappers at the highest levels of competition are specialized , meaning that they uniquely play the position of snapper , or have limited responsibilities elsewhere . A good punt snap should hit the target -- the punter 's hands at the abdomen or waistline -- between .65 and .75 seconds and with a tight spiral for easy handling . A bad snap is an off-target snap which causes the delay or failure of a kick or forces the punter into some other potentially compromising situation ." } ] }, { "value": "Baylor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Baylor_Bears_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Baylor Bears football team ( variously Baylor , BU , or the Bears ) represented Baylor University during the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . They played their home games at Floyd Casey Stadium in Waco , Texas . The team was led by head coach Guy Morriss , who was fired on November 18 , 2007 , the day after the season ended . Art Briles was hired as Morriss ' replacement on November 28 , 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "Big 12", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_12_Conference", "summary": "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ." } ] }, { "value": "Green Bay Packers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "summary": "The 2008 Green Bay Packers season was the franchise 's 90th season overall and their 88th in the National Football League , and the 3rd under head coach Mike McCarthy . They looked to continue success after posting a 13-3 record in 2007 , but they failed to do so and finished the season with a losing 6-10 record . Until the 2017 season , this was the last season in which the Packers did not qualify for the playoffs . It was the first season since 1991 that quarterback Brett Favre was not on the team 's roster . Favre retired in March , decided to come back over the summer and was ultimately traded to the New York Jets after the team told Favre playing in Green Bay again was not an option . It was the first season with quarterback Aaron Rodgers as the team 's starter ." } ] }, { "value": "Joey Haynos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joey_Haynos", "summary": "Joey Haynos ( born August 28 , 1984 ) is a former American football tight end . He was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football at Maryland . He has also been a member of the Miami Dolphins , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Tennessee Titans ." } ] }, { "value": "TE", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tight_end", "summary": "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ." } ] }, { "value": "Maryland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . It was the Terrapins ' 55th season as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) and its third within the framework of the ACC [ Atlantic Division . Ralph Friedgen led the team for his seventh season as head coach , and also performed the duties of offensive coordinator . Chris Cosh served for the second season as the team 's defensive coordinator . Maryland lost three close games , but gained bowl eligibility with six wins . In the postseason , the Terrapins lost to Oregon State in the 2007 Emerald Bowl ." } ] }, { "value": "ACC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference", "summary": "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ." } ] }, { "value": "Green Bay Packers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "summary": "The 2008 Green Bay Packers season was the franchise 's 90th season overall and their 88th in the National Football League , and the 3rd under head coach Mike McCarthy . They looked to continue success after posting a 13-3 record in 2007 , but they failed to do so and finished the season with a losing 6-10 record . Until the 2017 season , this was the last season in which the Packers did not qualify for the playoffs . It was the first season since 1991 that quarterback Brett Favre was not on the team 's roster . Favre retired in March , decided to come back over the summer and was ultimately traded to the New York Jets after the team told Favre playing in Green Bay again was not an option . It was the first season with quarterback Aaron Rodgers as the team 's starter ." } ] }, { "value": "J. J. Jansen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/J._J._Jansen", "summary": "Jeffrey Richard J. J. Jansen ( born January 20 , 1986 ) is an American football long snapper for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football at Notre Dame ." } ] }, { "value": "LS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Long_snapper", "summary": "In gridiron football , the long snapper ( or deep snapper ) is a special teams specialist whose duty is to snap the football over a longer distance , typically around 15 yards during punts , and 7-8 yards during field goals and extra point attempts . During field goal and point after touchdown attempts , the snap is received by the holder , typically 7-8 yards away . During punts , the snap is delivered to the punter from 13-15 yards away . Following a punt snap , the snapper often executes a blocking assignment and then must cover the kick by running downfield and attempting to stop the opposing team 's punt returner from advancing the ball in the opposite direction . If the punt goes uncaught , it is the snapper 's responsibility to make sure the ball does not enter the end zone or bounce backward resulting in loss of yards . The majority of snappers at the highest levels of competition are specialized , meaning that they uniquely play the position of snapper , or have limited responsibilities elsewhere . A good punt snap should hit the target -- the punter 's hands at the abdomen or waistline -- between .65 and .75 seconds and with a tight spiral for easy handling . A bad snap is an off-target snap which causes the delay or failure of a kick or forces the punter into some other potentially compromising situation ." } ] }, { "value": "Notre Dame", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The team was coached by Charlie Weis and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend , Indiana . For the first time in school history , Notre Dame opened the season with five losses ( Notre Dame 's worst opening prior to 2007 was 0-3 ) . Their nine-loss season was also a school record ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind . ( FBS )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Miami Dolphins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Miami_Dolphins_season", "summary": "The 2008 Miami Dolphins season was the franchise 's 39th season in the National Football League , the 43rd overall and the first under head coach Tony Sparano . During the regular season the Dolphins completed the greatest single-season turnaround in NFL history , going from a 1-15 regular season record in 2007 to an 11-5 record in 2008 . The previous record for most improved team one year after a 1-15 season belonged to the 1992 Indianapolis Colts , who went 9-7 . The 1999 Indianapolis Colts were the only other team to accomplish a 10-game turnaround , winning 13 games after winning 3 in 1998 , which was also the first year of the Peyton Manning era . Additionally , Miami won the AFC East , becoming the first team in NFL history to win their division after only having one win the previous season . The division title also snapped the Patriots ' 5-year streak of winning the AFC East . Their season would come to an end in the Wild Card round when they were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens , which coincidentally , was also the only team they beat last season in overtime to save the Dolphins from suffering a winless season . With their 11-5 record and division title , the Dolphins had hopes of achieving their first playoff victory since 2000 , or to possibly become the first team ever to make the Super Bowl after winning only one game the previous season , similar to how the Carolina Panthers went 1-15 in 2001 and made Super Bowl XXXVIII just two seasons later . The 2008 season was the first with Bill Parcells as Executive Vice President of Football Operations , Jeff Ireland as General Manager , and Tony Sparano as head coach . With a league-worst 1-15 record in 2007 , the Dolphins held the first pick in the 2008 NFL Draft and selected Michigan offensive tackle Jake Long . The offseason also saw the departure of two Pro Bowlers and long-time Dolphins with the release of linebacker Zach Thomas and trade of defensive end Jason Taylor . The 2008 season was the last season in which the Miami Dolphins had a winning record and qualified for the playoffs before the 2016 team accomplished the feat ." } ] }, { "value": "Davone Bess", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Davone_Bess", "summary": "Davone Atrayo Bess ( born September 13 , 1985 ) is a former American football wide receiver . He was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football at Hawaii ." } ] }, { "value": "WR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wide_receiver", "summary": "A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist ." } ] }, { "value": "Hawaiʻi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Hawaii_Warriors_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Hawaii Warriors football team represented the University of Hawaii at Manoa in the 2007 NCAA Division I-Bowl Subdivision college football season . The 2007 Warriors , led by record-setting senior quarterback Colt Brennan , carried a school-record 13-game winning streak , dating back to the end of the 2006 season , into the 2008 Sugar Bowl . The 2007 season marked the first undefeated regular season in school history , ending in defeat in the Sugar Bowl . The Warriors claimed their third-ever WAC championship in 2007 with a victory over defending conference champion Boise State . The championship was the school 's first ever outright conference championship in football . Brennan went on to set more career records in the FBS , and the Warriors became the third team outside the BCS conferences and second from the WAC to receive an invitation to play in the Bowl Championship Series ." } ] }, { "value": "WAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ." } ] }, { "value": "Miami Dolphins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Miami_Dolphins_season", "summary": "The 2008 Miami Dolphins season was the franchise 's 39th season in the National Football League , the 43rd overall and the first under head coach Tony Sparano . During the regular season the Dolphins completed the greatest single-season turnaround in NFL history , going from a 1-15 regular season record in 2007 to an 11-5 record in 2008 . The previous record for most improved team one year after a 1-15 season belonged to the 1992 Indianapolis Colts , who went 9-7 . The 1999 Indianapolis Colts were the only other team to accomplish a 10-game turnaround , winning 13 games after winning 3 in 1998 , which was also the first year of the Peyton Manning era . Additionally , Miami won the AFC East , becoming the first team in NFL history to win their division after only having one win the previous season . The division title also snapped the Patriots ' 5-year streak of winning the AFC East . Their season would come to an end in the Wild Card round when they were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens , which coincidentally , was also the only team they beat last season in overtime to save the Dolphins from suffering a winless season . With their 11-5 record and division title , the Dolphins had hopes of achieving their first playoff victory since 2000 , or to possibly become the first team ever to make the Super Bowl after winning only one game the previous season , similar to how the Carolina Panthers went 1-15 in 2001 and made Super Bowl XXXVIII just two seasons later . The 2008 season was the first with Bill Parcells as Executive Vice President of Football Operations , Jeff Ireland as General Manager , and Tony Sparano as head coach . With a league-worst 1-15 record in 2007 , the Dolphins held the first pick in the 2008 NFL Draft and selected Michigan offensive tackle Jake Long . The offseason also saw the departure of two Pro Bowlers and long-time Dolphins with the release of linebacker Zach Thomas and trade of defensive end Jason Taylor . The 2008 season was the last season in which the Miami Dolphins had a winning record and qualified for the playoffs before the 2016 team accomplished the feat ." } ] }, { "value": "Dan Carpenter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dan_Carpenter", "summary": "Daniel Roy Carpenter ( born November 25 , 1985 ) is an American football placekicker who is currently a free agent . He was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2008 after playing college football for the University of Montana . He has also played for the Buffalo Bills ." } ] }, { "value": "K", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Placekicker", "summary": "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Montana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Montana_Grizzlies_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 2007 NCAA Division I FCS football season . The Grizzlies were led by fifth-year head coach Bobby Hauck and played their home games at Washington-Grizzly Stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Sky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference", "summary": "The Big Sky Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I , with football competing in the Football Championship Subdivision . Member institutions are located in the western United States in the nine states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . Four affiliate members each participate in one sport . Two schools from California are football-only participants , and two schools from the Northeast participate only in men 's golf ." } ] }, { "value": "Miami Dolphins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Miami_Dolphins_season", "summary": "The 2008 Miami Dolphins season was the franchise 's 39th season in the National Football League , the 43rd overall and the first under head coach Tony Sparano . During the regular season the Dolphins completed the greatest single-season turnaround in NFL history , going from a 1-15 regular season record in 2007 to an 11-5 record in 2008 . The previous record for most improved team one year after a 1-15 season belonged to the 1992 Indianapolis Colts , who went 9-7 . The 1999 Indianapolis Colts were the only other team to accomplish a 10-game turnaround , winning 13 games after winning 3 in 1998 , which was also the first year of the Peyton Manning era . Additionally , Miami won the AFC East , becoming the first team in NFL history to win their division after only having one win the previous season . The division title also snapped the Patriots ' 5-year streak of winning the AFC East . Their season would come to an end in the Wild Card round when they were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens , which coincidentally , was also the only team they beat last season in overtime to save the Dolphins from suffering a winless season . With their 11-5 record and division title , the Dolphins had hopes of achieving their first playoff victory since 2000 , or to possibly become the first team ever to make the Super Bowl after winning only one game the previous season , similar to how the Carolina Panthers went 1-15 in 2001 and made Super Bowl XXXVIII just two seasons later . The 2008 season was the first with Bill Parcells as Executive Vice President of Football Operations , Jeff Ireland as General Manager , and Tony Sparano as head coach . With a league-worst 1-15 record in 2007 , the Dolphins held the first pick in the 2008 NFL Draft and selected Michigan offensive tackle Jake Long . The offseason also saw the departure of two Pro Bowlers and long-time Dolphins with the release of linebacker Zach Thomas and trade of defensive end Jason Taylor . The 2008 season was the last season in which the Miami Dolphins had a winning record and qualified for the playoffs before the 2016 team accomplished the feat ." } ] }, { "value": "Matthew Mulligan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matthew_Mulligan", "summary": "Matthew Ben Mulligan ( born January 18 , 1985 ) is an American football tight end who is currently a free agent . He played college football at The University of Maine . Mulligan was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He has also been a member of the Tennessee Titans , New York Jets , St. Louis Rams , Green Bay Packers , New England Patriots , Chicago Bears , Arizona Cardinals , Buffalo Bills , and Detroit Lions ." } ] }, { "value": "TE", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tight_end", "summary": "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ." } ] }, { "value": "Maine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears_football", "summary": "The Maine Black Bears football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of Maine located in the U.S. state of Maine . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Colonial Athletic Association . Maine 's first football team was fielded in 1892 . The team plays its home games at the 8,419 seat Alfond Stadium in Orono , Maine ." } ] }, { "value": "CAA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonial_Athletic_Association", "summary": "The Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I whose full members are located in East Coast states from Massachusetts to South Carolina . Most of its members are public universities , and the conference is headquartered in Richmond . The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of four schools in the Northeast ( of five that joined from rival conference America East ) after the turn of the 21st century , which added balance to the conference . The CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league . It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports ( although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports ) . As of 2006 , it organizes championships in 21 men 's and women 's sports . The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football . For the 2007 football season , all of the Atlantic 10 Conference 's football programs joined the CAA football conference , as agreed in May 2005 ." } ] }, { "value": "Miami Dolphins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Miami_Dolphins_season", "summary": "The 2008 Miami Dolphins season was the franchise 's 39th season in the National Football League , the 43rd overall and the first under head coach Tony Sparano . During the regular season the Dolphins completed the greatest single-season turnaround in NFL history , going from a 1-15 regular season record in 2007 to an 11-5 record in 2008 . The previous record for most improved team one year after a 1-15 season belonged to the 1992 Indianapolis Colts , who went 9-7 . The 1999 Indianapolis Colts were the only other team to accomplish a 10-game turnaround , winning 13 games after winning 3 in 1998 , which was also the first year of the Peyton Manning era . Additionally , Miami won the AFC East , becoming the first team in NFL history to win their division after only having one win the previous season . The division title also snapped the Patriots ' 5-year streak of winning the AFC East . Their season would come to an end in the Wild Card round when they were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens , which coincidentally , was also the only team they beat last season in overtime to save the Dolphins from suffering a winless season . With their 11-5 record and division title , the Dolphins had hopes of achieving their first playoff victory since 2000 , or to possibly become the first team ever to make the Super Bowl after winning only one game the previous season , similar to how the Carolina Panthers went 1-15 in 2001 and made Super Bowl XXXVIII just two seasons later . The 2008 season was the first with Bill Parcells as Executive Vice President of Football Operations , Jeff Ireland as General Manager , and Tony Sparano as head coach . With a league-worst 1-15 record in 2007 , the Dolphins held the first pick in the 2008 NFL Draft and selected Michigan offensive tackle Jake Long . The offseason also saw the departure of two Pro Bowlers and long-time Dolphins with the release of linebacker Zach Thomas and trade of defensive end Jason Taylor . The 2008 season was the last season in which the Miami Dolphins had a winning record and qualified for the playoffs before the 2016 team accomplished the feat ." } ] }, { "value": "Marcel Reece", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marcel_Reece", "summary": "Marcel Antoine Wayne Reece ( born June 23 , 1985 ) is an American football fullback who is currently a free agent . He was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football as a wide receiver at Washington . He has also been a member of the Oakland Raiders and Seattle Seahawks ." } ] }, { "value": "FB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)", "summary": "A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal ." } ] }, { "value": "Washington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Washington_Huskies_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The team 's head coach was Tyrone Willingham . It played its home games at Husky Stadium in Seattle , Washington , USA . The 2007 Huskies ' schedule was ranked as the most difficult in college football by Jeff Sagarin . The Huskies finished with a record of 4-9 , their fourth straight losing season . This , combined with the 2007 team having the worst defense in school history , led to the firings of defensive coordinator Kent Baer and special teams coach Bob Simmons at the end of the season . The Huskies were led by their redshirt freshman quarterback Jake Locker , who made his debut this season , throwing for over 2,000 yards and rushing for 986 . Locker accounted for 27 touchdowns . Louis Rankin , who was named the team 's offensive most valuable player , rushed for 1,294 yards ." } ] }, { "value": "Pac-10", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pac-12_Conference", "summary": "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ." } ] }, { "value": "Minnesota Vikings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Minnesota_Vikings_season", "summary": "The 2008 season was the Minnesota Vikings ' 48th in the NFL and their third under head coach Brad Childress . They won their 17th NFC North title with a 10-6 record , the first time since 2000 that they made the playoffs and finished with a winning record , but had to play in the wild card round of the playoffs , where they were paired with Childress 's former team , the Philadelphia Eagles , who ended the Vikings ' season with a 26-14 win . Second-year running back Adrian Peterson led the league in rushing with 1,760 yards ." } ] }, { "value": "Erin Henderson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Erin_Henderson", "summary": "Erin Henderson ( born July 1 , 1986 ) is a former American football inside linebacker that played nine seasons in National Football League ( NFL ) . He is currently an assistant linebackers coach at Avila University . He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football at Maryland ." } ] }, { "value": "OLB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "Maryland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . It was the Terrapins ' 55th season as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) and its third within the framework of the ACC [ Atlantic Division . Ralph Friedgen led the team for his seventh season as head coach , and also performed the duties of offensive coordinator . Chris Cosh served for the second season as the team 's defensive coordinator . Maryland lost three close games , but gained bowl eligibility with six wins . In the postseason , the Terrapins lost to Oregon State in the 2007 Emerald Bowl ." } ] }, { "value": "ACC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference", "summary": "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ." } ] }, { "value": "New England Patriots", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_New_England_Patriots_season", "summary": "The 2008 New England Patriots season was the 39th season for the team in the National Football League and 49th season overall . The Patriots were defending AFC champions . Despite finishing the regular season with an 11-5 record , the Patriots did not qualify for the playoffs - becoming the first 11-win team since the expansion to a 12-team playoff in 1990 to not make the playoffs , as well as only the second team ( after the 1985 Denver Broncos ) since the NFL expanded to a 16-game regular season in 1978 . This came just one year after finishing with the only 16-0 regular-season record in NFL history . In the season opener , quarterback Tom Brady , the NFL 's MVP in 2007 , suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament against the Chiefs and missed the remainder of the season . Backup quarterback Matt Cassel replaced Brady . Cassel led the team to a win in Week 2 against the New York Jets , his first start since high school . A loss the following week against the Miami Dolphins ended the Pats ' record 21 game regular-season winning streak . This record was broken by the Indianapolis Colts in 2009 . Despite entering the last week of the season with a three-game winning streak , the Patriots found themselves not controlling their own destiny . In addition to a Week 17 win , they also needed either a Dolphins loss to win the AFC East , or a Baltimore Ravens loss to earn a wild card berth . However , both Baltimore and Miami won , and the Dolphins , Ravens and Patriots each finished the season with an 11-5 record ." } ] }, { "value": "BenJarvus Green-Ellis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/BenJarvus_Green-Ellis", "summary": "BenJarvus Jeremy Green-Ellis ( born July 2 , 1985 ) is a former American football running back who played for the New England Patriots and Cincinnati Bengals . Green-Ellis was signed by the Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football at Indiana and Mississippi . Green-Ellis is commonly known by his nickname , The Law Firm , due to his conglomerate of names . Notably , he had never lost a fumble in the regular season or post-season as a member of the New England Patriots ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Ole Miss", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . This was Ed Orgeron 's third and final season as head coach of the football team ." } ] }, { "value": "SEC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southeastern_Conference", "summary": "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ." } ] }, { "value": "New England Patriots", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_New_England_Patriots_season", "summary": "The 2008 New England Patriots season was the 39th season for the team in the National Football League and 49th season overall . The Patriots were defending AFC champions . Despite finishing the regular season with an 11-5 record , the Patriots did not qualify for the playoffs - becoming the first 11-win team since the expansion to a 12-team playoff in 1990 to not make the playoffs , as well as only the second team ( after the 1985 Denver Broncos ) since the NFL expanded to a 16-game regular season in 1978 . This came just one year after finishing with the only 16-0 regular-season record in NFL history . In the season opener , quarterback Tom Brady , the NFL 's MVP in 2007 , suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament against the Chiefs and missed the remainder of the season . Backup quarterback Matt Cassel replaced Brady . Cassel led the team to a win in Week 2 against the New York Jets , his first start since high school . A loss the following week against the Miami Dolphins ended the Pats ' record 21 game regular-season winning streak . This record was broken by the Indianapolis Colts in 2009 . Despite entering the last week of the season with a three-game winning streak , the Patriots found themselves not controlling their own destiny . In addition to a Week 17 win , they also needed either a Dolphins loss to win the AFC East , or a Baltimore Ravens loss to earn a wild card berth . However , both Baltimore and Miami won , and the Dolphins , Ravens and Patriots each finished the season with an 11-5 record ." } ] }, { "value": "Ryan Wendell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ryan_Wendell", "summary": "Ryan Robert Wendell ( born March 4 , 1986 ) is a former American football center who played his first eight seasons with the New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was signed by the Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football at Fresno State . He has also played for the Carolina Panthers ." } ] }, { "value": "C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)", "summary": "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ." } ] }, { "value": "Fresno State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Fresno_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Fresno State football team represented California State University , Fresno in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . This season was the Bulldogs ' 27th in their current home of Bulldog Stadium in Fresno , California and their 11th with Pat Hill as head coach ." } ] }, { "value": "WAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ." } ] }, { "value": "New Orleans Saints", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_New_Orleans_Saints_season", "summary": "The 2008 New Orleans Saints season was the franchise 's 42nd season in the National Football League , the 33rd to host games at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome and the third under head coach Sean Payton . The Saints improved on their 7-9 record from the 2007 season with an 8-8 record , however , they would miss the playoffs for the second consecutive season ." } ] }, { "value": "Jo-Lonn Dunbar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jo-Lonn_Dunbar", "summary": "Jo-Lonn D. Dunbar ( born March 13 , 1985 ) is a former American football linebacker who played eight seasons in the NFL . He was signed by the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He has also played for the St. Louis Rams . He played college football at Boston College ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . It was Boston College 's third season as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The Eagles were led by Jeff Jagodzinski in his first season as Boston College head coach . Boston College has been a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference 's ( ACC ) Atlantic Division since joining the league in 2005 , after leaving the Big East Conference . The Eagles played their home games in 2007 at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , which has been their home stadium since 1957 ." } ] }, { "value": "ACC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference", "summary": "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ." } ] }, { "value": "New York Jets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_New_York_Jets_season", "summary": "The 2008 New York Jets season was the franchise 's 39th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) , the 49th season overall , and the third and final under head coach Eric Mangini . The team succeeded in improving upon their 4-12 record from 2007 , but did not make the playoffs for the second straight season ." } ] }, { "value": "Danny Woodhead", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Danny_Woodhead", "summary": "Daniel Jacob Henry Woodhead ( born January 25 , 1985 ) is a former American football running back . He played college football at Chadron State and was signed by the New York Jets as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He also played for the New England Patriots , San Diego Chargers and Baltimore Ravens . Woodhead set several NCAA college football rushing records , including the single season rushing and all-time rushing records . In 2006 and 2007 , he won the Harlon Hill Trophy , awarded to the best player in NCAA Division II , making him the third player to win the trophy twice in its history ( the other players are Johnny Bailey and Dusty Bonner ) . On October 6 , 2007 , Woodhead became the NCAA all-time , all-division leading rusher . Woodhead held this record until it was broken by Mount Union running back Nate Kmic on December 13 , 2008 . With the Patriots , Woodhead made his lone Super Bowl appearance in 2011 . He finished the game with four catches for 42 yards and a touchdown while rushing seven times for 18 yards , but the Patriots fell to the New York Giants 21-17 ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Chadron State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_Chadron_State_Eagles_football_team", "summary": "The 2007 Chadron State Eagles football team represented Chadron State College in the 2007 NCAA Division II football season . Led by head coach Bill O'Boyle and record-setting running Back and Harlon Hill Trophy winner Danny Woodhead , the Eagles finished a perfect 11-0 regular season . In the first round of the NCAA playoffs Chadron State beat Abilene Christian in triple overtime by a score of 76-73 . It was the highest scoring game in NCAA football history ." } ] }, { "value": "RMAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference ( RMAC ) , commonly known as the Rocky Mountain Conference ( RMC ) from approximately 1910 through the late 1960s , is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the western United States , mostly in Colorado with members in Nebraska , New Mexico , South Dakota , and Utah . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II ." } ] }, { "value": "Philadelphia Eagles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "summary": "The 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise 's 76th season in the National Football League , and the tenth under head coach Andy Reid . The Eagles improved upon their 8-8 record and a fourth-place finish in the NFC East in the 2007 season by going 9-6-1 and earning the 6th seed in the NFC Playoffs . The team lost in the Conference Championship game . 2008 was Andy Reid 's tenth season as the coach of the Eagles . Despite their low-seeding in the NFC playoffs , Football Outsiders calculated that the 2008 Eagles were the best team in the league , play-for-play . The 2006 Eagles were mentioned in the novel , but the 2008 Eagles were in the film adaptation of Silver Linings Playbook ." } ] }, { "value": "Kyle Arrington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kyle_Arrington", "summary": "Kyle Chandler Arrington Sr. ( born August 12 , 1986 ) is a former American football cornerback . He was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football at Hofstra . Arrington has also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , New England Patriots and Baltimore Ravens ." } ] }, { "value": "CB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cornerback", "summary": "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ." } ] }, { "value": "Hofstra University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hofstra_Pride_football", "summary": "The Hofstra Pride football ( formerly the Hofstra Flying Dutchmen ) program was the intercollegiate American football team for Hofstra University located in Hempstead , New York . The team competed in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and were members of the Colonial Athletic Association . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1937 . Hofstra participated in football from 1937 to 2009 , compiling an all-time record of 403-268-11 . On December 3 , 2009 , the university announced it was terminating the football program . Under NCAA rules , any football players who chose to transfer to other schools were eligible to play immediately , and not subjected to normal residency waiting periods . Scholarship-holders who wished to stay at Hofstra were permitted to keep their scholarships . Funds previously used for the football program went into the creation of the medical school , and enhancing a variety of programs , including public health , hard sciences and engineering ." } ] }, { "value": "CAA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonial_Athletic_Association", "summary": "The Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I whose full members are located in East Coast states from Massachusetts to South Carolina . Most of its members are public universities , and the conference is headquartered in Richmond . The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of four schools in the Northeast ( of five that joined from rival conference America East ) after the turn of the 21st century , which added balance to the conference . The CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league . It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports ( although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports ) . As of 2006 , it organizes championships in 21 men 's and women 's sports . The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football . For the 2007 football season , all of the Atlantic 10 Conference 's football programs joined the CAA football conference , as agreed in May 2005 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Notable undrafted players", "section_text": "† = Pro Bowler [ 9 ]", "uid": "2008_NFL_Draft_1", "intro": "The 2008 NFL Draft was the 73rd annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible American football players. The draft took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, New York, on April 26 and April 27, 2008. For the 29th consecutive year, ESPN televised the draft; the NFL Network also broadcast the event, its third year doing so. Of the 252 selections, 220 were regular selections in rounds one through seven, and 32 were compensatory selections, distributed among rounds three through seven. As of the end of the 2018 season, 27 players have been selected to the Pro Bowl. For the first time since the common draft began, no wide receiver was selected in the first round. For the first time ever, the first two picks had the same last name (Jake and Chris Long; they were unrelated). Also, a then-record 34 trades were made during the draft itself. The number of trades was later broken in 2017." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLIR", "title": "WLIR", "header": [ "Call sign in 1995", "Frequency", "Broadcast area", "State", "Current Call sign" ], "data": [ { "value": "KDRE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "101.1 FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Little Rock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas", "summary": "Little Rock is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arkansas . As the county seat of Pulaski County , the city was incorporated on November 7 , 1831 , on the south bank of the Arkansas River close to the state 's geographic center . The city derives its name from a rock formation along the river , named the Little Rock ( French : La Petite Roche ) by the French explorer Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe in the 1720s . The capital of the Arkansas Territory was moved to Little Rock from Arkansas Post in 1821 . The city 's population was 197,881 in 2018 according to the United States Census Bureau . The six-county Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway , AR Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) is ranked 78th in terms of population in the United States with 738,344 residents according to the 2017 estimate by the United States Census Bureau . Little Rock is a cultural , economic , government , and transportation center within Arkansas and the South . Several cultural institutions are in Little Rock , such as the Arkansas Arts Center , the Arkansas Repertory Theatre , and the Arkansas Symphony Orchestra , in addition to hiking , boating , and other outdoor recreational opportunities . Little Rock 's history is available through history museums , historic districts or neighborhoods like the Quapaw Quarter , and historic sites such as Little Rock Central High School . The city is the headquarters of Dillard 's , Windstream Communications , Acxiom , Stephens Inc. , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Heifer International , Winrock International , the Clinton Foundation , and the Rose Law Firm . Other corporations , such as Dassault Falcon Jet , LM Wind Power , Simmons Bank , Euronet Worldwide , AT & T , and Entergy have large operations in the city . State government is a large employer , with many offices downtown ." } ] }, { "value": "Arkansas", "urls": [] }, { "value": "KDXE", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/KDXE_(FM)", "summary": "KDXE ( 101.1 FM , 101.1 FM The Answer ) is a radio station broadcasting a Conservative Talk format . Licensed to Cammack Village , Arkansas , United States , it serves the Little Rock area . The station is currently owned by Salem Media Group , through licensee Salem Communications Holding Corporation . The station 's studios are south of downtown near Philander Smith College , and the transmitter tower is located on Shinall Mountain , near the Chenal Valley neighborhood of Little Rock . On June 1 , 1998 , after a 10-day stunt with various genres of music , 101.1 FM signed on as modern rock-formatted Lick 101 KDRE . According to FCC filings , the station went silent sometime around November 1 , 2008 , as the licensee was unable to negotiate an extension of the contract with the owner of the transmitter location . The FCC granted permission to remain silent while the station 's owner put together the paperwork to move the transmitter to a new location . Since then , the transmitter has moved to a different location , the call letters have changed from KWBF-FM to KZTS , and the format has changed from Rhythmic Oldies , to Adult Album Alternative , to the current Mainstream Urban format . With the exception of the station being the Little Rock affiliate for The Rickey Smiley Morning Show , the station had no on-air personalities . Under its previous format , KZTS ' main competitor was longtime heritage urban contemporary outlet KIPR . On March 13 , 2018 , it was announced by media sources that Flinn Broadcasting Corporation would sell Urban KZTS to Salem Communications for $ 1.1 million plus a time brokerage agreement before closing . On April 2 , 2018 , Salem switched the station 's format and branding to their Conservative Talk The Answer , and changed the station 's call sign to KDXE on April 8 , 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "KFTH", "urls": [] }, { "value": "107.1 FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Memphis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee", "summary": "Memphis is a city located along the Mississippi River in southwestern Shelby County , Tennessee , United States . The 2018 city population was 650,618 , making Memphis the largest city on the Mississippi River , the second most populous city in Tennessee , as well as the 26th largest city in the United States . Greater Memphis is the 42nd largest metropolitan area in the United States , with a population of 1,348,260 in 2017 . The city is the anchor of West Tennessee and the greater Mid-South region , which includes portions of neighboring Arkansas and Mississippi . Memphis is the seat of Shelby County , the most populous county in Tennessee . As one of the more historic and culturally significant cities of the southern United States , the city features a wide variety of landscapes and distinct neighborhoods . The first European explorer to visit the area of present-day Memphis was Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto in 1541 with his expedition into the New World . The high Chickasaw Bluffs protecting the location from the waters of the Mississippi would then be contested between the Spanish , French , and the English as Memphis took shape . Modern Memphis was founded in 1819 by three prominent Americans : John Overton , James Winchester , and future president Andrew Jackson . Memphis grew into one of the largest cities of the Antebellum South as a market for agricultural goods , natural resources like lumber , and the American slave trade . After the American Civil War and the end of slavery , the city experienced even faster growth into the 20th century as it became among the largest world markets for cotton and lumber . Home to Tennessee 's largest African-American population , Memphis played a prominent role in the American civil rights movement and was the site of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. 's 1968 assassination ." } ] }, { "value": "Tennessee", "urls": [] }, { "value": "KXHT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/KXHT", "summary": "KXHT ( Hot 107.1 ) is a Hip-Hop-intense mainstream urban radio station licensed to Marion , Arkansas and serves the Memphis , Tennessee , area . The Flinn Broadcasting outlet operates at 107.1 MHz with an ERP of 2.75 kW . The station 's studios are located in Southeast Memphis , and the transmitter site is in West Memphis , Arkansas along the west shore of the Mississippi River ." } ] }, { "value": "WDRE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "92.7 FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Garden City / New York City", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York", "summary": "Garden City is an incorporated village in Nassau County , New York , United States , in the town of Hempstead . It was founded by multi-millionaire Alexander Turney Stewart in 1869 , and is on Long Island , to the east of New York City , 18.5 miles ( 29.8 km ) from midtown Manhattan . The village is located mostly in the Town of Hempstead with a small portion in the Town of North Hempstead . As of the 2010 census , Garden City 's population was 22,371 . The Garden City name is applied to several other unincorporated , nearby jurisdictions , as well . In the region , hamlets such as Garden City South , Garden City Park , and East Garden City are located next to the incorporated village of Garden City , but are not themselves part of it . Roosevelt Field , the shopping center and raceway built on the former airfield from which Charles Lindbergh took off on his landmark 1927 transatlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis , is located in East Garden City . Adelphi University 's main campus is in Garden City ." }, { "url": "/wiki/New_York_City", "summary": "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ." } ] }, { "value": "New York", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WQBU-FM", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WQBU-FM", "summary": "WQBU-FM ( 92.7 FM , Que Buena 92.7 ) is a radio station licensed to Garden City , New York and serving the western Long Island and New York City area . It broadcasts a Spanish language Adult contemporary format and is owned by Uforia Audio Network . The station 's transmitter is located at the North Shore Towers in Floral Park , New York ." } ] }, { "value": "WIBF", "urls": [] }, { "value": "103.9 FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jenkintown / Philadelphia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jenkintown,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Jenkintown is a borough in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Center City Philadelphia . Jenkintown is also used to describe a number of neighborhoods surrounding the borough , which also are known by names such as Meadowbrook , Rydal , Crosswicks , Fox Chase Manor , Jenkintown Manor , Noble , and Switchville . While the post office will deliver Jenkintown-addressed mail to these areas , they are not part of the political entity of Jenkintown ; they are within Abington Township . Jenkintown is surrounded by Abington Township to the north , west , and east , and borders Cheltenham Township to the south ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ." } ] }, { "value": "Pennsylvania", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WPHI-FM", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WPHI-FM", "summary": "WPHI-FM ( 103.9 FM , Hip Hop 103.9 ) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to serve Jenkintown , Pennsylvania . The station is owned by Urban One through licensee Radio One Licenses , LLC and broadcasts an urban contemporary format . Studios are located in Bala Cynwyd , and the broadcast tower used by the station is located in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia at ( 40°02′30.1″N 75°14′10.1″W / 40.041694°N 75.236139°W / 40.041694 ; -75.236139 ) . The station has always been short-spaced due to adjacent channel interference from WMGM in Atlantic City , WXCY in Havre de Grace , Maryland , and WNNJ in Newton , New Jersey ( all located on 103.7 FM ) , WAEB-FM in Allentown and WNNK in Harrisburg ( both located on 104.1 FM ) , as well as WRFF ( 104.5 FM ) , and co-channel interference from WRCN on Long Island and WNBM in Bronxville , New York . As such , the station broadcasts at only 270 watts , making it the weakest station broadcasting from the Roxborough tower farm ." } ] }, { "value": "WMRW", "urls": [] }, { "value": "98.5 FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Westhampton /eastern Long Island", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Westhampton,_New_York", "summary": "Westhampton is a hamlet and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Suffolk County , New York , United States . The population was 3,079 at the 2010 census . Westhampton is in the Town of Southampton ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Long_Island", "summary": "Long Island ( locally : /lɔːŋˈɡaɪˌlənd/ ) is a densely populated island in the southeast part of the U.S. state of New York , in the northeastern United States , beginning at New York Harbor approximately 0.35 miles ( 0.56 km ) from Manhattan Island and extending eastward into the Atlantic Ocean . The island comprises four counties ; Kings and Queens Counties ( the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens , respectively ) and Nassau County share the western third of the island , while Suffolk County occupies the eastern two-thirds . More than half of New York City 's residents now live on Long Island , in Brooklyn , and in Queens . However , many people in the New York metropolitan area ( even in Brooklyn and Queens ) colloquially use the term Long Island ( or the Island ) to refer exclusively to Nassau and Suffolk Counties , and conversely , employ the term the City to mean Manhattan alone . Broadly speaking , Long Island may refer both to the main island and the surrounding outer barrier islands . North of the island is Long Island Sound , across which lie Westchester County , New York , and the state of Connecticut . Across the Block Island Sound to the northeast is the state of Rhode Island . To the west , Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River . To the extreme southwest , it is separated from Staten Island and the state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay , the Narrows , and Lower New York Bay . To the east lie Block Island - which belongs to the State of Rhode Island - and numerous smaller islands . Both the longest and the largest island in the contiguous United States , Long Island extends 118 miles ( 190 km ) eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point , with a maximum north-to-south distance of 23 miles ( 37 km ) between Long Island Sound and the Atlantic coast . With a land area of 1,401 square miles ( 3,630 km2 ) , Long Island is the 11th-largest island in the United States and the 149th-largest island in the world - larger than the 1,214 square miles ( 3,140 km2 ) of the smallest U.S. state , Rhode Island ." } ] }, { "value": "New York", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WBON", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WBON", "summary": "WBON ( 98.5 MHz , La Nueva Fiesta ) is a Spanish-language Tropical music formatted FM radio station , licensed to Westhampton , New York and serving eastern Long Island . The station is owned by JVC Media LLC with studios located in Ronkonkoma , New York and transmitter located in Manorville , New York ." } ] }, { "value": "WRLG", "urls": [] }, { "value": "94.1 FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nashville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee", "summary": "Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee . The city is the county seat of Davidson County and is located on the Cumberland River . The city 's population ranks 24th in the U.S. Named for Francis Nash , a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , the city was founded in 1779 . The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and , in the 19th century , a railroad center . Nashville seceded with Tennessee during the American Civil War ; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to fall to Union troops . After the war , the city reclaimed its position and developed a manufacturing base . Since 1963 , Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government , which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system . The city is governed by a mayor , a vice-mayor , and a 40-member metropolitan council ; 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts , while the other five are elected at-large . Reflecting the city 's position in state government , Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for Middle Tennessee , one of the three divisions . Nashville is a center for the music , healthcare , publishing , private prison , banking , and transportation industries . It is home to numerous colleges and universities , such as Tennessee State University , Vanderbilt University , Belmont University , Fisk University , Trevecca Nazarene University , and Lipscomb University . Entities with headquarters in the city include Asurion , Bridgestone Americas , Captain D 's , CoreCivic , Dollar General , Hospital Corporation of America , LifeWay Christian Resources , Logan 's Roadhouse , and Ryman Hospitality Properties ." } ] }, { "value": "Tennessee", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WFFH", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WFFH", "summary": "WFFH ( 94.1 MHz ) , WBOZ ( 104.9 MHz ) , and WFFI ( 93.7 MHz ) are FM radio stations trimulcasting a Contemporary Christian radio format as FM 94 The Fish . WFFH is licensed to Smyrna , Tennessee , WBOZ to Woodbury and WFFI to Kingston Springs , with the stations serving the Nashville metropolitan area . They air the same programming to provide maximum coverage to Middle Tennessee . The stations are owned by the Salem Media Group . Salem is the largest owner of Christian radio stations in the U.S. and it uses The Fish , an early symbol of the Christian Church , as the branding for its Contemporary Christian stations in Nashville , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Cleveland and other markets ." } ] }, { "value": "WUNX", "urls": [] }, { "value": "93.5 FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mashpee / Cape Cod", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mashpee,_Massachusetts", "summary": "Mashpee /ˈmæʃpi/ is a town in Barnstable County , Massachusetts , United States , on Cape Cod . The population was 14,006 as of 2010 . The town is the site of the headquarters and most members of the federally recognized Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe , one of two Wampanoag . For geographic and demographic information on specific parts of the town of Mashpee , please see the articles on Mashpee Neck , Monomoscoy Island , New Seabury , Popponesset , Popponesset Island , Seabrook , and Seconsett Island ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cape_Cod", "summary": "Cape Cod is a geographic cape extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts , in the northeastern United States . Its historic , maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer months . As defined by the Cape Cod Commission 's enabling legislation , Cape Cod is conterminous with Barnstable County , Massachusetts . It extends from Provincetown in the northeast to Woods Hole in the southwest , and is bordered by Plymouth to the northwest . Since 1914 , most of Cape Cod has been separated from the mainland by the Cape Cod Canal . The canal cuts 7 miles ( 11 km ) roughly across the base of the peninsula , though small portions of the Cape Cod towns of Bourne and Sandwich lie on the mainland side of the canal . Two highway bridges cross the Cape Cod Canal : the Sagamore Bridge and the Bourne Bridge . In addition , the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge carries railway freight and limited passenger services onto the Cape . Cape territory is divided into 15 towns with many villages ." } ] }, { "value": "Massachusetts", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WFRQ", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WFRQ", "summary": "WFRQ ( 93.5 FM ) - branded 93-5 / 94-7 Frank FM - is an FM radio station licensed to Harwich Port , Massachusetts . It serves the Cape Cod market with an adult hits format . The station is also heard on 102.9 WPXC HD2 ( Hyannis ) via HD Radio and on 94.7 W230AW ( Hyannis ) , a translator for WPXC . Unlike other Frank FM stations launched in the 2000s , this Frank FM station was patterned after Jack FM at its 2006 launch . It currently concentrates on music from 1980 to 1999 ." } ] }, { "value": "WUNZ", "urls": [] }, { "value": "101.1 FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mashpee / Cape Cod", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mashpee,_Massachusetts", "summary": "Mashpee /ˈmæʃpi/ is a town in Barnstable County , Massachusetts , United States , on Cape Cod . The population was 14,006 as of 2010 . The town is the site of the headquarters and most members of the federally recognized Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe , one of two Wampanoag . For geographic and demographic information on specific parts of the town of Mashpee , please see the articles on Mashpee Neck , Monomoscoy Island , New Seabury , Popponesset , Popponesset Island , Seabrook , and Seconsett Island ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cape_Cod", "summary": "Cape Cod is a geographic cape extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts , in the northeastern United States . Its historic , maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer months . As defined by the Cape Cod Commission 's enabling legislation , Cape Cod is conterminous with Barnstable County , Massachusetts . It extends from Provincetown in the northeast to Woods Hole in the southwest , and is bordered by Plymouth to the northwest . Since 1914 , most of Cape Cod has been separated from the mainland by the Cape Cod Canal . The canal cuts 7 miles ( 11 km ) roughly across the base of the peninsula , though small portions of the Cape Cod towns of Bourne and Sandwich lie on the mainland side of the canal . Two highway bridges cross the Cape Cod Canal : the Sagamore Bridge and the Bourne Bridge . In addition , the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge carries railway freight and limited passenger services onto the Cape . Cape territory is divided into 15 towns with many villages ." } ] }, { "value": "Massachusetts", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WHYA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WHYA", "summary": "WHYA ( 101.1 FM ) - branded Y101 - is a CodComm , Inc. owned commercial FM radio station licensed to Mashpee , Massachusetts . The station 's studios are in downtown Hyannis and its transmitter is located in Barnstable . It serves the Cape Cod radio market with a rhythmic/dance-leaning CHR format . WHYA is the de facto flagship affiliate for the nationally syndicated show Open House Party on Saturday and Sunday nights . Station owner John Garabedian , hosted Open House Party until January 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "WWCP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "96.7 FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Albany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Albany,_New_York", "summary": "Albany ( /ˈɔːlbəni/ ( listen ) AWL-bə-nee ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat and largest city of Albany County . Albany is located on the west bank of the Hudson River approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River and approximately 135 miles ( 220 km ) north of New York City . Albany is known for its rich history , commerce , culture , architecture , and institutions of higher education . Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of New York State , which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area , including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy , Schenectady , and Saratoga Springs . With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state . As of the 2010 census , the population of Albany was 97,856 . The area that later became Albany was settled by Dutch colonists who , in 1614 , built Fort Nassau for fur trading and , in 1624 , built Fort Orange . In 1664 , the English took over the Dutch settlements , renaming the city as Albany , in honor of the then Duke of Albany , the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland . The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule . It became the capital of New York in 1797 following formation of the United States . Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies , and is the longest continuously chartered city in the United States . During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th , Albany was a center of trade and transportation ." } ] }, { "value": "New York", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WMHH", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WMHH", "summary": "WMHH is a Christian Talk radio station licensed to Clifton Park , New York and serving New York 's Capital District . The station is owned by Mars Hill Broadcasting , utilizing programming from the Mars Hill Network , and broadcasts at 4.7 kilowatts ERP from a rental tower in Clifton Park , New York which is owned by Fitch Communications of New York ( FCNY ) and shared with WKKF and WTMM-FM . The station has been assigned several call letters over the years , including the heritage WPTR calls ( longtime of 1540 AM and briefly on 96.3 FM ) ; it has also aired various formats , including three attempts at oldies , as well as the first full-time Contemporary Christian music station in the Capital Region . It was also the first station to broadcast in HD Radio in the market in 2005 , preceding WGY by several months ." } ] }, { "value": "WYKT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "105.5 FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wilmington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wilmington,_Will_County,_Illinois", "summary": "Wilmington is a city in Will County , Illinois , United States . It is approximately 60 miles south-west from downtown Chicago ( the Chicago Loop ) . The population was 5,724 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Illinois", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WYKT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WYKT", "summary": "WYKT is a radio station in northeastern Illinois . It is licensed to Wilmington , Illinois and is a CBS Sports Radio affiliate . It has an effective radiated power of 1,300 watts at 147 meters height above average terrain ." } ] } ], "section_title": "WLIR on FM radio -- Alternative rock expands : The Underground Network ( 1991–1996 )", "section_text": "In 1991 , the station changed its moniker again , this time to `` The Cutting Edge of Rock '' . The explosion in popularity of grunge and alternative rock in the early 1990s led to a period of turmoil . The synthpop-based music on which much of the station 's playlist was based was now out of fashion . Alternative rock artists that formerly were played almost exclusively on the station were now being heard on many rock and pop music stations . [ 9 ] In 1992 , WDRE started simulcasting its programming with what was 103.9 WIBF-FM Jenkintown , Pennsylvania , which later became WDRE Jenkintown/Philadelphia . In 1995 , WDRE created the first alternative rock network , known as the `` Underground Network '' [ 10 ] [ 11 ] and consisting of the following stations :", "uid": "WLIR_0", "intro": "WLIR (WLIR.FM) is an internet and over-the-air radio station (105.3 WPTY-HD3 Calverton-Roanoke, New York) that programs a new music/modern rock format that was originally heard on WLIR/WDRE (92.7 FM, 98.5 FM, and 107.1 FM) in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s along with the alternative rock of the 2000s to the present. The spirit of the original WLIR is maintained with the music mix and the personalities, such as Larry The Duck, Chris Sharpe, Drew Kenyon, Andre and Rob Rush. Bob Wilson, longtime WLIR employee and historian, created the WLIR.FM website and programs the music playlist." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_Australian_television", "title": "1998 in Australian television", "header": [ "Program", "Channel", "Debut date" ], "data": [ { "value": "Ghost Stories", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ghost_Stories_(1997_TV_series)", "summary": "Ghost Stories is an American horror anthology television series that ran from 1997 to 1998 on The Family Channel . The show was narrated by Rip Torn and originally two episodes were presented back to back in an hour-long segment . However , towards the end of the series , it was broken down into 30 minute episodes with just one story , most featuring a style similar to episodes of The Twilight Zone in which there would be a twist at the end . There have been five DVD releases . Also , Ghost Stories episodes are currently being shown in the United Kingdom on the TV channel Zone Horror ." } ] }, { "value": "Network Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Network_Ten", "summary": "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ." } ] }, { "value": "1 January", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ramadan Journeys", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SBS TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SBS_(Australian_TV_channel)", "summary": "SBS is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 24 October 1980 , it is the responsibility of SBS 's television division , and is available nationally . In 2018 , SBS had a 7.9% audience share ." } ] }, { "value": "4 January", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Lazarus Man", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Lazarus_Man", "summary": "The Lazarus Man is an American Western television series produced by Castle Rock Entertainment which first aired on January 20 , 1996 , and ended on November 9 , 1996 . Starring Robert Urich as the title character , The Lazarus Man debuted on Turner Network Television and ran for 20 episodes ." } ] }, { "value": "Seven Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seven_Network", "summary": "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ." } ] }, { "value": "8 January", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Campus Cops", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Campus_Cops", "summary": "Campus Cops is an American sitcom that aired on the USA network on Saturday nights from January 6 until March 30 , 1996 for a total of 13 episodes ." } ] }, { "value": "Network Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Network_Ten", "summary": "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ." } ] }, { "value": "17 January", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Merchant of Venice ( 1996 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice", "summary": "The Merchant of Venice is a 16th-century play written by William Shakespeare in which a merchant in Venice named Antonio defaults on a large loan provided by a Jewish moneylender , Shylock . It is believed to have been written between 1596 and 1599 . Although classified as a comedy in the First Folio and sharing certain aspects with Shakespeare 's other romantic comedies , the play is most remembered for its dramatic scenes , and it is best known for Shylock and his famous Hath not a Jew eyes ? speech on humanity . Also notable is Portia 's speech about the quality of mercy ." } ] }, { "value": "ABC TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ABC_Television", "summary": "ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "17 January", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All Dogs Go to Heaven : The Series", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_to_Heaven:_The_Series", "summary": "All Dogs Go to Heaven : The Series is an animated children 's television series which aired from 1996 to 1998 in syndication and on Fox Family from 1998 to 1999 , with 40 half-hour episodes produced in total . Don Bluths 1989 animated feature All Dogs Go to Heaven featured a disreputable mongrel ( with a mixture of a German Shepherd ) named Charlie who died , went to heaven , escaped back to Earth for vengeance on his murderer Carface and then found redemption with the help of a young orphaned girl named Anne-Marie . The film spawned a sequel , All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 and this animated series takes place after these events . Most of the voice actors from the feature films reprised their roles in the series , including Dom DeLuise , Ernest Borgnine , Charles Nelson Reilly , Bebe Neuwirth , Sheena Easton , and Adam Wylie . Steven Weber provided the speaking and singing voices of Charlie B. Barkin , who was voiced in the films by Burt Reynolds and Charlie Sheen ( and singing voice provided in the second film by Jesse Corti ) . A Christmas special An All Dogs Christmas Carol serves as the finale ." } ] }, { "value": "Seven Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seven_Network", "summary": "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ." } ] }, { "value": "20 January", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Last Frontier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Last_Frontier_(TV_series)", "summary": "The Last Frontier , is an American sitcom that aired on Fox in 1996 . It featured a wealthy woman who moved to Anchorage , Alaska , sharing housing with three men who did not possess her social adeptness ." } ] }, { "value": "Seven Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seven_Network", "summary": "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ." } ] }, { "value": "22 January", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Big Bad Beetleborgs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Bad_Beetleborgs", "summary": "Big Bad Beetleborgs ( later Beetleborgs Metallix ) is an American live-action television series by Saban Entertainment and was co-produced with Renaissance-Atlantic Films , Toei Company and Bugboy Productions . Two seasons aired on Fox Kids from September 7 , 1996 , to March 2 , 1998 . The series adapted combat footage from the Metal Hero tokusatsu-series Juukou B-Fighter ( first season ) and B-Fighter Kabuto ( second season ) . Unlike its contemporaries , such as Power Rangers , the show had a greater emphasis on sitcom elements , rather than a villain of the week ." } ] }, { "value": "Network Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Network_Ten", "summary": "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ." } ] }, { "value": "2 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Great American Sex Scandal", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Seven Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seven_Network", "summary": "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ." } ] }, { "value": "4 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jumanji", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jumanji_(TV_series)", "summary": "Jumanji ( also known as Jumanji : The Animated Series ) is an American animated television series that was inspired by the 1995 film based on the short story of the same name . The series ran for three seasons from 1996 to 1999 . In 1996 , it was carried by the UPN Kids block on UPN , but later seasons were syndicated by BKN . Jumanji was produced by Adelaide Productions and was the first show made by that company , with character designs by Everett Peck ." } ] }, { "value": "Network Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Network_Ten", "summary": "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ." } ] }, { "value": "6 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Men in Black : The Series", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Men_in_Black:_The_Series", "summary": "Men in Black : The Series , also known as MIB : The Series , MIB : The Animated Series , and Men in Black : The Animated Series , is an American animated television series that originally aired on Kids ' WB from October 11 , 1997 to June 30 , 2001 . The show features characters from the 1997 science fiction film Men in Black , which was based on the comic book series The Men in Black by Lowell Cunningham , originally published by Marvel / Malibu Comics . The series was produced by Adelaide Productions Inc. , a division of Columbia TriStar Television , and Amblin Television as a half-hour series originally airing on Saturday mornings , and later moving to weekdays during its final run ." } ] }, { "value": "Network Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Network_Ten", "summary": "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ." } ] }, { "value": "6 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "/ Nostromo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nostromo_(TV_serial)", "summary": "Nostromo is a 1997 British-Italian television drama miniseries directed by Alastair Reid and produced by Fernando Ghia of Pixit Productions , a co-production with Radiotelevisione Italiana , Televisión Española , and WGBH Boston . The music is composed by Ennio Morricone . It stars Claudio Amendola , Paul Brooke , Lothaire Bluteau , Claudia Cardinale , Colin Firth and Albert Finney . It is described as an adaptation of Joseph Conrad 's epic story Nostromo of political upheaval , greed and romance in turn-of-the-20th-century South America ." } ] }, { "value": "ABC TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ABC_Television", "summary": "ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "6 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Soul Man", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Soul_Man_(TV_series)", "summary": "Soul Man is an American sitcom starring Dan Aykroyd that aired on ABC from April 15 , 1997 to May 26 , 1998 . A total of 25 half-hour episodes were produced over two seasons . The series premiered on April 15 , 1997 , and was picked up for a second season of 22 half-hour episodes after only three episodes aired for the first season . Despite ranking 29th in its 2nd and final season , it ended on May 26 , 1998 , with 25 half-hour episodes produced in total . A four-year-old Spencer Breslin made his TV debut and was a series regular for the three-episode-long 1997 first season , in which he played the youngest child of Aykroyd . The theme song was Soul Man written by Isaac Hayes and David Porter . Aykroyd was closely associated with the song , having released a hit single of it in 1979 with his band The Blues Brothers ." } ] }, { "value": "Seven Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seven_Network", "summary": "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ." } ] }, { "value": "8 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stickin ' Around ( TV series )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stickin'_Around", "summary": "Stickin ' Around is a Canadian animated children 's television series from Nelvana , which originally aired on YTV in Canada and on ABC in Australia in 1996 and Cartoon Network in 2002 . In Latin America , it was broadcast by Nickelodeon under the title Los Grafitos . In United Kingdom it aired on Nickelodeon in 1996 and Pop in 2004 . It was also broadcast on Disney Channel in Japan and TVNZ 2 in New Zealand . It was also aired in the United States on Fox Kids from 1997 to 1998 . Qubo aired it until January 2019 . However , all of the episodes are streaming on the official channel Retro Rerun on YouTube . The show , which originated as a series of 1-minute vignettes on CBS in 1994 , is about two children named Stacy and Bradley , their hand-drawn adventures with their friends and family , and their fantasies . Stacy and Bradley , best friends , encounter many problems they must face as they continue to grow up - if it is with school , bullies , friends , and parents . They always come up with imaginative ideas to eliminate these obstacles , such as becoming a superhero and putting themselves in a different environment where they have no trouble in defeating their enemies . According to Nelvana , it uses the advanced computer graphics of Boiler Paint , virtually convincing us that kids are creating their own animated series . The show won the Gemini Award for Best Animated Program or Series in the spring of 1998 , while being nominated once again during the fall of 1998 , for the Gemini of the same award ." } ] }, { "value": "ABC TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ABC_Television", "summary": "ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "8 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Veronica 's Closet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Veronica's_Closet", "summary": "Veronica 's Closet is an American sitcom television series created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman , that aired on NBC for three seasons , from September 25 , 1997 , to December 7 , 2000 . The show stars Kirstie Alley as Veronica Ronnie Chase , the head of her own lingerie company in New York City ." } ] }, { "value": "Nine Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nine_Network", "summary": "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ." } ] }, { "value": "9 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Just Shoot Me !", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Just_Shoot_Me!", "summary": "Just Shoot Me ! is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC from March 4 , 1997 , to August 16 , 2003 , with a total of 148 half-hour episodes spanning seven seasons . The show was created by Steven Levitan , the show 's executive producer . The show is set at the office of fictional fashion magazine Blush , comparable to the real-life Vogue . The show 's story is centered around several key staff at the magazine , including Jack Gallo , the owner and publisher , his daughter Maya , a writer for the magazine , secretary Dennis , former model and now-fashion correspondent Nina , and photographer Elliot ." } ] }, { "value": "Network Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Network_Ten", "summary": "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ." } ] }, { "value": "11 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "/ Pingu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pingu", "summary": "Pingu is a British-Swiss stop-motion clay animated children 's comedy television series created by Otmar Gutmann and produced from 1990 to 2000 for Swiss television by The Pygos Group ( formerly Trickfilmstudio and Pingu Filmstudio ) , and from 2002 to 2006 for British television by HIT Entertainment and Hot Animation . It centers on a family of anthropomorphic penguins who live at the South Pole , and the main character is the family 's son and title character , Pingu . The series originally ran for four series ( each series is made up of multiple seasons ) from 7 May 1990 to 9 April 2000 on SF DRS and was then renewed for two more series from 1 August 2003 to 3 March 2006 on BBC Two . Pingu was also nominated for a BAFTA award . The Pingu pilot episode first aired on Swiss television in 1986 and was later shown at the 37th Berlin International Film Festival . Pingu was very popular , due to its lack of a real spoken language : nearly all dialogue is in an invented grammelot penguin language referred to as 'Penguinese ' , consisting of babbling , muttering , and the titular character 's characteristic sporadic loud honking noise , which can be popularly recognized as Noot noot ! or other variants , stated to be Noo , Noo ! by the defunct Pingu website 's trivia page , accompanied by turning his beak into a megaphone-like shape . Within the first 4 series , all the characters were performed by Italian voice actor Carlo Bonomi , using a language of noises that he had already developed and used for the earlier Osvaldo Cavandoli 's La Linea . In series 5 and 6 , the Pingu cast was jointly voiced by David Sant and Marcello Magni . A Japanese reboot of the series , titled Pingu in the City , began airing on NHK-E on 7 October 2017 . The show stopped showing new episodes after March 2019 , though reruns have been shown since then ." } ] }, { "value": "ABC TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ABC_Television", "summary": "ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "12 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Team Knight Rider", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Team_Knight_Rider", "summary": "Team Knight Rider ( TKR ) is a syndicated television series that was adapted from the Knight Rider franchise and ran between 1997 and 1998 . TKR was created by writer/producers Rick Copp and David A. Goodman , based on the original series created by Glen A. Larson , who was an executive producer . TKR was produced by Gil Wadsworth and Scott McAboy and was distributed by Universal Domestic Television and ran only a single season of 22 one-hour episodes before it was canceled due to poor ratings ." } ] }, { "value": "Network Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Network_Ten", "summary": "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ." } ] }, { "value": "13 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Teletubbies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Teletubbies", "summary": "Teletubbies is a British pre-school children 's television series created by Ragdoll Productions ' Anne Wood and Andrew Davenport . The programme focuses on four multi-coloured creatures known as Teletubbies , named after the television screens implanted in their abdomens . Recognised throughout popular culture for the uniquely shaped antenna protruding from the head of each character , the Teletubbies communicate through gibberish and were designed to bear resemblance to toddlers . The series rapidly became a commercial success in Britain and abroad . It won multiple BAFTA awards and was nominated for two Daytime Emmys throughout its run . A single based on the show 's theme song reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart in December 1997 and remained in the Top 75 for 32 weeks , selling over a million copies . By October 2000 , the franchise generated over £1 billion ( $ 1.61 billion ) in merchandise sales . Though the original run ended in 2001 , sixty new episodes were ordered in 2014 . They are currently aired on CBeebies in the United Kingdom and on Nick Jr. in the United States . Re-runs of the original 1997-2001 series continue to be shown on relevant television channels worldwide . The original series returned to live TV in the US on Pluto TV on 1 May 2019 but the episodes are shown in the UK format instead of the US which is where the Pluto TV service is based in . The same error occurred with the series ' availability on the NOGGIN app since 25 May 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "ABC TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ABC_Television", "summary": "ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "16 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Extreme Dinosaurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Extreme_Dinosaurs", "summary": "Extreme Dinosaurs is an American animated series produced by DiC Productions L.P. in 1997 based on a 1996 toy line from Mattel . This show is a spin-off of Street Sharks ( where they first appeared as the Dino Vengers ) . The plot revolves around a group of dinosaurs that survived extinction and were subsequently captured by an extraterrestrial criminal and transformed into mutants to help take over an alien planet . After the dinosaurs rebelled against the criminal , they split into two opposing factions : the first , known as the Raptors , relentlessly attempts to spark global warming to make Earth 's temperature more comfortable for dinosaurs . Meanwhile , the other faction , the eponymous Extreme Dinosaurs , goes on an all-out effort to thwart Raptors ' designs and save the planet . The show is in the same vein as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Jurassic Park . Bohbot Entertainment ran Extreme Dinosaurs in syndication as part of their BKN Kids Network block where it aired for one season in 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "Network Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Network_Ten", "summary": "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ." } ] }, { "value": "16 February", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Debuts -- International", "section_text": "", "uid": "1998_in_Australian_television_1", "intro": "This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had previously premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Terminal_Island", "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island", "header": [ "Inmate Name", "Register Number", "Status", "Details" ], "data": [ { "value": "Qian Xuesen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Qian_Xuesen", "summary": "Qian Xuesen , or Hsue-Shen Tsien ( Chinese : 钱学森 ; 11 December 1911 - 31 October 2009 ) , was a Chinese mathematician , cyberneticist , aerospace engineer , and physicist who made significant contributions to the field of aerodynamics and established engineering cybernetics . Recruited from MIT , he joined Theodore von Karman 's group at Caltech . During WWII , he was involved in the Manhattan Project , which ultimately led to the successful development of the first atomic bomb in America . Later on , he would eventually return to China , where he would make important contributions to China 's missile and space program . During the Second Red Scare , in the 1950s , the US federal government accused him of communist sympathies . In 1950 , despite protests by his colleagues , he was stripped of his security clearance . He decided to return to China , but he was detained at Terminal Island , near Los Angeles . After spending five years under house arrest , he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War . He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS President Cleveland , arriving in China via Hong Kong . Upon his return , he helped lead the Chinese nuclear weapons program . This effort ultimately led to China 's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test , making China the fifth nuclear weapons state , and achieving the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history . Additionally , Qian 's work led to the development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at Terminal Island in 1950 ( Pre-FCI ) on suspicion of Communist sympathies", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chinese-born rocket scientist . Arrested September 1950 and held for two weeks at Terminal Island , released under government supervision . Left the U.S. in 1955 for China ; made important contributions to Chinese nuclear , missile , and space programs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/China", "summary": "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Liz Renay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Liz_Renay", "summary": "Pearl Elizabeth Dobbins ( April 14 , 1926 - January 22 , 2007 ) , known as Liz Renay , was an American author and actress who appeared in John Waters ' film Desperate Living ( 1977 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island from 1959 to 1961 on a perjury charge", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Girlfriend of Los Angeles mob kingpin Mickey Cohen . Convicted of perjury in 1959 and served 27 months at Terminal Island", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mickey_Cohen", "summary": "Meyer Harris Mickey Cohen ( September 4 , 1913 - July 29 , 1976 ) was an American gangster based in Los Angeles and boss of the Cohen crime family . He also had strong ties to the Italian American Mafia from the 1930s through 1960s ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Perjury", "summary": "Perjury is the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth , whether spoken or in writing , concerning matters material to an official proceeding . [ A ] In some jurisdictions , contrary to popular misconception , no crime has occurred when a false statement is ( intentionally or unintentionally ) made while under oath or subject to penalty . Instead , criminal culpability attaches only at the instant the declarant falsely asserts the truth of statements ( made or to be made ) that are material to the outcome of the proceeding . For example , it is not perjury to lie about one 's age except if age is a fact material to influencing the legal result , such as eligibility for old age retirement benefits or whether a person was of an age to have legal capacity . Perjury is considered a serious offense , as it can be used to usurp the power of the courts , resulting in miscarriages of justice . In the United States , for example , the general perjury statute under federal law classifies perjury as a felony and provides for a prison sentence of up to five years . The California Penal Code allows for perjury to be a capital offense in cases causing wrongful execution . Perjury which caused the wrongful execution of another or in the pursuit of causing the wrongful execution of another is respectively construed as murder or attempted murder , and is normally itself punishable by execution in countries that retain the death penalty . Perjury is considered a felony in most U.S. states as well as most Australian states . In Queensland , under Section 124 of the Queensland Criminal Code Act 1899 , perjury is punishable by up to life in prison if it is committed to procure an innocent person for a crime that is punishable by life in prison . However , prosecutions for perjury are rare . In some countries such as France and Italy , suspects can not be heard under oath or affirmation and so can not commit perjury , regardless of what they say during their trial ." } ] }, { "value": "Salvatore Bonanno", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Salvatore_Bonanno", "summary": "Salvatore Vincent Bill Bonanno ( November 5 , 1932 - January 1 , 2008 ) was an American consigliere of the Bonanno crime family , and son of crime boss Joseph Bonanno . Later in life , he became a writer and produced films for television about his family ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island from 1968 to 1972 on a credit card fraud conviction", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Consigliere for the Bonanno crime family in New York City in the 1960s and son of former boss Joseph Bonanno", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Consigliere", "summary": "Consigliere ( /ˌkɒnsɪliˈɛəreɪ/ ; Italian : [ konsiʎˈʎɛːre ] , plural consiglieri ) is a position within the leadership structure of the Sicilian , Calabrian and American Mafia . The word was popularized in English by the novel The Godfather ( 1969 ) and its film adaptation . In the novel , a consigliere is an advisor or counselor to the boss , with the additional responsibility of representing the boss in important meetings both within the boss 's crime family and with other crime families . The consigliere is a close , trusted friend and confidant , the mob 's version of an elder statesman ; he is an advisor to the boss in a Mafia crime family , and sometimes is his 'right-hand man ' . By the very nature of the job , a consigliere is one of the few in the family who can argue with the boss , and is often tasked with challenging the boss when needed , to ensure subsequent plans are foolproof . In some depictions , he is devoid of ambition and dispenses disinterested advice . This passive image of the consigliere does not correspond with what little is known of real-life consiglieri , however . A real-life Mafia consigliere is generally the number-three person in a crime family , after the boss and underboss in most cases . The boss , underboss , and consigliere constitute a three-man ruling panel , or administration . The Genovese crime family are credited with inventing the rank of Messaggero , who is tasked with serving as a liaison between the other American Mafia families ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Bonanno_crime_family", "summary": "The Bonanno crime family ( pronounced [ boˈnanno ] ) is one of the Five Families that dominate organized crime activities in New York City , and in the United States , as part of the criminal phenomenon known as the American Mafia . Under the leadership of Joseph Bonanno between the 1930s and 1960s , the family was one of the most powerful in the country . However , in the early 1960s , Bonanno attempted to overthrow several leaders of the Commission , but failed . Bonanno had disappeared from 1964 to 1966 , ensuing the Banana War that lasted until 1968 , when Bonanno retired to Arizona . Between 1976 and 1981 , the family was infiltrated by an FBI agent calling himself Donnie Brasco , the family became the first of the New York families to be kicked off the Commission . The family only recovered in the 1990s under Joseph Massino , and by the dawn of the new millennium was not only back on the Commission , but also was the most powerful family in New York . However , in the early 2000s , a rash of convictions culminated in Massino himself becoming a government informant , the first boss of one of the Five Families in New York City to do so . The Bonanno family were seen as the most brutal of the New York five families during the 20th century ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Joseph_Bonanno", "summary": "Joseph Charles Bonanno ( born Giuseppe Carlo Bonanno ; Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈkarlo boˈnanno ] ; January 18 , 1905 - May 11 , 2002 ) , sometimes referred to as Joe Bananas , was an Italian-born American crime boss of the Bonanno crime family , which he ran from 1931 to 1968 . Bonanno was born in Castellammare del Golfo , Sicily , where his father was also involved in organized crime . At the age of three , Bonanno immigrated to New York City with his family , for about 10 years before he moved back to Italy . He later slipped back into the United States in 1924 , by stowing away on a Cuban fishing boat bound for Tampa , Florida . After the Castellammarese War , Salvatore Maranzano was murdered in 1931 , and Bonanno took control of most of the crime family , and at age 26 , Bonanno became one of the youngest-ever bosses of a crime family . In 1963 , Bonanno made plans with Joseph Magliocco to assassinate several rivals on the Mafia Commission . When Magliocco gave the contract to one of his top hit men , Joseph Colombo , he revealed the plot to its targets . The Commission spared Magliocco 's life but forced him into retirement , while Bonanno fled to Canada . In 1964 , he briefly returned to New York before disappearing until 1966 . This ensued the Banana War that lasted until 1968 , when Bonanno retired to Arizona . Later in life , he became a writer , publishing the book A Man of Honor : The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno in 1983 . Bonanno died on May 11 , 2002 , in Tucson , Arizona ." } ] }, { "value": "Edward Bunker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edward_Bunker", "summary": "Edward Heward Bunker ( December 31 , 1933 - July 19 , 2005 ) was an American author of crime fiction , a screenwriter , convicted felon and an actor . He wrote numerous books , some of which have been adapted into films . He was a screenwriter on Straight Time ( 1978 ) , Runaway Train ( 1985 ) and Animal Factory ( 2000 ) . He started on a criminal career at the very early age of five , [ citation needed ] and continued on this path throughout the years , returning to prison again and again . He was convicted of bank robbery , drug dealing , extortion , armed robbery , and forgery . [ citation needed ] A repeating pattern of convictions , paroles , releases and escapes , further crimes and new convictions continued until he was released yet again from prison in 1975 , at which point he finally left his criminal days permanently behind . Bunker stayed out of jail thereafter , and instead focused on his career as a writer and actor . In early 1999 he bought a taxi company in Kingston Ontario named Modern Taxi with his long time friend David Whickham . He later went on to sell his half of the company to Mr. Whickham after a falling out and his then ex wife Angie Furgusson each receiving 25% of the company at the time . The taxi company would later become the leading taxi company in Kingston having a high reputation for helping the less fortunate delivering all peoples needs to their front door . Towards the end of his life and having a passion for real estate he purchased a motel in Kingston named The Lord Nelson Motel and also purchasing an old Inn on Wolf Island that was featured on a PC only game called The Man with the Crooked Neck : Have you checked the Innnn ? His falling out with Dave came after Bunker had lost his license and needed to get around ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island from 1973 to 1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Crime fiction writer , screenwriter and actor ; wrote No Beast So Fierce while incarcerated at FCI Terminal Island , which was adapted into the movie Straight Time starring Dustin Hoffman . Later appeared in several movies , including Reservoir Dogs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Crime_fiction", "summary": "Crime fiction , detective story , murder mystery , mystery novel , and police novel : These terms all describe narratives that centre on criminal acts and especially on the investigation , either by an amateur or a professional detective , of a serious crime , generally a murder . It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other genres such as historical fiction or science fiction , but the boundaries are indistinct . Crime fiction has multiple sub-genres , including detective fiction ( such as the whodunit ) , courtroom drama , hard-boiled fiction and legal thrillers . Most crime drama focuses on crime investigation and does not feature the court room . Suspense and mystery are key elements that are nearly ubiquitous to the genre ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Screenwriter", "summary": "A screenplay writer ( also called screenwriter for short ) , scriptwriter or scenarist is a writer who practices the craft of screenwriting , writing screenplays on which mass media , such as films , television programs and video games , are based ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Straight_Time", "summary": "Straight Time is a 1978 American crime drama film directed by Ulu Grosbard and starring Dustin Hoffman , Theresa Russell , Gary Busey , Harry Dean Stanton , M. Emmet Walsh and Kathy Bates . The movie is based on the novel No Beast So Fierce , by Edward Bunker , who also acts in the movie ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman", "summary": "Dustin Lee Hoffman ( born August 8 , 1937 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He is known for his versatile portrayals of antiheroes and emotionally vulnerable characters . He is the recipient of numerous accolades including two Academy Awards , six Golden Globe Awards ( including the Cecil B. DeMille Award ) , four BAFTAs , three Drama Desk Awards , and two Emmy Awards . Hoffman received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1999 and the Kennedy Center Honors Award in 2012 . Hoffman first drew critical praise for starring in the play Eh ? , for which he won a Theatre World Award and a Drama Desk Award . His breakthrough film role was as Benjamin Braddock in critically acclaimed and iconic The Graduate ( 1967 ) . Since that time , Hoffman 's career has largely been focused on the cinema , with sporadic returns to television and to the stage . Hoffman 's films include Midnight Cowboy , Little Big Man , Papillon , Lenny , Marathon Man , All the President 's Men , Kramer vs. Kramer , Tootsie , Rain Man , Hook , and Wag the Dog . He made his directorial debut in 2012 , with Quartet , and has done voice work for the Kung Fu Panda film series and The Tale of Despereaux ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs", "summary": "Reservoir Dogs is a 1992 American independent crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino in his feature-length debut . It stars Harvey Keitel , Tim Roth , Chris Penn , Steve Buscemi , Lawrence Tierney , Michael Madsen , Tarantino , and Edward Bunker , as diamond thieves whose planned heist of a jewelry store goes terribly wrong . The film depicts the events before and after the heist . Kirk Baltz , Randy Brooks and Steven Wright also play supporting roles . It incorporates many motifs that have become Tarantino 's hallmarks : violent crime , pop culture references , profanity , and nonlinear storytelling . The film is regarded as a classic of independent film and a cult film , and was named Greatest Independent Film of all Time by Empire . Although controversial for its depictions of violence and use of profanity , Reservoir Dogs was generally well received , with the cast being praised by many critics . Despite not being heavily promoted during its theatrical run , the film became a modest success in the United States after grossing $ 2.8 million against its $ 1.2 million budget , and was more successful in the United Kingdom , grossing nearly £6.5 million . It achieved higher popularity after the success of Tarantino 's next film , Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) . A soundtrack was released featuring songs used in the film , which are mostly from the 1970s ." } ] }, { "value": "Al Capone", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Al_Capone", "summary": "Alphonse Gabriel Capone ( /ˈkəˈpoʊn/ , Italian : [ kaˈpoːne ] ; January 17 , 1899 - January 25 , 1947 ) , sometimes known by the nickname Scarface , was an American gangster and businessman who attained notoriety during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit . His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he went to prison at age 33 . Capone was born in New York City in 1899 to Italian immigrant parents . He joined the Five Points Gang as a teenager , and became a bouncer in organized crime premises such as brothels . In his early twenties , he moved to Chicago and became a bodyguard and trusted factotum for Johnny Torrio , head of a criminal syndicate that illegally supplied alcohol - the forerunner of the Outfit - and was politically protected through the Unione Siciliana . A conflict with the North Side Gang was instrumental in Capone 's rise and fall . Torrio went into retirement after North Side gunmen almost killed him , handing control to Capone . Capone expanded the bootlegging business through increasingly violent means , but his mutually profitable relationships with mayor William Hale Thompson and the city 's police meant he seemed safe from law enforcement . Capone apparently reveled in attention , such as the cheers from spectators when he appeared at ball games . He made donations to various charities and was viewed by many as modern-day Robin Hood . However , the Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre , in which seven gang rivals were murdered in broad daylight , damaged Chicago 's and Capone 's image , leading influential citizens to demand government action and newspapers to dub Capone Public Enemy No . 1 ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island from 1939 to 1940", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Leader of the crime syndicate later known as the Chicago Outfit , which smuggled and bootlegged liquor during Prohibition in the 1920s ; convicted of tax evasion in 1931", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago_Outfit", "summary": "The Chicago Outfit ( also known as the Outfit , the Chicago Mafia , the Chicago Mob , the South Side Gang , or The Organization ) is an Italian-American organized crime syndicate based in Chicago , Illinois , which dates from the 1910s . It is part of the American Mafia originating in South Side , Chicago . The Outfit rose to power in the 1920s under the control of Johnny Torrio and Al Capone , and the period was marked by bloody gang wars for control of the distribution of illegal alcohol during Prohibition . Since then , the Outfit has been involved in a wide range of criminal activities , including loansharking , gambling , prostitution , extortion , political corruption , and murder . Capone was convicted of income tax evasion in 1931 , and the Outfit was next run by Paul Ricca . He shared power with Tony Accardo from 1943 until his death in 1972 ; Accardo became the sole power in the Outfit upon Ricca 's death and was one of the longest-sitting bosses of all time upon his death in the early 1990s . The Outfit did not have a monopoly on organized crime in Chicago , but it was the most powerful , violent , and largest criminal organization in the Midwest . Its influence at its peak stretched as far as California and Florida . Higher law enforcement attention and general attrition has led to its gradual decline since the late 20th century . From 1997 to 2018 , the Chicago Outfit was believed to be led by John DiFronzo ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Smuggled", "summary": "Smuggling is the illegal transportation of objects , substances , information or people , such as out of a house or buildings , into a prison , or across an international border , in violation of applicable laws or other regulations . There are various motivations to smuggle . These include the participation in illegal trade , such as in the drug trade , illegal weapons trade , exotic wildlife trade , illegal immigration or illegal emigration , tax evasion , providing contraband to a prison inmate , or the theft of the items being smuggled . Smuggling is a common theme in literature , from Bizet 's opera Carmen to the James Bond spy books ( and later films ) Diamonds are Forever and Goldfinger ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rum-running", "summary": "Rum-running , or bootlegging , is the illegal business of transporting ( smuggling ) alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law . Smuggling usually takes place to circumvent taxation or prohibition laws within a particular jurisdiction . The term rum-running is more commonly applied to smuggling over water ; bootlegging is applied to smuggling over land . It is believed that the term bootlegging originated during the American Civil War , when soldiers would sneak liquor into army camps by concealing pint bottles within their boots or beneath their trouser legs . Also , according to the PBS documentary Prohibition , the term bootlegging was popularized when thousands of city dwellers sold liquor from flasks they kept in their boot legs all across major cities and rural areas . The term rum-running most likely originated at the start of Prohibition in the United States ( 1920-1933 ) , when ships from Bimini in the western Bahamas transported cheap Caribbean rum to Florida speakeasies . But rum 's cheapness made it a low-profit item for the rum-runners , and they soon moved on to smuggling Canadian whisky , French champagne , and English gin to major cities like New York City , Boston , and Chicago , where prices ran high . It was said [ by whom ? ] that some ships carried $ 200,000 in contraband in a single run ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States", "summary": "Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production , importation , transportation , and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933 . Prohibitionists first attempted to end the trade in alcoholic beverages during the 19th century . Led by pietistic Protestants , they aimed to heal what they saw as an ill society beset by alcohol-related problems such as alcoholism , family violence and saloon-based political corruption . Many communities introduced alcohol bans in the late 19th and early 20th century , and enforcement of these new prohibition laws became a topic of debate . Prohibition supporters , called drys , presented it as a battle for public morals and health . The movement was taken up by social Progressives in the Prohibition , Democratic , and Republican parties and gained a national grassroots base through the Woman 's Christian Temperance Union . After 1900 , it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League . Opposition from the beer industry mobilized wet supporters from the wealthy Catholic and German Lutheran communities , but the influence of these groups receded from 1917 following the entry of the US into the First World War against Germany . The brewing industry was curtailed by a succession of state legislatures , and finally ended nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920 , which passed with a 68 percent supermajority in the House of Representatives and 76 percent support in the Senate as well as ratification by forty-six out of forty-eight states . Enabling legislation , known as the Volstead Act , set down the rules for enforcing the federal ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited . Not all alcohol was banned ; for example , religious use of wine was permitted . Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law , but local laws were stricter in many areas , with some states banning possession outright ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tax_evasion", "summary": "Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals , corporations , and trusts . Tax evasion often entails taxpayers deliberately misrepresenting the true state of their affairs to the tax authorities to reduce their tax liability and includes dishonest tax reporting , such as declaring less income , profits or gains than the amounts actually earned , or overstating deductions . Tax evasion is an activity commonly associated with the informal economy . One measure of the extent of tax evasion ( the tax gap ) is the amount of unreported income , which is the difference between the amount of income that should be reported to the tax authorities and the actual amount reported . In contrast , tax avoidance is the legal use of tax laws to reduce one 's tax burden . Both tax evasion and avoidance can be viewed as forms of tax noncompliance , as they describe a range of activities that intend to subvert a state 's tax system , although such classification of tax avoidance is not indisputable , given that avoidance is lawful , within self-creating systems ." } ] }, { "value": "Henry Hill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Hill", "summary": "Henry Hill Jr. ( June 11 , 1943 - June 12 , 2012 ) was an American mobster who was associated with the Lucchese crime family of New York City between 1955 and 1980 . In 1980 , Hill was arrested on narcotics charges and became an FBI informant . He testified against his former mafia associates , resulting in 50 convictions , including those of caporegime ( captain ) Paul Vario and James Burke on multiple charges . He had entered the Witness Protection Program in 1980 , but was removed from the program in the early 1990s . Hill 's life story was documented in the true crime book Wiseguy : Life in a Mafia Family by Nicholas Pileggi , which was subsequently adapted by Martin Scorsese into the critically acclaimed film Goodfellas in 1990 . Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta in the film ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island in the 1970s", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Former associate of the Lucchese crime family in New York City ; portrayed by Ray Liotta in the 1990 film Goodfellas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family", "summary": "The Lucchese crime family ( pronounced [ lukˈkeːze ] ) is one of the Five Families that dominate organized crime activities in New York City , United States , within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the American Mafia . The family originated in the early 1920s with Gaetano Reina serving as boss up until his murder in 1930 . It was taken over by Tommy Gagliano during the Castellammarese War , and led by him until his death in 1951 . The family under Gagliano was peaceful and low key , concentrating their criminal activities in the Bronx , Manhattan and New Jersey . The next boss was Tommy Lucchese who served as Gagliano 's underboss for over 20 years , who turned the family around to become one of the most powerful families to sit on the Commission . Lucchese teamed up with Gambino crime family boss Carlo Gambino to control organized crime in New York City . Lucchese had a stronghold on the garment industry in New York and took control of many crime rackets for his crime family . When Lucchese died of a brain tumor in 1967 , Carmine Tramunti controlled the family for a brief time ; he was arrested in 1973 for funding a major heroin network and died five years later . Anthony Corallo then gained control of the family . Corallo was very secretive and soon became one of the most powerful members of the Commission . He was arrested and convicted in the famous Commission case of 1986 . For most of its history , the Lucchese family was reckoned as one of the most peaceful crime families in the nation ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ray_Liotta", "summary": "Raymond Allen Liotta ( Italian : [ liˈɔtta ] ; born December 18 , 1954 ) is an American actor , voice actor and film producer . Liotta is known for playing Henry Hill in the crime drama Goodfellas ( 1990 ) . His other roles include Ray Sinclair in Jonathan Demme 's Something Wild ( 1986 ) , for which he received a Golden Globe nomination , Shoeless Joe Jackson in Field of Dreams ( 1989 ) , Officer Pete Davis in Unlawful Entry ( 1992 ) , Officer Gary Figgis in Cop Land ( 1997 ) , Paul Krendler in Hannibal ( 2001 ) , Fred Jung in Blow ( 2001 ) , Tommy Vercetti in the video game Grand Theft Auto : Vice City ( 2002 ) , Chief Gus Monroe in John Q ( 2002 ) , Samuel Rhodes in Identity ( 2003 ) , himself in Bee Movie ( 2007 ) , Markie Trattman in Killing Them Softly ( 2012 ) , and Peter Deluca in The Place Beyond the Pines ( 2012 ) . He also starred as Lieutenant Matt Wozniak in the television drama Shades of Blue ( 2016-2018 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Goodfellas", "summary": "Goodfellas ( stylized GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese , produced by Irwin Winkler and distributed by Warner Bros . It is an adaptation of the 1985 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends and family from 1955 to 1980 . Scorsese initially titled the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the title to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked most and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography . Goodfellas premiered at the 47th Venice International Film Festival on September 9 , 1990 , and was released in the United States on September 19 , 1990 . The film was made on a budget of $ 25 million , and grossed $ 46.8 million . The critical consensus on Rotten Tomatoes calls it arguably the high point of Martin Scorsese 's career . The film was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning for Best Supporting Actor . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director ." } ] }, { "value": "Timothy Leary", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Timothy_Leary", "summary": "Timothy Francis Leary ( October 22 , 1920 - May 31 , 1996 ) was an American psychologist and writer known for his strong advocacy of psychedelic drugs . As a clinical psychologist at Harvard University , Leary worked on the Harvard Psilocybin Project from 1960-62 ( LSD and psilocybin were still legal in the United States at the time ) , resulting in the Concord Prison Experiment and the Marsh Chapel Experiment . The scientific legitimacy and ethics of his research were questioned by other Harvard faculty because he took psychedelics along with research subjects and pressured students to join in . Leary and his colleague , Richard Alpert ( who later became known as Ram Dass ) , were fired from Harvard University in May 1963 . Most people first heard of psychedelics after the Harvard scandal . Leary believed that LSD showed potential for therapeutic use in psychiatry . He used LSD himself and developed a philosophy of mind expansion and personal truth through LSD . After leaving Harvard , he continued to publicly promote the use of psychedelic drugs and became a well-known figure of the counterculture of the 1960s . He popularized catchphrases that promoted his philosophy , such as turn on , tune in , drop out , set and setting , and think for yourself and question authority . He also wrote and spoke frequently about transhumanist concepts of space migration , intelligence increase , and life extension ( SMI²LE ) . Leary developed the eight-circuit model of consciousness in his book Exo-Psychology ( 1977 ) and gave lectures , occasionally billing himself as a performing philosopher . During the 1960s and 1970s , he was arrested often enough to see the inside of 36 prisons worldwide ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island in 1974", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Harvard professor and LSD guru ; convicted in 1970 of a prior prison escape and marijuana possession", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/LSD", "summary": "Lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) , also known as acid , is a hallucinogenic drug . Effects typically include altered thoughts , feelings , and awareness of one 's surroundings . Many users see or hear things that do not exist . Dilated pupils , increased blood pressure , and increased body temperature are typical . Effects typically begin within half an hour and can last for up to 12 hours . It is used mainly as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons . LSD does not appear to be addictive , although tolerance may occur with use of increasing doses . Adverse psychiatric reactions are possible , such as anxiety , paranoia , and delusions . Distressing flashbacks might occur in spite of no further use , a condition called hallucinogen persisting perception disorder . Death is very rare as a result of LSD , though it occasionally occurs in accidents . The effects of LSD are believed to occur as a result of alterations in the serotonin system . As little as 20 micrograms can produce an effect ." } ] }, { "value": "Charles Manson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_Manson", "summary": "Charles Milles Manson ( né Maddox , November 12 , 1934 - November 19 , 2017 ) was an American criminal and cult leader . In mid-1967 , he formed what became known as the Manson Family , a quasi-commune based in California . His followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969 . According to the Los Angeles County district attorney , Manson plotted to start a race war , though he and others disputed this motive . In 1971 , he was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven people . The prosecution conceded that Manson never literally ordered the murders , but they contended that his ideology constituted an overt act of conspiracy . Manson was also convicted of first-degree murder for the deaths of Gary Hinman and Donald Shea . Manson was an unemployed ex-convict who had spent more than half of his life in correctional institutions at the time when he began gathering his cult following . Before the murders , he was a singer-songwriter on the fringe of the Los Angeles music industry , chiefly through a chance association with Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys . In 1968 , the Beach Boys recorded Manson 's song Cease to Exist , retitled Never Learn Not to Love as the B-side on one of their singles , but without a credit to Manson . The Los Angeles district attorney said that Manson was obsessed with the Beatles , particularly their 1968 self-titled album known as the White Album . He claimed to be guided by his interpretation of the Beatles ' lyrics and adopted the term Helter Skelter to describe an impending apocalyptic race war ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island from 1956 to 1958 for car theft and check fraud", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Had served a life sentence for murder at Corcoran State Prison ; would later inspire Helter Skelter in murdering Sharon Tate and others in 1969 ; died in 2017", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corcoran_State_Prison", "summary": "California State Prison , Corcoran ( COR ) is a male-only state prison located in the city of Corcoran , in Kings County , California . It is also known as Corcoran State Prison , CSP-C , CSP-COR , CSP-Corcoran , and Corcoran I . The facility is just north of the newer California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison , Corcoran ( Corcoran II ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(Manson_scenario)", "summary": "The Helter Skelter scenario is a theory put forth by Vincent Bugliosi , lead prosecutor in the Tate-LaBianca murder trial , to explain the series of murders committed by the Manson Family . Bugliosi described his theory at trial and in his book Helter Skelter : The True Story of the Manson Murders . Charles Manson often spoke to the members of his family about Helter Skelter in the months leading up to the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca in August 1969 , an apocalyptic war arising from racial tensions between blacks and whites . :311-2 This chimerical vision involved reference to music of the Beatles , particularly songs from their 1968 double album The Beatles ( commonly known as the White Album ) , and to the New Testament 's Book of Revelation . :238-44 Manson and his followers were convicted of the murders based on the prosecution 's theory that they were part of a plan to trigger the Helter Skelter scenario ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sharon_Tate", "summary": "Sharon Marie Tate ( January 24 , 1943 - August 9 , 1969 ) was an American actress and model . During the 1960s , she played small television roles before appearing in films and was regularly featured in fashion magazines as a model and cover girl . After receiving positive reviews for her comedic and dramatic acting performances , Tate was hailed as one of Hollywood 's most promising newcomers . Tate made her film debut in 1961 in Barabbas with Anthony Quinn . She was next seen in 1966 with the occult-themed Eye of the Devil . Her most remembered performance was as Jennifer North in the 1967 cult classic film , Valley of the Dolls , earning her a Golden Globe Award nomination . Tate 's last completed film , 12+1 , was released posthumously in 1969 . Two years before her death she performed in the film The Fearless Vampire Killers directed by her future husband Roman Polanski . On August 9 , 1969 , Tate and four others were murdered by members of the Manson Family in the home she shared with her husband , director Roman Polanski . At the time of her death , she was eight-and-a-half months pregnant with the couple 's son ." } ] }, { "value": "Anita O'Day", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anita_O'Day", "summary": "Anita O'Day ( born Anita Belle Colton ; October 18 , 1919 - November 23 , 2006 ) was an American jazz singer and self proclaimed song stylist widely admired for her sense of rhythm and dynamics , and her early big band appearances that shattered the traditional image of the girl singer . Refusing to pander to any female stereotype , O'Day presented herself as a hip jazz musician , wearing a band jacket and skirt as opposed to an evening gown . She changed her surname from Colton to O'Day , pig Latin for dough , slang for money ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island in 1954 on a conviction for heroin possession", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Heroin", "summary": "Heroin , also known as diamorphine among other names , is an opioid most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects . It is used medically in several countries to relieve pain or in opioid replacement therapy . It is typically injected , usually into a vein , but it can also be smoked , snorted , or inhaled . The onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours . Common side effects include respiratory depression ( decreased breathing ) , dry mouth , drowsiness , impaired mental function , constipation , and addiction . Side effects of use by injection can include abscesses , infected heart valves , blood-borne infections , and pneumonia . After a history of long-term use , opioid withdrawal symptoms can begin within hours of the last use . When given by injection into a vein , heroin has two to three times the effect of a similar dose of morphine . It typically comes as a white or brown powder . Treatment of heroin addiction often includes behavioral therapy and medications . Medications can include buprenorphine , methadone , or naltrexone . A heroin overdose may be treated with naloxone ." } ] }, { "value": "Acclaimed jazz singer during the swing era in the 1930s and 1940s", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mike Rizzitello", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mike_Rizzitello", "summary": "Michael Anthony Rizzitello ( March 29 , 1927 - October 26 , 2005 ) , also known as Mike Rizzi , was an Italian American mobster in the Los Angeles crime family . Rizzitello 's criminal record stretched back to 1947 . He was also featured in several biography novels by mobsters-turned-informants Jimmy Fratianno ( The Last Mafioso and Vengeance Is Mine ) , Anthony Fiato ( The Animal in Hollywood ) , and Kenny Gallo ( Breakshot ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island for nine months in 1987 ; for violating his parole for associating with organized crime affiliates", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Caporegime in the Los Angeles crime family from 1977-1990", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caporegime", "summary": "A caporegime or capodecina , usually shortened to just a capo , is a rank used in the Mafia ( both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia ) for a made member of the crime family who heads a crew of soldiers and has major social status and influence in the organization . Caporegime is an Italian word , which is used to signify the head of a family in Sicily , but has now come to mean a ranking member , similar to captain or senior sergeant in a military unit . In general , the term indicates the head of a branch of an organized crime syndicate who commands a crew of soldiers and reports directly to the Don ( Boss ) or an Underboss or Streetboss . The shortened version capo has been used to refer to certain high-ranking members of Latin American drug cartels as well ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Los_Angeles_crime_family", "summary": "The Los Angeles crime family , also known as the L.A. Mafia , is an Italian American criminal organization based in California , as part of the American Mafia ( or Cosa Nostra ) . Since its inception in the early 20th century , it has spread throughout Southern California . Like most Mafia families in the United States , the L.A. crime family gained power bootlegging alcohol during the Prohibition Era . The L.A. family reached its peak strength in the 1940s and early 1950s under Jack Dragna , who was on The Commission , although the L.A. family was never larger than the New York or Chicago families . Since Jack Dragna 's death , the Los Angeles crime family has been on a gradual decline , with the Chicago Outfit representing them on The Commission . The sources for much of the current information on the history of the Los Angeles Cosa Nostra family is the courtroom testimony and the published biographies of Aladena Jimmy the Weasel Fratianno , who in the late 1970s became the second member-and the first acting boss-in American Mafia history to testify against Mafia members , and The Last Mafioso ( 1981 ) , a biography of Fratianno by Ovid Demaris . Since the 1980s , the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ( RICO Act ) has been effective in convicting mobsters and shrinking the American Mafia ; like all families in the United States , the L.A. Mafia now only holds a fraction of its former power . Not having a strong concentration of Italian-Americans in the region leaves the family to contend with the many street gangs of other ethnicities in the city . The Los Angeles crime family is the last Mafia family left in the state of California ." } ] }, { "value": "Rosario Gambino", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rosario_Gambino", "summary": "Rosario Sal Gambino ( Italian pronunciation : [ roˈzaːrjo ɡamˈbiːno ] ; born January 12 , 1942 ) is an Italian mobster in the Gambino crime family . He became nationally known when he and his brothers set up a multimillion dollar heroin cartel during the 1970s and 1980s . At the turn of the century he made headline news again when members of his family were suspected of trying to get him a presidential pardon through bribery ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island to serve a 45-year sentence for selling heroin to an undercover police officer in 1984", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A soldier of the Cherry Hill Gambinos ; a crew in the Gambino crime family", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Made_man", "summary": "In the American Mafia , a made man is a fully initiated member of the Mafia . To become made , an associate first must be Italian or of Italian descent and sponsored by another made man . An inductee will be required to take the oath of Omertà , the mafia code of silence . After the induction ceremony , the associate becomes a made man and holds the rank of soldier ( Italian : soldato ) in the Mafia hierarchy . Made men are the only ones who can rise through the ranks of the Mafia , from soldier to caporegime , consigliere , underboss , and boss . Other common names for members include man of honor ( Italian : uomo d'onore ) , man of respect ( Italian : uomo di rispetto ) , one of us , friend of ours , good fella , and wiseguy ; although the last two terms can also apply to non-initiated Mafia associates who work closely with the Mafia , rather than just official made men . Earning or making one 's bones or button or becoming a button man for the Mafia is usually synonymous with becoming a made man . Other street terms for being initiated into the Mafia include being straightened out or baptized , and earning one 's badge . Soldato ( Italian for soldier ) is also usually synonymous with made man , as one must generally be officially made to move from the rank of associate to the rank of soldato . The books are open is a phrase used in the Mafia to indicate that a particular Mafia family is ready to accept new members ; conversely , if a family is unwilling or unable to accept new members , the books are closed . In Sicily , the proper term for a member of the Sicilian Mafia is in Italian uomo d'onore , or in Sicilian omu d'onuri . Mafioso is a common term used colloquially and by the press and academics , but it is generally not used by members of the Italian-American and Sicilian Mafia themselves ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Gambino_crime_family", "summary": "The Gambino crime family ( pronounced [ ɡamˈbiːno ] ) is one of the Five Families that dominate organized crime activities in New York City , United States , within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the American Mafia . The group , which went through five bosses between 1910 and 1957 , is named after Carlo Gambino , boss of the family at the time of the McClellan hearings in 1963 , when the structure of organized crime first gained public attention . The group 's operations extend from New York and the eastern seaboard to California . Its illicit activities include labor and construction racketeering , gambling , loansharking , extortion , money laundering , prostitution , fraud , hijacking , and fencing . The family was one of the five families that were founded in New York after the Castellammarese War of 1931 . For most of the next quarter-century , it was a minor player in organized crime . Its most prominent member during this time was its underboss Albert Anastasia , who rose to infamy as the operating head of the underworld 's enforcement arm , Murder , Inc . He remained in power even after Murder , Inc. was smashed in the late 1940s , and took over his family in 1951 - by all accounts , after murdering the family 's founder Vincent Mangano . The rise of what was the most powerful crime family in America for a time began in 1957 , when Anastasia was assassinated while sitting in a barber chair at the Park Sheraton Hotel in Manhattan . Experts believe that Anastasia 's underboss Carlo Gambino helped orchestrate the hit to take over the family . Gambino partnered with Meyer Lansky to control gambling interests in Cuba . The family 's fortunes grew through 1976 , when Gambino appointed his brother-in-law Paul Castellano as boss upon his death ." } ] }, { "value": "The Port Chicago 50", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Port_Chicago_50", "summary": "The Port Chicago disaster was a deadly munitions explosion that occurred on July 17 , 1944 , at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago , California , United States . Munitions detonated while being loaded onto a cargo vessel bound for the Pacific Theater of Operations , killing 320 sailors and civilians and injuring 390 others . Most of the dead and injured were enlisted African American sailors . A month later , unsafe conditions inspired hundreds of servicemen to refuse to load munitions , an act known as the Port Chicago Mutiny . Fifty men‍ - ‌called the Port Chicago 50‍ - ‌were convicted of mutiny and sentenced to 15 years of prison and hard labor , as well as a dishonorable discharge . Forty-seven of the 50 were released in January 1946 ; the remaining three served additional months in prison . During and after the trial , questions were raised about the fairness and legality of the court-martial proceedings . Owing to public pressure , the United States Navy reconvened the courts-martial board in 1945 ; the court affirmed the guilt of the convicted men . Widespread publicity surrounding the case turned it into a cause célèbre among certain Americans ; it and other race-related Navy protests of 1944-45 led the Navy to change its practices and initiate the desegregation of its forces beginning in February 1946 . In 1994 , the Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial was dedicated to the lives lost in the disaster . On June 11 , 2019 , A concurrent resolution sponsored by Representative Mark DeSaulnier was agreed upon by the 116th congress . The resolution recognized the victims of the explosion and officially exonerated the 50 men court-martialed by the Navy ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island from November 1944 to January 1946", "urls": [] }, { "value": "50 African-American sailors convicted of mutiny for refusing to load ammunition onto US Navy ships under unsafe conditions after the Port Chicago disaster , an explosion that killed 320 people , including 202 black sailors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mutiny", "summary": "Mutiny is a criminal conspiracy among a group of people ( typically members of the military or the crew of any ship , even if they are civilians ) to openly oppose , change , or overthrow a lawful authority to which they are subject . The term is commonly used for a rebellion among members of the military against their superior officers , but it can also occasionally refer to any type of rebellion against lawful authority or governances . During the Age of Discovery , mutiny particularly meant open rebellion against a ship 's captain . This occurred , for example , during Ferdinand Magellan 's journeys around the world , resulting in the killing of one mutineer , the execution of another , and the marooning of others ; on Henry Hudson 's Discovery resulting in Hudson and others being set adrift in a boat ; and the notorious mutiny on the Bounty ." }, { "url": "/wiki/US_Navy", "summary": "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Port_Chicago_disaster", "summary": "The Port Chicago disaster was a deadly munitions explosion that occurred on July 17 , 1944 , at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago , California , United States . Munitions detonated while being loaded onto a cargo vessel bound for the Pacific Theater of Operations , killing 320 sailors and civilians and injuring 390 others . Most of the dead and injured were enlisted African American sailors . A month later , unsafe conditions inspired hundreds of servicemen to refuse to load munitions , an act known as the Port Chicago Mutiny . Fifty men‍ - ‌called the Port Chicago 50‍ - ‌were convicted of mutiny and sentenced to 15 years of prison and hard labor , as well as a dishonorable discharge . Forty-seven of the 50 were released in January 1946 ; the remaining three served additional months in prison . During and after the trial , questions were raised about the fairness and legality of the court-martial proceedings . Owing to public pressure , the United States Navy reconvened the courts-martial board in 1945 ; the court affirmed the guilt of the convicted men . Widespread publicity surrounding the case turned it into a cause célèbre among certain Americans ; it and other race-related Navy protests of 1944-45 led the Navy to change its practices and initiate the desegregation of its forces beginning in February 1946 . In 1994 , the Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial was dedicated to the lives lost in the disaster . On June 11 , 2019 , A concurrent resolution sponsored by Representative Mark DeSaulnier was agreed upon by the 116th congress . The resolution recognized the victims of the explosion and officially exonerated the 50 men court-martialed by the Navy ." } ] }, { "value": "Flora Purim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flora_Purim", "summary": "Flora Purim ( born March 6 , 1942 ) is a Brazilian jazz singer known primarily for her work in the jazz fusion style . She became prominent for her part in Return to Forever with Chick Corea and Stanley Clarke . She has recorded and performed with numerous artists , including Dizzy Gillespie , Gil Evans , Opa , Stan Getz , George Duke , Mickey Hart of the Grateful Dead , Santana , Jaco Pastorius , and her husband Airto Moreira . In 2002 , Purim was the recipient of one of Brazil 's highest awards , the 2002 Ordem do Rio Branco for Lifetime Achievement . She has been called The Queen of Brazilian Jazz ." } ] }, { "value": "2775", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island in 1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brazilian jazz singer at height of career during the mid-70s ; convicted c. 1975 of cocaine possession", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Owsley Stanley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Owsley_Stanley", "summary": "Augustus Owsley Stanley III ( January 19 , 1935 - March 12 , 2011 ) was an American audio engineer and clandestine chemist . He was a key figure in the San Francisco Bay Area hippie movement during the 1960s and played a pivotal role in the decades counterculture . Under the professional name Bear , he was the soundman for the rock band the Grateful Dead , whom he met when Ken Kesey invited them to an Acid Test party . As their sound engineer , Stanley frequently recorded live tapes behind his mixing board and developed their Wall of Sound sound system , one of the largest mobile public address systems ever constructed . Stanley also designed the band 's trademark skull logo . Stanley was the first known private individual to manufacture mass quantities of LSD . By his own account , between 1965 and 1967 , Stanley produced no less than 500 grams of LSD , amounting to a little more than five million doses . He died in a car accident in Australia ( where he had taken citizenship in 1996 ) on March 12 , 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Unlisted†", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Held at FCI Terminal Island from 1970 to 1972", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Famous LSD chemist , counterculture figure and Grateful Dead sound engineer . Sent to Terminal Island after a judge revoked an earlier release because of a second drug bust", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "History -- Notable inmates ( prior to 1982 )", "section_text": "† Inmates released prior to 1982 are not listed on the Federal Bureau of Prisons website .", "uid": "Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Terminal_Island_0", "intro": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island (FCI Terminal Island) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in California. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. FCI Terminal Island is located at the entrance to Los Angeles Harbor, between San Pedro and Long Beach." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_China_League_One", "title": "2014 China League One", "header": [ "Club", "Head Coach", "City", "Stadium", "Capacity", "2013 season" ], "data": [ { "value": "Qingdao Jonoon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Qingdao_Jonoon", "summary": "Qingdao Jonoon Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 青岛中能 ; traditional Chinese : 青島中能 ; pinyin : Qīngdǎo Zhōngnéng , known as Hai-Niu or The Sea Bulls ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the China League Two division under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Qingdao , Shandong and their home stadium is the Qingdao Tiantai Stadium that has a seating capacity of 20,525 . Their current owners are the privately owned cable manufacturer Qingdao Jonoon Group . The club was founded as Shandong Economic and Trade Commission Football Club in 1990 and started at the bottom of the Chinese football league pyramid in the third tier . On December 31 , 1993 they became the first professional club in Qingdao and changed its name to Qingdao Hainiu . They went on to establish themselves as a top tier club and won their first major trophy in 2002 by winning the Chinese FA Cup on November 16 , 2002 when they beat Liaoning Bird . In the mid-2010s the club started to decline and fell down two leagues , being relegated twice in 4 seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Tomaž Kavčič", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tomaž_Kavčič", "summary": "Tomaž Kavčič ( born 28 November 1953 ) is a Slovenian football manager and former player who is currently a manager of Qingdao Red Lions . Previously , he managed Slovenian national team between 2017 and 2018 , and Slovenian under-21 team for eight years between 2008 and 2014 ; Kavčič was also an assistant manager of the national team manager Srečko Katanec between 2016 and 2017 . While playing for Gorica he scored his debut goal in the Slovenian PrvaLiga aged 38 years and 4 months , which is still a Slovenian record ." } ] }, { "value": "Qingdao", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Qingdao", "summary": "Qingdao ( [ tɕʰíŋtàu ] ; also spelled Tsingtao ; Chinese : 青岛 ) is a major sub-provincial city in eastern Shandong province , China . Located on the western shore of Yellow Sea coast , Qingdao is a major nodal city on the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road arm of the Belt and Road Initiative that connects East Asia with Europe , and has the highest GDP of any city in the province . It has jurisdiction over six districts and four county-level cities , and As of 2014 [ update ] has a population of 9,046,200 with an urban population of 6,188,100 . Lying across the Shandong Peninsula and looking out to the Yellow Sea to its south , it borders the prefectural cities of Yantai to the northeast , Weifang to the west and Rizhao to the southwest . Qingdao is a major seaport , naval base and industrial centre . The world 's longest sea bridge , the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge , links the main urban area of Qingdao with Huangdao district , straddling the Jiaozhou Bay sea areas . It is also the site of the Tsingtao Brewery , the second largest brewery in China . In 2018 , Qingdao ranked 31st in the Global Financial Centres Index published by the Z/Yen Group and China Development Institute , the other Chinese cities on the list being Hong Kong , Shanghai , Beijing , Shenzhen , Guangzhou , Tianjin , Chengdu , Hangzhou and Dalian . In 2007 , Qingdao was named as one of China 's top ten cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report , which was released at the 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum . In 2009 , Qingdao was named China 's most livable city by the Chinese Institute of City Competitiveness . In 2018 , Qingdao held the Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit ." } ] }, { "value": "Qingdao Tiantai Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Qingdao_Tiantai_Stadium", "summary": "N/A" } ] }, { "value": "20,525", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CSL , 15th", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2013_Chinese_Super_League", "summary": "The 2013 Chinese Super League was the tenth season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the 20th season of a professional football league and the 52nd top-tier league season in China . Guangzhou Evergrande won their third consecutive title with an 18-point advantage ahead of runners-up Shandong Luneng ." } ] }, { "value": "Wuhan Zall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wuhan_Zall", "summary": "Wuhan Zall Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 武汉卓尔 ; traditional Chinese : 武漢卓爾 ; pinyin : Wǔhàn Zhuó'ěr ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Wuhan , Hubei and their home stadium is the Dongxihu Sports Centre that has a seating capacity of 60,000 . Their current majority shareholder is the investment company Wuhan Zall Development Holding Co. Ltd . The club was founded in 2009 after the withdrawal and then dissolution of its predecessor Wuhan Guanggu from the league after the club had a dispute with the Chinese Football Association over their on-field behaviour . The Hubei Province soccer association decided to help form a new team with players mainly from the former Wuhan Guanggu and Hubei youth teams . They entered at the start of the 2009 league campaign at the bottom of the professional Chinese football league pyramid in the third tier . The team won promotion to the 2013 Chinese Super League after coming runners-up in the 2012 China League One division and spent only one season in the top flight before being relegated back down . In 2018 , the team won the League One again and earned their second season in the top flight ." } ] }, { "value": "Zheng Bin ( caretaker )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zheng_Bin", "summary": "Zheng Bin ( simplified Chinese : 郑斌 ; traditional Chinese : 鄭斌 ; pinyin : Zhèng Bīn ; born July 4 , 1977 ) is a Chinese football coach and a former internal who played as a Left Midfielder or Striker . As a player he represented Shenzhen Jianlibao , Wuhan Huanghelou and Wuhan Zall while internationally he played for the Chinese national team that participated in the 2004 AFC Asian Cup . Since retiring he would move in to management where he gained his first Head coaching position with Wuhan Zall ." } ] }, { "value": "Wuhan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wuhan", "summary": "Wuhan ( [ ù.xân ] ( listen ) ; simplified Chinese : 武汉 ; traditional Chinese : 武漢 ) is the capital of Hubei province , People 's Republic of China . It is the largest city in Hubei and the most populous city in Central China , with a population of over 11 million , the ninth most populous Chinese city , and one of the nine National Central Cities of China . The name Wuhan came from the city 's historical origin from the conglomeration of Wuchang , Hankou and Hanyang , which are collectively known as the Three Towns of Wuhan ( 武汉三镇 ) . It lies in the eastern Jianghan Plain , on the confluence of the Yangtze River and its largest tributary , the Han River , and is known as Nine Provinces ' Thoroughfare ( 九省通衢 ) . Historical events taking place in Wuhan include the Wuchang Uprising , which led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China . Wuhan was briefly the capital of China in 1927 under the left wing of the Kuomintang ( KMT ) government led by Wang Jingwei . The city later served as the wartime capital of China in 1937 for ten months during the Second Sino-Japanese War . Wuhan today is considered the political , economic , financial , commercial , cultural and educational center of Central China . It is a major transportation hub , with dozens of railways , roads and expressways passing through the city and connecting to other major cities . Because of its key role in domestic transportation , Wuhan is sometimes referred to as the Chicago of China by foreign sources . The Golden Waterway of the Yangtze River and its largest tributary , the Han River , traverse the urban area and divides Wuhan into the three districts of Wuchang , Hankou and Hanyang . The Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge crosses the Yangtze in the city ." } ] }, { "value": "Xinhua Road Sports Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Xinhua_Road_Sports_Center", "summary": "Xinhua Road Sports Centre Stadium ( Chinese : 新华路体育中心 ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Wuhan , Hubei province , China . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity for 22,140 people . It opened in 1954 ." } ] }, { "value": "32,137", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CSL , 16th", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2013_Chinese_Super_League", "summary": "The 2013 Chinese Super League was the tenth season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the 20th season of a professional football league and the 52nd top-tier league season in China . Guangzhou Evergrande won their third consecutive title with an 18-point advantage ahead of runners-up Shandong Luneng ." } ] }, { "value": "Guangdong Sunray Cave", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guangdong_Sunray_Cave", "summary": "Guangdong Sunray Cave Football Club ( Chinese : 广东日之泉足球俱乐部 ) was a Chinese professional football club based in Guangzhou , Guangdong which last played in the China League One division . The club was originally formed on February 5 , 2007 and was once owned by Guangdong Sports Bureau and Sunray Cave Group . In November 2014 , a group of local companies from Shaanxi Province collectively acquired the full ownership of the club and subsequently renamed it to 'Shaanxi Wuzhou F.C . ' ( Chinese : 陕西五洲 ) , following the club 's relocation the Shaanxi Province Stadium in Xi'an . However , the club failed to settle the wages of the players for 2014 season and was forbidden to play in the Chinese football league system by Chinese Football Association ." } ] }, { "value": "Mai Chao", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mai_Chao", "summary": "Mai Chao ( born on March 9 , 1964 in Guangzhou , Guangdong ) is a Chinese football coach and a former international football player . He spent his whole playing career for Guangzhou FC as an attacking left-back . After retiring , he moved into management , where he went on to manage Guangzhou twice as well as Shenzhen Xiangxue ." } ] }, { "value": "Guangzhou", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guangzhou", "summary": "Guangzhou ( Chinese : 广州 ; Cantonese pronunciation : [ kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u ] or [ kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u ] ( listen ) ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ kwàŋ.ʈʂóu ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Canton and formerly romanized as Kwangchow or Kwong Chow , is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China . On the Pearl River about 120 km ( 75 mi ) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km ( 90 mi ) north of Macau , Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road , and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub , as well as one of China 's three largest cities . Guangzhou is at the heart of the most-populous built-up metropolitan area in mainland China that extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan , Dongguan , Zhongshan and Shenzhen , forming one of the largest urban agglomerations on Earth . Administratively , the city holds sub-provincial status and is one of China 's nine National Central Cities . At the end of 2018 , the population of the city 's expansive administrative area is estimated at 14,904,400 by city authorities , up 3.8% year from the previous year . Guangzhou is ranked as an Alpha global city . There is a rapidly increasing number of foreign temporary residents and immigrants from Southeast Asia , the Middle East , Eastern Europe and Africa . This has led to it being dubbed the Capital of the Third World . The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city 's total population in 2008 . Together with Shanghai , Beijing and Shenzhen , Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and other parts of Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou in response to the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis . Long the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders , Guangzhou fell to the British during the First Opium War ." } ] }, { "value": "Huangpu Sports Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Huangpu_Sports_Center", "summary": "The Huangpu Sports Centre Stadium ( Simplified Chinese : 黄埔体育中心 ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Huangpu District , Guangzhou , China . the stadium has a capacity of 12,000 people ." } ] }, { "value": "12,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3rd", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chongqing Lifan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chongqing_Lifan", "summary": "Chongqing SWM ( simplified Chinese : 重庆斯威 ; traditional Chinese : 重慶斯威 ; pinyin : Chóngqìng Sīwēi ) is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Chongqing and their home stadium is the Chongqing Olympic Sports Center that has a seating capacity of 58,680 . They are owned by Dangdai International Group . The club was founded in 1995 and originally called Qianwei ( Vanguard ) Wuhan before making their debut in the newly developed fully professional Chinese football league system where they started in the third tier within the 1995 league season . They would quickly rise up to the top tier and experience their greatest achievement of winning the 2000 Chinese FA Cup and coming fourth within the league . In 2002 , they came fourth place in the last season of the Asian Cup Winners ' Cup . After these achievements they struggled to replicate the same success and experienced their first relegation from the top tier in the 2006 league season . After gaining promotion in 2008 back into the top tier they were unable to remain in the top flight and were relegated once more in the 2010 season . In 2014 , they finished the season at the top of Chinese League One ( tier 2 ) division and won promotion to the Chinese Super League again . According to Forbes , Chongqing is the 9th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 76 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 17 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "Wang Baoshan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wang_Baoshan", "summary": "Wang Baoshan ( Chinese : 王宝山 ; born on April 13 , 1963 ) is a Chinese soccer manager and a former international soccer player . As a player he represented Shaanxi Province before being one of the first Chinese players who went to Japan when he joined Otsuka Pharmaceutical . Internationally he played for the Chinese national team at the 1988 AFC Asian Cup" } ] }, { "value": "Chongqing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chongqing", "summary": "Chongqing ( /ˌtʃʊŋˈtʃɪŋ/ , also US : /ˌtʃɔːŋ- , ˌtʃuːŋ-/ , Chinese : [ ʈʂʰʊ̌ŋ.tɕʰîŋ ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanised as Chungking , [ note 2 ] is a megacity in southwest China . Administratively , it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the People 's Republic of China ( the other three are Beijing , Shanghai and Tianjin ) , and the only such municipality located far away from the coast . The municipality of Chongqing , which is around the size of Austria , includes the city of Chongqing and various non-connected cities . As the Chongqing municipality government directly administers the city of Chongqing , as well as rural counties , and other cities not connected to the city of Chongqing , Chongqing municipality can technically claim to be the largest city proper in the world , even though this is due to a classification technicality and not because it is actually the world 's largest urban area . Chongqing was a municipality during the Republic of China ( ROC ) administration , serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937-1945 ) . The current municipality was recreated on 14 March 1997 to help develop the central and western parts of China . The Chongqing administrative municipality has a population of over 30 million . The city of Chongqing , comprising 9 urban and suburban districts , has a population of 8,518,000 as of 2016 . According to the 2010 census , Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality , and also the largest direct-controlled municipality in China , containing 26 districts , eight counties , and four autonomous counties . The official abbreviation of the city , Yú ( 渝 ) , was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997 . This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River . Chongqing has a significant history and culture ." } ] }, { "value": "Chongqing Olympic Sports Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chongqing_Olympic_Sports_Center", "summary": "The Chongqing Olympic Sports Center ( simplified Chinese : 重庆奥林匹克体育中心 ; traditional Chinese : 重慶奧林匹克體育中心 ) is a sports venue featuring a 58,680-seat multi-purpose stadium in Chongqing , China . The sports center is the home stadium of Chongqing Lifan F.C . of Chinese Football Association Super League . It was built in 2004 . The stadium is also a popular venue for concerts . Mariah Carey began her The Elusive Chanteuse Show tour in China at the stadium on October 15 , 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "58,680", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shenzhen NEO Capital", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shenzhen_Ruby", "summary": "Shenzhen Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 深圳市足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 深圳市足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shēnzhènshì Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese League One under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Shenzhen , Guangdong and their home stadium is the Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre that has a seating capacity of 60,334 . Their majority shareholder is Property Development company the Kaisa Group who took over the club on April 12 , 2016 . The club was founded on January 26 , 1994 and was known as Shenzhen FC while they started at the bottom of the Chinese football pyramid in the third tier . After successive league title wins in the third and second tier of the professional football leagues , they were promoted to the top tier in the 1996 Chinese Jia-A League season . After only one season they were relegated , however they quickly regained promotion and started to establish themselves within the league before they won the rebranded 2004 Chinese Super League title , making them the first club to win all three divisions within the Chinese league pyramid . Since this achievement the club have struggled to match the same success and after 14 years experienced relegation to the second tier at the end of 2011 Chinese Super League season ." } ] }, { "value": "Li Yi ( caretaker )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Li_Yi_(footballer)", "summary": "Li Yi ( Chinese : 李毅 , born June 20 , 1979 ) , is a Chinese soccer manager and former international player who is now the assistant coach of Hebei China Fortune . He is also an Internet meme in China with a nickname Imperator Li Yi the Great ( Chinese : 李毅大帝 ) . A Baidu Tieba named after him is the most popular bars create many famous Network Glossary . As a player , he was a striker who represented Tianjin Locomotive , Beijing Guoan , Shaanxi Chanba and Shenzhen Kingway whom he won the 2004 Chinese Super League with . He would also represent the Chinese national team in the 2003 East Asian Football Championship and 2004 AFC Asian Cup . Since retiring he moved into football coaching and was assigned his first Head coaching position with Shenzhen Ruby before leaving the club on 12 April 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "Shenzhen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shenzhen", "summary": "Shenzhen ( /ˈʃɛnˈdʒɛn/ ; Chinese : 深圳 ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ ʂə́n.ʈʂə̂n ] ( listen ) ) is a major sub-provincial city located on the east bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of southern Guangdong province , People 's Republic of China . It forms part of the Pearl River Delta megalopolis , bordering Hong Kong across the Sham Chun River to the south , Huizhou to the northeast and Dongguan to the northwest , and shares maritime boundaries with Guangzhou , Zhongshan and Zhuhai to the west and southwest across the estuary . Shenzhen 's cityscape results from its vibrant economy - made possible by rapid foreign investment following the institution of the policy of reform and opening-up in 1979 . The city is a leading global technology hub , dubbed by media as the next Silicon Valley and China 's Silicon Valley . It was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world in the 1990s and the 2000s , and has been ranked second on the list top 10 cities to visit in 2019 by Lonely Planet . Shenzhen , which roughly follows the administrative boundaries of Bao'an County , officially became a city in 1979 , taking its name from the former county town , whose train station was the last stop on the Mainland Chinese section of the railway between Canton and Kowloon . In 1980 , Shenzhen was established as China 's first special economic zone . Shenzhen 's registered population as of 2017 [ update ] was estimated at 12,905,000 . However , local police and authorities estimate the actual population to be about 20 million , due to large populations of short-term residents , [ a ] unregistered floating migrants , part-time residents , commuters , visitors , as well as other temporary residents . Shenzhen hosts the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as well as the headquarters of numerous multinational companies such as JXD , Vanke , Hytera , CIMC , SF Express , Shenzhen Airlines , Nepstar , Hasee , Ping An Bank , Ping An Insurance , China Merchants Bank , Tencent , ZTE , Huawei , DJI and BYD . Shenzhen ranks 14th in the 2019 Global Financial Centres Index . It has the third busiest container port in the world ." } ] }, { "value": "Bao'an Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bao'an_Stadium", "summary": "Bao'an Stadium ( Chinese : 宝安体育馆 is a multi-purpose stadium located in Shenzhen , China . Built to host matches of the women 's football tournament at the 2011 Summer Universiade , the stadium has a capacity of 40,000 spectators . The stadium features a cantilever membrane roof to cover the seating areas and a network of steel supports which surround the stadium exterior , inspired by the extensive bamboo forests of southern China . The stadium is served by the nearby Bao'an Stadium Station on the Shenzhen Metro 's Line 1 ." } ] }, { "value": "40,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shenyang Zhongze", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shenyang_Zhongze_F.C.", "summary": "Shenyang Zhongze F.C . ( simplified Chinese : 沈阳中泽 ; traditional Chinese : 瀋陽中澤 ; pinyin : Shěnyáng Zhōngzé ) was a former professional Chinese football club that participated in the Chinese League One division ." } ] }, { "value": "Li Zheng ( caretaker )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shenyang", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shenyang", "summary": "Shenyang ( [ ʂə̀n.jǎŋ ] ; Chinese : 沈阳 ) , formerly known as Fengtian ( Chinese : 奉天 ; pinyin : Fèngtiān ) or by its Manchu name Mukden , is a major sub-provincial city and the provincial capital of Liaoning province , People 's Republic of China . Located in central-north Liaoning , it is the province 's most populous city as well as the largest city in Northeast China by urban population , with an urban population of 6.3 million ( 2010 census ) , while the total metropolitan population is up to 8.1 million . Shenyang is also the central city of one of the major megalopolises in China , the Greater Shenyang Metropolitan Area , with a total population over 23 million . The city 's administrative region includes the ten metropolitan districts of Shenyang proper , the county-level city of Xinmin , and two counties of Kangping and Faku . In the 17th century , Shenyang was conquered by the Manchu people and briefly used as the capital of the Qing dynasty . The Battle of Mukden took place in 1905 as part of the Russo-Japanese War . Japan 's subsequent victory allowed them to annex the region west of the old city and increase their influence on Shenyang ; the Mukden Incident led the Japanese to further invade and occupy the rest of Northeast China , creating the puppet state of Manchukuo . After the Japanese surrender in 1945 , Shenyang remained a Kuomintang stronghold , but was captured by the Communists in 1948 after the Liaoshen Campaign . Along with its nearby cities , Shenyang is an important industrial center in China , and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China 's northeast - particularly with Japan , Russia and Korea . A center of heavy industry in China since the 1930s , and the spearhead of the Chinese central government 's Northeast Area Revitalization Plan , the city has been diversifying its industry , including expanding into the service sector . Growing industries include software , automotive and electronics ." } ] }, { "value": "Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shenyang_Olympic_Sports_Center_Stadium", "summary": "The Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium ( simplified Chinese : 沈阳奥林匹克体育中心 ; traditional Chinese : 瀋陽奧林匹克體育中心 ; pinyin : Shěnyáng Àolínpǐkè Tǐyù Zhōngxīn ) is a 60,000-seat multi-purpose stadium in Shenyang , China . Nicknamed Crystal Crown 水晶皇冠 , the stadium was built by AXS Satow as a replacement for Wulihe Stadium . It hosted football matches at the 2008 Summer Olympics . It is the home ground of the Shenyang Dongjin F.C . currently playing in the China League Two . In 2013 the stadium was the principal venue of the 2013 National Games of China with the opening and closing ceremonies as well as the main athletic events . The complex includes a 10,000-seat gymnasium , a 4,000-seat natatorium , and a 4,000-seat tennis field ." } ] }, { "value": "60,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Beijing Baxy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beijing_Baxy", "summary": "Beijing Sport University Football Club ( Chinese : 北京北体大 ; pinyin : Běijīng Běitǐdà ) or commonly known as BSU ( Chinese : 北体大 ; pinyin : Běi Tǐ Dà ) , is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the China League One division under license from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Beijing and their home stadium is the Olympic Sports Center ( Beijing ) that has a seating capacity of 36,228 . Their current majority shareholder is the conglomerate Beijing Enterprises Holdings Limited ." } ] }, { "value": "Goran Tomić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goran_Tomić", "summary": "Goran Tomić ( Croatian pronunciation : [ ɡǒran tômitɕ , - tǒː- ] ; born 18 March 1977 ) is a Croatian football manager and former professional player , who is the current manager of NK Lokomotiva in the Croatian First Football League . Previous managerial success came at Tianjin Songjiang in 2015 , and Beijing Baxy during 2013 and 2014 . He started his managerial career with his home town club , HNK Šibenik , in the Croatian First Football League ." } ] }, { "value": "Beijing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beijing", "summary": "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ." } ] }, { "value": "Chaoyang Sports Centre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chaoyang_Sports_Centre", "summary": "Chaoyang Sports Centre ( Simplified Chinese : 朝阳体育中心 ) is a multi-use stadium in Beijing , China . It is currently used mostly for athletics matches . The stadium is able to hold 8,000 people and was opened in 2003 . It hosted the events for the 2006 IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics . It is the home ground of Beijing Baxy F.C ." } ] }, { "value": "8,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shijiazhuang Yongchang", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shijiazhuang_Yongchang_Junhao_F.C.", "summary": "Shijiazhuang Ever Bright Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 石家庄永昌 ; traditional Chinese : 石家莊永昌 ; pinyin : Shíjiāzhuāng Yǒngchāng ) is a professional football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Shijiazhuang , Hebei and their home stadium is the Hebei Olympic Sports Center that has a seating capacity of 60,000 . Their majority shareholder is the Yongchang Real Estate who own 70% of the shares of the club ." } ] }, { "value": "Yasen Petrov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yasen_Petrov", "summary": "Yasen Petrov Petrov ( Bulgarian : Ясен Петров Петров ; born 23 June 1968 ) is a Bulgarian former football player . His nickname is Giannini from Plovdiv ." } ] }, { "value": "Shijiazhuang", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shijiazhuang", "summary": "Shijiazhuang ( Chinese : 石家庄 , [ ʂɻ̩̌.tɕjá.ʈʂwáŋ ] ) is the capital and largest city of North China 's Hebei Province . Administratively a prefecture-level city , it is about 266 kilometres ( 165 mi ) southwest of Beijing , and it administers eight districts , two county-level cities , and 12 counties . As of 2015 it had a total population of 10,701,600 with 4,303,700 in the central ( or metro ) area comprising the seven districts and the county of Zhengding largely conurbated with the Shijiazhuang metropolitan area as urbanization continues to proliferate . Shijiazhuang 's total population ranked twelfth in mainland China . Shijiazhuang experienced dramatic growth after the founding of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . The population of the metropolitan area has more than quadrupled in 30 years [ citation needed ] as a result of industrialization and infrastructural developments . From 2008 to 2011 , Shijiazhuang implemented a three-year plan which concluded with the reorganization of the city resulting in an increase of green areas and new buildings and roads . A train station , airport and a subway system have been opened . Shijiazhuang is situated east of the Taihang Mountains , a mountain range extending over 400 km ( 250 mi ) from north to south with an average elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 m ( 4,900 to 6,600 ft ) , making Shijiazhuang a place for hiking , outdoor trips , and cycling ." } ] }, { "value": "Yutong International Sports Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yutong_International_Sports_Center", "summary": "The Yutong International Sports Centre Stadium ( Simplified Chinese : 裕彤国际体育中心 ) is a multi-use stadium in Shijiazhuang , Hebei , China . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The capacity of this stadium is 29,000 ." } ] }, { "value": "38,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Beijing BIT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beijing_Institute_of_Technology_FC", "summary": "Beijing Institute of Technology Football Club ( Simplified Chinese : 北京理工大学足球俱乐部 ) or simply BIT is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the China League Two division under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Haidian , Beijing and their home stadium is the 5,000 capacity BIT Eastern Athletic Field . Their current majority shareholders are Beijing Institute of Technology ( BIT ) and Joan Oliver who acquired a 29 percent stake on December 5 , 2016 . The club was founded in 2000 by the Beijing Institute of Technology initially as a College football team where they experienced significant success by winning four Chinese Collegiate Championships before deciding to enter the 2006 league campaign at the bottom of the professional Chinese football league pyramid in the third tier . After winning the 2006 division championship the club would comply with the requirements of full professionalism by having their full-time students register as professionals , increase the player wages and gain sponsorship ." } ] }, { "value": "Yuan Wei", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Beijing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beijing", "summary": "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ." } ] }, { "value": "BIT Eastern Athletic Field", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beijing_Institute_of_Technology_Eastern_Athletic_Field", "summary": "Beijing Institute of Technology ( abbreviated BIT ; Simplified Chinese : 北京理工大学 ; Traditional Chinese : 北京理工大學 ; pinyin : Běijīng Lǐgōng Dàxué ) , is a co-educational public university , located in Beijing , China , established in 1940 , Yan'an . It is a major research university under the supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology . BIT is a Chinese Ministry of Education Class A Double First Class University . As a member of Project 985 and Project 211 , it has been given priority sponsor from the Chinese government , the Commission of Science , Technology and Industry for National Defense , the Ministry of Education ( MOST ) and the Beijing metropolitan Government ." } ] }, { "value": "5,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tianjin Songjiang", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tianjin_Songjiang", "summary": "Tianjin Tianhai F.C . ( Chinese : 天津天海足球俱乐部 ; pinyin : Tiānjīn Tiānhǎi Zúqiú Jùlèbù ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ tʰjɛ́n.tɕín.tʰjɛ́n.xài ] ; ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League division under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Tianjin and their home stadium is the Tianjin Olympic Center that has a seating capacity of 54,696 . The club was formerly owned by Quanjian Nature Medicine . It is currently under the temporary management of the Tianjin Football Association ." } ] }, { "value": "Manuel Cajuda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manuel_Cajuda", "summary": "Manuel Ventura Cajuda de Sousa ( born 27 June 1951 ) is a Portuguese retired footballer who played as a midfielder , and the manager of Leixões SC . In a career which spanned three decades , he managed nearly 20 teams in his own country , and also worked in Egypt , the United Arab Emirates , China and Thailand ." } ] }, { "value": "Tianjin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tianjin", "summary": "Tianjin ( [ tʰjɛ́n.tɕín ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanized as Tientsin , is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea . It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China , with a total population estimated at 15,621,200 in 2016 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area , made up of 12 central districts ( all but Baodi , Jizhou , Jinghai and Ninghe ) , was home to 12,491,300 inhabitants in 2016 and is also the world 's 29th-largest agglomeration ( between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro ) and 11th-most populous city proper . It is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the PRC and is thus under direct administration of the central government . Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality , bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea . Part of the Bohai Economic Rim , it is the largest coastal city in northern China . In terms of urban population , Tianjin is the fourth largest in China , after Shanghai , Beijing , and Guangzhou . In terms of administrative area population , Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China . The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404 . As a treaty port since 1860 , Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing . During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government . Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China , Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region ." } ] }, { "value": "Tianjin Tuanbo Football Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tianjin_Tuanbo_Football_Stadium", "summary": "Tianjin Tuanbo Football Stadium is a professional football stadium in Tianjin , China . The stadium holds 22,320 spectators and opened in 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "30,320", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yanbian Quanyang Spring", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yanbian_Baekdu_Tigers_F.C.", "summary": "Yanbian Funde F.C . ( Chinese : 延边富德 ; pinyin : Yánbiān Fùdé is a defunct Chinese football club . The team was based in Yanji , Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture , Jilin province where their home stadium is the Yanji Nationwide Fitness Centre Stadium that has a seating capacity of 30,000 . The club 's predecessor was originally called Jilin FC and they achieved one top tier domestic league title before 1994 , when the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football unit . At the end of the 2000 league campaign , the club was relegated from the top tier of Chinese football , however , the club faced financial difficulties and sold the first team as well as the franchise to Zhejiang Greentown . After the sale , the club assembled the reserve team and joined the third tier before they eventually gained promotion to the second tier in 2004 . It was dissolved just before the 2019 season due to owing taxes ." } ] }, { "value": "Gao Zhongxun", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gao_Zhongxun", "summary": "Gao Zhongxun ( Chinese : 高钟勋 ; Korean : 고종훈 ; RR : Go Jong-hun ; born 4 January 1965 ) is a former Chinese international football midfielder of Korean descent who spent the majority of his career with Jilin FC as well as representing China in the 1992 Asian Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Yanji", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yanji", "summary": "Yanji ( Yeon-gil or Yenji in Korean , alternately romanized as Yenki ) is a county-level city in the east of China 's Jilin Province , and is the seat of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture . Its population is approximately 400,000 of which a large portion is ethnic Korean . Yanji is a busy hub of transport and trade between China and North Korea ." } ] }, { "value": "Yanji Nationwide Fitness Centre Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yanji_Nationwide_Fitness_Centre_Stadium", "summary": "The Yanji Nationwide Fitness Centre Stadium ( Simplified Chinese : 延吉市全民健身中心体育场 ) , also known as Yanji New Stadium ( Simplified Chinese : 延吉新体育场 ) or Yanji People 's Stadium ( Simplified Chinese : 延吉人民体育场 ) , is a multi-purpose stadium in Yanji , Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture , Jilin , China . It is currently used mostly for association football matches . The stadium holds 30,000 people , and is the home stadium of Yanbian Funde F.C . It was built in August 2010 to replace the Yanji People 's Stadium and opened in November 2013 , at a cost of 220 million RMB ." } ] }, { "value": "30,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hunan Billows", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hunan_Billows", "summary": "Hunan Billows Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 湖南湘涛 ; traditional Chinese : 湖南湘濤 ; pinyin : Húnán Xiāngtāo ) is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the China League Two division under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Yiyang , Hunan and their home stadium is the 30,000-seat Yiyang Stadium . Their majority shareholders are the Hunan Provincial Sports Bureau and high-tech industry company Hunan Corun New Energy Co. Ltd . The club was founded on December 26 , 2006 , and won the 2009 Chinese League Two title and promotion to the Chinese League One division , but was relegated back after the 2016 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Huang Cheng", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Changsha Yiyang", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Changsha", "summary": "Changsha is the capital and most populous city of Hunan Province in the south central part of the People 's Republic of China . It covers 11,819 km2 ( 4,563 sq mi ) and is bordered by Yueyang and Yiyang to the north , Loudi to the west , Xiangtan and Zhuzhou to the south , Yichun and Pingxiang of Jiangxi province to the east . According to the 2010 census , Changsha has 7,044,118 residents , constituting 10.72% of the province 's population . It is part of the Chang-Zhu-Tan city cluster or megalopolis . Changsha is in the Xiang River valley plain , bordering the Luoxiao Mountains on the east , Wuling Mountains on the west , edging in Dongting Lake on the north and bounded on the south by the Hengshan Mountains . It has a monsoonal humid subtropical climate , with an average annual air temperature of 16.8 to 17.3 °C ( 62.2 to 63.1 °F ) and an annual rainfall of 1,358.6 to 1,552.5 mm ( 53.49 to 61.12 in ) . Changsha has a history of more than 3,000 years . Changsha was the capital of Changsha Kingdom in the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC - 220 AD ) , and the capital of the Chu State ( 907-951 ) in the Ten Kingdoms period . The lacquerware and Silk Texts recovered from Mawangdui ( 2nd century BC ) there are an indication of the richness of local craft traditions . In 1904 Changsha was opened to foreign trade , and large numbers of Europeans and Americans settled there . Changsha was the site of Mao Zedong 's conversion to communism . It was also the scene of major battles in the Sino-Japanese War ( 1931-1945 ) and was briefly occupied by the Japanese ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Yiyang", "summary": "Yiyang ( simplified Chinese : 益阳 ; traditional Chinese : 益陽 ; pinyin : Yìyáng ) is a prefecture-level city on the Zi River in Hunan province , China , straddling Lake Dongting and bordering Hubei to the north . According to the 2010 Census , Yiyang has a population of 4,313,084 inhabitants residing in an area of 12,144 km2 ( 4,689 sq mi ) . The previous census was in 2000 when it was recorded there were 4,309,143 inhabitants ." } ] }, { "value": "CSU New Stadium Yiyang Olympic Sports Park Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yiyang_Stadium", "summary": "Yiyang Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Yiyang , China . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 30,000 spectators ." } ] }, { "value": "18,000 30,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Xinjiang Dabancheng Nahuan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Xinjiang_Tianshan_Leopard_F.C.", "summary": "Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard F.C . ( Chinese : 新疆天山雪豹 ; pinyin : Xīnjiāng Tiānshān Xuěbào ) is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the China League One division under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Ürümqi , Xinjiang and their home stadium is the Xinjiang Sports Centre that has a seating capacity of 50,000 . Their majority shareholder is the Urumqi Juntai Real Estate Co. , Ltd. ( Juntai Group )" } ] }, { "value": "Li Jun", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ürümqi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ürümqi", "summary": "Ürümqi ( UK : /ʊˈrʊmtʃi/ , US : /ˌʊrʊmˈtʃiː/ ; Uyghur pronunciation : [ ʏrʏmˈtʃi ] ; Uyghur : ئۈرۈمچى , CTA : Ürümçi ; Chinese : 乌鲁木齐 ; pinyin : Wūlǔmùqí ) , abbreviated Wushi ( Chinese : 乌市 ; pinyin : Wūshì ) , formerly known as Tihwa ( Chinese : 迪化 ; pinyin : Díhuà ) , is the capital of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People 's Republic of China . Ürümqi was a major hub on the Silk Road during China 's Tang dynasty and developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing dynasty in the 19th century . With an estimated population of 3.5 million in 2015 , Ürümqi is the second-largest city in China 's northwestern interior as well as the largest in Central Asia in terms of population . According to the Guinness Book of Records , Ürümqi is the most remote city from any sea in the world . Ürümqi has seen significant economical development since the 1990s and currently serves as a regional transport node and a cultural , political and commercial center ." } ] }, { "value": "Xinjiang Sports Centre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Xinjiang_Sports_Centre", "summary": "The Xinjiang Sports Centre ( Chinese : 新疆体育中心 ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Urumqi , Xinjiang , China . The stadium holds 50,000 people ." } ] }, { "value": "50,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chengdu Tiancheng", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chengdu_Tiancheng_F.C.", "summary": "Chengdu Tiancheng F.C . ( simplified Chinese : 成都天诚 ; traditional Chinese : 成都天誠 ; pinyin : Chéngdū Tiānchéng ) was a Chinese professional football club based in Chengdu , China who last played in the 26,000 seater Shuangliu Sports Centre in the China League One division . The club was founded on 26 February 1996 and was formerly known as Chengdu Wuniu ( Five Bulls ) named after their first sponsor , the Wuniu ( Five Bulls ) Cigarette Company . However , the club was officially dissolved on 4 January 2015 and was subsequently de-registered by the Chinese Football Association on 31 January 2015 due to unpaid salaries to players and staff . The team was named after English professional football club Sheffield United . On 11 December 2005 , Sheffield United took over the organization and changed the club 's badge as well as the team 's home kit to represent this . The club went on to achieve promotion and their highest ever league position of seventh in the top tier of Chinese football until they were embroiled in a match-fixing scandal in 2009 . Punished with relegation the owners eventually sold their majority on 9 December 2010 to Hung Fu Enterprise Co. , Ltd and Scarborough Development ( China ) Co. , Ltd. On 23 May 2013 the Tiancheng Investment Group announced the acquisition of the club ." } ] }, { "value": "Lee Jang-Soo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lee_Jang-Soo", "summary": "Lee Jang-soo ( Korean : 이장수 ; born October 15 , 1956 ) is a South Korean association football manager and a former player . As a player , he had the distinction of being one of the first fully professional footballers to play in the newly formed Korean Super League in the inaugural 1983 league season , however it has been as a manager where he has distinguished himself particularly within China where he has gone on to twice win the Chinese FA Cup with Chongqing Lifan and Qingdao Beilaite . He has also achieved a successful spell back home within South Korea with FC Seoul when he won the K-League Cup , however he has continued to return to China where he was the manager of Chinese club Guangzhou Evergrande whose appointment also makes him the longest serving foreign coach within China ." } ] }, { "value": "Chengdu Dujiangyan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chengdu", "summary": "Chengdu ( Standard Mandarin : [ ʈʂʰə̌ŋ.tú ] ( listen ) , UK : /ˌtʃɛŋˈduː/ , US : /ˌtʃʌŋ-/ ) , alternatively romanized as Chengtu , is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of the Chinese province of Sichuan . It is one of the three most-populous cities in Western China , the other two being Chongqing and Xi'an . As of 2014 [ update ] , the administrative area housed 14,427,500 inhabitants , the largest in Sichuan , with an urban population of 10,152,632 . At the time of the 2010 census , Chengdu was the fifth-most populous agglomeration in China , with 10,484,996 inhabitants in the built-up area including Xinjin County and Deyang 's Guanghan City . Chengdu is considered a World City with a Beta + classification , according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Chengdu is located in central Sichuan . The surrounding Chengdu Plain is known as the Country of Heaven ( Chinese : 天府之国 ; pinyin : Tiānfǔ zhi Guó ) and the Land of Abundance . Its prehistoric settlers included the Sanxingdui culture . The site of Dujiangyan , an ancient irrigation system , is designated as a World Heritage Site . The Jin River flows through the city . Founded by the state of Shu prior to its incorporation into China , Chengdu is unique as a major Chinese settlement that has maintained its name mostly unchanged throughout the imperial , republican , and communist eras . It was the capital of Liu Bei 's Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms Era , as well as several other local kingdoms during the Middle Ages ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dujiangyan_City", "summary": "Dujiangyan ( Chinese : 都江堰 ; pinyin : Dūjiāngyàn ) is a county-level city of Sichuan Province , Southwest China , it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chengdu . Its north-west region forms a border with southern Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture . It has an area of 1,208 km2 ( 466 sq mi ) and had a population of 600,000 in 2003 . Dujiangyan was formerly a county named Guanxian or Guan County ( 灌县 ; 'irrigation county ' ) . The county became a county-level city in 1988 and was renamed after the Dujiangyan Irrigation System , in the city 's northwest , famous for providing Chengdu with water for over two millennia , since around 250 BC ." } ] }, { "value": "Shuangliu Sports Centre Dujiangyan Sports Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shuangliu_Sports_Centre", "summary": "The Shuangliu Sports Center ( Chinese : 双流体育中心 ) is a sports venue in Shuangliu District , Chengdu , Sichuan , China . Its construction cost 600 million yuan . It has a multi-purpose stadium with a capacity of 26,000 , and an indoor stadium with a capacity of 3,400 . It also has five tennis courts and two basketball courts . Shuangliu Sports Center hosted the former China League One football team Chengdu Tiancheng F.C . until the team folded in January 2015 . A year later , it became the home stadium of the China League Two team Chengdu Qbao , which relocated from Nanjing ." } ] }, { "value": "26,000 12,700", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14th", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Qingdao Hainiu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Qingdao_Hainiu_F.C.", "summary": "Qingdao Huanghai Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 青岛黄海足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 青島黃海足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Qīngdǎo Huánghǎi Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Qingdao and their home stadium is the Qingdao Guoxin Stadium that has a seating capacity of 45,000 . The club is owned by Qingdao Central Plaza Business Management Co. , Ltd. who formed the team on 29 January 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Su Maozhen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Su_Maozhen", "summary": "Su Maozhen ( Chinese : 宿茂臻 ; pinyin : Sù Màozhēn ; born 30 July 1972 , in Qingdao , Shandong ) is a Chinese football coach and former international player . As a player , he spent his whole career with Shandong Luneng as a striker where he won several league and cups with them as well as being a regular for the Chinese national team , playing at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . After his retirement as a player he would eventually move into management where he started off as an assistant before becoming the head coach of the China under-20 national team ." } ] }, { "value": "Qingdao", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Qingdao", "summary": "Qingdao ( [ tɕʰíŋtàu ] ; also spelled Tsingtao ; Chinese : 青岛 ) is a major sub-provincial city in eastern Shandong province , China . Located on the western shore of Yellow Sea coast , Qingdao is a major nodal city on the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road arm of the Belt and Road Initiative that connects East Asia with Europe , and has the highest GDP of any city in the province . It has jurisdiction over six districts and four county-level cities , and As of 2014 [ update ] has a population of 9,046,200 with an urban population of 6,188,100 . Lying across the Shandong Peninsula and looking out to the Yellow Sea to its south , it borders the prefectural cities of Yantai to the northeast , Weifang to the west and Rizhao to the southwest . Qingdao is a major seaport , naval base and industrial centre . The world 's longest sea bridge , the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge , links the main urban area of Qingdao with Huangdao district , straddling the Jiaozhou Bay sea areas . It is also the site of the Tsingtao Brewery , the second largest brewery in China . In 2018 , Qingdao ranked 31st in the Global Financial Centres Index published by the Z/Yen Group and China Development Institute , the other Chinese cities on the list being Hong Kong , Shanghai , Beijing , Shenzhen , Guangzhou , Tianjin , Chengdu , Hangzhou and Dalian . In 2007 , Qingdao was named as one of China 's top ten cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report , which was released at the 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum . In 2009 , Qingdao was named China 's most livable city by the Chinese Institute of City Competitiveness . In 2018 , Qingdao held the Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit ." } ] }, { "value": "Qingdao Sports Center Guoxin Stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "45,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CL2 , 1st", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2013_China_League_Two", "summary": "The 2013 Chinese Football Association Division Two League season is the 24th season since its establishment in 1989 . It is divided into two groups , North and South . There are 15 teams participating in the league , 8 teams in North Group and 7 teams in South Group . The league is made up of two stages , the group stage and the play-off . The group stage is a double round-robin format . Each team in the group will play the other teams twice , home and away . It will start on May 4 and end on September 22 . The play-off stage is a two-legged elimination . It will start in October 8 . At the end of the season , the two finalists of the play-off will qualify for promotion to 2014 China League One ." } ] }, { "value": "Hebei Zhongji", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hebei_Zhongji", "summary": "Hebei China Fortune Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 河北华夏幸福足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 河北華夏幸福足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Héběi Huáxià Xìngfú Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the Chinese Super League division under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Langfang , Hebei and their home stadium is the Langfang Stadium that has a seating capacity of 30,000 . Their current owners are real estate developers China Fortune Land Development who took over the club on 27 January 2015 . According to Forbes , Hebei are the 7th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 90 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 22 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "Alejandro Larrea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alejandro_Larrea", "summary": "Alejandro Javier Larrea ( born 5 December 1966 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former player ." } ] }, { "value": "Shijiazhuang", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shijiazhuang", "summary": "Shijiazhuang ( Chinese : 石家庄 , [ ʂɻ̩̌.tɕjá.ʈʂwáŋ ] ) is the capital and largest city of North China 's Hebei Province . Administratively a prefecture-level city , it is about 266 kilometres ( 165 mi ) southwest of Beijing , and it administers eight districts , two county-level cities , and 12 counties . As of 2015 it had a total population of 10,701,600 with 4,303,700 in the central ( or metro ) area comprising the seven districts and the county of Zhengding largely conurbated with the Shijiazhuang metropolitan area as urbanization continues to proliferate . Shijiazhuang 's total population ranked twelfth in mainland China . Shijiazhuang experienced dramatic growth after the founding of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . The population of the metropolitan area has more than quadrupled in 30 years [ citation needed ] as a result of industrialization and infrastructural developments . From 2008 to 2011 , Shijiazhuang implemented a three-year plan which concluded with the reorganization of the city resulting in an increase of green areas and new buildings and roads . A train station , airport and a subway system have been opened . Shijiazhuang is situated east of the Taihang Mountains , a mountain range extending over 400 km ( 250 mi ) from north to south with an average elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 m ( 4,900 to 6,600 ft ) , making Shijiazhuang a place for hiking , outdoor trips , and cycling ." } ] }, { "value": "Yutong International Sports Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yutong_International_Sports_Center", "summary": "The Yutong International Sports Centre Stadium ( Simplified Chinese : 裕彤国际体育中心 ) is a multi-use stadium in Shijiazhuang , Hebei , China . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The capacity of this stadium is 29,000 ." } ] }, { "value": "38,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CL2 , 2nd", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2013_China_League_Two", "summary": "The 2013 Chinese Football Association Division Two League season is the 24th season since its establishment in 1989 . It is divided into two groups , North and South . There are 15 teams participating in the league , 8 teams in North Group and 7 teams in South Group . The league is made up of two stages , the group stage and the play-off . The group stage is a double round-robin format . Each team in the group will play the other teams twice , home and away . It will start on May 4 and end on September 22 . The play-off stage is a two-legged elimination . It will start in October 8 . At the end of the season , the two finalists of the play-off will qualify for promotion to 2014 China League One ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Clubs -- Stadiums and Locations", "section_text": "", "uid": "2014_China_League_One_0", "intro": "The 2014 China League One is the eleventh season of the China League One, the second tier of the Chinese football league pyramid, since its establishment in 2004." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Faroe_Islands_Premier_League", "title": "2010 Faroe Islands Premier League", "header": [ "Team", "City", "Stadium", "Capacity", "Manager" ], "data": [ { "value": "AB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Argja_Bóltfelag", "summary": "Argja Bóltfelag is a Faroese football club based in Argir . They are playing their 2020 third season in Betrideildin , after being promoted from 1. deild after playing there for 1 season in 2017 . They play their home games at the Inni í Vika Stadium in Argir ." } ] }, { "value": "Argir", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Argir", "summary": "Argir ( Danish : Arge ) is a village in the Faroe Islands . Argir most likely takes its name from Old Irish airge meaning summer pasture . ; several placenames in Faroe carry the same name with this meaning . Once a village south of Tórshavn , Argir has grown and is now merged with Tórshavn . In 1997 it joined the municipality of Tórshavn . In recent years [ when ? ] more houses have been built in Argir and the village , or quarter , has grown upwards into the hills . This area has views over the sea and the capital . There is a boat harbour with boathouses in Argir and a church which was built in 1974 . From the 16th century until 1750 there was a leprosy-hospital in Argir . Some paupers lived there too . When the hospital closed the building was turned into a workhouse for the poor ." } ] }, { "value": "Inni í Vika", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Inni_í_Vika", "summary": "Inni í Vika , currently known as Skansi Arena for sponsorship reasons , is a multi-use stadium on the sport site in Argir , Faroe Islands . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Argja Bóltfelag . The stadium holds 2,000 people and is the southernmost stadium of Streymoy island . From August 2013 until early March 2015 , the stadium was also known as Blue Water Arena , after an sponsorship deal with Danish transport company Blue Water ." } ] }, { "value": "2,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Samal Erik Hentze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B36", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/B36_Tórshavn", "summary": "B36 Tórshavn ( Faroese : Bóltfelagið 1936 Tórshavn ) is a Faroese semi professional football club based in the capital of Tórshavn , playing in the Faroe Islands Premier League , the top tier of Faroese football . B36 Tórshavn has always played its home games in Gundadalur . Originally all Faroese football teams played on gravel grounds , but starting in the late 1980s the grounds were changed into second generation artificial turf . All the artificial pitches have been changed into third generation artificial turf , approved by FIFA . Today B36 Tórshavn is among the most successful football clubs in the Faroe Islands , having won the Faroe Islands Premier League 11 times , the Faroese Cup 6 times and the Faroese Super Cup once . The club also has a women 's section , which is currently in the process of rebuilding . B36 Tórshavn is one of the biggest football clubs in the Faroe Islands , and is known for playing technical and positive football ." } ] }, { "value": "Tórshavn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tórshavn", "summary": "Tórshavn ( Faroese : [ ˈtʰɔuʂhaun ] ; lit . 'Thor 's harbor ' ; Danish : Thorshavn , pronounced [ ˈtˢoɐ̯ˀsˌhau̯ˀn ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Faroe Islands . Tórshavn is in the southern part on the east coast of Streymoy . To the northwest of the city lies the 347-meter-high ( 1,138 ft ) mountain Húsareyn , and to the southwest , the 350-meter-high ( 1,150 ft ) Kirkjubøreyn . They are separated by the Sandá River . The city itself has a population of 19,165 ( 2019 ) , and the greater urban area has a population of 21,078 . The Norse established their parliament on the Tinganes peninsula in AD 850 . Tórshavn thus became the capital of the Faroe Islands and has remained so ever since . All through the Middle Ages the narrow peninsula jutting out into the sea made up the main part of Tórshavn . Early on , Tórshavn became the centre of the islands ' trade monopoly , thereby being the only legal place for the islanders to sell and buy goods . In 1856 , the trade monopoly was abolished and the islands were left open to free trade ." } ] }, { "value": "Gundadalur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gundadalur", "summary": "Gundadalur is the name of an area in Tórshavn , Faroe Islands . It is home to three different football pitches and other sports facilities . The largest one is the national stadium Tórsvøllur , a multi-use stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "5,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Allan Mørkøre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Allan_Mørkøre", "summary": "Allan Mørkøre ( born 22 November 1971 ) is a former Faroese professional football midfielder . Now he is a manager for B71 Sandoy , which plays in the men 's second best division . He was manager for AB from 2008 to 2010 , he replaced Sigfríður Clementsen , who is currently the manager for HB . In 2010 , he became manager of B36 Tórshavn . Mørkøre is now assisting coach for FC Hoyvík , which plays in the second best Faroese football division 1. deild . Allan Mørkøre is the younger brother of fellow Faroese international Kurt Mørkøre ." } ] }, { "value": "B68", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/B68_Toftir", "summary": "B68 Toftir is a Faroese football club , playing in the village of Toftir in Effodeildin ." } ] }, { "value": "Toftir", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toftir", "summary": "Toftir ( Danish : Tofte ) is a village in Nes Municipality on the island of Eysturoy , in the Faroe Islands . It is part of a chain of villages stretching over a distance of 10 kilometres on the east side of Skálafjørður ( fjord ) on Eysturoy island . The highest hill in Toftir , called Húkslond , is 129 metres high , and Nes Municipality is the only area in the Faroes which has no mountains above 200 metres . The Lake Toftir area was the first area in the Faroe Islands to become a Nature reserve in the 1980s , and in 2006 Nes Municipality , in cooperation with neighbouring Runavík Municipality , joined a network of local authorities in the Nordic countries working to halt the loss of biodiversity in their local areas ." } ] }, { "value": "Svangaskarð", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Svangaskarð", "summary": "Svangaskarð ( pronounced [ ˈsvɛŋkaskɛaɹ ] ) , also referred to as Tofta Leikvøllur , is a multi-purpose stadium in Toftir , Faroe Islands with two football fields and a sports arena for athletics around the lower field . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 6,000 people . It was the sole home ground of the Faroe Islands national football team from 1991 and until the Tórsvøllur Stadium was built in the capital Tórshavn in 1999 and is still occasionally used for international football matches ." } ] }, { "value": "6,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bill McLeod Jacobsen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bill_McLeod_Jacobsen", "summary": "Bill McLeod Jacobsen ( born 30 . November in 1974 Klaksvík , Faroe Islands ) [ citation needed ] is head coach along with Heðin Askham for the Faroe Islands national under-21 football team and was first appointed in 2007 . These years have been a major success [ peacock term ] for the Faroe Islands under-21 team , especially 2009-2010 when the team finished the qualification with an historical 11 points , which is the most points any Faroese national team has ever gotten [ citation needed ] during qualification stages . [ failed verification ]" } ] }, { "value": "B71", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/B71_Sandoy", "summary": "B71 ( Sandoy ) ( B71 being short for Bóltfelagið 1971 - literal translation : Ball Club 1971 ) is a Faroese sports club , playing their home games Inni í Dal , Sandur . Teams are made up of players from all the towns on the island of Sandoy ." } ] }, { "value": "Sandur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sandur_(Faroe_Islands)", "summary": "Sandur ( meaning sandy beach ; Danish : Sand ) is a village on the south coast of the island of Sandoy in the Faroe Islands . The Sandur hoard , dating to the end of the 11th century , attests to the long history of the village . In December 2018 the population stood at 519 . The Municipality of Sandur consists of the village of Sandur only . It is the most populous place on the Sand Island , and is situated on a peninsula between the lakes Gróthúsvatn in the northwest and Sandsvatn in the northeast , facing the inlets Grótvík and Sandsvágur in the south ." } ] }, { "value": "Inni í Dal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Inni_í_Dal", "summary": "Inni í Dal , roughly translated to In the Valley , is a location on the island of Sandoy , The Faroe Islands . On location is a football pitch , whose occupants are local football team B71 , but also the joint public secondary school of Sandoy , Sandoyar Meginskúli ." } ] }, { "value": "2,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Piotr Krakowski", "urls": [] }, { "value": "EB/Streymur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EB/Streymur", "summary": "EB/Streymur is a Faroese semi-professional football club based in Streymnes and Eiði . The club was founded in 1993 , as result of the merger between EB and Streymur . They have won the Faroe Islands Premier League two times and the Faroe Islands Cup four times . EB/Streymur is also a music group , which created the famous songs named Kostbar and Tá ið eg síggi teg ." } ] }, { "value": "Streymnes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Streymnes", "summary": "Streymnes ( Danish : Strømnæs ) is a village on the eastern coast of the Faroese island of Streymoy in Sunda Municipality . The 2005 population was 201 . Its postal code is FO 435 . It is near the site of a former Norwegian whaling station active from 1893-1927 . Streymnes is the northern half of a twin-village situated on both sides of the valley . The villages are divided by the river Stórá . The southern half which is approximately the same size is called Hvalvík . Together the two villages have a population of more than 400 inhabitants . Hvalvík-Streymnes is a village that has grown rapidly during the past years , mainly because of its proximity to the capital Tórshavn ." } ] }, { "value": "Við Margáir", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Við_Margáir", "summary": "Við Margáir is a stadium in Streymnes , Faroe Islands . It is currently used mostly for association football matches and is the home ground of EB/Streymur ." } ] }, { "value": "1,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Heðin Askham", "urls": [] }, { "value": "FC Suðuroy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Suðuroy", "summary": "FC Suðuroy is a Faroese football club which was founded in January 2010 and consists currently of the former clubs VB ( founded in 1905 ) and Sumba ( founded in 1949 ) , which merged in 2005 to form VB/Sumba . FC Suðuroy 's first team in the men 's championship competes in the 1. deild in 2014 . All teams play their home games at the á Eiðinum Stadium in Vágur . The club logo was designed by the photographer Rógvi Nolsøe Johansen in 2010 , the same year he won the competition to design a logo for the club . After the end of the 2016 season it was decided on 15 December 2016 that the three clubs of the island Suðuroy , which are TB Tvøroyri , FC Suðuroy and Royn Hvalba would merge into a new club for the 2017 season . The merger will not be complete until 2018 and the name will be all three names together for the 2017 season : TB/FC Suðuroy/Royn . The three clubs have not been dissolved yet , they continue separately for the children 's and women 's teams . In 2017 it will only be the men 's teams which will play for the new cooperation . In Faroese the new team is referred to as Suðuroyarliðið ( the Suðuroy-team ) . The first head coach for the Suðuroy-team is Glen Ståhl ." } ] }, { "value": "Vágur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vágur", "summary": "Vágur meaning Bay ( Danish : Våg ) is a town on the island of Suðuroy , part of the Faroe Islands It is situated on the east coast of the island on the Vágsfjørður fjord , and was founded in the fourteenth century . Expansion has meant that the nearby town of Nes is now a suburb of Vágur . Vágur has a sports hall next to the football grounds on Eiðinum , near Vágseiði , a swimming pool by the school and a clinic which offers the services of doctors , nurses and dentists . There is also a hotel , one bank and various shops . The port area , which is 14 m in depth , is situated on the northern part of the fjord . The port authorities can offer services of piloting ( lods ) , water and fire-fighting , and in connection with the harbour there is a modern fish factory and auctioneers for fish . Salmon farming is also a part of the fish industry in Vágur , this includes salmon farm rings on the fjord and in other places near the east coast of Suðuroy and a salmon factory . The town has a slipway , a fleet of fishing vessels and a filleting factory ." } ] }, { "value": "á Eiðinum", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Á_Eiðinum", "summary": "á Eiðinum is a multi-use stadium in Vágur , which is one of the larger villages in the southernmost island Suduroy in the Faroe Islands . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Suðuroy , formerly called VB/Sumba ( until 31 Dec. 2009 ) . The stadium holds 3,000 people , but has only 330 seats ." } ] }, { "value": "3,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jón Pauli Olsen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jón_Pauli_Olsen", "summary": "Jón Pauli Olsen ( born 17 August 1968 ) is the current manager for the Faroe Islands women 's national football team . He is also manager for the Faroe Islands Women 's U17 national team . Olsen is also a former football player , he mostly played as a forward , but sometimes he played as a midfielder and sometimes as a defender . He is married to Sirið Stenberg , who is member of the Faroese parliament ( Løgting ) ." } ] }, { "value": "HB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havnar_Bóltfelag", "summary": "Havnar Bóltfelag ( HB ) is a Faroese semi-professional football club . It is one of the oldest and most successful football clubs in the Faroe Islands . The club was founded in 1904 , and is based in the capital , Tórshavn . Home matches are played at the Gundadalur and they compete in the Faroe Islands Premier League . Havnar Bóltfelag is Faroese for Harbour Football Club , with Havn coming from the name of the town of Tórshavn ." } ] }, { "value": "Tórshavn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tórshavn", "summary": "Tórshavn ( Faroese : [ ˈtʰɔuʂhaun ] ; lit . 'Thor 's harbor ' ; Danish : Thorshavn , pronounced [ ˈtˢoɐ̯ˀsˌhau̯ˀn ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Faroe Islands . Tórshavn is in the southern part on the east coast of Streymoy . To the northwest of the city lies the 347-meter-high ( 1,138 ft ) mountain Húsareyn , and to the southwest , the 350-meter-high ( 1,150 ft ) Kirkjubøreyn . They are separated by the Sandá River . The city itself has a population of 19,165 ( 2019 ) , and the greater urban area has a population of 21,078 . The Norse established their parliament on the Tinganes peninsula in AD 850 . Tórshavn thus became the capital of the Faroe Islands and has remained so ever since . All through the Middle Ages the narrow peninsula jutting out into the sea made up the main part of Tórshavn . Early on , Tórshavn became the centre of the islands ' trade monopoly , thereby being the only legal place for the islanders to sell and buy goods . In 1856 , the trade monopoly was abolished and the islands were left open to free trade ." } ] }, { "value": "Gundadalur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gundadalur", "summary": "Gundadalur is the name of an area in Tórshavn , Faroe Islands . It is home to three different football pitches and other sports facilities . The largest one is the national stadium Tórsvøllur , a multi-use stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "5,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Julian Hansen ( int . )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Julian_Hansen", "summary": "Julian Hansen ( born 2 August 1963 ) is a retired Faroese football midfielder ." } ] }, { "value": "ÍF", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ÍF_Fuglafjørður", "summary": "Ítróttarfelag Fuglafjarðar , abbreviated to ÍF , is a Faroese football club based in Fuglafjørður . They play their home games at Í Fløtugerði . The 1979 Faroe Islands Premier League title is ÍF 's sole to date . It has also won the 1. deild ( 2nd tier ) 4 times ." } ] }, { "value": "Fuglafjørður", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fuglafjørður", "summary": "Fuglafjørður ( Danish : Fuglefjord ) is a village on Eysturoy 's east coast in the Faroe Islands . Its name means fjord of birds . The village is at the edge of a bay and expands into the surrounding steep hills . The town centre is located close to the harbour and contains most of the shops and services . The harbour in Fuglafjørður is busy , as the town 's economy is based on the processing of fish and fish meal . There is fishing-industry , a slip , production of trawl and also oil-depots . In the 1970s there was a terrible stink from the fishing-industry but that has since been solved . In the past years Fuglafjørður has also become famous for its newly established cultural centre in the town centre that has become one of the main cultural attractions in Eysturoy ." } ] }, { "value": "í Fløtugerði", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Í_Fløtugerði", "summary": "Í Fløtugerði is a football stadium in Fuglafjørður , Faroe Islands . It is currently the home ground of Ítróttarfelag Fuglafjarðar . The stadium has a capacity of 3,000 , of which only 350 is seated . Í Fløtugerði hosted the Faroe Islands Cup final in 1985 ." } ] }, { "value": "3,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Abraham Løkin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Abraham_Løkin", "summary": "Abraham Løkin ( born Abraham Hansen 16 June 1959 , Fuglafjørður , Faroe Islands ) is a former Faroe Islands football ( soccer ) player and former manager of Faroese football club ÍF Fuglafjørður . He is the father of Elin Løkin , Bogi Løkin , Karl Løkin and Steffan Løkin . In November 2003 , to celebrate UEFA 's jubilee , he was selected by the Faroe Islands Football Association as the country 's Golden Player - the greatest player of the last 50 years ." } ] }, { "value": "NSÍ", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NSÍ_Runavík", "summary": "NSÍ Runavík is a Faroese football club , playing in Runavík founded 24 March 1957 . In 2003 NSÍ participated for the first time on a European stage . In 2007 the club won the Faroe Islands Premier League for the first time . The club has won the Faroe Islands Cup in 1986 , 2002 and 2017 . Aside from these instances , NSÍ Runavík featured in the 1980 , 1985 , 1988 , 2004 and 2015 tournament finals . The club plays in yellow and black . Their stadium ( Við Løkin ) has a capacity of 2,000 . It is not approved by UEFA for international play , so Runavík play their UEFA Europa League matches at Tórsvøllur in Tórshavn or Svangaskarð in Toftir . The main sponsor of NSÍ is Bakkafrost , which is based in Glyvrar near Runavík and is the largest salmon farming companies in the Faroe Islands and is one of the biggest private employer in the islands , if not the biggest ." } ] }, { "value": "Runavík", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Runavík", "summary": "Runavík ( Danish : Runevig ) is a comparatively urbanised village in Runavík Municipality , Faroe Islands . It lies on the south half of the isle of Eysturoy ." } ] }, { "value": "Við Løkin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Við_Løkin", "summary": "Við Løkin is a stadium in Runavík , Faroe Islands . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of NSÍ Runavík . The stadium holds 1,500 people ." } ] }, { "value": "2,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pauli Poulsen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Víkingur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Víkingur_Gøta", "summary": "Víkingur is a professional football club in the Faroe Islands . The club was founded in 2008 after the merger of GÍ Gøta and Leirvík ÍF . The club is based in Leirvík , while the stadium is in Norðragøta . Both villages are part of the same municipality Eysturkommuna , located on the island of Eysturoy and about 5 kilometers away from each other . The club won the Faroese championship for the first time in the 2016 season . In the 2017 season , Vikingur won the championship again ." } ] }, { "value": "Norðragøta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norðragøta", "summary": "Norðragøta , also just referred to as Gøta ( Danish : Nordregøte ) , is a village on Eysturoy , Faroe Islands ." } ] }, { "value": "Sarpugerði", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sarpugerði", "summary": "Sarpugerði is a stadium in Norðragøta , Faroe Islands . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Víkingur Gøta and has a capacity of 1,600 ( 440 seated ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jógvan Martin Olsen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jógvan_Martin_Olsen", "summary": "Jógvan Martin Olsen ( born 10 July 1961 in Toftir , Faroe Islands ) is a retired football player and football manager . He is the manager of ÍF Fuglafjørður since October 2015 . He was the head coach of the Faroe Islands national football team ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Teams -- Team summaries", "section_text": "ABB36HBB68B71EB/StreymurFC SuðuroyÍFNSÍVíkingur Geographical location of the 2010 Faroese Premier League teams", "uid": "2010_Faroe_Islands_Premier_League_0", "intro": "2010 Faroe Islands Premier League, also known as Vodafonedeildin for sponsoring reasons, was the sixty-eighth season of top-tier football on the Faroe Islands. It began on 31 March 2010 with a match between NSÍ Runavík and ÍF Fuglafjørður and ended on 23 October 2010. HB Tórshavn were the defending champions, having won their 20th league championship last season." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_films", "title": "List of sports films", "header": [ "Title", "Year", "Genre", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "King of Hockey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/King_of_Hockey", "summary": "King of Hockey is a 1936 American drama film directed by Noel M. Smith and written by George Bricker . The film stars Dick Purcell , Anne Nagel , Marie Wilson , Wayne Morris , George E. Stone and Joseph Crehan . The film was released by Warner Bros. on December 19 , 1936 ." } ] }, { "value": "1936", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A teammate 's punch causes hockey star Gabby Dugan to go blind", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Idol of the Crowds", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Idol_of_the_Crowds", "summary": "Idol of the Crowds is a 1937 American drama sport film directed by Arthur Lubin and starring John Wayne as an ice hockey player . It was one of a series of non-Westerns Wayne made for Universal . The film was originally called Hell on Ice but the Hays Office requested this be changed ." } ] }, { "value": "1937", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John Wayne as a hockey player who wants to buy a chicken farm", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Wayne", "summary": "Marion Mitchell Morrison [ a ] ( born Marion Robert Morrison ; May 26 , 1907 - June 11 , 1979 ) , known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed Duke , was an American actor , filmmaker , Oscar winner and Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient . He was among the top box office draws for three decades . Wayne was born in Winterset , Iowa but grew up in Southern California . He lost a football scholarship to the University of Southern California as a result of a bodysurfing accident , :63-64 and began working for the Fox Film Corporation . He appeared mostly in small parts , but his first leading role came in Raoul Walsh 's Western The Big Trail ( 1930 ) , an early widescreen film epic which was a box-office failure . Leading roles followed in numerous B movies during the 1930s , most of them also Westerns , without becoming a major name . It was John Ford 's Stagecoach ( 1939 ) that made him a mainstream star , and he starred in 142 motion pictures altogether . According to one biographer , John Wayne personified for millions the nation 's frontier heritage . Wayne 's other roles in Westerns include a cattleman driving his herd on the Chisholm Trail in Red River ( 1948 ) , a Civil War veteran whose niece is abducted by a tribe of Comanches in The Searchers ( 1956 ) , a troubled rancher competing with a lawyer ( James Stewart ) for a woman 's hand in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) , and a cantankerous one-eyed marshal in True Grit ( 1969 ) , for which he received the Academy Award for Best Actor . He is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man ( 1952 ) , Rio Bravo ( 1959 ) with Dean Martin , and The Longest Day ( 1962 ) . In his final screen performance , he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist ( 1976 ) . He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his era , and made his last public appearance at the Academy Awards ceremony on April 9 , 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "The Game That Kills", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Game_That_Kills", "summary": "The Game That Kills is a 1937 American sports mystery film , directed by D. Ross Lederman . It stars Charles Quigley , Rita Hayworth , and John Gallaudet ." } ] }, { "value": "1937", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "After a player dies during a game , coach 's daughter Rita Hayworth digs for the truth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rita_Hayworth", "summary": "Rita Hayworth ( born Margarita Carmen Cansino ; October 17 , 1918 - May 14 , 1987 ) was an American actress and dancer . She achieved fame during the 1940s as one of the era 's top stars , appearing in 61 films over 37 years . The press coined the term The Love Goddess to describe Hayworth after she had become the most glamorous screen idol of the 1940s . She was the top pin-up girl for GIs during World War II . Hayworth is perhaps best known for her performance in the 1946 film noir Gilda , opposite Glenn Ford , in which she played the femme fatale in her first major dramatic role . Fred Astaire , with whom she made two films , once called her his favorite dance partner . Her greatest success was in the Technicolor musical Cover Girl ( 1944 ) , with Gene Kelly . She is listed as one of the top 25 female motion picture stars of all time in the American Film Institute 's survey , AFI 's 100 Years.100 Stars . In 1980 , Hayworth was diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease , which contributed to her death at age 68 . The public disclosure and discussion of her illness drew attention to Alzheimer 's , which was largely unknown by most people at the time , and helped to increase public and private funding for Alzheimer 's research ." } ] }, { "value": "The Duke of West Point", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Duke_of_West_Point", "summary": "The Duke of West Point is a 1938 American drama film directed by Alfred E. Green . It was described as A Yank at Oxford in reverse ." } ] }, { "value": "1938", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A misunderstood London-raised athlete is shunned by other cadets before game vs. Canadians", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Olympic Honeymoon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olympic_Honeymoon", "summary": "Olympic Honeymoon is a 1940 British comedy film directed by Alfred J. Goulding and starring Claude Hulbert , Monty Banks and Princess Pearl . The screenplay concerns a British honeymooner visiting Switzerland , who is mistaken for a leading ice hockey player and is enlisted to play for the England national team . It was based on the novel He and Ski by F. Dawson Gratrix and is sometimes known by the alternative title Honeymoon Merry-Go-Round ." } ] }, { "value": "1940", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A honeymooner is mistaken for a hockey player and invited to play for England", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gay Blades", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gay_Blades", "summary": "Gay Blades is a 1946 American comedy film directed by George Blair and written by Albert Beich and Marcy Klauber . The film stars Allan Lane , Jean Rogers , Edward Ashley , Frank Albertson , Ann Gillis and Robert Armstrong . The film was released on January 25 , 1946 , by Republic Pictures ." } ] }, { "value": "1946", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A talent scout discovers and distracts Andy Buell , the star player of the Duluth Rustlers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "White Lightning", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/White_Lightning_(1953_film)", "summary": "White Lightning is a 1953 film directed by Edward Bernds and starring Stanley Clements , Barbara Bestar and Steve Brodie . The film also features a young Lee Van Cleef in an early role ." } ] }, { "value": "1953", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Criminals offer bribes to the Red Devils ' hockey stars to deliberately lose games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Love Story", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Love_Story_(1970_film)", "summary": "Love Story is a 1970 American romantic drama film written by Erich Segal , who was also the author of the best-selling novel of the same name . It was produced by Howard G. Minsky and directed by Arthur Hiller and starred Ali MacGraw and Ryan O'Neal , alongside John Marley , Ray Milland , and Tommy Lee Jones in his film debut in a minor role . A tragedy , the film is considered one of the most romantic by the American Film Institute ( # 9 on the list ) and is one of the highest-grossing films of all time . It was followed by a sequel , Oliver 's Story ( 1978 ) , starring O'Neal with Candice Bergen ." } ] }, { "value": "1970", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Romance", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A Harvard hockey player ( Ryan O'Neal ) loves , then loses a doomed young woman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ryan_O'Neal", "summary": "Charles Patrick Ryan O'Neal ( born April 20 , 1941 ) is an American actor and former boxer . O'Neal trained as an amateur boxer before beginning his career in acting in 1960 . In 1964 , he landed the role of Rodney Harrington on the ABC nighttime soap opera Peyton Place . The series was an instant hit and boosted O'Neal 's career . He later found success in films , most notably Love Story ( 1970 ) , for which he received Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations as Best Actor , Peter Bogdanovich 's What 's Up , Doc ? ( 1972 ) and Paper Moon ( 1973 ) , Stanley Kubrick 's Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) , Richard Attenborough 's A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) , and Walter Hill 's The Driver ( 1978 ) . From 2005 to 2017 , he had a recurring role in the Fox TV series Bones as Max , the father of the show 's protagonist ." } ] }, { "value": "Paperback Hero", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paperback_Hero_(1973_film)", "summary": "Paperback Hero is a 1973 Canadian film , directed by Peter Pearson , which starred Keir Dullea and Elizabeth Ashley . It is set in Saskatchewan and portrays the life of a big-fish minor-league hockey player in a little-pond town . The movie was filmed in Delisle , Saskatchewan . It was originally titled Last of the Big Guns , but was renamed to reflect the lyrics of Gordon Lightfoot 's If You Could Read My Mind , which was featured on the soundtrack . It won the Canadian Film Awards in 1973 for Film Editing , Overall Sound , and Cinematography . It was selected in 2006 for the Toronto International Film Festival 's Canadian Open Vault program , which preserves examples of notable Canadian cinema ." } ] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A big-time hockey star ( Keir Dullea ) ends up in a tiny Saskatchewan town", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Keir_Dullea", "summary": "Keir Atwood Dullea ( /ˈkɪər dʊˈleɪ/ ; born May 30 , 1936 ) is an American actor best known for his portrayals of astronaut David Bowman in the 1968 film 2001 : A Space Odyssey and its 1984 sequel , 2010 : The Year We Make Contact . His other film roles include Bunny Lake Is Missing ( 1965 ) and Black Christmas ( 1974 ) . He studied acting at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City . Dullea has also had a long and successful career on stage in New York City and in regional theaters ; he has stated that , despite being more recognized for his film work , he prefers the stage ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Saskatchewan", "summary": "Saskatchewan ( /səˈskætʃəwən , sæ- , -wɒn/ ( listen ) ) is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada , the only province without a natural border . It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres ( 251,700 sq mi ) , nearly 10 percent of which ( 59,366 square kilometres ( 22,900 sq mi ) ) is fresh water , composed mostly of rivers , reservoirs , and the province 's 100,000 lakes . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta , on the north by the Northwest Territories , on the east by Manitoba , to the northeast by Nunavut , and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota . As of Q3 2019 , Saskatchewan 's population was estimated at 1,178,657 . Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province , while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated . Of the total population , roughly half live in the province 's largest city Saskatoon , or the provincial capital Regina . Other notable cities include Prince Albert , Moose Jaw , Yorkton , Swift Current , North Battleford , Melfort , and the border city Lloydminster ( partially within Alberta ) . Saskatchewan is a landlocked province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters . As a result , its climate is extremely continental , rendering severe winters throughout the province . Southern areas have very warm or hot summers . Midale and Yellow Grass ( both near the U.S. border ) are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada , with 45 °C ( 113 °F ) observed at both locations on July 5 , 1937 . In winter , temperatures below −45 °C ( −49 °F ) are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps ." } ] }, { "value": "Slap Shot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Slap_Shot_(film)", "summary": "Slap Shot is a 1977 American sports comedy film directed by George Roy Hill , written by Nancy Dowd and starring Paul Newman and Michael Ontkean . It depicts a minor league ice hockey team that resorts to violent play to gain popularity in a declining factory town . Dowd based much of her script , as well as several of the characters , on her brother Ned Dowd 's playing experiences on 1970s minor league professional hockey teams . While the film received mixed reviews upon release and was only a moderate box office success , it has since become widely regarded as a cult classic ." } ] }, { "value": "1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Starring Paul Newman as the player-coach of a rowdy , raunchy minor-league team", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paul_Newman", "summary": "Paul Leonard Newman ( January 26 , 1925 - September 26 , 2008 ) was an American actor , film director , producer , race car driver , IndyCar owner , entrepreneur , and philanthropist . He won and was nominated for numerous awards , winning an Oscar for his performance in the 1986 film The Color of Money , a BAFTA Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , a Cannes Film Festival Award , an Emmy Award , and many others . Newman 's other roles include the title characters in The Hustler ( 1961 ) , Hud ( 1963 ) , Harper ( 1966 ) Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) , The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean ( 1972 ) , The Sting ( 1973 ) , Slap Shot ( 1977 ) , and The Verdict ( 1982 ) . He voiced Doc Hudson in the first installment of Disney-Pixar 's Cars as his final acting performance , with voice recordings being used in Cars 3 ( 2017 ) . Newman won several national championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing , and his race teams won several championships in open-wheel IndyCar racing . He was a co-founder of Newman 's Own , a food company from which he donated all post-tax profits and royalties to charity . As of November 2018 , these donations have totaled over US $ 535 million . He was a co-founder of Safe Water Network , a nonprofit that develops sustainable drinking water solutions for those in need . In 1988 , Newman founded the SeriousFun Children 's Network , a global family of summer camps and programs for children with serious illness which has served 290,076 children since its inception . He was the husband of Oscar winning actress Joanne Woodward ." } ] }, { "value": "The Deadliest Season", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Deadliest_Season", "summary": "The Deadliest Season is a 1977 American made-for-television sports drama film aired on CBS on March 16 , 1977 . It was directed by Robert Markowitz , written by Ernest Kilroy and produced by Titus Productions . The film stars Michael Moriarty , Kevin Conway and Meryl Streep ." } ] }, { "value": "1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "TV film with Michael Moriarty and Meryl Streep about hockey 's violence", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Moriarty", "summary": "Michael Moriarty ( born April 5 , 1941 ) is an American-Canadian stage and screen actor and jazz musician . He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust , as well as a Tony Award in 1974 for his performance in the play Find Your Way Home . He played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons ( 1990-1994 ) on the television show Law & Order . Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly , Who 'll Stop the Rain , Q : The Winged Serpent , The Stuff , Pale Rider , Troll , Courage Under Fire , and Shiloh ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Meryl_Streep", "summary": "Mary Louise Meryl Streep ( born June 22 , 1949 ) is an American actress . Often described as the best actress of her generation , Streep is particularly known for her versatility and accents . Nominated for a record 21 Academy Awards , she has won three . Among other accolades , she has received 32 Golden Globe nominations , more than any other person , and won eight . Streep made her stage debut in Trelawny of the Wells in 1975 . In 1976 , she received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play for 27 Wagons Full of Cotton and A Memory of Two Mondays . In 1977 , she made her screen debut in the television film The Deadliest Season , and also made her film debut in Julia . In 1978 , she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress - Miniseries or a Movie for her role in the miniseries Holocaust , and received her first Oscar nomination for The Deer Hunter . Streep went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) , and the Academy Award for Best Actress for Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) and The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) . Streep 's other Oscar-nominated roles were in The French Lieutenant 's Woman ( 1981 ) , Silkwood ( 1983 ) , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , Ironweed ( 1987 ) , Evil Angels ( 1988 ) , Postcards from the Edge ( 1990 ) , The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) , One True Thing ( 1998 ) , Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , Adaptation ( 2002 ) , The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , Doubt ( 2008 ) , Julie & Julia ( 2009 ) , August : Osage County ( 2013 ) , Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) . Her stage roles include The Public Theater 's 2001 revival of The Seagull , and her television roles include two projects for HBO , the acclaimed miniseries Angels in America ( 2003 ) , for which her performance won her another Emmy Award , and the drama series Big Little Lies ( 2019 ) . Streep 's other films that were critically and or commercially successful where she was n't nominated for an Academy Award include Julia ( 1977 ) , Manhattan ( 1979 ) , The Seduction of Joe Tynan ( 1979 ) , Defending Your Life ( 1991 ) , Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) , The River Wild ( 1994 ) , Marvin 's Room ( 1996 ) , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) , A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) , Mamma Mia ( 2008 ) and its sequel , Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) , It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) , Suffragette ( 2015 ) , Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) and Little Women ( 2019 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "The Boy Who Drank Too Much", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Drank_Too_Much", "summary": "The Boy Who Drank Too Much is a 1980 American made-for-television drama film based on a novel by Shep Greene . The film was initially broadcast on CBS and sponsored by Xerox , and starred Scott Baio as a high school hockey player struggling with alcoholism . While its approach is that of a typical after school special , the film was presented as a prime time made-for-TV movie , which was seen February 6 , 1980 at 9:00 pm ET/PT . Taking a form of a 20th-century morality play , the film dealt with a serious issue of alcoholism , that might confront youth in a prescriptive manner ." } ] }, { "value": "1980", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "TV film with Scott Baio as a high school hockey player , well liked and respected despite being an alcoholic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scott_Baio", "summary": "Scott Vincent James Baio ( /ˈbeɪ.oʊ/ ; born September 22 , 1960 or 1961 ( sources differ ) ) is an American actor and television director . He is known for his role as Chachi Arcola on the sitcom Happy Days ( 1977-1984 ) and its spin-off Joanie Loves Chachi ( 1982-1983 ) , and for playing the title character on the sitcom Charles in Charge ( 1984-1990 ) , Dr. Jack Stewart in the medical-mystery-drama series Diagnosis : Murder ( 1993-1995 ) , and the titular hero of the musical film Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) , his onscreen debut . Baio has guest-starred on various television programs , appeared in several independent films , and starred on the Nickelodeon sitcom See Dad Run ( 2012-2015 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Miracle on Ice", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice_(1981_film)", "summary": "Miracle on Ice is a 1981 American television sports docudrama for ABC about the United States men 's national ice hockey team , led by head coach Herb Brooks ( Karl Malden ) , that won the gold medal in the 1980 Winter Olympics . The USA team 's victory over the heavily favored Soviet team in the medal round was dubbed the Miracle on Ice . Miracle on Ice was directed by Steven Hilliard Stern and written by Lionel Chetwynd . It incorporates actual game footage and ABC broadcaster Al Michaels ' original commentary from the 1980 Winter Games ." } ] }, { "value": "1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A television film on the 1980 Miracle on Ice at the Lake Placid Olympics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice", "summary": "The Miracle on Ice was a medal-round game during the men 's ice hockey tournament at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York , played between the hosting United States and the four-time defending gold medalists , the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union had won the gold medal in five of the six previous Winter Olympic Games , and were the favorites to win once more in Lake Placid . The team consisted primarily of professional players with significant experience in international play . By contrast , the United States ' team - led by head coach Herb Brooks - comprised mostly amateur players . With only four players with minimal minor-league experience , the United States was the youngest team in the tournament and in U.S. national team history . In the group stage , both the Soviet and U.S. teams were unbeaten ; the U.S. achieved several notable results , including a 2-2 draw against Sweden , and a 7-3 upset victory over second-place favorite Czechoslovakia . For the first game in the medal round , the United States played the Soviets . Finishing the first period tied at 2-2 , and the Soviets leading 3-2 following the second , the U.S. team scored two more goals to take their first lead during the third and final period , winning the game 4-3 . Following the game , the U.S. won the gold medal by beating Finland in their final game . Likewise , the Soviet Union took the silver medal by beating Sweden . The victory became one of the most iconic moments of the Games and in U.S. sports . Equally well-known was the television call of the final seconds of the game by Al Michaels for ABC , in which he declared : Do you believe in miracles ?" } ] }, { "value": "Youngblood", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Youngblood_(1986_film)", "summary": "Youngblood is a 1986 American drama sports film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Peter Markle , and starring Rob Lowe , Patrick Swayze , Cynthia Gibb ." } ] }, { "value": "1986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rob Lowe as an American teen assigned to a Canada junior league", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rob_Lowe", "summary": "Robert Hepler Lowe ( /loʊ/ ; born March 17 , 1964 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . He is the recipient of two Screen Actors Guild Awards and has been nominated for six Golden Globes Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award . Lowe made his acting debut at the age of 15 with ABC 's short-lived sitcom A New Kind of Family ( 1979-1980 ) . Following numerous television roles in the early 1980s , he came to prominence as a teen idol and member of the Brat Pack with roles in films like The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , Class ( 1983 ) , The Hotel New Hampshire ( 1984 ) , Oxford Blues ( 1984 ) , St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) , About Last Night . ( 1986 ) , and Square Dance ( 1987 ) . The success of these films established him as a Hollywood star . Following a 1988 sex tape scandal , Lowe 's public image and film career declined . By the turn of the millennium , his career saw a resurgence when he ventured back into television , making his breakthrough as Sam Seaborn on the NBC political drama The West Wing ( 1999-2003 ) , for which he received nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards . His other television roles include Robert McCallister on the ABC drama Brothers & Sisters ( 2006-2010 ) , Chris Traeger on the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation ( 2010-2014 ) , Ethan Willis on the CBS medical drama Code Black ( 2015-2018 ) , and the A & E reality series The Lowe Files ( 2017 ) , in which he appears with his two sons , Matthew and John Owen . In 2018 , he made his directorial debut with the television film The Bad Seed , a remake of the 1956 film of the same name ." } ] }, { "value": "Touch and Go", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Touch_and_Go_(1986_film)", "summary": "Touch and Go is a 1986 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Robert Mandel , starring Michael Keaton , María Conchita Alonso and Ajay Naidu ." } ] }, { "value": "1986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Romance", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A National Hockey League player ( Michael Keaton ) falls for a young single mom", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Keaton", "summary": "Michael John Douglas ( born September 5 , 1951 ) , known professionally as Michael Keaton , is an American actor , producer , and director . He first rose to fame for his roles on the CBS sitcoms All 's Fair and The Mary Tyler Moore Hour and his comedic film roles in Night Shift ( 1982 ) , Mr . Mom ( 1983 ) , Johnny Dangerously ( 1984 ) , and Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) . He earned further acclaim for his dramatic portrayal of the title character in Tim Burton 's Batman ( 1989 ) and Batman Returns ( 1992 ) . Since then , he has appeared in a variety of films ranging from dramas and romantic comedies to thriller and action films , such as Clean and Sober ( 1988 ) , The Dream Team ( 1989 ) , Pacific Heights ( 1990 ) , Much Ado About Nothing ( 1993 ) , My Life ( 1993 ) , The Paper ( 1994 ) , Multiplicity ( 1996 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Herbie : Fully Loaded ( 2005 ) , The Other Guys ( 2010 ) , Robocop ( 2014 ) , Need for Speed ( 2014 ) , Spotlight ( 2015 ) , The Founder ( 2016 ) , Spider-Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , and has also provided voices for characters in animated films such as Cars ( 2006 ) , Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , and Minions ( 2015 ) . Keaton 's lead performance in Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , the Critics ' Choice Award for Best Actor and Best Actor in a Comedy , and nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award , British Academy Film Award , and Academy Award for Best Actor . He previously received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his performance in Live from Baghdad ( 2002 ) and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for The Company ( 2007 ) . Keaton was awarded a Career Achievement Award from the Hollywood Film Festival . On January 18 , 2016 , he was named Officer of Order of Arts and Letters in France . He is also a visiting scholar at Carnegie Mellon University ." } ] }, { "value": "The Mighty Ducks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks", "summary": "The Mighty Ducks ( also known as D1 : The Mighty Ducks ) is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film about a youth league hockey team , directed by Stephen Herek and starring Emilio Estevez . It was produced by The Kerner Entertainment Company and Avnet-Kerner Productions and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . It was the first film in The Mighty Ducks film series . In some countries , the film was released with the title Champions , while home release copies were printed with the title as The Mighty Ducks Are the Champions to avoid confusion with the title of the sequel . The year after the film 's release , Disney founded a NHL hockey team , named the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim after the film ." } ] }, { "value": "1992", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Disney family yarn about a youth team coached by Emilio Estevez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emilio_Estevez", "summary": "Emilio Estevez ( /ɛˈmɪlioʊ ɛˈstɛvəs/ ; born May 12 , 1962 ) is an American actor , director , and writer . He is the brother of actor Charlie Sheen and the son of actor Martin Sheen . Estevez started his career as an actor and is well known for being a member of the acting Brat Pack of the 1980s , starring in The Breakfast Club , St. Elmo 's Fire , and acting in the 1983 hit movie The Outsiders . He is also known for Repo Man , The Mighty Ducks and its sequels , Stakeout and Another Stakeout , Maximum Overdrive , Bobby ( which he also wrote and directed ) , and his performances in Western films such as Young Guns and its sequel ." } ] }, { "value": "D2 : The Mighty Ducks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/D2:_The_Mighty_Ducks", "summary": "D2 : The Mighty Ducks ( also known as The Mighty Ducks 2 ) is a 1994 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Sam Weisman . It is the second and penultimate installment in The Mighty Ducks trilogy and it is a sequel to the 1992 film The Mighty Ducks and produced by Walt Disney Pictures , The Kerner Entertainment Company and Avnet-Kerner Productions . In some countries the film was titled The Mighty Ducks ( the first having been titled Champions and as The Mighty Ducks Are the Champions on home release ) . It was succeeded by the final film the series , D3 : The Mighty Ducks , in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "1994", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sequel , with Duck players competing in Junior Goodwill Games", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goodwill_Games", "summary": "The Goodwill Games was an international sports competition created by Ted Turner in reaction to the political troubles surrounding the Olympic Games of the 1980s . In 1979 , the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan caused the United States and other Western countries to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , an act reciprocated when the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries ( with the exception of Romania ) boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . Like the Olympics , the Goodwill Games were held every four years ( with the exception of the final Games ) , and had a summer and winter component . The Summer Goodwill Games occurred five times , between 1986 and 2001 , while the Winter Goodwill Games occurred only once , in 2000 . They were cancelled by Time Warner , which had bought ownership of them in 1996 , due to low television ratings after the 2001 games in Brisbane ." } ] }, { "value": "Net Worth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Net_Worth_(1995_film)", "summary": "Net Worth is a 1995 television film that starred Aidan Devine , Al Waxman , R.H. Thomson and Kevin Conway . It was directed by Jerry Ciccoritti from a script written by Don Truckey , Phil Savath , David Cruise and Allison Griffiths . Screenplay by David Cruise ." } ] }, { "value": "1995", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The story of the early years of the NHL and the off ice battle between the owners and players", "urls": [] }, { "value": "D3 : The Mighty Ducks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/D3:_The_Mighty_Ducks", "summary": "D3 : The Mighty Ducks ( also known as The Mighty Ducks 3 ) is a 1996 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Robert Lieberman . It is the third and final installment in The Mighty Ducks trilogy and was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution ." } ] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ducks enroll in an elite academy , receiving a rude welcome . Second sequel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Les Boys", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Les_Boys", "summary": "Les Boys is a 1997 Quebec-made comedy film directed by Louis Saia . It has spawned three sequels and by any measure ( profit , box office or attendance ) is the most successful Quebec made film series of all time , and one of the most successful Canadian-made film series of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "1997", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quebec story of boys from a low-level amateur team", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quebec", "summary": "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Ice hockey", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_sports_films_30", "intro": "This compilation of films covers all sports activities. Sports films have been made since the era of silent films, such as the 1915 film The Champion starring Charlie Chaplin. Films in this genre can range from serious (Raging Bull) to silly (Horse Feathers). A classic theme for sports films is the triumph of an individual or team who prevail despite the difficulties, standard elements of melodrama." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_London", "title": "List of bus routes in London", "header": [ "Route", "Start", "End", "Schools", "Operator" ], "data": [ { "value": "601", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Thamesmead", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thamesmead", "summary": "Thamesmead /ˈtɛmzmiːd/ is an area of south-east London , England , straddling the border between the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Bexley . It is located 11 miles ( 18 km ) east of Charing Cross , north-east of Woolwich and west of Erith . It mainly consists of social housing built from the mid-1960s onwards on former marshland on the south bank of the River Thames ." } ] }, { "value": "Wilmington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wilmington,_Kent", "summary": "Wilmington is a village and civil parish in the borough of Dartford in Kent , England . It is focussed 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) SSW of Dartford town centre and it forms the area north of Swanley Village . Much of Wilmington is beside the A2 Dartford Bypass , and around two and a half miles northeast of Swanley town centre . The parish as currently drawn covers the southwestern corner of Dartford 's borough , including part of the Joydens Wood estate , and borders Greater London . The centre of the village has one shop and three pubs : The Orange Tree ( a Shepherd Neame pub ) , The Plough and The Horse and Groom at Leyton Cross . Its most prominent landmark is the St Michael and All Angels Church , which is the site for the annual Wilmington Model Railway Exhibition ." } ] }, { "value": "Wilmington Hall School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wilmington_Academy", "summary": "Wilmington Academy is a mixed secondary school located in Wilmington , Kent in the United Kingdom . It stands next to the site of Wilmington Hall . Wilmington Academy , as of 1 November 2018 , had 1225 students including 121 in Sixth Form , with 365 students in the Apollo college , 374 students in Minerva , and 365 students in Jupiter college ." } ] }, { "value": "Stagecoach London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stagecoach_London", "summary": "Stagecoach London is a bus operator in London . It is a subsidiary of Stagecoach and operates services under contract to Transport for London mostly in east and south-east and partly in central London" } ] }, { "value": "602", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Thamesmead", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thamesmead", "summary": "Thamesmead /ˈtɛmzmiːd/ is an area of south-east London , England , straddling the border between the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Bexley . It is located 11 miles ( 18 km ) east of Charing Cross , north-east of Woolwich and west of Erith . It mainly consists of social housing built from the mid-1960s onwards on former marshland on the south bank of the River Thames ." } ] }, { "value": "Bexleyheath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bexleyheath", "summary": "Bexleyheath is a town in the London Borough of Bexley in Greater London , England with a population of 31,929 . It is 12 miles ( 19.3 km ) south-east of Charing Cross , and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London ." } ] }, { "value": "Townley Grammar School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Townley_Grammar_School", "summary": "Townley Grammar School is a grammar school with academy status for girls on Townley Road , Bexleyheath , in the London Borough of Bexley , England . It was previously known as Bexley Technical School for Girls . The school consists of Years 7-11 , single sex ( girls ) , and a mixed-sex sixth form . In June 2018 , the school was featured in the BBC Two documentary Grammar Schools : Who Will Get In ? ." } ] }, { "value": "Stagecoach London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stagecoach_London", "summary": "Stagecoach London is a bus operator in London . It is a subsidiary of Stagecoach and operates services under contract to Transport for London mostly in east and south-east and partly in central London" } ] }, { "value": "603", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Swiss Cottage station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swiss_Cottage_tube_station", "summary": "Swiss Cottage is a London Underground station at Swiss Cottage , north London . It is on the Jubilee line , between Finchley Road and St. John 's Wood stations . It lies in Travelcard Zone 2 and is located at the junction of Finchley Road , Avenue Road and College Crescent ." } ] }, { "value": "Muswell Hill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Muswell_Hill", "summary": "Muswell Hill is a suburban district of north London . It is mainly in the London Borough of Haringey with a small part in the London Borough of Barnet . It is between Highgate , Hampstead Garden Suburb , East Finchley and Crouch End . It has many streets with Edwardian architecture . Muswell Hill is in the N10 postcode district and mostly in the Hornsey and Wood Green constituency . Muswell Hill , as defined by its postcode district , had a population of 27,992 in 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sullivan Buses", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sullivan_Buses", "summary": "Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes ." } ] }, { "value": "605", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Harrow bus station", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grafton School", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sullivan Buses", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sullivan_Buses", "summary": "Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "606", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Queensbury", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Queensbury,_London", "summary": "Queensbury is an area of northwest London , England , in the southeast of the London Borough of Harrow on the boundary with the London Borough of Brent . The area is split between four postal districts : Harrow HA3 , Stanmore HA7 , Edgware HA8 , and London NW9 ." } ] }, { "value": "Barnet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chipping_Barnet", "summary": "Chipping Barnet or High Barnet is a suburban market town in north London , forming part of the London Borough of Barnet , England . It is a suburban development built around a 12th-century settlement , and is located 10 1⁄2 miles ( 17 km ) north-northwest of Charing Cross , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east from Borehamwood , 5.2 miles ( 8.4 km ) west from Enfield and 3.2 miles ( 5.1 km ) south from Potters Bar . Its population , including its localities East Barnet , New Barnet , Hadley Wood , Monken Hadley , Cockfosters and Arkley , was 47,359 as of 2011 . Its name is very often abbreviated to just Barnet , which is also the name of the borough of which it forms a part . Chipping Barnet is also the name of the Parliamentary constituency covering the local area - the word Chipping denotes the presence of a market , one that was established here at the end of the 12th century and persists to this day . Chipping Barnet is one of the highest urban settlements in London , with the town centre having an elevation of about 427 feet ( 130 m ) ." } ] }, { "value": "The Totteridge Academy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Totteridge_Academy", "summary": "The Totteridge Academy ( formerly The Ravenscroft School ) is a mixed secondary school and sixth form located in Barnet , North London , England . Previously known as The Ravenscroft School , it was converted to academy status in September 2011 under the new name The Totteridge Academy . The school is non-selective as of 2012 , and has no catchment area . In 2016 , The Totteridge Academy joined United Learning ." } ] }, { "value": "Metroline", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metroline", "summary": "Metroline is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of ComfortDelGro Corporation and operates services under contract to Transport for London . Operations are split between two registered companies , Metroline Travel Limited and Metroline West Limited ." } ] }, { "value": "607", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London_Buses_route_607", "summary": "London Buses route 607 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London , England . Running between Uxbridge station and White City bus station , it is operated by Metroline ." } ] }, { "value": "White City bus station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/White_City_bus_station", "summary": "White City bus station serves the White City area of west London and Westfield London shopping centre . The bus station was opened on 29 November 2008 to serve the new Westfield London shopping centre . The station has been built around the Grade II listed Dimco Buildings , originally the power station for the Central London Railway , which date from 1898 . The bus station is 100 metres away from Wood Lane tube station on the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines ." } ] }, { "value": "Uxbridge station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uxbridge_tube_station", "summary": "Uxbridge is a London Underground station in Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon , north-west London . The station is the terminus of the Uxbridge branches of both the Metropolitan line and the Piccadilly line . The next station towards London is Hillingdon . The station is 15.5 miles ( 25 km ) west of Charing Cross and is in Travelcard Zone 6 . The closest station on the Chiltern Line and Central line is West Ruislip , accessible by the U1 and U10 buses . The closest station on the Great Western Main Line ( in future Crossrail ) is West Drayton , accessible by the U1 , U3 , U5 and 222 buses . Uxbridge was formerly the terminus of a branch of the District line which ran from Ealing Common ; the Piccadilly line replaced the District line in 1933 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Metroline", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metroline", "summary": "Metroline is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of ComfortDelGro Corporation and operates services under contract to Transport for London . Operations are split between two registered companies , Metroline Travel Limited and Metroline West Limited ." } ] }, { "value": "608", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gallows Corner , Romford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gallows_Corner", "summary": "Gallows Corner is a major road junction in Romford in Greater London , England . It was the site of the gallows of the Liberty of Havering , hence the name ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Romford", "summary": "Romford is a large town in east London and the administrative centre of the London Borough of Havering . It is located 14.1 miles ( 22.7 km ) northeast of Charing Cross and is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan . Historically Romford was a market town in the county of Essex and formed the administrative centre of the liberty of Havering , until it was dissolved in 1892 . Good road links to London and the opening of the railway station in 1839 were key to the development of the town and the economic history of Romford is underpinned by a shift from agriculture to light industry and then to retail and commerce . As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century , Romford significantly expanded and increased in population , becoming a municipal borough in 1937 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965 when the area was transferred from Essex . It now forms one of the largest commercial , retail , entertainment and leisure districts in London and has a developed night-time economy . The entire town had a population of 122,854 as of 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Shenfield High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shenfield_High_School", "summary": "Shenfield High School is a coeducational 11-18 secondary school located in Shenfield , Essex , England . It has over 1200 students on roll , including 300 in the sixth form . It opened in 1962 , celebrating its 50th Anniversary in 2012 . It converted to academy status in February 2012 . [ citation needed ] To coincide with the fiftieth anniversary the school adopted a new badge and uniform . The new badge incorporates golden spurs tilted into the shape . As part of its annual Awards Ceremony , the school now bestows the Golden Spurs Award on a student who has given outstanding community service ." } ] }, { "value": "Shenfield High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shenfield_High_School", "summary": "Shenfield High School is a coeducational 11-18 secondary school located in Shenfield , Essex , England . It has over 1200 students on roll , including 300 in the sixth form . It opened in 1962 , celebrating its 50th Anniversary in 2012 . It converted to academy status in February 2012 . [ citation needed ] To coincide with the fiftieth anniversary the school adopted a new badge and uniform . The new badge incorporates golden spurs tilted into the shape . As part of its annual Awards Ceremony , the school now bestows the Golden Spurs Award on a student who has given outstanding community service ." } ] }, { "value": "Blue Triangle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blue_Triangle", "summary": "Blue Triangle is a bus company operating services in East London . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and operates most services under contract to Transport for London . It is the operator of the East London Transit service ." } ] }, { "value": "609", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hammersmith bus station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station", "summary": "Hammersmith bus station is located adjacent to the District & Piccadilly and Circle and Hammersmith & City lines London Underground stations in Hammersmith . It is owned and maintained by Transport for London . The bus station is divided into two sections ( lower and upper stations ) . The routes which serve the lower station , outside Hammersmith Broadway , are 33 , 72 ( towards Roehampton ) , 209 , 266 , 419 , 485 and 609 . The routes which serve the upper station , above Hammersmith Broadway , are 9 , 23 , 27 , 72 ( towards East Acton ) , 190 , 211 , 220 , 267 , 283 ( towards East Acton ) , 295 , 391 , H91 , N9 , N11 and N97 . The upper station is also served by Berry 's Coaches Taunton to London services ." } ] }, { "value": "Mortlake", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mortlake", "summary": "Mortlake is a suburban district of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames on the south bank of the River Thames between Kew and Barnes . Historically it was part of Surrey and until 1965 was in the Municipal Borough of Barnes . For many centuries it had village status and extended far to the south , to include East Sheen and part of what is now Richmond Park . Its Stuart and Georgian history was economically one of malting , brewing , farming , watermen and a great tapestry works . A London landmark , the former Mortlake Brewery or Stag Brewery , is on the edge of Mortlake . The Waterloo to Reading railway line runs through Mortlake , which has a pedestrianised riverside , two riverside pubs and a village green . The Boat Race finishes at Mortlake every March/April ." } ] }, { "value": "Harrodian School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Harrodian_School", "summary": "The Harrodian School is an independent day school in Barnes , south-west London . Formerly the site of Harrods Sports Club , the original premises has been extended and converted for educational purposes . The school opened in September 1993 with just 65 pupils ; by 2011 the roll had grown to 925 ." } ] }, { "value": "Metroline", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metroline", "summary": "Metroline is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of ComfortDelGro Corporation and operates services under contract to Transport for London . Operations are split between two registered companies , Metroline Travel Limited and Metroline West Limited ." } ] }, { "value": "611", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stonebridge Park station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stonebridge_Park_station", "summary": "Stonebridge Park is a National Rail suburban rail and London Underground station in Tokyngton and Stonebridge , north-west London . The station is served by services operated by Arriva Rail London and London Underground Limited ( LUL is considered a National Rail service between Harrow & Wealdstone and Queens Park ) services . It is on both the London Overground Watford DC line and London Underground Bakerloo line . It is located on Argenta Way , and is named after the nearby junction connecting the North Circular Road ( A406 ) with the Harrow Road ( A404 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "East Finchley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/East_Finchley", "summary": "East Finchley is an area in North London , immediately north of Hampstead Heath . Like neighbouring Muswell Hill it straddles the London Boroughs of Barnet and Haringey , with most of East Finchley falling into the London Borough of Barnet . East Finchley is situated 5.4 miles ( 8.7 km ) northwest of Charing Cross . Geographically , it is separated from the rest of Finchley by the North Circular , with North Finchley and West Finchley to the north , and Finchley Central ( Church End ) to the west . East Finchley ( East End ) was first mentioned in 1365 when it formed a scattered hamlet , but by 1860 it was the most populous part of Finchley . Badly bombed during World War 2 , and with the subsequent re-building , the street pattern of the Old Village was destroyed . However , the area retains a strong community feeling compared to other parts of Finchley . The area collectively named Finchley , which included East Finchley ( East End ) , Finchley Central ( Church End ) and North Finchley , was a parish until its incorporation into the ancient county of Middlesex in 1878 ; the county of Middlesex was abolished and Finchley was incorporated into Greater London in 1965 . Although most of East Finchley falls into the parliamentary constituency of Finchley and Golders Green , East Finchley is a village in its own right and not considered to be part of the town of Finchley ." } ] }, { "value": "Bishop Douglass School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bishop_Douglass_School", "summary": "Bishop Douglass School is a Voluntary aided , Roman Catholic Academy for girls and boys , situated in Finchley , Barnet , London . The school is under the trusteeship of the Cardinal Hume Academies Trust . Its current Headmaster is Martin Tissot ." } ] }, { "value": "Metroline", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metroline", "summary": "Metroline is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of ComfortDelGro Corporation and operates services under contract to Transport for London . Operations are split between two registered companies , Metroline Travel Limited and Metroline West Limited ." } ] }, { "value": "612", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Selsdon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Selsdon", "summary": "Selsdon is an area of Croydon located in South London , England in the London Borough of Croydon . Selsdon and Ballard is a ward of Croydon Council . At the 2011 Census the population of the ward was 11,719 . The leafy suburb was developed during the 1920s and 1930s , and is remarkable for its many Art Deco houses . It is also known for the Selsdon Park Hotel , the venue of a 1970 meeting of the Conservative Shadow Cabinet to settle the party manifesto for the impending general election . Labour Party leader Harold Wilson coined the phrase Selsdon Man to describe the free market approach which was agreed , and the Selsdon Group was later formed within the Conservative Party to campaign for its retention ." } ] }, { "value": "Wallington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wallington,_London", "summary": "Wallington is a town in Greater London , England , 9.7 miles ( 15.6 km ) south south-west of Charing Cross . Before the Municipal Borough of Beddington and Wallington merged into the London Borough of Sutton in Greater London in 1965 , it was part of the county of Surrey . Wallington is a post town in the SM postcode area . The town is home to three of the borough 's five grammar schools . The London Borough of Sutton is a top performing borough for education in the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "Wallington County Grammar School , Riddlesdown High School , The John Fisher School , Wallington High School for Girls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wallington_County_Grammar_School", "summary": "Wallington County Grammar School ( WCGS ) is a selective boys ' grammar school with a coeducational Sixth Form located in the London Borough of Sutton . From 1968 to the mid-1990s the school was known as Wallington High School for Boys . One of a handful of grammar schools in the borough , it is consistently ranked as one of the top performing state schools in the country on the basis of its GCSE and A-level results ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Riddlesdown_High_School", "summary": "Riddlesdown Collegiate ( formerly Riddlesdown High School ) is a secondary school with academy status located in the Riddlesdown area of the London Borough of Croydon , UK . Riddlesdown is a coeducational school , of 1902 students ( 311 of those being post-16 students ) [ citation needed ] . The school takes its pupils mainly from the Sanderstead , Selsdon , Purley , Kenley , New Addington and South Croydon areas , and specialises in science . Riddlesdown is the largest school in Croydon in terms of pupil numbers . In September 2009 , the school 's name changed from Riddlesdown High School to Riddlesdown Collegiate , featuring six colleges ; four of which will hold a mixture of years 7-11 , a Creative Performing Arts college and a Sixth Form college . In 2018 , the collegiate was awarded the World-class schools award , one of about 60 in the UK . [ citation needed ]" }, { "url": "/wiki/The_John_Fisher_School", "summary": "The John Fisher School is a Roman Catholic voluntary-aided boys ' faith school based at Peaks Hill , Purley , Croydon , Surrey , England . Today the school operates as a local standard Roman Catholic Comprehensive School , educating boys mainly from around South and Central Croydon . However , the school has a history of selection , and in the past ( as a selective entry grant-maintained school , and before that as a fee-paying boys grammar school ) has drawn pupils from across London and South East England . In spite of its Croydon postcode and location , the school is funded by the London Borough of Sutton . The school has operated selective admissions policies twice in its history , from when it was founded in 1929 until 1977 , and more recently from 1991 to 2008 . It was , alongside the London Oratory School , one of the last selective entry Catholic comprehensive schools to defy the Schools ' Admissions Code by continuing to interview prospect pupils and their parents . There have been no parental interviews since 2008 , with the final cohort of boys selected by interview leaving the school in the Summer of 2014 . The school has grown since the end of its selection policy from 700 pupils to over 1000 , and is set to grow even more beginning in 2016 ( 30 additional places ) . In May 2012 , it launched its new website , www.johnfisherschool.org . The school occupies the former site of the 19th-century prep school Falconbury School ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wallington_High_School_for_Girls", "summary": "Wallington High School for Girls is an all-girls selective grammar school in the London Borough of Sutton , England ." } ] }, { "value": "Arriva London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arriva_London", "summary": "Arriva London is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of Arriva UK Bus and operates services under contract to Transport for London . It was formed in 1998 from a fusion of previously separate Arriva subsidiaries Grey-Green , Leaside Buses , Kentish Bus , London & Country and South London Transport . Operations are split between two registered companies , Arriva London North Limited and Arriva London South Limited ." } ] }, { "value": "613", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Worcester Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Worcester_Park_railway_station", "summary": "Worcester Park railway station serves the Worcester Park area in south-west London , England . It is 10 miles 53 chains ( 17.2 km ) down the line from London Waterloo . It opened in 1859 when the London and South Western Railway completed the Epsom branch . It was originally known as Old Malden and was renamed Worcester Park in 1862 . Following substantial local housing development , the station was refurbished in the 1930s . The station is in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames , just to the west of the boundary with the London Borough of Sutton . The station is managed by South Western Railway , which also operates all trains serving it , and it is located in Travelcard Zone 4 . The station has a small concession stand selling newspapers , magazines , coffee and pastries . There is a taxi office on the station estate ; bus stops served by various Transport for London routes ; a 24-hour , 90-space car park ; cycle parking ; a waiting room and toilets . The car park is largely sited on the area formerly used as a goods yard . The station has no automated barriers ; however , Oyster Pre-Pay has been made available by National Rail at the station ." } ] }, { "value": "Sutton Common", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sutton,_London", "summary": "Sutton is a large town , and the principal town of the eponymous London Borough of Sutton in South London , England . It lies on the lower slopes of the North Downs , and is the administrative headquarters of the Outer London borough . It is 10 miles ( 16 km ) south-south west of Charing Cross , and is one of the thirteen metropolitan centres in the London Plan . An ancient parish originally in the county of Surrey , Sutton is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having two churches and about 30 houses . Its location on the London to Brighton turnpike from 1755 led to the opening of coaching inns , spurring its growth as a village . When it was connected to central London by rail in 1847 , it began to grow into a town , and it expanded further in the 20th century . It became a municipal borough with Cheam in 1934 , and became part of Greater London in 1965 . Sutton has the largest library in the borough , several works of public art and four conservation areas . It is home to a number of large international companies and the sixth most important shopping area in London , centred on Sutton High Street . Sutton railway station is the borough 's largest , with frequent services to central London and other destinations , including Horsham . Sutton is a hub for filming in South London . It is home to the Royal Marsden Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research , where there are plans to create the world 's second biggest cancer research campus ." } ] }, { "value": "Glenthorne High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Glenthorne_High_School", "summary": "Glenthorne High School is a non-selective mixed secondary school and sixth form located in the Sutton Common area of Sutton in the London Borough of Sutton , England . The school was first established in 1933 on Glastonbury Road in Sutton . It moved to the Sutton Common Road site in 1958 , and at this time was called Sutton Common County Secondary Girls ' School . The school changed its name to Glenthorne in 1982 , and in 1993 it became coeducational . The school was converted to academy status in July 2011 , and was previously a foundation school administered by Sutton London Borough Council . The schools continues to coordinate with Sutton London Borough Council for admissions . Glenthorne High School offers GCSEs , BTECs , OCR Nationals and vocational courses as programmes of study for pupils , while students in the sixth form have the option to study a range of A Levels and further BTECs . The school specialises in the arts and has dedicated resources and facilities to support the specialism . The school also offers a wide range of extra-vocational facilities , for example clubs . The rooms are well equipped , with a Library . The Librarian is Mr Lucas Maxwell , who won Librarian of the year 2017" } ] }, { "value": "London United", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London_United_Busways", "summary": "London United is a bus company operating mostly in west and south-west Greater London . It is a subsidiary of the RATP Group and operates services under contract to Transport for London ." } ] }, { "value": "616", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Winchmore Hill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Winchmore_Hill", "summary": "Winchmore Hill is an affluent suburban area in the Borough of Enfield , north London , in the N21 postal district ." } ] }, { "value": "Edmonton Green", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edmonton,_London", "summary": "Edmonton is a district in North London in the London Borough of Enfield , England , 8.4 miles ( 13.5 km ) north-northeast of Charing Cross . The population of all of Edmonton was 82,472 as of 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "The Latymer School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Latymer_School", "summary": "The Latymer School is a selective , mixed grammar school in Edmonton , London , England , established in 1624 by Edward Latymer . According to league tables , Latymer is one of the top state-schools in the country ." } ] }, { "value": "London General", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London_General", "summary": "London General is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and operates most buses under contract to Transport for London . The company is named after the London General Omnibus Company , the principal operator of buses in London between 1855 and 1933 ." } ] }, { "value": "617", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turnpike Lane bus station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Turnpike_Lane_bus_station", "summary": "Turnpike Lane is a London Underground station at Turnpike Lane in the London Borough of Haringey in north London , England . The station is on the northeastern part of Piccadilly line between Manor House and Wood Green . The station was opened on 19 September 1932 as part of the Cockfosters extension . It is in Travelcard Zone 3 ." } ] }, { "value": "Turkey Street station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Turkey_Street_railway_station", "summary": "Turkey Street is a London Overground station on the Southbury Loop section of the Lea Valley lines , located in the Bullsmoor area to the north of Enfield in north London . It is 12 miles 16 chains ,0 1px 5px 0 rgba ( 0,0,0 , .12 ) ,0 3px 1px -2px rgba ( 0,0,0 , .2 ) } ." } ] }, { "value": "St Ignatius ' College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St_Ignatius'_College", "summary": "St Ignatius ' College is a Catholic voluntary aided secondary school for boys aged 11-18 in Enfield , London , England , founded by the Society of Jesus . It was formerly a grammar school , only accepting boys who had passed the Eleven plus exam ." } ] }, { "value": "Sullivan Buses", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sullivan_Buses", "summary": "Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes ." } ] }, { "value": "621", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lewisham", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lewisham", "summary": "Lewisham ( /ˈluːɪʃəm/ ) is an area of south east London , England , 5.9 miles ( 9.5 km ) south of Charing Cross . It is the principal area of the London Borough of Lewisham , and is also within the historic county of Kent . It is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London . Lewisham had a population of 60,573 in 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Eltham", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eltham", "summary": "Eltham ( /ˈɛltəm/ ) is a district of southeast London , England , within the Royal Borough of Greenwich . It is 8.7 miles ( 14.0 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross , and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London . It is within the historic county of Kent . The three wards of Eltham North , South and West have a total population of 35,459 ." } ] }, { "value": "Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stationers'_Crown_Woods_Academy", "summary": "Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status , located in the Eltham area of the Royal Borough of Greenwich in London , England . The school is built upon the land that was formerly King Henry VIII 's hunting grounds ( hence 'Crown Woods ' ) . As well as pupils from Eltham , the school also attracts pupils from nearby towns Welling and Sidcup . First known as Crown Woods School , the school was founded in 1958 . It was reopened in new £50 million buildings designed by Nicholas Hare Architects in 2011 and was renamed Crown Woods College . In 2014 the school was renamed Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy after the school gained academy status and joined the Leigh Academies Trust , the first Leigh academy outside Kent . The school also featured in BBC series Tough Young Teachers as two trainee teachers went to the school to learn on the job ." } ] }, { "value": "London Central", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London_Central", "summary": "London Central is a bus company operating in South London . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services under contract to Transport for London ." } ] }, { "value": "624", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Woolwich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Woolwich", "summary": "Woolwich ( /ˈwʊlɪtʃ , -ɪdʒ/ ) is a district of southeast London , England , within the Royal Borough of Greenwich . It has been part of the London metropolitan area since the 19th century . In 1965 , most of the former Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich became part of Greenwich Borough , of which it remains the administrative centre . The population of Woolwich ( including its localities Plumstead and Shooter 's Hill ) was 84,959 in the 2011 census . The town is a river crossing point , with the Woolwich Ferry and the Woolwich foot tunnel crossing to North Woolwich in the London Docklands . Throughout the 17th , 18th , 19th and most of the 20th century , Woolwich was an important naval , military and industrial town . After several decades of economic hardship and social deprivation , large-scale urban renewal projects have turned its fortunes around . It is expected that the town , identified in the London Plan as opportunity area , will evolve from major centre to metropolitan centre within Greater London in the next few decades ." } ] }, { "value": "Grove Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grove_Park,_Lewisham", "summary": "Grove Park is a district of South East London , England within the London Borough of Lewisham . It is located north east of Bromley and south east of Lewisham . Known for its green spaces Grove Park is flanked by the Grove Park Nature Reserve and Horn Park to the East , Downham Fields to the West as well as Chinbrook Meadows , Kings Meadow and Sundridge Park to the south . As well as these there are various sports grounds and fields ." } ] }, { "value": "Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stationers'_Crown_Woods_Academy", "summary": "Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status , located in the Eltham area of the Royal Borough of Greenwich in London , England . The school is built upon the land that was formerly King Henry VIII 's hunting grounds ( hence 'Crown Woods ' ) . As well as pupils from Eltham , the school also attracts pupils from nearby towns Welling and Sidcup . First known as Crown Woods School , the school was founded in 1958 . It was reopened in new £50 million buildings designed by Nicholas Hare Architects in 2011 and was renamed Crown Woods College . In 2014 the school was renamed Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy after the school gained academy status and joined the Leigh Academies Trust , the first Leigh academy outside Kent . The school also featured in BBC series Tough Young Teachers as two trainee teachers went to the school to learn on the job ." } ] }, { "value": "London Central", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London_Central", "summary": "London Central is a bus company operating in South London . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services under contract to Transport for London ." } ] }, { "value": "625", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Plumstead Common", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Plumstead_Common", "summary": "Plumstead Common is a common and urban park in Plumstead in the Royal Borough of Greenwich ( SE18 ) , south-east London . It is part of the South East London Green Chain ." } ] }, { "value": "Chislehurst", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chislehurst", "summary": "Chislehurst ( /ˈtʃɪzəlˌhɜːrst/ ) is a suburban district in southeast London , England , within the London Borough of Bromley . It borders the London Boroughs of Bexley and Greenwich , and lies east of Bromley and southwest of Sidcup . It is 10.5 miles ( 16.9 km ) southeast of Charing Cross . Chislehurst is in the historic county of Kent ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "London Central", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London_Central", "summary": "London Central is a bus company operating in South London . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services under contract to Transport for London ." } ] }, { "value": "626", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Finchley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Finchley", "summary": "Finchley ( /ˈfɪntʃli/ ) is a district of northwest London , England , in the London Borough of Barnet . Finchley is on high ground , 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) north of Charing Cross . It formed an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex , becoming a municipal borough in 1933 , and has been part of Greater London since 1965 . It is predominantly a residential suburb , with three town centres : North Finchley , East Finchley and Finchley Church End ( Finchley Central ) . Made up of four wards , the population of Finchley counted 65,812 as of 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Potters Bar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Potters_Bar", "summary": "Potters Bar is a town in Hertfordshire , England , 13 miles ( 21 km ) north of London . In 2011 , it had a population of 21,882 . [ n 1 ] The town dates to the early 13th century but remained a small , mainly agricultural , settlement until the arrival of the Great Northern Railway in 1850 . It is now part of the London commuter belt ." } ] }, { "value": "Dame Alice Owen 's School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dame_Alice_Owen's_School", "summary": "Dame Alice Owen 's School ( also known as Dame Alice Owen 's or Owen 's ; referred to by the acronym DAOS [ b ] ) is an 11-18 mixed , partially selective secondary school and sixth form with academy status in Potters Bar , Hertfordshire , England . It is part of the Dame Alice Owen 's Foundation ; its trustees are the Worshipful Company of Brewers . It was founded in Islington as a boys ' school for 30 students in 1613 , which makes it one of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom , and is named after its founder , the 17th-century philanthropist Alice Owen . Over time , the boys ' school expanded . A girls ' school was built in 1886 , and the two schools were merged in 1973 ; the mixed school moved to its current location at Dugdale Hill Lane in Potters Bar in stages between 1973 and 1976 . The school is one of the highest performing state schools in England and Wales in terms of the General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) and GCE Advanced Level ( A-Level ) results , and is widely considered one of the best schools in the UK . In 2016 , it was named the State Secondary School of the Year by The Sunday Times in the newspaper 's rankings for the 2016-17 school year , and Tatler and The Daily Telegraph have also strongly praised it ." } ] }, { "value": "Sullivan Buses", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sullivan_Buses", "summary": "Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes ." } ] }, { "value": "627", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Woodcote Green", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Worcester Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Worcester_Park", "summary": "Worcester Park is a suburb and area within the London Borough of Sutton , in Greater London . The area is 10.2 miles ( 16.4 km ) south-west of Charing Cross . The suburb 's population was 16,031 at the time of the 2001 census . The suburb comprises the Worcester Park ward , an electoral area of the London Borough of Sutton with a population in 2011 of 11,655 , as well as the Cuddington ward , an electoral area of Epsom and Ewell , which had a population of 5,791 at the time of the 2001 census . The Worcester Park post town , which is coterminous with the KT4 postcode district , covers all of the suburb and also extends into the south-eastern periphery of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames , covering most of the areas of Old Malden and Malden Green . Beverley Brook runs through Worcester Park , alongside Green Lane and past Green Lane Primary School , traversing up to Cuddington Recreation Ground . Green Lane appears in the Domesday Book . The Huntsmans Hall ( now The Brook . ) was situated on what was the far boundary of a hunting ground for Henry VIII ." } ] }, { "value": "Wallington High School for Girls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wallington_High_School_for_Girls", "summary": "Wallington High School for Girls is an all-girls selective grammar school in the London Borough of Sutton , England ." } ] }, { "value": "Arriva London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arriva_London", "summary": "Arriva London is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of Arriva UK Bus and operates services under contract to Transport for London . It was formed in 1998 from a fusion of previously separate Arriva subsidiaries Grey-Green , Leaside Buses , Kentish Bus , London & Country and South London Transport . Operations are split between two registered companies , Arriva London North Limited and Arriva London South Limited ." } ] }, { "value": "628", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Southgate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southgate,_London", "summary": "Southgate is a suburban area of north London , England in the London Borough of Enfield . It is located around 8 miles ( 12.9 km ) north of Charing Cross . The name is derived from being the south gate to Enfield Chase ." } ] }, { "value": "Kingsbury Jews ' Free School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kingsbury,_London", "summary": "Kingsbury is a district of northwest London in the London Borough of Brent . The name Kingsbury means The King 's Manor . Its ancient scope stretches north and west to include Queensbury and parts of Kenton and Wembley Park in other directions . Kingsbury was in 2001 a ward and in 2011 was identifiable with the Fryent and Barnhill wards approximately . About 25% of Kingsbury is Fryent Country Park , forming the southern quarter . It is of highly mixed density , ranging from high rise to suburban to a green wildlife reserve in the country park . It is within the The Hyde 's NW9 postal district ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jews'_Free_School", "summary": "JFS ( formerly known as the Jews ' Free School and later Jewish Free School ) is a Jewish mixed comprehensive school in Kenton , north London , England . At one time it was the largest Jewish school in the world , with more than 4,000 pupils ." } ] }, { "value": "Jews ' Free School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jews'_Free_School", "summary": "JFS ( formerly known as the Jews ' Free School and later Jewish Free School ) is a Jewish mixed comprehensive school in Kenton , north London , England . At one time it was the largest Jewish school in the world , with more than 4,000 pupils ." } ] }, { "value": "Sullivan Buses", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sullivan_Buses", "summary": "Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes ." } ] }, { "value": "629", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wood Green", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wood_Green", "summary": "Wood Green is a suburban district of North London , England , in the London Borough of Haringey . The London Plan identifies it as one of the metropolitan centres in Greater London . Its postal district is N22 . Formerly lying within the western part of Tottenham and within the county of Middlesex , it became part of both Haringey and Greater London in 1965 ." } ] }, { "value": "Turkey Street station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Turkey_Street_railway_station", "summary": "Turkey Street is a London Overground station on the Southbury Loop section of the Lea Valley lines , located in the Bullsmoor area to the north of Enfield in north London . It is 12 miles 16 chains ,0 1px 5px 0 rgba ( 0,0,0 , .12 ) ,0 3px 1px -2px rgba ( 0,0,0 , .2 ) } ." } ] }, { "value": "St Ignatius ' College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St_Ignatius'_College", "summary": "St Ignatius ' College is a Catholic voluntary aided secondary school for boys aged 11-18 in Enfield , London , England , founded by the Society of Jesus . It was formerly a grammar school , only accepting boys who had passed the Eleven plus exam ." } ] }, { "value": "Sullivan Buses", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sullivan_Buses", "summary": "Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes ." } ] } ], "section_title": "List of routes -- 600–699", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_bus_routes_in_London_6", "intro": "This is a list of Transport for London (TfL) contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area (except coaches). Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, HCT Group, Go-Ahead London (Blue Triangle, Docklands Buses, London Central, and London General), Metroline, RATP Group (London Sovereign, London United, and Quality Line) Stagecoach London (East London, Selkent, and Thameside), Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, and Uno. TfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Non-TfL-sponsored operators including Arriva Shires & Essex, Arriva Southern Counties, Cardinal Buses, Carousel Buses, Go-Coach, First Berkshire & The Thames Valley, Hallmark Connections, Metrobus, Red Rose Travel, Southdown PSV, Stagecoach South, Trustybus, and Uno operate services between parts of Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Berkshire, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex on the one hand and London on the other, with one local council-sponsored service each in the boroughs of Bexley, Barking & Dagenham, and Hackney (extending into Islington)." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1998 World Junior Figure Skating Championships", "header": [ "Rank", "Name", "Nation", "TFP", "SP", "FS" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Julia Obertas / Dmytro Palamarchuk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Julia_Obertas", "summary": "Julia Nikolayevna Obertas , married name : Horak ( Russian : Юлия Николаевна Обертас , Ukrainian : Юлія Обертас ; born 19 June 1984 ) is a former pair skater who represented Ukraine until 2000 and then Russia until the end of her career . She is best known for her partnership with Sergei Slavnov , with whom she competed from 2003 to 2007 . They are the 2005 European silver medalists . Earlier , she competed with Alexei Sokolov for Russia and Dmytro Palamarchuk for Ukraine . With Palamarchuk , she became a two-time ( 1998-1999 ) World Junior champion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dmytro_Palamarchuk", "summary": "Dmytro ( Dmitri ) Palamarchuk ( Ukrainian : Дмитро Паламарчук , born December 17 , 1979 ) is a Ukrainian figure skating coach and retired pair skater . With former partner Julia Obertas , he is a two-time World Junior champion ( 1998 , 1999 ) and two-time Junior Grand Prix Final champion ." } ] }, { "value": "Ukraine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ukraine", "summary": "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ." } ] }, { "value": "3.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Svetlana Nikolaeva / Alexei Sokolov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Svetlana_Nikolaeva", "summary": "Svetlana Nikolaeva ( born March 9 , 1984 in Leningrad ) is a Russian pair skater . With partner Alexei Sokolov , she is the 1998 World Junior silver medalist . She later skated with Pavel Lebedev ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alexei_Sokolov", "summary": "Alexei Vladimirovich Sokolov ( Russian : Алексей Владимирович Соколов ; born 15 January 1979 ) is a Russian pair skating coach and former competitor . With Julia Obertas , he won two Grand Prix medals and placed within the top ten at two ISU Championships . He is the 1998 World Junior silver medalist with Svetlana Nikolaeva and the 2000 World Junior bronze medalist with Julia Shapiro ." } ] }, { "value": "Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russia", "summary": "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ." } ] }, { "value": "3.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Viktoria Maksiuta / Vladislav Zhovnirski", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Viktoria_Maksiuta", "summary": "Viktoriya Oleksandrivna Maksyuta or Victoria Maxiuta ( Ukrainian : Вікторія Олександрівна Максюта ; born 15 November 1981 ) is a former pair skater . Competing with Vladislav Zhovnirski for Russia , she became the 1996 World Junior champion , 1997 Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion , 1998 Skate America bronze medalist , and 1999 Winter Universiade champion . She later represented Russia and Ukraine with Vitali Dubina ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Vladislav_Zhovnirski", "summary": "Vladislav Vladimirovich Zhovnirski ( Russian : Владислав Владимирович Жовнирский ; born 12 July 1978 ) is a Russian pair skating coach and former competitor . With Victoria Maxiuta , he is the 1996 World Junior champion , 1997 Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion , 1998 Skate America bronze medalist , and 1999 Winter Universiade champion ." } ] }, { "value": "Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russia", "summary": "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ." } ] }, { "value": "5.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Natalie Vlandis / Jered Guzman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jered_Guzman", "summary": "Jered Guzman ( born September 12 , 1981 in Garden Grove , California ) is an American retired competitive pair skater . From 1992 to 1998 , he teamed with Natalie Vlandis , capturing the gold medal at the 1996 U.S . Junior Championships and finishing fifth at the 1998 U.S . Figure Skating Championships . He then joined forces with Amanda Magarian for several years , with a fourth-place finish for the pair at the 2000 Nationals . After that partnership ended , he briefly skated with Jennifer Don ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "5.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sabrina Lefrançois / Nicolas Osseland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sabrina_Lefrançois", "summary": "Sabrina Lefrançois ( born 22 November 1980 ) is a French former pair skater . With Nicolas Osseland , she placed fourth at the 1997 World Junior Championships , 12th at the 1997 European Championships , and 17th at the 1998 Winter Olympics . She later competed with Jérôme Blanchard and won the 2004 French national title ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nicolas_Osseland", "summary": "Nicolas Osseland ( born 22 August 1978 ) is a French former pair skater . With Sabrina Lefrançois , he placed fourth at the 1997 World Junior Championships , 12th at the 1997 European Championships , and 17th at the 1998 Winter Olympics . He later competed with Marie-Pierre Leray . Following his retirement from competition , he began coaching in Luxembourg ." } ] }, { "value": "France", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/France", "summary": "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "6.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alena Maltseva / Oleg Popov", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russia", "summary": "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ." } ] }, { "value": "9.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jacinthe Larivière / Lenny Faustino", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacinthe_Larivière", "summary": "Jacinthe Larivière ( born July 25 , 1981 ) is a Canadian former pair skater . With Lenny Faustino , she is the 2001 Nebelhorn Trophy champion and 2003 Canadian national champion . They were coached by Lee Barkell in Barrie , Ontario ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Lenny_Faustino", "summary": "Lenny Faustino ( born May 29 , 1979 ) is a Canadian former pair skater . With Jacinthe Larivière , 2003 Canadian national champion and represented Canada at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic Games . They were coached by Lee Barkell in Barrie , Ontario . Faustino retired from competition in 2004 . He is a graduate of York University with a Bachelor of Administration Studies , Marketing Honours and also holds a Diploma from Georgian College in Business - Marketing . In 2005 , he married Jennifer Ruppel , with whom he has two children . He lives in Toronto and is a Chartered Life Underwiter ( CLU ) with Trudy Butt & Associates Private Wealth Management ." } ] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "9.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tiffany Stiegler / Johnnie Stiegler", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tiffany_Stiegler", "summary": "Tiffany Stiegler ( born January 14 , 1984 ) is an American figure skater who competed in both pair skating and ice dancing . Competing in pairs with her brother Johnnie Stiegler , she won the bronze medal at the 1998 Sparkassen Cup on Ice and placed fourth at the 1999 World Junior Championships ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Johnnie_Stiegler", "summary": "John Johnnie Stiegler ( born April 25 , 1982 ) is an American former pair skater . With his sister Tiffany , he won the bronze medal at the 1998 Sparkassen Cup on Ice . The Stieglers began skating together as children . After winning the junior title at the 1997 U.S. Championships , they were awarded pewter medals on the senior national level in 1998 and 1999 . They placed fourth at the 1999 World Junior Championships . Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev coached the pair in El Segundo , California . They represented the Los Angeles Figure Skating Club . Their older sister Stephanie was also a competitive skater ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "13.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pang Qing / Tong Jian", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pang_Qing", "summary": "Pang Qing ( simplified Chinese : 庞清 ; traditional Chinese : 龐清 ; pinyin : Páng Qīng ; born December 24 , 1979 in Harbin , Heilongjiang ) is a Chinese pair skater . With partner and husband Tong Jian , she is the 2010 Olympic silver medalist , the 2006 and 2010 World Champion , a five-time Four Continents champion ( 2002 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 & 2011 ) and the 2008 Grand Prix Final Champion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tong_Jian", "summary": "Tong Jian ( Chinese : 佟健 ; pinyin : Tóng Jiàn ; born August 15 , 1979 in Harbin , Heilongjiang ) is a Chinese pair skater . With partner and wife Pang Qing , he is the 2010 Olympic silver medalist , 2006 & 2010 World Champion , a five-time Four Continents champion ( 2002 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 & 2011 ) and the 2008 Grand Prix Final Champion ." } ] }, { "value": "China", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/China", "summary": "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "13.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jaime O'Reilly / Clinton Petersen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "14.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jaisa MacAdam / Garrett Lucash", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Garrett_Lucash", "summary": "Garrett Lucash ( born September 21 , 1978 in Attleboro , Massachusetts ) is an American pair skater . With partner Katie Orscher , he is the 2005 U.S. national champion and 2005 Four Continents bronze medalist ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "16.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elena Kokhanevich / Vitaly Dubina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vitaly_Dubina", "summary": "Vitali Vladimirovich Dubina ( Russian : Виталий Владимирович Дубина , born 11 May 1980 ) is a former pair skater who competed for both Ukraine and Russia ." } ] }, { "value": "Ukraine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ukraine", "summary": "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ." } ] }, { "value": "18.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aliona Savchenko / Dmitri Boenko", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aliona_Savchenko", "summary": "Aljona Savchenko ( Ukrainian : Олена Валентинівна Савченко , Olena Valentynivna Savčenko ; German Romanization : Aljona Sawtschenko , sometimes Aliona Savchenko ; born 19 January 1984 ) is a Ukrainian-born German pair skater . One of the most decorated pair skaters , she is the 2018 Olympic Champion and two-time Olympic bronze medalist ( 2010 , 2014 ) , a six-time World Champion and a five-time Grand Prix Final champion . With partner Bruno Massot , she is the 2018 Olympic champion , the 2018 World Champion , a two-time European silver medalist , the 2017-18 Grand Prix Final champion , and a two-time German national champion ( 2016 , 2018 ) . The pair hold the world record for best free skate score and best total score , and they are the first pair skaters to break 160 points in the free skate . With former partner Robin Szolkowy , she is the 2010 and 2014 Olympic bronze medalist , a five-time World champion ( 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 ) , a four-time European champion ( 2007-2009 , 2011 ) , a four-time Grand Prix Final champion ( 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 ) , and an eight-time German national champion ( 2004-2009 , 2011 , 2014 ) . Savchenko and Szolkowy received the first 10.0 component scores ever given by a judge under the ISU Judging System . Savchenko originally represented Ukraine with Dmitri Boyenko and later Stanislav Morozov . With Morozov , she was the 2000 World Junior champion , the 1999-2000 Junior Grand Prix Final champion , and a two-time Ukrainian national champion ." } ] }, { "value": "Ukraine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ukraine", "summary": "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ." } ] }, { "value": "19.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jekaterina Nekrassova / Valdis Mintals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jekaterina_Nekrassova", "summary": "Ekaterina Nekrassova is an Estonian retired pair skater . With partner Valdis Mintals , she is a multiple Estonian national champion . They competed many times at the World Figure Skating Championships , the European Figure Skating Championships , and the World Junior Figure Skating Championships . That partnership ended in 1998 . Nekrassova works as a coach . Her former students include Maria Sergejeva / Ilja Glebov ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Valdis_Mintals", "summary": "Valdis Mintals ( born 11 December 1979 in Tallinn ) is an Estonian pair skater . With partner Ekaterina Nekrassova , he is a multiple Estonian national champion . They competed at the World , European , and World Junior Championships before ending their partnership in 1998 . From 1998 through 2002 , Mintals competed with Viktoria Shklover . They were the 1998-2002 Estonian national champions . They competed twice at the World Junior Championships , and three times at the World and European Championships . Their highest placement at an ISU Championship was 10th at the 2000 and 2001 European Championships . Early in his career , Mintals competed in single skating . Following his retirement in 2002 from competitive skating , Mintals performed in touring ice shows and ice theater ." } ] }, { "value": "Estonia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Estonia", "summary": "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ." } ] }, { "value": "21.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irina Galkina / Artem Knyazev", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Artem_Knyazev", "summary": "Artem Knyazev ( Russian : Артём Князев ; born 16 May 1980 ) is an Uzbekistani former pair skater . He competed for much of his career with Marina Aganina . They became the 2004-05 Uzbekistani national champions and competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Uzbekistan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uzbekistan", "summary": "Uzbekistan ( UK : /ʊzˌbɛkɪˈstɑːn , ʌz- , -ˈstæn/ , US : /ʊzˈbɛkɪstæn , -stɑːn/ ; Uzbek : O'zbekiston , Ўзбекистон pronounced [ ozbekiˈstɒn ] ) , officially Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : O'zbekiston Respublikasi ) , is a country in Central Asia . It is bordered by five landlocked countries : Kazakhstan to the north ; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest . Along with Liechtenstein , it is one of the world 's only two doubly landlocked countries . As a sovereign state , Uzbekistan is a secular , unitary constitutional republic . It comprises 12 provinces and one autonomous republic . The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan is Tashkent . What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking region of Transoxiana and Turan . The first recorded settlers were Eastern Iranian nomads , known as Scythians , who founded kingdoms in Khwarezm ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Bactria ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Sogdia ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Fergana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) , and Margiana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) . The area was incorporated into the Iranian Achaemenid Empire and , after a period of Macedonian Greek rule , was ruled by the Iranian Parthian Empire and later by the Sasanian Empire , until the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century . The Muslim conquest in the 7th century converted the majority of the population , including the local ruling classes , into adherents of Islam . During this period , cities such as Samarkand , Khiva and Bukhara began to grow rich from the Silk Road . The local Khwarezmian dynasty , and Central Asia as a whole , were decimated by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century ." } ] }, { "value": "22.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aneta Kowalska / Łukasz Różycki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aneta_Kowalska", "summary": "Aneta Kowalska ( born October 7 , 1982 in Warsaw , Poland ) is a Polish pair skater . She competes with Artur Szeliski . She previously skated with Łukasz Różycki ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Łukasz_Różycki", "summary": "Łukasz Różycki ( [ wuˈkaʂ ruˈʐɨt͡ski ] ; born 13 December 1979 in Warsaw , Poland ) is a Polish pair skater who competed with Aneta Kowalska . He is married to Finnish skater Alexandra Schauman ." } ] }, { "value": "Poland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Poland", "summary": "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ." } ] }, { "value": "24.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elisa Carenini / Ruben de Pra", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ruben_de_Pra", "summary": "Ruben De Pra ( born June 16 , 1980 in Belluno ) is an Italian retired pair skater . With partner Michela Cobisi , he is the 2001 & 2002 Italian national champion . They placed 19th at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Prior to teaming up with Cobisi , he skated with Elisa Carenini , with whom he competed twice at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Italy", "summary": "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ." } ] }, { "value": "25.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tatiana Zaharjeva / Jurijs Salmanovs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Latvia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Latvia", "summary": "Latvia ( /ˈlɑːtviə/ or /ˈlætviə/ ( listen ) ; Latvian : Latvija [ ˈlatvija ] , Livonian : Lețmō ) , officially known as the Republic of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Republika , Livonian : Lețmō Vabāmō ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe . Since its independence , Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , Belarus to the southeast , and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 ( 24,938 sq mi ) . The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The Baltic Sea moderates climate , although it has four distinct seasons and snowy winters . After centuries of Swedish , Polish and Russian rule , a rule mainly executed by the Baltic German aristocracy , the Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I . However , by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis . The country 's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II , beginning with Latvia 's forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union , followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944 ( Courland Pocket in 1945 ) to form the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Communist regime 's illegal takeover . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 . Latvia is a democratic sovereign state , parliamentary republic and a very highly developed country according to the United Nations Human Development Index ." } ] }, { "value": "26.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irina Mladenova / Hristo Turlakov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hristo_Turlakov", "summary": "Hristo Turlakov ( Bulgarian : Христо Турлаков , born 20 March 1979 ) is a Bulgarian former competitive figure skater . Competing as a single skater , he appeared at six European Championships . His highest placement was 21st in 2003 . Turlakov also competed as a pair skater on the junior level , placing 19th at the 1998 World Junior Championships with Irina Mladenova , and 23rd at the 1999 World Junior Championships with Anna Dimova ." } ] }, { "value": "Bulgaria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bulgaria", "summary": "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ." } ] }, { "value": "28.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Results -- Pairs", "section_text": "", "uid": "1998_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships_2", "intro": "The World Junior Figure Skating Championships is an annual event sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which younger figure skaters compete for the title of World Junior Champion. The 1998 competition took place between November 30 and December 7, 1997, in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_ingredients", "title": "List of Thai ingredients", "header": [ "Thai name", "Thai script", "English name", "Description and use" ], "data": [ { "value": "Hoi khraeng", "urls": [] }, { "value": "หอยแครง", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Blood cockle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blood_cockle", "summary": "Tegillarca granosa ( also known as Anadara granosa ) is a species of ark clam known as the blood cockle or blood clam due to the red haemoglobin liquid inside the soft tissues . It is found throughout the Indo-Pacific region from the eastern coast of South Africa northwards and eastwards to Southeast Asia , Australia , Polynesia , and up to northern Japan . It lives mainly in the intertidal zone at one to two metres water depth , burrowed down into sand or mud . Adult size is about 5 to 6 cm long and 4 to 5 cm wide ." } ] }, { "value": "Eaten raw or blanched with a nam chim ( spicy dipping sauce ) , or used blanched in a Thai salad", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nam_chim", "summary": "Nam chim or nam jim ( Thai : น้ำจิ้ม , IPA : [ ná ( ː ) m tɕîm ] ) is Thai for dipping sauce . It can refer to a wide variety of dipping sauces in Thai cuisine , with many of them a combination of salty , sweet , spicy and sour . Nam chim tend to be more watery in consistency than nam phrik ( Thai chili pastes ) . Although Sriracha sauce is commonly known as sot Sriracha in Thailand ( sot is the Thai pronunciation of the English word sauce ) , it is sometimes called nam chim Sriracha or nam phrik Sriracha . A more-or-less generic and basic nam chim is used for grilled or steamed seafood . This sauce contains garlic , fish sauce , sugar , lime juice , and bird 's eye chilies . Variations on this basic recipe find their use as a dipping sauce with and as an integral part of many dishes . Many of the ingredients in a nam chim are finely chopped or pounded in a mortar and pestle or , non-traditionally , ground in a blender ." } ] }, { "value": "Hoi lai", "urls": [] }, { "value": "หอยลาย", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Undulated Venus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paphia_undulata", "summary": "Paratapes undulatus , common name undulate venus , is a species of saltwater clam , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Veneridae , the Venus clams ." } ] }, { "value": "This clam is highly appreciated in Thai cuisine ; usually steamed , stir-fried or added to soups", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hoi malaeng phu", "urls": [] }, { "value": "หอยแมลงภู่", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asian green mussel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Perna_viridis", "summary": "Perna viridis , known as the Asian green mussel , is an economically important mussel , a bivalve belonging to the family Mytilidae . It is harvested for food but is also known to harbor toxins and cause damage to submerged structures such as drainage pipes . It is native in the Asia-Pacific region but has been introduced in the Caribbean , and in the waters around Japan , North America , and South America ." } ] }, { "value": "Usually steamed or also boiled in soups", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kung haeng", "urls": [] }, { "value": "กุ้งแห้ง", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dried shrimp", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dried_shrimp", "summary": "Dried shrimp are shrimp that have been sun-dried and shrunk to a thumbnail size . They are used in many East Asian , Southeast Asian and South Asian cuisines , imparting a unique umami taste . A handful of shrimp is generally used for dishes . The flavors of this ingredient are released when allowed to simmer ." } ] }, { "value": "Salted and sun-dried , dried shrimp feature in many dishes and chilli pastes . They are often soaked in water before use", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kung kamkram", "urls": [] }, { "value": "กุ้งก้ามกราม", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Giant river prawn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Macrobrachium_rosenbergii", "summary": "Macrobrachium rosenbergii , also known as the giant river prawn or giant freshwater prawn , is a commercially important species of palaemonid freshwater prawn . It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the Indo-Pacific region , from India to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia . The giant freshwater prawn has also been introduced to parts of Africa , Thailand , China , Japan , New Zealand , the Americas and the Caribbean . It is one of the biggest freshwater prawns in the world and is widely cultivated in several countries for food . While M. rosenbergii is considered a freshwater species , the larval stage of the animal depends on brackish water . Once the individual shrimp has grown beyond the planktonic stage and becomes a juvenile , it will live entirely in freshwater . It is also known as the Malaysian prawn , freshwater scampi ( India ) , or cherabin ( Australia ) . Locally , it is known as Golda Chingri in Bangladesh , udang galah in Indonesia and Malaysia , uwang or ulang in the Philippines , and koong mae nam or koong ghram gram in Thailand ." } ] }, { "value": "Mostly bred in local fish farms . Boiled in Tom yam , grilled or fried", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kung khao", "urls": [] }, { "value": "กุ้งขาว", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Whiteleg shrimp", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Whiteleg_shrimp", "summary": "Whiteleg shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei , formerly Penaeus vannamei ) , also known as Pacific white shrimp or king prawn , is a variety of prawn of the eastern Pacific Ocean commonly caught or farmed for food ." } ] }, { "value": "Bred in local fish farms . Perhaps the most common shrimp currently used in Tom yam kung", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pla chon", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลาช่อน", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Channa striata", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Channa_striata", "summary": "Channa striata , the striped snakehead , is a species of snakehead fish . It is also known as the common snakehead , chevron snakehead , or snakehead murrel and generally referred simply as mudfish . It is native to South and Southeast Asia , and has been introduced to some Pacific Islands ( reports from Madagascar and Hawaii are misidentifications of C. maculata ) . A genetic study published in 2017 indicates that C. striata is a species complex ." } ] }, { "value": "Usually eaten barbecued or steamed . It is the main fish used in the preparation of Pla ra sauce", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pla_ra", "summary": "Pla ra ( Thai : ปลาร้า , pronounced [ plāː ráː ] ) , also called ปลาแดก pla daek , is a traditional Thai seasoning produced by fermenting fish with rice bran or roasted rice flour and salt fermented in a closed container for at least six months . Pla ra variants are also popular in Cambodian , Lao , Vietnamese , and Mon cuisine . Pla ra has a very strong smell , which is considered unpleasant by some people . Its flavors are salty and sour , depending on the amount of salt put in and lactic acid resulting from fermentation process ." } ] }, { "value": "Pla daeng", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลาแดง", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Phalacronotus bleekeri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Phalacronotus_bleekeri", "summary": "Phalacronotus bleekeri , commonly known as Bleeker 's Sheatfish , is a species of catfish of the genus Phalacronotus . This species grows to a length of 60 centimetres ( 24 in ) SL . This fish is found in mainland Southeast Asia ." } ] }, { "value": "It is one of the very similar catfish species known in the markets as Pla nuea on ( วงศ์ปลาเนื้ออ่อน ) . Valued for its delicate flesh ; also used for making high-quality fish balls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pla_nuea_on_(disambiguation)", "summary": "Pla nuea on ( Thai : ปลาเนื้ออ่อน , tender-fleshed fish ) may refer to :" } ] }, { "value": "Pla duk", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลาดุก", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Clarias batrachus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Walking_catfish", "summary": "The walking catfish ( Clarias batrachus ) is a species of freshwater airbreathing catfish native to Southeast Asia . It is named for its ability to walk and wiggle across dry land , to find food or suitable environments . While it does not truly walk as most bipeds or quadrupeds do , it has the ability to use its pectoral fins to keep it upright as it makes a wiggling motion with snakelike movements . This fish normally lives in slow-moving and often stagnant waters in ponds , swamps , streams and rivers , flooded rice paddies or temporary pools which may dry up . When this happens , its walking skill allows the fish to move to other sources of water . Considerable taxonomic confusion surrounds this species and it has frequently been confused with other close relatives ." } ] }, { "value": "Usually eaten barbecued , but also flaked and deep-fried in Yam pla duk fu", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pla kot khang", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลากดคัง", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hemibagrus wyckioides", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hemibagrus_wyckioides", "summary": "Hemibagrus wyckioides ( Asian redtail catfish ) is a species of catfish ( order Siluriformes ) of the family Bagridae ." } ] }, { "value": "A type of catfish usually used in Thai cuisine in tom yam or , when shortly blanched , to be eaten with a nam chim ( dipping sauce )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tom_yam", "summary": "Tom yum or tom yam ( UK : /ˌtɒm ˈjæm , - ˈjʌm/ , US : /- ˈjɑːm/ ; Thai : ต้มยำ , RTGS : tom yam [ tôm jām ] ( listen ) ) is a type of hot and sour Thai soup , usually cooked with shrimp ( prawn ) . Tom yum has its origin in Thailand . The words tom yam are derived from two Thai words . Tom refers to the boiling process , while yam refers to a Thai spicy and sour salad . [ citation needed ] Tom yum is characterised by its distinct hot and sour flavours , with fragrant spices and herbs generously used in the broth . The soup is also made with fresh ingredients such as lemongrass , kaffir lime leaves , galangal , lime juice , fish sauce , and crushed red chili peppers . Commercial tom yum paste is made by crushing all the herb ingredients and stir frying in oil . Then , seasoning and other preservative ingredients are added . The paste is bottled or packaged and sold around the world . Tom yum flavored with the paste may have different characteristics from that made with fresh herb ingredients . The soup often includes meats such as chicken , beef , pork , or shrimp . The 1997 financial crisis in Asia , which started in Thailand , is sometimes referred to as the Tom Yam Kung Crisis ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nam_chim", "summary": "Nam chim or nam jim ( Thai : น้ำจิ้ม , IPA : [ ná ( ː ) m tɕîm ] ) is Thai for dipping sauce . It can refer to a wide variety of dipping sauces in Thai cuisine , with many of them a combination of salty , sweet , spicy and sour . Nam chim tend to be more watery in consistency than nam phrik ( Thai chili pastes ) . Although Sriracha sauce is commonly known as sot Sriracha in Thailand ( sot is the Thai pronunciation of the English word sauce ) , it is sometimes called nam chim Sriracha or nam phrik Sriracha . A more-or-less generic and basic nam chim is used for grilled or steamed seafood . This sauce contains garlic , fish sauce , sugar , lime juice , and bird 's eye chilies . Variations on this basic recipe find their use as a dipping sauce with and as an integral part of many dishes . Many of the ingredients in a nam chim are finely chopped or pounded in a mortar and pestle or , non-traditionally , ground in a blender ." } ] }, { "value": "Pla kraho", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลากระโห้", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Siamese giant carp", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Giant_barb", "summary": "The giant barb , Siamese giant carp , or simply Siamese carp ( Catlocarpio siamensis ) ( Thai : กระโห้ , RTGS : kraho , Thai pronunciation : [ krā.hôː ] , or กะมัน , RTGS : kaman , Thai pronunciation : [ kā.mān ] ; Khmer : ត្រីគល់រាំង , trei kól reăng ; Vietnamese : cá Hô ) , is the largest species of cyprinid in the world . These migratory fish are found only in the Mae Klong , Mekong , and Chao Phraya River basins in Indochina . Populations have declined drastically due to habitat loss and overfishing , and the giant barb is now considered critically endangered ." } ] }, { "value": "Highly valued in traditional Thai cuisine . Like most of the Thai food species that are not bred in fish farms , overfishing has caused a serious decline in its numbers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pla krai", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลากราย", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chitala ornata", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chitala_ornata", "summary": "The clown featherback , clown knifefish , or spotted knifefish , Chitala ornata , is a nocturnal tropical fish with a long , knife-like body . This knifefish is native to freshwater habitats in Cambodia , Laos , Thailand and Vietnam , but it has also been introduced to regions outside its native range . It is one of world 's most invasive species . It is often seen in aquaculture and the aquarium trade where frequently confused with Chitala chitala ; the latter species is very rare in the aquarium trade . Despite its popularity , the clown featherback reaches 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) in length , outgrowing all but the largest aquaria ." } ] }, { "value": "Usually eaten deep-fried with Nam chim ( spicy dipping sauce ) and leafy greens . It is the main fish used in Thot man pla ( Thai fish cakes )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pla kaphong khao", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลากะพงขาว", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Barramundi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Barramundi", "summary": "The barramundi ( Lates calcarifer ) or Asian sea bass , is a species of catadromous fish in the family Latidae of the order Perciformes . The species is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region from South Asia to Papua New Guinea and Northern Australia . The fish is known as pla kapong in Thai and as bhetki/koral in Bengali ." } ] }, { "value": "Prepared in a variety of ways , boiled or fried , especially good boiled with lemon . Presently most Pla kaphong in Thailand are Barramundi from local fish farms", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pla_kaphong_(disambiguation)", "summary": "Pla kaphong ( Thai : ปลากะพง ) may refer to :" } ] }, { "value": "Pla kaphong daeng", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลากะพงแดง", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mangrove red snapper", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mangrove_red_snapper", "summary": "The mangrove red snapper ( Lutjanus argentimaculatus ) , commonly called mangrove jack within Australia , is a species of snapper . It is also known as creek red bream , the Stuart evader , dog bream , mangrove red snapper , purple sea perch , purple sea-perch , red bass , red bream , red perch , red reef bream , river roman , or rock barramundi ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pla lai na", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลาไหลนา", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Swamp eel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monopterus_albus", "summary": "The Asian swamp eel , swamp eel , rice eel , or white ricefield eel ( Monopterus albus ) is a commercially important , air-breathing species of fish in the family Synbranchidae . Originating in the waters of East and Southeast Asia , it has been identified as an invasive species in the North American Everglades ." } ] }, { "value": "Traditional food item found in flooded ricefields . Usually eaten in Tom yam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pla mo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลาหมอ", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Climbing perch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anabas_testudineus", "summary": "Anabas testudineus , the climbing perch , is a species of fish in the family Anabantidae , the climbing gouramis . It is native to Asia , where it occurs from India east to China and to the Wallace Line . It is an invasive species that can live without water for 6-10 days . It is believed that the fish may be invading new territories by slipping aboard fishing boats . It has also been established in some countries outside of its native range , in eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea . It is believed to be advancing toward Australia . In late 2005 , the fish was discovered on Saibai Island and another small Australian island in the Torres Strait north of Queensland , about three to four miles south of Papua New Guinea . This species grows to 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) in total length . It is likely that this is a species complex , with the name Anabas testudineus applied to what are actually several different species . With further study , populations of this fish may be divided up into separate species and given new names ." } ] }, { "value": "Common in the ricefield ecosystem . Eaten in curry or Tom yam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pla nam ngoen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลาน้ำเงิน", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Phalacronotus apogon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Phalacronotus_apogon", "summary": "Phalacronotus apogon is a species of catfish of the genus Phalacronotus found in Southeast Asia . This species grows to a length of 130 centimetres ( 51 in ) SL . This fish is common in the murky waters of large rivers in the basins of the Mekong and Chao Phraya , as well as in Peninsular Malaysia , Sumatra and Borneo ." } ] }, { "value": "It is one of the very similar catfish species known generically in the markets as Pla nuea on ( วงศ์ปลาเนื้ออ่อน ) . Highly valued for its delicate flesh ; also used for making fish balls", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pla nin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลานิล", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oreochromis niloticus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oreochromis_niloticus", "summary": "The Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) is a species of tilapia , a cichlid fish native to the northern half of Africa and Israel . Numerous introduced populations exist outside its natural range . It is also commercially known as mango fish , nilotica , or boulti . The first name leads to easy confusion with another tilapia traded commercially , the mango tilapia ( Sarotherodon galilaeus ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Barbecued , boiled or fried . Especially popular rubbed with salt and barbecued . Nile Tilapia in Thailand are bred in local fish farms", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pla sai daeng", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลาทรายแดง", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ornate threadfin bream", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Threadfin_bream", "summary": "The threadfin breams consist of the family Nemipteridae within the order Perciformes . They are also known as whiptail breams and false snappers . They are found in tropical waters of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans . Most species are benthic carnivores , preying on smaller fishes , cephalopods , crustaceans and polychaetes ; however , a few species eat plankton . Threadfin bream harbour parasites . A study conducted in New Caledonia has shown that the fork-tailed threadfin bream ( Nemipterus furcosus ) harboured 25 species of parasites , including nematodes , cestodes , digeneans , monogeneans , isopods , and copepods . None of these parasites is transmitted to humans ." } ] }, { "value": "It is most often used deep-fried", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pla salat", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ปลาสลาด", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze Featherback", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bronze_Featherback", "summary": "The bronze featherback ( Notopterus notopterus ; Assamese : কান্ধুলি kandhuli , Bengali : ফলি , Thai : ปลาสลาด , ปลาฉลาด , ปลาตอง , Vietnamese : Cá thát lát , Burmese : Nga Phal ) is a fish in family Notopteridae found in South and Southeast Asia . Although primarily found in fresh water , it has been known to enter brackish water . At present it is the only member of its genus , but as currently defined it is likely a species complex ." } ] }, { "value": "Dried and smoked it is the main ingredient of a type of Nam phrik", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Fish and seafood", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Thai_ingredients_10", "intro": "This is a list of ingredients found in Thai cuisine." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_period_drama_films_set_in_Asia", "title": "Historical period drama films set in Asia", "header": [ "Title", "Release date", "Time period", "Setting", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "Mongol", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mongol_(film)", "summary": "Mongol ( Монгол ) , also known as Mongol : The Rise of Genghis Khan in the United States and Mongol : The Rise to Power of Genghis Khan in the United Kingdom , is a 2007 semi-historical epic film directed by Sergei Bodrov , about the early life of Temüjin , who later came to be known as Genghis Khan . The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Bodrov and Arif Aliev . It was produced by Bodrov , Sergei Selyanov , and Anton Melnik and stars Tadanobu Asano , Sun Honglei , and Chuluuny Khulan in the main roles . Mongol explores abduction , kinship , and the repercussions of war . The film was a co-production between companies in Russia , Germany and Kazakhstan . Filming took place mainly in the People 's Republic of China , principally in Inner Mongolia ( the Mongol autonomous region ) , and in Kazakhstan . Shooting began in September 2005 , and was completed in November 2006 . After an initial screening at the Russian Film Festival in Vyborg on 10 August 2007 , Mongol was released in Russia on 20 September 2007 . It saw a limited release in the United States on 6 June 2008 grossing $ 5.7 million in domestic ticket sales . It additionally earned nearly 21 million in sales through international release for a combined $ 26.5 million in gross revenue . The film was a minor financial success after its theatrical run , and was generally met with positive critical reviews . The film was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film as a submission from Kazakhstan ." } ] }, { "value": "2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1161-1227", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mongolia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "based on the early life of Genghis Khan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Genghis_Khan", "summary": "Genghis Khan [ note 4 ] ( born Temüjin Borjigin , [ note 1 ] c. 1162 - August 18 , 1227 ) , also officially Genghis Emperor [ note 5 ] , was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire , which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death . He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia . After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan , he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia . Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai , Caucasus , and Khwarazmian , Western Xia and Jin dynasties . These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations , especially in the Khwarazmian- and Western Xia-controlled lands . By the end of his life , the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China . Before Genghis Khan died he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor . Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates . Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia . By his request , his body was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia . His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China , Korea , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia . Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations ." } ] }, { "value": "The Conqueror", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Conqueror_(1956_film)", "summary": "The Conqueror is a 1956 American CinemaScope epic film directed by Dick Powell and written by Oscar Millard . The film stars John Wayne as the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan and co-stars Susan Hayward , Agnes Moorehead , and Pedro Armendáriz . Produced by entrepreneur Howard Hughes , the film was principally shot near St. George , Utah . Despite the stature of the cast and a respectable box office performance , the film was a critical flop ; it is often ranked as one of the worst films of the 1950s and one of the worst ever . Wayne , who was at the height of his career , had lobbied for the role after reading the script and was widely believed to have been grossly miscast . The Conqueror was listed in the 1978 book The Fifty Worst Films of All Time . Wayne was posthumously named a winner of a Golden Turkey Award for his performance in the film ." } ] }, { "value": "1956", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1161-1227", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mongolia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "universally panned as a terrible film , this English-language film starred John Wayne as Genghis Khan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Genghis_Khan", "summary": "Genghis Khan [ note 4 ] ( born Temüjin Borjigin , [ note 1 ] c. 1162 - August 18 , 1227 ) , also officially Genghis Emperor [ note 5 ] , was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire , which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death . He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia . After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan , he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia . Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai , Caucasus , and Khwarazmian , Western Xia and Jin dynasties . These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations , especially in the Khwarazmian- and Western Xia-controlled lands . By the end of his life , the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China . Before Genghis Khan died he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor . Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates . Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia . By his request , his body was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia . His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China , Korea , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia . Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations ." } ] }, { "value": "Genghis Khan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Genghis_Khan_(1965_film)", "summary": "Genghis Khan is a 1965 adventure film directed by Henry Levin and starring Omar Sharif , depicting a fictionalized account of the life and conquests of the Mongol emperor Genghis Khan . Distributed in the United Kingdom and the United States in 1965 by Columbia Pictures , the film also features James Mason , Stephen Boyd , Eli Wallach , Françoise Dorléac and Telly Savalas . A 70 mm version was released by CCC Film in West Germany . It was filmed in Yugoslavia with Technicolor and Panavision ." } ] }, { "value": "1965", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1161-1227", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mongolia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "the life and conquests of the Mongol emperor", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Genghis Khan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Genghis_Khan_(1950_film)", "summary": "Genghis Khan ( or Ang Buhay ni Genghis Khan ) is a 1950 Filipino bioepic film directed by Manuel Conde , based on the life of Mongol ruler and emperor Genghis Khan . Shot with a shoe-string budget , Conde was forced to resort to creative means in staging the light , procuring the costumes and shooting the film . Despite the obstacles the film remained a classic for many years . Genghis Khan has also made it to the favorite list of many respected international critics for its innovative techniques and remarkable narrative elements using the cinematic medium . Genghis Khan is considered a classic , The film was first screened at the 1952 Venice Film Festival and was cited for technical achievement . It also received a good review from its screening at the 1952 Edinburgh Film Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "1950", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1161-1227", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mongolia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Life of the Mongol Emperor and the Succession of his throne", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Genghis Khan : To the Ends of the Earth and Sea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Genghis_Khan:_To_the_Ends_of_the_Earth_and_Sea", "summary": "Genghis Khan : To the Ends of Earth and Sea ( 蒼き狼 地果て海尽きるまで , Aoki Ōkami : Chi Hate Umi Tsukiru Made , lit . The Blue Wolf : To the Ends of the Earth and Sea ) is a 2007 Japanese - Mongolian historical drama film depicting the life of Genghis Khan ." } ] }, { "value": "2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1161-1227", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mongolia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Japanese-Mongolian film about the life of Genghis Khan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Genghis_Khan", "summary": "Genghis Khan [ note 4 ] ( born Temüjin Borjigin , [ note 1 ] c. 1162 - August 18 , 1227 ) , also officially Genghis Emperor [ note 5 ] , was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire , which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death . He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia . After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan , he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia . Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai , Caucasus , and Khwarazmian , Western Xia and Jin dynasties . These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations , especially in the Khwarazmian- and Western Xia-controlled lands . By the end of his life , the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China . Before Genghis Khan died he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor . Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates . Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia . By his request , his body was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia . His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China , Korea , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia . Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations ." } ] }, { "value": "The Golden Horde", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Golden_Horde_(film)", "summary": "The Golden Horde is a 1951 American historical adventure film directed by George Sherman and starring Ann Blyth , David Farrar , with George Macready , Richard Egan and Peggie Castle . Many of the exterior scenes were shot in the Death Valley National Park in California . It was made using Technicolor , and was one of a series of color films in exotic setting released by Universal around this time ." } ] }, { "value": "1951", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1220", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Uzbekistan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "English-language film about an English knight who leads the defense of Samarkand against Genghis Khan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Samarkand", "summary": "Samarkand ( /ˈsæmərkænd/ ; Uzbek : Samarqand ; Persian : سمرقند ; Russian : Самарканд ) , alternatively Samarqand , is a city in south-eastern Uzbekistan and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia . There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city from the late Paleolithic era , though there is no direct evidence of when Samarkand was founded ; some theories propose that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries B.C . Prospering from its location on the Silk Road between China and the Mediterranean , at times Samarkand was one of the greatest cities of Central Asia . By the time of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia , it was the capital of the Sogdian satrapy . The city was taken by Alexander the Great in 329 BC , when it was known by its Greek name of Marakanda ( Μαράκανδα ) . The city was ruled by a succession of Iranian and Turkic rulers until the Mongols under Genghis Khan conquered Samarkand in 1220 . Today , Samarkand is the capital of Samarqand Region and one of the largest cities of Uzbekistan . The city is noted for being an Islamic center for scholarly study . In the 14th century it became the capital of the empire of Timur ( Tamerlane ) and is the site of his mausoleum ( the Gur-e Amir ) . The Bibi-Khanym Mosque , rebuilt during the Soviet era , remains one of the city 's most notable landmarks . Samarkand 's Registan square was the ancient centre of the city , and is bound by three monumental religious buildings . The city has carefully preserved the traditions of ancient crafts : embroidery , gold embroidery , silk weaving , engraving on copper , ceramics , carving and painting on wood ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Genghis_Khan", "summary": "Genghis Khan [ note 4 ] ( born Temüjin Borjigin , [ note 1 ] c. 1162 - August 18 , 1227 ) , also officially Genghis Emperor [ note 5 ] , was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire , which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death . He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia . After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan , he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia . Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai , Caucasus , and Khwarazmian , Western Xia and Jin dynasties . These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations , especially in the Khwarazmian- and Western Xia-controlled lands . By the end of his life , the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China . Before Genghis Khan died he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor . Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates . Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia . By his request , his body was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia . His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China , Korea , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia . Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations ." } ] }, { "value": "The Black Rose", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Black_Rose", "summary": "The Black Rose is a 1950 20th Century Fox Technicolor film directed by Henry Hathaway and starring Tyrone Power and Orson Welles . Loosely based on Thomas B. Costain 's book , it was filmed partly on location in England and Morocco which substitutes for the Gobi Desert of China . The film was partly conceived as a follow-up to the movie Prince of Foxes , and reunited the earlier film 's two stars . Talbot Jennings ' screenplay was based on a popular novel of the same name by Canadian author Thomas B. Costain , published in 1945 , introducing an anachronistic Saxon rebellion against the Norman aristocracy as a vehicle for launching the protagonists on their journey to the Orient . It was nominated for Best Costumes-Color at the 23rd Academy Awards ( Michael Whittaker ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1950", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1220", "urls": [] }, { "value": "China", "urls": [] }, { "value": "English-language film about an English Saxon who travels China and meet a Mongol warlord", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tsogt Taij", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tsogt_Taij", "summary": "Tümengken Tsoghtu Khong Tayiji , . He established a base on the Tuul river . Known as an intellectual , he embraced the Karma sect and built monasteries and castles . In 1601 , he built the White Castle , or the White House of Choghtu Khong Tayiji . He submitted himself to Ligdan Khan , last grand khan of the Mongols . He took part in Ligdan 's campaign to Tibet to help the Karma sect although Ligdan Khan died in 1634 before they joined together . But he pursued the campaign . In the same year , he conquered the Tümed around Kokonor ( Qinghai Lake ) and moved his base there . By request from Shamar Rabjampa , he sent an army under his son Arslan to central Tibet in 1635 . However , Arslan attacked his ally Tsang army . He met the fifth Dalai Lama and paid homage to Gelukpa monasteries instead of destroying them . Arslan was eventually assassinated by Tsoghtu 's order ." } ] }, { "value": "1945", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1634-1637", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mongolia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mongolian language film about the patriotic struggle of Prince Tsogt Taij ( 1581-1637 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Choghtu_Khong_Tayiji", "summary": "Tümengken Tsoghtu Khong Tayiji , . He established a base on the Tuul river . Known as an intellectual , he embraced the Karma sect and built monasteries and castles . In 1601 , he built the White Castle , or the White House of Choghtu Khong Tayiji . He submitted himself to Ligdan Khan , last grand khan of the Mongols . He took part in Ligdan 's campaign to Tibet to help the Karma sect although Ligdan Khan died in 1634 before they joined together . But he pursued the campaign . In the same year , he conquered the Tümed around Kokonor ( Qinghai Lake ) and moved his base there . By request from Shamar Rabjampa , he sent an army under his son Arslan to central Tibet in 1635 . However , Arslan attacked his ally Tsang army . He met the fifth Dalai Lama and paid homage to Gelukpa monasteries instead of destroying them . Arslan was eventually assassinated by Tsoghtu 's order ." } ] }, { "value": "Queen Mandukhai the Wise", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1988", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1449-1510", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mongolia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mongolian language film about the life of Queen Mandukhai ( 1449-1510 ) who reunited the Mongols", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mandukhai_Khatun", "summary": "Mandukhai Khatun ( Mongolian : Мандухай хатан , Chinese : 满都海哈屯 ; pinyin : Mǎndūhǎi Hātún ) , also known as Mandukhai Sechen Khatun ( Mongolian : Мандухай сэцэн хатан , or Queen Manduhai the Wise ) , ( c. 1449 - 1510 ) was the Khatun of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia . With her second husband Batmunkh Dayan Khan , she helped reunite the warring Mongols ." } ] }, { "value": "Nomad", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nomad_(2005_film)", "summary": "Nomad : The Warrior ( Kazakh : Көшпенділер , Kóshpendiler ) is a 2005 Kazakh historical epic film written and co-produced by Rustam Ibragimbekov , executive-produced by Miloš Forman and directed by Sergei Bodrov , Ivan Passer and Talgat Temenov . It was released on March 16 , 2007 in North America , distributed by The Weinstein Company . Two versions of the film were shot : one in Kazakh by Temenov for distribution in Kazakhstan and one in English by Passer and Bodrov for distribution worldwide . The government of Kazakhstan invested $ 40 million in the film production , making it the most expensive Kazakh film ever made . Nomad was Kazakhstan 's official entry for Best Foreign Language Film for the 79th Academy Awards ." } ] }, { "value": "2006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "early 1700s", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kazakhstan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "about the early years of Ablai Khan ( early 18th century ) , a Kazakh khan in part of what is now Kazakhstan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ablai_Khan", "summary": "Wali-ullah Abul-Mansur Khan better known as Ablai Khan ( Kazakh : Абылай ( Әбілмансұр ) хан , Abylaı ( Ábilmansur ) han ) ( 1711 - May 23 , 1781 ) was a Kazakh khan of the Middle jüz of Kazakhstan ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kazakhstan", "summary": "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ." } ] }, { "value": "Kundun", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kundun", "summary": "Kundun is a 1997 American epic biographical film written by Melissa Mathison and directed by Martin Scorsese . It is based on the life and writings of Tenzin Gyatso , the 14th Dalai Lama , the exiled political and spiritual leader of Tibet . Tenzin Thuthob Tsarong , a grandnephew of the Dalai Lama , stars as the adult Dalai Lama , while Tencho Gyalpo , a niece of the Dalai Lama , appears as the Dalai Lama 's mother . The film according to Roger Ebert was made of episodes , not a plot and he gave the film three stars out of four . Stephen Holden of The New York Times called the film emotionally remote but praised its look and its musical score . Richard Corliss praised the cinematography and score as well . Barry Norman , chief film critic at the BBC opined that Kundun was both beautifully and intelligently made . Kundun ( སྐུ་མདུན་ Wylie : sku mdun in Tibetan ) , meaning presence , is a title by which the Dalai Lama is addressed . Kundun was released only a few months after Seven Years in Tibet , sharing the latter 's location and its depiction of the Dalai Lama at several stages of his youth , though Kundun covers a period three times longer ." } ] }, { "value": "1997", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1950", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tibet", "urls": [] }, { "value": "an American film depicting the early life of the 14th Dalai Lama and the 1950 invasion of Tibet and subsequent events", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama", "summary": "The 14th Dalai Lama [ note 1 ] ( religious name : Tenzin Gyatso , shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso ; born Lhamo Dhondup ; [ note 2 ] 6 July 1935 ) is the current Dalai Lama . Dalai Lamas are important monks of the Gelug school , the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism , which was formally headed by the Ganden Tripas . From the time of the 5th Dalai Lama to 1959 , the central government of Tibet , the Ganden Phodrang , invested the position of Dalai Lama with temporal duties . The 14th Dalai Lama was born in Taktser , Amdo , Tibet . He was selected as the tulku of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937 and formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama in a public declaration near the town of Bumchen in 1939 . On 26 January 1940 , the Regent Reting Rinpoche requested the Central Government to exempt Tenzin Gyatso from the lot-drawing process of the Golden Urn to become the 14th Dalai Lama . The request was approved by the Central Government . His enthronement ceremony as the Dalai Lama was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940 and he eventually assumed full temporal ( political ) duties on 17 November 1950 , at the age of 15 , after the People 's Republic of China 's occupation of Tibet . The Gelug school 's government administered an area roughly corresponding to the Tibet Autonomous Region , just as the nascent PRC wished to assert control over it . During the 1959 Tibetan uprising , the Dalai Lama fled to India , where he currently lives as a refugee . He has traveled the world and has spoken about the welfare of Tibetans , environment , economics , women 's rights , nonviolence , interfaith dialogue , physics , astronomy , Buddhism and science , cognitive neuroscience , reproductive health , and sexuality , along with various topics of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhist teachings . A recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 , the US Congressional Gold Medal in 2006 , Time magazine named him one of the Children of Mahatma Gandhi and his spiritual heir to nonviolence ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Invasion_of_Tibet_(1950)", "summary": "The Battle of Chamdo ( or Qamdo ; Chinese : 昌都战役 ) occurred from 6 through 19 October 1950 . It was a military campaign by the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to retake the Chamdo Region from an independent Tibetan government after months of failed negotiations on the status of Tibet . At the time , most countries of the world , as well as the United Nations , recognized Tibet as a part of the preceding Republic of China ( ROC ) . The campaign resulted in the capture of Chamdo and further negotiations between the PRC and Tibetan representatives that eventually resulted in the incorporation of Tibet into the People 's Republic of China ." } ] }, { "value": "The Beast", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Beast_(1988_film)", "summary": "The Beast ( also known as The Beast of War ) is a 1988 American war film directed by Kevin Reynolds and written by William Mastrosimone , based on his play Nanawatai . The film follows the crew of a Soviet T-55 tank who became lost during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . The film has enjoyed a cult-favorite status in spite of its low box office statistics ." } ] }, { "value": "1988", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Afghanistan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "during the Soviet-Afghan War", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Soviet–Afghan_War", "summary": "The Soviet-Afghan War was a conflict wherein insurgent groups known collectively as the mujahideen , as well as smaller Maoist groups , fought a guerrilla war against the Soviet Army and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan government . It was fought over nine years , from December 1979 to February 1989 , mostly in the Afghan countryside . The mujahideen groups were backed primarily by the United States , Saudi Arabia , and Pakistan , making it a Cold War proxy war . Between 562,000 and 2,000,000 civilians were killed and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees , mostly to Pakistan and Iran . The war derives from a 1978 coup when Afghanistan 's communist party took power , initiating a series of radical modernization reforms throughout the country . These reforms were deeply unpopular among the more traditional rural population and established power structures . [ page needed ] The repressive nature of Soviet Afghanistan , which vigorously suppressed opposition including the execution of thousands of political prisoners , led to the rise of anti-government armed groups and by April 1979 large parts of the country were in open rebellion . The ruling party itself experienced deep rivalries , and in September 1979 the President , Nur Mohammad Taraki , was murdered under orders of the second-in-command , Hafizullah Amin , which soured relations with the Soviet Union . Eventually the Soviet government , under leader Leonid Brezhnev , decided to deploy the 40th Army on December 24 , 1979 . Arriving in the capital Kabul , they staged a coup , killing president Amin and installing Soviet loyalist Babrak Karmal from a rival faction . The deployment had been variously called an invasion ( by Western media and the rebels ) or a legitimate supporting intervention ( by the Soviet Union and the Afghan government ) on the basis of the Brezhnev Doctrine . In January 1980 , foreign ministers from 34 nations of the Islamic Conference adopted a resolution demanding the immediate , urgent and unconditional withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan ." } ] }, { "value": "Kandahar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kandahar_(2001_film)", "summary": "Kandahar ( Dari : قندهار , Qandahar ) is a 2001 Iranian film directed by Mohsen Makhmalbaf , set in Afghanistan during the rule of the Taliban . Its original Afghan title is Safar-e Ghandehar ( سفر قندهار ) , which means Journey to Kandahar , and it is alternatively known as The Sun Behind the Moon . The film is based on a partly true , partly fictionalized story of a successful Afghan-Canadian , played by Nelofer Pazira , who returns to Afghanistan after receiving a letter from Dyana , her lifelong girl friend who was left behind when the family escaped , that she plans on committing suicide on the last solar eclipse of the millennium . Kandahar was filmed mostly in Iran , including at the Niatak refugee camp , but also secretly in Afghanistan itself . [ citation needed ] Most people , including Nelofer Pazira , played themselves . The film premiered at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival , but did not get much attention at first . After the September 11 attacks , however , it was widely shown . Kandahar won Makhmalbaf the Federico Fellini Prize from UNESCO in 2001 , and is one of the All-Time 100 Movies by the periodical Time ." } ] }, { "value": "2001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Afghanistan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Afghanistan during the Taliban regime", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan", "summary": "The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan ( Pashto : د افغانستان اسلامي امارات , Da Afghanistan Islami Amarat ) was a totalitarian Islamic state established in September 1996 when the Taliban began their rule of Afghanistan after the fall of Kabul . At its peak , the Taliban established control over approximately 90% of the country , whereas remaining parts of the country in the northeast were held by the Northern Alliance , who maintained broad international recognition as a continuation of the Islamic State of Afghanistan . After 9/11 , international opposition to the regime drastically increased , with diplomatic recognition from the United Arab Emirates , and Pakistan being rescinded . The Islamic Emirate ceased to exist on December 17 , 2001 , after being overthrown by the Northern Alliance , which had been bolstered by a US-led invasion of the country ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Central Asia", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Asian_historical_drama_films_0", "intro": "Historical or period drama is a film genre in which stories are based on historical events and famous persons. Some historical dramas attempt to accurately portray a historical event or biography, to the degree that the available historical research will allow. Other historical dramas are fictionalised tales that are based on an actual person and their deeds. Due to the sheer volume of films included in this genre and in the interest of continuity, this list is primarily focused on films pertaining to the history of East Asia, Central Asia, and India. For films pertaining to the history of Near Eastern and Western civilisation, please refer to list of historical period drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization. The films on this page are divided into regions, and within each region the films are listed chronologically by subject matter." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Studios_(New_York_City)", "title": "NBC Studios (New York City)", "header": [ "Program", "Network/Station", "Dates", "Studio" ], "data": [ { "value": "The 11th Hour with Brian Williams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_11th_Hour_(2016_TV_program)", "summary": "The 11th Hour with Brian Williams is a one-hour nightly news and politics television program airing weeknights at 11:00 pm ET on MSNBC that premiered on September 6 , 2016 as the network 's flagship evening newscast . It is hosted by Brian Williams , the network 's chief anchor and former host of NBC Nightly News ." } ] }, { "value": "MSNBC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/MSNBC", "summary": "MSNBC is an American cable television channel that provides NBC News coverage as well as its own reporting and political commentary on current events . MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group , a unit of the NBCUniversal Broadcast , Cable , Sports and News division of NBCUniversal ( all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast ) . MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric 's NBC unit , hence the network 's naming . Although they had the same name , msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations . msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond , Washington , while MSNBC operated out of NBC 's headquarters in New York City . Microsoft divested itself of its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012 . The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com , and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel . In the late summer of 2015 , MSNBC revamped its programming ; the moves were in sharp contrast to previous programming decisions at the network . MSNBC sought to sharpen its news image by entering into a dual editorial relationship with its organizational parent NBC News . MSNBC Live , the network 's flagship daytime news platform , was expanded to cover over eight hours of the day . Phil Griffin is the president and director of day-to-day operations at MSNBC . As of September 2018 , approximately 87 million households in the United States ( 90.7 percent of pay television subscribers ) were receiving MSNBC ." } ] }, { "value": "2016-present", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "30 Rock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/30_Rock", "summary": "30 Rock is an American satirical sitcom television series created by Tina Fey that originally aired on NBC from October 11 , 2006 to January 31 , 2013 . The series , based on Fey 's experiences as head writer for Saturday Night Live , takes place behind the scenes of a fictional live sketch comedy show depicted as airing on NBC . The series 's name refers to 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , the address of the Comcast Building , where the NBC Studios are located and where Saturday Night Live is written , produced , and performed . This series was produced by Broadway Video and Little Stranger , Inc. , in association with NBCUniversal . 30 Rock episodes were produced in a single-camera setup ( with the exception of the two live episodes that were produced in the multiple-camera setup ) , and were filmed in New York . The pilot episode premiered on October 11 , 2006 , and seven seasons followed . The series stars Fey with a supporting cast that includes Alec Baldwin , Tracy Morgan , Jane Krakowski , Jack McBrayer , Scott Adsit , Judah Friedlander , Katrina Bowden , Keith Powell , Lonny Ross , John Lutz , Kevin Brown , Grizz Chapman , and Maulik Pancholy . Tonally , 30 Rock uses surreal humor to parody the complex corporate structure of NBC and its then parent company General Electric . A critic for The A.V . Club once remarked that it usually adopts the manic pacing of a live-action cartoon . The show was influential in its extensive use of cutaways : sudden , short cuts to unrelated scenes showing something the characters are briefly discussing . 30 Rock also became known for its dedication to making sets extremely elaborate , once showing a set that took three days to build for only six seconds of video ." } ] }, { "value": "NBC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NBC", "summary": "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ." } ] }, { "value": "2006-2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8H ( Live episodes )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All In with Chris Hayes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/All_In_with_Chris_Hayes", "summary": "All In with Chris Hayes is a news and opinion television program that airs weekdays at 8:00 p.m . ET on MSNBC . It is hosted by Chris Hayes , who previously hosted Up with Chris Hayes on MSNBC weekends . It debuted April 1 , 2013 . Similar to Up , the show 's format consists of long-form panel discussions in which the participants talk through several issues . The opening night had 859,000 total viewers , including 298,000 in the ages 25-54 demographic . All In won its first Emmy Award in 2015 at the 36th annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards in the Outstanding News Discussion and Analysis category . On August 23 , 2019 , All In began experimenting with a series of three , Friday-night editions presented in front of a live studio audience in Studio 6-A ." } ] }, { "value": "MSNBC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/MSNBC", "summary": "MSNBC is an American cable television channel that provides NBC News coverage as well as its own reporting and political commentary on current events . MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group , a unit of the NBCUniversal Broadcast , Cable , Sports and News division of NBCUniversal ( all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast ) . MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric 's NBC unit , hence the network 's naming . Although they had the same name , msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations . msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond , Washington , while MSNBC operated out of NBC 's headquarters in New York City . Microsoft divested itself of its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012 . The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com , and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel . In the late summer of 2015 , MSNBC revamped its programming ; the moves were in sharp contrast to previous programming decisions at the network . MSNBC sought to sharpen its news image by entering into a dual editorial relationship with its organizational parent NBC News . MSNBC Live , the network 's flagship daytime news platform , was expanded to cover over eight hours of the day . Phil Griffin is the president and director of day-to-day operations at MSNBC . As of September 2018 , approximately 87 million households in the United States ( 90.7 percent of pay television subscribers ) were receiving MSNBC ." } ] }, { "value": "2013-present", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3K , 4E , 6A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Call My Bluff", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Call_My_Bluff_(U.S._game_show)", "summary": "Call My Bluff was an American game show from Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions that aired on NBC daytime from March 29 to September 24 , 1965 . Bill Leyden was emcee , with Johnny Olson and Wayne Howell as announcers . Call My Bluff originated from Studio 6A at NBC Studios in Manhattan 's Rockefeller Center ." } ] }, { "value": "NBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1965", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Caroline Rhea Show", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Caroline_Rhea_Show", "summary": "The Caroline Rhea Show is a short-lived American syndicated variety/talk show hosted by actress and comedian Caroline Rhea . It premiered on September 2 , 2002 and ran until May 21 , 2003 . The show was regarded as the successor to The Rosie O'Donnell Show , in that Rhea was hand-picked by Rosie O'Donnell as her replacement and had hosted the last few weeks of Rosie prior to her show launching ." } ] }, { "value": "Syndication", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Broadcast_syndication", "summary": "Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates . Shows can be syndicated internationally , although this is less common . The three main types of syndication are first-run syndication , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; off-network syndication ( colloquially called a rerun ) , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or in some cases , first-run syndication ; and public broadcasting syndication ." } ] }, { "value": "2002-2003", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8G", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charge Account/Jan Murray Show", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1960-1962", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6B", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Concentration", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Concentration_(game_show)", "summary": "Concentration is an American television game show based on the children 's memory game of the same name . Matching cards represented prizes that contestants could win . As matching pairs of cards were gradually removed from the board , it would slowly reveal elements of a rebus puzzle that contestants had to solve to win a match . The show was broadcast on and off from 1958 to 1991 , presented by various hosts , and has been made in several different versions . The original network daytime series , Concentration , appeared on NBC for 14 years , 7 months , and 3,770 telecasts ( August 25 , 1958 - March 23 , 1973 ) , the longest run of any game show on that network ( Wheel of Fortune was a month shy of tying that record when the initial NBC run ended on June 30 , 1989 ) . This series was hosted by Hugh Downs and later by Bob Clayton , but for a six-month period in 1969 , Ed McMahon hosted the series . The series began at 11:30 AM Eastern , then moved to 11:00 and finally to 10:30 . Nearly all episodes of the NBC daytime version were produced at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , New York City . A weekly nighttime version appeared in two separate broadcast runs : the first aired from October 30 to November 20 , 1958 , with Jack Barry as host , while the second ran from April 24 to September 18 , 1961 , with Downs as host . The second version of Concentration , the first to be made in Southern California , ran in syndication from September 10 , 1973 , to September 8 , 1978 , with Jack Narz as host . After some reformatting , a remake called Classic Concentration , hosted by Alex Trebek , ran on NBC from May 4 , 1987 , to September 20 , 1991 ( with reruns broadcast to January 14 , 1994 ) . Despite numerous attempts to develop a new version in recent years , NBCUniversal , which owns the rights to the Concentration name and format , has yet to authorize a new version of the program ." } ] }, { "value": "NBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1958-1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3A , 6A , 8G", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Countdown with Keith Olbermann", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Countdown_with_Keith_Olbermann", "summary": "Countdown with Keith Olbermann was an hour-long weeknight news and political commentary program hosted by Keith Olbermann that aired on MSNBC from 2003-2011 and Current TV from 2011-2012 . The show presented five selected news stories of the day , with commentary by Olbermann and interviews of guests . At the start of Countdown , Olbermann told television columnist Lisa de Moraes :" } ] }, { "value": "MSNBC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/MSNBC", "summary": "MSNBC is an American cable television channel that provides NBC News coverage as well as its own reporting and political commentary on current events . MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group , a unit of the NBCUniversal Broadcast , Cable , Sports and News division of NBCUniversal ( all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast ) . MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric 's NBC unit , hence the network 's naming . Although they had the same name , msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations . msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond , Washington , while MSNBC operated out of NBC 's headquarters in New York City . Microsoft divested itself of its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012 . The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com , and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel . In the late summer of 2015 , MSNBC revamped its programming ; the moves were in sharp contrast to previous programming decisions at the network . MSNBC sought to sharpen its news image by entering into a dual editorial relationship with its organizational parent NBC News . MSNBC Live , the network 's flagship daytime news platform , was expanded to cover over eight hours of the day . Phil Griffin is the president and director of day-to-day operations at MSNBC . As of September 2018 , approximately 87 million households in the United States ( 90.7 percent of pay television subscribers ) were receiving MSNBC ." } ] }, { "value": "2007-2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Crossover", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NBC Sports Network", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NBC_Sports_Network", "summary": "NBCSN is an American pay television channel that is owned by the NBC Sports Group division of NBCUniversal . It originally launched on July 1 , 1995 , as the Outdoor Life Network ( OLN ) , which was dedicated to programming primarily involving fishing , hunting , outdoor adventure programs , and outdoor sports . By the turn of the 21st century , OLN became better known for its extensive coverage of the Tour de France but eventually began covering more mainstream sporting events , resulting in its relaunch as Versus in September 2006 . In 2011 , Comcast , the original owner of the network , acquired a majority stake in NBCUniversal . As a result , Comcast merged the operations of its pay channels with those of NBC . In particular , it aligned the operation of its sports channels with NBC 's sports division , NBC Sports . On January 1 , 2012 , Versus was rebranded as the NBC Sports Network ( on-air branding later shortened to NBCSN ) to reflect these changes . As of September 15 , 2014 , the majority of NBC Sports ' operations , including NBCSN , is based in facilities in Stamford , Connecticut . As of September 2018 , NBCSN is available to approximately 83.3 million households ( 90.2% of households with cable ) in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "2013-2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8G", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Cycle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Cycle_(TV_program)", "summary": "The Cycle was an ensemble news and political talk show that was broadcast on MSNBC and hosted by four network analysts/commentators : Republican Abby Huntsman , author and culture critic Touré Neblett , The Nation correspondent Ari Melber , and former congressional candidate turned Democratic strategist Krystal Ball . Per its ensemble format , all four hosts appear on every show , with each host taking turns to facilitate the discussions . The program debuted on June 25 , 2012 , and ran until July 31 , 2015 . On July 30 , 2015 , MSNBC President Phil Griffin announced that the series had been canceled in an effort to transition the network 's daytime programming to more breaking news reporting and less political commentary and opinion ." } ] }, { "value": "MSNBC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/MSNBC", "summary": "MSNBC is an American cable television channel that provides NBC News coverage as well as its own reporting and political commentary on current events . MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group , a unit of the NBCUniversal Broadcast , Cable , Sports and News division of NBCUniversal ( all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast ) . MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric 's NBC unit , hence the network 's naming . Although they had the same name , msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations . msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond , Washington , while MSNBC operated out of NBC 's headquarters in New York City . Microsoft divested itself of its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012 . The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com , and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel . In the late summer of 2015 , MSNBC revamped its programming ; the moves were in sharp contrast to previous programming decisions at the network . MSNBC sought to sharpen its news image by entering into a dual editorial relationship with its organizational parent NBC News . MSNBC Live , the network 's flagship daytime news platform , was expanded to cover over eight hours of the day . Phil Griffin is the president and director of day-to-day operations at MSNBC . As of September 2018 , approximately 87 million households in the United States ( 90.7 percent of pay television subscribers ) were receiving MSNBC ." } ] }, { "value": "2012-2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3A , 3K", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dateline NBC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dateline_NBC", "summary": "Dateline NBC , or simply Dateline , is a weekly American television newsmagazine/reality legal show that is broadcast on NBC . It was previously the network 's flagship news magazine , but now focuses mainly on true crime stories with only occasional editions that focus on other topics . The program airs Fridays at 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time ( 9:00 p.m. Eastern for special two-hour editions ) and on most Sundays , outside the NFL season , at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time , special Saturday editions also occasionally air during the fall and winter months . Two-hour feature-length editions sometimes air on any given scheduled evening , often to fill vacancies in the primetime schedule on the program 's respective nights due to program cancellations ." } ] }, { "value": "NBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1992-present", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3A , 3B , 3K , 4E", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The David Letterman Show", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_David_Letterman_Show", "summary": "The David Letterman Show is a short-lived morning talk show on NBC , hosted by David Letterman . It ran from June 23 to October 24 , 1980 . Originally , the series lasted 90 minutes , then 60 minutes from August 4 onward ." } ] }, { "value": "NBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1980", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Deadline : White House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Deadline:_White_House", "summary": "Nicolle Wallace 's Deadline : White House is a one-hour late afternoon news and politics television program airing weekdays at 4:00 p.m . ET on MSNBC . It is hosted by NBC News senior political analyst Nicolle Wallace ." } ] }, { "value": "MSNBC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/MSNBC", "summary": "MSNBC is an American cable television channel that provides NBC News coverage as well as its own reporting and political commentary on current events . MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group , a unit of the NBCUniversal Broadcast , Cable , Sports and News division of NBCUniversal ( all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast ) . MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric 's NBC unit , hence the network 's naming . Although they had the same name , msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations . msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond , Washington , while MSNBC operated out of NBC 's headquarters in New York City . Microsoft divested itself of its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012 . The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com , and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel . In the late summer of 2015 , MSNBC revamped its programming ; the moves were in sharp contrast to previous programming decisions at the network . MSNBC sought to sharpen its news image by entering into a dual editorial relationship with its organizational parent NBC News . MSNBC Live , the network 's flagship daytime news platform , was expanded to cover over eight hours of the day . Phil Griffin is the president and director of day-to-day operations at MSNBC . As of September 2018 , approximately 87 million households in the United States ( 90.7 percent of pay television subscribers ) were receiving MSNBC ." } ] }, { "value": "2017-present", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4E", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Doctors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Doctors_(soap_opera)", "summary": "The Doctors is an American daytime soap opera television series which aired on NBC from April 1 , 1963 , to December 31 , 1982 . There were 5155 episodes produced , with the 5000th episode airing in May 1982 . The series was set in Hope Memorial Hospital in a fictional town called Madison ." } ] }, { "value": "NBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1963-1982", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3B , 3A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dough Re Mi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dough_Re_Mi", "summary": "Dough Re Mi was an American game show that aired on NBC from February 24 , 1958 , to December 30 , 1960 . The series was hosted by Gene Rayburn and was somewhat of an answer to CBS ' Name That Tune , which began in 1953 . Among those who substituted for Rayburn during the run were Jack Barry ( prior to the scandals pushing him out of television ) , announcer Roger Tuttle , Dayton Allen , Keefe Brasselle , and Fred Robbins ." } ] }, { "value": "NBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1958-1960", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dr. Nancy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dr._Nancy", "summary": "Dr. Nancy is a program on MSNBC hosted by Dr. Nancy Snyderman . It aired weekdays at noon Eastern Time . The show launched on June 29 , 2009 , as part of a sweeping revamp of MSNBC 's daytime weekday programs along with Morning Meeting with Dylan Ratigan , a revamp of the channel 's graphics , and its launch in high definition . Topics on the show generally related to health and/or politics . Monica Novotny served as breaking news anchor during the show . On December 23 , 2009 , MSNBC announced that it cancelled the program due to low ratings . Its final broadcast appeared on December 17 , 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "MSNBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Dr. Oz Show", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Dr._Oz_Show", "summary": "The Dr. Oz Show is an American daytime television talk series . Each episode has segments on health , wellness and medical information , sometimes including true crime stories and celebrity interviews . It is co-produced by Oprah Winfrey 's Harpo Productions and distributed by Sony Pictures Television . The series is hosted by Mehmet Oz and debuted in 2009 . The Dr. Oz Show has received nine Daytime Emmy Awards during its run , five for Outstanding Informative Talk Show and four for Outstanding Informative Talk Show Host , as well as criticism for some of its subject matter . The Dr. Oz Show has been renewed for seasons 11 and 12 , through 2020-21 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Syndication", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009-2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Early Today", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Early_Today", "summary": "Early Today is an American early morning television news program that is broadcast on NBC . The program features general national and international news stories , financial and entertainment news , off-beat stories , national weather forecasts and sports highlights . As of 2017 [ update ] , it is anchored by Frances Rivera and Phillip Mena ." } ] }, { "value": "NBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2007-present", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3K , 6E , 4E", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Ed Show", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Ed_Show", "summary": "The Ed Show is an hour-long weekday news commentary program on MSNBC that aired from 2009 to 2015 . The program was hosted by Ed Schultz , who also hosted the nationally syndicated radio program The Ed Schultz Show from 2004 to 2014 . The show aired in a variety of timeslots . It debuted as a weeknight program on MSNBC on April 6 , 2009 , at 6 PM ET , It later moved to 10 PM ET , filling the time slot previously occupied by The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell when that show took over the 8 PM ET slot after Countdown with Keith Olbermann was cancelled . In October 2011 , it swapped spots with The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell . On March 13 , 2013 , Schultz revealed that he would be moving to a new expanded weekend lineup at the network . His last weeknight show aired on March 14 , and the show returned as a weekend show on May 11 at 5 PM ET . The Ed Show returned to weeknights on August 26 of the same year , taking the 5 PM ET slot previously held by one airing of Hardball with Chris Matthews . On July 30 , 2015 , MSNBC president Tim Griffin announced that the series had been cancelled in an effort to transition the network 's daytime programming to more breaking news reporting and less political commentary and opinion . The program aired its final episode on July 31 , 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "MSNBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009-2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3K , 3A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Football Night in America", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Football_Night_in_America", "summary": "Football Night in America ( FNIA ) is an American pre-game show that is broadcast on NBC , preceding its broadcasts of Sunday night and Wild Card Saturday National Football League ( NFL ) games . The program debuted on September 10 , 2006 , when the network inaugurated its Sunday prime time game package . The 80-minute program airs live at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time , and is broadcast from Studio 1 at NBC Sports Headquarters in Stamford , Connecticut . Prior to 2012 , Football Night in America originally broadcast from the GE Building in New York City , first out of Studio 8G from 2006 to 2012 and in 2013 , from Studio 8H , where Saturday Night Live is also taped . The program 's title closely resembles CBC Television 's long-running Hockey Night in Canada franchise . In addition , NBC - along with ABC and Major League Baseball in a joint effort called The Baseball Network - had previously aired baseball games as the similarly titled Baseball Night in America from 1994 to 1995 ." } ] }, { "value": "NBC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2006-2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8G , 8H", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Shows produced at NBC Studios New York", "section_text": "30 Rockefeller Plaza is the world headquarters of NBC . Ground-level entrance Marquee from the side Among the shows originating at 30 Rockefeller Plaza ( shows taping as of the 2018–19 season in bold ) :", "uid": "NBC_Studios_(Manhattan)_0", "intro": "NBC Studios are located in the historic 30 Rockefeller Plaza (on Sixth Avenue between 49th and 50th streets) in the borough of Manhattan, New York City. The building houses the NBC television network headquarters, its parent NBCUniversal, and NBC's flagship station WNBC (Channel 4), as well as cable news channel MSNBC. The first NBC Radio City Studios began operating in the early 1930s. Tours of the studios began in 1933, suspended in 2014 and resumed on October 26, 2015. Because of the preponderance of radio studios, that section of the Rockefeller Center complex became known as Radio City (and gave its name to Radio City Music Hall)." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_23)", "title": "Live! with Regis and Kelly (season 23)", "header": [ "Date", "Co-Hosts", "Guests/Segments" ], "data": [ { "value": "February 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Lisa Kudrow , Brooke Burke , Twitter Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lisa_Kudrow", "summary": "Lisa Valerie Kudrow ( /ˈkuːdroʊ/ ; born July 30 , 1963 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , singer , and producer . After making guest appearances in several television sitcoms , including Cheers , she came to prominence with her main role of Phoebe Buffay in Friends ( 1994-2004 ) , receiving a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination . Kudrow initially portrayed Phoebes twin sister Ursula on the television sitcom Mad About You . Kudrow has received several accolades , including a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series from six nominations , two Screen Actors Guild Awards from 12 nominations , and a Golden Globe Award nomination . Her Friends character was widely popular while the series aired and was later recognized as one of the greatest female characters in American television . Kudrow starred in the cult comedy film Romy and Michele 's High School Reunion ( 1997 ) and followed it with an acclaimed performance in the romantic comedy The Opposite of Sex ( 1998 ) , which won her the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress and a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female . In 2005 , she went on to produce , write and star in the HBO comedy series The Comeback , which was revived nine years later for a second season . Kudrow received two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series nominations for both seasons . In 2007 , Kudrow received praise for her starring role in the film Kabluey and appeared in the box office hit film P.S . I Love You . She produced and starred in the Showtime program Web Therapy ( 2011-2015 ) , which was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award . She is a producer on the TLC reality program Who Do You Think You Are , which has garnered her five Primetime Emmy Award nominations ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Brooke_Burke", "summary": "Brooke Lisa Burke ( born September 8 , 1971 ) is an American actress , dancer , model , and television personality . She is known as a Playboy model , hosting Wild On ! , Rock Star ( 2005-2006 ) , winning the seventh season of Dancing with the Stars , for co-hosting Dancing With the Stars from 2010 to 2013 and featuring in Need for Speed : Underground 2 as Rachel Teller ." } ] }, { "value": "February 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Julianne Hough , Minka Kelly , Larry the Cable Guy , Twitter Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Julianne_Hough", "summary": "Julianne Alexandra Hough ( /hʌf/ ; born July 20 , 1988 ) is an American dancer , actress , songwriter and singer . She is a two-time professional champion of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars . She was nominated for a Creative Arts Primetime Emmy in 2007 for Outstanding Choreography in season five . Her first leading acting role was in the 2011 film remake of Footloose . In September 2014 , Hough joined Dancing with the Stars as a permanent fourth judge . Along with her brother Derek Hough ( who is a six-time winner of the dancing show ) and Tessandra Chavez , she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography in 2015 . In 2016 , she played Sandy in the live Fox television production of Grease . She was a judge on America 's Got Talent for its 2019 season ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Minka_Kelly", "summary": "Minka Kelly ( born Minka Dumont Dufay ; [ better source needed ] June 24 , 1980 ) is an American actress and model . Her first starring role was in the NBC drama series Friday Night Lights ( 2006-2009 ) and she has also appeared on the shows Parenthood ( 2010-2011 ) , Charlie 's Angels ( 2011 ) , and Almost Human ( 2013 ) . Since 2018 , Kelly portrays Dawn Granger / Dove in the DC Universe series Titans ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Larry_the_Cable_Guy", "summary": "Daniel Lawrence Whitney ( born February 17 , 1963 ) , known professionally by his stage name Larry the Cable Guy , is an American stand-up comedian , actor , producer , singer and radio personality , with a career spanning over 30 years . He was one of the members of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour , a comedy troupe which included Bill Engvall , Ron White , and Jeff Foxworthy ( with whom he has starred on Blue Collar TV ) ." } ] }, { "value": "February 3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Justin Bieber , Twitter Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Justin_Bieber", "summary": "Justin Drew Bieber ( /ˈbiːbər/ ; born March 1 , 1994 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter and actor . Discovered at 13 years old by talent manager Scooter Braun after he had watched his YouTube cover song videos , Bieber was signed to RBMG Records in 2008 . With Bieber 's debut EP My World , released in late 2009 , Bieber became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . Bieber released his debut studio album My World 2.0 in 2010 . It debuted at number one in several countries and contained the worldwide hit single Baby , which was certified 12x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Following his debut album and promotional tours , he released his 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber : Never Say Never . In years after the releases of the Under the Mistletoe ( 2011 ) and Believe ( 2012 ) , Bieber had several run-ins with the law internationally before his first arrest in 2014 , including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012 , and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013 . More than 270,000 people petitioned the White House seeking to have him deported from the United States . Although the number of signatures received was sufficient to require a response under published White House guidelines , the Obama Administration declined substantive comment on the petition . Following the controversies surrounding Bieber , his sound became more mature as he transitioned into EDM and drifted away from teen pop . Released in 2015 , his fourth studio album Purpose became his most critically and commercially successful album , spawning three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles : What Do You Mean ? , Sorry , and Love Yourself . It was nominated for Album of the Year at the 59th Grammy Awards ." } ] }, { "value": "February 4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Bill Paxton , Annette Bening , Twitter Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bill_Paxton", "summary": "William Paxton ( May 17 , 1955 - February 25 , 2017 ) was an American actor and director . He appeared in films such as The Terminator ( 1984 ) , Commando ( 1985 ) , Weird Science ( 1985 ) , Aliens ( 1986 ) , Near Dark ( 1987 ) , Predator 2 ( 1990 ) , Tombstone ( 1993 ) , True Lies ( 1994 ) , Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , Twister ( 1996 ) , Titanic ( 1997 ) , Mighty Joe Young ( 1998 ) , U-571 ( 2000 ) , Vertical Limit ( 2000 ) , Frailty ( 2001 ) , Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) , Nightcrawler ( 2014 ) , and Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ( 2014 ) . He also starred in the HBO drama series Big Love ( 2006-2011 ) , earning three Golden Globe Award nominations during the show 's run . He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for portraying Randall McCoy in the History channel miniseries Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) . His final film appearance was in The Circle ( 2017 ) , released two months after his death ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Annette_Bening", "summary": "Annette Carol Bening ( born May 29 , 1958 ) is an American actress . She began her career on stage with the Colorado Shakespeare Festival company in 1980 , and played Lady Macbeth in 1984 at the American Conservatory Theater . She was nominated for the 1987 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her Broadway debut in Coastal Disturbances and for the 2019 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for All My Sons . She is a four-time Academy Award nominee for the films : The Grifters ( 1990 ) , American Beauty ( 1999 ) , Being Julia ( 2004 ) , and The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) . In 2006 , she received a film star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bening won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role for American Beauty , two Golden Globe Awards for Being Julia and The Kids Are All Right , and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for Mrs. Harris . In 2019 , she played the roles of Supreme Intelligence and Mar-Vell / Wendy Lawson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe 's Captain Marvel , which became her highest grossing release ." } ] }, { "value": "February 7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Matthew Perry , Chris Colfer , Char Margolis , Regis and Kelly 's 10th Anniversary Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matthew_Perry", "summary": "Matthew Langford Perry ( born August 19 , 1969 ) is a Canadian-American actor , comedian and playwright who gained worldwide recognition for his role as Chandler Bing on the NBC television sitcom Friends , which ran from 1994 to 2004 . Due to the vast popularity of the sitcom , Perry and the rest of the six-member main cast ensemble were each making $ 1 million per episode by 2002 . Along with starring in the short-lived television series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip , Perry has appeared in a number of films , including Fools Rush In ( 1997 ) , The Whole Nine Yards ( 2000 ) , and 17 Again ( 2009 ) . In 2010 , he expanded his resume to include both video games and voice-over work when he voiced Benny in the video game Fallout : New Vegas . Perry was the co-creator , co-writer , executive producer , and star of the ABC sitcom Mr. Sunshine , which ran from February to April 2011 . In August 2012 , Perry began starring as Ryan King , a sportscaster , on the NBC sitcom Go On . The series was canceled on May 10 , 2013 . Perry co-developed and starred in the 2015 CBS sitcom The Odd Couple portraying Oscar Madison . The series was renewed for a second season on May 11 , 2015 and for a third season on May 16 , 2016 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chris_Colfer", "summary": "Christopher Paul Colfer ( born May 27 , 1990 ) is an American actor , singer , and author . He gained international recognition for his portrayal of Kurt Hummel on the television musical Glee ( 2009-15 ) . Colfer 's portrayal of Kurt received critical praise for which he has been the recipient of several awards , including Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 2011 Golden Globe Awards , and three consecutive People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Comedic TV Actor in 2013 , 2014 and 2015 . In April 2011 , Colfer was named one of the Time 100 , Time 's list of the 100 most influential people . Colfer wrote , starred in , produced , and novelized his first film , Struck by Lightning , which debuted at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival . He is also a New York Times number-one bestselling author of The Land of Stories : The Wishing Spell , the first novel in his middle-grade reader series . As of September 2019 , he has published fifteen books ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Char_Margolis", "summary": "Char Margolis is a self-proclaimed American psychic medium and author . Margolis 's claims to have paranormal abilities have been criticised by several media outlets which suggest she uses standard cold reading and hot reading tricks to perform her readings ." } ] }, { "value": "February 8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Martin Lawrence , Donald Trump , Regis and Kelly 's 10th Anniversary Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martin_Lawrence", "summary": "Martin Fitzgerald Lawrence ( born April 16 , 1965 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor , producer , talk show host , writer , and former Golden Gloves boxer . Lawrence came to fame during the 1990s , establishing a Hollywood career as a leading actor , most notably in the Fox television sitcom Martin and the films House Party , Boomerang , Bad Boys , Wild Hogs , Nothing to Lose , Blue Streak , Life , Big Momma 's House , and A Thin Line Between Love & Hate ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Donald_Trump", "summary": "Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current president of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality . Trump was born and raised in Queens , a borough of New York City , and received a bachelor 's degree in economics from the Wharton School . He took charge of his family 's real-estate business in 1971 , renamed it The Trump Organization , and expanded its operations from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan . The company built or renovated skyscrapers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Trump later started various side ventures , mostly by licensing his name . He owned the Miss Universe and Miss USA beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015 and produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television show , from 2003 to 2015 . As of 2019 [ update ] , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $ 3.1 billion . [ a ] Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16 other candidates in the primaries . His political positions have been described as populist , protectionist , and nationalist . Despite not being favored in most forecasts , he was elected over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton , although he lost the popular vote . He became the oldest first-term U.S. president , [ b ] and the first without prior military or government service ." } ] }, { "value": "February 9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Michelle Obama , David Letterman , Regis and Kelly 's 10th Anniversary Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michelle_Obama", "summary": "Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama ( née Robinson ; born January 17 , 1964 ) is an American lawyer , university administrator , and writer , who was the first lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017 . She is married to the 44th President of the United States , Barack Obama , and she was the first African American First Lady of the United States . Raised on the South Side of Chicago , Illinois , Obama is a graduate of Princeton University and Harvard Law School . In her early legal career , she worked at the law firm Sidley Austin where she met Barack Obama . She subsequently worked in non-profits and as the associate dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago as well as the vice president for Community and External Affairs of the University of Chicago Medical Center . Michelle married Barack in 1992 , and they have two daughters . Obama campaigned for her husband 's presidential bid throughout 2007 and 2008 , delivering a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention . She returned to speak for him at the 2012 Democratic National Convention . During the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia , she delivered a speech in support of the Democratic presidential nominee , Hillary Clinton , a former first lady . As first lady , Obama served as a role model for women and worked as an advocate for poverty awareness , education , nutrition , physical activity , and healthy eating . She supported American designers and was considered a fashion icon ." }, { "url": "/wiki/David_Letterman", "summary": "David Michael Letterman ( born April 12 , 1947 ) is an American television host , comedian , writer , and producer . He hosted late night television talk shows for 33 years , beginning with the February 1 , 1982 , debut of Late Night with David Letterman on NBC , and ending with the May 20 , 2015 , broadcast of Late Show with David Letterman on CBS . In total , Letterman hosted 6,080 episodes of Late Night and Late Show , surpassing his friend and mentor Johnny Carson as the longest-serving late night talk show host in American television history . In 1996 , Letterman was ranked 45th on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time . In 2002 , The Late Show with David Letterman was ranked seventh on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . He is also a television and film producer . His company , Worldwide Pants , produced his shows as well as The Late Late Show and several prime-time comedies , the most successful of which was Everybody Loves Raymond , now in syndication . Several late-night hosts have cited Letterman 's influence , including Conan O'Brien ( his successor on Late Night ) , Stephen Colbert ( his successor on The Late Show ) , Jimmy Fallon , Jimmy Kimmel , John Oliver , and Seth Meyers . Letterman currently hosts the Netflix series My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman ." } ] }, { "value": "February 10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Elton John , Jerry Seinfeld , Regis and Kelly 's 10th Anniversary Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elton_John", "summary": "Sir Elton Hercules John CH CBE ( born Reginald Kenneth Dwight ; 25 March 1947 ) is an English singer , songwriter , pianist , and composer . He has worked with lyricist Bernie Taupin since 1967 ; they have collaborated on more than 30 albums . John has sold more than 300 million records , making him one of the best-selling music artists . He has more than fifty Top 40 hits in the UK Singles Chart and US Billboard Hot 100 , including seven numbers ones in the UK and nine in the US , as well as seven consecutive number-one albums in the US . His tribute single Candle in the Wind 1997 , rewritten in dedication to Diana , Princess of Wales , sold over 33 million copies worldwide and is the best-selling single in the history of the UK and US singles charts . He has also produced records and occasionally acted in films . John owned Watford F.C . from 1976 to 1987 and from 1997 to 2002 , and is an honorary life president of the club . Raised in the Pinner area of London , John learned to play piano at an early age , and by 1962 had formed Bluesology , an R & B band with whom he played until 1967 . He met his longtime musical partner Taupin in 1967 , after they both answered an advert for songwriters . For two years , they wrote songs for artists including Lulu , and John worked as a session musician for artists including the Hollies and the Scaffold . In 1969 , John 's debut album , Empty Sky , was released ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld", "summary": "Jerome Allen Seinfeld ( /ˈsaɪnfɛld/ SYNE-feld ; born April 29 , 1954 ) is an American comedian , actor , writer , producer , and director . He is known for playing a semi-fictionalized version of himself in the sitcom Seinfeld , which he created and wrote with Larry David . The show aired on NBC from 1989 until 1998 , becoming one of the most acclaimed and popular sitcoms of all time . As a stand-up comedian , Seinfeld specializes in observational comedy . In 2005 , Comedy Central named Seinfeld the 12th Greatest Stand-up Comedian of All Time . Seinfeld produced , co-wrote and starred in the 2007 film Bee Movie . In 2010 , he premiered a reality series called The Marriage Ref , which aired for two seasons on NBC . Seinfeld is the creator and host of the series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee on Netflix . He is married to author and philanthropist Jessica Seinfeld , with whom he has three children ." } ] }, { "value": "February 11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Adam Sandler , Anderson Cooper , Regis and Kelly 's 10th Anniversary Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adam_Sandler", "summary": "Adam Richard Sandler ( born September 9 , 1966 ) is an American actor , comedian , screenwriter , film producer , and singer-songwriter . After becoming a Saturday Night Live cast member , he went on to star in many Hollywood feature films , which have combined grossed over $ 2 billion at the box office . Sandler 's well-known roles include Billy Madison ( 1995 ) , Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) , The Waterboy ( 1998 ) , The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) , Big Daddy ( 1999 ) , Mr . Deeds ( 2002 ) , 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) , The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) , Click ( 2006 ) , Grown Ups ( 2010 ) , Just Go with It ( 2011 ) , Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) , Blended ( 2014 ) , and Murder Mystery ( 2019 ) . He also voices Dracula in the Hotel Transylvania franchise ( 2012-present ) . Some of his films , such as the widely panned Jack and Jill , have been heavily criticized , culminating in a shared second place in the number of Raspberry Awards ( three ) and Raspberry Award nominations ( 11 ) , in both cases second only to Sylvester Stallone . Sandler ventured into dramatic territory with his roles in Punch-Drunk Love ( 2002 ) , Spanglish ( 2004 ) , Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) , Funny People ( 2009 ) , The Meyerowitz Stories ( New and Selected ) ( 2017 ) , and Uncut Gems ( 2019 ) , all of which earned him critical praise ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Anderson_Cooper", "summary": "Anderson Hays Cooper ( born June 3 , 1967 ) is an American journalist , television personality , and author . He is the primary anchor of the CNN news show Anderson Cooper 360° . The program is usually broadcast live from a New York City studio ; however , Cooper often broadcasts live from CNN 's studios in Washington , D.C. , or on location for breaking news stories . In addition , he is a correspondent for 60 Minutes . From September 2011 to May 2013 , he also served as host of his own eponymous syndicated daytime talk show , Anderson Live ." } ] }, { "value": "February 14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Michael Caine , Diane Kruger , World 's Greatest Love Story Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Caine", "summary": "Sir Michael Caine , CBE ( /keɪn/ ; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr. , 14 March 1933 ) is an English actor , film producer and author . He has appeared in more than 130 films in a career spanning over 60 years and is considered a British film icon . Known for his cockney accent , Caine was born in Southeast London . He made his breakthrough in the 1960s with starring roles in British films , including Zulu ( 1964 ) , The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) , Alfie ( 1966 ) , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award , The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) . His roles in the 1970s included Get Carter ( 1971 ) , The Last Valley ( 1971 ) , Sleuth ( 1972 ) , for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) and A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) . He achieved some of his greatest critical success in the 1980s , with Educating Rita ( 1983 ) , earning him the BAFTA and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . In 1986 , he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allen 's Hannah and Her Sisters . Caine played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) . This was his first starring role in several years , which led to a career resurgence in the late 1990s , receiving his second Golden Globe Award for his performance in Little Voice in 1998 and his second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Cider House Rules , the following year . Caine played Nigel Powers in the 2002 parody Austin Powers in Goldmember , and Alfred Pennyworth in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy . He appeared in several other of Nolan 's films , including The Prestige ( 2006 ) , Inception ( 2010 ) and Interstellar ( 2014 ) . He also appeared in Alfonso Cuarón 's Children of Men and Matthew Vaughn 's action comedy film Kingsman : The Secret Service ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Diane_Kruger", "summary": "Diane Kruger ( née Heidkrüger ; German pronunciation : [ diˈa : nə ˈkru : ɡɐ ] ; born 15 July 1976 ) is a German-American actress and former fashion model . She has played Helen in the epic war film Troy ( 2004 ) , Dr. Abigail Chase in the heist film National Treasure ( 2004 ) and its sequel ( 2007 ) , Bridget von Hammersmark in Quentin Tarantino 's war film Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) , and Gina in the psychological thriller film Unknown ( 2011 ) . She also starred as Detective Sonya Cross in the FX crime drama series The Bridge ( 2013-14 ) . In 2017 , she made her German-language debut in Fatih Akin 's In the Fade , for which she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress and Satellite Award for Best Actress ." } ] }, { "value": "February 15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Jeff Probst , Josh Groban , World 's Greatest Love Story Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jeff_Probst", "summary": "Jeff Probst ( born November 4 , 1961 ) is an American game show host and an executive producer . He is best known as the Emmy Award-winning host of the U.S. version of the reality television show Survivor . He was also the host of The Jeff Probst Show , a syndicated daytime talk show produced by CBS Television Distribution from September 2012 to May 2013 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Josh_Groban", "summary": "Joshua Winslow Groban ( born February 27 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor , and record producer , who is known for his unusually dusky tenor voice . His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum , and he was charted in 2007 as the number-one best selling artist in the United States , with over 22.3 million records . As of 2012 [ update ] , he had sold over 25 million records worldwide . Groban originally studied acting , but moved to singing as his voice developed . Groban attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts , a free public school on the campus of California State University , Los Angeles , where students receive a conservatory-style education . David Foster called Groban to stand in for an ailing Andrea Bocelli to rehearse a duet , The Prayer , with Celine Dion at the rehearsal for the 1998 Grammy Awards . Rosie O'Donnell immediately invited him to appear on her talk show . Foster asked him to sing at the California Governor 's Gray Davis ' 1999 inauguration . He was cast on Ally McBeal by the show 's creator , David E. Kelley , performing You 're Still You for the 2001 season four finale . In 2017 , he made his Broadway debut as Pierre Bezukhov in Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 , to critical acclaim and a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical nomination . His performance at the 72nd Tony Awards earned him two Primetime Emmy nominations , one for Outstanding Live Variety Special and one for Original Music and Lyrics for the song This One 's for You . Groban co-starred as Tony Caruso Jr. in the Netflix original series , The Good Cop ." } ] }, { "value": "February 16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Forest Whitaker , Alex Trebek , World 's Greatest Love Story Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Forest_Whitaker", "summary": "Forest Steven Whitaker III ( born July 15 , 1961 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . Whitaker has earned a reputation for intensive character study work for films such as Bird , The Crying Game , Platoon , Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai , The Great Debaters , The Butler , and Arrival . He has also appeared in blockbusters such as Rogue One : A Star Wars Story as Saw Gerrera and Black Panther as Zuri . For his performance as Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in the 2006 film The Last King of Scotland , Whitaker won the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Golden Globe Award , National Board of Review Award , Screen Actors Guild Award , and various critics groups ' awards for a lead acting performance ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alex_Trebek", "summary": "George Alexander Trebek OC ( /trəˈbɛk/ ; born July 22 , 1940 ) is a Canadian-American television personality , game show host and actor . He has been the host of the syndicated game show Jeopardy ! since its revival in 1984 , and has also hosted a number of other game shows , including The Wizard of Odds , Double Dare , High Rollers , Battlestars , Classic Concentration , and To Tell the Truth . Trebek is contracted to host Jeopardy ! until 2022 . Trebek has also made appearances in numerous television series , in which he usually played himself . A native of Canada , he became a naturalized American citizen in 1998 ." } ] }, { "value": "February 17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "William H. Macy , World 's Greatest Love Story Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_H._Macy", "summary": "William Hall Macy Jr. ( born March 13 , 1950 ) is an American actor and director . His film career has been built on appearances in small , independent films , though he has also appeared in summer action films . Macy has described himself as sort of a Middle American , WASPy , Lutheran kind of guy . Everyman . Macy has won two Emmy Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards , as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for Fargo . Since 2011 , he has played Frank Gallagher , a main character in the Showtime adaptation of the British television series Shameless . Macy married actress Felicity Huffman in 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "February 18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "January Jones , World 's Greatest Love Story Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/January_Jones", "summary": "January Kristen Jones ( born January 5 , 1978 ) is an American actress and model , best known for portraying the role of Betty Draper in Mad Men ( 2007-2015 ) , for which she was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress - Television Series Drama and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . She portrayed Melissa Chartres in Fox 's comedy television series The Last Man on Earth ( 2015-2018 ) . She also starred in films American Wedding ( 2003 ) , We Are Marshall ( 2006 ) , The Boat That Rocked ( 2009 ) , Unknown ( 2011 ) , Seeking Justice ( 2011 ) and X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "February 21", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "David Spade , Hayden Panettiere , Good Charlotte", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_Spade", "summary": "David Wayne Spade ( born July 22 , 1964 ) is an American actor , stand-up comedian , writer , producer , and television host . He was a cast member on Saturday Night Live in the 1990s , and he later began an acting career in both film and television . He also starred or co-starred in the films Police Academy 4 ( 1987 ) , Tommy Boy ( 1995 ) , Black Sheep ( 1996 ) , Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) , Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) , Grown Ups ( 2010 ) , Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) , and Father of the Year ( 2018 ) among others . He has been part of an ensemble cast of two long-running sitcoms : Just Shoot Me ! ( 1997-2003 ) and Rules of Engagement ( 2007-2013 ) . Additionally , he starred as C. J. Barnes in the sitcom 8 Simple Rules ( 2004-2005 ) . For his role in Just Shoot Me ! , he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globes . In animation , he voiced Kuzco in the 2000 film The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) and its direct-to-video sequel , Kronk 's New Groove ( 2005 ) , the red panda Aliur in Snowflake , the White Gorilla ( 2013 ) and Griffin the Invisible Man in the Hotel Transylvania film series ( 2012-2018 ) . Spade hosts a late-night talk show Lights Out with David Spade , which premiered on July 29 , 2019 . He voiced Ranger Frank in The Rugrats Movie . Spade 's comedic style , in both his stand-up material and acting roles , relies heavily on sarcasm and self-deprecation ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hayden_Panettiere", "summary": "Hayden Lesley Panettiere ( /ˌpænətiˈɛər/ ; born August 21 , 1989 ) is an American actress , model , and singer . She is known for playing cheerleader Claire Bennet on the NBC Superhero series Heroes ( 2006-2010 ) and Juliette Barnes in the ABC/CMT musical drama series Nashville ( 2012-2018 ) . A native of New York , she first appeared in a commercial at the age of eleven months . Her full-time acting career began by playing Sarah Roberts on One Life to Live ( 1994-1997 ) and Lizzie Spaulding on Guiding Light ( 1996-2000 ) , and then played Sheryl Yoast in the Disney feature film Remember the Titans at age ten . Other roles include her portrayal of the title character in the true crime drama Amanda Knox : Murder on Trial in Italy , the original voice actress for Kairi in the Kingdom Hearts series , and Kirby Reed in the slasher film Scream 4 . She received two nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television Film , for her work on Nashville in 2012 and 2013 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Good_Charlotte", "summary": "Good Charlotte is an American rock band from Waldorf , Maryland , that formed in 1996 . Since 1998 , the band 's constant members have been vocalist Joel Madden , guitarist and vocalist Benji Madden , bassist Paul Thomas , guitarist and keyboardist Billy Martin , while drummer Dean Butterworth has been a member of the band since 2005 . The band released their self-titled debut album in 2000 to mostly positive reviews . In 2002 , they achieved breakthrough success with their second album , The Young and the Hopeless . Featuring the hit singles Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous , The Anthem and Girls & Boys , The Young and the Hopeless sold 3.5 million copies in the US and was certified triple platinum by the RIAA , for a total of almost 5 million copies sold worldwide . The band followed that up with The Chronicles of Life and Death in 2004 ; a darker album , both musically and lyrically . Backed by the singles Predictable and I Just Wan na Live , The Chronicles of Life and Death continued the bands success , and the album was certified platinum by the RIAA , selling over one million copies in the US alone . In 2007 they released the dance-punk inspired album Good Morning Revival before going back to their punk-roots with the album Cardiology in 2010 . After a four-year-long hiatus , the band announced its comeback on November 3 , 2015 . The band released Youth Authority to positive reviews in 2016 , and in 2018 they released their latest album , Generation Rx . In addition to this , they have also released two compilations : Greatest Remixes in 2008 and Greatest Hits in 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "February 22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Kiefer Sutherland , Betty White", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland", "summary": "Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland ( born 21 December 1966 ) is a Canadian actor , voice actor , producer , director , and singer-songwriter . He is known for his starring role as Jack Bauer in the Fox drama series 24 ( 2001-2010 , 2014 ) , for which he won an Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , and two Satellite Awards . He is the son of Canadian actors Donald Sutherland and Shirley Douglas , grandson of Canadian politician Tommy Douglas and the father of actress Sarah Sutherland . He has also starred as Martin Bohm in the Fox drama Touch , and provided the facial motion capture and English voices for Big Boss and Venom Snake in the video games Metal Gear Solid V : Ground Zeroes and Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain . He starred as President Tom Kirkman in the Netflix political drama series Designated Survivor . Sutherland got his first leading film role in the Canadian drama The Bay Boy ( 1984 ) , which earned him a Genie Award nomination . Since that time he has had a successful movie career , starring in films such as Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) , Young Guns ( 1988 ) , Flatliners ( 1990 ) , A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) , The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) , A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) , Dark City ( 1998 ) , Phone Booth ( 2002 ) , Melancholia ( 2011 ) , Pompeii ( 2014 ) and Flatliners ( 2017 ) . Sutherland has been inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame and to Canada 's Walk of Fame , and has received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Zurich Film Festival ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Betty_White", "summary": "Betty Marion White Ludden ( née White ; born January 17 , 1922 ) is an American actress and comedian , with the longest television career of any entertainer , spanning 80 years . Regarded as a pioneer of television , she was one of the first women to exert control both in front of and behind the camera and is recognized as the first woman to produce a sitcom ( Life with Elizabeth ) , which contributed to her receiving the honorary title Mayor of Hollywood in 1955 . White is known for her award-winning roles as Sue Ann Nivens on The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1973-77 ) and Rose Nylund on The Golden Girls ( 1985-92 ) - the Writers Guild of America has included both sitcoms in its list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series of All Time - and Elka Ostrovsky on Hot in Cleveland ( 2010-15 ) . A staple panelist of American game shows such as Password , Match Game , Tattletales , The Hollywood Squares and The $ 25,000 Pyramid , White has been dubbed the first lady of game shows , and became the first woman to receive an Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host in 1983 for the show Just Men ! She is also known for her appearances on Boston Legal , The Carol Burnett Show , and Saturday Night Live . White has received eight Emmy Awards in various categories , three American Comedy Awards , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , and a Grammy Award . She also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is a 1985 Television Hall of Fame inductee , and a 2009 Disney Legend ." } ] }, { "value": "February 23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Amy Poehler , Nicole Polizzi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amy_Poehler", "summary": "Amy Meredith Poehler ( /ˈpoʊlər/ ; born September 16 , 1971 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , producer , and director . After studying improv at Chicago 's Second City and ImprovOlympic in the early 1990s , she co-founded the improvisational-comedy troupe Upright Citizens Brigade . The group moved to New York City in 1996 where their act became a half-hour sketch comedy series on Comedy Central in 1998 . Along with other members of the comedy group , Poehler is a founder of the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre . In 2001 she joined the cast of the NBC television series Saturday Night Live . She became co-anchor of SNL 's Weekend Update in 2004 until she left the series in 2008 to star as Leslie Knope in the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation . She has also performed voice acting roles including the lead role in Inside Out , as well as parts in Shrek the Third , and Horton Hears a Who ! . Poehler is an executive producer on the televisions series Welcome to Sweden , Broad City , Difficult People , Duncanville , and Russian Doll . In December 2015 , Poehler received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to television . She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Musical or Comedy Series in 2014 and a Critics ' Choice Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series in 2012 . She and Tina Fey both won the 2016 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for co-hosting Saturday Night Live ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nicole_Polizzi", "summary": "Nicole Elizabeth LaValle ( née Polizzi ; born November 23 , 1987 ) , best known by her nickname Snooki , is a Chilean-American reality television personality , television host , author , professional wrestler , and dancer who is best known for being a cast member of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore and starring in Snooki & Jwoww and Jersey Shore : Family Vacation . Since appearing on Jersey Shore in 2009 , Snooki has gained popularity , leading to numerous talk show appearances , web and television series participation and hosting , and a large social media following . She reportedly earned $ 150,000 per Jersey Shore episode by the last season . She also appeared as the guest hostess for WWE Raw in 2011 and competed at WrestleMania XXVII that same year ." } ] }, { "value": "February 24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Kim Cattrall , Jason Patric", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kim_Cattrall", "summary": "Kim Victoria Cattrall ( /kəˈtræl/ ; born 21 August 1956 ) is a British-Canadian actress . She is best known for her role as Samantha Jones on HBO 's Sex and the City ( 1998-2004 ) , for which she received five Emmy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations , winning the 2002 Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress . She reprised the role in the films Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) . Cattrall made her film debut in Rosebud ( 1975 ) and went on to appear in various television roles . She came to prominence in the 1980s with films such as Ticket to Heaven ( 1981 ) , Police Academy ( 1984 ) , City Limits ( 1985 ) , Big Trouble in Little China ( 1986 ) , Mannequin ( 1987 ) , Masquerade ( 1988 ) , Midnight Crossing ( 1988 ) , and The Return of the Musketeers ( 1989 ) . She worked on several occasions with director Bob Clark , appearing in four of his films : Tribute ( 1980 ) , Porky 's ( 1981 ) , Turk 182 ( 1985 ) , and Baby Geniuses ( 1999 ) . Her other film credits include The Bonfire of the Vanities ( 1990 ) , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) , Split Second ( 1992 ) , Above Suspicion ( 1995 ) , 15 Minutes ( 2001 ) , Crossroads ( 2002 ) , Ice Princess ( 2005 ) , My Boy Jack ( 2007 ) , The Ghost Writer ( 2010 ) , and Meet Monica Velour ( 2010 ) . On stage , Cattrall appeared in the 1986 Broadway production of Michael Frayn 's Wild Honey . Her other stage credits include August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( McCarter Theatre Center , 1993 ) , Shakespeare 's Antony and Cleopatra ( Liverpool Playhouse , 2010 ) , Noël Coward 's Private Lives ( Broadway , 2011 ) , and Tennessee Williams ' Sweet Bird of Youth ( The Old Vic , 2013 ) . From 2014 to 2016 , Cattrall starred and served as executive producer on the HBO Canada series Sensitive Skin , for which she received a nomination for the Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series . She currently stars on the web television series Tell Me a Story ( 2018-present ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jason_Patric", "summary": "Jason Patric ( born June 17 , 1966 ) is an American film , television and stage actor . He is known for his roles in films such as The Lost Boys , Rush , Sleepers , Geronimo : An American Legend , Your Friends & Neighbors , Narc , The Losers , The Alamo , and Speed 2 : Cruise Control . His father was actor/playwright Jason Miller and his maternal grandfather was actor Jackie Gleason ." } ] }, { "value": "February 25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Thomas Gibson , Regis and Kelly 's Run Across America with Dean Karnazes begins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_Gibson", "summary": "Thomas Ellis Gibson ( born July 3 , 1962 ) is an American actor and director . He portrayed Daniel Nyland in the CBS television series Chicago Hope , Greg Montgomery in the ABC television series Dharma & Greg and Aaron Hotchner in the CBS television series Criminal Minds ( 2005-2016 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dean_Karnazes", "summary": "Dean Karnazes ( English : /kɑːrˈnɛˈzɪs/ car-NEH-zis ; born Constantine Karnazes ; August 23 , 1962 ) , is an American ultramarathon runner , and author of Ultramarathon Man : Confessions of an All-Night Runner , which details ultra endurance running for the general public ." } ] }, { "value": "February 28", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Emily Blunt , Topher Grace", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emily_Blunt", "summary": "Emily Olivia Leah Blunt ( born 23 February 1983 ) is a British-American actress . She is the recipient of several accolades , including a Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award , and has been nominated for two British Academy Film Awards . Educated at Hurtwood House in Dorking , Blunt made her acting debut in a 2001 stage production of The Royal Family . She went on to appear in the television film Boudica ( 2003 ) and portrayed Queen Catherine Howard in the miniseries Henry VIII ( 2003 ) . She made her feature film debut in the British drama My Summer of Love ( 2004 ) . Blunt 's breakthrough came in 2006 when she starred in the television film Gideon 's Daughter and the successful American comedy-drama film The Devil Wears Prada . The former won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and the latter earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . Blunt 's profile continued to grow with starring roles in the period film The Young Victoria ( 2009 ) , the romantic comedy Salmon Fishing in the Yemen ( 2011 ) , the science fiction films The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) , Looper ( 2012 ) , and Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) , and the musical films Into the Woods ( 2014 ) and Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) . She received acclaim for her performances as a principled FBI agent in the crime film Sicario ( 2015 ) , an alcoholic in the thriller The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) , for which she received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , and a troubled mother in the horror film A Quiet Place ( 2018 ) . The lattermost was directed by her husband John Krasinski , for which she won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actress ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Topher_Grace", "summary": "Christopher John Grace ( /ˈtoʊfər/ TOE-FER ; born July 12 , 1978 ) is an American actor . He is known for playing Eric Forman in the Fox sitcom That '70s Show , Eddie Brock / Venom in Sam Raimi 's film Spider-Man 3 , Pete Monash in Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! , Carter Duryea in In Good Company , Edwin in Predators , Getty in Interstellar , Adrian Yates in American Ultra , and David Duke in Spike Lee 's film BlacKkKlansman . His other film roles include Traffic , Mona Lisa Smile , Valentine 's Day , Take Me Home Tonight , The Big Wedding , War Machine and Breakthrough ." } ] } ], "section_title": "February 2011", "section_text": "", "uid": "Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(Season_23)_5", "intro": "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 23rd season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy", "title": "ICC Champions Trophy", "header": [ "Year", "Player of the final", "Player of the tournament", "Most runs", "Most wickets" ], "data": [ { "value": "1998", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1998_ICC_KnockOut_Trophy", "summary": "The 1998 ICC Knock Out Tournament ( officially known as Wills International Cup ) was a One Day International cricket tournament held in Bangladesh . It was the first tournament apart from the World Cups to involve all test playing nations . New Zealand defeated Zimbabwe in a pre-quarter final match to qualify for the main knockout stage . Future editions of this tournament are now known as the ICC Champions Trophy . South Africa defeated the West Indies in the final to win the event . This tournament was inaugurated on the basis of FIFA Confederations Cup where the best teams from their respected confederations compete against each other but in this case the top teams in the ICC ODI Championship compete with each other ." } ] }, { "value": "Jacques Kallis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacques_Kallis", "summary": "Jacques Kallis ( born 16 October 1975 ) is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer . As a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium swing bowler , Kallis is regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders of all time , and as South Africa 's greatest batsman . As of 2020 [ update ] he is the only cricketer in the history of the game to score more than 10,000 runs and take over 250 wickets in both ODI and Test match cricket ; he also took 131 ODI catches . He scored 13,289 runs in his Test match career and took 292 wickets and 200 catches . Kallis played 166 Test matches and had a batting average of over 55 runs per innings . From October to December 2007 , he scored five centuries in four Test matches . With his century in the second innings of the third Test against India in January 2011 , his 40th in all , he moved past Ricky Ponting to become the second-highest scorer of Test centuries , behind only Sachin Tendulkar 's 51 . Kallis was named Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2008 Wisden for his performances in 2007 in addition to being the ICC Test Player of the Year and ICC Player of the Year in 2005 . He has been described by Kevin Pietersen and Daryll Cullinan as the greatest cricketer to play the game , and along with Wally Hammond and Sir Garry Sobers is one of the few Test all-rounders whose Test batting average is over 50 and exceeds his Test bowling average by 20 or more . Kallis became the fourth player and first South African to score 13,000 Test runs the opening day of the first Test against New Zealand on 2 January 2013 . He was named one of the Wisden cricketers of the year in 2013 . He retired from Test and first-class cricket after playing in the second test against India at Durban in December 2013 ; Kallis scored his 45th Test hundred in this match , making him one of the few batsmen to score a century in his final Test ." } ] }, { "value": "Jacques Kallis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacques_Kallis", "summary": "Jacques Kallis ( born 16 October 1975 ) is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer . As a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium swing bowler , Kallis is regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders of all time , and as South Africa 's greatest batsman . As of 2020 [ update ] he is the only cricketer in the history of the game to score more than 10,000 runs and take over 250 wickets in both ODI and Test match cricket ; he also took 131 ODI catches . He scored 13,289 runs in his Test match career and took 292 wickets and 200 catches . Kallis played 166 Test matches and had a batting average of over 55 runs per innings . From October to December 2007 , he scored five centuries in four Test matches . With his century in the second innings of the third Test against India in January 2011 , his 40th in all , he moved past Ricky Ponting to become the second-highest scorer of Test centuries , behind only Sachin Tendulkar 's 51 . Kallis was named Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2008 Wisden for his performances in 2007 in addition to being the ICC Test Player of the Year and ICC Player of the Year in 2005 . He has been described by Kevin Pietersen and Daryll Cullinan as the greatest cricketer to play the game , and along with Wally Hammond and Sir Garry Sobers is one of the few Test all-rounders whose Test batting average is over 50 and exceeds his Test bowling average by 20 or more . Kallis became the fourth player and first South African to score 13,000 Test runs the opening day of the first Test against New Zealand on 2 January 2013 . He was named one of the Wisden cricketers of the year in 2013 . He retired from Test and first-class cricket after playing in the second test against India at Durban in December 2013 ; Kallis scored his 45th Test hundred in this match , making him one of the few batsmen to score a century in his final Test ." } ] }, { "value": "Philo Wallace ( 221 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Philo_Wallace", "summary": "Philo Alphonso Wallace ( born 2 August 1970 in Haynesville ) is a Barbadian cricketer who played for the West Indies . Having first attempted to get into cricket in 1990 , he made the big time in 1997-98 after hitting 198 runs in two Test matches . He formed an opening partnership with Guyanese batsman Clayton Lambert that for a brief period was hailed as a possible successor to the legendary Greenidge/Haynes partnership that dominated the 1980s . It was not to be , though , and by the end of the West Indies ' ill-fated tour to South Africa in late 1998 , both Wallace and Lambert had been discarded from future selection . Unusually , Wallace was able to take a catch in all 7 of the Test matches that he played in . At one point in his career he played as captain , but he was omitted from the squad in the 2003-04 season . Philo Wallace was the first player to score an ODI century in the finals of the ICC Knockout Trophy history when he scored his only ODI hundred in the inaugural ICC Knockout Trophy final against South Africa in 1998 . Unfortunately , West Indies managed to post only 245 runs and lost the finals to South Africa in a thriller ." } ] }, { "value": "Jacques Kallis ( 8 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacques_Kallis", "summary": "Jacques Kallis ( born 16 October 1975 ) is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer . As a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium swing bowler , Kallis is regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders of all time , and as South Africa 's greatest batsman . As of 2020 [ update ] he is the only cricketer in the history of the game to score more than 10,000 runs and take over 250 wickets in both ODI and Test match cricket ; he also took 131 ODI catches . He scored 13,289 runs in his Test match career and took 292 wickets and 200 catches . Kallis played 166 Test matches and had a batting average of over 55 runs per innings . From October to December 2007 , he scored five centuries in four Test matches . With his century in the second innings of the third Test against India in January 2011 , his 40th in all , he moved past Ricky Ponting to become the second-highest scorer of Test centuries , behind only Sachin Tendulkar 's 51 . Kallis was named Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2008 Wisden for his performances in 2007 in addition to being the ICC Test Player of the Year and ICC Player of the Year in 2005 . He has been described by Kevin Pietersen and Daryll Cullinan as the greatest cricketer to play the game , and along with Wally Hammond and Sir Garry Sobers is one of the few Test all-rounders whose Test batting average is over 50 and exceeds his Test bowling average by 20 or more . Kallis became the fourth player and first South African to score 13,000 Test runs the opening day of the first Test against New Zealand on 2 January 2013 . He was named one of the Wisden cricketers of the year in 2013 . He retired from Test and first-class cricket after playing in the second test against India at Durban in December 2013 ; Kallis scored his 45th Test hundred in this match , making him one of the few batsmen to score a century in his final Test ." } ] }, { "value": "2000", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2000_ICC_KnockOut_Trophy", "summary": "The 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy was a One Day International cricket tournament held in Kenya ( which helped to increase the popularity of cricket in Kenya ) . New Zealand were crowned champions and cashed the winner 's cheque of US $ 250 000 . It was their first win in a major ICC tournament . Zaheer Khan , Yuvraj Singh and Marlon Samuels made their ODI debuts during the competition . All the test playing nations participated in the tournament along with the leading Associates Bangladesh and hosts Kenya . As there were 11 teams taking part , three would miss out on a spot in the quarter finals . Therefore , a playoff stage took place between 6 of the lowest ranked teams ." } ] }, { "value": "Chris Cairns", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chris_Cairns", "summary": "Christopher Lance Cairns ONZM ( born 13 June 1970 ) is a former New Zealand cricketer and former ODI captain , who played for the New Zealand cricket team as an all-rounder . Cairns finished his Test career with a batting average of 33.53 and a bowling average of 29.40 . In 2000 , he was named as one of five Wisden Cricketers of the Year . He is son of former New Zealand cricketer Lance Cairns . He starred in both the One-day and Test New Zealand teams , as well as the Canterbury New Zealand domestic championship team . After his playing career Cairns went on to become a commentator with Sky Sport New Zealand ." } ] }, { "value": "Not awarded", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sourav Ganguly ( 348 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sourav_Ganguly", "summary": "Sourav Chandidas Ganguly ( /sʃuːrəv ɡɛnɡuːlj/ ( listen ) ; born 8 July 1972 ) , affectionately known as Dada ( meaning elder brother in Bengali ) , is an Indian former cricketer , commentator and administrator who played as a left-handed opening batsman and was captain of the Indian national team . He is the 39th and current president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India and President of the Editorial Board with Wisden India . Before being elected as the President of BCCI , he was the President of Cricket Association of Bengal , governing body for cricket in West Bengal , India . He is regarded as one of the greatest captains in the Cricket world . During his playing career , Ganguly established himself as one of the world 's leading batsmen and also one of the most successful captain of the Indian national cricket team . While batting , he was especially prolific through the off side , earning himself the nickname God of the Off Side for his elegant stroke play square of the wicket and through the covers . Ganguly was introduced into the world of cricket by his elder brother , Snehasish . He started his career by playing in state and school teams . After playing in different Indian domestic tournaments , such as the Ranji and Duleep trophies , Ganguly got his big-break while playing for India on their tour of England . He scored 131 runs and cemented his place in the Indian team . Ganguly 's place in the team was assured after successful performances in series against Sri Lanka , Pakistan and Australia , winning the Man of the Match awards . In the 1999 Cricket World Cup , he was involved in a partnership of 318 runs with Rahul Dravid , which remains the highest overall partnership score in the World Cup tournament history ." } ] }, { "value": "Venkatesh Prasad ( 8 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Venkatesh_Prasad", "summary": "Bapu Krishnarao Venkatesh Prasad ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born 5 August 1969 ) , is a former Indian cricketer , who played Tests and ODIs . He made his debut in 1994 . Primarily a right-arm medium-fast bowler , Prasad was noted for his bowling combination with Javagal Srinath . He is the bowling coach for Kings XI Punjab in the Indian Premier League , having formerly performed the same role for the Indian cricket team from 2007 to 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "2002", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2002_ICC_Champions_Trophy", "summary": "The 2002 ICC Champions Trophy was a cricket tournament that was held in Sri Lanka in 2002 . It was the third edition of the ICC Champions Trophy - the first two having been known as the ICC Knock Out Tournaments . The tournament was due to be held in India , but was switched to Sri Lanka when an exemption from tax in India was not granted . Fifteen matches were to be played in the tournament including two semi-finals and a final match . All the matches were played in Colombo at two grounds : R. Premadasa Stadium and Sinhalese Sports Club Ground . It was the first time that the teams of all International Cricket Council ( ICC ) member nations visited Sri Lanka to participate in a cricket tournament . Twelve teams competed : the 10 Test-playing nations plus Kenya who has full One Day International ( ODI ) status and the 2001 ICC Trophy winners the Netherlands . The teams were split into four pools of three teams each . Each team played the other two teams in its pool once , and the four teams that lead in each pool proceeded to the Semi Finals . Australia lost to Sri Lanka in the first semi-final whereas India defeated South Africa in the second semi final . The Final between India and Sri Lanka was washed out twice , to leave no result . Virender Sehwag was the highest run-scorer of the tournament and Muttiah Muralitharan was the highest wicket-taker ." } ] }, { "value": "Not awarded", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Not awarded", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Virender Sehwag ( 271 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Virender_Sehwag", "summary": "Virender Sehwag pronunciation ( help·info ) ( born 20 October 1978 ) is a former Indian cricketer . Widely regarded as one of the most destructive batsmen of all time , Sehwag played as an aggressive right-handed opening batsman and also bowled part-time right-arm off-spin . He played his first One Day International in 1999 and joined the Indian test side in 2001 . In April 2009 , Sehwag became the first Indian to be honoured as the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World for his performance in 2008 , subsequently becoming the first player of any nationality to retain the award for 2009 . He is the former Occasional captain of India , former Vice-Captain of India , former captain of Delhi Daredevils and former captain of Delhi Ranji Team . Sehwag holds multiple records including the highest score made by an Indian in Test cricket ( 319 against South Africa at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai ) , which was also the fastest triple century in the history of international cricket ( reached 300 off only 278 balls ) as well as the fastest 250 by any batsman ( in 207 balls against Sri Lanka on 3 December 2009 at the Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai ) . Sehwag also holds the distinction of being one of four batsmen in the world to have ever surpassed 300 twice in Test cricket . In March 2009 , Sehwag smashed what was till then the fastest century ever scored by an Indian in ODI cricket , from 60 balls . On 8 December 2011 , he hit his maiden double century in ODI cricket , against West Indies , becoming the second batsman after Sachin Tendulkar to reach the landmark . His score became the highest individual score in ODI cricket - 219 off 149 balls which was later bettered by Rohit Sharma - 264 off 173 balls on 13 November 2014 . He is one of only two players in the world to score a double hundred in ODI and a triple hundred in Test Cricket , the other being Chris Gayle . Sehwag was appointed as vice-captain of the Indian team under Rahul Dravid in October 2005 but due to poor form , he was later replaced by V. V. S. Laxman in December 2006 as Test vice-captain ." } ] }, { "value": "Muttiah Muralitharan ( 10 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan", "summary": "Deshabandu Muttiah Muralitharan ( Tamil : முத்தையா முரளிதரன் , Sinhala : මුත්තයියා මුරලිදරන් ; also spelt Muralidaran ; born 17 April 1972 ) is a Sri Lankan cricket coach and former cricketer who was rated the greatest Test match bowler ever by Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack in 2002 . He retired from Test cricket in 2010 , registering his 800th and final wicket on 22 July 2010 from his final ball in his last Test match . Muralitharan holds the world record for the most wickets in both test and one-day cricket . In 2017 , he became the only Sri Lankan to be inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame . He won the Ada Derana Sri Lankan of the Year in 2017 . Murali became the highest wicket-taker in Test cricket when he overtook the previous record-holder Shane Warne on 3 December 2007 . Muralitharan had previously held the record when he surpassed Courtney Walsh 's 519 wickets in 2004 , but he suffered a shoulder injury later that year and was overtaken by Warne . Averaging over six wickets per Test , Muralitharan is one of the most successful bowlers in the game . Muralitharan held the number one spot in the International Cricket Council 's player rankings for Test bowlers for a record period of 1,711 days spanning 214 Test matches . Muralitharan took the wicket of Gautam Gambhir on 5 February 2009 in Colombo to surpass Wasim Akram 's ODI record of 502 wickets . Muralitharan 's career was beset by controversy over his bowling action for much of his international career . Due to an unusual hyperextension of his congenitally bent arm during delivery , his bowling action was called into question on a number of occasions by umpires and sections of the cricket community ." } ] }, { "value": "2004", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2004_ICC_Champions_Trophy", "summary": "The 2004 ICC Champions Trophy was held in England in September 2004 . Twelve teams competed in 15 matches spread over 16 days at three venues : Edgbaston , The Rose Bowl and The Oval . The nations competing included the ten Test nations , Kenya ( ODI status ) , and - making their One Day International debut - the United States who qualified by winning the 2004 ICC Six Nations Challenge by the smallest of margins ( coming down to net run rate over Canada , Namibia , and the Netherlands who had all recently played in the 2003 Cricket World Cup ) . The ICC Champions Trophy was won by the West Indies in front of a sell-out Oval crowd . Ramnaresh Sarwan was named the Player of the Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "Ian Bradshaw", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ian_Bradshaw", "summary": "Ian David Russell Bradshaw ( born 9 July 1974 ) is a former Barbadian cricketer who played for West Indies as a left-arm fast bowler in all three formats of the game . In September 2004 , Bradshaw was a member of the West Indies team that won the 2004 Champions Trophy , and was named man of the match in the final . A former West Indies under-19s captain , Bradshaw 's senior debut came two months before his 30th birthday , when he was selected to play in the last three One Day Internationals of a seven-match series against England . After taking five wickets in the three matches , he became a permanent fixture in the team . He made his Test debut in March 2006 , taking three wickets in each innings against New Zealand , and played five matches before being dropped . He is the first cap for West Indies in Twenty20 Internationals ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramnaresh Sarwan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramnaresh_Sarwan", "summary": "Ramnaresh Ronnie Sarwan ( born 23 June 1980 ) is a cricketer of Indo-Guyanese origin and a former member and former captain of the West Indies cricket team , in all formats . He was named as the Captain for the Guyana Amazon Warriors for the 2013 inaugural tournament of the Caribbean Premier League ." } ] }, { "value": "Marcus Trescothick ( 261 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick", "summary": "Marcus Edward Trescothick MBE ( born 25 December 1975 ) is a former English cricketer , who played first-class cricket for Somerset County Cricket Club , and represented England in 76 Test matches and 123 One Day Internationals . He was Somerset captain from 2010-16 and temporary England captain for several Tests and ODIs . A left-handed opening batsman , he made his first-class debut for Somerset in 1993 and quickly established himself as a regular member of the team . Trescothick made his One Day International ( ODI ) debut seven years later , against Zimbabwe in July 2000 . His Test debut , against the West Indies , followed in August . Although former England captain Nasser Hussain likened Trescothick 's build and batting temperament to that of Graham Gooch , his stroke play is more reminiscent of David Gower . An aggressive opener : as of March 2014 [ update ] he holds the record for the most ODI centuries of any English player , and for the fastest half-century in English Twenty20 cricket . Trescothick is also an accomplished slip fielder and occasional right-handed medium pace bowler who has kept wicket for England in five ODIs , and deputised as England captain for two Test matches and ten ODIs . Trescothick was an automatic choice for England between 2000 and 2006 , before a stress-related illness threatened his career and forced him to pull out of the national squad . He began rebuilding his career with Somerset in 2007 and scored two double-centuries that season . However , he remained uneasy about returning to international cricket , and announced his retirement from internationals in March 2008 , opting to continue playing at county level for Somerset . Media speculation continued as to a possible international return , Trescothick repeatedly voiced his intent to remain in retirement , and has suffered recurrences of his condition in both 2008 and 2009 when Somerset toured abroad ." } ] }, { "value": "Andrew Flintoff ( 9 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff", "summary": "Andrew Flintoff MBE ( born 6 December 1977 ) , also known as Freddie Flintoff , is an English television and radio presenter and former international cricketer . Flintoff played all forms of the game and was one of the sport 's leading all rounders , a fast bowler , middle order batsman and slip fielder . He was consistently rated by the ICC as being among the top international all-rounders in both ODI and Test cricket . Following his debut in 1998 , he became an integral player for England , and was Man of the Series in the 2005 Ashes . He later served as both captain and vice-captain of the team . He retired from Test cricket at the end of the 2009 Ashes series , and from other forms of the game in 2010 . He then had one professional boxing fight on 30 November 2012 in Manchester , beating American Richard Dawson on a points decision . In 2014 , Flintoff came out of retirement to play Twenty20 cricket for Lancashire , before being signed by Brisbane Heat to play in the Australian Big Bash League for the 2014-15 season . Since his retirement , Flintoff has been involved with numerous projects , including designing his own fashion range and becoming the face of the brand Jacamo , winning the first series of the Australian version of I 'm a Celebrity.Get Me Out of Here ! , and being part of Sky One 's sports-based comedy panel show A League of Their Own . Flintoff became a presenter of the BBC Two show Top Gear in 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "2006", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2006_ICC_Champions_Trophy", "summary": "The 2006 ICC Champions Trophy was a One Day International cricket tournament held in India from 7 October to 5 November 2006 . It was the fifth edition of the ICC Champions Trophy ( previously known as the ICC Knock-out ) . The tournament venue was not confirmed until mid-2005 when the Indian government agreed that tournament revenues would be free from tax ( the 2002 tournament had been due to be held in India , but was switched to Sri Lanka when an exemption from tax in India was not granted ) . Australia won the tournament , their first Champions Trophy victory . They were the only team to only get one loss in the tournament , as all other teams lost at least two matches . West Indies , their final opponents , beat Australia in the group stage , but were bowled out for 138 in the final and lost by eight wickets on the Duckworth-Lewis method . West Indies opening batsman Chris Gayle was named Player of the Tournament . English writer Tim de Lisle said the tournament had been fun , because it had been unpredictable . The unpredictability was in part shown by the fact that no Asian side qualified for the semi-final , for the first time in a major ICC tournament since the 1975 World Cup . De Lisle also claimed that the pitches had been the tournament 's secret , saying that they were sporting and quixotic and quite untypical of both one-day cricket and the subcontinent . His viewed were echoed by panelists in a roundtable discussion organised by Cricinfo , who hoped that the tournament would not be a one-off in a batsman-dominated game according to news site rediff.com . The tournament recorded five of the 10 lowest team totals in the tournament 's history , and totals of 80 ( for West Indies v Sri Lanka ) and 89 ( for Pakistan v South Africa ) were the lowest recorded in matches involving the top eight ranked One-day International sides of the world ." } ] }, { "value": "Shane Watson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shane_Watson", "summary": "Shane Robert Watson ( born 17 June 1981 ) is an Australian international cricketer and occasional captain in all formats who has played for Australias national cricket team and currently plays for Chennai Super Kings in the Indian Premier League and Quetta Gladiators in the Pakistan Super League respectively . Shane Watson is a right-handed batsman and a right-handed fast-medium swing bowler . He debuted in 2002 in a One Day International and retired in 2016 as world No . 1 T20I all-rounder . He was the last player to retire from Australia 's golden era of the early 2000s . Watson holds several records in T20Is , ODIs and T20s . According to Forbes , Watson was the highest-paid non-Indian cricketer in the world for five consecutive years , 2011 to 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "Chris Gayle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chris_Gayle", "summary": "Christopher Henry Gayle , OD ( born 21 September 1979 ) is a Jamaican cricketer who plays international cricket for the West Indies . Gayle captained the West Indies Test side from 2007 to 2010 . Considered as one of the greatest batsmen ever in Twenty20 ( T20 ) cricket , Gayle has set numerous records across all three formats of the game . He is the most capped player for the West Indies in international cricket and is the only player to score a triplet of centuries - a triple hundred in Tests , double hundred in ODIs and a hundred in T20Is . In February 2019 , Gayle announced that he would retire from ODIs after the 2019 Cricket World Cup . However , in June 2019 , during the Cricket World Cup , Gayle expressed his desire to play in the ODI matches against India in August , and possibly a Test match as well . Gayle last played in a Test match in September 2014 , against Bangladesh . In July 2019 , he was named in the West Indies ' ODI squad for their series against India . During the series against India , Gayle played in his 300th ODI , which includes three matches for the ICC World XI team . In the same match , Gayle also became the leading run-scorer for a West Indies batsman in ODI cricket . He went past Brian Lara 's record of 10,348 runs ." } ] }, { "value": "Chris Gayle ( 474 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chris_Gayle", "summary": "Christopher Henry Gayle , OD ( born 21 September 1979 ) is a Jamaican cricketer who plays international cricket for the West Indies . Gayle captained the West Indies Test side from 2007 to 2010 . Considered as one of the greatest batsmen ever in Twenty20 ( T20 ) cricket , Gayle has set numerous records across all three formats of the game . He is the most capped player for the West Indies in international cricket and is the only player to score a triplet of centuries - a triple hundred in Tests , double hundred in ODIs and a hundred in T20Is . In February 2019 , Gayle announced that he would retire from ODIs after the 2019 Cricket World Cup . However , in June 2019 , during the Cricket World Cup , Gayle expressed his desire to play in the ODI matches against India in August , and possibly a Test match as well . Gayle last played in a Test match in September 2014 , against Bangladesh . In July 2019 , he was named in the West Indies ' ODI squad for their series against India . During the series against India , Gayle played in his 300th ODI , which includes three matches for the ICC World XI team . In the same match , Gayle also became the leading run-scorer for a West Indies batsman in ODI cricket . He went past Brian Lara 's record of 10,348 runs ." } ] }, { "value": "Jerome Taylor ( 13 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jerome_Taylor", "summary": "Jerome Everton Taylor ( born 22 June 1984 ) is a Jamaican cricketer who has played limited over internationals for the West Indies . In July 2016 , he announced his retirement from Test cricket after giving 'formal notification ' of his decision to retire . However , in April 2017 , he announced the end of his retirement , making himself available for the West Indies squad for their Test series against Pakistan ." } ] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2009_ICC_Champions_Trophy", "summary": "The 2009 ICC Champions Trophy was a One Day International cricket tournament held in South Africa between 22 September and 5 October , at Wanderers Stadium and Centurion Park , both in the Gauteng province . It was the sixth ICC Champions Trophy , and was previously known as the ICC Knock-out . Two teams from two groups of four qualified for the semi-finals , and the final was staged in Centurion on 5 October . Australia successfully defended the title by beating New Zealand by six wickets in the final ." } ] }, { "value": "Shane Watson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shane_Watson", "summary": "Shane Robert Watson ( born 17 June 1981 ) is an Australian international cricketer and occasional captain in all formats who has played for Australias national cricket team and currently plays for Chennai Super Kings in the Indian Premier League and Quetta Gladiators in the Pakistan Super League respectively . Shane Watson is a right-handed batsman and a right-handed fast-medium swing bowler . He debuted in 2002 in a One Day International and retired in 2016 as world No . 1 T20I all-rounder . He was the last player to retire from Australia 's golden era of the early 2000s . Watson holds several records in T20Is , ODIs and T20s . According to Forbes , Watson was the highest-paid non-Indian cricketer in the world for five consecutive years , 2011 to 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ricky Ponting", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ricky_Ponting", "summary": "Ricky Thomas Ponting AO ( born 19 December 1974 ) is an Australian cricket coach , commentator , and former cricketer . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen of all time . He is considered the most successful captain in international cricket history , with 220 matches won overall from 324 matches with a winning ratio of 67.91% . Ponting was captain of the Australian national team during its 'golden era ' ; between 2004 and 2011 in Tests and 2002 and 2011 in One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) . He is a specialist right-handed batsman , an excellent slip / close catching fielder , as well as a very occasional bowler . He was named Cricketer of the Decade 2000 . He represented the Tasmanian Tigers in Australian domestic cricket , the Hobart Hurricanes in Australia 's domestic T20 competition the Big Bash League , and played in the Indian Premier League with the Kolkata Knight Riders in 2008 . He is widely considered to be one of the best batsmen of the modern era , alongside Sachin Tendulkar of India and Brian Lara of the West Indies . On 1 December 2006 , he reached the highest rating achieved by a Test batsman for 50 years , though this was surpassed by Steve Smith in December 2017 . He stands second in the List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored behind Sachin Tendulkar . He is the only Australian test captain to have led his side to three separate Ashes series defeats , but led Australia to their second ever 5-0 Ashes win as well as victory at the 2003 and 2007 Cricket World Cups and was also a member of the 1999 World Cup winning team under Steve Waugh . He also led Australia to ICC Champions Trophy victory twice in a row , in 2006 and 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ricky Ponting ( 288 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ricky_Ponting", "summary": "Ricky Thomas Ponting AO ( born 19 December 1974 ) is an Australian cricket coach , commentator , and former cricketer . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen of all time . He is considered the most successful captain in international cricket history , with 220 matches won overall from 324 matches with a winning ratio of 67.91% . Ponting was captain of the Australian national team during its 'golden era ' ; between 2004 and 2011 in Tests and 2002 and 2011 in One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) . He is a specialist right-handed batsman , an excellent slip / close catching fielder , as well as a very occasional bowler . He was named Cricketer of the Decade 2000 . He represented the Tasmanian Tigers in Australian domestic cricket , the Hobart Hurricanes in Australia 's domestic T20 competition the Big Bash League , and played in the Indian Premier League with the Kolkata Knight Riders in 2008 . He is widely considered to be one of the best batsmen of the modern era , alongside Sachin Tendulkar of India and Brian Lara of the West Indies . On 1 December 2006 , he reached the highest rating achieved by a Test batsman for 50 years , though this was surpassed by Steve Smith in December 2017 . He stands second in the List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored behind Sachin Tendulkar . He is the only Australian test captain to have led his side to three separate Ashes series defeats , but led Australia to their second ever 5-0 Ashes win as well as victory at the 2003 and 2007 Cricket World Cups and was also a member of the 1999 World Cup winning team under Steve Waugh . He also led Australia to ICC Champions Trophy victory twice in a row , in 2006 and 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "Wayne Parnell ( 11 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wayne_Parnell", "summary": "Wayne Dillon Parnell ( born 30 July 1989 ) is a South African cricketer who plays for Worcestershire in English county cricket . Previously , he played Test cricket , One Day International cricket and Twenty20 matches for South Africa . At domestic level he played for Cape Cobras , having previously played for the Warriors and Eastern Province . He also plays English county cricket for Worcestershire having previously played for Kent , Sussex and Glamorgan . He has also played for the Delhi Daredevils and Pune Warriors in the Indian Premier League , for the Barbados Tridents in the Caribbean Premier League , and for Islamabad United in the Pakistan Premier League ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2013_ICC_Champions_Trophy", "summary": "The 2013 ICC Champions Trophy was a One Day International cricket tournament held in England and Wales between 6 and 23 June 2013 . Three cities hosted the tournament 's matches : London ( at The Oval ) , Birmingham ( at Edgbaston ) and Cardiff ( at Sophia Gardens , known as Cardiff Wales Stadium for the tournament ) . India won the competition , beating England by five runs in the final after overcoming South Africa , the West Indies and Pakistan in the group stage , followed by a semi-final victory over Sri Lanka . As winners , India earned $ 2 million in prize money , the largest amount since the tournament 's inception . It was due to be the seventh and final ICC Champions Trophy , to be replaced by the ICC World Test Championship in 2017 , but in January 2014 , it was instead confirmed by the ICC that a Champions Trophy tournament would take place in 2017 , with the proposed Test Championship being cancelled ." } ] }, { "value": "Ravindra Jadeja", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ravindra_Jadeja", "summary": "Ravindrasinh Anirudhsinh Jadeja ( born 6 December 1988 ) , commonly known as Ravindra Jadeja , is an Indian international cricketer . He is an all-rounder , who plays as a left-handed middle-order batsman and slow left-arm orthodox bowler . He represents Saurashtra in first-class cricket and the Chennai Super Kings in the Indian Premier League . Jadeja was part of the Indian U-19 cricket team that won the World Cup in Malaysia in 2008 under the captaincy of current Indian Captain Virat Kohli . He made his ODI debut against Sri Lanka on 8 February 2009 and scored an unbeaten 60 off 77 balls in that match . However , his Test debut came almost four years later , on 13 December 2012 , against England at Nagpur . Jadeja was bought for $ 2 million by the Chennai Super Kings at the 2012 IPL Players Auction . He was bought by the Gujarat Lions in the 2016 IPL Players Auction for ₹9.5 crores after the Chennai Super Kings were banned from the IPL for two seasons . On 22 January 2017 , Jadeja became the first Indian left-arm spinner to take 150 One Day International wickets , when he dismissed Sam Billings at Eden Gardens , Kolkata . In March 2017 , he became the top ranked bowler in the world leaving behind Ravichandran Ashwin who held that position for a long time ." } ] }, { "value": "Shikhar Dhawan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shikhar_Dhawan", "summary": "Shikhar Dhawan ( born 5 December 1985 ) is an Indian international cricketer . A left-handed opening batsman and an occasional right-arm off break bowler , he plays for Delhi in domestic cricket and Delhi Capitals in the IPL . He played for the Indian Under-17 and Under-19 teams before making his first-class debut for Delhi in November 2004 . At the 2015 World Cup , he was the leading run-scorer for India and in the following year , became the fastest Indian to reach 3,000 ODI runs . In December 2017 , he became the 2nd fastest Indian to reach 4000 ODI runs . Dhawan also holds the record for most runs in a calendar year in Twenty20 International cricket ( 689 ) . He is known for his successful knocks in ICC Tournaments . Dhawan made his One Day International ( ODI ) debut against Australia in October 2010 at Visakhapatnam . His Test debut came against the same opposition in March 2013 at Mohali where he scored the fastest century by any batsman on Test debut and ended his innings with 187 runs from 174 balls . A prolific run-scorer in ICC tournaments , Dhawan top-scored in the 2004 Under-19 World Cup , and the 2013 and 2017 Champions Trophy tournaments , and holds the record for the fastest to reach 1000 runs in ICC ODI tournaments . In August 2013 , he recorded the then-second-highest individual score in a List A match when he scored 248 runs off 150 balls for India A against South Africa A at Pretoria . During the 4th ODI against South Africa in Johannesburg , he became the first Indian and ninth overall to score a century in his 100th ODI game ." } ] }, { "value": "Shikhar Dhawan ( 363 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shikhar_Dhawan", "summary": "Shikhar Dhawan ( born 5 December 1985 ) is an Indian international cricketer . A left-handed opening batsman and an occasional right-arm off break bowler , he plays for Delhi in domestic cricket and Delhi Capitals in the IPL . He played for the Indian Under-17 and Under-19 teams before making his first-class debut for Delhi in November 2004 . At the 2015 World Cup , he was the leading run-scorer for India and in the following year , became the fastest Indian to reach 3,000 ODI runs . In December 2017 , he became the 2nd fastest Indian to reach 4000 ODI runs . Dhawan also holds the record for most runs in a calendar year in Twenty20 International cricket ( 689 ) . He is known for his successful knocks in ICC Tournaments . Dhawan made his One Day International ( ODI ) debut against Australia in October 2010 at Visakhapatnam . His Test debut came against the same opposition in March 2013 at Mohali where he scored the fastest century by any batsman on Test debut and ended his innings with 187 runs from 174 balls . A prolific run-scorer in ICC tournaments , Dhawan top-scored in the 2004 Under-19 World Cup , and the 2013 and 2017 Champions Trophy tournaments , and holds the record for the fastest to reach 1000 runs in ICC ODI tournaments . In August 2013 , he recorded the then-second-highest individual score in a List A match when he scored 248 runs off 150 balls for India A against South Africa A at Pretoria . During the 4th ODI against South Africa in Johannesburg , he became the first Indian and ninth overall to score a century in his 100th ODI game ." } ] }, { "value": "Ravindra Jadeja ( 12 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ravindra_Jadeja", "summary": "Ravindrasinh Anirudhsinh Jadeja ( born 6 December 1988 ) , commonly known as Ravindra Jadeja , is an Indian international cricketer . He is an all-rounder , who plays as a left-handed middle-order batsman and slow left-arm orthodox bowler . He represents Saurashtra in first-class cricket and the Chennai Super Kings in the Indian Premier League . Jadeja was part of the Indian U-19 cricket team that won the World Cup in Malaysia in 2008 under the captaincy of current Indian Captain Virat Kohli . He made his ODI debut against Sri Lanka on 8 February 2009 and scored an unbeaten 60 off 77 balls in that match . However , his Test debut came almost four years later , on 13 December 2012 , against England at Nagpur . Jadeja was bought for $ 2 million by the Chennai Super Kings at the 2012 IPL Players Auction . He was bought by the Gujarat Lions in the 2016 IPL Players Auction for ₹9.5 crores after the Chennai Super Kings were banned from the IPL for two seasons . On 22 January 2017 , Jadeja became the first Indian left-arm spinner to take 150 One Day International wickets , when he dismissed Sam Billings at Eden Gardens , Kolkata . In March 2017 , he became the top ranked bowler in the world leaving behind Ravichandran Ashwin who held that position for a long time ." } ] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2017_ICC_Champions_Trophy", "summary": "The 2017 ICC Champions Trophy was the eighth ICC Champions Trophy , a cricket tournament for the eight top-ranked One Day International ( ODI ) teams in the world . It was held in England and Wales from 1 to 18 June 2017 . Pakistan won the competition for the first time with a 180-run victory over India in the final at The Oval . The margin of victory was the largest by any team in the final of an ICC ODI tournament in terms of runs . The top eight teams in the ICC ODI Championship rankings as on 30 September 2015 qualified for the tournament , and were divided into two groups of four . Bangladesh returned to the ICC Champions Trophy for the first time since 2006 , while the West Indies failed to qualify for the first time . Security around the tournament was increased following the Ariana Grande concert attack in Manchester , just before the start of the competition . The International Cricket Council ( ICC ) announced that they would review security concerns . The ICC Champions Trophy was due to end in 2013 , with the 2013 competition the final one , to be replaced by the ICC World Test Championship in 2017 . However , in January 2014 it was instead confirmed by the ICC that a Champions Trophy tournament would take place in 2017 . In 2016 , the ICC confirmed that the Champions Trophy would be scrapped after this tournament , keeping in line with the ICC 's goal of having one tournament for each of the three formats of international cricket ." } ] }, { "value": "Fakhar Zaman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fakhar_Zaman_(cricketer)", "summary": "Fakhar Zaman ( Pashto : فخر زمان ; born 10 April 1990 ) is a Pakistani cricketer and former Pakistan Navy sailor who plays for the Pakistan national cricket team and for Lahore Qalandars in the Pakistan Super League ( PSL ) . On 20 July 2018 , he became the first batsman for Pakistan to score a double century in a One Day International ( ODI ) match . Two days later , he became the fastest batsman to score 1,000 runs in ODIs . In August 2018 , he was one of thirty-three players to be awarded a central contract for the 2018-19 season by the Pakistan Cricket Board ( PCB ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Hasan Ali", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hasan_Ali_(cricketer)", "summary": "Hasan Ali ( born 2 July 1994 ) is a Pakistani cricketer . He made his first-class debut for Sialkot in October 2013 . He made his international debut for Pakistan in August 2016 in a One Day International ( ODI ) match . The following summer , he was named in Pakistan 's squad for the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy . Pakistan went on to win the tournament with Ali named player of the series after taking thirteen wickets . He became the quickest bowler for Pakistan to take 50 wickets in ODIs . In August 2018 , he was one of thirty-three players to be awarded a central contract for the 2018-19 season by the Pakistan Cricket Board ( PCB ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Shikhar Dhawan ( 338 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shikhar_Dhawan", "summary": "Shikhar Dhawan ( born 5 December 1985 ) is an Indian international cricketer . A left-handed opening batsman and an occasional right-arm off break bowler , he plays for Delhi in domestic cricket and Delhi Capitals in the IPL . He played for the Indian Under-17 and Under-19 teams before making his first-class debut for Delhi in November 2004 . At the 2015 World Cup , he was the leading run-scorer for India and in the following year , became the fastest Indian to reach 3,000 ODI runs . In December 2017 , he became the 2nd fastest Indian to reach 4000 ODI runs . Dhawan also holds the record for most runs in a calendar year in Twenty20 International cricket ( 689 ) . He is known for his successful knocks in ICC Tournaments . Dhawan made his One Day International ( ODI ) debut against Australia in October 2010 at Visakhapatnam . His Test debut came against the same opposition in March 2013 at Mohali where he scored the fastest century by any batsman on Test debut and ended his innings with 187 runs from 174 balls . A prolific run-scorer in ICC tournaments , Dhawan top-scored in the 2004 Under-19 World Cup , and the 2013 and 2017 Champions Trophy tournaments , and holds the record for the fastest to reach 1000 runs in ICC ODI tournaments . In August 2013 , he recorded the then-second-highest individual score in a List A match when he scored 248 runs off 150 balls for India A against South Africa A at Pretoria . During the 4th ODI against South Africa in Johannesburg , he became the first Indian and ninth overall to score a century in his 100th ODI game ." } ] }, { "value": "Hasan Ali ( 13 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hasan_Ali_(cricketer)", "summary": "Hasan Ali ( born 2 July 1994 ) is a Pakistani cricketer . He made his first-class debut for Sialkot in October 2013 . He made his international debut for Pakistan in August 2016 in a One Day International ( ODI ) match . The following summer , he was named in Pakistan 's squad for the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy . Pakistan went on to win the tournament with Ali named player of the series after taking thirteen wickets . He became the quickest bowler for Pakistan to take 50 wickets in ODIs . In August 2018 , he was one of thirty-three players to be awarded a central contract for the 2018-19 season by the Pakistan Cricket Board ( PCB ) ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Records -- By tournament", "section_text": "", "uid": "ICC_Champions_Trophy_1", "intro": "The ICC Champions Trophy was a One-Day International (ODI) cricket tournament organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC), second in importance only to the Cricket World Cup." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana_records_and_statistics", "title": "Copa Sudamericana records and statistics", "header": [ "Country", "Winners", "Runners-Up", "Winning Clubs", "Runners-Up" ], "data": [ { "value": "Argentina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Argentina", "summary": "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Boca Juniors ( 2 ) ; Independiente ( 2 ) ; Arsenal ( 1 ) ; Lanús ( 1 ) ; River Plate ( 1 ) ; San Lorenzo ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boca_Juniors", "summary": "Club Atlético Boca Juniors ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ aˈtletiko ˈβoka ˈʝunjoɾs ] ) is an Argentine professional sports club based in La Boca neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . Boca Juniors is mostly known for its professional football team which , since its promotion in 1913 , has always played in the Argentine Primera División , becoming the most successful team of Argentina in number of official titles , with 68 won to date . National titles won by Boca Juniors include 33 Primera División championships , and 13 domestic cups . Boca Juniors also owns an honorary title awarded by the Argentine Football Association for their successful tour of Europe in 1925 . Internationally , Boca Juniors has won a total of 22 international titles , with 18 organised by CONMEBOL and the rest organised jointly by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations . Consequently , Boca is ranked third in the world in terms of number of complete international titles , after Real Madrid ( 26 ) and Egyptian side Al Ahly ( 24 ) . Boca Juniors ' international achievements also include Tie Cup , Copa de Honor Cousenier , and Copa Escobar-Gerona , organized jointly by AFA and AUF together . Their success usually has Boca ranked among the IFFHS 's Club World Ranking Top 25 , which they have reached the top position six times ( mostly during the coaching tenure of Carlos Bianchi ) . Boca was named by the IFFHS as the top South American club of the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . Boca Juniors is also known to be one of the most popular football clubs in Argentina , along with River Plate . Boca has always had a fierce rivalry with River Plate , as both clubs were established in La Boca . Matches between them are known as the Superclásico , and are one of the most heated rivalries in Argentina and the world , as both clubs are the two most popular in the country ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_Independiente", "summary": "Club Atlético Independiente ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko indepenˈdjente ] ) is an Argentine professional sports club , which has its headquarters and stadium in the city of Avellaneda in Greater Buenos Aires . The club is best known for its football team , which plays in the Primera División and is considered one of Argentina 's Big Five football clubs . Independiente holds a longstanding rivalry with neighbor club Racing in the Avellaneda derby , referred to as El Clásico de Avellaneda . Independiente was officially founded on 1 January 1905 , although the institution had been formed on 4 August 1904 and had already played in Argentina 's first division . Originally from Monserrat , a historic neighborhood of Buenos Aires , the club moved to Avellaneda in 1907 . The football team has won 16 Primera División titles ( the last one was the 2002 Apertura ) and 9 National cups . In international club football competitions , Independiente has won a total of 21 titles , with 18 of them organised by CONMEBOL and other associations . Independiente 's achievements include a record of seven Copa Libertadores won , being the only club to win four finals in a row , between 1972 and 1975 . The club has won the Copa Interamericana three times , the Supercopa Sudamericana twice , the Recopa Sudamericana once , the Intercontinental Cup twice ( 1973 and 1984 ) , and the Copa Sudamericana twice , in 2010 and 2017 . The 2018 Suruga Bank Championship was its most recent achievement . Other international titles won by Independiente include two Rioplatense Copa Aldao competitions , organized by Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together . Apart from football , other activities practised at the club are athletics , basketball , boxing , chess , field hockey , futsal , handball , gymnastics , martial arts , Pilates , roller skating , scuba diving , swimming , tennis , volleyball , water polo , and yoga ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Arsenal_de_Sarandí", "summary": "Arsenal Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aɾseˈnal ˈfutβol ˈkluβ ] ) , usually referred as Arsenal de Sarandí [ aɾseˈnal de saɾanˈdi ] , is an Argentine sports club from the Sarandí district of Avellaneda Partido , Greater Buenos Aires . The football team currently plays in Primera División , the top division of the Argentine football league system . The squad plays its home games at the Estadio Julio H. Grondona , named after one of the founders , which has a capacity of 16,000 . It opened in 1964 but was not used in the First Division until 2004 . The club 's colours are red and light blue , in honour of the traditional teams of Avellaneda ( Independiente and Racing ) . Arsenal won its first Primera División championship in 2012 . Until then , club 's major title had been the Copa Sudamericana won in 2007 . Apart from football , the club hosts other sports such as futsal and handball ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_Lanús", "summary": "Club Atlético Lanús ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko laˈnus ] ) is an Argentine sports club from the Lanús district of Greater Buenos Aires . Founded on 3 January 1915 , the club 's main sports are football and basketball . In both sports , Lanús plays in Argentina 's top divisions : Primera División ( football ) and Liga Nacional de Básquet ( basketball ) . In football , Lanús has won six major championships in its history : the 1996 Copa CONMEBOL ( the predecessor of the current Copa Sudamericana ) , the 2007 Apertura , the 2013 Copa Sudamericana , the 2016 Argentine Primera División , the 2016 Bicentenario national cup and the 2017 Supercopa Argentina . Apart from football , Lanús hosts many other sports such as athletics , gymnastics , martial arts , handball , field hockey , roller skating , swimming , tennis , volleyball and weightlifting . The club has a futsal team in Colombia ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_River_Plate", "summary": "Club Atlético River Plate , commonly known as River Plate , is an Argentine professional sports club based in the Núñez neighborhood of Buenos Aires , founded on 25 May 1901 , and named after the English name for the city 's estuary , Río de la Plata . Although many sports are practiced at the club , River Plate is best known for its professional football team , which has won Argentina 's Primera División championship a record of 36 times , its latest title the 2014 Final . Domestic achievements also include 12 national cups , with the 2018-19 Copa Argentina as the most recent . Those achievements place River Plate as the most winning team of domestic competitions with 48 titles won in the top division . In Second Division , the club has won two titles , in 1908 and 2011-12 . At international level , River Plate has won 18 titles , with 12 organised by CONMEBOL and other international bodies . River Plate 's achievements include four Copa Libertadores , one Intercontinental Cup , one Supercopa Sudamericana , one Copa Sudamericana , three Recopa Sudamericana , one Copa Interamericana and one Suruga Bank Championship . Furthermore , the club has also won six tournaments organized by AFA and AUF together : five Copa Dr. Ricardo Aldao , and one Tie Cup . In addition , River Plate 's reserve team won the U-20 Copa Libertadores in 2012 . River Plate is the first and only team to simultaneously hold CONMEBOL 's four current major international competitions , after winning the 2014 Copa Sudamericana , 2015 Recopa Sudamericana , the 2015 Copa Libertadores , and the 2015 Suruga Bank Championship . In a survey published by the Argentine Football Association in 2016 , 6 out of 11 players of the all-time Argentina national squad had played for River Plate . Previously , in 2000 , River Plate had been honored by FIFA as the 9th best club of the century in the world and the best Argentine football club in that ranking ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro", "summary": "Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro , commonly known as San Lorenzo de Almagro or simply San Lorenzo ( in English : Saint Lawrence ) , is an Argentine sports club based in the Boedo district of Buenos Aires . It is best known for its football team , which plays in the Primera División , the first tier of the Argentine football league system . San Lorenzo is also considered one of the big five ( Los 5 Grandes ) of Argentine football by Argentine press , with Independiente , River Plate , Boca Juniors , and Racing Club . San Lorenzo plays its home games at Estadio Pedro Bidegain , popularly known as Nuevo Gasómetro . The stadium and sports facilities are located in Bajo Flores district of the Buenos Aires . [ citation needed ] The club 's previous stadium was the Viejo Gasómetro , located in the Boedo district . After the match was played there in 1979 , the Gasómetro was expropriated by the de facto Government of Argentina and then sold to chain of supermarkets Carrefour . The club currently has five headquarters : three in Boedo , one in Monserrat , and one at Bajo Flores , all of them in the city of Buenos Aires . San Lorenzo also plans to expand its main seat on La Plata Avenue , while a 15-hectare campus in Ezeiza is projected to develop an olympic football program . San Lorenzo 's historical rival is Huracán , located in Parque Patricios . The two clubs play one of the older derbies in Argentina . Some supporters consider this derby as the third-most important after Superclásico and Clásico de Avellaneda , in addition to being one of the most uneven derbies of Argentine Football ." } ] }, { "value": "Colón ( 1 ) ; Estudiantes ( 1 ) ; Huracán ( 1 ) ; River Plate ( 1 ) ; Tigre ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_Colón", "summary": "Club Atlético Colón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko koˈlon ] ) , commonly referred to as Colón de Santa Fe [ koˈlon de santa ˈfe ] , is a sports club from Santa Fe , Argentina . The football team plays in the first division of the Argentine football league system , the Argentine Primera División ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Estudiantes_de_La_Plata", "summary": "Club Estudiantes de La Plata ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ estuˈðjantez ðe la ˈplata ] ) , simply referred to as Estudiantes [ estuˈðjantes ] , is an Argentine professional sports club based in La Plata . The club 's football team currently competes in the Primera División , where it has spent most of its history . The club is a successful team in Argentina . In 1967 , Estudiantes was the inaugural team outside the traditional big five to win a professional league title . It has won four additional league titles and has had greater international success , having won six international titles . Estudiantes ' international title championships are four Copa Libertadores ( including three straight from 1968-70 ) , an Intercontinental Cup , and an Interamerican Cup . The club was founded in 1905 when a group of players and fans decided to break away from Gimnasia de La Plata , which favored indoor sport rather than football . Matches between the two clubs are known as the Clásico Platense . Other sports where Estudiantes competes are basketball , team handball , field hockey , golf , swimming , judo , and volleyball ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_Huracán", "summary": "Club Atlético Huracán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ uɾaˈkan ] ) is an Argentine sports club from the Parque Patricios neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . The club is notable for its football team , that currently plays in the Primera División , the top level of the Argentine football league system . Its home stadium is the Estadio Tomás Adolfo Ducó . Huracán was founded on 1 November 1908 in the Nueva Pompeya neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . The club 's name and nickname ( Globo , literally Balloon ) comes from the Huracán ( Hurricane ) balloon flown by Jorge Newbery in 1909 . Its supporters are called los Quemeros ( the Burners ) because the stadium is located in a former garbage burning area . Since its establishment , Huracán has won 13 domestic titles ( including five Primera División championships , and most recently the 2014 Supercopa Argentina ) . Apart from those achievements , the team has finished as runner-up of the top division seven times ( the last one in the 2009 Clausura ) . Huracán 's historical rival is San Lorenzo de Almagro . Other sports practised at the club are artistic gymnastics , boxing , field hockey , roller hockey , handball , martial arts and volleyball ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_River_Plate", "summary": "Club Atlético River Plate , commonly known as River Plate , is an Argentine professional sports club based in the Núñez neighborhood of Buenos Aires , founded on 25 May 1901 , and named after the English name for the city 's estuary , Río de la Plata . Although many sports are practiced at the club , River Plate is best known for its professional football team , which has won Argentina 's Primera División championship a record of 36 times , its latest title the 2014 Final . Domestic achievements also include 12 national cups , with the 2018-19 Copa Argentina as the most recent . Those achievements place River Plate as the most winning team of domestic competitions with 48 titles won in the top division . In Second Division , the club has won two titles , in 1908 and 2011-12 . At international level , River Plate has won 18 titles , with 12 organised by CONMEBOL and other international bodies . River Plate 's achievements include four Copa Libertadores , one Intercontinental Cup , one Supercopa Sudamericana , one Copa Sudamericana , three Recopa Sudamericana , one Copa Interamericana and one Suruga Bank Championship . Furthermore , the club has also won six tournaments organized by AFA and AUF together : five Copa Dr. Ricardo Aldao , and one Tie Cup . In addition , River Plate 's reserve team won the U-20 Copa Libertadores in 2012 . River Plate is the first and only team to simultaneously hold CONMEBOL 's four current major international competitions , after winning the 2014 Copa Sudamericana , 2015 Recopa Sudamericana , the 2015 Copa Libertadores , and the 2015 Suruga Bank Championship . In a survey published by the Argentine Football Association in 2016 , 6 out of 11 players of the all-time Argentina national squad had played for River Plate . Previously , in 2000 , River Plate had been honored by FIFA as the 9th best club of the century in the world and the best Argentine football club in that ranking ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_Tigre", "summary": "Club Atlético Tigre ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ˈtiɣɾe ] ) is an Argentine sports club from Victoria , Buenos Aires . The club is mostly known for its football team , which plays in Argentine Primera B Nacional ." } ] }, { "value": "Brazil", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brazil", "summary": "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Athletico Paranaense ( 1 ) ; Chapecoense ( 1 ) ; Internacional ( 1 ) ; São Paulo ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Athletico_Paranaense", "summary": "Club Athletico Paranaense , commonly known as Athletico-PR , is a Brazilian football team from Curitiba in Paraná , founded on March 26 , 1924 . The team won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , Brazil 's top football division , in 2001 , the Copa Sudamericana in 2018 and the Copa do Brasil in 2019 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Associação_Chapecoense_de_Futebol", "summary": "Associação Chapecoense de Futebol , commonly known as Chapecoense and whose acronym is ACF , is a Brazilian football club , based in the city of Chapecó in the state of Santa Catarina . The club was founded in 1973 with the goal of restoring football in the city , and won the state championship , the Campeonato Catarinense , for the first time in 1977 . The club has won six state titles to date , most recently in 2017 . A relatively small club , it entered Brazil 's top division , Série A , for the first time in 1978 , returning to the top flight only in 2014 . The club also has activities in futsal , in which it has been state champion twice . The club 's home matches are played at Arena Condá . On 28 November 2016 , a charter flight carrying the first team crashed as it approached José María Córdova International Airport near Medellín , Colombia , where the team was travelling to play the first leg of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana final against Atlético Nacional , a match that was seen as the biggest in the history of the club . All but six of the 77 passengers died ; only three Chapecoense players survived their injuries . Following the crash , Atlético Nacional made a request to the governing body of the competition , CONMEBOL , that Chapecoense be awarded the trophy . CONMEBOL awarded Chapecoense the trophy on 5 December , and Atlético Nacional received the Centennial Fair Play Award for their gesture ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional", "summary": "Sport Club Internacional ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˌĩteɾnɐsjoˈnaw ] ) , commonly known as Inter , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre . Founded in 4 April , 1909 by the Poppe brothers , with the clear goal of being a democratic institution without prejudice . Its colors are red and white and its fans are known as Colorados . It is one of the most successful clubs in Brazil and America in recent years , being the third club with the most international titles in Brazil , with 7 trophies . Its historical rival is Grêmio , with whom it contests the Grenal , one of the greatest derbies of the world . Internacional plays in the Brasileirão Série A since 2018 after achieving the second place in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B as well as in the Campeonato Gaúcho , [ nb 1 ] the state of Rio Grande do Sul 's premier state league . The team 's home stadium , known as Beira-Rio ( Riverside ) , was one of the twelve 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and has a capacity of 51,300 . Internacional is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 200,000 . Internacional was South American champions in 2010 , winning their second Copa Libertadores title . The year 2006 was the most successful in Inter 's history as they won the Copa Libertadores and the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time , defeating European champions Barcelona in the latter and Club World Cup reigning champions São Paulo in the former . In their second participation in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup , Inter entered history as the first South American champion club to stay out of the final of a World Championship , after being defeated by the emerging TP Mazembe . In the following year , the club turned the corner , becoming champion of the Gaúcho Championship for the 40th time ." }, { "url": "/wiki/São_Paulo_FC", "summary": "São Paulo Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w ˈpawlu fuʧiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , simply known as São Paulo , is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . It has played in the Campeonato Paulista ( the State of São Paulo 's premier state league ) and Campeonato Brasileiro ( the top tier of the Brazilian football league system ) . As for international titles , SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil , with 12 international titles . It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles , having won 21 state titles , six Brasileirão titles , three Copa Libertadores titles , one Copa Sudamericana , one Supercopa Libertadores , one Copa CONMEBOL , one Copa Masters CONMEBOL , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . Founded in 1930 , São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil 's leading football clubs . The club 's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s , under coach Telê Santana , when it won three state titles , one national championship , two Copa Libertadores , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cups , a Supercopa Sudamericana , a Copa CONMEBOL , and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL . São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil , with over 16 million supporters . The team 's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes ( one red and one black ) , white shorts and white socks . Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo , where it has played since 1960 . The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue , with an annual revenue of $ 111.9m ( €78.2m ) , and the nation 's second most valuable club , worth over $ 353.4m ( €246.9m ) in 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Flamengo ( 1 ) ; Fluminense ( 1 ) ; Goiás ( 1 ) , Ponte Preta ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo", "summary": "Clube de Regatas do Flamengo ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi dʒi ʁeˈɡataʒ du flaˈmẽɡu ] ; English : Flamengo Rowing Club ) , commonly referred to as Flamengo , is a Brazilian sports club based in Rio de Janeiro best known for their professional football team . The club was first established in 1895 as a rowing club and played their first official match in 1912 . Flamengo 's traditional uniform features red and black striped shirts with white shorts , and red and black striped socks . Flamengo has typically played their home matches in the Maracanã , the national stadium of Brazil , since its completion in 1950 , with some exceptions in recent years . Since 1969 , the vulture ( Portuguese : urubu ) has been the most recognized mascot of Flamengo . Flamengo established themselves as one of Brazil 's most successful sports clubs in the 20th century during of the era of state leagues in Brazil when they captured several Campeonato Carioca ( Rio de Janeiro state league ) titles prior to the establishment of the first Brazilian national football league in 1959 . Since then , they have remained successful in Brazilian football , having won 7 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , 3 Copa do Brasil , and a record 35 Campeonato Carioca . They are one of three clubs to have never been relegated from the Brasileirão . In South American and worldwide competitions , the club 's highest achievements are their conquests of the 1981 and 2019 Copa Libertadores , and 1981 Intercontinental Cup against Liverpool , led by the club 's most iconic player Zico . Flamengo 's fiercest and longest-standing rivalries are with the other Big Four of Rio de Janeiro : Fluminense , Botafogo and Vasco da Gama . Flamengo is the most popular club in Brazil , with over 30 million supporters as of 2018 . As of 2017 , it is also Brazil 's richest football club with an annual revenue of R $ 648.0 million ( €163.04 million ) and a valuation of over R $ 1.69 billion ( €425.21 million ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Fluminense_Football_Club", "summary": "Fluminense Football Club ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ flumiˈnẽsi ˈfutʃibow klɐb ] ) , known simply as Fluminense or Tricolor , is a Brazilian sports club best known for its professional football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the first tier of Brazilian football and the Campeonato Carioca , [ nb 2 ] the state league of Rio de Janeiro . The club is based in the Laranjeiras neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro . Fluminense plays their home games at the Maracanã Stadium , which currently holds up to 78,838 spectators . The club was founded on 21 July 1902 by the sons of Carioca aristocrats , being led by Oscar Cox , a Brazilian sportsman , in the bairro of Flamengo , a direct contrast between the aristocratic founders and the modest ground it was founded on . Cox was elected as the club 's first president . Fluminense have been state champions on 31 occasions , second only to Flamengo with 34 . The team have been national champions four times , most recently in 2012 in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , they won the Copa do Brasil in 2007 and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C [ nb 3 ] in 1999 . The Copa Rio de 1952 ( or Copa Rio Internacional ) and the Copa Libertadores runners up in 2008 and the Copa Sudamericana runners up in 2009 are their best international performances . Fluminense is a demonym for people who reside in the State of Rio de Janeiro . Although football was the club 's original endeavor , the club is today an umbrella organisation for several teams in more than 16 different sport activities . Fluminense 's traditional home kit is dark red-and-green vertical striped shirts , with white shorts , accompanied by white socks ; this combination has been used since 1920 . Under Armour is the current kit manufacturer ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Goiás_Esporte_Clube", "summary": "Goiás Esporte Clube is a Brazilian sports club , best known for its association football team , located in Goiânia , Goiás state . It 's the biggest club of the Central-Western . Goiás has won Brazilian 's second tier Série B twice , also 28 Campeonato Goiano and 3 Copa Centro-Oeste . Goiás ' football team has been a mainstay in premiere Brazilian league Série A and has been promoted to Latin America 's Copa Libertadores twice and South America 's Copa Sudamericana six times . Its main rival is Vila Nova . Goiás has a wide advantage in matches between the two teams ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Associação_Atlética_Ponte_Preta", "summary": "Associação Atlética Ponte Preta ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɐsosjɐˈsɐ̃w ɐˈtlɛtʃikɐ ˈpõtʃi ˈpɾetɐ ] ) , commonly known as Ponte Preta , is a Brazilian football club located in Campinas , São Paulo . Ponte Preta is also known as Macaca . Ponte Preta 's biggest rival is from the same city , Guarani , against whom matches are known as derby ( dérbi in Portuguese ) . They are known as pontepretanos . Ponte Preta is the second oldest football team established in Brazil still in activity , founded on August 11 , 1900 , the oldest being Sport Club Rio Grande , of Rio Grande do Sul ." } ] }, { "value": "Ecuador", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ecuador", "summary": "Ecuador ( /ˈɛkwədɔːr/ ( listen ) EK-wə-dor ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ekwaˈðoɾ ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Ikwayur ; Shuar : Ecuador or Ekuatur ) , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( Spanish : República del Ecuador , which literally translates as Republic of the Equator ; Quechua : Ikwadur Ripuwlika ; Shuar : Ekuatur Nunka ) , is a country in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean on the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the mainland . The capital city is Quito , which is also its largest city . The territories of modern-day Ecuador were once home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century . The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century , achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia , from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830 . The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador 's ethnically diverse population , with most of its 17.1 million people being mestizos , followed by large minorities of European , Amerindian , and African descendants . Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population , though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized , including Quichua and Shuar . The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . It is governed as a democratic presidential republic . One of 18 megadiverse countries in the world , Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals , such as those of the Galápagos Islands . In recognition of its unique ecological heritage , the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights . It also has the fifth lowest homicide rate in the Americas ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independiente del Valle ( 1 ) , LDU Quito ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Independiente_del_Valle", "summary": "Club de Alto Rendimiento Especializado Independiente del Valle , known simply as Independiente del Valle or Independiente , is a football club based in Sangolquí , Ecuador . It was founded on March 1 , 1958 and is currently participating in the Serie A . In the 2013 season Independiente was runner-up of the Serie A , reached the final of the 2016 Copa Libertadores after defeating River Plate , Pumas UNAM and Boca Juniors and won the 2019 Copa Sudamericana ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito", "summary": "Liga Deportiva Universitaria ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ðepoɾˈtiβa uniβeɾsiˈtarja ] ) , often referred to as Liga de Quito , LDU , is an Ecuadorian professional football club based in Quito . They play in the Serie A , the highest level of the Ecuadorian professional football league . They play their home games at the Estadio Rodrigo Paz Delgado , more commonly referred to as Casa Blanca . Rival clubs include Quito-based clubs El Nacional , Deportivo Quito , Aucas and Universidad Católica . Liga Deportiva Universitaria has its roots in the semi-pro sports teams in 1918 competing as Universitario at the Central University of Ecuador , and was officially founded on January 11 of 1930 . They began making an impact in the provincial leagues , winning nine Pichincha titles ( six in the professional era ) . Their provincial success continued into the national league , where they have won 11 national title ( 4th overall ) having won their most recent title in 2018 . They are the most successful Ecuadorian club in international competitions , where they were the first Ecuadorian club to win the Copa Libertadores ( 2008 ) , the Copa Sudamericana ( 2009 ) , and the Recopa Sudamericana ( 2009 and 2010 ) . They are one of only six teams - Boca Juniors , Independiente , River Plate , Internacional and São Paulo being the other five - to have achieved the CONMEBOL treble , winning all three continental club tournaments . LDU is the only team to win all three mentioned cups one after another between the years 2008 to 2010 causing them to be rated as the best South American team of 2008 and 2009 . Liga de Quito was additionally the runner-up at the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "LDU Quito ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito", "summary": "Liga Deportiva Universitaria ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ðepoɾˈtiβa uniβeɾsiˈtarja ] ) , often referred to as Liga de Quito , LDU , is an Ecuadorian professional football club based in Quito . They play in the Serie A , the highest level of the Ecuadorian professional football league . They play their home games at the Estadio Rodrigo Paz Delgado , more commonly referred to as Casa Blanca . Rival clubs include Quito-based clubs El Nacional , Deportivo Quito , Aucas and Universidad Católica . Liga Deportiva Universitaria has its roots in the semi-pro sports teams in 1918 competing as Universitario at the Central University of Ecuador , and was officially founded on January 11 of 1930 . They began making an impact in the provincial leagues , winning nine Pichincha titles ( six in the professional era ) . Their provincial success continued into the national league , where they have won 11 national title ( 4th overall ) having won their most recent title in 2018 . They are the most successful Ecuadorian club in international competitions , where they were the first Ecuadorian club to win the Copa Libertadores ( 2008 ) , the Copa Sudamericana ( 2009 ) , and the Recopa Sudamericana ( 2009 and 2010 ) . They are one of only six teams - Boca Juniors , Independiente , River Plate , Internacional and São Paulo being the other five - to have achieved the CONMEBOL treble , winning all three continental club tournaments . LDU is the only team to win all three mentioned cups one after another between the years 2008 to 2010 causing them to be rated as the best South American team of 2008 and 2009 . Liga de Quito was additionally the runner-up at the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Colombia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colombia", "summary": "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -⁠LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Santa Fe ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Independiente_Santa_Fe", "summary": "Independiente Santa Fe , known simply as Santa Fe , is a professional Colombian football team based in Bogotá , that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A . They play their home games at the El Campín stadium . Santa Fe is one of the three most successful teams in Colombia , winning seventeen titles , which includes 9 national championships ( most recently in 2016 ) , three Superliga Colombiana , two Copas Colombia , and international titles such as one Copa Sudamericana , one Suruga Bank Championship , and one Copa Simón Bolívar . Santa Fe is one of the three clubs that has played every championship in the Categoría Primera A. Santa Fe became the first Colombian team to win the Copa Sudamericana , and the first Colombian team to win an official tournament outside America . The club was recognized as one of the ten best clubs in the world in 2015 by the IFFHS , occupying the seventh position and being the best ranked of South America . Santa Fe has a fierce rivalry with Millonarios who share the same stadium . The game is considered as one of the most famous derbies in South America and is known as El Clásico Bogotano or El Clásico Capitalino ." } ] }, { "value": "Atlético Nacional ( 3 ) , Junior ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlético_Nacional", "summary": "Club Atlético Nacional S. A. , also known as Atlético Nacional , is a Colombian professional football team based in Medellín . The club is one of only three teams to have played in every first division tournament in the country 's history , the other two teams being Millonarios and Santa Fe . Atlético Nacional was founded on 7 March 1947 as Club Atlético Municipal de Medellín by Luis Alberto Villegas López , a former president of the football league of Antioquia . The current owner , Organización Ardila Lülle , officially acquired the team in 1996 . According to CONMEBOL , Atlético Nacional is the club with the largest number of fans in Colombia . Atlético Nacional plays its home games at the Atanasio Girardot stadium , which has a capacity of 45,943 . It shares the stadium with its local rivals , Independiente Medellín . The teams face each other in a derby known as El Clásico Paisa , which is considered one of the most important derbies in the country . Atlético Nacional also has a rivalry with Millonarios , a rivalry that arose from the 1989 Copa Libertadores . Considered to be one of the strongest clubs from Colombia , it is one of the most consistent clubs in the country . Atlético Nacional has won 16 league titles , four Copa Colombia and two Superliga Colombiana , a total of 22 domestic titles , making it the most successful team in Colombia . It was also the first Colombian club to win the Copa Libertadores in 1989 and , after winning the title again in 2016 , the most successful Colombian side in that tournament ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Atlético_Junior", "summary": "Club Deportivo Popular Junior F.C . S.A. ( American Spanish : [ ˈʝunjoɾ ] ) , commonly known as Junior de Barranquilla , by its old name Atlético Junior , or simply as Junior , is a Colombian professional football team based in Barranquilla , that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A . Junior is the main Caribbean team in the top flight of Colombian football . The club was founded on August 7 , 1924 . Known as Los Tiburones ( The Sharks ) , or El Equipo Tiburón ( The Shark Team ) . Junior have won the Colombian professional football championship nine times ( 1977 , 1980 , 1993 , 1995 , 2004 , 2010 , 2011 , 2018 and 2019 ) . Some of the most notable players that have played for the club include Heleno de Freitas , Garrincha , Dida , Juan Ramón Verón , Efraín Sánchez , Carlos El Pibe Valderrama , Iván Valenciano , Teófilo Gutiérrez , Carlos Bacca , Julio César Uribe , Giovanni Hernández and Sebastián Viera ." } ] }, { "value": "Mexico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mexico", "summary": "Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pachuca ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/C.F._Pachuca", "summary": "Club de Fútbol Pachuca is a Mexican professional football team based in Pachuca , Hidalgo , that competes in Liga MX . Founded by Cornish miners in 1901 , it is one of the oldest football clubs in the Americas . After decades of mediocre or poor performances between the 1st and 2nd division , Pachuca was promoted once again to the Primera División in 1998 . Since then , it has been one of the most successful clubs in Mexico , winning six national championships , four CONCACAF Champions ' Cups , the 2007 SuperLiga , and one Copa Sudamericana . In 2006 , Pachuca became the first CONCACAF team to win a CONMEBOL tournament . Pachuca was one of the founding members of the Mexican Primera División ." } ] }, { "value": "América ( 1 ) ; UNAM ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_América", "summary": "Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional", "summary": "Club de Fútbol Universidad Nacional A.C. , commonly known as Pumas de la UNAM , Pumas UNAM , UNAM , or Pumas , is a Mexican league football club based in Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City . Club Universidad Nacional represent the National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ) and play their home matches at Estadio Olímpico Universitario , located on UNAM 's main campus . Universidad Nacional is one of the most popular clubs in Mexico . They have won seven Primera División championships and four international titles . The team is also known for their youth development system which has produced international players such as Hugo Sánchez , Manuel Negrete , Luis Flores , Claudio Suárez , Luis García , Alberto García Aspe , David Patiño , Jorge Campos , Gerardo Torrado , Efraín Juárez , Héctor Moreno , Pablo Barrera , Israel Castro , Eduardo Herrera and Jesús Gallardo ." } ] }, { "value": "Chile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chile", "summary": "Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Universidad de Chile ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Universidad_de_Chile", "summary": "Club Universidad de Chile ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ uniβeɾsiˈðað ðe ˈtʃile ] ) is a professional football club based in Santiago , Chile , that plays in the Primera División . The club was founded on May 24 , 1900 . Universidad de Chile is one of the most successful and popular football clubs in Chile , having won the league title 18 times . In the last 10 years , the team has been crowned champion six times , including their undefeated run to the 2011 Copa Sudamericana title . The team has been throughout its history associated with the blue colour , also present on the logo , which was officially adopted in 1943 . The club rivalries are with Colo-Colo and Universidad Católica , with whom they regularly contest the Santiago derbies known as Clásicos . Despite not owning its stadium , the club usually plays its home games at the Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos , in the commune of Ñuñoa in Santiago . The Estadio Nacional 's modernization process , forced the team to play home games in various stadiums across Chile in 2010 . Universidad de Chile made a return to the Estadio Nacional on August 2010 against Guadalajara of Mexico during the 2010 Copa Libertadores semi-finals . Universidad de Chile was the champion of the Copa Sudamericana 2011 ( the first international title of its history ) . In this tournament , the club had an excellent performance : was n't defeated , won all their matches in Chile and had the top scorer of the tournament 's history ( Eduardo Vargas ) . Universidad de Chile has reached semi-finals in the Copa Libertadores four times ( years 1970 , 1996 , 2010 and 2012 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Colo-Colo ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colo-Colo", "summary": "Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˌkolo ˈkolo ] ) is a Chilean football club based in Macul , Santiago . Founded in 1925 by David Arellano and Guido Torres Henríquez , they play in the Chilean Primera División , from which they have never been relegated . The team has played its home games at Estadio Monumental David Arellano since 1989 . Colo-Colo is regarded as the most successful club of Chilean football . Colo-Colo has won more Primera División de Chile ( 32 ) than any other Chilean club and a record eleven Copa Chile titles . It was the first Chilean team to win a continental tournament conquering the 1991 Copa Libertadores after beating Club Olimpia 3-0 on 5 June with Mirko Jozić as manager . Next year , the club went on to win two international titles that were 1992 Recopa Sudamericana and 1992 Copa Interamericana , completing the club 's three international honours . The club 's most successful player is Luis Mena with eleven titles , the historic top scorer is Francisco Valdés with 208 goals , and the player with most appearances is the former goalkeeper Misael Escuti with 417 games . Colo-Colo is the team with most supporters in Chile , and holds a long-standing rivalry with Universidad de Chile . The club also holds a traditional rivalry in matches against Cobreloa and Universidad Católica . The IFFHS ranked the team in 14th place in 2007 . In 2009 , that same institution named the team as the 20th century 's top club of its country , and also within the top twenty clubs in South American football history ." } ] }, { "value": "Peru", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peru", "summary": "Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cienciano ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cienciano", "summary": "Club Sportivo Cienciano is a professional football club based in Cusco , Peru . The club was founded in 1901 and was originally the team of the students of the Ciencias y Artes School ( Ciencias meaning science in Spanish ) , from which it takes its name . It gained worldwide recognition after defeating River Plate from Argentina in the finals of the 2003 Copa Sudamericana and Boca Juniors in the 2004 Recopa Sudamericana ." } ] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bolivia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bolivia", "summary": "Bolivia ( /bəˈlɪviə/ ( listen ) Spanish pronunciation : [ bo.ˈli.βja ] ) , officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia ( Spanish : Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðo pluɾinasjoˈnal de βoˈliβja ] ( listen ) ) , is a landlocked country located in western-central South America . The capital is Sucre , while the seat of government and financial center is located in La Paz . The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra , located on the Llanos Orientales ( tropical lowlands ) , a mostly flat region in the east of the country . The sovereign state of Bolivia is a constitutionally unitary state , divided into nine departments . Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West , to the Eastern Lowlands , situated within the Amazon Basin . It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil , to the southeast by Paraguay , to the south by Argentina , to the southwest by Chile , and to the northwest by Peru . One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range . With 1,098,581 km2 ( 424,164 sq mi ) of area , Bolivia is the fifth largest country in South America , after Brazil , Argentina , Peru and Colombia ( and alongside Paraguay , one of the only two landlocked countries in the Americas ) , the 27th largest in the world , the largest landlocked country in the Southern Hemisphere and the world 's seventh largest landlocked country , after Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Chad , Niger , Mali and Ethiopia . The country 's population , estimated at 11 million , is multiethnic , including Amerindians , Mestizos , Europeans , Asians and Africans . Spanish is the official and predominant language , although 36 indigenous languages also have official status , of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani , Aymara and Quechua languages . Before Spanish colonization , the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire , while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by independent tribes . Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cuzco and Asunción took control of the region in the 16th century ." } ] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bolívar ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Bolívar", "summary": "Club Bolívar is a football club from Bolivia , founded in La Paz on 12 April 1925 . It is the most successful team in Bolivia . It is the only team in Bolivia that has reached the Copa Libertadores semi-finals and Copa Sudamericana finals in 2004. and it is the team with the most fans in Bolivia . Their home stadium is Estadio Libertador Simón Bolivar ( 5,000 ) , but they usually play at Estadio Hernando Siles ( 42,000 ) due to its greater capacity . Club Bolivar is the current ( 2017 ) champion of the Bolivian League . With this , Bolivar accumulates 27 championships in the Bolivian professional soccer league . No Bolivian team comes even close to this success . Club Bolivar is the most successful team in Bolivia . Among the best players in Bolivar 's history are Marco El Diablo Etcheverry ; Erwin Platini Sanchez ; Julio Baldivieso ; Mario Rojas ; Carlos Borja ; Vladimir Soria ; Carlos Angel Lopez , Ramiro Blacut , Víctor Ugarte , Carlos Aragones , Ramiro Castillo , Juanmi Callejon , Nelson Cabrera , Walter Flores , Ronnie Fernandez and many more ." } ] }, { "value": "Paraguay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paraguay", "summary": "Paraguay ( /ˈpærəɡwaɪ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ paɾaˈɣwaj ] ( listen ) ; Guarani : Paraguái , [ paɾaˈɰwaj ] ) , officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish : República del Paraguay ; Guarani : Tetã Paraguái ) , is a country in South America . It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest , Brazil to the east and northeast , and Bolivia to the northwest . Although it is one of only two landlocked countries in South America ( the other is Bolivia ) , the country has coasts , beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway . Due to its central location in South America , it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de Sudamérica ( Heart of South America ) . Spanish conquistadores arrived in 1524 after navigating northwards from the Río de la Plata to the Paraná River , and finally up the Paraguay River . In 1537 , they established the city of Asunción , which was the first capital of the Governorate of Paraguay and Río de la Plata . Paraguay was the epicenter of the Jesuit Missions , where the Guaraní people were educated and introduced to Christianity and European culture under the direction of the Society of Jesus in Jesuit reductions , mainly during the 17th century . However , after the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories in 1767 , Paraguay increasingly became a peripheral colony , with few urban centers and settlers . Following independence from Spain at the beginning of the 19th century , Paraguay was ruled by a series of authoritarian governments who generally implemented nationalist , isolationist and protectionist policies . This period ended with the disastrous Paraguayan War , during which Paraguay lost at least 50% of its prewar population and around 25-33% of its territory to the Triple Alliance of Argentina , Brazil and Uruguay . In the 20th century , Paraguay faced another major international conflict - the Chaco War - against Bolivia , from which the Paraguayans emerged victorious . Afterwards , the country entered a period of military dictatorships , ending with the 35 year regime of Alfredo Stroessner that lasted until he was toppled in 1989 by an internal military coup ." } ] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Uruguay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uruguay", "summary": "Uruguay ( /ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ uɾuˈɣwai ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( Spanish : República Oriental del Uruguay ; Portuguese : República Oriental do Uruguai ) , is a country in the southeastern region of South America . It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de la Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.45 million people , of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometers ( 68,000 sq mi ) , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America , after Suriname . Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4,000 years before the Portuguese established Colónia do Sacramento in 1680 ; Uruguay was colonized by Europeans relatively late compared with neighboring countries . Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century , signifying the competing claims over the region . Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828 , following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain , and later Argentina and Brazil . It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century , with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics . A series of economic crises put an end to a democratic period that had begun in the early 20th century , culminating in a 1973 coup , which established a civic-military dictatorship . The military government persecuted leftists , socialists , and political opponents , resulting in several deaths and numerous instances of torture by the military ; the military relinquished power to a civilian government in 1985 . Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic , with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government . Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy , peace , low perception of corruption , e-government , and is first in South America when it comes to press freedom , size of the middle class and prosperity ." } ] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Venezuela", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Venezuela", "summary": "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ." } ] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "General performances -- By nation", "section_text": "", "uid": "Copa_Sudamericana_records_and_statistics_1", "intro": "This page details the records and statistics of the Copa Sudamericana football tournament. The Copa Sudamericana is an international club tournament played annually in South America. It includes 3-8 teams from all ten CONMEBOL members. It is typically held from August to December and it consists of six stages. The all-time leader in titles won are Argentina's Boca Juniors and Independiente." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships", "title": "2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships", "header": [ "Rank", "Athlete", "Nationality", "Time", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zersenay Tadese", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zersenay_Tadese", "summary": "Zersenay Tadese [ nb ] ( Tigrinya : ዘርእሰናይ ታደሰ ; born 8 February 1982 ) is an Eritrean long-distance track and road running athlete . He held the men 's half marathon world record from 2010 to 2018 . His bronze medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2004 Athens Olympics made him the first ever Eritrean Olympic medallist , and his 20-km title at the 2006 IAAF World Road Running Championships also made him the country 's first athlete to win at a world championship event . He does not use a sprint finish to win races ; his strategy relies on a combination of efficient running and fast pace setting . Zersenay ( Tadese is his father 's name ) has found most of his success in the half marathon , with four consecutive victories in the World Half Marathon Championships from 2006 to 2009 ( with a 2006 20km edition ) , a silver medal in 2010 and a fifth title in 2012 . His 5 titles are a record . He set a world record at the Lisbon Half Marathon in 2010 . He has also excelled in cross country running , winning a gold , a silver , and two bronze medals in the long distance race over five IAAF World Cross Country Championships . He is a four-time Olympian ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) . In 2009 , Zersenay became only the second man ( after Paul Tergat ) to win three World Championship medals over three different surfaces in the same year , winning World Cross Country bronze , 10,000 metres World Championship silver on the track , and gold in road running at the World Half Marathon Championships . He is a popular public figure in his home country ; 2500 guests attended his wedding to Merhawit Solomon , which was broadcast live on Eritrean television . His brother , Kidane Tadese , is also a professional distance runner ." } ] }, { "value": "Eritrea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eritrea", "summary": "Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD ." } ] }, { "value": "59:35", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_records", "summary": "The IAAF World Half Marathon Championships is an biannual ( from 1992 - 2010 annual ) half marathon competition organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations . It was contested from 1992 to 2005 , and replaced by the IAAF World Road Running Championships , a 20 kilometres race which had its inaugural event held in 2006 in Debrecen , Hungary . After a second edition of the Road Running Championships , which was over the half marathon distance , it reverted to the original name of the World Half Marathon Championships . The competition replaced the female-only IAAF World Women 's Road Race Championships , which was held annually from 1983 to 1991 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bernard Kipyego", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bernard_Kipyego", "summary": "Bernard Kiprop Kipyego ( born 16 July 1986 in Keiyo District ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in the marathon . His personal best for the event is 2:06:22 hours . He has reached the podium at the Amsterdam Marathon , Chicago Marathon , Boston Marathon , Paris Marathon and Tokyo Marathon . He was the bronze medallist at the 2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and took the silver medal at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Kenya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kenya", "summary": "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ." } ] }, { "value": "59:59", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dathan Ritzenhein", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dathan_Ritzenhein", "summary": "Dathan Ritzenhein ( born December 30 , 1982 ) is an American long-distance runner . He held the American record in the 5,000 metres ( 12:56.27 ) from 2009-2010 , when it was broken by Bernard Lagat . He is a three-time national cross country champion with wins at the USA Cross Country Championships in 2005 , 2008 and 2010 . Formerly a Nike athlete for the majority of his professional career , Dathan joined the Hansons-Brooks Distance Project team in 2017 and has been sponsored by Brooks since then . Ritzenhein was a standout runner at Rockford High School in Michigan and the University of Colorado at Boulder . He was part of the stellar high school class of 2001 that also produced American mile record holder Alan Webb and American half-marathon record holder Ryan Hall ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "1:00:00", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wilson_Kipsang_Kiprotich", "summary": "Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich ( born 15 March 1982 ) is a Kenyan athlete who specialises in long-distance running , competing in events ranging from 10 km to the marathon . He was the bronze medallist in the marathon at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He is the former world record holder in the marathon with a time of 2:03:23 , which he set at the 2013 Berlin Marathon . He has run under 2 hours 4 minutes for the marathon on four separate occasions . Kipsang is a two-time winner of the Frankfurt Marathon ( 2010 and 2011 ) and has also won the London Marathon ( 2012 and 2014 ) , New York Marathon ( 2014 ) , and Tokyo Marathon ( 2017 ) . He holds the twelfth best time over the half marathon distance ( 58:59 minutes ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Kenya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kenya", "summary": "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ." } ] }, { "value": "1:00:08", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Samuel Tsegay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Samuel_Tsegay", "summary": "Samuel Tsegay Tesfamriam ( born 24 October 1988 ) is an Eritrean long-distance runner running for the Swedish track club Hälle IF , who specializes in the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres . He was born in Eritrea . As a junior , he competed in the junior races at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships , finishing seventeenth in 2005 , eighth in 2006 and eighth in 2007 . He finished fourth in the 10,000 metres at the 2006 World Junior Championships . At the 2009 World Cross Country Championships he finished sixteenth in the senior race . The Eritrean team took bronze medals in the team competition . He finished fifth at the 2009 World Half Marathon Championships , and competed in the 5000 metres at the 2009 World Championships . A fifth place at the 2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships gained him a team silver medal alongside Zersenay Tadese . He took third at the Cross Valle de Llodio in November behind compatriot Teklemariam Medhin . He ran at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships but was ultimately disqualified as he and Ethiopia 's Abera Kuma began fighting on the final stretch . Reflecting the history of antipathy between the nations , Tsegay accused the Ethiopian of deliberately elbowing him and standing on his heels from behind , thus he reacted by grabbing Abera 's leg and threw a punch before dashing to the finish . The IAAF disqualified both athletes for their conduct ." } ] }, { "value": "Eritrea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eritrea", "summary": "Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD ." } ] }, { "value": "1:00:17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wilson Kwambai Chebet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wilson_Kwambai_Chebet", "summary": "Wilson Kwambai Chebet ( born 12 July 1985 in Marakwet District ) is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner who specialises in road running competitions . He has a marathon best of 2:05:27 hours . He began competing internationally in 2005 and established himself with a number of circuit wins in his first three years of competition , including the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale and America 's Finest City Half Marathon . He managed podium finishes at the Granollers Half Marathon , Rotterdam Half Marathon and Delhi Half Marathon in 2008 . He represented Kenya at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and helped win the team gold medal . Chebet began pacemaking in marathon races in 2009 and made his competitive debut over the distance in 2010 . His clocking of two hours , 6:12 minutes to finish as runner-up at the Amsterdam Marathon was the second fastest debut run of all-time . In 2011 , won both the Amsterdam and Rotterdam Marathons . He repeated as Amsterdam champion in 2012 . His half marathon best of 59:15 minutes ranks among the top 15 fastest ever and he is in the top ten fastest ever over 20 km ." } ] }, { "value": "Kenya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kenya", "summary": "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ." } ] }, { "value": "1:00:59", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kiplimo Kimutai", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kiplimo_Kimutai", "summary": "Kiplimo Kimutai ( born December 10 , 1981 ) is a male long-distance runner from Kenya ." } ] }, { "value": "Kenya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kenya", "summary": "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ." } ] }, { "value": "1:01:31", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stephen Mokoka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stephen_Mokoka", "summary": "Stephen Mokoka ( born 31 January 1985 ) is a South African long-distance runner who competes in races ranging from 3000 metres to the marathon distance . He is a four-time medalist at the Universiade and has represented South Africa internationally in road , cross country , and track events . He represented South Africa in the marathon at the 2012 London Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "South Africa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Africa", "summary": "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ." } ] }, { "value": "1:01:36", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Juan Carlos Romero", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Romero_(athlete)", "summary": "Juan Carlos Romero Bernal ( born 15 December 1977 in Zacatecas , Zacatecas , México ) is a Mexican long-distance runner who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Mexico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mexico", "summary": "Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes ." } ] }, { "value": "1:01:48", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sammy Kitwara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sammy_Kitwara", "summary": "Sammy Kirop Kitwara ( born 26 November 1986 in Sagat , Marakwet District ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specialises in road running events . He is coached by Moses Kiptanui . As of January 2020 he is the 12th fastest half marathon runner in history ." } ] }, { "value": "Kenya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kenya", "summary": "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ." } ] }, { "value": "1:01:59", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tilahun Regassa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tilahun_Regassa", "summary": "Tilahun Regassa Dabe ( born 18 January 1990 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who mainly competes in road running competitions . He has a half marathon best of 59:19 minutes and has won the Zayed International Half Marathon and Lille Half Marathon . He made his marathon debut at the 2012 Chicago Marathon and ran the third fastest ever debut of 2:05:27 hours . He has won a number of major road races in the United States including the Boilermaker Road Race , Bolder Boulder , Crescent City Classic , Monument Avenue 10K , the Cooper River Bridge Run , and the Falmouth Road Race . He represented Ethiopia at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and won the team bronze medal ." } ] }, { "value": "Ethiopia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ethiopia", "summary": "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1:02:08", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dereje Tesfaye", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ethiopia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ethiopia", "summary": "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1:02:09", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rachid Kisri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rachid_Kisri", "summary": "Rachid Kisri is a Moroccan long-distance runner . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he competed in the Men 's marathon , finishing in 18th place ." } ] }, { "value": "Morocco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Morocco", "summary": "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "1:02:11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Abebe Negewo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ethiopia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ethiopia", "summary": "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1:02:25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fabiano Joseph", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fabiano_Joseph", "summary": "Fabiano Joseph Naasi ( born December 24 , 1985 , in Babati , Manyara ) is a Tanzanian long-distance runner ." } ] }, { "value": "Tanzania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tanzania", "summary": "Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "1:02:25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marco Joseph", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tanzania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tanzania", "summary": "Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "1:02:41", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marilson dos Santos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marilson_dos_Santos", "summary": "Marílson Gomes dos Santos ( born 6 August 1977 ) is a Brazilian long-distance runner . He won the 2006 and 2008 New York City Marathon , becoming the first South American to win the race . He was selected as the best male performer at the 2009 Brazilian national championships after breaking the meet records in both the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres races . He is the current South American record holder in both these events with times of 13:19.43 and 27:28.12 , respectively . He has won medals at the South American Cross Country Championships , starting with a silver in the junior race in 1996 , then taking the bronze in the men 's long race in 2000 , before winning his first championship title in 2008 . He ran at the 2010 London Marathon and came close to a personal best time , finishing in 2:08:46 for sixth place behind Abel Kirui . He signed up for the New York Marathon that year and used the Troféu Brasil de Atletismo ( the Brazilian athletics championships ) as his preparation , winning the 10,000 m title . He secured his third career win at the Saint Silvester Race in São Paulo at the end of the year - a record number for the competition in the international era . At the 2011 London Marathon , he set a personal best of 2:06:34 hours and placed fourth in the fast race behind a Kenyan trio of Emmanuel Mutai , Martin Lel and Patrick Makau . Dos Santos competed in the marathon at the 2008 , 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Olympics with the best result of fifth place in 2012 . He is married to Juliana Paula dos Santos , a fellow runner who won gold medals at the 2007 and 2015 Pan American Games . They have a son Miguel ." } ] }, { "value": "Brazil", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brazil", "summary": "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ." } ] }, { "value": "1:02:41", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Daniele Meucci", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daniele_Meucci", "summary": "Daniele Meucci ( born 7 October 1985 ) is an Italian athlete who specialises in long-distance running , including track running , cross country and road running who won twenty medals at international level ( seventeen at senior level and three at youth level ) . He represented Italy at the 2012 Summer Olympics , running in the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres . Meucci is a three-time medallist in the latter event at the European Athletics Championships , having won bronze in 2010 and 2016 and silver in 2012 . He was also a bronze medallist at the European Cross Country Championships in 2012 . He has competed at five World Championships in Athletics ( 2009 and 2011 in the 5000 m , 2011 , 2013 and 2017 in the 10000 m and 2015 in the marathon ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Italy", "summary": "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ." } ] }, { "value": "1:02:43", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Abrha Adhanom", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eritrea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eritrea", "summary": "Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD ." } ] }, { "value": "1:02:47", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrew Carlson", "urls": [] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "1:02:50", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Race results -- Men 's", "section_text": "", "uid": "2009_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_0", "intro": "The 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held in Birmingham, United Kingdom on 11 October 2009. It was the final event of the International Association of Athletics Federations' 2009 World Athletics Series." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baroque_residences", "title": "List of Baroque residences", "header": [ "Country", "Name", "Location", "First owner" ], "data": [ { "value": "Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austria", "summary": "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ." } ] }, { "value": "Schönbrunn Palace", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Schönbrunn_Palace", "summary": "Schönbrunn Palace ( German : Schloss Schönbrunn [ ʃøːnˈbʁʊn ] ; Central Bavarian : Schloss Scheenbrunn ) was the main summer residence of the Habsburg rulers , located in Hietzing , Vienna . The 1,441-room Rococo palace is one of the most important architectural , cultural , and historic monuments in the country . Since the mid-1950s it has been a major tourist attraction . The history of the palace and its vast gardens spans over 300 years , reflecting the changing tastes , interests , and aspirations of successive Habsburg monarchs ." } ] }, { "value": "Vienna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vienna", "summary": "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ." } ] }, { "value": "Empress Maria Theresa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maria_Theresa", "summary": "Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina ( German : Maria Theresia ; 13 May 1717 - 29 November 1780 ) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg . She was the sovereign of Austria , Hungary , Croatia , Bohemia , Transylvania , Mantua , Milan , Lodomeria and Galicia , the Austrian Netherlands , and Parma . By marriage , she was Duchess of Lorraine , Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress . She started her 40-year reign when her father , Emperor Charles VI , died in October 1740 . Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it . He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy , who averred that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures . Eventually , he left behind a weakened and impoverished state , particularly due to the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War ( 1735-1739 ) . Moreover , upon his death , Saxony , Prussia , Bavaria , and France all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime . Frederick II of Prussia ( who became Maria Theresa 's greatest rival for most of her reign ) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia in the seven-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession . In defiance of the grave situation , she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort . Over the course of the war , despite the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy , Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg empire . Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to reconquer Silesia during the Seven Years ' War ." } ] }, { "value": "Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austria", "summary": "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ." } ] }, { "value": "Belvedere Palace", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belvedere_Palace", "summary": "The Belvedere is a historic building complex in Vienna , Austria , consisting of two Baroque palaces ( the Upper and Lower Belvedere ) , the Orangery , and the Palace Stables . The buildings are set in a Baroque park landscape in the third district of the city , on the south-eastern edge of its centre . It houses the Belvedere museum . The grounds are set on a gentle gradient and include decorative tiered fountains and cascades , Baroque sculptures , and majestic wrought iron gates . The Baroque palace complex was built as a summer residence for Prince Eugene of Savoy . The Belvedere was built during a period of extensive construction in Vienna , which at the time was both the imperial capital and home to the ruling Habsburg dynasty . This period of prosperity followed on from the commander-in-chief Prince Eugene of Savoy 's successful conclusion of a series of wars against the Ottoman Empire ." } ] }, { "value": "Vienna", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eugene of Savoy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eugene_of_Savoy", "summary": "Prince Eugene Francis of Savoy-Carignano ( 18 October 1663 - 21 April 1736 ) was a field marshal in the army of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty during the 17th and 18th centuries . He was one of the most successful military commanders of his time , and rose to the highest offices of state at the Imperial court in Vienna . Born in Paris , Eugene grew up around the court of King Louis XIV of France . Based on his poor physique and bearing , the Prince was initially prepared for a clerical career , but by the age of 19 he had determined on a military career . Following a scandal involving his mother Olympe , he was rejected by Louis XIV for service in the French army . Eugene moved to Austria and transferred his loyalty to the Habsburg Monarchy . Spanning six decades , Eugene served three Holy Roman Emperors : Leopold I , Joseph I , and Charles VI . He first saw action against the Ottoman Turks at the Siege of Vienna in 1683 and the subsequent War of the Holy League , before serving in the Nine Years ' War , fighting alongside his cousin , the Duke of Savoy . However , the Prince 's fame was secured with his decisive victory against the Ottomans at the Battle of Zenta in 1697 , earning him Europe-wide fame . Eugene enhanced his standing during the War of the Spanish Succession , where his partnership with the Duke of Marlborough secured victories against the French on the fields of Blenheim ( 1704 ) , Oudenarde ( 1708 ) , and Malplaquet ( 1709 ) ; he gained further success in the war as Imperial commander in northern Italy , most notably at the Battle of Turin ( 1706 ) . Renewed hostilities against the Ottomans in the Austro-Turkish War consolidated his reputation , with victories at the battles of Petrovaradin ( 1716 ) , and the decisive encounter at Belgrade ( 1717 ) . Throughout the late 1720s , Eugene 's influence and skillful diplomacy managed to secure the Emperor powerful allies in his dynastic struggles with the Bourbon powers , but physically and mentally fragile in his later years , Eugene enjoyed less success as commander-in-chief of the army during his final conflict , the War of the Polish Succession ." } ] }, { "value": "Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austria", "summary": "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ." } ] }, { "value": "Schloss Laxenburg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Schloss_Laxenburg", "summary": "Laxenburg castles are imperial palaces and castles outside Vienna , in the town of Laxenburg , Lower Austria . The castles became a Habsburg possession in 1333 and formerly served as a summer retreat , along with Schönbrunn palace , for the imperial Habsburg dynasty . Blauer Hof Palace was the birthplace of some members of the royal family , including Crown Prince Rudolf . Another castle nearby is named Franzensburg castle . Today the castles are used for events , conferences , and concerts . The castles also acts as a museum in preserving the various paintings and furnishings contained within ." } ] }, { "value": "Laxenburg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laxenburg", "summary": "Laxenburg is a market town in the district of Mödling , in the Austrian state of Lower Austria . Located about 20 km ( 12 mi ) south of the Austrian capital Vienna , it is chiefly known for the Laxenburg castles , which , beside Schönbrunn , served as the most important summer retreat of the Habsburg monarchs ." } ] }, { "value": "Empress Maria Theresa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maria_Theresa", "summary": "Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina ( German : Maria Theresia ; 13 May 1717 - 29 November 1780 ) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg . She was the sovereign of Austria , Hungary , Croatia , Bohemia , Transylvania , Mantua , Milan , Lodomeria and Galicia , the Austrian Netherlands , and Parma . By marriage , she was Duchess of Lorraine , Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress . She started her 40-year reign when her father , Emperor Charles VI , died in October 1740 . Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it . He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy , who averred that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures . Eventually , he left behind a weakened and impoverished state , particularly due to the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War ( 1735-1739 ) . Moreover , upon his death , Saxony , Prussia , Bavaria , and France all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime . Frederick II of Prussia ( who became Maria Theresa 's greatest rival for most of her reign ) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia in the seven-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession . In defiance of the grave situation , she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort . Over the course of the war , despite the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy , Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg empire . Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to reconquer Silesia during the Seven Years ' War ." } ] }, { "value": "Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austria", "summary": "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ." } ] }, { "value": "Palais Schwarzenberg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Palais_Schwarzenberg", "summary": "Palais Schwarzenberg is a Baroque palace in front of Schwarzenbergplatz , Landstraße , the 3rd district of Vienna , Austria . It is owned by the princely Schwarzenberg family . Construction started in 1697 under the architect Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt and finished with alterations in 1728 under Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach . Construction was supervised by master-builder Anton Erhard Martinelli . In 1751 , a riding school and an orangery were added . The richly decorated Marmorgalerie ( marble gallery ) is one of the largest features in the palace . Today , parts of it are a five star hotel and the building is used for festivities and events . It doubled as James Bond 's hotel in the 1987 movie The Living Daylights . It is currently closed for refurbishment . A Palais Schwarzenberg in Prague also exists near the cathedral on the top of the hill ." } ] }, { "value": "Vienna", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Adam Franz von Schwarzenberg", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austria", "summary": "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ." } ] }, { "value": "Schloss Halbturn", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Halbturn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Halbturn", "summary": "Halbturn ( Hungarian : Féltorony ) is a town in the district of Neusiedl am See in the Austrian state of Burgenland . It borders Hungary to the east and is near Andau , Gols , and Mönchof ." } ] }, { "value": "Emperor Charles VI", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor", "summary": "Charles VI ( 1 October 1685 - 20 October 1740 ; German : Karl VI. , Latin : Carolus VI ) succeeded his elder brother , Joseph I , as Holy Roman Emperor , King of Bohemia ( as Charles II ) , King of Hungary and Croatia , Serbia and Archduke of Austria ( as Charles III ) in 1711 . He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain following the death of his relative , Charles II . In 1708 , he married Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , by whom he had his four children : Leopold Johann ( who died in infancy ) , Maria Theresa ( the last direct Habsburg sovereign ) , Maria Anna ( Governess of the Austrian Netherlands ) , and Maria Amalia ( who also died in infancy ) . Four years before the birth of Maria Theresa , faced with his lack of male heirs , Charles provided for a male-line succession failure with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 . The Emperor favoured his own daughters over those of his elder brother and predecessor , Joseph I , in the succession , ignoring the decree he had signed during the reign of his father , Leopold I. Charles sought the other European powers ' approval . They exacted harsh terms : Britain demanded that Austria abolish its overseas trading company . In total , Great Britain , France , Saxony-Poland , the Dutch Republic , Spain , Venice , States of the Church , Prussia , Russia , Denmark , Savoy-Sardinia , Bavaria , and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire recognised the sanction . France , Spain , Saxony-Poland , Bavaria and Prussia later reneged . Charles died in 1740 , sparking the War of the Austrian Succession , which plagued his successor , Maria Theresa , for eight years ." } ] }, { "value": "Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austria", "summary": "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ." } ] }, { "value": "Schloss Esterházy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Schloss_Esterházy", "summary": "Schloss Esterházy is a palace in Eisenstadt , Austria , the capital of the Burgenland state . It was constructed in the late 13th century , and came under ownership of the Hungarian Esterházy family in 1622 . Under Paul I , 1st Prince Esterházy of Galántha the estate was converted into a baroque castle which remained the principal residence and center of administration of the family for over 300 years ." } ] }, { "value": "Eisenstadt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eisenstadt", "summary": "Eisenstadt ( German pronunciation : [ ˈaɪ̯zn̩ʃtat ] ; Hungarian : Kismarton , Croatian : Željezni grad , Željezno , Slovene : Železno ) is a city in Austria , the state capital of Burgenland . It had a recorded population on 1 January 2018 of 14,476 . In the Habsburg Empire 's Kingdom of Hungary , Kismarton ( Eisenstadt ) was the seat of the Eszterházy Hungarian noble family . The composer Joseph Haydn lived there as Hofkapellmeister under Esterházy patronage ." } ] }, { "value": "Pál Esterházy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paul_I_Esterházy_of_Galántha", "summary": "Paul I , Prince Esterházy of Galántha ( full German name : Paul Fürst Esterházy von Galantha ; full Hungarian name : galánthai herceg Esterházy Pál ) ( 8 September 1635 - 26 March 1713 ) was the first Prince Esterházy of Galántha from 1687 to 1713 , Palatine of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1681 to 1713 , and an Imperial Field Marshal . Paul was also an accomplished poet , harpsichordist , and composer . He actively participated in various battles against the Ottoman Turks during the Fourth Austro-Turkish War ( 1663-1664 ) and the Great Turkish War ( 1662-1669 ) . Paul is credited with establishing the wealth , power , and influence of the Princely House of Esterházy ." } ] }, { "value": "Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austria", "summary": "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ." } ] }, { "value": "Schloss Eggenberg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Schloss_Eggenberg_(Graz)", "summary": "Eggenberg Palace ( German : Schloss Eggenberg ) in Graz , is the most significant Baroque palace complex in the Austrian province of Styria . With its preserved accouterments , the extensive scenic gardens , as well as some special collections from the Universalmuseum Joanneum housed in the palace and surrounding park , Schloss Eggenberg ranks among the most valuable cultural treasures of Austria . Eggenberg Palace is situated at an elevation of 381 meters on the Western edge of the city . Its architectural design and the still visible imprint of centuries of history continue to bear witness to the vicissitude and patronage of the one-time mightiest dynasty in Styria , the House of Eggenberg . In 2010 , the significance of Schloss Eggenberg was recognized with an expansion to the listing of the Graz Historic Old Town among the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Sites . Surrounded by walls , with a huge portal facing West , the palace is located in the Eggenberg district of Graz and can be reached by tram line . The northern corner of the palace grounds features the Planetary Garden and Lapidarium of Roman stonework as well as the entrance to the new Archeology Museum , which houses the Cult Wagon of Strettweg . At ground level , the palace houses a numismatic collection ( Coin Cabinet ) located in the former rooms of Balthasar Eggenberger , owner of the imperial minting license and operations in the Late Middle Ages . On the upper level , the Alte Galerie encompasses a large array of paintings , sculptures , and other works of art from the medieval era through the early modern period , spanning five centuries of European art history ." } ] }, { "value": "Graz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Graz", "summary": "Graz ( /ɡrɑːts/ GRAHTS , German : [ ɡʁaːts ] ( listen ) ; Slovene : Gradec ) is the capital city of Styria and Austria 's second-largest city after Vienna . As of 1 January 2019 , Graz had a population of 328,276 ( 292,269 of whom had principal-residence status ) . In 2015 , the population of the Graz larger urban zone ( LUZ ) stood at 633,168 , based on principal-residence status . Graz has a long tradition as a seat of higher education . It has four colleges and four universities with more than 60,000 students . Its historic centre ( Altstadt ) is one of the best-preserved city centres in Central Europe . For centuries , Graz was more important to Slovenes and Croats , both politically and culturally , than the capitals of Ljubljana , Slovenia and Zagreb , Croatia ; it remains influential to this day . In 1999 , the city 's historic centre was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites and in 2010 the designation was expanded to include Eggenberg Palace ( German : Schloss Eggenberg ) on the western edge of the city . Graz was designated the Cultural Capital of Europe in 2003 and became a City of Culinary Delights in 2008 ." } ] }, { "value": "Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_von_Eggenberg", "summary": "Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg ( 1568 - 18 October 1634 ) was an Austrian statesman , a son of Seyfried von Eggenberg , Lord of Erbersdorf ( 1526-1594 ) , and great-grandson of Balthasar Eggenberger ( died 1493 ) . He was a prominent member of the House of Eggenberg and gained the title of Duke of Krumau ." } ] }, { "value": "Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austria", "summary": "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ." } ] }, { "value": "Schloss Trautenfels", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Schloss_Trautenfels", "summary": "Trautenfels Castle ( German : Schloss Trautenfels ) is a palace located in the district of Liezen in Styria . It lies directly on the Enns at 673m in the municipality Pürgg-Trautenfels on a cliff protrusion at the foot of the Grimming ." } ] }, { "value": "Pürgg-Trautenfels", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pürgg-Trautenfels", "summary": "Pürgg-Trautenfels is a former municipality in the district of Liezen in Styria , Austria . Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform , it is part of the municipality Stainach-Pürgg ." } ] }, { "value": "Siegmund Friedrich von Trauttmansdorff", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austria", "summary": "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ." } ] }, { "value": "Palais Auersperg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Palais_Auersperg", "summary": "Palais Auersperg , originally called Palais Rosenkavalier , is a Baroque palace at Auerspergstraße 1 in the Josefstadt or eighth district of Vienna , Austria ." } ] }, { "value": "Vienna", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hieronymus Capece de Rofrano", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belarus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belarus", "summary": "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ." } ] }, { "value": "Świack Palace", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Świack", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Józef Wołłowicz", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belarus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belarus", "summary": "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ." } ] }, { "value": "Nesvizh Castle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nesvizh_Castle", "summary": "Niasviž Castle or Nesvizh Castle ( Belarusian : Нясьвіскі замак , Niasvižski zamak , Polish : zamek w Nieświeżu , Lithuanian : Nesvyžiaus pilis ) is a residential castle of the Radziwiłł family in Niasviž , Belarus . It is 183 metres ( 600 ft ) above sea level . 1919 - 1945 the complex was in Poland and was considered one of the most beautiful castles in the Kresy region ." } ] }, { "value": "Nesvish ( Nieśwież )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nesvizh", "summary": "Nesvizh , Niasviž ( Belarusian : Нясві́ж [ nʲaˈsʲvʲiʐ ] ; Russian : Не́свиж ; Polish : Nieśwież ; Lithuanian : Nesvyžius ; Yiddish : ניעסוויז ; Latin : Nesvisium ) is a city in Belarus . It is the administrative center of the Nyasvizh District ( rajon ) of Minsk Region and location of the Niasviž Castle World Heritage Site . Its 2009 population is 14,300 ." } ] }, { "value": "Radziwiłł family", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Radziwiłł_family", "summary": "The Radziwiłł family ( Polish pronunciation : [ radʑiˈviw ] ; Lithuanian : Radvila ; Belarusian : Радзівіл , Radzivił ; German : Radziwill ) is a powerful magnate family originating from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland . The descendants of Kristinas Astikas , a Lithuanian and a close associate of the 14th century ruler Vytautas , were highly prominent for centuries , first in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Prussia . The family has produced many individuals notable in Lithuanian , Polish , Belarusian , German as well as general European history and culture . The Radziwiłł family received the title of Reichsfürst ( prince ) from the Holy Roman Empire . The Nesvizh Castle complex , maintained by the family between the 16th century and 1939 , is a UNESCO World Heritage site ." } ] }, { "value": "Belarus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belarus", "summary": "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ." } ] }, { "value": "New Hrodna Castle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Hrodna_Castle", "summary": "The New Castle in Hrodna , Belarus is a royal palace of Augustus III of Poland and Stanisław August Poniatowski where the famous Grodno Sejm took place in 1793 . New Hrodna Castle is 116 metres ( 381 ft ) above sea level . The royal residence was built on the high bank of the Neman River at a little distance from the Old Hrodna Castle which had suffered great dilapidation in the aftermath of the Swedish occupation in the early 18th century . The two castles are joined by a 300-year-old arch bridge . The palace compound was designed by Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann . Construction was carried out between 1734 and 1751 under the supervision of several other Saxon architects , including Johann Friedrich Knöbel and Joachim Daniel von Jauch . The palace was completed under the direction of Giuseppe de Sacco in 1789 and remained home for King Stanisław II August until 1797 . Used as a hospital and barracks throughout most of the 19th century , the palace was renovated by the Polish administration in the interwar period . Scarcely anything is left of the original fabric of the castle , whose refined Rococo detailing vanished during World War II . There followed a hasty and rather superficial refurbishing of the palace by the Soviets with a view to making it the headquarters of a local obkom . A plaque on the wall of the palace commemorates the council of war held in the royal residence by Tadeusz Kościuszko on 30 October 1794 ." } ] }, { "value": "Hrodna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hrodna", "summary": "Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District ." } ] }, { "value": "Augustus III of Poland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland", "summary": "Augustus III ( Polish : August III Sas , Lithuanian : Augustas III ; 17 October 1696 - 5 October 1763 ) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1734 until 1763 , as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire from 1733 until 1763 where he was known as Frederick Augustus II ( German : Friedrich August II ) . He was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong , and converted to the Roman Catholicism in 1712 to secure his candidacy for the Polish throne . In 1719 he married Maria Josepha , daughter of Joseph I , Holy Roman Emperor , and became Elector of Saxony following his father 's death in 1733 . Augustus was able to gain the support of Charles VI by agreeing to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and also gained recognition from Russian Empress Anna by supporting Russia 's claim to the region of Courland . He was elected king of Poland by a small minority on 5 October 1733 and subsequently banished the former Polish king Stanisław I . He was crowned in Kraków on 17 January 1734 . Augustus was supportive of Austria against Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1742 ) and again in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 ) , both of which resulted in Saxony being defeated and occupied by the Prussian Kingdom . In Poland , his rule was marked by the increasing influence of the Czartoryski and Poniatowski families , and by the intervention of Catherine the Great in Polish affairs . His rule deepened the social anarchy in Poland and increased the country 's dependence on its neighbours , notably Prussia , Austria and Russia . The Russian Empire prevented him from installing his family on the Polish throne , supporting instead the aristocrat Stanisław August Poniatowski , the lover of Catherine the Great . Throughout his reign , Augustus was known to be more interested in ease and pleasure than in the affairs of state ; this notable patron of the arts left the administration of Saxony and Poland to his chief adviser , Heinrich von Brühl , who in turn left Polish administration chiefly to the powerful Czartoryski family ." } ] }, { "value": "Belarus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belarus", "summary": "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ." } ] }, { "value": "Radziwiłł Palace ( Grodno ) ( destroyed )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hrodna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hrodna", "summary": "Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District ." } ] }, { "value": "Michał Kazimierz Rybeńko Radziwiłł", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michał_Kazimierz_\"Rybeńko\"_Radziwiłł", "summary": "Prince Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł ( Lithuanian : Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila , Belarusian : Міхал Казімер Радзівіл ; 13 June 1702 , Olyka - 15 May 1762 ) was a Polish-Lithuanian noble . A member of the aristocratic Radziwiłł family , he was frequently referred to by his idiolect Rybeńko ( Рыбанька ) , to distinguish him from the other Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł . Ordynat of Niasviž and Olyka , owner of Biržai , Dubingiai , Slutsk , Kopyła and Shumsk . He was a koniuszy of Lithuania since 1728 , Court Marshal of Lithuania since 1734 , Field Hetman of Lithuania and castellan of Trakai ( Troki ) since 1737 , castellan of Vilnius since 1742 , voivode of Vilnius and Grand Hetman of Lithuania since 1744 . Like his father , he was the starost of a number of towns , including Przemyśl , Bratslav , Kamianets-Podilskyi , Człuchów , Krzyczów , Ovruch , Nowy Targ , Parczew , Osiek and Kaunas . On April 23 , 1725 in Bilokrynytsia ( pol . Biala Krynica ) he married Urszula Franciszka Wiśniowiecka . Later married Anna Luiza Mycielska on January 2 , 1754 in Lviv . Awarded with the Order of the White Eagle in August 1727 . The treatment of his medical problems included 56 bleedings , 30 applications of leeches , and 13 cuppings . These treatments have been described as illustrative demonstrations of medical interventions available to the wealthy at the time . His former lover was Maria Karolina Sobieska , grand daughter of John III Sobieski ." } ] }, { "value": "Belarus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belarus", "summary": "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ." } ] }, { "value": "Zdzięcioł Palace ( in ruine )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zdzięcioł", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dzyatlava", "summary": "Dziatlava ( Belarusian : Дзятлава , Lithuanian : Zietela , Polish : Zdzięcioł , Russian : Дятлово , Yiddish : זשעטל Zhetl ) is a town in Belarus in the Hrodna voblast , about 165 km southeast of Hrodna . The population was 7,700 in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Mikołaj Faustyn Radziwiłł", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belgium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belgium", "summary": "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ." } ] }, { "value": "Palace of Charles of Lorraine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Palace_of_Charles_of_Lorraine", "summary": "The Palace of Charles of Lorraine ( French : Palais de Charles de Lorraine , Dutch : Paleis van Karel van Lotharingen ) is a neoclassical palace in Brussels , Belgium . It served as the residence of Charles Alexander of Lorraine , Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands from 1744 to 1780 , and currently houses a museum . Located on Museum Square , near the Place Royale/Koningsplein , this site is served by Brussels Central Station , as well as by the metro stations Parc/Park and Trône/Troon ." } ] }, { "value": "Brussels", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brussels", "summary": "Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prince_Charles_Alexander_of_Lorraine", "summary": "Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine ( French : Charles Alexandre Emanuel de Lorraine ; German : Karl Alexander von Lothringen und Bar ; 12 December 1712 in Lunéville - 4 July 1780 in Tervuren ) was a Lorraine-born Austrian general and soldier , field marshal of the Imperial Army , and governor of the Austrian Netherlands ." } ] }, { "value": "Brazil", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brazil", "summary": "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ." } ] }, { "value": "Museu do Ipiranga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Museu_do_Ipiranga", "summary": "The Museu Paulista of the University of São Paulo ( commonly known as Museu do Ipiranga ) is a Brazilian history museum located near where Emperor Pedro I proclaimed the Brazilian independence on the banks of Ipiranga brook in the Southeast region of the city of São Paulo , then the Caminho do Mar , or road to the seashore . It contains a huge collection of furniture , documents and historically relevant artwork , especially relating to the Brazilian Empire era . The most famous work of art in the collection is the 1888 painting Independência ou Morte ( Independence or Death ) by Pedro Américo . A few months after the Brazilian Declaration of Independence , people started to suggest a monument on the site where the declaration took place , although they were not sure about what sort of memorial construction to build . In 1884 , Italian architect Tommaso Gaudenzio Bezzi , who was hired to develop the project , chose to build an eclectic-styled construction similar to the French Palace of Versailles with impressive and perfectly manicured gardens and fountain . The museum closed in August 2013 for extensive restoration and modernisation ; it is due to re-open in 2022 ." } ] }, { "value": "São Paulo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/São_Paulo", "summary": "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ." } ] }, { "value": "São Paulo state", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/São_Paulo_state", "summary": "São Paulo ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the locomotive of Brazil , the state is responsible for 33.9% of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate , the third highest life expectancy , and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil , being by far , the safest state in the country . The homicide rate is 3.8 per 100 thousand as of 2018 , almost 1/4 of the Brazilian rate . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil . With more than 46 million inhabitants in 2019 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , many distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese , Chinese , and Greeks also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population . The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 BC . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas - the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista ." } ] }, { "value": "Croatia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Croatia", "summary": "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ." } ] }, { "value": "Eltz Manor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eltz_Manor", "summary": "Eltz Manor ( Croatian : Dvorac Eltz , German : Schloss Eltz ) is a Baroque palace in Vukovar , Croatia . The 18th-century manor is the location of the Vukovar City Museum . The manor , as it previously appeared , is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 20 kuna banknote , issued in 1993 and 2001 . The palace was destroyed in 1991 in the Croatian War of Independence . However , after four years of restorations , it was completely restored to its pre-war appearance in October 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Vukovar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vukovar", "summary": "Vukovar ( Serbo-Croatian pronunciation : [ ʋûkoʋaːr ] ; Serbian Cyrillic : Вуковар [ Note 1 ] ) is a city in eastern Croatia . It contains Croatia 's largest river port , located at the confluence of the Vuka and the Danube . Vukovar is the seat of Vukovar-Syrmia County . The city 's registered population was 26,468 in the 2011 census , with a total of 27,683 in the municipality ." } ] }, { "value": "Eltz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eltz", "summary": "The House of Eltz is a noted German noble family of the Uradel . The Rhenish dynasty has had close ties to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia since 1736 ." } ] }, { "value": "Czech Republic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Czech_Republic", "summary": "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ." } ] }, { "value": "Austerlitz Palace", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Slavkov u Brna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Slavkov_u_Brna", "summary": "Slavkov u Brna ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈslafkof ˈu br̩na ] , i.e . Slavkov by Brno ; historically known in German as Austerlitz ) is a country town east of Brno in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic . The population of the town is approximately 6,700 . The town gave its name to the Battle of Austerlitz which took place several kilometres to the west of the town ." } ] }, { "value": "Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wenzel_Anton_von_Kaunitz", "summary": "Wenzel Anton , Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg ( German : Wenzel Anton Reichsfürst von Kaunitz-Rietberg , Czech : Václav Antonín z Kounic a Rietbergu ; 2 February 1711 - 27 June 1794 ) was an Austrian and Czech diplomat and statesman in the Habsburg Monarchy . A proponent of enlightened absolutism , he held the office of State Chancellor for about four decades and was responsible for the foreign policies during the reigns of Maria Theresa , Joseph II , and Leopold II . In 1764 , he was elevated to the noble rank of a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire ( Reichfürst ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Czech Republic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Czech_Republic", "summary": "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ." } ] }, { "value": "Feldsberg Residence", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valtice", "summary": "Valtice ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈvalcɪtsɛ ] ; German : Feldsberg ) is a small town in Břeclav District , South Moravian Region in the Czech Republic , close to the Austrian border . Valtice contains one of the most impressive Baroque residences of Central Europe . It was designed as the seat of the ruling princes of Liechtenstein by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach in the early 18th century . Together with the neighbouring manor of Lednice , to which it is connected by a 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) long lime-tree avenue , Valtice forms the Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape , a UNESCO World Heritage Site ." } ] }, { "value": "Valtice", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valtice", "summary": "Valtice ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈvalcɪtsɛ ] ; German : Feldsberg ) is a small town in Břeclav District , South Moravian Region in the Czech Republic , close to the Austrian border . Valtice contains one of the most impressive Baroque residences of Central Europe . It was designed as the seat of the ruling princes of Liechtenstein by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach in the early 18th century . Together with the neighbouring manor of Lednice , to which it is connected by a 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) long lime-tree avenue , Valtice forms the Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape , a UNESCO World Heritage Site ." } ] }, { "value": "Karl Eusebius von Liechtenstein", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Karl_Eusebius,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein", "summary": "Karl Eusebius , Prince of Liechtenstein ( 11 April 1611 - 5 April 1684 ) was the Prince of Liechtenstein . He inherited this title in 1627 from his father Karl I . He was 16 and thus considered underage , and his uncles Prince Gundakar and Maximillian acted as regents until 1632 . From 1639 to 1641 Karl was Chief Captain of High and Low Silesia . After the Thirty Years ' War Karl effectively restored his dominions economically . [ citation needed ] Karl was also an extensive patron of architecture of the period , see Plumlov Castle . [ citation needed ] He died in Schwarzkosteletz ." } ] }, { "value": "Czech Republic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Czech_Republic", "summary": "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ." } ] }, { "value": "Münchengrätz Residence", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mnichovo Hradiště", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mnichovo_Hradiště", "summary": "Mnichovo Hradiště ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈmɲɪxovo ˈɦraɟɪʃcɛ ] ; German : Münchengrätz ) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region in the Czech Republic . Its population is around 8,700 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ernst Josef von Waldstein", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "This is a list of Baroque palaces built in the late 17th and 18th centuries . Baroque architecture is a building style of the Baroque era , begun in late 16th-century Italy and spread in Europe . The style took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion , often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church and the absolutist state in defiance of the Reformation . This list includes important city residences , such as the Stockholm Palace and Winter Palace , but does not extend to pre-Versailles Roman palazzi , such as Palazzo Altieri , Palazzo Barberini , or Palazzo Ludovisi .", "uid": "List_of_Baroque_residences_0", "intro": "This is a list of Baroque palaces built in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Baroque architecture is a building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy and spread in Europe. The style took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church and the absolutist state in defiance of the Reformation. Baroque architecture often includes fragmentary or deliberately incomplete architectural elements, opulent use of colour and ornaments and an external façade often characterized by a dramatic central projection. Many European palaces drew inspiration from the Palace of Versailles, started in 1682, making it one of the most imitated buildings of the 17th century. This list includes important city residences, such as the Stockholm Palace and Winter Palace, but does not extend to pre-Versailles Roman palazzi, such as Palazzo Altieri, Palazzo Barberini, or Palazzo Ludovisi." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_table_tennis", "title": "List of Olympic venues in table tennis", "header": [ "Games", "Venue", "Other sports hosted at venue for those games", "Capacity" ], "data": [ { "value": "1988 Seoul", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Seoul National University Gymnasium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seoul_National_University_Gymnasium", "summary": "Seoul National University Gymnasium is an indoor sporting arena located in Seoul , South Korea . The capacity of the arena is 5,000 people and was built in 1986 to host table tennis and badminton ( demonstration ) events at the 1988 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Badminton ( demonstration )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Badminton was an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . There were five events : men 's singles , women 's singles , men 's doubles , women 's doubles , and mixed doubles . Competitions took place at the Seoul National University Gymnasium on 19 September 1988 ." } ] }, { "value": "5,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1992 Barcelona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Estació del Nord Sports Hall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Estació_del_Nord_Sports_Hall", "summary": "The Estació del Nord or Estación del Norte , is a former main line railway station in the city of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Originally opened in 1862 , it was closed as a railway station in 1972 . It is now used partly as a bus station , partly as a large multi-purpose sports hall , and partly as a police station . The sports hall is known as the Poliesportiu Estació del Nord , and was a 1992 Summer Olympics venue . The bus station is known as the Estació d'Autobusos Barcelona Nord , and is Barcelona 's principal terminal for scheduled medium and long distance coach services . The station lies in the Fort Pienc neighbourhood of the Eixample district of Barcelona , some 1.3 kilometres ( 0.81 mi ) from Plaça de Catalunya . The Arc de Triomf station , served by Barcelona Metro line L1 and Rodalies de Catalunya suburban trains , has an entrance directly in front of the station on Plaça d'André Malraux . The Parc de l'Estació del Nord , laid out on the site of sidings associated with the station , lies to the south-east ." } ] }, { "value": "None", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5,500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1996 Atlanta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ." } ] }, { "value": "Georgia World Congress Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Georgia_World_Congress_Center", "summary": "The Georgia World Congress Center ( GWCC ) is a convention center in Atlanta , Georgia , USA . Enclosing some 3.9 million ft2 ( 360,000 m2 ) in exhibition space and hosting more than a million visitors each year , the GWCC is the third-largest convention center in the United States . Opened in 1976 , the GWCC was the first state-owned convention center established in the United States . The center is operated on behalf of the state by the Georgia World Congress Center Authority , which was chartered in 1971 by Georgia General Assembly to develop an international trade and exhibition center in Atlanta . The authority later developed the Georgia Dome , Centennial Olympic Park , and Mercedes-Benz Stadium , which replaced the Georgia Dome . In 2017 , the Georgia Dome was closed on March 5 and demolished by implosion on November 20 while Mercedes-Benz Stadium officially opened on August 26 . While the GWCCA owns Mercedes-Benz Stadium , AMB Group , the parent organization for the National Football League 's Atlanta Falcons and Major League Soccer 's Atlanta United FC , is responsible for the stadium 's operations . In addition to convention and trade shows , the GWCC often coordinated with the Georgia Dome to host activities in conjunction with major events being held at the dome . Every year , the center hosts SEC Football Fanfare , a two-day fan festival for the thousands of Southeastern Conference football fans in the city for the SEC Championship Game . The center played host to a similar event in tandem with WrestleMania XXVII , WrestleMania Axxess . Family Feud started taping at Georgia World Congress Center in 2015 and stayed there until 2018 , when it moved back to Los Angeles . The GWCC is located in downtown Atlanta at 285 Andrew Young International Boulevard NW , adjacent to CNN Center and State Farm Arena ." } ] }, { "value": "Fencing , Handball , Judo , Modern pentathlon ( fencing , shooting ) , Weightlifting , Wrestling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1996 Summer Olympics , ten fencing events were contested ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Handball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Final results for the Handball competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Judo_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "This page shows the final results of the Judo Competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Modern pentathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The weightlifting competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta consisted of ten weight classes ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1996 Summer Olympics , two different wrestling disciplines were contested : freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling ." } ] }, { "value": "3,900 ( fencing ) 7,300 ( handball ) 7,300 ( judo ) 4,700 ( table tennis ) 5,000 ( weightlifting ) 7,300 ( wrestling )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2000 Sydney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 ." } ] }, { "value": "State Sports Centre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/State_Sports_Centre", "summary": "The Quaycentre ( known for non-commercical purposes as the State Sports Centre ) is a multi-use indoor arena in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia and was opened in November 1984 . With a total of 3,854 fixed and retractable seats the main arena is a focal point of the Sydney Olympic Park Sports Centre . An additional 1,152 portable seats can be accommodated on the floor level to bring seated capacity to 5,006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Taekwondo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Taekwondo was contested as an official sport at the Olympic Games for the first time at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . It had previously been a demonstration sport in 1988 and 1992 . Medals were awarded in four weight classes each for men and women . Tran Hieu Ngan became the first Vietnamese Olympic medalist in this competition ." } ] }, { "value": "5,006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2004 Athens", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world ." } ] }, { "value": "Galatsi Olympic Hall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Galatsi_Olympic_Hall", "summary": "The Galatsi Olympic Hall is a mult-use indoor arena that is located in Galatsi , Athens , Greece . It was the site of table tennis and rhythmic gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics . The Galatsi Olympic Hall has a seating capacity of 6,200 , which includes 5,141 permanent seats in the upper tier , and the removable lower tier seats ." } ] }, { "value": "Gymnastics ( rhythmic )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , three disciplines of gymnastics were contested : artistic gymnastics ( August 14-23 ) , rhythmic gymnastics ( August 26-29 ) and trampoline ( August 20-21 ) . The artistic gymnastics and trampoline events were held at the Olympic Indoor Hall and the rhythmic gymnastics events were held at the Galatsi Olympic Hall ." } ] }, { "value": "Not listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008 Beijing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ." } ] }, { "value": "Peking University Gymnasium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peking_University_Gymnasium", "summary": "Peking University Gymnasium ( simplified Chinese : 北京大学体育馆 ; traditional Chinese : 北京大學體育館 ; pinyin : Běijīng Dàxué Tǐyùguǎn ) , nicknamed China 's Spine ( simplified Chinese : 中国脊 ; traditional Chinese : 中國脊 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Jǐ ) , is an indoor arena located in the southeastern part of Peking University in Beijing , China . The gymnasium was constructed for the table tennis events of the 2008 Summer Olympics and the Paralympics . The gymnasium has a floor space of 26,900 m² , 6,000 permanent seats and 2,000 temporary seats . It was completed in August 2007 . In November 2011 , Khoo Teck Puat donated about 173 million RMB to Peking University for the construction and the gymnasium was entitled 'Khoo Teck Puat Gymnasium ' . After the Olympics , the gymnasium was renovated between September 2010 to October 2011 . The gymnasium has become a sport complex which includes fitness club , swimming pool and courts and facilities for a variety of sports including badminton , table tennis , squash and billiards . The gymnasium has also hosted a number of events including the Best Ten Singer Competitions of Peking University ( 十佳歌手 ) and Graduation Commercements ." } ] }, { "value": "None", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012 London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ." } ] }, { "value": "ExCeL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ExCeL_London", "summary": "ExCeL ( Exhibition Centre London ) is an exhibitions and international convention centre in Custom House area of Canning Town , East London . It is located on a 100-acre ( 0.40 km2 ) site on the northern quay of the Royal Victoria Dock in London Docklands , between Canary Wharf and London City Airport , and is located within the London Borough of Newham ." } ] }, { "value": "Boxing , Fencing , Judo , Taekwondo , Weightlifting , Wrestling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Boxing has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since its introduction to the program at the 1904 Summer Olympics , except for the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , because Swedish law banned the sport at the time . The 2008 Summer Olympics were the final games with boxing as a male only event . Since the 2012 Summer Olympics , women 's boxing is part of the program ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Fencing has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens . Women 's foil made its Olympic debut in Paris , during the 1924 Olympic Games . There are three forms of Olympic fencing :" }, { "url": "/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Judo was first included in the Summer Olympic Games at the 1964 Games in Tokyo , Japan . After not being included in 1968 , judo has been an Olympic sport in each Olympiad since then . Only male judoka participated until the 1988 Summer Olympics , when women participated as a demonstration sport . Women judoka were first awarded medals at the 1992 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics made its first appearance as a demonstration sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea . The opening ceremony featured a mass demonstration of taekwondo with hundreds of adults and children performing moves in unison . Taekwondo was again a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . Taekwondo became a full medal sport at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia , and has been a sport in the Olympic games since then ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Weightlifting has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the 1920 Summer Olympics , as well as twice before then . It debuted at the 1896 Summer Olympics , in Athens , Greece , and was also an event at the 1904 Games ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Wrestling had been contested at the Summer Olympic Games since the sport was introduced in the ancient Olympic Games in 708 BC . When the modern Olympic Games resumed in Athens in 1896 , wrestling ( in the form of Greco-Roman wrestling ) became a focus of the Games , with the exception of the 1900 Summer Olympics when wrestling did not appear on the program . Freestyle wrestling and weight classes both made their first appearance in 1904 . The women 's competition was introduced in 2004 . In February 2013 , the IOC voted to drop wrestling from the Summer Olympic programme , effective 2020 . The president of the sport 's governing body , FILA ( now United World Wrestling ) , resigned after a subsequent motion of no confidence . Following changes in leadership , and revisions to the programme for 2016 ( including rule changes and additional women 's competitions ) , wrestling successfully campaigned to be readmitted to the Summer Olympic programme ." } ] }, { "value": "Not listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016 Rio de Janeiro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ." } ] }, { "value": "Riocentro - Pavilion 3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Riocentro", "summary": "Riocentro is an exhibition and convention center located in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . Built in 1977 , it is the largest exhibition center in Latin America ." } ] }, { "value": "None", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2020 Tokyo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2020 Summer Olympics ( Japanese : 2020年夏季オリンピック , Hepburn : Nisen Nijū-nen Kaki Orinpikku ) , officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第三十二回オリンピック競技大会 , Hepburn : Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) and commonly known as Tokyo 2020 ( tōkyō nisen-nijū ) or the Recovery Olympics ( Fukkō Gorin ( Japanese : 復興五輪 ) , in reference to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster recovery ) , is an upcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020 in Tokyo , Japan , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 22 July . Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires , Argentina on 7 September 2013 . This will be the second time that Japan and specifically Tokyo has hosted the Summer Olympic Games , the first being in 1964 , making it the first city in Asia to host the summer Games twice . Overall , these will be the fourth Olympic Games to be held in Japan , which also hosted the Winter Olympics in 1972 ( Sapporo ) and 1998 ( Nagano ) . The 2020 Games will be the second of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the first being the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , and the next being the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing , China . These Games will see the introduction of new and additional competitions at the Summer Olympics , including 3x3 basketball , freestyle BMX and Madison cycling , as well as further mixed events . Under new IOC policies that allow the host organizing committee to add sports to the Olympic programme to augment the permanent core Olympic events , these Games will see karate , sport climbing , surfing and skateboarding make their Olympic debuts , as well as the return of baseball and softball for the first time since 2008 ." } ] }, { "value": "Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Gymnasium", "summary": "Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium ( 東京体育館 , Tōkyō Taiikukan ) is a sporting complex in Sendagaya , Shibuya , Tokyo , Japan . Built in 1954 for the World Wrestling Championship , it was also used as the venue for gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics , and will host the table tennis competition at the 2020 Summer Olympics . The gymnasium was rebuilt to a futuristic design created by Pritzker Prize winner Fumihiko Maki from 1986 to 1990 . The gymnasium is a one-minute walk from Sendagaya Station on the Chūō-Sōbu Line and Kokuritsu Kyogijo Station on the Toei Oedo Line ." } ] }, { "value": "None", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10,000", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "Peking University Gymnasium hosted the table tennis events for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . For the Summer Olympics , there are eight venues that have or will have hosted table tennis .", "uid": "List_of_Olympic_venues_in_table_tennis_0", "intro": "For the Summer Olympics, there are eight venues that have or will have hosted table tennis." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Miyagi)", "title": "List of Historic Sites of Japan (Miyagi)", "header": [ "Site", "Municipality", "Type", "Ref" ], "data": [ { "value": "* Taga-jō Site 多賀城跡附寺跡 Taga-jō ato tsuketari tera ato", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taga_Castle", "summary": "Taga Castle ( 多賀城 , Tagajō ato ) is the site of a Nara period jōsaku-style Japanese castle in what is now part of the town of Tagajō in Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu , Japan . Bashō tells of his visit to the site in Oku no Hosomichi . The ruins of Taga-jō and its former temple have been designated a Special Historic Site ( 特別史跡 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Tagajō", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tagajō,_Miyagi", "summary": "Tagajō ( 多賀城市 , Tagajō-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 62,435 , and a population density of 3,171 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 19.64 square kilometres ( 7.58 sq mi ) . The city was named after Taga Castle , the capital of Mutsu Province from the Nara period ." } ] }, { "value": "2 , 3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "181", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Iji Castle Site 伊治城跡 Iji-jō ato", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Iji_Castle", "summary": "Iji Castle ( 伊治城跡 , Iji-jō ato ) is the ruins of a late Nara period jōsaku-style Japanese castle located in what is now part of the city of Kurihara , Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . The site was proclaimed a National National Historic Site on August 27 , 2003 . The actual pronouciation of the name of this fortification remains uncertain , as the kanji of its name can also be read as Koreharu Castle ." } ] }, { "value": "Kurihara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kurihara,_Miyagi", "summary": "Kurihara ( 栗原市 , Kurihara-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,925 , and a population density of 86.8 persons per km² in 24,894 households . The total area of the city is 804.97 square kilometres ( 310.80 sq mi ) . Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "3372", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tōmizuka Kofun 遠見塚古墳 Tōmizuka kofun", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tōmizuka_Kofun", "summary": "The Tōmizuka Kofun ( 遠見塚古墳 ) is a keyhole-shaped kofun burial mound located in the Wakabayashi ward of the city of Sendai , Miyagi in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is the second largest kofun in Miyagi Prefecture ( after the Raijinyama Kofun in nearby Natori ) and the 5th largest in the Tōhoku region . It was constructed in the early to middle Kofun period , or around the late 4th to early 5th century AD . The site is a National Historic Site . The Tōmizuka Kofun is located in the southern portion of the Sendai Plain , approximately 3.5 kilometers southeast of Sendai Station . The surrounding area is noted for extensive Yayoi period remains , and the kofun was excavated by the Sendai City Board of Education in 1968 and 1972 . While this keyhole-shaped kofun has a characteristic shape , it is unusual is that the square front part is extremely lower than the round rear part . The total length is 110 meters , and the height of the two-tiered burial mound is 6.5 meters . The kofun is surrounded with an irregular-shaped moat , with width varying from 10 to 40 meter . The number of grave goods found was extremely few for the size of the kofun . Only one quartz cylindrical bead , four glass balls and 18 combs made of lacquered bamboo were excavated . These artifacts are preserved at the Sendai City Museum and the site is now a public park ." } ] }, { "value": "Sendai", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sendai", "summary": "Sendai ( 仙台市 , Sendai-shi , Japanese : [ seꜜndai ] ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture , Japan , the largest city in the Tōhoku region , and the second largest city north of Tokyo . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had a population of 1,089,372 , and is one of Japan 's 20 designated cities . The city was founded in 1600 by the daimyō Date Masamune . It is nicknamed the City of Trees ( 杜の都 , Mori no Miyako ) ; there are zelkova trees lining many of the main thoroughfares such as Jōzenji Street ( 定禅寺通 , Jōzenji dōri ) and Aoba Street ( 青葉通 , Aoba dōri ) . In the summer , the Sendai Tanabata Festival , the largest Tanabata festival in Japan , is held . In winter , the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the Pageant of Starlight ( 光のページェント , Hikari no pējento ) , lasting through most of December . On March 11 , 2011 , coastal areas of the city suffered catastrophic damage from a magnitude 9.0 offshore earthquake , which triggered a destructive tsunami ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "210", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Koganeyama Gold Mining Site 黄金山産金遺跡 Koganeyama sankin iseki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Koganeyama_Gold_Mining_Site", "summary": "The Koganeyama Jinja ( 黄金山神社 ) is a Shintō shrine in the town of Wakuya Tōda District , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It claims to have been built on the site of the first gold mine in Japan , and is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The main festival of the shrine is held annually on September 15 ." } ] }, { "value": "Wakuya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wakuya,_Miyagi", "summary": "Wakuya ( 涌谷町 , Wakuya-chō ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 30 June 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 16,703 , and a population density of 203 persons per km² in 6,076 households . The total area of the town is 82.16 square kilometres ( 31.72 sq mi ) . The area is noted for its rice production ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "208", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Iwakiri Castle Site 岩切城跡 Iwakiri-jō ato", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Iwakiri_Castle", "summary": "Iwakiri Castle ( 岩切城 , Iwakiri-jō ) was a Muromachi period Japanese castle located in what is now the ward of Miyagino-ku , in the city of Sendai , Miyagi Prefecture , in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . The site is a National Historic Site ." } ] }, { "value": "Sendai / Rifu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sendai", "summary": "Sendai ( 仙台市 , Sendai-shi , Japanese : [ seꜜndai ] ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture , Japan , the largest city in the Tōhoku region , and the second largest city north of Tokyo . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had a population of 1,089,372 , and is one of Japan 's 20 designated cities . The city was founded in 1600 by the daimyō Date Masamune . It is nicknamed the City of Trees ( 杜の都 , Mori no Miyako ) ; there are zelkova trees lining many of the main thoroughfares such as Jōzenji Street ( 定禅寺通 , Jōzenji dōri ) and Aoba Street ( 青葉通 , Aoba dōri ) . In the summer , the Sendai Tanabata Festival , the largest Tanabata festival in Japan , is held . In winter , the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the Pageant of Starlight ( 光のページェント , Hikari no pējento ) , lasting through most of December . On March 11 , 2011 , coastal areas of the city suffered catastrophic damage from a magnitude 9.0 offshore earthquake , which triggered a destructive tsunami ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rifu,_Miyagi", "summary": "Rifu ( 利府町 , Rifu-chō ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 35,530 , and a population density of 791 persons per km² in 13,168 households . The total area of the town is 44.89 square kilometres ( 17.33 sq mi ) . Rifu is known for its nashi pears . Recently , wine and candy made from nashi pears have been developed in the town ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "231", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Miyazawa Site 宮沢遺跡 Miyazawa iseki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miyazawa_Site", "summary": "Miyazawa site ( 宮沢遺跡 , Miyazawa iseki ) is a late Nara period to early Heian period archaeological site located in the Furukawa district of what is now the city of Ōsaki , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . In the late Nara period , after the establishment of a centralized government under the Ritsuryō system , the Yamato court sent a number of military expeditions to what is now the Tōhoku region of northern Japan to bring the local Emishi tribes under its control . After the establishment of Taga Castle , Yamato forces gradually pushed into the hinterland of what is now Miyagi Prefecture , establishing several fortified settlements against increasing Emishi opposition . A fort was built on this site in 767 AD . The site was discovered during construction work on the Tohoku Expressway in 1974 , and was excavated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education from 1974-1977 . The site is in a hilly area on the northern edge of the Ōsaki plan at an altitude of around 50 meters , and extends 1400 meters east-west by 850 meters north-south . The roughly rectangular compound is surrounded by earthen ramparts , moat and a wooden palisade . Inside , post holes for buildings and the foundations of pit dwellings have been discovered , along with Sue pottery fragments and metal implements . It is uncertain if this was a josaku-type fortification , or the remains of a government office site for Nagaoka District" } ] }, { "value": "Ōsaki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ōsaki,_Miyagi", "summary": "Ōsaki ( 大崎市 , Ōsaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 28 February 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 132,930 , and a population density of 167 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 796.76 square kilometres ( 307.63 sq mi ) . Ōsaki is a member of the World Health Organizations Alliance for Healthy Cities ( AFHC ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "225", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Former Yūbikan and Garden 旧有備館および庭園 kyū-Yūbikan oyobi teien", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yūbikan", "summary": "The Yūbikan ( 有備館 ) is an Edo period structure located in what is now the city of Ōsaki , Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . It served as a han school for the Date clan of Sendai Domain , and is the oldest existing educational structure in Japan . The building , together with its surrounding gardens are a nationally designated Historic Site and Place of Scenic Beauty . The main structure of the Yūbikan was constructed in 1633 , originally within the second bailey of Iwadeyama Castle by the second generation head of the Iwadeyama-branch of the Date clan , Date Munetoshi . Intended to serve as the domains academy , it was named Shungakukan ( 春学館 ) at that time . It was relocated to its present location in 1677 by the third-generation head , Date Toshichika and was renamed 'Yūbikan at that time . The building is in the Shoin-zukuri style of architecture , with plain wooden walls and a thatched roof . The gardens were constructed by the Date clans tea master Shimizu Dokan , under the fourth generation head , Date Murayasu in 1715 . The garden employs the backdrop of the ruins of Iwadeyama Castle for borrowing of scenery ( shakkei ) . The Yūbikan and its gardens remained property of the Date clan until 1970 , when it was donated to the town of Iwadeyama , which later became part of the city of Ōsaki . The Yūbikan main structure was severely damaged in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake during which 30 of its 33 supporting columns were damaged , causing the roof to collapse . Landslides also damaged parts of the gardens The building and its gardens were repaired and reopened to the public in 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ōsaki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ōsaki,_Miyagi", "summary": "Ōsaki ( 大崎市 , Ōsaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 28 February 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 132,930 , and a population density of 167 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 796.76 square kilometres ( 307.63 sq mi ) . Ōsaki is a member of the World Health Organizations Alliance for Healthy Cities ( AFHC ) ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "185", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Former Arikabe-juku Honjin 旧有壁宿本陣 kyū-Arikabe-juku honjin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Former_Arikabe-juku_Honjin", "summary": "The Former Arakabejuku Honjin ( 旧有壁宿本陣 , Kyu-Arakabejuku honjin ) is a former honjin on the Ōshū Kaidō highway connecting Edo with northern Mutsu Province in the Tōhoku region of Japan . It is located in what is now part of the city of Kurihara in Miyagi Prefecture . Arakabe was established as a shukuba on the Ōshū Kaidō by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1619 , and the large residence of the Satō clan , who had served as generation of village headmen , received designation as a honjin . The daimyō of Matsumae , Hachinohe , Morioka and Ichinoseki used this honjin on their sankin kōtai processions to and from Edo . The original structures burned down in 1744 and the present structure dates from that reconstruction . After the Meiji restoration , Emperor Meiji made two official visits to the Tōhoku region and stayed at the Arakebejuku honjin in 1876 and in 1881 . Since those visits , the main gate of the honjin has been permanently closed . The site was proclaimed a National National Historic Site in May 1971 ." } ] }, { "value": "Kurihara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kurihara,_Miyagi", "summary": "Kurihara ( 栗原市 , Kurihara-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,925 , and a population density of 86.8 persons per km² in 24,894 households . The total area of the city is 804.97 square kilometres ( 310.80 sq mi ) . Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "213", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sanjūsangendō Government Offices Site 三十三間堂官衙遺跡 Sanjūsangendō kanga iseki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sanjūsangendō_Government_Offices_Site", "summary": "Sanjusangendō Government Offices Site ( 三十三間堂官衙遺跡 , Sanjusangendō Kangai iseki ) is the site of a Heian period government office complex located in what is now part of the town of Watari , Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu , Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site ." } ] }, { "value": "Watari", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Watari,_Miyagi", "summary": "Watari ( 亘理町 , Watari-chō ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 August 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 33,866 , and a population density of 454 persons per km² in 12,201 households . The total area of the town is 73.60 square kilometres ( 28.42 sq mi ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "236", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sannō-Gakoi Site 山王囲遺跡 Sannō-Gakoi iseki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sannō-Gakoi_Site", "summary": "Sannō-Gakoi Site ( 山王囲遺跡 , Sannō-Gakoi iseki ) is a Jōmon period archaeological site in the city of Kurihara , Miyagi Prefecture , in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site in 1991 by the Japanese government ." } ] }, { "value": "Kurihara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kurihara,_Miyagi", "summary": "Kurihara ( 栗原市 , Kurihara-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,925 , and a population density of 86.8 persons per km² in 24,894 households . The total area of the city is 804.97 square kilometres ( 310.80 sq mi ) . Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "214", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yamamae Site 山前遺跡 Yamamae iseki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yamamae_Site", "summary": "The Yamamae Site ( 山前遺跡 , Yamamae iseki ) is an archaeological site located in what is now the town of Misato , Tōda District , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . The site is the ruins of a settlement with associated tombs and shell midden containing remains from the early Jōmon period through the Kofun period , indicating continuous occupation over several thousand years . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The site is located on an isolated hill with an elevation of 15-20 meters over the surrounding Ōsaki plains . Per excavations conducted in 1965 , 1974 and 1975 , the remains of a Jōmon period settlement were found on the southern side of the hill , with the shell midden on the eastern side . The shell midden contained shells from mostly freshwater shellfish , but also had oyster shells , despite its distance from the ocean . The settlement extended for approximately 490 meters east-west by 120 meters north-south . A number of horizontal cave tombs were also found . The top of the hill was terraced , and post holes for a 5 meter diameter pit dwelling was found near the summit . The base of the hill has moat , with a width of 5-6 meters , which indicates that the settlement was later fortified during the Kofun period . From within the moat , wooden spurs , bamboo spears and other weapons were found ." } ] }, { "value": "Misato", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Misato,_Miyagi", "summary": "Misato ( 美里町 , Misato-machi ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 May 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 29,810 in 9018 households , and a population density of 331 persons per km² . The total area of the town is 74.95 square kilometres ( 28.94 sq mi ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "223", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yamahata Cave Tomb Cluster 山畑横穴群 Yamahata yokoana-gun", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yamahata_Cave_Tomb_Cluster", "summary": "Yamahata Cave Tomb Cluster ( 山畑横穴群 , Yamahata Yokoana-gun ) is cluster of 6th Century AD cave tombs located in what is now the city of Ōsaki , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The site is located on the southern slope of a tuff hill , and consists of 26 tombs , of which 23 were excavated in 1972 . The tombs have various styles of ceilings , some of which are gabled or arched , and some of the tombs have a finished floor . Of note are Tombs 6 , 10 and 15 , which were found to contain concentric and lattice patterned decorations in red paint . Artifacts discovered included clay vessel shards , Sue pottery , fragments of metal implements or swords , all of which date the tombs to the late 6th century in the late Kofun period through early Nara period , although some of the tombs appear to have re-used in the 9th century . The tombs were backfilled for preservation except for Tomb 15 , which was preserved as part of a museum exhibition , along with the excavated items ." } ] }, { "value": "Ōsaki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ōsaki,_Miyagi", "summary": "Ōsaki ( 大崎市 , Ōsaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 28 February 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 132,930 , and a population density of 167 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 796.76 square kilometres ( 307.63 sq mi ) . Ōsaki is a member of the World Health Organizations Alliance for Healthy Cities ( AFHC ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "217", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Numazu Shell Mound 沼津貝塚 Numazu kaizuka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Numazu_Shell_Mound", "summary": "Numazu Shell Midden ( 沼津貝塚 , Numazu Kaizuka ) is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the city of Ishinomaki , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period , and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish , fish , animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts , including earthenware shards , fishing hooks , etc . The Numazu Shell Midden is located east of the modern city , near Mankoku Bay , at an elevation of approximately twenty-five meters from the present-day coastline . The midden is very large , extending for 220 meters east-west and 160 meters north-south , with a height of approximately 15 meters , indicating continuous usage over thousands of years . A preliminary survey was conducted intermittently from 1908 to 1929 by local authorities , during which time over 1200 artifacts such as bone fishhooks , harpoons and bone combs and ornaments , along with Jomon-period pottery and two terracotta animal figurines . These items are now stored at the Tohoku University . More comprehensive excavations were conducted in 1958 , 1963 and 1967 ; however the site did not receive protection until it was designated as a national historic site in 1972 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ishinomaki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ishinomaki,_Miyagi", "summary": "Ishinomaki ( 石巻市 , Ishinomaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 141,725 , and a population density of 256 persons per km² in 61,233 households . The total area of the city is 554.58 square kilometres ( 214.12 sq mi ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "216", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jō Palisade Site 城生柵跡 Jō-no-saku iseki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jō_Palisade_Site", "summary": "Jō Palisade site ( 城生柵跡 , Jō-no-saku ato ) is the site of a Nara period jōsaku-style Japanese castle located in what is now part of the town of Kami in Kami District , Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu , Japan . The site was proclaimed a National National Historic Site on May 18 , 1976 . The actual name of this fortification remains unknown , and it has been postulated that it was possibly the Shikima-saku or Takazukuri-saku mentioned in historical records , although evidence is scant . It is roughly contemporary with the larger Taga Castle to the southeast ." } ] }, { "value": "Kami", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kami,_Miyagi", "summary": "Kami ( 加美町 , Kami-machi ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 24,004 and a population density of 52.1 persons per km2 in 8014 households . The total area of the town is 460.67 square kilometres ( 177.87 sq mi ) . ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "230", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nishinohama Shell Mound 西の浜貝塚 Nishinohama kaizuka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nishinohama_Shell_Mound", "summary": "Nishinohama Shell Midden ( 西の浜貝塚 , Nishinohama Kaizuka ) is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the town of Matsushima , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period , and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish , fish , animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts , including earthenware shards , fishing hooks , etc . Located on the northwest shore of Matsushima Bay , the shell midden is on a small peninsula about 15 meters from the current coastline . The midden measures 130 meters from east-west and 200 meters from north-south . As with the nearby Satohama shell mound , it is considered a type site for Jōmon period artifacts in the southern Tohoku region . Excavation in 1957-1958 and in 1965 found the remains from the early through the late Jōmon period , along with Yayoi period burial mounds . Artifacts included bone fish hooks , harpoons and swords made from bone , along with the bones of deer and wild boar . Some of the earthenware pots found at the site appear to have been used for the production of sea salt ." } ] }, { "value": "Matsushima", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matsushima,_Miyagi", "summary": "Matsushima ( 松島町 , Matsushima-machi ) is a town in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 13,553 , and a population density of 253 persons per km² . The total area of the town is 53.56 square kilometres ( 20.68 sq mi ) . It is most famous as the location of Matsushima Bay , one of the Three Views of Japan , and is also the site of the Zuigan-ji , Entsū-in and Kanrantei ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "218", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sendai Kōriyama Government Offices Site 仙台郡山官衙遺跡群 Sendai Kōriyama kanga iseki-gun", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sendai", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sendai", "summary": "Sendai ( 仙台市 , Sendai-shi , Japanese : [ seꜜndai ] ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture , Japan , the largest city in the Tōhoku region , and the second largest city north of Tokyo . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had a population of 1,089,372 , and is one of Japan 's 20 designated cities . The city was founded in 1600 by the daimyō Date Masamune . It is nicknamed the City of Trees ( 杜の都 , Mori no Miyako ) ; there are zelkova trees lining many of the main thoroughfares such as Jōzenji Street ( 定禅寺通 , Jōzenji dōri ) and Aoba Street ( 青葉通 , Aoba dōri ) . In the summer , the Sendai Tanabata Festival , the largest Tanabata festival in Japan , is held . In winter , the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the Pageant of Starlight ( 光のページェント , Hikari no pējento ) , lasting through most of December . On March 11 , 2011 , coastal areas of the city suffered catastrophic damage from a magnitude 9.0 offshore earthquake , which triggered a destructive tsunami ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "00003496", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sendai Castle Site 仙台城跡 Sendai-jō ato", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sendai_Castle", "summary": "Aoba Castle ( 青葉城 , Aoba-jō ) is a Japanese castle located in Sendai , Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . Throughout the Edo period , Aoba Castle was home to the Date clan , daimyō of Sendai Domain . The castle was also known as Sendai-jō ( 仙台城 ) or as Gojō-rō ( 五城楼 ) . In 2003 , the castle site was designated a National Historic Monument ." } ] }, { "value": "Sendai", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sendai", "summary": "Sendai ( 仙台市 , Sendai-shi , Japanese : [ seꜜndai ] ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture , Japan , the largest city in the Tōhoku region , and the second largest city north of Tokyo . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had a population of 1,089,372 , and is one of Japan 's 20 designated cities . The city was founded in 1600 by the daimyō Date Masamune . It is nicknamed the City of Trees ( 杜の都 , Mori no Miyako ) ; there are zelkova trees lining many of the main thoroughfares such as Jōzenji Street ( 定禅寺通 , Jōzenji dōri ) and Aoba Street ( 青葉通 , Aoba dōri ) . In the summer , the Sendai Tanabata Festival , the largest Tanabata festival in Japan , is held . In winter , the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the Pageant of Starlight ( 光のページェント , Hikari no pējento ) , lasting through most of December . On March 11 , 2011 , coastal areas of the city suffered catastrophic damage from a magnitude 9.0 offshore earthquake , which triggered a destructive tsunami ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "3371", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sendai Domain Hanayama Village Nuruyu Bansho Site 仙台藩花山村寒湯番所跡 Sendai-han Hanayama-mura Nuruyu-bansho ato", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nuruyu_Bansho_Site", "summary": "Nuruyu Bansho Site ( 仙台藩花山村寒湯番所跡 , Sendai-han Hanayama-mura Nuruyu-bansho ato ) is the location of a former barrier gate and guard post between Sendai Domain and Akita Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan . The site is located within what is now the city of Kurihara in Miyagi Prefecture . Under the Tokugawa shogunate , government installations were established at strategic locations along traffic routes , where travellers were stopped for inspection , tolls were levied and suspicious travellers detained for interrogation . The Nuruyu Bansho was one such location , erected in 1608 , to control a mountain pass in the Ōu Mountains . It was located about 27.4 km northwest of old Tsukiji town and 100 m east of an onsen village on the border of the domain . The site consists of a four-pillar gate with a thatched roof , decorated with the Date clan mon . Within the gate is the bansho itself - a two-story late Edo-period building measuring 23.19 meters by 11.89 meters , which was built in the Ansei era . It contains a local history museum . The site is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site ." } ] }, { "value": "Kurihara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kurihara,_Miyagi", "summary": "Kurihara ( 栗原市 , Kurihara-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,925 , and a population density of 86.8 persons per km² in 24,894 households . The total area of the city is 804.97 square kilometres ( 310.80 sq mi ) . Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "204", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Daikichiyama Tile Kiln Site 大吉山瓦窯跡 Daikichiyama kawara kama ato", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daikichiyama_Tile_Kiln_Site", "summary": "Daikichiyama Tile Kiln site ( 大吉山瓦窯跡 , Daikichiyama Kawara Kama-ato ) is the remains of a late Nara period , early Heian period roof tile production site located in what is now the city of Ōsaki , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . As the Yamato government extended its control over Mutsu Province in the 8th Century AD , a number of fortified administrative centers and Buddhist temples were built in the area centered on Taga Castle . One feature of the buildings in these structures was the use of tiled roofs , which was a symbol of continental culture and the advanced state of the central administration . The Daikichiyama Kilns are one of several which have been found within what is now Miyagi Prefecture . These kilns were located in hilly land , near the sources of clay and fuel for the kilns ; however , from the design patterns on shards found at the site , it was determined that the tiles from the kilns were used at Taga Castle , over 40 kilometers to the south , among other areas . The site is located on the eastern slope of a hill about 50 meters in height , and consists of perhaps five kilns . The kilns are built underground into the slope of a hill , and are a stepless form of the traditional anagama kiln . The site has not be excavated in detail . Various styles of roof tiles have been recovered from the site , including cylindrical , flat , arch-shaped , and parts of a demon-shaped end tile . These are identical to tiles found at the site of Taga Castle , indicating that this was an official kiln of Mutsu Province ." } ] }, { "value": "Ōsaki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ōsaki,_Miyagi", "summary": "Ōsaki ( 大崎市 , Ōsaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 28 February 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 132,930 , and a population density of 167 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 796.76 square kilometres ( 307.63 sq mi ) . Ōsaki is a member of the World Health Organizations Alliance for Healthy Cities ( AFHC ) ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "221", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Daigigakoi Shell Mound 大木囲貝塚 Daigigakoi kaizuka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daigigakoi_Shell_Mound", "summary": "Daigigakoi Shell Midden ( 大木囲貝塚 , Daigigakoi Kaizuka ) is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the town of Shichigahama , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . Due to the quantity , quality and variety of artifacts discovered , it has become a type site for the dating of Jōmon period remains in the southern Tōhoku region . It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1968 . The rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period , and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish , fish , animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts , including earthenware shards , fishing hooks , etc . The Daigigakoi Shell Midden is located on the south shore of Matsushima Bay , at an elevation of approximately thirty-five meters from the present-day coastline . The midden is very large , extending for 270 meters east-west and 280 meters north-south , in a roughly horseshoe shape , indicating continuous usage over thousands of years . In the central clearing , the remains of at least eight pit dwellings have been found . A preliminary survey was conducted intermittently from 1917-1918 , 1925 and 1927-1929 . More comprehensive excavations were conducted in 1949 , 1963 and 1965 by Tohoku University ; and again from 1972-1981 . Many of the artifacts found are housed in a local museum at the site ." } ] }, { "value": "Shichigahama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shichigahama,_Miyagi", "summary": "Shichigahama ( 七ヶ浜町 , Shichigahama-machi ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 18,120 , and a population density of 1,374 persons per km² in 6,598 households . The total area of the town is 13.19 square kilometres ( 5.09 sq mi ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan", "summary": "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ." } ] }, { "value": "209", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "National Historic Sites", "section_text": "As of 1 July 2019 , thirty-six Sites have been designated as being of national significance ( including one *Special Historic Site ) ; the Dewa Sendai Kaidō Nakayamagoe Pass spans the prefectural borders with Yamagata . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]", "uid": "List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Miyagi)_0", "intro": "This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Prefecture of Miyagi." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_European_Team_Championships_Super_League", "title": "2013 European Team Championships Super League", "header": [ "Rank", "Name", "Nationality", "Time", "Points" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yekaterina Sharmina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yekaterina_Sharmina", "summary": "Yekaterina Mikhaylovna Sharmina ( née Martynova ; Russian : Екатерина Михайловна Мартынова ; born August 6 , 1986 in Bryansk ) is a Russian runner who specializes in the middle distance events . She is coached by Svetlana Pleskach-Styrkina , who also coaches Yekaterina Kostetskaya ." } ] }, { "value": "Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russia", "summary": "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ." } ] }, { "value": "4:08.86", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Isabel Macías", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Isabel_Macías", "summary": "Isabel Macías Chow is a Spanish runner who specializes in the middle distance events ." } ] }, { "value": "Spain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Spain", "summary": "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ." } ] }, { "value": "4:09.95", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Renata Pliś", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Renata_Pliś", "summary": "Renata Pliś ( born February 5 , 1985 ) is a Polish runner who specializes in the middle distance events ." } ] }, { "value": "Poland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Poland", "summary": "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ." } ] }, { "value": "4:10.73", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Margherita Magnani", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Margherita_Magnani", "summary": "Margherita Magnani ( born 26 February 1987 ) is an Italian middle-distance runner ." } ] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Italy", "summary": "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ." } ] }, { "value": "4:11.01", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hannah England", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hannah_England", "summary": "Hannah England ( born 6 March 1987 ) is a British middle-distance running athlete who specialises in the 800 metres , 1500 metres and mile run . At 1500 m , she is the 2011 World Championship silver medallist and finished fourth at the 2013 World Championships . She also competed at the 2012 Olympic Games in London . England is one of only five British women in history ( as of 2019 ) to have run under two minutes for 800 m and nine minutes for 3000 m , the others being Christina Boxer , Kirsty Wade , Jessica Judd and Laura Muir . She announced her retirement from athletics on 14 January 2020 but plans to continue in her role as a national treasure ." } ] }, { "value": "Great Britain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_Kingdom", "summary": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ." } ] }, { "value": "4:11.02", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Olena Zhushman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ukraine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ukraine", "summary": "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ." } ] }, { "value": "4:11.77", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elina Sujew", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Germany", "summary": "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ." } ] }, { "value": "4:13.27", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tuğba Karakaya-Koyuncu", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turkey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Turkey", "summary": "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ." } ] }, { "value": "4:14.95", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Natallia Kareiva", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Natallia_Kareiva", "summary": "Natallia Stanislavauna Kareiva ( Belarusian : Наталля Станіславаўна Карэйва ; born November 14 , 1985 ) is a Belarusian runner who specializes in the middle distance events . Kareiva received a two-year ban from the sport for doping after her biological passport showed abnormalities . The ban was set for the periods from August 2014 to 2016 and all her performances from July 28 , 2010 up to that period were erased ." } ] }, { "value": "Belarus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belarus", "summary": "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ." } ] }, { "value": "4:15.43", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Laurane Picoche", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laurane_Picoche", "summary": "Laurane Picoche ( born 17 July 1985 at Remiremont ) is a French athlete , who specializes in the distance races and in the middle distance races ." } ] }, { "value": "France", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/France", "summary": "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "4:18.09", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sofía Pitoúli", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greece", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greece", "summary": "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ." } ] }, { "value": "4:20.29", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ingeborg Løvnes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ingeborg_Løvnes", "summary": "Ingeborg Løvnes ( born 5 September 1992 ) is a Norwegian athlete specialising in the 3000 metres steeplechase . She is a daughter of middle-distance runner Kirsti Voldnes . In 2016 , Ingeborg Løvnes won her first national championship , equalling her mother who also took one title ." } ] }, { "value": "Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norway", "summary": "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ." } ] }, { "value": "4:25.87", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Women -- 1500 metres", "section_text": "", "uid": "2013_European_Team_Championships_Super_League_24", "intro": "These are the complete results of the 2013 European Team Championships Super League on 22 and 23 June 2013 in Gateshead, Great Britain. As with the previous championships there were a couple of rules applying specifically to this competition, such as the limit of three attempts in the throwing events, long jump and triple jump (only the top four were allowed the fourth attempt) and the limit of four misses total in the high jump and pole vault." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_canal_tunnels_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "List of canal tunnels in the United Kingdom", "header": [ "Tunnel", "Canal", "Length", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "Ashford Tunnel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brecknock_and_Abergavenny_Canal", "summary": "The Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal ( Welsh : Camlas Sir Fynwy a Brycheiniog ) is a small network of canals in South Wales . For most of its currently ( 2018 ) navigable 35-mile ( 56 km ) length it runs through the Brecon Beacons National Park , and its present rural character and tranquillity belies its original purpose as an industrial corridor for coal and iron , which were brought to the canal by a network of tramways and/or railroads , many of which were built and owned by the canal company . The Mon and Brec was originally two independent canals - the Monmouthshire Canal from Newport to Pontymoile Basin ( including the Crumlin Arm ) and the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal running from Pontymoile to Brecon . Both canals were abandoned in 1962 , but the Brecknock and Abergavenny route and a small section of the Monmouthshire route have been reopened since 1970 . Much of the rest of the original Monmouthshire Canal is the subject of a restoration plan , which includes the construction of a new marina at the Newport end of the canal ." } ] }, { "value": "375 yards ( 343 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brecknockshire / Powys Tunnel narrows considerably between northern and southern portals due to repairs to its fabric but is nevertheless navigable by a narrowboat with relative ease", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brecknockshire", "summary": "Brecknockshire ( Welsh : Sir Frycheiniog ) , also known as the County of Brecknock , Breconshire , or the County of Brecon is one of thirteen historic counties of Wales , and a former administrative county . Named after its county town of Brecon ( archaically Brecknock ) , the county is mountainous and primarily rural ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Powys", "summary": "Powys ( /ˈpoʊɪs , ˈpaʊɪs/ ; Welsh : [ ˈpowɪs ] ) is a principal area and county , and one of the preserved counties of Wales . It is named after the Kingdom of Powys which was a Welsh successor state , petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain ." } ] }, { "value": "Blisworth Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blisworth_Tunnel", "summary": "Blisworth Tunnel is a canal tunnel on the Grand Union Canal in Northamptonshire , England , between the villages of Stoke Bruerne at the southern end and Blisworth at the northern end ." } ] }, { "value": "Grand Union Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal", "summary": "The Grand Union Canal in England is part of the British canal system . Its main line starts in London and ends in Birmingham , stretching for 137 miles ( 220 km ) with 166 locks . It has arms to places including Leicester , Slough , Aylesbury , Wendover and Northampton . The Grand Union Canal was also the original name for part of what is now part of the Leicester Line of the modern Grand Union : this latter is now generally referred to as the Old Grand Union Canal to avoid ambiguity ." } ] }, { "value": "3,056 yards ( 2,794 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Northamptonshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northamptonshire", "summary": "Northamptonshire ( /nɔːrˈθæmptənʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; abbreviated Northants . ) , archaically known as the County of Northampton , is a county in the East Midlands of England . In 2015 it had a population of 723,000 . The county is administered by Northamptonshire County Council and by seven non-metropolitan district councils . It is known as The Rose of the Shires . Covering an area of 2,364 square kilometres ( 913 sq mi ) , Northamptonshire is landlocked between eight other counties : Warwickshire to the west , Leicestershire and Rutland to the north , Cambridgeshire to the east , Bedfordshire to the south-east , Buckinghamshire to the south , Oxfordshire to the south-west and Lincolnshire to the north-east - England 's shortest administrative county boundary at 20 yards ( 19 metres ) . Northamptonshire is the southernmost county in the East Midlands region . Apart from the county town of Northampton , other major population centres include Kettering , Corby , Wellingborough , Rushden and Daventry . Northamptonshire 's county flower is the cowslip ." } ] }, { "value": "Branwood Tunnel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stratford-upon-Avon Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon_Canal", "summary": "The Stratford-upon-Avon Canal is a canal in the south Midlands of England . The canal , which was built between 1793 and 1816 , runs for 25.5 miles ( 41.0 km ) in total , and consists of two sections . The dividing line is at Kingswood Junction , which gives access to the Grand Union Canal . Following acquisition by a railway company in 1856 , it gradually declined , the southern section being un-navigable by 1945 , and the northern section little better . The northern section was the setting for a high-profile campaign by the fledgling Inland Waterways Association in 1947 , involving the right of navigation under Tunnel Lane bridge , which required the Great Western Railway to jack it up in order to allow boats to pass . These actions saved the section from closure . The southern section was restored by the National Trust between 1961 and 1964 , after an attempt to close it was thwarted . The revived canal was re-opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother , and responsibility for it was transferred to British Waterways in 1988 ." } ] }, { "value": "352 yards ( 322 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Braunston Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Braunston_Tunnel", "summary": "Braunston Tunnel is on the Grand Union Canal about 830 yds ( 760 m ) east of Braunston , Northamptonshire , England top lock . It is in the northern outskirts of Daventry , about 2 km east of the village of Braunston . Braunston Tunnel is 2,042 yards ( 1,867 m ) in length . Built by Jessop and Barnes , the tunnel has no towpath and is 4.8m wide by 3.76m high . It was opened in 1796 . Its construction was delayed by soil movement and it was probably the resulting [ clarification needed ] movement that led to the tunnel having a slight 'S ' bend . There is room for two 7 ft ( 2.13 m ) beam boats to pass . There are three air shafts along its length . The tunnel passes underground alongside another Grand Union Canal feature , Drayton Reservoir , from which the feeder enters the canal at the east end of the tunnel ." } ] }, { "value": "Grand Union Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal", "summary": "The Grand Union Canal in England is part of the British canal system . Its main line starts in London and ends in Birmingham , stretching for 137 miles ( 220 km ) with 166 locks . It has arms to places including Leicester , Slough , Aylesbury , Wendover and Northampton . The Grand Union Canal was also the original name for part of what is now part of the Leicester Line of the modern Grand Union : this latter is now generally referred to as the Old Grand Union Canal to avoid ambiguity ." } ] }, { "value": "2,042 yards ( 1,867 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Northamptonshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northamptonshire", "summary": "Northamptonshire ( /nɔːrˈθæmptənʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; abbreviated Northants . ) , archaically known as the County of Northampton , is a county in the East Midlands of England . In 2015 it had a population of 723,000 . The county is administered by Northamptonshire County Council and by seven non-metropolitan district councils . It is known as The Rose of the Shires . Covering an area of 2,364 square kilometres ( 913 sq mi ) , Northamptonshire is landlocked between eight other counties : Warwickshire to the west , Leicestershire and Rutland to the north , Cambridgeshire to the east , Bedfordshire to the south-east , Buckinghamshire to the south , Oxfordshire to the south-west and Lincolnshire to the north-east - England 's shortest administrative county boundary at 20 yards ( 19 metres ) . Northamptonshire is the southernmost county in the East Midlands region . Apart from the county town of Northampton , other major population centres include Kettering , Corby , Wellingborough , Rushden and Daventry . Northamptonshire 's county flower is the cowslip ." } ] }, { "value": "Bruce Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bruce_Tunnel", "summary": "The Bruce Tunnel is on the summit pound of the Kennet and Avon Canal between Wootton Top Lock and Crofton Locks in Wiltshire , England . The tunnel is 502 yards ( 459 m ) long . It is named after Thomas Brudenell-Bruce , 1st Earl of Ailesbury ( 1729-1814 ) , the local landowner , who , when the canal was being built , would not allow a deep cutting through his land , and insisted on a tunnel instead . At the eastern end of the tunnel is a plaque commemorating its construction :" } ] }, { "value": "Kennet and Avon Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal", "summary": "The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of 87 miles ( 140 km ) , made up of two lengths of navigable river linked by a canal . The name is commonly used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than solely to the central canal section . From Bristol to Bath the waterway follows the natural course of the River Avon before the canal links it to the River Kennet at Newbury , and from there to Reading on the River Thames . In all , the waterway incorporates 105 locks . The two river stretches were made navigable in the early 18th century , and the 57-mile ( 92 km ) canal section was constructed between 1794 and 1810 . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the canal gradually fell into disuse after the opening of the Great Western Railway . In the latter half of the 20th century the canal was restored in stages , largely by volunteers . After decades of dereliction and much restoration work , it was fully reopened in 1990 . The Kennet and Avon Canal has been developed as a popular heritage tourism destination for boating , canoeing , fishing , walking and cycling , and is also important for wildlife conservation ." } ] }, { "value": "502 yards ( 459 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Butterley Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Butterley_Tunnel", "summary": "Butterley Tunnel is a one and three quarter mile long canal tunnel on the Cromford Canal below Ripley , in Derbyshire , England , opened to traffic in 1794 . Along with Butterley Works blast furnaces , part of the canal tunnel and its underground wharf were declared a scheduled monument in 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Cromford Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cromford_Canal", "summary": "The Cromford Canal ran 14.5 miles ( 23.3 kilometres ) from Cromford to the Erewash Canal in Derbyshire , England with a branch to Pinxton . Built by William Jessop with the assistance of Benjamin Outram , its alignment included four tunnels and 14 locks . From Cromford it ran south following the 275-foot ( 84 m ) contour line along the east side of the valley of the Derwent to Ambergate , where it turned eastwards along the Amber valley . It turned sharply to cross the valley , crossing the river and the Ambergate to Nottingham road , by means of an aqueduct at Bullbridge , before turning towards Ripley . From there the Butterley Tunnel took it through to the Erewash Valley . From the tunnel it continued to Ironville , the junction for the branch to Pinxton , and then descended through fourteen locks to meet the Erewash Canal at Langley Mill . The Pinxton Branch became important as a route for Nottinghamshire coal , via the Erewash , to the River Trent and Leicester and was a terminus of the Mansfield and Pinxton Railway . A 6-mile ( 9.7 km ) long section of the Cromford canal between Cromford and Ambergate is listed as a Biological Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) and a Local Nature Reserve . In addition to purely canal traffic , there was a lively freight interchange with the Cromford and High Peak Railway , which traversed the plateau of the Peak District from Whaley Bridge in the north west , and which descended to the canal at High Peak Junction by means of an inclined plane ." } ] }, { "value": "3,063 yards ( 2,801 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Derbyshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Derbyshire", "summary": "Derbyshire ( /ˈdɑːrbiʃər , -ʃɪər/ ) is a county in the East Midlands of England . A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire , containing the southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills which extend into the north of the county . The county contains part of the National Forest , and borders on Greater Manchester to the northwest , West Yorkshire to the north , South Yorkshire to the northeast , Nottinghamshire to the east , Leicestershire to the southeast , Staffordshire to the west and southwest and Cheshire also to the west . Kinder Scout , at 636 metres ( 2,087 ft ) , is the highest point in the county , whilst Trent Meadows , where the River Trent leaves Derbyshire , is its lowest point at 27 metres ( 89 ft ) . :1 The River Derwent is the county 's longest river at 66 miles ( 106 km ) , and runs roughly north to south through the county . In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms ( near Swadlincote ) as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain . The city of Derby is a unitary authority area , but remains part of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire . The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants . There is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland : 75% of the population live in 25% of the area . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Chirk Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chirk_Tunnel", "summary": "Chirk Tunnel is a canal tunnel near Chirk , Wales . It lies on the Llangollen Canal , immediately northwards of the Chirk Aqueduct . It is 421 metres ( 460 yd ) long and has a complete towpath inside . The tunnel is designed for a single standard narrowboat , so passing is not possible . The tunnel is straight enough to be able to see if a boat is already inside the tunnel , and boats are required to show a light . Northbound boats must maintain power and momentum in order to push through , due to the shallow , narrow nature of the canal in the tunnel ( such that water has little space to pass around the displacement of the boat ) , and the relatively fast 2 miles per hour ( 3.2 km/h ) southbound current of the canal . The tunnel , the tunnel portals and the canal basin are collectively a Grade II* listed structure ." } ] }, { "value": "Llangollen Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Llangollen_Canal", "summary": "The Llangollen Canal ( Welsh : Camlas Llangollen ) is a navigable canal crossing the border between England and Wales . The waterway links Llangollen in Denbighshire , north Wales , with Hurleston in south Cheshire , via the town of Ellesmere , Shropshire . The name , which was coined in the 1980s , is a modern designation for parts of the historic Ellesmere Canal and the Llangollen navigable feeder , both of which became part of the Shropshire Union Canals in 1846 . The Ellesmere Canal was proposed by industrialists at Ruabon and Brymbo , and two disconnected sections were built . The northern section ran from Ellesmere Port on the River Mersey to Chester , where it joined the Chester Canal , and opened in 1795 . Work on the southern section began at Frankton , with a line southwards to Llanymynech , and subsequently , a second section was built westwards towards Trevor . This involved crossing the Afon Ceiriog and the River Dee , which was achieved by building two vast aqueducts , using iron troughs to contain the water . The Ceiriog was crossed at Chirk , and Chirk Aqueduct opened in 1801 , to exploit local supplies of iron and coal . The canal then passed through Chirk Tunnel , and reached the southern end of Pontcysyllte Aqueduct in 1802 , which was not completed until 1805 . To join the two halves up , a heavily engineered route from Trevor Basin via Ruabon and Brymbo to the River Dee at Chester was planned , but very little of it was built . Instead , the present route from Frankton to Hurleston Junction on the Chester Canal was constructed , and opened in 1805 . As the route never reached the water reservoir at Moss Valley , Wrexham ( built in 1786 ) , a navigable feeder was built to Llantisilio where the Horseshoe Falls weir was constructed on the River Dee to supply the canal ." } ] }, { "value": "459 yards ( 420 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Near Chirk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chirk", "summary": "Chirk ( Welsh : Y Waun , meaning The Moor ) is a small town and local government community in Wales . It is located in the traditional county of Denbighshire , although is currently administered as part of Wrexham County Borough . In the 2011 census , it had a population of 4,468 . It is located 10 miles south of Wrexham . It is situated between Wrexham and Oswestry and has been part of the County Borough since local government reorganisation in 1996 . The border with the English county of Shropshire is immediately south of the town , on the other side of the River Ceiriog . The town is served by Chirk railway station and the A5/A483 roads ." } ] }, { "value": "Cookley Tunnel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Staffordshire & Worcestershire Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Staffordshire_&_Worcestershire_Canal", "summary": "The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal is a navigable narrow canal in Staffordshire and Worcestershire in the English Midlands . It is 46 miles ( 74 km ) long , linking the River Severn at Stourport in Worcestershire with the Trent and Mersey Canal at Haywood Junction by Great Haywood ." } ] }, { "value": "65 yards ( 59 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drakeholes Tunnel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chesterfield Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chesterfield_Canal", "summary": "The Chesterfield Canal is a narrow canal in the East Midlands of England and it is known locally as 'Cuckoo Dyke ' . It was one of the last of the canals designed by James Brindley , who died while it was being constructed . It was opened in 1777 and ran for 46 miles ( 74 km ) from the River Trent at West Stockwith , Nottinghamshire to Chesterfield , Derbyshire , passing through the Norwood Tunnel at Kiveton Park , at the time one of the longest tunnels on the British canal system . The canal was built to export coal , limestone , and lead from Derbyshire , iron from Chesterfield , and corn , deals , timber , groceries and general merchandise into Derbyshire . The stone for the Palace of Westminster was quarried in North Anston , Rotherham , and transported via the canal . It was reasonably profitable , paying dividends from 1789 , and with the coming of the railways , some of the proprietors formed a railway company . It became part of the Manchester , Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway company , and although there were intermittent plans to convert parts of it to a railway , it continued to thrive as a canal . In 1907 , subsidence from local coal mines caused the collapse of the Norwood Tunnel , and the canal was effectively split in two . Subsequently , the main use of the Chesterfield end was the supply of water to the iron industry , while commercial carrying continued on the Worksop to Stockwith section until the late 1950s . It was formally closed in 1961 , but campaigners fought for it to be retained , and the Worksop to Stockwith section was designated as a cruiseway under the Transport Act 1968 , meaning that it would be retained for leisure use . The rest was designated as a remainder waterway , and parts were sold off , with housing being built over the route through Killamarsh . The Chesterfield Canal Society was formed in 1978 to spearhead restoration , becoming the Chesterfield Canal Trust in 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "154 yards ( 141 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dudley Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dudley_Tunnel", "summary": "Dudley Tunnel is a canal tunnel on the Dudley Canal Line No 1 , England . At about 3,172 yards ( 2,900.5 m ) long , it is now the second longest canal tunnel on the UK canal network today . ( Standedge Tunnel is the longest , at 5,456 yards ( 4,989.0 m ) , and the 3,931 yards ( 3,594.5 m ) Higham and Strood tunnel is now rail only ) . However , since the Dudley Tunnel is not continuous this status is sometimes questioned : [ citation needed ] ( the main tunnel is 2,942 yards ( 2,690.2 m ) , Lord Ward 's tunnel is 196 yards ( 179.2 m ) and Castle Mill basin is 34 yards ( 31.1 m ) ) . In 1959 the British Transport Commission sought to close the tunnel but this led to an Inland Waterways Association-organised massed protest cruise in 1960 . The tunnel was however closed in 1962 ; and was further threatened with permanent closure by British Railways who wished to replace a railway viaduct at the Tipton portal with an embankment and a culvert . However , this never happened as the railway was closed in 1968 and the disused bridge demolished in the 1990s . The tunnel was reopened in 1973 , as a result of restoration , which had been a collaboration between local volunteers ( originally the Dudley Canal Tunnel Preservation Society , later the Dudley Canal Trust ) , and the local authority , Dudley Borough Council . The opening ceremony was advertised as TRAD 1973 - Tunnel Reopening at Dudley ." } ] }, { "value": "Birmingham Canal Navigations", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham_Canal_Navigations", "summary": "Birmingham Canal Navigations ( BCN ) is a network of canals connecting Birmingham , Wolverhampton , and the eastern part of the Black Country . The BCN is connected to the rest of the English canal system at several junctions . At its working peak , the BCN contained about 160 miles ( 257 km ) of canals ; today just over 100 miles ( 160 km ) are navigable , and the majority of traffic is from tourist and residential narrowboats ." } ] }, { "value": "3,172 yards ( 2,900 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Part of Dudley Canal Line No 1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dudley_Canal_Line_No_1", "summary": "The Dudley Canal is a canal passing through Dudley in the West Midlands of England . The canal is part of the English and Welsh connected network of navigable inland waterways , and in particular forms part of the popular Stourport Ring narrowboat cruising route . The first short section , which connected to the Stourbridge Canal , opened in 1779 , and this was connected through the Dudley Tunnel to the Birmingham Canal system in 1792 . Almost immediately , work started on an extension , called Line No . 2 , which ran through another long tunnel at Lapal , to reach the Worcester and Birmingham Canal . This was completed in 1798 , but significant trade had to wait until the Worcester and Birmingham was completed in 1802 . In 1846 , the company amalgamated with the Birmingham Canal Navigations , and various improvements followed , including the Netherton Tunnel , of a similar length to the Dudley Tunnel , but much bigger , with towpaths on both sides and gas lighting . It was the last canal tunnel built in England . Subsidence from coal mining was a significant problem for much of the life of the canal . The Lapal Tunnel was regularly affected , and a section near Blackbrook Junction fell into mine workings in 1894 . The route was restored , but the short Two Locks Line nearby was abandoned in 1909 , and the Lapal Tunnel , which has used a pump and stop-locks to create flows to assist the boats in their passage , suffered the same fate in 1917 . Most of the canal was abandoned in the 1960s , but a committee was formed , which became the Dudley Canal Trust , and restoration took place , culminating in the reopening of Dudley Tunnel in 1973 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dursley Tunnel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Staffordshire & Worcestershire Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Staffordshire_&_Worcestershire_Canal", "summary": "The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal is a navigable narrow canal in Staffordshire and Worcestershire in the English Midlands . It is 46 miles ( 74 km ) long , linking the River Severn at Stourport in Worcestershire with the Trent and Mersey Canal at Haywood Junction by Great Haywood ." } ] }, { "value": "25 yards ( 23 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gosty Hill Tunnel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Birmingham Canal Navigations", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham_Canal_Navigations", "summary": "Birmingham Canal Navigations ( BCN ) is a network of canals connecting Birmingham , Wolverhampton , and the eastern part of the Black Country . The BCN is connected to the rest of the English canal system at several junctions . At its working peak , the BCN contained about 160 miles ( 257 km ) of canals ; today just over 100 miles ( 160 km ) are navigable , and the majority of traffic is from tourist and residential narrowboats ." } ] }, { "value": "557 yards ( 509 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Part of Dudley Canal Line No 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dudley_Canal_Line_No_2", "summary": "The Dudley Canal is a canal passing through Dudley in the West Midlands of England . The canal is part of the English and Welsh connected network of navigable inland waterways , and in particular forms part of the popular Stourport Ring narrowboat cruising route . The first short section , which connected to the Stourbridge Canal , opened in 1779 , and this was connected through the Dudley Tunnel to the Birmingham Canal system in 1792 . Almost immediately , work started on an extension , called Line No . 2 , which ran through another long tunnel at Lapal , to reach the Worcester and Birmingham Canal . This was completed in 1798 , but significant trade had to wait until the Worcester and Birmingham was completed in 1802 . In 1846 , the company amalgamated with the Birmingham Canal Navigations , and various improvements followed , including the Netherton Tunnel , of a similar length to the Dudley Tunnel , but much bigger , with towpaths on both sides and gas lighting . It was the last canal tunnel built in England . Subsidence from coal mining was a significant problem for much of the life of the canal . The Lapal Tunnel was regularly affected , and a section near Blackbrook Junction fell into mine workings in 1894 . The route was restored , but the short Two Locks Line nearby was abandoned in 1909 , and the Lapal Tunnel , which has used a pump and stop-locks to create flows to assist the boats in their passage , suffered the same fate in 1917 . Most of the canal was abandoned in the 1960s , but a committee was formed , which became the Dudley Canal Trust , and restoration took place , culminating in the reopening of Dudley Tunnel in 1973 ." } ] }, { "value": "Greywell Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greywell_Tunnel", "summary": "The Greywell Tunnel ( grid reference SU713517 ) is a 0.6 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) in Hampshire , England , notified in 1985 . When opened in 1794 it was the longest tunnel on the Basingstoke Canal . It was closed due to a roof fall in 1932 ." } ] }, { "value": "Basingstoke Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Basingstoke_Canal", "summary": "The Basingstoke Canal is a British canal , completed in 1794 , built to connect Basingstoke with the River Thames at Weybridge via the Wey Navigation . From Basingstoke , the canal passes through or near Greywell , North Warnborough , Odiham , Dogmersfield , Fleet , Farnborough Airfield , Aldershot , Mytchett , Brookwood , Knaphill and Woking . Its eastern end is at Byfleet , where it connects to the Wey Navigation . This , in turn , leads to the River Thames at Weybridge . Its intended purpose was to allow boats to travel from the docks in East London to Basingstoke . It was never a commercial success and , from 1950 , lack of maintenance allowed the canal to become increasingly derelict . After many years of neglect , restoration commenced in 1977 and on 10 May 1991 the canal was reopened as a fully navigable waterway from the River Wey to almost as far as the Greywell Tunnel . However its usage is currently still limited by low water supply and conservation issues ." } ] }, { "value": "1,200 yards ( 1,100 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Closed to traffic following cave-in . Now home to Europe 's largest bat colony", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hardham Tunnel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arun Navigation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arun_Navigation", "summary": "The River Arun ( /ˈærən/ ) is a river in the English county of West Sussex . At 37 miles ( 60 km ) long , it is the longest river entirely in Sussex and one of the longest starting in Sussex after the River Medway , River Wey and River Mole . From the series of small streams that form its source in the area of St Leonard 's Forest in the Weald , the Arun flows westwards through Horsham to Nowhurst where it is joined by the North River . Turning to the south , it is joined by its main tributary , the western River Rother , and continues through a gap in the South Downs to Arundel to join the English Channel at Littlehampton . It is one of the faster flowing rivers in England , and is tidal as far inland as Pallingham Quay , 25.5 miles ( 41.0 km ) upstream from the sea at Littlehampton . The Arun gives its name to the Arun local government district of West Sussex . The first major improvements to the river were made between the 1540s and the 1570s , when Arundel became a port , and navigation up to Pallingham was improved , but barges had difficulty negotiating the flash locks that were installed . The work was carried out by Henry FitzAlan , 19th Earl of Arundel , who made the upper section toll-free . Harbour commissioners managed the lower river from Arundel to the sea from 1732 , and major improvements to keep the estuary free from silt were sanctioned by an Act of Parliament obtained in 1793 . With the coming of the railways and changes in coastal shipping , Littlehampton superseded Arundel as the port of the Arun , and the Littlehampton harbour commissioners are still responsible for the river up to Arundel , collecting tolls for its use . The river above Arundel was improved after 1785 . As the main channel was toll-free , the proprietors of the scheme built two major cuts ." } ] }, { "value": "375 yards ( 343 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Closed since 1888 ; blocked in 1895 by LBSCR under Mid Sussex Line and Midhurst-Pulborough Line", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mid_Sussex_Line", "summary": "The Arun Valley line , also known as the Mid Sussex line , is part of the Southern- and Thameslink-operated railway services . For the initial part of the route trains follow the Brighton main line , and at a junction south of Three Bridges the route turns westwards . It then runs via Crawley , Horsham ( where there is a junction with the Mole Valley line ) and Arundel , before meeting the West Coastway line at Arundel Junction . Trains on the Arun Valley line then proceed to Portsmouth & Southampton . Many stations on this line retain the short platforms which were originally built , not being extended by the Southern Railway when the line was modernised in the 1930s . This causes operational difficulties to this day , which require frequent platform and on-train announcements , telling passengers they must travel in the correct part of the train ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Midhurst_Railways", "summary": "The Midhurst Railways were three Branch lines which were built to serve the market town of Midhurst in the English county of West Sussex . The three lines radiated from the town ; south to Chichester , west to Petersfield , and east to Pulborough ." } ] }, { "value": "Harecastle Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harecastle_Tunnel", "summary": "Harecastle Tunnel is a canal tunnel on the Trent and Mersey Canal in Staffordshire between Kidsgrove and Tunstall . The tunnel , which is 1.5 mi ( 2.4 km ) long , was once one of the longest in the country . Its industrial purpose was for the transport of coal to the kilns in the Staffordshire Potteries . The canal runs under 195 m ( 640 ft ) Harecastle Hill near Goldenhill , the highest district in Stoke-on-Trent . Although described singularly as a tunnel , Harecastle is actually two separate but parallel tunnels built almost 50 years apart . The first was constructed by James Brindley in the late 18th century and the second larger tunnel was designed by Thomas Telford , and opened in the late 1820s . Only the Telford tunnel remains navigable after a partial collapse closed the Brindley tunnel shortly before the First World War . As the Telford tunnel is only wide enough for a single boat , canal traffic is managed by sending alternating northbound and southbound groups of boats through the tunnel . Ventilation is provided by large electric fans at the south portal ." } ] }, { "value": "Trent & Mersey Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Trent_&_Mersey_Canal", "summary": "The Trent and Mersey Canal is a 93 1⁄2-mile ( 150 km ) canal in Derbyshire , Staffordshire and Cheshire in north-central England . It is a narrow canal for the vast majority of its length , but at the extremities to the east of Burton upon Trent and north of Middlewich , it is a wide canal . The narrow locks and bridges are big enough for a single narrowboat 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) wide by 72 feet ( 22 m ) long , while the wide locks can accommodate boats 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) wide , or two narrowboats next to each other ." } ] }, { "value": "2,926 yards ( 2,676 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Staffordshire . Comprises parallel Brindley and Telford tunnels . ( The length stated is for the Telford tunnel . )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Staffordshire", "summary": "Staffordshire ( /ˈstæfərdʃɪər , -ʃər/ ; postal abbreviation Staffs . ) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England . It borders Cheshire to the northwest , Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east , Warwickshire to the southeast , West Midlands and Worcestershire to the south , and Shropshire to the west . The largest settlement in Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent , which is administered as an independent unitary authority , separately from the rest of the county . Lichfield , a smaller settlement , is a cathedral city . Other major settlements include Stafford , Burton upon Trent , Cannock , Newcastle-under-Lyme , Rugeley , Leek , and Tamworth . Smaller towns include Stone , Cheadle , Uttoxeter , Burntwood/Chasetown , Eccleshall , Biddulph , Penkridge and the large villages of Wombourne , Kinver , Tutbury , Alrewas , Barton-under-Needwood , Stretton and Abbots Bromley . Cannock Chase AONB is within the county as well as parts of the National Forest and the Peak District national park . Wolverhampton , Walsall , West Bromwich and Smethwick are within the historic county boundaries of Staffordshire , but since 1974 have been part of the West Midlands county . Apart from Stoke-on-Trent , Staffordshire is divided into the districts of Cannock Chase , East Staffordshire , Lichfield , Newcastle-under-Lyme , South Staffordshire , Stafford , Staffordshire Moorlands , and Tamworth ." } ] }, { "value": "Lapal Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lapal_Tunnel", "summary": "The Lapal Tunnel ( old spelling Lappal Tunnel ) is a disused 3,795-yard ( 3,470 m ) canal tunnel on the five mile dry section of the Dudley No . 2 Canal in the West Midlands , England . It takes its name from the settlement of Lapal ." } ] }, { "value": "Birmingham Canal Navigations", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham_Canal_Navigations", "summary": "Birmingham Canal Navigations ( BCN ) is a network of canals connecting Birmingham , Wolverhampton , and the eastern part of the Black Country . The BCN is connected to the rest of the English canal system at several junctions . At its working peak , the BCN contained about 160 miles ( 257 km ) of canals ; today just over 100 miles ( 160 km ) are navigable , and the majority of traffic is from tourist and residential narrowboats ." } ] }, { "value": "3,795 yards ( 3,470 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Part of Dudley Canal Line No 2 ( disused - closed 1907 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dudley_Canal_Line_No_2", "summary": "The Dudley Canal is a canal passing through Dudley in the West Midlands of England . The canal is part of the English and Welsh connected network of navigable inland waterways , and in particular forms part of the popular Stourport Ring narrowboat cruising route . The first short section , which connected to the Stourbridge Canal , opened in 1779 , and this was connected through the Dudley Tunnel to the Birmingham Canal system in 1792 . Almost immediately , work started on an extension , called Line No . 2 , which ran through another long tunnel at Lapal , to reach the Worcester and Birmingham Canal . This was completed in 1798 , but significant trade had to wait until the Worcester and Birmingham was completed in 1802 . In 1846 , the company amalgamated with the Birmingham Canal Navigations , and various improvements followed , including the Netherton Tunnel , of a similar length to the Dudley Tunnel , but much bigger , with towpaths on both sides and gas lighting . It was the last canal tunnel built in England . Subsidence from coal mining was a significant problem for much of the life of the canal . The Lapal Tunnel was regularly affected , and a section near Blackbrook Junction fell into mine workings in 1894 . The route was restored , but the short Two Locks Line nearby was abandoned in 1909 , and the Lapal Tunnel , which has used a pump and stop-locks to create flows to assist the boats in their passage , suffered the same fate in 1917 . Most of the canal was abandoned in the 1960s , but a committee was formed , which became the Dudley Canal Trust , and restoration took place , culminating in the reopening of Dudley Tunnel in 1973 ." } ] }, { "value": "Lord Ward 's Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lord_Ward's_Tunnel", "summary": "Dudley Tunnel is a canal tunnel on the Dudley Canal Line No 1 , England . At about 3,172 yards ( 2,900.5 m ) long , it is now the second longest canal tunnel on the UK canal network today . ( Standedge Tunnel is the longest , at 5,456 yards ( 4,989.0 m ) , and the 3,931 yards ( 3,594.5 m ) Higham and Strood tunnel is now rail only ) . However , since the Dudley Tunnel is not continuous this status is sometimes questioned : [ citation needed ] ( the main tunnel is 2,942 yards ( 2,690.2 m ) , Lord Ward 's tunnel is 196 yards ( 179.2 m ) and Castle Mill basin is 34 yards ( 31.1 m ) ) . In 1959 the British Transport Commission sought to close the tunnel but this led to an Inland Waterways Association-organised massed protest cruise in 1960 . The tunnel was however closed in 1962 ; and was further threatened with permanent closure by British Railways who wished to replace a railway viaduct at the Tipton portal with an embankment and a culvert . However , this never happened as the railway was closed in 1968 and the disused bridge demolished in the 1990s . The tunnel was reopened in 1973 , as a result of restoration , which had been a collaboration between local volunteers ( originally the Dudley Canal Tunnel Preservation Society , later the Dudley Canal Trust ) , and the local authority , Dudley Borough Council . The opening ceremony was advertised as TRAD 1973 - Tunnel Reopening at Dudley ." } ] }, { "value": "Birmingham Canal Navigations", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham_Canal_Navigations", "summary": "Birmingham Canal Navigations ( BCN ) is a network of canals connecting Birmingham , Wolverhampton , and the eastern part of the Black Country . The BCN is connected to the rest of the English canal system at several junctions . At its working peak , the BCN contained about 160 miles ( 257 km ) of canals ; today just over 100 miles ( 160 km ) are navigable , and the majority of traffic is from tourist and residential narrowboats ." } ] }, { "value": "196 yards ( 179 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "In the Dudley Tunnel complex", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Netherton Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Netherton_Tunnel_Branch_Canal", "summary": "Netherton Tunnel Branch Canal , in the English West Midlands , is part of the Birmingham Canal Navigations , ( BCN ) . It was constructed at a 453-foot elevation , the Wednesbury or Birmingham level ; it has no locks . The total length of the branch canal is 2.4 miles ( 3.9 km ) and the canal tunnel is 9,081 feet ( 2,768 m ) long . Netherton Tunnel was the last canal tunnel to be built in Britain during the Canal Age . The first sod was turned by the Lord Ward on 31 December 1855 and the canal opened on 20 August 1858 , providing a waterway connection between the Black Country towns of Netherton and Tipton . It was built to relieve the bottleneck of the adjacent Dudley Tunnel which is very narrow , has alternating blocks of one-way working , and had waiting times of eight hours or more , and sometimes several days . The Netherton tunnel was built with a width of 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) to allow two-way working of narrowboats ; and is brick lined throughout . It has towpaths running through it , one on each side , which enabled horse-drawn narrowboats to be pulled through it . Chainage ( distance ) markers are still visible on the Eastern wall . The tunnel was fitted , from the start , with gas lighting over the towpaths , though this was later converted to electricity and it is now unlit . The air vents that run along the line of the tunnel and provide ventilation , and a shaft of light into the canal , are known by the locals as pepper pots , because of their shape . They are brick-lined and the openings are covered by an iron frame or grill ." } ] }, { "value": "Birmingham Canal Navigations", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham_Canal_Navigations", "summary": "Birmingham Canal Navigations ( BCN ) is a network of canals connecting Birmingham , Wolverhampton , and the eastern part of the Black Country . The BCN is connected to the rest of the English canal system at several junctions . At its working peak , the BCN contained about 160 miles ( 257 km ) of canals ; today just over 100 miles ( 160 km ) are navigable , and the majority of traffic is from tourist and residential narrowboats ." } ] }, { "value": "3,027 yards ( 2,768 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Newbold Tunnel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oxford Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oxford_Canal", "summary": "The Oxford Canal is a 78-mile ( 126 km ) narrow canal in central England linking Oxford with Bedworth ( between Coventry and Nuneaton on the Coventry Canal ) via Banbury and Rugby . Completed in 1790 , it connects to the River Thames at Oxford and is integrated with the Grand Union Canal - combined for 5 miles ( 8 km ) close to the villages of Braunston and Napton-on-the-Hill , a canal which soon after construction superseded much of its traffic . The canal was for approximately 15 years the main canal artery of trade between the Midlands and London ; it retained importance in its local county economies and that of Berkshire . Today the canal is frequently used in weekend and holiday narrowboat pleasure boating . The Oxford Canal traverses Oxfordshire , Northamptonshire and east Warwickshire through broad , shallow valleys and lightly rolling hills ; resembling the bulk of the Grand Union Canal and its branches , much of the landscape is similar to the Llangollen and Lancaster canals . It has frequent wharves and public houses , particularly if including the parts of the Grand Union Canal immediately adjoining . North of about a third of its distance , namely from Napton , the canal travelling northeast then northwest forms part of the Warwickshire ring . In its south extreme it forms a waterway circuit within Oxford known as the Four Rivers ." } ] }, { "value": "250 yards ( 230 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Norwood Tunnel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norwood_Tunnel", "summary": "Norwood Tunnel was a 2,884-yard-long ( 2,637 m ) , 9.25-foot-wide ( 2.82 m ) and 12-foot-high ( 3.7 m ) brick ( 3 million of them ) lined canal tunnel on the line of the Chesterfield Canal with its Western Portal in Norwood , Derbyshire and its Eastern Portal in Kiveton , South Yorkshire , England ." } ] }, { "value": "Chesterfield Canal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chesterfield_Canal", "summary": "The Chesterfield Canal is a narrow canal in the East Midlands of England and it is known locally as 'Cuckoo Dyke ' . It was one of the last of the canals designed by James Brindley , who died while it was being constructed . It was opened in 1777 and ran for 46 miles ( 74 km ) from the River Trent at West Stockwith , Nottinghamshire to Chesterfield , Derbyshire , passing through the Norwood Tunnel at Kiveton Park , at the time one of the longest tunnels on the British canal system . The canal was built to export coal , limestone , and lead from Derbyshire , iron from Chesterfield , and corn , deals , timber , groceries and general merchandise into Derbyshire . The stone for the Palace of Westminster was quarried in North Anston , Rotherham , and transported via the canal . It was reasonably profitable , paying dividends from 1789 , and with the coming of the railways , some of the proprietors formed a railway company . It became part of the Manchester , Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway company , and although there were intermittent plans to convert parts of it to a railway , it continued to thrive as a canal . In 1907 , subsidence from local coal mines caused the collapse of the Norwood Tunnel , and the canal was effectively split in two . Subsequently , the main use of the Chesterfield end was the supply of water to the iron industry , while commercial carrying continued on the Worksop to Stockwith section until the late 1950s . It was formally closed in 1961 , but campaigners fought for it to be retained , and the Worksop to Stockwith section was designated as a cruiseway under the Transport Act 1968 , meaning that it would be retained for leisure use . The rest was designated as a remainder waterway , and parts were sold off , with housing being built over the route through Killamarsh . The Chesterfield Canal Society was formed in 1978 to spearhead restoration , becoming the Chesterfield Canal Trust in 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "2,884 yards ( 2,637 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Located in Derbyshire . Closed with plans for restoration", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Derbyshire", "summary": "Derbyshire ( /ˈdɑːrbiʃər , -ʃɪər/ ) is a county in the East Midlands of England . A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire , containing the southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills which extend into the north of the county . The county contains part of the National Forest , and borders on Greater Manchester to the northwest , West Yorkshire to the north , South Yorkshire to the northeast , Nottinghamshire to the east , Leicestershire to the southeast , Staffordshire to the west and southwest and Cheshire also to the west . Kinder Scout , at 636 metres ( 2,087 ft ) , is the highest point in the county , whilst Trent Meadows , where the River Trent leaves Derbyshire , is its lowest point at 27 metres ( 89 ft ) . :1 The River Derwent is the county 's longest river at 66 miles ( 106 km ) , and runs roughly north to south through the county . In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms ( near Swadlincote ) as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain . The city of Derby is a unitary authority area , but remains part of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire . The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants . There is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland : 75% of the population live in 25% of the area . [ citation needed ]" } ] } ], "section_title": "Listed by name", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_canal_tunnels_in_the_United_Kingdom_0", "intro": "This is a list of canal tunnels in the United Kingdom." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities", "title": "Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities", "header": [ "2010", "2009", "2008", "2007", "Institution", "Country" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Harvard University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harvard_University", "summary": "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stanford University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stanford_University", "summary": "Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Johns Hopkins University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University", "summary": "Johns Hopkins University is a private research university in Baltimore , Maryland . Founded in 1876 , the university was named for its first benefactor , the American entrepreneur , abolitionist , and philanthropist Johns Hopkins . His $ 7 million bequest ( approximately $ 147.5 million in today 's dollars ) - of which half financed the establishment of Johns Hopkins Hospital - was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States up to that time . Daniel Coit Gilman , who was inaugurated as the institution 's first president on February 22 , 1876 , led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research . Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany 's ancient Heidelberg University , Johns Hopkins University is considered the first research university in the United States . Over the course of several decades , the university has led all U.S. universities in annual research and development expenditures . In fiscal year 2016 , Johns Hopkins spent nearly $ 2.5 billion on research . The university has additional graduate campuses in Italy , China , and Washington , D.C. , in addition to its main campus in Baltimore , Maryland . The university has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top universities in the world . Johns Hopkins is organized into 10 divisions on campuses in Maryland and Washington , D.C. , with international centers in Italy and China . The two undergraduate divisions , the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering , are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimore 's Charles Village neighborhood . The medical school , the nursing school , and the Bloomberg School of Public Health are located on the Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Washington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Washington", "summary": "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of California , Los Angeles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles", "summary": "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of California , Berkeley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley", "summary": "The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology", "summary": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) is a private research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Institute is a land-grant , sea-grant , and space-grant university , with an urban campus that extends more than a mile ( 1.6 km ) alongside the Charles River . The Institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory , the Bates Center , and the Haystack Observatory , as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes . Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States , MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering . It has since played a key role in the development of many aspects of modern science , engineering , mathematics , and technology , and is widely known for its innovation and academic strength , making it one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 96 Nobel laureates , 26 Turing Award winners , and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni , faculty members , or researchers . In addition , 58 National Medal of Science recipients , 29 National Medals of Technology and Innovation recipients , 50 MacArthur Fellows , 73 Marshall Scholars , 48 Rhodes Scholars , 41 astronauts , and 16 Chief Scientists of the US Air Force have been affiliated with MIT . The school also has a strong entrepreneurial culture , and the aggregated annual revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni ( $ 1.9 trillion ) would rank roughly as the tenth-largest economy in the world ( 2014 ) . MIT is a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Michigan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Michigan", "summary": "The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Toronto", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Toronto", "summary": "The University of Toronto ( U of T or UToronto ) is a public research university in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , located on the grounds that surround Queen 's Park . It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King 's College , the first institution of higher learning in the colony of Upper Canada . Originally controlled by the Church of England , the university assumed its present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution . As a collegiate university , it comprises eleven colleges each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs and significant differences in character and history . The university also operates two satellite campuses located in Scarborough and Mississauga . Academically , the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory , known collectively as the Toronto School . The university was the birthplace of insulin and stem cell research , and was the site of the first practical electron microscope , the development of deep learning , multi-touch technology , the identification of the first black hole Cygnus X-1 , and the development of the theory of NP-completeness . It receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university and is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States , the other being McGill University . The Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches , with long and storied ties to gridiron football , rowing and ice hockey . The earliest recorded college football game was played in the University of Toronto 's University College in the early 1860s . The university 's Hart House is an early example of the North American student centre , simultaneously serving cultural , intellectual , and recreational interests within its large Gothic-revival complex . The University of Toronto has educated three Governors General of Canada , four Prime Ministers of Canada , three foreign leaders , and fourteen Justices of the Supreme Court ." } ] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Oxford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Oxford", "summary": "The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford , England . There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096 , making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's second-oldest university in continuous operation . It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge . The two ancient universities are frequently jointly called Oxbridge . The history and influence of the University of Oxford has made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The university is made up of 39 constituent colleges , and a range of academic departments , which are organised into four divisions . All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university , each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities . It does not have a main campus , and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre . Undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the colleges and halls , supported by classes , lectures , seminars , and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments ; some postgraduate teaching includes tutorials organised by faculties and departments . It operates the world 's oldest university museum , as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system nationwide . In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2018 , the university had a total income of £2.2 billion , of which £579 million was from research grants and contracts ." } ] }, { "value": "United Kingdom", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_Kingdom", "summary": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Pennsylvania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania", "summary": "The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of California , San Diego", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego", "summary": "The University of California , San Diego ( UC San Diego or , colloquially , UCSD [ a ] ) is a public research university in San Diego , California . Established in 1960 near the pre-existing Scripps Institution of Oceanography , UC San Diego is the seventh-oldest of the 10 University of California campuses and offers over 200 undergraduate and graduate degree programs , enrolling approximately 30,800 undergraduate and 8,000 graduate students . The university occupies 2,141 acres ( 866 ha ) near the coast of the Pacific Ocean , with the main campus resting on approximately 1,152 acres ( 466 ha ) . UC San Diego is organized into seven undergraduate residential colleges ( Revelle , John Muir , Thurgood Marshall , Earl Warren , Eleanor Roosevelt , Sixth , and Seventh ; Seventh College will enroll its first students in Fall 2020 ) , four academic divisions ( Arts and Humanities , Biological Sciences , Physical Sciences , and Social Sciences ) , and seven graduate and professional schools ( Jacobs School of Engineering , Rady School of Management , Scripps Institution of Oceanography , School of Global Policy and Strategy , School of Medicine , Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , and the newly approved School of Public Health ) . UC San Diego Health , the region 's only academic health system , provides patient care , conducts medical research and educates future health care professionals at the UC San Diego Medical Center , Hillcrest , Jacobs Medical Center , Moores Cancer Center , Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center , Shiley Eye Institute , Koman Family Outpatient Pavilion and various express care and urgent care clinics throughout San Diego . The university operates 19 organized research units ( ORUs ) , including the Center for Energy Research , Qualcomm Institute ( a branch of the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology ) , San Diego Supercomputer Center and the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind , as well as eight School of Medicine research units , six research centers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and two multi-campus initiatives , including the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation . UC San Diego is also closely affiliated with several regional research centers , such as the Salk Institute , the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine , and the Scripps Research Institute . According to the National Science Foundation , UC San Diego spent $ 1.133 billion on research and development in fiscal year 2017 , ranking it 7th in the nation . UCSD is considered one of the country 's Public Ivies . As of August 2018 , UC San Diego faculty , researchers and alumni have won 27 Nobel Prizes and three Fields Medals , eight National Medals of Science , eight MacArthur Fellowships , and two Pulitzer Prizes . Additionally , of the current faculty , 29 have been elected to the National Academy of Engineering , 70 to the National Academy of Sciences , 45 to the Institute of Medicine and 110 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Columbia University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Columbia_University", "summary": "Columbia University ( also known as Columbia , and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York ) is a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Established in 1754 on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan , Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence , seven of which belong to the Ivy League . It has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Columbia was established as King 's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain in reaction to the founding of Princeton University in New Jersey . It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution , and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . In 1896 , the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University . Columbia scientists and scholars have played an important role in the development of notable scientific fields and breakthroughs including : brain-computer interface ; the laser and maser ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; the first nuclear pile ; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas ; Thomas Hunt Morgan 's drosophila experiment - considered the origin of modern genetics ; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift ; and much of the initial research and planning of the Manhattan Project during World War II . The Columbia University Physics Department has been affiliated with 33 Nobel Prize winners as alumni , faculty or research staff , the third most of any American institution behind MIT and Harvard . In addition , 22 Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine have been affiliated with Columbia , the third most of any American institution . The university 's research efforts include the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory , Goddard Institute for Space Studies and accelerator laboratories with major technology firms such as IBM . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Tokyo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Tokyo", "summary": "The University of Tokyo ( 東京大学 , Tōkyō daigaku ) , abbreviated as Todai ( 東大 , Tōdai ) or UTokyo , is a public research university located in Bunkyo , Tokyo , Japan . Established in 1877 as the first imperial university , it is one of Japan 's most prestigious universities . The university has 10 faculties and enrolls about 30,000 students , 2,100 of whom are international students . Its five campuses are in Hongō , Komaba , Kashiwa , Shirokane and Nakano . It is among the top echelon of the select Japanese universities assigned additional funding under the MEXT 's Top Global University Project to enhance Japan 's global educational competitiveness . As of 2018 , University of Tokyo 's alumni , faculty members and researchers include seventeen prime ministers , sixteen Nobel Prize laureates , three Pritzker Prize laureates , three astronauts , and a Fields Medalist ." } ] }, { "value": "Japan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Japan", "summary": "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ." } ] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of California , San Francisco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco", "summary": "The University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) is a public research university in San Francisco , California . It is part of the University of California system and it is dedicated entirely to health science . It is a major center of medical and biological research and teaching . UCSF was founded as Toland Medical College in 1864 , and in 1873 it affiliated itself with the University of California , becoming its Medical Department . In the same year , it incorporated the California College of Pharmacy and in 1881 it established a dentistry school . Its facilities were located in both Berkeley and San Francisco . In 1964 , the school gained full administrative independence as a campus of the UC system headed by a chancellor , and in 1970 it gained its current name . Historically based at Parnassus Heights and several other locations throughout the city , in the early 2000s it developed a second major campus in the newly redeveloped Mission Bay . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates have been affiliated with UCSF as faculty members or researchers , and the University has been the site of many scientific breakthroughs . The UCSF School of Medicine is the oldest medical school in the Western United States and is highly ranked by international and national rankings of prestige and funding . The UCSF Graduate Division offers 19 PhD programs , 11 MS programs , two certificates and a physical therapy program . UCSF is ranked 5th among research-oriented medical schools in the United States and ranked 3rd for primary care by U.S. News and World Report and is ranked 1st among medical schools in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities ( Clinical Medicine , 2019 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Cambridge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Cambridge", "summary": "The University of Cambridge ( legally The Chancellor , Masters , and Scholars of the University of Cambridge ) is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge , United Kingdom . Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by King Henry III in 1231 , Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's fourth-oldest surviving university . The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople . The two 'ancient universities ' share many common features and are often referred to jointly as 'Oxbridge ' . The academic standards , history , influence and wealth of the University of Cambridge has made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 semi-autonomous constituent Colleges and over 100 academic departments organised into six schools . Cambridge University Press , a department of the university , is the world 's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world . Cambridge Assessment , also a department of the university , is one of the world 's leading examining bodies and provides assessment to over eight million learners globally every year . The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums , including the Fitzwilliam Museum , as well as a botanic garden . Cambridge 's libraries , of which there are over 100 , hold a total of around 16 million books , around nine million of which are in Cambridge University Library , a legal deposit library . The university is home to , but independent of , the Cambridge Union - the world 's oldest debating society . The university is closely linked to the development of the high-tech business cluster known as 'Silicon Fen ' ." } ] }, { "value": "United Kingdom", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_Kingdom", "summary": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University College London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_College_London", "summary": "University College London , which has operated under the official name of UCL since 2005 , is a public research university located in London , United Kingdom . It is a member institution of the federal University of London , and is the third largest university in the United Kingdom by total enrolment , and the largest by postgraduate enrolment . Established in 1826 as London University by founders inspired by the radical ideas of Jeremy Bentham , UCL was the first university institution to be established in London , and the first in England to be entirely secular and to admit students regardless of their religion . UCL also makes the contested claims of being the third-oldest university in England [ note 1 ] and the first to admit women . [ note 2 ] In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London , which was granted a royal charter in the same year . It has grown through mergers , including with the Institute of Neurology ( in 1997 ) , the Royal Free Hospital Medical School ( in 1998 ) , the Eastman Dental Institute ( in 1999 ) , the School of Slavonic and East European Studies ( in 1999 ) , the School of Pharmacy ( in 2012 ) and the Institute of Education ( in 2014 ) . UCL has its main campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London , with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London and satellite campuses in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford , east London and in Doha , Qatar . UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties , within which there are over 100 departments , institutes and research centres . UCL operates several museums and collections in a wide range of fields , including the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy , and administers the annual Orwell Prize in political writing . In 2017/18 , UCL had around 41,500 students and 15,100 staff ( including around 7,100 academic staff and 840 professors ) and had a total group income of £1.45 billion , of which £476.3 million was from research grants and contracts . In the most recent Research Excellence Framework rankings for research power , UCL was the top-rated university in the UK as calculated by Times Higher Education , and second as calculated by The Guardian/Research Fortnight . UCL had the 9th highest average entry tariff in the UK for students starting in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "United Kingdom", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_Kingdom", "summary": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ." } ] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yale University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yale_University", "summary": "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Duke University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Duke_University", "summary": "Duke University is a private research university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838 , the school moved to Durham in 1892 . In 1924 , tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father , Washington Duke . Duke is often ranked as one of the world 's top 20-25 universities . The Wall Street Journal has also named Duke as the best university for graduate outcomes for several years in a row ( tied with Harvard University and Yale University ) . Several faculty members , affiliates and alumni have been awarded the Nobel Prize in recent years . Notable examples since 2012 include Robert Lefkowitz , Brian Kobilka , Gregg L. Semenza , Paul Modrich , William Kaelin , and George Smith . In 2019 , Clarivate Analytics named 54 members of Duke 's faculty to its list of Highly Cited Researchers . That number places Duke 8th among the world 's universities behind Harvard , Stanford , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Max Planck Society , Broad Institute , UC Berkeley and WUSTL . Duke 's campus spans over 8,600 acres ( 3,500 hectares ) on three contiguous sub-campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort . The West Campus - designed largely by architect Julian Abele - incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot ( 64-meter ) Duke Chapel at the campus ' center and highest point of elevation , is adjacent to the Medical Center . East Campus , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometers ) away , home to all first-years , contains Georgian-style architecture ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "21", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Wisconsin-Madison", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Madison", "summary": "The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] } ], "section_title": "HEEACT World University Rankings ( Top 50 )", "section_text": "", "uid": "Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities_0", "intro": "The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities or NTU Ranking is a ranking system of world universities by scientific paper volume, impact, and performance output. The ranking was originally published from 2007-2011 by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (HEEACT) and has been published since 2012 by the National Taiwan University. It uses bibliometric methods to analyze and rank the scientific paper performance. In addition to the overall ranking, it includes a list of the top universities in six fields and fourteen subjects. The rankings were introduced in 2007. The original ranking methodology favored toward universities with medical schools. In 2008, HEEACT began publishing a Field Based Ranking including six fields: agriculture and environmental sciences (AGE), clinical medicine (MED), engineering, computing, and technology (ENG), life sciences (LIFE), natural sciences (SCI), and social sciences (SOC). In 2010, HEEACT began publishing subject rankings in fields of various field of science and technology. Science fields are divided into physics, chemistry, mathematics, and geosciences. Technology fields are split up into electrical engineering, computer science, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering (including energy and fuels), materials science, and civil engineering (including environmental engineering). HEEACT ended the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities Project in 2012. Due to disagreement about ranking results, the Taiwanese education authorities announced that the government would no longer support the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan to do this ranking." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles_First_Division", "title": "Seychelles First Division", "header": [ "Team", "City", "Stadium" ], "data": [ { "value": "Anse Réunion FC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anse_Réunion_FC", "summary": "Anse Réunion FC is a Seychelles football club based in La Digue , which currently plays in the Seychelles League ." } ] }, { "value": "Anse Réunion , La Digue", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Digue", "summary": "La Digue is the third most populated island of the Seychelles , and fourth largest by land area , lying east of Praslin and west of Felicite Island . In terms of size it is the fourth largest granitic island of Seychelles after Mahé , Praslin and Silhouette Island . It has a population of 2,800 people , who mostly live in the west coast villages of La Passe ( linked by ferry to Praslin and Mahé ) and La Réunion . There is no airport on La Digue , so to get there from a foreign country , one has to fly to Victoria and continue by ferry , usually via Praslin . It has an area of 10.08 km2 , which makes it relatively easy to travel around by bike or on foot . La Digue was named after a ship in the fleet of French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne , who visited the Seychelles in 1768 ." } ] }, { "value": "La Digue Playing Fields", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Côte d'Or FC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Côte_d'Or_FC", "summary": "Côte d'Or Football Club , is a football club based in Praslin , Seychelles . It currently plays in Seychelles League . In 2013 , the club has won the Seychelles League ." } ] }, { "value": "Grand'Anse Praslin , Praslin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand'Anse_Praslin", "summary": "Grand'Anse Praslin is an administrative district of Seychelles located mostly on the island of Praslin , but also administers Cousin Island , Cousine Island , Booby Island , and Aride Island ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Praslin", "summary": "Praslin is the second largest island ( 38.5 km2 ) of the Seychelles , lying 44 km ( 27 mi ) northeast of Mahé . Praslin has a population of around 7,533 people and comprises two administrative districts : Baie Sainte Anne and Grand ' Anse . The main settlements are the Baie Ste Anne , Anse Volbert and Grand ' Anse . It was named Isle de Palmes by explorer Lazare Picault in 1744 . During that time it was used as a hideaway by pirates and Arab merchants . In 1768 it was renamed Praslin in honor of French diplomat César Gabriel de Choiseul , duc de Praslin . Praslin is known as a tourist destination with several hotels and resorts , as well as a number of beaches such as Anse Lazio and Anse Georgette . It has substantial tracts of tropical forests with birds such as the endemic Seychelles bulbul and the Seychelles black parrot . The Vallée de Mai Nature Preserve , established in 1979 , is known for the unique coco de mer and vanilla orchids . It has been reported that General Charles George Gordon of Khartoum ( 1833-1885 ) was convinced that Vallée de Mai was the Biblical Garden of Eden . [ citation needed ] Praslin is home to Praslin Island Airport , while surrounding islands include Curieuse Island , La Digue , Cousin Island , Cousine Island and Aride Island . There are a few near offshore islets including Round Island ( 0.193 km2 ) and Chauve Souris ( 0.007 km2 ) , both of which have hotel accommodations ." } ] }, { "value": "Stade dAmitié", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stade_d’Amitié", "summary": "Stade dAmitié or Amitié Stadium is a muti-purpose stadium located in Praslin , Seychelles . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Seychellois football clubs Revengers FC and Côte d'Or FC ." } ] }, { "value": "Foresters", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Foresters_(Mont_Fleuri)", "summary": "Foresters Mont Fleuri Football Club is a Seychelles based football club from Mont Fleuri , they are playing in the Seychelles League ." } ] }, { "value": "Mont Fleuri , Mahé", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mont_Fleuri", "summary": "Mont Fleuri is an administrative district of Seychelles with its main part located on the island of Mahé . It also includes the six islands of the Sainte Anne Marine National Park and two islets further east ( Beacon Island , and Île Seche or Harrison Rock ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mahé,_Seychelles", "summary": "Mahé is the largest island ( 157.3 km² ) of Seychelles , lying in the northeast of the nation in the Indian Ocean . The population of Mahé was 77,000 , as of the 2010 census . It contains the capital city of Victoria and accommodates 86% of the country 's total population . The island was named after Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais , a French governor of Isle de France ( modern-day Mauritius ) . Mahé 's tallest peak is Morne Seychellois at 905 m ( 2,969 ft ) , which lies in the Morne Seychellois National Park . The northern and eastern parts of the island are home to much of the population and the Seychelles International Airport which opened in 1971 . The southern and western parts have Baie Ternay Marine National Park , Port Launay Marine National Park , and University of Seychelles . The Sainte Anne Marine National Park lies offshore , as do Conception Island , Thérèse Island , Anonyme Island and several smaller islands . Mahé was first visited by the British in 1609 and not visited by Europeans again until Lazare Picault 's expedition of 1742 . The French navy frégate Le Cerf ( English : The Deer ) arrived at Port Victoria on 1 November 1756 . On board was Corneille Nicholas Morphey , leader of the French expedition , which claimed the island for the King of France by laying a Stone of Possession on Mahe , Seychelles oldest monument , now on display in the National Museum , Victoria . In August 1801 a Royal Navy frigate HMS Sibylle captured the French frigate Chiffonne on the island ." } ] }, { "value": "Mont Fleuri", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La Passe FC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Passe_FC", "summary": "La Passe Football Club is a Seychelles based football club from the island of La Digue . They are playing in the Seychelles League . They club was the champions in the 2009 season ." } ] }, { "value": "La Digue", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Digue", "summary": "La Digue is the third most populated island of the Seychelles , and fourth largest by land area , lying east of Praslin and west of Felicite Island . In terms of size it is the fourth largest granitic island of Seychelles after Mahé , Praslin and Silhouette Island . It has a population of 2,800 people , who mostly live in the west coast villages of La Passe ( linked by ferry to Praslin and Mahé ) and La Réunion . There is no airport on La Digue , so to get there from a foreign country , one has to fly to Victoria and continue by ferry , usually via Praslin . It has an area of 10.08 km2 , which makes it relatively easy to travel around by bike or on foot . La Digue was named after a ship in the fleet of French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne , who visited the Seychelles in 1768 ." } ] }, { "value": "La Passe Ground", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Light Stars FC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Light_Stars_FC", "summary": "Light Stars FC is a Seychelles based football club , they are playing in the Seychelles League . The team is based in Grand'Anse Praslin in Praslin island ." } ] }, { "value": "Grand'Anse Praslin , Praslin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand'Anse_Praslin", "summary": "Grand'Anse Praslin is an administrative district of Seychelles located mostly on the island of Praslin , but also administers Cousin Island , Cousine Island , Booby Island , and Aride Island ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Praslin", "summary": "Praslin is the second largest island ( 38.5 km2 ) of the Seychelles , lying 44 km ( 27 mi ) northeast of Mahé . Praslin has a population of around 7,533 people and comprises two administrative districts : Baie Sainte Anne and Grand ' Anse . The main settlements are the Baie Ste Anne , Anse Volbert and Grand ' Anse . It was named Isle de Palmes by explorer Lazare Picault in 1744 . During that time it was used as a hideaway by pirates and Arab merchants . In 1768 it was renamed Praslin in honor of French diplomat César Gabriel de Choiseul , duc de Praslin . Praslin is known as a tourist destination with several hotels and resorts , as well as a number of beaches such as Anse Lazio and Anse Georgette . It has substantial tracts of tropical forests with birds such as the endemic Seychelles bulbul and the Seychelles black parrot . The Vallée de Mai Nature Preserve , established in 1979 , is known for the unique coco de mer and vanilla orchids . It has been reported that General Charles George Gordon of Khartoum ( 1833-1885 ) was convinced that Vallée de Mai was the Biblical Garden of Eden . [ citation needed ] Praslin is home to Praslin Island Airport , while surrounding islands include Curieuse Island , La Digue , Cousin Island , Cousine Island and Aride Island . There are a few near offshore islets including Round Island ( 0.193 km2 ) and Chauve Souris ( 0.007 km2 ) , both of which have hotel accommodations ." } ] }, { "value": "Stade dAmitié", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stade_d’Amitié", "summary": "Stade dAmitié or Amitié Stadium is a muti-purpose stadium located in Praslin , Seychelles . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Seychellois football clubs Revengers FC and Côte d'Or FC ." } ] }, { "value": "The Lions FC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Lions_FC", "summary": "The Lions FC is a Seychelles-based football club , currently playing in the Seychelles League . The team is based in Cascade , Seychelles in Mahe island but is made up of players from around the main island of Seychelles , Mahe ." } ] }, { "value": "Cascade , Mahé", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cascade,_Seychelles", "summary": "Cascade is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the island of Mahé ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mahé,_Seychelles", "summary": "Mahé is the largest island ( 157.3 km² ) of Seychelles , lying in the northeast of the nation in the Indian Ocean . The population of Mahé was 77,000 , as of the 2010 census . It contains the capital city of Victoria and accommodates 86% of the country 's total population . The island was named after Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais , a French governor of Isle de France ( modern-day Mauritius ) . Mahé 's tallest peak is Morne Seychellois at 905 m ( 2,969 ft ) , which lies in the Morne Seychellois National Park . The northern and eastern parts of the island are home to much of the population and the Seychelles International Airport which opened in 1971 . The southern and western parts have Baie Ternay Marine National Park , Port Launay Marine National Park , and University of Seychelles . The Sainte Anne Marine National Park lies offshore , as do Conception Island , Thérèse Island , Anonyme Island and several smaller islands . Mahé was first visited by the British in 1609 and not visited by Europeans again until Lazare Picault 's expedition of 1742 . The French navy frégate Le Cerf ( English : The Deer ) arrived at Port Victoria on 1 November 1756 . On board was Corneille Nicholas Morphey , leader of the French expedition , which claimed the island for the King of France by laying a Stone of Possession on Mahe , Seychelles oldest monument , now on display in the National Museum , Victoria . In August 1801 a Royal Navy frigate HMS Sibylle captured the French frigate Chiffonne on the island ." } ] }, { "value": "Stade Linité", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stade_Linité", "summary": "The Stad Linité ( official name ) is a multi-use stadium in Victoria , Seychelles . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 10,000 and was built in 1992 . The stadium plays host also to most of the home games of the Seychelles national football team . The stadium received in February 2007 an artificial turf pitch 3rd generation , One Star field test , by FIFA 's development programme win in Africa with Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Northern Dynamo FC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northern_Dynamo_FC", "summary": "Northern Dynamo FC is a Seychelles based football club , they are playing in the Seychelles League . The team is based in Glacis , Seychelles in Mahe island ." } ] }, { "value": "Glacis , Mahé", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Glacis,_Seychelles", "summary": "Glacis is an administrative district of Seychelles located in the North Region of the island of Mahé . It also encompasses uninhabited Mamelles Island 13 kilometers to the northeast of Mahé , and the tiny Brisan Rocks in between . Glacis District has an area of 7 km² . Between the censuses of 2002 and 2010 , the population rose from 3.576 to 3.833 . [ citation needed ]" }, { "url": "/wiki/Mahé,_Seychelles", "summary": "Mahé is the largest island ( 157.3 km² ) of Seychelles , lying in the northeast of the nation in the Indian Ocean . The population of Mahé was 77,000 , as of the 2010 census . It contains the capital city of Victoria and accommodates 86% of the country 's total population . The island was named after Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais , a French governor of Isle de France ( modern-day Mauritius ) . Mahé 's tallest peak is Morne Seychellois at 905 m ( 2,969 ft ) , which lies in the Morne Seychellois National Park . The northern and eastern parts of the island are home to much of the population and the Seychelles International Airport which opened in 1971 . The southern and western parts have Baie Ternay Marine National Park , Port Launay Marine National Park , and University of Seychelles . The Sainte Anne Marine National Park lies offshore , as do Conception Island , Thérèse Island , Anonyme Island and several smaller islands . Mahé was first visited by the British in 1609 and not visited by Europeans again until Lazare Picault 's expedition of 1742 . The French navy frégate Le Cerf ( English : The Deer ) arrived at Port Victoria on 1 November 1756 . On board was Corneille Nicholas Morphey , leader of the French expedition , which claimed the island for the King of France by laying a Stone of Possession on Mahe , Seychelles oldest monument , now on display in the National Museum , Victoria . In August 1801 a Royal Navy frigate HMS Sibylle captured the French frigate Chiffonne on the island ." } ] }, { "value": "Glacis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Revengers FC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Revengers_FC", "summary": "Revengers Football Club also known as Revengers FC is a Seychellois football club based in Praslin , Seychelles . The club competes in Seychelles ' premier league , the Seychelles First Division ." } ] }, { "value": "Grand'Anse Praslin , Praslin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand'Anse_Praslin", "summary": "Grand'Anse Praslin is an administrative district of Seychelles located mostly on the island of Praslin , but also administers Cousin Island , Cousine Island , Booby Island , and Aride Island ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Praslin", "summary": "Praslin is the second largest island ( 38.5 km2 ) of the Seychelles , lying 44 km ( 27 mi ) northeast of Mahé . Praslin has a population of around 7,533 people and comprises two administrative districts : Baie Sainte Anne and Grand ' Anse . The main settlements are the Baie Ste Anne , Anse Volbert and Grand ' Anse . It was named Isle de Palmes by explorer Lazare Picault in 1744 . During that time it was used as a hideaway by pirates and Arab merchants . In 1768 it was renamed Praslin in honor of French diplomat César Gabriel de Choiseul , duc de Praslin . Praslin is known as a tourist destination with several hotels and resorts , as well as a number of beaches such as Anse Lazio and Anse Georgette . It has substantial tracts of tropical forests with birds such as the endemic Seychelles bulbul and the Seychelles black parrot . The Vallée de Mai Nature Preserve , established in 1979 , is known for the unique coco de mer and vanilla orchids . It has been reported that General Charles George Gordon of Khartoum ( 1833-1885 ) was convinced that Vallée de Mai was the Biblical Garden of Eden . [ citation needed ] Praslin is home to Praslin Island Airport , while surrounding islands include Curieuse Island , La Digue , Cousin Island , Cousine Island and Aride Island . There are a few near offshore islets including Round Island ( 0.193 km2 ) and Chauve Souris ( 0.007 km2 ) , both of which have hotel accommodations ." } ] }, { "value": "Stade dAmitié", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stade_d’Amitié", "summary": "Stade dAmitié or Amitié Stadium is a muti-purpose stadium located in Praslin , Seychelles . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Seychellois football clubs Revengers FC and Côte d'Or FC ." } ] }, { "value": "Red Star Defence Forces", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Military_of_Seychelles", "summary": "The Seychelles People 's Defence Force consists of a number of distinct branches : including an Infantry Unit , Coast Guard , Air Force and a Presidential Protection Unit ." } ] }, { "value": "Victoria , Mahé", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles", "summary": "Victoria ( French pronunciation : ​ [ viktɔʁja ] ) is the capital and largest city of Seychelles , situated on the north-eastern side of Mahé island , the archipelago 's main island . The city was first established as the seat of the British colonial government . In 2010 , the population of Greater Victoria ( including the suburbs ) was 26,450 out of the country 's total population of 90,945 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mahé,_Seychelles", "summary": "Mahé is the largest island ( 157.3 km² ) of Seychelles , lying in the northeast of the nation in the Indian Ocean . The population of Mahé was 77,000 , as of the 2010 census . It contains the capital city of Victoria and accommodates 86% of the country 's total population . The island was named after Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais , a French governor of Isle de France ( modern-day Mauritius ) . Mahé 's tallest peak is Morne Seychellois at 905 m ( 2,969 ft ) , which lies in the Morne Seychellois National Park . The northern and eastern parts of the island are home to much of the population and the Seychelles International Airport which opened in 1971 . The southern and western parts have Baie Ternay Marine National Park , Port Launay Marine National Park , and University of Seychelles . The Sainte Anne Marine National Park lies offshore , as do Conception Island , Thérèse Island , Anonyme Island and several smaller islands . Mahé was first visited by the British in 1609 and not visited by Europeans again until Lazare Picault 's expedition of 1742 . The French navy frégate Le Cerf ( English : The Deer ) arrived at Port Victoria on 1 November 1756 . On board was Corneille Nicholas Morphey , leader of the French expedition , which claimed the island for the King of France by laying a Stone of Possession on Mahe , Seychelles oldest monument , now on display in the National Museum , Victoria . In August 1801 a Royal Navy frigate HMS Sibylle captured the French frigate Chiffonne on the island ." } ] }, { "value": "Military Filed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Saint John Bosco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St_Roch_United", "summary": "St Roch United FC is a Seychelles based football club , they are playing in the Seychelles League . The team is based in Bel Ombre , Seychelles in Mahe island ." } ] }, { "value": "Pointe La Rue , Mahé", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pointe_La_Rue", "summary": "Pointe La Rue is an administrative district of Seychelles located in the eastern region of the island of Mahé . The district has an area of 3.9 km² . Its population rose from 3086 ( census of 2002 ) to 3172 ( 2009 estimate ) . The district is the location of Seychelles International Airport , with its runway running along the northeast coast . Anonyme Island and Rat Island are part of the district ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mahé,_Seychelles", "summary": "Mahé is the largest island ( 157.3 km² ) of Seychelles , lying in the northeast of the nation in the Indian Ocean . The population of Mahé was 77,000 , as of the 2010 census . It contains the capital city of Victoria and accommodates 86% of the country 's total population . The island was named after Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais , a French governor of Isle de France ( modern-day Mauritius ) . Mahé 's tallest peak is Morne Seychellois at 905 m ( 2,969 ft ) , which lies in the Morne Seychellois National Park . The northern and eastern parts of the island are home to much of the population and the Seychelles International Airport which opened in 1971 . The southern and western parts have Baie Ternay Marine National Park , Port Launay Marine National Park , and University of Seychelles . The Sainte Anne Marine National Park lies offshore , as do Conception Island , Thérèse Island , Anonyme Island and several smaller islands . Mahé was first visited by the British in 1609 and not visited by Europeans again until Lazare Picault 's expedition of 1742 . The French navy frégate Le Cerf ( English : The Deer ) arrived at Port Victoria on 1 November 1756 . On board was Corneille Nicholas Morphey , leader of the French expedition , which claimed the island for the King of France by laying a Stone of Possession on Mahe , Seychelles oldest monument , now on display in the National Museum , Victoria . In August 1801 a Royal Navy frigate HMS Sibylle captured the French frigate Chiffonne on the island ." } ] }, { "value": "Ground", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St Louis Suns United", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Saint_Louis_Suns_United", "summary": "Saint Louis Suns United , is a football club based in Victoria , Seychelles . The club was formed as the result of a 2007 merger between Saint-Louis ( founded in 1985 ) and Sunshine ( 1993 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Victoria , Mahé ,", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles", "summary": "Victoria ( French pronunciation : ​ [ viktɔʁja ] ) is the capital and largest city of Seychelles , situated on the north-eastern side of Mahé island , the archipelago 's main island . The city was first established as the seat of the British colonial government . In 2010 , the population of Greater Victoria ( including the suburbs ) was 26,450 out of the country 's total population of 90,945 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mahé,_Seychelles", "summary": "Mahé is the largest island ( 157.3 km² ) of Seychelles , lying in the northeast of the nation in the Indian Ocean . The population of Mahé was 77,000 , as of the 2010 census . It contains the capital city of Victoria and accommodates 86% of the country 's total population . The island was named after Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais , a French governor of Isle de France ( modern-day Mauritius ) . Mahé 's tallest peak is Morne Seychellois at 905 m ( 2,969 ft ) , which lies in the Morne Seychellois National Park . The northern and eastern parts of the island are home to much of the population and the Seychelles International Airport which opened in 1971 . The southern and western parts have Baie Ternay Marine National Park , Port Launay Marine National Park , and University of Seychelles . The Sainte Anne Marine National Park lies offshore , as do Conception Island , Thérèse Island , Anonyme Island and several smaller islands . Mahé was first visited by the British in 1609 and not visited by Europeans again until Lazare Picault 's expedition of 1742 . The French navy frégate Le Cerf ( English : The Deer ) arrived at Port Victoria on 1 November 1756 . On board was Corneille Nicholas Morphey , leader of the French expedition , which claimed the island for the King of France by laying a Stone of Possession on Mahe , Seychelles oldest monument , now on display in the National Museum , Victoria . In August 1801 a Royal Navy frigate HMS Sibylle captured the French frigate Chiffonne on the island ." } ] }, { "value": "Stade Linité", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stade_Linité", "summary": "The Stad Linité ( official name ) is a multi-use stadium in Victoria , Seychelles . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 10,000 and was built in 1992 . The stadium plays host also to most of the home games of the Seychelles national football team . The stadium received in February 2007 an artificial turf pitch 3rd generation , One Star field test , by FIFA 's development programme win in Africa with Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "St Michel United FC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St_Michel_United_FC", "summary": "Saint Michel United Football Club are a Seychelles based football club from Roche Caiman and founded in 1996 . They play in the Seychelles First Division . The club have been crowned champions of Seychelles on thirteen occasions ." } ] }, { "value": "Anse-aux-Pins , Mahé", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anse-aux-Pins", "summary": "Anse aux Pins is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the island of Mahé . Soleil Island is part of the district ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mahé,_Seychelles", "summary": "Mahé is the largest island ( 157.3 km² ) of Seychelles , lying in the northeast of the nation in the Indian Ocean . The population of Mahé was 77,000 , as of the 2010 census . It contains the capital city of Victoria and accommodates 86% of the country 's total population . The island was named after Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais , a French governor of Isle de France ( modern-day Mauritius ) . Mahé 's tallest peak is Morne Seychellois at 905 m ( 2,969 ft ) , which lies in the Morne Seychellois National Park . The northern and eastern parts of the island are home to much of the population and the Seychelles International Airport which opened in 1971 . The southern and western parts have Baie Ternay Marine National Park , Port Launay Marine National Park , and University of Seychelles . The Sainte Anne Marine National Park lies offshore , as do Conception Island , Thérèse Island , Anonyme Island and several smaller islands . Mahé was first visited by the British in 1609 and not visited by Europeans again until Lazare Picault 's expedition of 1742 . The French navy frégate Le Cerf ( English : The Deer ) arrived at Port Victoria on 1 November 1756 . On board was Corneille Nicholas Morphey , leader of the French expedition , which claimed the island for the King of France by laying a Stone of Possession on Mahe , Seychelles oldest monument , now on display in the National Museum , Victoria . In August 1801 a Royal Navy frigate HMS Sibylle captured the French frigate Chiffonne on the island ." } ] }, { "value": "Roche Caiman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Roche_Caiman", "summary": "Roche Caïman is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the island of Mahé . It has a football stadium where its national team play most of the home matches . Like neighbouring Les Mamelles District , Roche Caïman District was created in 1998 from reclaimed land and from parts of Plaisance District . It does not yet have its own ISO 3166-2 code . Its ISO 3166-2 code is SC-25 ( http : //www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-2_2010-06-30.pdf )" } ] } ], "section_title": "Members clubs 2017", "section_text": "Seychelles map", "uid": "Seychelles_First_Division_0", "intro": "Seychelles First Division (also known as the Barclays First Division due to sponsorship reasons) is the top division of the Seychelles Football Federation, it was created in 1979." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Indonesia_Super_League", "title": "2014 Indonesia Super League", "header": [ "Player", "Nationality", "For", "Result", "Against", "Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "Ilija Spasojević", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ilija_Spasojević", "summary": "Ilija Spasojević ( born 11 September 1987 ) , is a Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Liga 1 club Bali United and the Indonesia national team . Spasojević is known for his goalscoring ability . During his senior career he scored 180 goals in 344 official matches and earned himself a nickname Spasogoal ." } ] }, { "value": "Montenegro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montenegro", "summary": "Montenegro ( /ˌmɒntɪˈneɪɡroʊ , -ˈniːɡroʊ , -ˈnɛɡroʊ/ ( listen ) ; Montenegrin : Црна Гора , romanized : Crna Gora , [ tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra ] ) is a country of South and Southeast Europe on the coast of the Balkans . It borders Bosnia-Herzegovina to the northwest , Serbia to the northeast , Kosovo [ a ] to the east , Albania to the southeast , the Adriatic Sea to the southwest , and Croatia to the west . Montenegro has an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 620,079 ( 2011 census ) . Its capital Podgorica is one of the twenty-three municipalities in the country . Cetinje is designated as the Old Royal Capital . During the Early Medieval period , three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro : Duklja , roughly corresponding to the southern half ; Travunia , the west ; and Rascia proper , the north . In 1042 , archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja from the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty . After being ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty for two centuries , the independent Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries , ruled by the House of Balšić between 1356 and 1421 , and by the House of Crnojević between 1431 and 1498 , when the name Montenegro started being used for the country . After falling under Ottoman rule , Montenegro regained de facto independence in 1697 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš , first under the theocratic rule of prince-bishops , before being transformed into a secular principality in 1852 . Montenegro 's de jure independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 , following the Montenegrin-Ottoman War . In 1905 , the country became a kingdom . After World War I , it became part of Yugoslavia ." } ] }, { "value": "Putra Samarinda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Putra_Samarinda_F.C.", "summary": "Putra Samarinda Football Club , is an Indonesian football club located in Samarinda , East Kalimantan . Nicknamed Pesut Mahakam , they won Liga Indonesia Premier Division titles in 2008-09 season ." } ] }, { "value": "5-0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Perseru Serui", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Perseru_Serui", "summary": "Persatuan Sepakbola Serui , commonly known as Perseru Serui , or Perseru , was an Indonesian football club based in Yapen Islands Regency , Papua . Their nickname is The Orange Cendrawasih . The traditional team home kit is black and orange striped shirt , similar to Hull City or Shakhtar Donetsk . They play in the Liga 1 in the Indonesian Football League . Their home stadium is Marora Stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "9 February 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bijahil Chalwa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bijahil_Chalwa", "summary": "Bijahil Chalwa ( born 30 November 1990 ) is an Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays as a forward for Sulut United in the Liga 2 ." } ] }, { "value": "Indonesia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Indonesia", "summary": "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ." } ] }, { "value": "Persela Lamongan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Persela_Lamongan", "summary": "Persatuan Sepakbola Lamongan , or commonly known as Persela , is an Indonesian football club based in Lamongan , East Java . Currently the club plays in Liga 1 , the top-flight football league in the country ." } ] }, { "value": "3-0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Persebaya ISL ( Bhayangkara )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bhayangkara_F.C.", "summary": "Bhayangkara Football Club , is an Indonesian professional football club based in Jakarta , Indonesia . They currently compete in the Liga 1 ." } ] }, { "value": "10 February 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Herman Dzumafo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Herman_Dzumafo_Epandi", "summary": "Herman Dzumafo Epandi ( born 21 February 1980 ) is a professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Bhayangkara in the Liga 1 ." } ] }, { "value": "Cameroon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cameroon", "summary": "Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates ." } ] }, { "value": "Mitra Kukar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mitra_Kukar_F.C.", "summary": "Persatuan Sepakbola Mitra Kukar is an Indonesian association football club based in Tenggarong , Kutai Kartanegara , East Kalimantan . They currently compete in the Liga 2 ." } ] }, { "value": "5-1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Persela Lamongan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Persela_Lamongan", "summary": "Persatuan Sepakbola Lamongan , or commonly known as Persela , is an Indonesian football club based in Lamongan , East Java . Currently the club plays in Liga 1 , the top-flight football league in the country ." } ] }, { "value": "20 February 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Srđan Lopičić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Srđan_Lopičić", "summary": "Srđan Lopičić ( born 23 November 1983 ) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who currently plays as a attacking midfielder ." } ] }, { "value": "Montenegro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montenegro", "summary": "Montenegro ( /ˌmɒntɪˈneɪɡroʊ , -ˈniːɡroʊ , -ˈnɛɡroʊ/ ( listen ) ; Montenegrin : Црна Гора , romanized : Crna Gora , [ tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra ] ) is a country of South and Southeast Europe on the coast of the Balkans . It borders Bosnia-Herzegovina to the northwest , Serbia to the northeast , Kosovo [ a ] to the east , Albania to the southeast , the Adriatic Sea to the southwest , and Croatia to the west . Montenegro has an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 620,079 ( 2011 census ) . Its capital Podgorica is one of the twenty-three municipalities in the country . Cetinje is designated as the Old Royal Capital . During the Early Medieval period , three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro : Duklja , roughly corresponding to the southern half ; Travunia , the west ; and Rascia proper , the north . In 1042 , archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja from the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty . After being ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty for two centuries , the independent Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries , ruled by the House of Balšić between 1356 and 1421 , and by the House of Crnojević between 1431 and 1498 , when the name Montenegro started being used for the country . After falling under Ottoman rule , Montenegro regained de facto independence in 1697 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš , first under the theocratic rule of prince-bishops , before being transformed into a secular principality in 1852 . Montenegro 's de jure independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 , following the Montenegrin-Ottoman War . In 1905 , the country became a kingdom . After World War I , it became part of Yugoslavia ." } ] }, { "value": "Persela Lamongan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Persela_Lamongan", "summary": "Persatuan Sepakbola Lamongan , or commonly known as Persela , is an Indonesian football club based in Lamongan , East Java . Currently the club plays in Liga 1 , the top-flight football league in the country ." } ] }, { "value": "3-0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Madura United", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Madura_United", "summary": "Madura United Football Club is an Indonesian professional football club . The club is based in Pamekasan , Madura , East Java . They currently play in the Liga 1 . Established in 10 January 2016 , Madura United FC is one of few professional clubs that succeeded in obtaining a license from AFC ( Asian Football Confederation ) for two years in a row . Madura United FC currently plays in two stadiums ; Gelora Madura Stadium and Gelora Bangkalan Stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "10 March 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pacho Kenmogne", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emmanuel_Kenmogne", "summary": "Emmanuel Kenmogne ( born September 2 , 1980 ) is a Belgian-Cameroonian football striker who lastly played for Persija Jakarta . He previously played for Malaysia Super League side , Kelantan FA ." } ] }, { "value": "Cameroon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cameroon", "summary": "Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates ." } ] }, { "value": "Persebaya ISL ( Bhayangkara )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bhayangkara_F.C.", "summary": "Bhayangkara Football Club , is an Indonesian professional football club based in Jakarta , Indonesia . They currently compete in the Liga 1 ." } ] }, { "value": "4-1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Madura United", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Madura_United", "summary": "Madura United Football Club is an Indonesian professional football club . The club is based in Pamekasan , Madura , East Java . They currently play in the Liga 1 . Established in 10 January 2016 , Madura United FC is one of few professional clubs that succeeded in obtaining a license from AFC ( Asian Football Confederation ) for two years in a row . Madura United FC currently plays in two stadiums ; Gelora Madura Stadium and Gelora Bangkalan Stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "14 March 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Boaz Solossa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boaz_Solossa", "summary": "Boaz Theofilius Erwin Solossa ( born 16 March 1986 ) is an Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays for Liga 1 club Persipura Jayapura and the Indonesia national team . He is known for his high leveled dribbling technique , his shooting accuracy , and left-foot passing . In 2011 , Boaz received an offer to play at the Dutch club VVV-Venlo , but rejected the offer and remains with Persipura in Jayapura . In 2017 he was chosen as the first Indonesian footballer to be entered the list of 50 Asian best footballers by fourfourtwo magazine ." } ] }, { "value": "Indonesia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Indonesia", "summary": "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ." } ] }, { "value": "Persipura Jayapura", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Persipura_Jayapura", "summary": "Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Jayapura , or Persipura , is an Indonesian football club based in Jayapura , Papua . The club was founded in 1963 and currently competes in the Liga 1 . Persipura plays their home matches in Mandala Stadium . Persipura is one of the giants of modern football in Indonesia with various league and tournament titles . Persipura is also known as the producer of great footballers from the land of Papua such as Rully Nere , Jack Komboy , Eduard Ivakdalam , Boaz Solossa , Ian Louis Kabes and Imanuel Wanggai . They are known for playing style relying on the abilities of individual players ." } ] }, { "value": "5-2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Persiba Bantul", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Persiba_Bantul", "summary": "Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Bantul , commonly known as Persiba Bantul , is a semi-professional Indonesian football club based in Bantul , Yogyakarta . They currently compete in the Liga 3 ." } ] }, { "value": "2 May 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Samsul Arif", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Samsul_Arif", "summary": "Samsul Arif Munip ( born January 14 , 1986 ) is an Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays for Persita Tangerang in the Liga 1 . He made his debut for Indonesia national football team in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification against Iran on November 15 , 2011 and gave one assist on the match ." } ] }, { "value": "Indonesia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Indonesia", "summary": "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ." } ] }, { "value": "Arema Cronus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arema_Cronus_F.C.", "summary": "Arema Football Club is an Indonesian professional football club based in Malang , Jawa Timur . The club plays in the Liga 1 . Arema 's nickname is Singo Edan ( The Mad Lions ) ." } ] }, { "value": "5-0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gresik United", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gresik_United", "summary": "Gresik United Football Club , commonly known as GUFC is an Indonesian football club based in Gresik , East Java . Having relegated from Liga 2 , They currently play in Liga 3 ." } ] }, { "value": "8 May 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greg Nwokolo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greg_Nwokolo", "summary": "Gregory Junior Nwokolo ( born 3 January 1986 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Madura United in the Liga 1 and the Indonesia national team . Born in Nigeria , Greg represents Indonesia internationally ." } ] }, { "value": "Indonesia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Indonesia", "summary": "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ." } ] }, { "value": "Persebaya ISL ( Bhayangkara )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bhayangkara_F.C.", "summary": "Bhayangkara Football Club , is an Indonesian professional football club based in Jakarta , Indonesia . They currently compete in the Liga 1 ." } ] }, { "value": "4-0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Persiba Balikpapan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Persiba_Balikpapan", "summary": "Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Balikpapan , commonly known as Persiba Balikpapan , is an Indonesian football club based in Balikpapan , East Kalimantan . Nicknamed Beruang Madu ( The Sun Bear ) , taken from the city mascot of Balikpapan , the club was founded in 1950 and play their home games in the 40,000-capacity Batakan Stadium . In media , the tautology is often used and to distinguish the club with another club with the same acronym , Persiba Bantul . Another nickname given is Selicin Minyak ( slippery as oil ) because Balikpapan is the center for oil and gas industry of Indonesia . Persiba plays in the Liga 2 , second caste football competition in Indonesia ." } ] }, { "value": "8 June 2014", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Season statistics -- Hat-tricks", "section_text": "Main article : List of Indonesia Super League hat-tricks", "uid": "2014_Indonesia_Super_League_2", "intro": "The 2014 Indonesia Super League season is the sixth season of the Indonesia Super League (ISL), a fully professional football competition as the top tier of the football league pyramid in Indonesia. The season is scheduled to begin on January 2014, but in the end PSSI decided that the competition will begin on 1 February 2014 and possibly ends on 7 November 2014. Competition schedule was released on 17 January 2014 by PT Liga Indonesia in Jakarta. Persipura are the defending champions, having won their fourth league title in 2013. This season saw the merging of the two professional leagues in Indonesia - Indonesian Premier League (IPL) and Indonesian Super League (ISL) - after the two competitions had run since 2011. It was decided that only four teams from the Premier League would join the new Super League. The 22 clubs will be divided into two groups (regions) so each group contains eleven participating teams, this is due to the many political agenda in Indonesia in 2014 such as the parliamentary election on 9 April 2014 and the Presidential election on 9 July 2014." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Malaysia_Premier_League", "title": "2011 Malaysia Premier League", "header": [ "Team", "Coach", "Captain", "Kit manufacturer", "Shirt sponsor" ], "data": [ { "value": "ATM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zahid Hashim", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fatrurazi Rozi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fatrurazi_Rozi", "summary": "Fatrurazi Rozi ( born 15 May 1978 ) is a Malaysian footballer who is currently playing for Pos Malaysia FC in Malaysia Premier League . He previously played for ATM FA , Felda United FC , Selangor Public Bank , Kelantan FA , Malacca FA , PKNS FC and PDRM FA ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kappa_(company)", "summary": "Kappa is an Italian sportswear brand founded in Turin , Piedmont , Italy . Kappa was founded as a sock firm in Turin , Italy , in 1916 but did n't become Kappa until 1967 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Johor", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Azmi Mohamed", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Azmi_Mohamed", "summary": "Azmi Mohamed ( born 2 August 1966 ) is a Malaysian former professional footballer and the head coach ." } ] }, { "value": "Mohd Affandy Adimel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Joma", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joma", "summary": "Joma ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxoma ] ) is a Spanish sports clothing manufacturer , which currently produces footwear and clothing for football , futsal , handball basketball , volleyball , running , tennis , padel , fitness . Its headquarters are located in Spain . Joma was founded in 1965 to produce shoes for general use . In 1968 , the company began to specialize in sport shoes production and distribution . After a relative success , Joma decided to enter into football market , obtaining a great success and becoming the leader in its country , consequently also with international success . Eventually , Joma Sport had opened offices in the United States , Europe and Asia being currently present in over 70 countries throughout the world . Joma Sport brand is in the top ten in the world-ranking ." } ] }, { "value": "Kulim Berhad", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Harimau Muda B", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ismail Ibrahim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ismail_Ibrahim", "summary": "Sultan Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ( Jawi : سلطان إبراهيم ابن المرحوم سلطان إسكندر ; born 22 November 1958 ) is the 25th Sultan of Johor and the 5th Sultan of modern Johor . He is the son of Sultan Iskandar . A motorcycle enthusiast , Sultan Ibrahim is well-known as the founder of the annual motorcycling tour event , Kembara Mahkota Johor ." } ] }, { "value": "Mohd Syafiq Shalihin Mohd Noor", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nike", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nike,_Inc.", "summary": "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sime Darby", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ismail Zakaria", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mohd Nor Ismail", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mohd_Nor_Ismail", "summary": "Mohamad Nor Bin Ismail ( born 20 August 1982 ) is a Malaysian former international footballer who played as a striker . Mohd Nor started his career with Kuala Lumpur FA . He was transferred to Perak during the 2005 season after spending four years with Kuala Lumpur FA . Later he was transferred to Johor FC but returned to Perak FA during the 2007/08 season . Mohd Nor was called for duty with the Malaysia national team during the 2006 World Cup qualifier . Since then , he was selected part of Malaysia squad . He played for the 2004 Tiger Cup where Malaysia finished third after defeating Myanmar 2-1 . He was also representing the Malaysia national under 23 side that won the bronze medal at the 2005 SEA Games ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sime Darby", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sime_Darby", "summary": "Sime Darby Berhad ( MYX : 4197 ) is a Malaysian trading conglomerate . Its core businesses operate in and serve the industrial , plantation , motors and logistics sectors as well as the healthcare , insurance , and retail segments ." } ] }, { "value": "MP Muar", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jacob Joseph", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacob_Joseph_(Malaysia_football_coach)", "summary": "Jacob Joseph ( born July 9 , 1958 ) is a Malaysian football coach . His coaching experiences include stints as head coach of Malaysia women 's national football team , ATM FA , Perak Jenderata , UPB-MyTeam FC as youth coach , Muar Municipal Council FC , and MISC-MIFA ." } ] }, { "value": "Zainurin Abdul Kadir", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zainurin_Abdul_Kadir", "summary": "Zainurin Abdul Kadir ( born 11 January 1983 ) is a Malaysian football goalkeeper for Muar Municipal Council FC in the Malaysia Premier League . His brother Azizon Abdul Kadir is also a goalkeeper . He previously played for Selangor FA in 2006 in the Malaysia Super League . Before that , he played with DBKL FC in the Malaysia FAM Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Kronos", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Interpacific", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PDRM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "K. Thaiyanathan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mohd Saiful Rusly", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mohd_Saiful_Rusly", "summary": "Mohd Saiful Rusly ( born 2 February 1978 ) is a Malaysian football player who played for PDRM FA in the Malaysia Premier League in the 2010 season . He rejoined that club after he was released in November 2009 by Malaysia Super League team Terengganu FA where he had been a first-team regular ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PKNS", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Abdul Rahman Ibrahim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ibrahim", "summary": "Abdul Rahman Ibrahim ( born 13 April 1946 ) is a Malaysian football coach and a former football player ." } ] }, { "value": "Mohd Fadhil Mohd Hashim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mohd_Fadhil_Mohd_Hashim", "summary": "Mohd Fadhil Mohd Hashim ( born 2 July 1983 ) is a Malaysian footballer who is currently playing for Kuala Lumpur FA . He started his professional career by playing for Selangor FA President Cup Team . In the 2006/07 season , he was promoted to play with the senior team ." } ] }, { "value": "Kappa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kappa_(company)", "summary": "Kappa is an Italian sportswear brand founded in Turin , Piedmont , Italy . Kappa was founded as a sock firm in Turin , Italy , in 1916 but did n't become Kappa until 1967 ." } ] }, { "value": "PKNS", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pos Malaysia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mat Zan Mat Aris", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mat_Zan_Mat_Aris", "summary": "Mat Zan Mat Aris is a Malaysian football manager ( head coach ) and former national footballer . He spent most of his football career playing for Kuala Lumpur FA during the 1980s and early 1990s ." } ] }, { "value": "Manopsak Kram", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manopsak_Kram", "summary": "Manopsak Kram ( born 27 November 1988 in Alor Setar , Kedah ) is a Malaysian footballer and younger brother of footballer Samransak Kram . He currently plays for Pos Malaysia FC as a midfielder . He also has played in Kedah 's President Cup starting from 2006 to 2008 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Kika", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pos Malaysia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pos_Malaysia", "summary": "Pos Malaysia Berhad ( MYX : 4634 ) is a postal delivery service in Malaysia , with history dating back to early 1800s . Pos Malaysia provides postal and related services , namely :" } ] }, { "value": "Penang", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ahmad Yusof", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Megat Amir Faisal Al Khalidi Ibrahim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Megat_Amir_Faisal_Al_Khalidi_Ibrahim", "summary": "Megat Amir Faisal Al Khalidi bin Ibrahim ( born 27 September 1978 ) is a Malaysian footballer who is a former football player and now he is a professional coach . He has coached Harimau Muda U23 and Malaysia Team U23 to national level in 2015 and 2016 . He has also coached Felcra Club and Kedah State Team . He is the current First Team Goalkeeper Coach for PJ City FC . He holds AFC Goalkeeping Coaching Certificate Level 3.His preferred playing position is as a goalkeeper ." } ] }, { "value": "Eutag", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sarawak", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert Alberts", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Alberts", "summary": "Robert Renè Alberts ( born 14 November 1954 ) is a former Dutch footballer and current manager ." } ] }, { "value": "Zamri Morshidi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zamri_Morshidi", "summary": "Zamri Bin Morshidi ( born 20 November 1983 in Sarawak ) is a Malaysian footballer currently playing for AirAsia F.C . He has played much of his career in a center forward role either as first or second striker ." } ] }, { "value": "StarSport", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Naim Homes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SDMS Kepala Batas", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mohammad Adam Abdullah", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shahrulnizam Mohd", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "S. Veloo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/S._Veloo", "summary": "Veloo a/l Sinnathamby , better known as S. Veloo ( born 9 November 1966 ) is a Malaysian football head coach , for Akademi Mokhtar Dahari ." } ] }, { "value": "Mohd Fariss Azlan Mat Isa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mohd_Fariss_Azlan_Mat_Isa", "summary": "Mohd Fariss Azlan Mat Isa ( born 6 August 1984 ) is a Malaysian footballer who currently plays as a defender for Kuala Lumpur United ." } ] }, { "value": "Joma", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joma", "summary": "Joma ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxoma ] ) is a Spanish sports clothing manufacturer , which currently produces footwear and clothing for football , futsal , handball basketball , volleyball , running , tennis , padel , fitness . Its headquarters are located in Spain . Joma was founded in 1965 to produce shoes for general use . In 1968 , the company began to specialize in sport shoes production and distribution . After a relative success , Joma decided to enter into football market , obtaining a great success and becoming the leader in its country , consequently also with international success . Eventually , Joma Sport had opened offices in the United States , Europe and Asia being currently present in over 70 countries throughout the world . Joma Sport brand is in the top ten in the world-ranking ." } ] }, { "value": "USM & Asmana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia", "summary": "Universiti Sains Malaysia ( acronym : USM ) has won the most Entrepreneurial University 2018 , in Malaysia and the only Accelerated Programs for Excellence ( APEX ) government funded Autonomous university in Malaysia . Founded on 1 June 1969 as a statutory body with its own constitution , it is among the oldest institute of higher learning ( IHL ) in Northern Malaysia . It has three campuses , a main campus on the island of Penang , a health campus in Kelantan , and an engineering campus in Nibong Tebal . There is overseas collaboration with KLE University , India offering the Doctor of Medicine ( USM ) undergraduate degree . USM plans to open a Global Campus ( Kuala Lumpur Campus ) located at Kuala Lumpur Education City ( KLCE ) . With around 28,300 postgraduate and undergraduate students in 2009 , USM is one of the biggest universities in terms of enrolment in Malaysia . The number of lecturers is about 1,479 , which leads to a student-lecturer ratio of around 19:1 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Teams -- Team summaries", "section_text": "", "uid": "2011_Malaysia_Premier_League_1", "intro": "The 2011 Liga Premier (English: 2011 Premier League) is the eighth season of the Liga Premier, the second-tier professional football league in Malaysia. The season was held from 31 January and concluded in 29 July 2011. PKNS clinched the 2011 Liga Premier title on 20 May 2011, and first promotion spot to Liga Super, with a 2-0 win over Johor. The win gave them a 12-point unassailable lead over their nearest challenger, Sarawak with 3 games remaining. Sarawak themselves secured the second promotion spot after the 4-1 win over USM on 23 May 2011, gaining an 8-point unassailable difference over nearest rivals Sime Darby with 2 games remaining. At the other end of the table, 2 Penang teams SDMS Kepala Batas and Penang confirms their status as two last-placed teams in Liga Premier, which relegates them to 2012 Liga FAM competition, subject to confirmation from FAM. The Liga Premier champions for 2011 season was PKNS. The champions and runners-up were both promoted to 2012 Liga Super." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\"Weird_Al\"_Yankovic", "title": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic", "header": [ "Year", "Title", "Role", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "1983", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Laverne & Shirley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laverne_&_Shirley", "summary": "Laverne & Shirley ( originally Laverne DeFazio & Shirley Feeney ) is an American television sitcom that played for eight seasons on ABC from January 27 , 1976 , to May 10 , 1983 . A spin-off of Happy Days , Laverne & Shirley followed the lives of Laverne DeFazio ( Penny Marshall ) and Shirley Feeney ( Cindy Williams ) , two friends and roommates who work as bottle-cappers in the fictitious Shotz Brewery in late 1950s Milwaukee , Wisconsin . From the sixth season onwards , the series ' setting changed to mid-1960s Burbank , California . Michael McKean and David Lander co-starred as their friends and neighbors Lenny Kosnowski and Andrew Squiggy Squiggman , respectively ; along with Eddie Mekka as Carmine Ragusa , Phil Foster as Laverne 's father Frank DeFazio , and Betty Garrett as the girls ' landlady Edna Babish . Featuring regular physical comedy , Laverne & Shirley became the most-watched American television program by its third season , and was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award in 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "Keyboard Player", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : The Rock and Roll Show / Uncredited", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1987", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Amazing Stories", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amazing_Stories_(1985_TV_series)", "summary": "Amazing Stories is an American anthology television series created by Steven Spielberg , that originally ran on NBC in the United States from September 29 , 1985 to April 10 , 1987 . The series was nominated for 12 Emmy Awards and won five . The first season episode The Amazing Falsworth earned writer Mick Garris an Edgar Award for Best Episode in a TV Series . It was not a ratings hit ( ranking 35th in Season 1 and 52nd in Season 2 ) , however , and the network did not renew it after the two-year contract expired . The 1987 science fiction film Batteries Not Included was originally intended as a story for Amazing Stories , but Spielberg liked the idea so much that he decided to make it a theatrical release . The series title licensed the name of Amazing Stories , the first dedicated science fiction magazine created by Hugo Gernsback in April of 1926 . On March 25 , 2019 , Spielberg announced that a revival of Amazing Stories will be produced for streaming on Apple TV+ ." } ] }, { "value": "The Cabbage Man", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Miss Stardust", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1992", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Square One Television", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Square_One_Television", "summary": "Square One Television ( sometimes referred to as Square One or Square One TV ) is an American children 's television program produced by the Children 's Television Workshop ( now known as Sesame Workshop ) to teach mathematics and abstract mathematical concepts to young viewers . Created and broadcast by PBS in the United States from January 26 , 1987 to November 6 , 1992 , the show was intended to address the math crisis among American schoolchildren . After the last episode aired , the show went into reruns until October 7 , 1994 . The show was revived for the 1995-1996 PBS season as a teacher instruction program , Square One TV Math Talk . [ citation needed ] Square One was also shown on the U.S. cable television channel Noggin in syndication beginning in 1999 , but was removed from its lineup along with other Sesame Workshop shows on May 26 , 2003 ." } ] }, { "value": "Murray the Mouth", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : The Case : Off the Record , segment : Mathnet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mathnet", "summary": "Mathnet is a segment on the children 's television show Square One Television ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mathnet", "summary": "Mathnet is a segment on the children 's television show Square One Television ." } ] }, { "value": "1994", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Space Ghost Coast to Coast", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast", "summary": "Space Ghost Coast to Coast is an American adult animated parody talk show , created by Mike Lazzo and hosted by the 1960s Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Space Ghost . Though the original 1960s series aired as a standard Hanna-Barbera Saturday-morning superhero cartoon , Space Ghost Coast to Coast was a reboot of the series intended for adults , reinterpreted as a surreal spoof talk show and produced using the original artwork . The first two seasons were presented as a serious talk show with subdued jokes , while the later seasons relied more on surrealism , non-sequitur , and tabloid . Space Ghost Coast to Coast is considered to be the first fully produced Cartoon Network original series . It premiered on April 15 , 1994 , and originally ended on December 17 , 1999 . The series was revived on May 7 , 2001 , and was moved to the new Adult Swim late programming block on September 2 of that year , where new episodes premiered until April 12 , 2004 . Two final seasons were released on GameTap from 2006 to 2008 . Over 11 seasons , 108 episodes aired . The series is notable for helping launch the careers of animators Adam Reed , Matt Thompson , Andy Merrill , Jim Fortier , Pete Smith , Michael Ouweleen , Eric Richter , Dave Willis , and Matt Maiellaro . Space Ghost Coast to Coast had two spinoff series in the form of Cartoon Planet and The Brak Show , and inspired or influenced other series including Sealab 2021 ; Aqua Teen Hunger Force ; Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law ; Perfect Hair Forever ; and The Eric Andre Show ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Banjo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1995 , 1998", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Eddie Files", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Waiter Man Interrogated Bones McDuff", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fractions : Any Way You Slice It Geometry : Invasion of the Polygons Charts & Graphs : The Dessert Derby", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1997", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Weird Al Show", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Weird_Al_Show", "summary": "The Weird Al Show is an American television show hosted by Weird Al Yankovic . Produced in association with Dick Clark Productions and taped at NBC Studios , it aired on Saturday mornings on the CBS TV network . The show ran for one season , from September to December 1997 . The show was released on DVD on August 15 , 2006 . The show is framed as a show-within-a-show , with Yankovic , starring as himself , living in an underground home while working as a television show host . It uses a combination of live-action skits with numerous guests , animated shorts , and musical performances by Yankovic and other guest bands . CBS had greenlit the show from Yankovic , seeking content for its required Educational/Informative programming block and framed similarly to Pee-Wee 's Playhouse . Because of this , Yankovic and his writers struggled with developing content appropriate for children 's programming that met CBS 's expectations while still within Yankovic 's form of visual and adult humor ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself / various", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13 episodes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1998", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Drew Carey Show", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show", "summary": "The Drew Carey Show is an American sitcom television series that aired on ABC from September 13 , 1995 to September 8 , 2004 . It was set in Cleveland , Ohio and revolved around the retail office and home life of everyman Drew Carey , a fictionalized version of the actor . The show was created by Carey , who had both stand-up comedy and writing experience , and Bruce Helford , who was once a writer for Roseanne . It was the first television show to have an episode simulcast on the Internet . Produced by Mohawk Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television , it debuted on September 13 , 1995 , and ranked among the Top 30 programs for four seasons before sliding in popularity . Ratings declined sharply during the final two seasons , and the last two episodes aired on September 8 , 2004 ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Drew Between the Rock and a Hard Place", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2002", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Brak Show", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Brak_Show", "summary": "The Brak Show is an American adult animated sitcom that aired on Cartoon Network 's late-night programming block , Adult Swim . The Brak Show was created by Andy Merrill , Jim Fortier , and Pete Smith , serving as a spin-off of the animated television series , Space Ghost Coast to Coast , for which the show 's creators originally wrote , and featured recurring characters from Space Ghost Coast to Coast and Cartoon Planet . Both programs used stock footage from the Hanna-Barbera cartoon Space Ghost . The protagonist is Brak , voiced by Merrill , who developed a quirky persona for the character . An earlier version of the pilot episode , Mr. Bawk Ba Gawk , originally aired prior to the official launch of Adult Swim on Cartoon Network on December 21 , 2000 . The series made its official premiere debut during the night Adult Swim officially launched on September 2 , 2001 , and ended on December 31 , 2003 , with a total of 28 episodes . On May 24 , 2007 a webisode for the series was released on Adult Swim Video , ending the series ." } ] }, { "value": "Petroleum Joe", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Feud", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Feud_(The_Brak_Show)", "summary": "This is a list of episodes for the animated Adult Swim television series , The Brak Show . The series ran from September 2 , 2001 to December 31 , 2003 . On May 24 , 2007 , an additional webisode entitled Space Adventure was released on Adult Swim Video , no further webisodes have ever been produced . The first fourteen episodes were released on the Volume One DVD on February 1 , 2005 , and the remaining episodes were released on the Volume Two DVD on August 8 , 2006 . In addition to being available on DVD , The Brak Show is also available on iTunes . The webisode was never made available for purchase , and is only available on Adult Swim Video ." } ] }, { "value": "2007-10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job !", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tim_and_Eric_Awesome_Show,_Great_Job!", "summary": "Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! is an American sketch comedy series created by and starring Tim Heidecker and Eric Wareheim , which premiered February 11 , 2007 on Adult Swim and ran until May 2010 . The show features surreal and often satirical humor ( at points anti-humor and cringe comedy ) , public-access television-style musical acts , bizarre faux-commercials with a unique editing and special effects style by Doug Lussenhop to make the show appear camp . The program featured a wide range of performers , including regular guests Zach Galifianakis , John C. Reilly , Ray Wise , Bob Odenkirk , Will Forte , Jeff Goldblum , and Weird Al Yankovic , as well as an ensemble of alternative performers like Neil Hamburger and David Liebe Hart , former television stars like Alan Thicke , porn stars , celebrity look-alikes , impressionists , and amateur actors found through Craigslist . The show also attracts a wide range of popular Hollywood talent for brief appearances , including Marilyn Manson , Will Ferrell , Elisha Cuthbert , Rainn Wilson , David Cross , Fred Armisen , Patton Oswalt , Ben Stiller , Paul Rudd , Dave Navarro , Ted Danson , Peter Cetera , Danny Trejo , Tommy Wiseau and Josh Groban . The creators of the show have described it as the nightmare vision of television . On August 27 , 2017 , Adult Swim broadcast a ten-year anniversary special , known as Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! Awesome 10 Year Anniversary Version , Great Job ? , including new sketches as well as a best-of from older broadcasts ." } ] }, { "value": "Simon / Uncle Muscles", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7 episodes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "How I Met Your Mother", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/How_I_Met_Your_Mother", "summary": "How I Met Your Mother ( often abbreviated as HIMYM ) is an American sitcom created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays for CBS . The series , which ran from 2005 to 2014 , follows the main character , Ted Mosby , and his group of friends in New York City 's Manhattan . As a framing device , Ted , in the year 2030 , recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meet their mother . How I Met Your Mother is a joint production by Bays & Thomas Productions and 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television . The series was loosely inspired by Thomas and Bays ' friendship when they both lived in New York City . Among the 208 episodes , there were only four directors : Pamela Fryman ( 196 episodes ) , Rob Greenberg ( 7 episodes ) , Michael Shea ( 4 episodes ) , and Neil Patrick Harris ( 1 episode ) . Known for its unique structure , humor , and incorporation of dramatic elements , How I Met Your Mother was popular throughout its run . The show initially received positive reviews , while the later seasons received more mixed reviews . The show was nominated for 30 Emmy Awards and won ten . In 2010 , Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy , and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Noretta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Noretta", "summary": "Noretta is the seventh episode of the seventh season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother and the 143rd episode overall . It aired on October 24 , 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "30 Rock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/30_Rock", "summary": "30 Rock is an American satirical sitcom television series created by Tina Fey that originally aired on NBC from October 11 , 2006 to January 31 , 2013 . The series , based on Fey 's experiences as head writer for Saturday Night Live , takes place behind the scenes of a fictional live sketch comedy show depicted as airing on NBC . The series 's name refers to 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , the address of the Comcast Building , where the NBC Studios are located and where Saturday Night Live is written , produced , and performed . This series was produced by Broadway Video and Little Stranger , Inc. , in association with NBCUniversal . 30 Rock episodes were produced in a single-camera setup ( with the exception of the two live episodes that were produced in the multiple-camera setup ) , and were filmed in New York . The pilot episode premiered on October 11 , 2006 , and seven seasons followed . The series stars Fey with a supporting cast that includes Alec Baldwin , Tracy Morgan , Jane Krakowski , Jack McBrayer , Scott Adsit , Judah Friedlander , Katrina Bowden , Keith Powell , Lonny Ross , John Lutz , Kevin Brown , Grizz Chapman , and Maulik Pancholy . Tonally , 30 Rock uses surreal humor to parody the complex corporate structure of NBC and its then parent company General Electric . A critic for The A.V . Club once remarked that it usually adopts the manic pacing of a live-action cartoon . The show was influential in its extensive use of cutaways : sudden , short cuts to unrelated scenes showing something the characters are briefly discussing . 30 Rock also became known for its dedication to making sets extremely elaborate , once showing a set that took three days to build for only six seconds of video ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Kidnapped by Danger", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kidnapped_by_Danger", "summary": "Kidnapped by Danger is the fourteenth episode of the sixth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 116th overall episode of the series . It was directed by Claire Cowperthwaite , and written by series creator and star Tina Fey . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on March 22 , 2012 , immediately after the previous episode , Grandmentor . In the episode , Jack ( Alec Baldwin ) and writer Liz ( Tina Fey ) have creative differences over the Avery Jessup TV movie project ; Avery 's mother ( Mary Steenburgen ) returns to oversee production , rekindling her chemistry with Jack ; Kenneth ( Jack McBrayer ) copes with his new job as an NBC janitor ; and Jenna ( Jane Krakowski ) reacts poorly to a Weird Al Yankovic parody of her new single ." } ] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Aquabats ! Super Show !", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Aquabats!_Super_Show!", "summary": "The Aquabats ! Super Show ! is an American action-comedy musical television series which aired from March 3 , 2012 to January 8 , 2014 on The Hub Network and resumed as an independent YouTube web series in September 2019 . The series was created by Christian Jacobs and Scott Schultz , both the creators of the Nick Jr. series Yo Gabba Gabba ! , and Jason deVilliers . Based on the superhero mythology of The Aquabats , a real-life comedy rock band which series co-creator and lead singer Jacobs formed in 1994 , The Aquabats ! Super Show ! follows the comic adventures of a fictionalized version of the band , a musical group of amateur superheroes , as they haphazardly defend the world from a variety of villains and monsters . Styled similarly to the campy aesthetics of 1960s and 1970s children 's television and Japanese tokusatsu , Super Show ! utilizes various mediums of visual styles and special effects , mixing live-action storylines with cartoon shorts , parody advertisements and musical interludes . The series ' first season concluded on June 16 , 2012 following a run of 13 episodes , having met with a largely positive critical reception , consistently high ratings for the channel and a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Children 's Series . The series ' second season consisted of an initial five episodes which aired through June 2013 , with three additional episodes airing in late December and January 2014 , receiving similar acclaim and a further seven Daytime Emmy nominations , ultimately winning one for Best Stunt Coordination . In June 2014 , co-creator Jacobs officially announced the series ' cancellation , following news of The Hub 's financial losses which led to the network 's rebranding as Discovery Family later that October ." } ] }, { "value": "President Stuncastin Super Magic Power Man !", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pilgrim Boy ! Showtime !", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_The_Aquabats!_Super_Show!_episodes", "summary": "The following is a list of episodes for The Aquabats ! Super Show ! , an American action-comedy television series which aired on the United States cable network The Hub . The first season premiered on March 3 , 2012 and finished on June 16 , 2012 following a run of 13 episodes . The series ' second season began airing on June 1 , 2013 and concluded on June 29 following a brief run of five episodes , while three half-hour specials aired on December 21 and 28 , 2013 , and on January 18 , 2014 . In July 2014 , The Aquabats revealed that The Hub had opted not to renew Super Show ! for a third season , effectively cancelling the series . The synopses below summarize the main live-action storyline for each episode . If applicable , also included in each capsule synopsis are brief summaries of the episode 's animated segments - annotated by the title A Cartoon ! , which may or may not consist of the Lil ' Bat shorts - and parody commercials , labeled as Commercial . The list of Songs includes all songs either performed by The Aquabats or a similarly significant character but excludes score and incidental music , otherwise mentioned under Song Notes ." }, { "url": "/wiki/List_of_The_Aquabats!_Super_Show!_episodes", "summary": "The following is a list of episodes for The Aquabats ! Super Show ! , an American action-comedy television series which aired on the United States cable network The Hub . The first season premiered on March 3 , 2012 and finished on June 16 , 2012 following a run of 13 episodes . The series ' second season began airing on June 1 , 2013 and concluded on June 29 following a brief run of five episodes , while three half-hour specials aired on December 21 and 28 , 2013 , and on January 18 , 2014 . In July 2014 , The Aquabats revealed that The Hub had opted not to renew Super Show ! for a third season , effectively cancelling the series . The synopses below summarize the main live-action storyline for each episode . If applicable , also included in each capsule synopsis are brief summaries of the episode 's animated segments - annotated by the title A Cartoon ! , which may or may not consist of the Lil ' Bat shorts - and parody commercials , labeled as Commercial . The list of Songs includes all songs either performed by The Aquabats or a similarly significant character but excludes score and incidental music , otherwise mentioned under Song Notes ." } ] }, { "value": "2012-16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy Bang ! Bang !", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comedy_Bang!_Bang!_(TV_series)", "summary": "Comedy Bang ! Bang ! is a television series created and hosted by Scott Aukerman . The show aired weekly on IFC and was a spin-off of Aukerman 's podcast Comedy Bang ! Bang ! , which airs on the Earwolf network . Like the podcast , the series featured outlandish and farcical humor , often delivered in a deadpan manner . The mock talk show derived most of its comedy from its surreal spoofs of common late night tropes and from its characters ' ineptitude . Reggie Watts left Comedy Bang ! Bang ! halfway through the fourth season to become the bandleader for The Late Late Show with James Corden . Musician Kid Cudi took over bandleader and sidekick duties after Watts ' departure . The season four finale aired on December 10 , 2015 and was Cudi 's final episode ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself / Mike Cankers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "25 episodes Guest star ( season 1-4 ) ; bandleader/co-host ( season 5 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Childrens Hospital", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Childrens_Hospital", "summary": "Childrens Hospital ( originally titled Children 's Hospital as webisodes ) is an American black comedy television series and web series that parodies the medical drama genre , created by and starring actor/comedian Rob Corddry . The series began on the web on TheWB.com with ten episodes , roughly five minutes in length , all of which premiered on December 8 , 2008 . Adult Swim picked up the rights to the show in 2009 and began airing episodes in 2010 . The storyline centers on the staff of Childrens Hospital , a children 's hospital named after Dr. Arthur Childrens . The hospital sporadically ( and usually without reason ) is mentioned as being located within Brazil ( minus season five , set at an American military base in Japan ) , despite making virtually no effort to conceal that the series is shot in Los Angeles , California . Corddry is part of an ensemble cast portraying the hospital 's doctors , which also includes Lake Bell , Erinn Hayes , Rob Huebel , Ken Marino and Megan Mullally . Malin Åkerman and Henry Winkler joined the cast for season two . Previously recurring Zandy Hartig and Brian Huskey were upped to series regulars in season five , but became recurring cast members again from season six onward . The show ran for seven seasons ; its final episode aired on April 15 , 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Young Michael", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Country Weekend", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_Childrens_Hospital_episodes", "summary": "Childrens Hospital , a situation comedy television and web series created by Rob Corddry , which premiered its first season online on TheWB.com on December 8 , 2008 . On July 11 , 2010 , Adult Swim began airing the web episodes in groups of two . Season two began on Adult Swim on August 22 , 2010 . Season three began on June 2 , 2011 . Season four began on August 10 , 2012 . Season five began on July 26 , 2013 , season six on March 21 , 2015 and the seventh and final season on January 22 , 2016 . As of April 15 , 2016 , 10 webisodes and 86 television episodes of Childrens Hospital have aired ." } ] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Good Morning Today", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Good_Morning_Today", "summary": "Good Morning Today is a computer-animated television show on Fusion that was created by David Javerbaum and produced by The Jim Henson Company under its Henson Alternative banner and ShadowMachine Films . The show uses The Jim Henson Company 's real time motion capture Digital Puppet Studio ." } ] }, { "value": "Sir Alfred Yankovic", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode 1.9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014 , 2018", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drunk History", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Drunk_History", "summary": "Drunk History is an American educational television comedy series produced by Comedy Central , based on the Funny or Die web series created by Derek Waters and Jeremy Konner in 2007 , both of whom , along with Will Ferrell and Adam McKay , are the show 's executive producers . In each episode , an inebriated narrator , joined by host Waters , struggles to recount an event from history , while actors enact the narrator 's anecdotes and also lip sync the dialogue . In addition to Waters and celebrity guest stars , the show 's characters are played by regulars such as Bennie Arthur , Tim Baltz , Mort Burke , Sarah Burns , Maria Blasucci , Craig Cackowski , Michael Cassady , Michael Coleman , Tymberlee Hill , Adam Nee , Jeremy J. Tutson , Greg Tuculescu , J.T . Palmer and Aasha Davis . The series premiered on Comedy Central on July 9 , 2013 . On February 22 , 2018 , Comedy Central renewed the show for a sixth season , which premiered on January 15 , 2019 . A number of international versions have also been produced . On August 26 , 2019 , the series was renewed for a seventh season ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolf Hitler / Adolf Eichmann", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolf_Hitler", "summary": "Adolf Hitler ( German : [ ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ ] ( listen ) ; 20 April 1889 - 30 April 1945 ) was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party ( Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ; NSDAP ) . He rose to power as the chancellor of Germany in 1933 , and as Führer in 1934 . [ a ] During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945 , he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939 . He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust . Hitler 's actions and ideology are almost universally regarded as evil . Hitler was born in Austria - then part of Austria-Hungary - and was raised near Linz . He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I . In 1919 , he joined the German Workers ' Party ( DAP ) , the precursor of the NSDAP , and was appointed leader of the NSDAP in 1921 . In 1923 , he attempted to seize power in a failed coup in Munich and was imprisoned . In jail , he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( My Struggle ) . After his release in 1924 , Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism , anti-semitism and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . He frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as part of a Jewish conspiracy ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann", "summary": "Otto Adolf Eichmann [ a ] ( /ˈaɪxmən/ AHIKH-mən , German : [ ˈʔɔto ˈʔaːdɔlf ˈʔaɪçman ] ; 19 March 1906 - 1 June 1962 ) was a German-Austrian SS-Obersturmbannführer and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust , referred to as the Final Solution to the Jewish Question in Nazi terminology . He was tasked by SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich with facilitating and managing the logistics involved in the mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe during World War II . Eichmann was captured by the Mossad in Argentina on 11 May 1960 and subsequently found guilty of war crimes in a widely publicised trial in Jerusalem , where he was executed by hanging in 1962 . After an unremarkable school career , Eichmann briefly worked for his father 's mining company in Austria , where the family had moved in 1914 . He worked as a travelling oil salesman beginning in 1927 , and joined both the Nazi Party and the SS in 1932 . He returned to Germany in 1933 , where he joined the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD , Security Service ) ; there he was appointed head of the department responsible for Jewish affairs - especially emigration , which the Nazis encouraged through violence and economic pressure . After the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 , Eichmann and his staff arranged for Jews to be concentrated in ghettos in major cities with the expectation that they would be transported either farther east or overseas . He also drew up plans for a Jewish reservation , first at Nisko in southeast Poland and later in Madagascar , but neither of these plans were ever carried out . The Nazis began the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 , and their Jewish policy changed from emigration to extermination . To co-ordinate planning for the genocide , Heydrich , who was Eichmann 's superior , hosted the regime 's administrative leaders at the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 . Eichmann collected information for him , attended the conference , and prepared the minutes . Eichmann and his staff became responsible for Jewish deportations to extermination camps , where the victims were gassed ." } ] }, { "value": "2 episodes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "@ midnight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/@midnight", "summary": "@ midnight with Chris Hardwick ( shortened to and formerly exclusively titled @ midnight ) is an American late night Internet-themed panel game show , hosted by Chris Hardwick , that aired Monday through Thursday nights between October 21 , 2013 and August 4 , 2017 on Comedy Central . @ midnight with Chris Hardwick premiered on October 21 , 2013 . It was syndicated internationally in Australia on SBS2 and The Comedy Channel , in the United Kingdom on Comedy Central Extra , and in Canada formerly on MuchMusic and later on The Comedy Network . @ midnight received a nomination for Outstanding Interactive Program at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards . It received a nomination and win for Outstanding Social TV Experience at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards . On July 18 , 2017 , Comedy Central , Chris Hardwick , and Funny or Die mutually agreed to end @ midnight with Chris Hardwick . The final episode , the 600th , aired on August 4 , 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episodes 2.10 , 2.64 , 2.92", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Hotwives of Orlando", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Hotwives_of_Orlando", "summary": "The Hotwives is an American sitcom that premiered on July 15 , 2014 , on the video streaming website Hulu . Developed by Paramount Digital Entertainment as a parody of The Real Housewives reality television franchise broadcast on Bravo , the first season follows the lives of several fictional women residing in Orlando , Florida . The series ' seven hotwives are inspired by several housewives that have been featured on installments of The Real Housewives . Season two , following a new group of ladies in Las Vegas , premiered on August 18 , 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "Coach Cliff Bonadenturo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Staycation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Hotwives", "summary": "The Hotwives is an American sitcom that premiered on July 15 , 2014 , on the video streaming website Hulu . Developed by Paramount Digital Entertainment as a parody of The Real Housewives reality television franchise broadcast on Bravo , the first season follows the lives of several fictional women residing in Orlando , Florida . The series ' seven hotwives are inspired by several housewives that have been featured on installments of The Real Housewives . Season two , following a new group of ladies in Las Vegas , premiered on August 18 , 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "2014-17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Celebrity Name Game", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Celebrity_Name_Game_(American_game_show)", "summary": "Celebrity Name Game is an American syndicated game show which premiered on September 22 , 2014 . Based on the board game Identity Crisis ( created by Laura Robinson and Richard Gerrits ) , the series was developed by Courteney Cox and David Arquette 's Coquette Productions , and was originally pitched as a primetime series for CBS with Craig Ferguson as host . The series was later picked up by FremantleMedia and Debmar-Mercury as a syndicated series for 2014 with Ferguson , who left The Late Late Show on December 19 , 2014 , remaining as host as well as an executive producer . The series marks Coquette 's first foray into game shows . The show was subsequently renewed for a second season , which premiered on September 21 , 2015 . Ferguson has won two daytime Emmys twice for Outstanding Game Show Host in 2015 and 2016 . He was nominated once again in 2017 . On December 2 , 2016 , it was announced that the series would end its run after three seasons . The series ended its run on February 28 , 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8 episodes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015-16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Galavant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Galavant", "summary": "Galavant is an American musical fantasy comedy television series , created and written by Dan Fogelman , with music and lyrics by Alan Menken and Glenn Slater . Fogelman , Menken and Slater also serve as executive producers alongside Chris Koch , Kat Likkel and John Hoberg for ABC Studios . The series premiered on January 4 , 2015 , as the mid-season replacement for Once Upon a Time . In an interview about the show , actress Mallory Jansen described Galavant as , the bastard child of Monty Python and The Princess Bride . The first season consisted of eight episodes which aired over four weeks , with two episodes back-to-back each week . The series was renewed for a second season of ten episodes on May 7 , 2015 , which premiered on January 3 , 2016 , following the same airing scheme as the first season . On May 12 , 2016 , it was confirmed the series was canceled . ." } ] }, { "value": "Confessional Monk", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2 episodes", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Filmography -- Television", "section_text": "", "uid": "\"Weird_Al\"_Yankovic_1", "intro": "Alfred Matthew Weird Al Yankovic (/ˈjæŋkəvɪk/ YANG-kə-vik; born October 23, 1959) is an American musical comedian whose humorous songs make light of popular culture and often parody specific songs by contemporary musical acts; original songs that are style pastiches of the work of other acts; and polka medleys of several popular songs, featuring his favored instrument, the accordion. Since his first-aired comedy song in 1976, he has sold more than 12 million albums (as of 2007[update]), recorded more than 150 parody and original songs, and performed more than 1,000 live shows. His works have earned him five Grammy Awards and a further eleven nominations, four gold records, and six platinum records in the United States. Yankovic's first top ten Billboard album (Straight Outta Lynwood) and single (White & Nerdy) were both released in 2006, nearly three decades into his career. His latest album, Mandatory Fun (2014), became his first number-one album during its debut week. Yankovic's success comes in part from his effective use of music video to further parody popular culture, the song's original artist, and the original music videos themselves, scene-for-scene in some cases. He directed later videos himself and went on to direct for other artists, including Ben Folds, Hanson, The Black Crowes, and The Presidents of the United States of America. With the decline of music television and the onset of social media, Yankovic used YouTube and other video sites to publish his videos; this strategy proved integral, helping to boost sales of his later albums, including Mandatory Fun. Yankovic has stated that he may forgo traditional albums in favor of timely releases of singles and EPs following on this success. In addition to recording his albums, Yankovic wrote and starred in the film UHF (1989) and the television series The Weird Al Show (1997). He has also made guest appearances and performed voice acting roles on many television shows and video web content, in addition to starring in Al TV specials on MTV. He has also written two children's books, When I Grow Up and My New Teacher and Me!" }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Phoenix", "title": "River Phoenix", "header": [ "Year", "Title", "Role", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "1982-1983", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers_(TV_series)", "summary": "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers is an American musical television series loosely based on the film , which ran on CBS from September 19 , 1982 to March 23 , 1983 ." } ] }, { "value": "Guthrie McFadden", "urls": [] }, { "value": "21 episodes Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in a Drama Series 1984 Nominated - Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in a New Television Series 1982", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Young_Artist_Awards", "summary": "The Young Artist Award ( originally known as the Youth in Film Award ) is an accolade presented by the Young Artist Association , a non-profit organization founded in 1978 to honor excellence of youth performers , and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically disabled or financially unstable . First presented in 1979 , the Young Artist Awards was the first organization established to specifically recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 18 in the fields of film , television , theater and music . The 1st Youth In Film Awards ceremony was held in October 1979 , at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood to honor outstanding young performers of the 1978/1979 season . The 38th Annual Young Artist Awards ceremony , honoring young performers of 2016 , was held at the Alex Theatre in Los Angeles , California on March 17 , 2017 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Young_Artist_Awards", "summary": "The Young Artist Award ( originally known as the Youth in Film Award ) is an accolade presented by the Young Artist Association , a non-profit organization founded in 1978 to honor excellence of youth performers , and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically disabled or financially unstable . First presented in 1979 , the Young Artist Awards was the first organization established to specifically recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 18 in the fields of film , television , theater and music . The 1st Youth In Film Awards ceremony was held in October 1979 , at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood to honor outstanding young performers of the 1978/1979 season . The 38th Annual Young Artist Awards ceremony , honoring young performers of 2016 , was held at the Alex Theatre in Los Angeles , California on March 17 , 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "1984", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Celebrity", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Celebrity_(television_series)", "summary": "Celebrity is a television drama series based on a novel by Thomas Thompson . It was broadcast from February 12 , 1984 to February 14 , 1984 on NBC ." } ] }, { "value": "Jeffie Crawford ( Age 11 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Miniseries", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1984", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ABC Afterschool Special", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ABC_Afterschool_Special", "summary": "ABC Afterschool Special is an American television anthology series that aired on ABC from October 14 , 1972 , to July 1 , 1997 , usually in the late afternoon on weekdays . Most episodes were dramatically presented situations , often controversial , of interest to children and teenagers . Several episodes were either in animated form or presented as documentaries . Topics included illiteracy , substance abuse and teenage pregnancy . The series won 51 Daytime Emmy Awards during its 25-year run . In 2004 and 2005 , BCI Eclipse and Sunset Home Visual Entertainment issued six DVD collections of episodes from the series that had been produced by Martin Tahse , each collection containing four episodes . A boxed set , in the shape of a school bus , was also released containing all of the DVD releases , with a detailed information booklet of all the specials on the set and including an extra DVD of two specials that had previously not been released on DVD ." } ] }, { "value": "Brian Ellsworth", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Backwards : The Riddle of Dyslexia Nominated - Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in a Family Film Made for Television shared with Joaquin Phoenix", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Backwards:_The_Riddle_of_Dyslexia", "summary": "Backwards : The Riddle Of Dyslexia is a 1984 ABC Afterschool Special about dyslexia . It shows how dyslexia is detected and treated . The film stars 13-year-old River Phoenix in one of his first major roles as Brian Ellsworth . Joaquin Phoenix ( credited as Leaf Phoenix ) also stars as his younger brother Robby . According to allmovie , Brian Ellsworth is a junior high student who has a habit of writing his words - and the letters - backwards . Brian 's friends think he 's kidding , his teachers think he 's lazy , and his parents think he 's slow . In truth , Brian suffers from dyslexia ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Young_Artist_Awards", "summary": "The Young Artist Award ( originally known as the Youth in Film Award ) is an accolade presented by the Young Artist Association , a non-profit organization founded in 1978 to honor excellence of youth performers , and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically disabled or financially unstable . First presented in 1979 , the Young Artist Awards was the first organization established to specifically recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 18 in the fields of film , television , theater and music . The 1st Youth In Film Awards ceremony was held in October 1979 , at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood to honor outstanding young performers of the 1978/1979 season . The 38th Annual Young Artist Awards ceremony , honoring young performers of 2016 , was held at the Alex Theatre in Los Angeles , California on March 17 , 2017 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix", "summary": "Joaquin Rafael Phoenix [ a ] ( /hwɑːˈkiːn/ ; né Bottom ; born October 28 , 1974 ) is an American actor and producer . He has received numerous awards and nominations , including an Academy Award , a Grammy Award , and two Golden Globe Awards . As a child , Phoenix started acting in television with his brother River and sister Summer . His first major film role was in SpaceCamp ( 1986 ) . During this period , he was credited as Leaf Phoenix , a name he gave himself . He later went back to his original name and received positive reviews for his supporting work in the comedy-drama film To Die For ( 1995 ) and the period film Quills ( 2000 ) . He received wider attention for his portrayal of Commodus in the historical drama film Gladiator ( 2000 ) , for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He subsequently earned Best Actor nominations for portraying musician Johnny Cash in Walk the Line ( 2005 ) , an alcoholic war veteran in The Master ( 2012 ) , and the title character in Joker ( 2019 ) , winning for the latter . His other films include the horror films Signs ( 2002 ) and The Village ( 2004 ) , the historical drama Hotel Rwanda ( 2004 ) , the romantic drama Her ( 2013 ) , the crime satire Inherent Vice ( 2014 ) , and the psychological thriller You Were Never Really Here ( 2017 ) , winning the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for the latter . Phoenix has also ventured into directing music videos , as well as producing films and television shows . For recording the soundtrack to Walk the Line , he won the Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media . He is a social activist and has lent his support to several charities and humanitarian organizations ." } ] }, { "value": "1984", "urls": [] }, { "value": "It 's Your Move", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/It's_Your_Move", "summary": "It 's Your Move is an American sitcom television series created by Ron Leavitt and Michael G. Moye , starring Jason Bateman , Tricia Cast , Caren Kaye , Ernie Sabella , David Garrison , and Garrett Morris . The show originally aired on NBC from September 26 , 1984 to 1985 ." } ] }, { "value": "Brian", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Pilot", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1984", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hotel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hotel_(U.S._TV_series)", "summary": "Hotel is an American prime time soap drama series which aired on ABC from September 21 , 1983 , to May 5 , 1988 , in the timeslot following Dynasty . Based on Arthur Hailey 's 1965 novel of the same name ( which had also inspired a 1967 feature film ) , the series was produced by Aaron Spelling and set in the elegant and fictitious St. Gregory Hotel in San Francisco ( changed from the New Orleans setting of the novel and film ) . Establishing shots of the hotel were filmed in front of The Fairmont San Francisco atop the Nob Hill neighborhood . Episodes followed the activities of passing guests , as well as the personal and professional lives of the hotel staff . The distribution rights to this classic 80s soap drama modern cult series was originally owned by Warner Bros. Pictures Distribution , until 2006 when CBS Paramount Network Television bought the television libraries and properties of Spelling Entertainment Inc. from Paramount Pictures Domestic Distribution and Viacom Enterprises ." } ] }, { "value": "Kevin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Transitions", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1985", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert Kennedy & His Times", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_&_His_Times", "summary": "Robert Kennedy and His Times is a 1985 American television miniseries directed by Marvin J. Chomsky , based on the 1978 Robert F. Kennedy biography of the same name by Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "Robert Kennedy , Jr. ( Part 3 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Kennedy,_Jr.", "summary": "Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. ( born January 17 , 1954 ) is an American anti-vaccinationist , environmental attorney , and author . Kennedy is a son of Robert F. Kennedy and nephew of former president John F. Kennedy . He is the president of the board of Waterkeeper Alliance , a non-profit environmental group that he helped found in 1999 . From 1986 until 2017 , Kennedy was a senior attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council ( NRDC ) , a non-profit environmental organization . From 1984 until 2017 , he was a board member and chief prosecuting attorney for Hudson Riverkeeper . For over thirty years , Kennedy has been an adjunct professor of Environmental Law at Pace University School of Law . Until August 2017 , he also held the post as supervising attorney and co-director of Pace Law School 's Environmental Litigation Clinic , which he founded in 1987 . He is currently professor emeritus at Pace . Kennedy co-hosts Ring of Fire , a nationally syndicated American radio program , and has written or edited ten books , including two New York Times bestsellers . He is a prominent anti-vaccine activist and believes in pseudoscientific speculation of a link between autism and vaccines ." } ] }, { "value": "Miniseries", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1985", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Family Ties", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Family_Ties", "summary": "Family Ties is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC for seven seasons , premiering on September 22 , 1982 , and concluding on May 14 , 1989 . The series , created by Gary David Goldberg , reflected the move in the United States from the cultural liberalism of the 1960s and 1970s to the conservatism of the 1980s . This culture was particularly expressed through the relationship between young Republican Alex P. Keaton ( portrayed by Michael J . Fox ) and his ex-hippie parents , Steven and Elyse Keaton ( portrayed by Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter ) . The show won multiple awards , including three consecutive Emmy Awards for Michael J . Fox as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ." } ] }, { "value": "Eugene Forbes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : My Tutor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Family_Ties_Vacation", "summary": "The NBC sitcom Family Ties aired from September 22 , 1982 to April 9 , 1989 with a total of 176 episodes produced ." } ] }, { "value": "1985", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Surviving : A Family in Crisis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Surviving:_A_Family_in_Crisis", "summary": "Surviving : A Family in Crisis ( also known simply as Surviving , and later released on VHS as Tragedy ) is a 1985 ABC television film . Directed by Warris Hussein and starring Zach Galligan , Molly Ringwald , and River Phoenix , the film is described as a modern-day Romeo & Juliet story that examines the tragedy of teen suicide , and the loved ones left behind to pick up the pieces ." } ] }, { "value": "Philip Brogan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Television film Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Special or Mini-Series", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Young_Artist_Awards", "summary": "The Young Artist Award ( originally known as the Youth in Film Award ) is an accolade presented by the Young Artist Association , a non-profit organization founded in 1978 to honor excellence of youth performers , and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically disabled or financially unstable . First presented in 1979 , the Young Artist Awards was the first organization established to specifically recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 18 in the fields of film , television , theater and music . The 1st Youth In Film Awards ceremony was held in October 1979 , at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood to honor outstanding young performers of the 1978/1979 season . The 38th Annual Young Artist Awards ceremony , honoring young performers of 2016 , was held at the Alex Theatre in Los Angeles , California on March 17 , 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "1986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Circle of Violence : A Family Drama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Circle_of_Violence:_A_Family_Drama", "summary": "Circle of Violence : A Family Drama ( also known as Circle of Violence : A Family on the Edge or simply Circle of Violence ) is a 1986 CBS television movie . Directed by David Greene and starring Tuesday Weld , Geraldine Fitzgerald , Peter Bonerz and River Phoenix , the film tells the tragic story of the seldom addressed issue of elder parent abuse ." } ] }, { "value": "Chris Benfield", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Television film", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Filmography -- Television", "section_text": "", "uid": "River_Phoenix_1", "intro": "River Jude Phoenix (né Bottom; August 23, 1970 - October 31, 1993) was an American actor, musician, and animal activist. He was the older brother of Rain Phoenix, Joaquin Phoenix, Liberty Phoenix, and Summer Phoenix. Phoenix's work encompassed 24 films and television appearances, and his rise to fame led to his status as a teen idol. He began his acting career at age 10, in television commercials. He starred in the science fiction adventure film Explorers (1985) and had his first notable role in 1986's Stand by Me, a coming-of-age film based on the novella The Body by Stephen King. Phoenix made a transition into more adult-oriented roles with Running on Empty (1988), playing the son of fugitive parents in a well-received performance that earned him a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and My Own Private Idaho (1991), playing a gay hustler in search of his estranged mother. For his performance in the latter, Phoenix garnered enormous praise and won a Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival, along with Best Actor from the National Society of Film Critics. On October 31, 1993, Phoenix collapsed and died of combined drug intoxication following a drug overdose on the sidewalk outside the West Hollywood nightclub The Viper Room at the age of 23. At the time of his death, Phoenix was acting in Dark Blood, which was released in 2012." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Major_League_Baseball_draft", "title": "2010 Major League Baseball draft", "header": [ "Pick", "Player", "Team", "Position", "School" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bryce Harper", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bryce_Harper", "summary": "Bryce Aron Max Harper ( born October 16 , 1992 ) is an American professional baseball right fielder for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played in MLB for the Washington Nationals from 2012 through 2018 . He has been touted as a five-tool player . Harper graduated from high school early so that he could attend the College of Southern Nevada , where he won the 2010 Golden Spikes Award . The Nationals selected Harper as the first overall pick in the 2010 MLB draft . He made his MLB debut with the Nationals on April 28 , 2012 , at 19 years old . Harper was selected for the 2012 All-Star Game , becoming the youngest position player to perform in an All-Star Game . Harper won the National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Year Award in 2012 and tied for the NL lead in home runs in 2015 . He was named the NL Most Valuable Player for 2015 by unanimous decision of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ; at age 23 , he became the youngest MLB baseball player to win the award . As a free agent during the 2018-19 offseason , he signed a 13-year , $ 330 million contract with the Phillies , the richest contract in the history of North American sports at the time until being eclipsed shortly after by Mike Trout ." } ] }, { "value": "Washington Nationals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Washington_Nationals", "summary": "The Washington Nationals are an American professional baseball team based in Washington , D.C . The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . From 2005 to 2007 , the team played in RFK Stadium while their permanent stadium was being built . In 2008 , they moved in to Nationals Park , located on South Capitol Street in the Southeast quadrant of D.C. , near the Anacostia River . The Nationals are the eighth major league franchise to be based in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1971 . The current franchise was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos as part of the MLB expansion . After a failed contraction plan , the Expos were purchased by MLB , which sought to relocate the team to a new city . Washington , D.C. was chosen in 2004 , and the Nationals were established in 2005 as the first franchise relocation in MLB since the third Washington Senators moved to Texas in 1971 . While the team initially struggled after moving to Washington , the Nationals had considerable success throughout the 2010s . The team 's two overall first picks in the MLB draft , Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010 , attracted new levels of attention to the team . They achieved their first playoff berth and first division title in 2012 , but were knocked out in the NLDS . They won the National League East again in 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 , but were eliminated in the NLDS each time ." } ] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "Southern Nevada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2010_Southern_Nevada_Coyotes_baseball_team", "summary": "The 2010 Southern Nevada Coyotes baseball team represented the College of Southern Nevada in the 2010 NJCAA baseball season . This season is most notable for their team leader , seventeen-year-old outfielder ( who also got plenty of playing time as a catcher and pitcher ) Bryce Harper . Harper got national attention during his only season at CSN , winning the prestigious Golden Spikes Award and becoming only the second player not from a Division I university to win the award ( the other being Alex Fernandez in 1990 ) . Behind the hitting of Harper , and the leadership of coach Tim Chambers , the Coyotes had their best season to date , with a record of 52-16 , and a playoff finish as semifinalists of the JUCO World Series at Suplizio Field in Grand Junction , Colorado . Following this season , Harper would be the first overall selection in the 2010 MLB Draft . In his MLB Career with the Washington Nationals , Harper has been a multiple time All-Star the 2012 National League Rookie of the year , and the 2015 National League MVP ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jameson Taillon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jameson_Taillon", "summary": "Jameson Lee Taillon ( born November 18 , 1991 ) is a Canadian-American professional baseball pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Taillon was drafted by the Pirates as the second overall pick in the 2010 Major League Baseball draft . Fangraphs called Taillon the best high school pitching prospect since Josh Beckett . Baseball America compared him to pitchers like Stephen Strasburg ." } ] }, { "value": "Pittsburgh Pirates", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates", "summary": "The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times ." } ] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "The Woodlands High School ( TX )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Woodlands_High_School", "summary": "The Woodlands High School is a public high school in The Woodlands CDP , unincorporated Montgomery County , Texas , United States and is a part of the Conroe Independent School District . The Montgomery County portion of The Woodlands and portion of the city of Shenandoah are served by The Woodlands High School . In 2018 , the school received a Met Standard accountability rating and five out of seven distinctions from the Texas Education Agency ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Texas", "summary": "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Manny Machado", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manny_Machado", "summary": "Manuel Arturo Machado ( Spanish : [ maˈtʃaðo ] ; born July 6 , 1992 ) is a Dominican-American professional baseball third baseman and shortstop for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Very highly recruited from an early age , he was raised in Miami , where he attended Brito High School and was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles with the third overall pick in the 2010 Major League Baseball draft . He bats and throws right-handed . Machado made his MLB debut in August 2012 . In 2013 , Machado earned a spot on the American League ( AL ) All-Star team on his way to leading the league in doubles with 51 . He was also recognized as one of the best fielders in the game , winning a Gold Glove Award . Machado won his second Gold Glove in 2015 , and made the All-Star Game in 2015 and 2016 . His defensive prowess has earned him frequent comparisons to former Orioles third baseman and Hall of Famer Brooks Robinson . In 2018 , Machado was hitting .313 with 21 home runs and 60 RBIs , and made his fourth All-Star appearance . An impending free agent , he was then traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers the day after the game and helped the team make the World Series . Machado struggled in the series , batting just .182 with no extra base hits as the Dodgers fell to the Boston Red Sox . That offseason , Machado signed a 10-year , $ 300 million contract with the Padres , the richest contract in the history of North American sports at the time ." } ] }, { "value": "Baltimore Orioles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles", "summary": "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Shortstop", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shortstop", "summary": "Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base ." } ] }, { "value": "Brito Miami Private School ( FL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florida", "summary": "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Christian Colón", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Christian_Colón", "summary": "Christian Anthony Colón ( born May 14 , 1989 ) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball shortstop and second baseman in the Cincinnati Reds organization . He previously played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Kansas City Royals , Miami Marlins , and the Reds ." } ] }, { "value": "Kansas City Royals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals", "summary": "The Kansas City Royals are an American professional baseball team based in Kansas City , Missouri . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member team of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team was founded as an expansion franchise in 1969 , and has participated in four World Series , winning in 1985 and 2015 , and losing in 1980 and 2014 . The name Royals pays homage to the American Royal , a livestock show , horse show , rodeo , and championship barbeque competition held annually in Kansas City since 1899 as well as the identical names of two former negro league baseball teams that played in the first half of the 20th century ( one a semi-pro team based in Kansas City in the 1910s and 1920s that toured the Midwest and a California Winter League team based in Los Angeles in the 1940s that was managed by Chet Brewer and included Satchel Paige and Jackie Robinson on its roster ) . The Los Angeles team had personnel connections to the Monarchs but could not use the Monarchs name . The name also fits into something of a theme for other professional sports franchises in the city , including the Kansas City Chiefs of the NFL , the former Kansas City Kings of the NBA , and the former Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League . In 1968 , the team held a name-the-team contest that received more than 17,000 entries . Sanford Porte , a bridge engineer from the suburb of Overland Park , Kansas was named the winner for his Royals entry . His reason had nothing to do with royalty . Kansas Citys new baseball team should be called the Royals because of Missouris billion-dollar livestock income , Kansas Citys position as the nations leading stocker and feeder market and the nationally known American Royal parade and pageant , Porte wrote . The team 's board voted 6-1 on the name , with the only opposition coming from team owner Ewing Kauffman , who eventually changed his vote and said the name had grown on him . Entering the American League in 1969 along with the Seattle Pilots , the club was founded by Kansas City businessman Ewing Kauffman ." } ] }, { "value": "Shortstop", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shortstop", "summary": "Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base ." } ] }, { "value": "Cal State Fullerton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_baseball", "summary": "The Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball team represents California State University , Fullerton in NCAA Division I college baseball . Since beginning Division I play in 1975 , the Titans have never had a losing season . They are supplied by Easton . Along with the other CSUF athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big West Conference . Since its early days , Titan Baseball has been considered an elite program in college baseball , making 18 College World Series appearances and winning 4 national championships ( 1979 , 1984 , 1995 , and 2004 ) . The Titans have made an appearance in every NCAA Tournament since 1992 . The Titans play their home games on Fullerton 's campus at Goodwin Field and are currently coached by Rick Vanderhook ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drew Pomeranz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Drew_Pomeranz", "summary": "Thomas Andrew Pomeranz ( born November 22 , 1988 ) , nicknamed Big Smooth , is an American professional baseball pitcher for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for the Colorado Rockies , Oakland Athletics , Boston Red Sox , San Francisco Giants , and Milwaukee Brewers . Pomeranz was an MLB All-Star in 2016 , and a World Series champion with the Red Sox in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "Cleveland Indians", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cleveland_Indians", "summary": "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ." } ] }, { "value": "Left-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Ole Miss", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_baseball", "summary": "The Ole Miss Rebels baseball team represents the University of Mississippi in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They are currently coached by Mike Bianco ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Barret Loux *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Barret_Loux", "summary": "Barret Christopher Loux ( born April 6 , 1989 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher . After Loux attended Stratford High School and Texas A & M University , the Arizona Diamondbacks drafted Loux with the sixth overall selection in the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 2010 draft . Arizona opted not to sign Loux , due to injury concerns with the shoulder and elbow of his pitching arm . Due to his unique situation , MLB declared Loux a free agent , and he signed with the Texas Rangers . The Rangers later traded Loux to the Chicago Cubs , and he last pitched professionally in 2016 , in an independent baseball league ." } ] }, { "value": "Arizona Diamondbacks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks", "summary": "The Arizona Diamondbacks , often shortened as the D-backs , are an American professional baseball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team plays its home games at Chase Field , formerly known as Bank One Ballpark . The Diamondbacks have won one World Series championship ( defeating the New York Yankees in 2001 ) - becoming the fastest expansion team in Major League history to win a championship , which it did in only the fourth season since the franchise 's inception ." } ] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Texas A & M", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Texas_A&M_Aggies_baseball", "summary": "The Texas A & M Aggie baseball team represents Texas A & M University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The Aggies have competed in the Southeastern Conference since 2013 . The Aggies play home games at Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park . The team is led by head coach Rob Childress ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Matt Harvey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matt_Harvey_(baseball)", "summary": "Matthew Edward Harvey ( born March 27 , 1989 ) , often nicknamed The Dark Knight , is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the New York Mets , Cincinnati Reds , and Los Angeles Angels . Harvey played at Fitch Senior High School in Groton , Connecticut , and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The Mets selected Harvey in the 2010 MLB draft as the seventh overall pick . In his major league debut on July 26 , 2012 , against the Arizona Diamondbacks , Harvey set a new club record with 11 strikeouts while earning his first career victory . Harvey had a breakout season in 2013 , being selected to play in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . Harvey then missed the entire 2014 season due to Tommy John surgery but returned to top form in 2015 , helping lead the Mets to the pennant . His career , once promising during his first two seasons , has since been derailed by ineffectiveness mainly due to injuries , including Tommy John surgery , thoracic outlet syndrome , and a stress fracture in the scapula . After a disappointing start to the 2018 season , Harvey was traded to the Cincinnati Reds . He signed with the Los Angeles Angels in 2019 , but was released midway through the season after posting a 3-5 record with a 7.09 earned run average ." } ] }, { "value": "New York Mets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_Mets", "summary": "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ." } ] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_baseball", "summary": "The North Carolina Tar Heels baseball team , commonly referred to as Carolina , represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in NCAA Division I college baseball . They compete in the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Tar Heels play their home games on campus at Boshamer Stadium , and are currently coached by Mike Fox ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Delino DeShields , Jr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Delino_DeShields,_Jr.", "summary": "Delino Diaab DeShields ( born August 16 , 1992 ) is an American professional baseball center fielder for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played in MLB for the Texas Rangers from 2015 through 2019 . He is the son of former MLB player Delino DeShields and the brother of basketball player Diamond DeShields . The Houston Astros selected DeShields in the first round of the 2010 MLB Draft . The Rangers selected DeShields from the Astros in the Rule 5 draft after the 2014 season . DeShields made his MLB debut with Texas in 2015 . The Rangers traded him to the Indians after the 2019 season for Corey Kluber of the Cleveland Indians ." } ] }, { "value": "Houston Astros", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Houston_Astros", "summary": "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ." } ] }, { "value": "Second baseman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Second_baseman", "summary": "In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Woodward Academy ( GA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Woodward_Academy", "summary": "Woodward Academy ( also known as Woodward or WA ) is an independent , co-educational college-preparatory school for pre-kindergarten to 12th grade on two campuses located in College Park and Johns Creek , Georgia , United States , within the Atlanta metropolitan area ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)", "summary": "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Karsten Whitson *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Karsten_Whitson", "summary": "Karsten E. Whitson ( born August 25 , 1991 ) is an American college baseball coach and former pitcher . He is the volunteer assistant baseball coach at the University of South Florida . Whitson college baseball at the University of Florida from 2011 to 2014 for head coach Kevin O'Sullivan . He played professionally from 2014 to 2016 . A first round pick in the 2010 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft out of high school , Whitson opted to attend college , and was considered a top prospect in the 2013 MLB draft until his shoulder surgery . Whitson was drafted by the Washington Nationals in the 37th round of the 2013 draft and by the Boston Red Sox in the 11th round of the 2014 MLB draft ." } ] }, { "value": "San Diego Padres", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Diego_Padres", "summary": "The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team based in San Diego , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1969 , the Padres have won two NL pennants - in 1984 and 1998 , losing in the World Series both years . As of 2018 , they have had 14 winning seasons in franchise history . The Padres are one of two Major League Baseball teams ( the other being the Los Angeles Angels ) in California to originate from that state ; the Athletics were originally from Philadelphia ( and moved to the state from Kansas City ) , and the Dodgers and Giants are originally from two New York City boroughs - Brooklyn and Manhattan , respectively . The Padres are the only MLB team that does not share its city with another franchise in the four major American professional sports leagues . The Padres are the only major professional sports franchise to be located in San Diego , following the relocation of the Chargers to Los Angeles in 2017 . They are also the only franchise in the MLB not to have a no-hitter , having gone 8,020 games without throwing one , a major league record to begin a franchise ." } ] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Chipley High School ( FL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chipley_High_School", "summary": "Chipley High School is a public high school located at 1545 Brickyard Road in Chipley , Florida . The school 's teams compete as the Tigers . Chipley High School has no dress code restrictions and there is no required school uniform . It is part of the Washington County School District in Washington County , Florida ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Florida", "summary": "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Choice", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Choice", "summary": "Michael Blair Choice ( born November 10 , 1989 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder in the Colorado Rockies organization . Choice played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Oakland Athletics and Texas Rangers , and in the KBO League for the Nexen Heroes . Choice played college baseball at the University of Texas at Arlington before the Athletics made him their first round draft pick in 2010 . He made his MLB debut with the Athletics in 2013 , and played for the Rangers in 2014 and 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "Oakland Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oakland_Athletics", "summary": "The Oakland Athletics , often referred to as the A 's , are an American professional baseball team based in Oakland , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team plays its home games at the Oakland Coliseum . They have won nine World Series championships . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the team was founded in Philadelphia in 1901 as the Philadelphia Athletics . They won three World Series championships from 1910 to 1913 and back-to-back titles in 1929 and 1930 . The team 's owner and manager for its first 50 years was Connie Mack and Hall of Fame players included Chief Bender , Frank Home Run Baker , Jimmie Foxx , and Lefty Grove . The team left Philadelphia for Kansas City in 1955 and became the Kansas City Athletics before moving to Oakland in 1968 . They won three consecutive World Championships between 1972 and 1974 , led by players including Vida Blue , Catfish Hunter , Reggie Jackson , ace reliever Rollie Fingers , and colorful owner Charlie O. Finley . After being sold by Finley to Walter A. Haas Jr. , the team won three consecutive pennants and the 1989 World Series behind the Bash Brothers , Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire , as well as Hall of Famers Dennis Eckersley , Rickey Henderson and manager Tony La Russa . From 1901 to 2019 , the Athletics ' overall win-loss record is 9,028-9,452 ( .489 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "Texas-Arlington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Texas–Arlington_Mavericks_baseball", "summary": "The UT Arlington Mavericks baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Texas at Arlington in Arlington , Texas , United States . The team is a member of the Sun Belt Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The team plays its home games at Clay Gould Ballpark in Arlington , Texas . The Mavericks are coached by Darin Thomas ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Deck McGuire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Deck_McGuire", "summary": "William Deck McGuire ( born June 23 , 1989 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Tampa Bay Rays organization . He played college baseball for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets , and was named the Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Pitcher of the Year in 2009 . He previously played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Cincinnati Reds , Toronto Blue Jays , Los Angeles Angels , and Samsung Lions of the KBO League ." } ] }, { "value": "Toronto Blue Jays", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays", "summary": "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto , Ontario . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team plays its home games at Rogers Centre . The name Blue Jays originates from the bird of the same name , and blue is also the traditional colour of two of Toronto 's other professional sports teams : the Maple Leafs ( ice hockey ) and the Argonauts ( Canadian football ) . In addition , the team was originally owned by the Labatt Brewing Company , makers of the popular beer Labatt 's Blue . Colloquially nicknamed the Jays , the team 's official colours are royal blue , navy blue , red , and white . An expansion franchise , the club was founded in Toronto in 1977 . Originally based at Exhibition Stadium , the team began playing its home games at SkyDome upon its opening in 1989 . Since 2000 , the Blue Jays have been owned by Rogers Communications and in 2004 , SkyDome was purchased by that company , which renamed it Rogers Centre . They are the second MLB franchise to be based outside the United States , and currently the only team based outside the U.S. after the first Canadian franchise , the Montreal Expos , became the Washington Nationals in 2005 . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the Blue Jays went through struggles typical of an expansion team , frequently finishing in last place in its division . In 1983 , the team had its first winning season and two years later , they became division champions ." } ] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Georgia Tech", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_baseball", "summary": "The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets baseball team represents the Georgia Institute of Technology in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Georgia Tech athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Yellow Jackets play their home games in Russ Chandler Stadium and they are currently coached by Danny Hall ." } ] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yasmani Grandal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yasmani_Grandal", "summary": "Yasmani Grandal ( born November 8 , 1988 ) is a Cuban-American professional baseball catcher for the Chicago White Sox of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played in MLB for the San Diego Padres , Los Angeles Dodgers , and Milwaukee Brewers ." } ] }, { "value": "Cincinnati Reds", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds", "summary": "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Catcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Catcher", "summary": "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ." } ] }, { "value": "Miami", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_baseball", "summary": "The Miami Hurricanes baseball team is the college baseball program that represents the University of Miami . Since 1973 , the program has been one of college baseball 's elite with 25 College World Series appearances , winning four national championships ( 1982 , 1985 , 1999 , 2001 ) and advancing to the NCAA regionals a record 44 consecutive years . Miami has won 29 NCAA Regional Titles , hosted 27 NCAA Regionals , and in each of their four national championship runs they were a NCAA Regional Host . Along with the university 's other athletic teams , the baseball team became a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference during the 2004-05 academic year . Previously , the baseball program competed as an NCAA independent , even during the school 's Big East affiliation in other sports . Miami won its first ever conference championship in baseball when it captured the 2008 ACC Baseball Championship . The Hurricanes play in Mark Light Field at Alex Rodriguez Park , on the UM campus , in Coral Gables , Florida . Gino DiMare will serve as the team 's head coach in 2019 after the retirement of longtime head coach Jim Morris following the 2018 season ." } ] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chris Sale", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chris_Sale", "summary": "Christopher Allen Sale ( born March 30 , 1989 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played in MLB for the Chicago White Sox , with whom he made his major league debut on August 6 , 2010 . As a power pitcher , Sale excels at achieving high numbers of strikeouts , and has set a number of strikeout-related records . He bats and throws left-handed , stands 6 feet 6 inches ( 1.98 m ) , and weighs 180 pounds ( 82 kg ) . A seven-time MLB All-Star from 2012 to 2018 , Sale is a two-time American League ( AL ) leader in strikeouts , including in 2015 and 2017 . As of 2017 , he is MLB 's career leader in strikeout-to-walk ratio ( 5.32 ) , and reached 1,500 strikeouts in the second fewest innings pitched ( 1,290 ) . After reaching 300 strikeouts in a single season for the first time in 2017 , he was selected as the AL Sporting News Starting Pitcher of the Year . Although he has yet to win a Cy Young Award , in each of his All-Star seasons , he has placed in the top six . A native of Lakeland , Florida , located within the Tampa Bay Area , Sale played college baseball for Florida Gulf Coast University . The Chicago White Sox selected him 13th overall in the 2010 amateur draft . He was a key member of the Red Sox pitching rotation that helped the team win the 2018 World Series over the Los Angeles Dodgers . He is under contract with Boston through 2024 ." } ] }, { "value": "Chicago White Sox", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox", "summary": "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ." } ] }, { "value": "Left-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Florida Gulf Coast", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florida_Gulf_Coast_Eagles_baseball", "summary": "The Florida Gulf Coast Eagles baseball team represents Florida Gulf Coast University in the sport of baseball . The Eagles team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Atlantic Sun Conference ( A-SUN ) . Florida Gulf Coast has fielded a baseball team since 2003 and , as of 2019 , has an all-time record of 599-348-3 ( a .631 winning percentage ) . The Eagles play in Swanson Stadium in Fort Myers , Florida , which has a capacity of 1,500 ." } ] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dylan Covey *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dylan_Covey", "summary": "Dylan Charles Covey ( born August 14 , 1991 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Tampa Bay Rays organization . He has previously played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Chicago White Sox . Covey was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the first round of the 2010 MLB draft . However , a physical examination performed by the Brewers diagnosed Covey with Type I diabetes . He , instead , chose to enroll at the University of San Diego , near his Pasadena , California , home , and played college baseball for the San Diego Toreros prior to being selected by the Oakland Athletics ." } ] }, { "value": "Milwaukee Brewers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers", "summary": "The Milwaukee Brewers are an American professional baseball team based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team is named for the city 's association with the brewing industry . Since 2001 , the Brewers have played their home games at Miller Park , which has a seating capacity of 41,900 . The team was founded in 1969 as the Seattle Pilots , an expansion team of the American League ( AL ) , in Seattle , Washington . The Pilots played their home games at Sick 's Stadium . After only one season , the team relocated to Milwaukee , becoming known as the Brewers and playing their home games at Milwaukee County Stadium . In 1998 , the Brewers joined the National League . They are the only franchise to play in four different divisions since the advent of divisional play in Major League Baseball in 1969 . They are also one of two current MLB franchises to switch leagues in their history , the other one being the Houston Astros . The team 's only World Series appearance came in 1982 , and they are one of only six current MLB teams that have never won the World Series . After winning the ALCS against the California Angels , the Brewers faced off against the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series , losing 4-3 ." } ] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Maranatha High School ( CA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maranatha_High_School", "summary": "Maranatha High School is a private , college preparatory Christian school in Pasadena , California . This co-ed high school opened in 1965 . The athletic teams are known as the Minutemen . The school colors are Red , White , and Navy Blue . The school was located in Sierra Madre , California until 2005 , when the school moved to its present location at the historic Ambassador College campus in Pasadena . Maranatha celebrated their 50th year in 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/California", "summary": "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ." } ] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jake Skole", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Texas Rangers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)", "summary": "The Texas Rangers are an American professional baseball team based in Arlington , Texas , located in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . In 2020 , they will move to the new Globe Life Field after having played at Globe Life Park in Arlington from 1994 to 2019 . The team 's name is borrowed from the famous law enforcement agency of the same name . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Washington Senators , an expansion team awarded to Washington , D.C. , after the city 's first AL ballclub , the second Washington Senators , moved to Minnesota and became the Twins ( the original Washington Senators played primarily in the National League during the 1890s ) . After the 1971 season , the new Senators moved to Arlington , and debuted as the Rangers the following spring . The Rangers have made eight appearances in the MLB postseason , seven following division championships in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , and 2016 and as a wild card team in 2012 . In 2010 , the Rangers advanced past the Division Series for the first time , defeating the Tampa Bay Rays . The team then brought home their first American League pennant after beating the New York Yankees in six games . In the 2010 World Series , the franchise 's first , the Rangers fell to the San Francisco Giants in five games . They repeated as American League champions the following year , then lost the 2011 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games ." } ] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "Blessed Trinity High School ( GA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blessed_Trinity_Catholic_High_School", "summary": "Blessed Trinity Catholic High School , also known as Blessed Trinity or , informally BT , is an Archdiocesan Catholic high school in Roswell , Georgia , United States , a northern suburb of Atlanta . The school is located near Georgia 400 Exit 7B Roswell/Holcomb Bridge Road . It neighbors Fellowship Christian School and Roswell High School . The multi-level curriculum provides Advanced Placement , Honors , Advanced , and Academic classes to fit the needs of each student . The curriculum grew over the first four years to over 130 courses , including 20 Advanced Placement offerings . The fine arts program , which began with study in visual art , dance and vocal music , expanded to include a comprehensive drama program and 65-piece symphonic band . Meet Me in St. Louis was the first musical performed by the Blessed Trinity Theatrical Alliance , staged in April 2004 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)", "summary": "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ." } ] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hayden Simpson", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago Cubs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago_Cubs", "summary": "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ." } ] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Southern Arkansas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southern_Arkansas_Muleriders_baseball", "summary": "The Southern Arkansas Mulerider baseball team represents Southern Arkansas University in NCAA Division II college baseball . SAU has competed in the Great American Conference ( GAC ) since 2011 . Prior to joining the GAC , SAU competed in the NAIA 's Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference from 1950 until moving to the NCAA in 1996 . Upon moving to the NCAA , SAU competed in the Western Division of the Gulf South Conference from 1996-2011 . The Muleriders play their home games on campus at Walker Stadium at Goodheart Field . Justin Pettigrew is the current head coach ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Josh Sale", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Josh_Sale", "summary": "Joshua E. Sale ( born July 5 , 1991 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder who is a free agent . Sale attended Bishop Blanchet High School in Seattle , Washington . During his senior year Sale batted .520 with 5 home runs , 6 doubles , and drove in 20 runs . Sale led Washington state with 13 home runs as a junior . [ citation needed ] The Tampa Bay Rays selected Sale in the first round , with the 17th overall selection , of the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft . Sale was one of three Seattle area players selected by the Rays in the first three rounds of the draft , the others being Drew Vettleson and Ryan Brett . In August 2012 , Sale was suspended for fifty games for the use of banned stimulants . On May 29 , 2013 , the Rays suspended Sale for conduct detrimental to the organization regarding an incident involving a post on Facebook regarding a visit to a strip club . He was suspended yet again in August 2014 for a second drug violation . On February 27 , 2015 , Sale was released by the Rays ." } ] }, { "value": "Tampa Bay Rays", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays", "summary": "The Tampa Bay Rays are an American professional baseball team based in St. Petersburg , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) East division . Since its inception , the team 's home venue has been Tropicana Field . Following nearly three decades of unsuccessfully trying to gain an expansion franchise or enticing existing teams to relocate to the Tampa Bay Area , an ownership group led by Vince Naimoli was approved on March 9 , 1995 . The Tampa Bay Devil Rays began play in the 1998 Major League Baseball season . Their first decade of play , however , was marked by futility ; they finished in last place in the AL East in all but the 2004 season , when they finished second to last . Following the 2007 season , Stuart Sternberg , who had purchased controlling interest in the team from Vince Naimoli two years earlier , changed the team 's name from Devil Rays to Rays , now meant to primarily refer to a burst of sunshine rather than a manta ray , though a manta ray logo remains on the uniform sleeves . The 2008 season saw the Tampa Bay Rays post their first winning season , their first AL East championship , and their first pennant ( defeating the rival Boston Red Sox in the ALCS ) , though they lost to the Philadelphia Phillies in that year 's World Series . Since then , the Rays have played in the postseason in 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , and 2019 . The Tampa Bay Rays ' chief rivals are the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees . Regarding the former , there have been several notable on-field incidents . The Rays also have an intrastate interleague rivalry with the National League ( NL ) 's Miami Marlins ( originally the Florida Marlins ) , whom they play in the Citrus Series ." } ] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "Bishop Blanchet High School ( WA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bishop_Blanchet_High_School", "summary": "Bishop Blanchet High School is a private coeducational Catholic high school located just north of Green Lake in Seattle , United States . The school was founded in 1954 by the Archdiocese of Seattle , and named for the first bishop of the diocese , A.M.A . Blanchet ( 1797-1887 ) . Originally named Blanchet High School , in 1999 the title Bishop was added to make the school easily identified as Catholic . Bishop Blanchet has an enrollment of approximately 940 students , 80% of whom are Catholic . The school employs 73 teachers , 69 of them full-time . Most students come from Archdiocesan elementary schools , and abroad countries representing a broad geographic area ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Washington_(state)", "summary": "Washington ( /ˈwɒʃɪŋtən/ ( listen ) ) , officially the State of Washington , is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . Named for George Washington , the first U.S. president , the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory , which was ceded by the British Empire in 1846 , in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute . The state , which is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean , Oregon to the south , Idaho to the east , and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north , was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889 . Olympia is the state capital ; the state 's largest city is Seattle . Washington is often referred to as Washington State to distinguish it from the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state , with an area of 71,362 square miles ( 184,827 km2 ) , and the 13th most populous state , with more than 7.4 million people . Approximately 60 percent of Washington 's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area , the center of transportation , business , and industry along Puget Sound , an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands , deep fjords , and bays carved out by glaciers . The remainder of the state consists of deep temperate rainforests in the west ; mountain ranges in the west , central , northeast , and far southeast ; and a semi-arid basin region in the east , central , and south , given over to intensive agriculture . Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States , after California . Mount Rainier , an active stratovolcano , is the state 's highest elevation , at almost 14,411 feet ( 4,392 meters ) , and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous U.S. Washington is a leading lumber producer . Its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir , hemlock , ponderosa pine , white pine , spruce , larch , and cedar . The state is the US 's largest producer of apples , hops , pears , red raspberries , spearmint oil , and sweet cherries , and ranks high in the production of apricots , asparagus , dry edible peas , grapes , lentils , peppermint oil , and potatoes . Livestock and livestock products make important contributions to total farm revenue , and the commercial fishing of salmon , halibut , and bottomfish makes a significant contribution to the state 's economy ." } ] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kaleb Cowart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kaleb_Cowart", "summary": "Kaleb Bryant Cowart ( born June 2 , 1992 ) is an American professional baseball third baseman who is a free agent . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Los Angeles Angels . He won the Gatorade High School Baseball Player of the Year Award in 2010 . Cowart was drafted by the Los Angeles Angels in the first round ( 18th overall ) in the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft ." } ] }, { "value": "Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim", "summary": "The Los Angeles Angels are an American professional baseball team based in the city of Anaheim , California , part of Orange County and the Los Angeles metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The Angels have played home games at Angel Stadium since 1966 . The current MLB franchise was established as one of the league 's first two expansion teams in 1961 by Gene Autry , the team 's first owner . Autry was a famous singing cowboy actor in a series of films in the 1930s to 1950s , and later was the subject of the Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum . The Angels name was taken by Autry in tribute to the previous original Los Angeles Angels , a Minor League franchise in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , which played in South Central Los Angeles from 1903 to 1957 . He bought the rights to the Angels name from Walter O'Malley , the then-Los Angeles Dodgers owner , who acquired the PCL franchise from Philip K. Wrigley , also the owner of the parent Chicago Cubs at the time , as part of the Dodgers ' move to Southern California ." } ] }, { "value": "Third baseman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Third_baseman", "summary": "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ." } ] }, { "value": "Cook High School ( GA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cook_High_School_(Georgia)", "summary": "Cook High School is a public high school located in Adel , Georgia , United States . The school is part of the Cook County School District , which serves Cook County ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)", "summary": "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ." } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mike Foltynewicz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mike_Foltynewicz", "summary": "Michael Gary Foltynewicz ( /foʊltɪˈnɛvɪtʃ/ ; born October 7 , 1991 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He was drafted by the Houston Astros in the first round of the 2010 MLB draft . He played in the minor leagues until he was called up to the Astros in August 2014 . The Astros traded Foltynewicz to the Braves before the 2015 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Houston Astros", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Houston_Astros", "summary": "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ." } ] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Minooka Community High School ( IL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minooka_High_School", "summary": "Minooka Community High School , or MCHS , is a public four-year high school located in Minooka , Illinois , a southwest suburb of Chicago , in the United States . It is part of Minooka Community High School District 111 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Illinois", "summary": "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ." } ] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kolbrin Vitek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Boston Red Sox", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox", "summary": "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Second baseman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Second_baseman", "summary": "In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Ball State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ball_State_Cardinals_baseball", "summary": "The Ball State Cardinals baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Ball State University in Muncie , Indiana , United States . The team is a member of the Mid-American Conference West division , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . Ball State 's first baseball team was fielded in 1920 . The team plays its home games at Ball Diamond in Muncie , Indiana . The Cardinals are coached by Rich Maloney . As of 2019 [ update ] , Ball State has had eight players named the MAC Baseball Player of the Year , the most of any school in the conference ." } ] } ], "section_title": "First-round selections", "section_text": "The draft order was determined based on the 2009 MLB standings , with the worst team picking first . [ 1 ] Key All-Star * Player did not sign First overall selection Bryce Harper ( left ) and third overall selection Manny Machado in 2015", "uid": "2010_Major_League_Baseball_Draft_0", "intro": "The 2010 Major League Baseball First-Year Player Draft was held on June 7-9, 2010 at the MLB Network Studios in Secaucus, New Jersey." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Hockey_India_League_players'_auction", "title": "2013 Hockey India League players' auction", "header": [ "Player", "Team", "Base Price", "Winning Bid" ], "data": [ { "value": "Ashley Jackson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(field_hockey)", "summary": "Ashley Steven Jackson ( born 27 August 1987 ) is an English international field hockey player who plays as a midfielder for the England and Great Britain national team . In June 2017 , together with his brother , Wesley Jackson , he founded Jackson7 coaching ." } ] }, { "value": "Ranchi Rhinos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ranchi_Rhinos", "summary": "South African Gregg Clark serves as the head coach for the team who is assisted by Olympian Baljit Singh Saini . The goalkeeping coach of South Africa , David Staniforth , acts as the goalkeeping coach and video analyst for the team . David Ian John of Australia is the exercise physiologist for the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 73,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Christopher Ciriello", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chris_Ciriello", "summary": "Christopher Chris Ciriello ( born 1 October 1985 ) is an Australian field hockey player . He plays for the Victorian Vikings in the Australian Hockey League . He made his senior national team début in January 2008 . He earned a gold medal at the 2010 Men 's Hockey Champions Trophy and at the 2010 and 2014 Commonwealth Games , as well as a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Punjab Warriors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Punjab_Warriors", "summary": "Jaypee Punjab Warriors ( Punjabi : ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਾਰੀਅਰਸ ) ( abbreviated as PJW ) is a field hockey team based in Jalandhar , Punjab that plays in the Hockey India League . It is owned by Jaypee Group . Former Australian coach Barry Dancer serves as the head coach for the team while former India player Zafar Iqbal has been taken on board as an advisor . Former India captains Jagbir Singh and Mohammed Riaz are also part of the coaching staff . Jagbir Singh is the manager of the team . Jamie Dwyer is the captain of the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 29,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "David Alegre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_Alegre", "summary": "David Alegre Biosca ( born 6 September 1984 ) is a Spanish field hockey player who plays as a midfielder for Real Club de Polo de Barcelona and the Spanish national team . His older brother Ramón is also a field hockey international for Spain ." } ] }, { "value": "Uttar Pradesh Wizards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Wizards", "summary": "The team is owned by Sahara Adventure Sports Limited a group company of Sahara India , bought the franchise on 23 July 2012 . Sahara India is also the chief sponsor of Hockey India the top-federation for hockey in India . This was the first franchise of Hockey India League to be bought . In December 2014 , Suresh Raina becomes the co-owner of Uttar Pradesh Wizards ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 55,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Floris Evers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Floris_Evers", "summary": "Floris Maarten Alphons Maria Evers ( born 26 February 1983 in Tilburg , Noord-Brabant ) is a field hockey player from the Netherlands , who won the silver medal with the Dutch national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He was the captain of the team at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He has played in all the top leagues the world of field hockey . After the London Olympics , along with Teun de Noijer , he retired from international hockey . In 2013 , he played with the Ranchi Rhinos in the Indian hockey league ." } ] }, { "value": "Ranchi Rhinos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ranchi_Rhinos", "summary": "South African Gregg Clark serves as the head coach for the team who is assisted by Olympian Baljit Singh Saini . The goalkeeping coach of South Africa , David Staniforth , acts as the goalkeeping coach and video analyst for the team . David Ian John of Australia is the exercise physiologist for the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 31,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Glenn Turner", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Glenn_Turner_(field_hockey)", "summary": "Glenn Turner ( born 1 May 1984 ) is an Australian professional field hockey player from the Australian Capital Territory . He is a member of Australia men 's national field hockey team and won a gold medal with them at the 2010 Commonwealth Games . He is trying to secure a spot with the squad so he can represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Mumbai Magicians", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mumbai_Magicians", "summary": "The team was owned by the Burman family , promoters of fast-moving consumer goods ( FMCG ) major Dabur India Ltd . The Burman family is the promoter of one of the largest and the oldest Indian consumer products company , Dabur India Ltd . The family also has interests in Life Insurance , General Insurance , Banking firms , Healthcare , besides Private Equity and Food & Beverage Retail ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Justin Reid-Ross", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Justin_Reid-Ross", "summary": "Justin Reid-Ross ( born 16 July 1986 , Stellenbosch ) is a South African field hockey player . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he competed for the national team in the men 's tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "Ranchi Rhinos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ranchi_Rhinos", "summary": "South African Gregg Clark serves as the head coach for the team who is assisted by Olympian Baljit Singh Saini . The goalkeeping coach of South Africa , David Staniforth , acts as the goalkeeping coach and video analyst for the team . David Ian John of Australia is the exercise physiologist for the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 33,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oskar Deecke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oskar_Deecke", "summary": "Oskar Deecke ( born 16 May 1986 in Hamburg ) is a German field hockey player ." } ] }, { "value": "Delhi Wave Riders", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Delhi_Wave_Riders", "summary": "The team is owned by Business house The Wave Group after the company bought the franchise on 17 September 2012 . The group is involved in many businesses including sugar manufacturing , distilleries , paper manufacturing , real estate and multiplexes and retail management . Wave Group is an over-40-year-old legacy , envisioned by founder-leader Kulwant Singh Chadha , The Chadha Group has been integrated by his three sons - Late Gurdeep Singh Chadha , Late Hardeep Singh Chadha , Rajinder Singh Chadha , and grandson Manpreet Singh Chadha ( Monty Chadha ) . Starting with a sugar crusher in the state of Uttar Pradesh , the Group has progressively cast its footprint on to diverse business industries . John Abraham is the co-owner of Delhi Waverider . He owns 13% share of the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rashid Mehmood", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rashid_Mehmood", "summary": "Rashid Mehmood ( born 15 August 1987 ) is a Pakistani field hockey player who plays as a defender for Dutch club Schaerweijde and the Pakistan national team ." } ] }, { "value": "Mumbai Magicians", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mumbai_Magicians", "summary": "The team was owned by the Burman family , promoters of fast-moving consumer goods ( FMCG ) major Dabur India Ltd . The Burman family is the promoter of one of the largest and the oldest Indian consumer products company , Dabur India Ltd . The family also has interests in Life Insurance , General Insurance , Banking firms , Healthcare , besides Private Equity and Food & Beverage Retail ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 41,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Taeke Taekema", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taeke_Taekema", "summary": "Taeke Wiebe Doekes Taekema ( born 14 January 1980 ) is a Dutch field hockey player and drag flicker ( penalty corner specialist ) who won the silver medal with the national squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . Born in Leiderdorp , he made his debut on 28 January 2000 in a friendly match in and against Egypt and has played in over two hundred international matches for the Dutch . During the 2007 Men 's EuroHockey Nations Championship , Taekema struck a record 16 goals , including a double hat trick against Belgium in the semi-finals . Sportswear maker Adidas introduced its limited edition TT10 hockey stick , which incorporated Taekema 's initials and jersey number . He was the Top scorer in the 2010 Men 's Hockey World Cup held in New Delhi with 8 goals along with Luke Doerner ." } ] }, { "value": "Delhi Wave Riders", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Delhi_Wave_Riders", "summary": "The team is owned by Business house The Wave Group after the company bought the franchise on 17 September 2012 . The group is involved in many businesses including sugar manufacturing , distilleries , paper manufacturing , real estate and multiplexes and retail management . Wave Group is an over-40-year-old legacy , envisioned by founder-leader Kulwant Singh Chadha , The Chadha Group has been integrated by his three sons - Late Gurdeep Singh Chadha , Late Hardeep Singh Chadha , Rajinder Singh Chadha , and grandson Manpreet Singh Chadha ( Monty Chadha ) . Starting with a sugar crusher in the state of Uttar Pradesh , the Group has progressively cast its footprint on to diverse business industries . John Abraham is the co-owner of Delhi Waverider . He owns 13% share of the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lucas Rey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lucas_Rey", "summary": "Lucas Rey ( born 11 October 1982 ) is an Argentine field hockey midfielder , who plays club hockey in his native country for San Fernando . He is a member of the Men 's National Team since 2002 , and finished in 11th position at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . Rey was also on the side ended up fifth at the 2003 Champions Trophy in Amstelveen , and won the 2005 Champions Challenge tournament in Alexandria , Egypt . Lucas has also won the bronze medal at the 2014 Men 's Hockey World Cup , two medals at the Pan American Games and two Champions Challenge . He now works as a physical education teacher at Cardenal Pironios school , in Nordelta , Buenos Aires ." } ] }, { "value": "Punjab Warriors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Punjab_Warriors", "summary": "Jaypee Punjab Warriors ( Punjabi : ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਾਰੀਅਰਸ ) ( abbreviated as PJW ) is a field hockey team based in Jalandhar , Punjab that plays in the Hockey India League . It is owned by Jaypee Group . Former Australian coach Barry Dancer serves as the head coach for the team while former India player Zafar Iqbal has been taken on board as an advisor . Former India captains Jagbir Singh and Mohammed Riaz are also part of the coaching staff . Jagbir Singh is the manager of the team . Jamie Dwyer is the captain of the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 22,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 40,500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Austin Smith", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austin_Smith_(field_hockey)", "summary": "Austin Charles Smith ( born 20 May 1985 ) is South African field hockey player who plays as a defender for Dutch club HC Den Bosch and the South African national team . Smith competed for South Africa at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , the 2010 and 2014 Hockey World Cups , and at the 2010 and 2014 Commonwealth Games . He has also competed at the 2005 , 2009 and 2011 Men 's Champions Challenge . He became captain of the side in 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ranchi Rhinos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ranchi_Rhinos", "summary": "South African Gregg Clark serves as the head coach for the team who is assisted by Olympian Baljit Singh Saini . The goalkeeping coach of South Africa , David Staniforth , acts as the goalkeeping coach and video analyst for the team . David Ian John of Australia is the exercise physiologist for the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 46,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Edward Ockenden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eddie_Ockenden", "summary": "Edward Eddie Clyve Ockenden ( born 3 April 1987 ) is an Australian field hockey player . He plays in the midfielder and striker positions . He turned professional in 2008 and has played for teams in the Netherlands . He plays club hockey , having competed for a New Zealand team and Hobart , Tasmania side , North West Hobart Graduates ( NWG ) . He also plays for the Tassie Tigers in the Australian Hockey League . He has represented Australia on the junior and senior level , earning a silver medal with the 2005 U21 team at the Junior World Cup . As a member of the senior men 's team , he represented Australia at the 2008 Games where he earned a bronze medal . He won a gold medal at the 2009 and 2011 Champions Trophy competitions . He won another gold medal with Australia at the 2010 Commonwealth Games . At the 2010 World Cup , he won a gold medal . He represents the Uttar Pradesh Wizards in the Hockey India League . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he was again part of an Australian team that won the bronze medal ." } ] }, { "value": "Uttar Pradesh Wizards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Wizards", "summary": "The team is owned by Sahara Adventure Sports Limited a group company of Sahara India , bought the franchise on 23 July 2012 . Sahara India is also the chief sponsor of Hockey India the top-federation for hockey in India . This was the first franchise of Hockey India League to be bought . In December 2014 , Suresh Raina becomes the co-owner of Uttar Pradesh Wizards ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 65,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Francisco Juancosa Cortés", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ranchi Rhinos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ranchi_Rhinos", "summary": "South African Gregg Clark serves as the head coach for the team who is assisted by Olympian Baljit Singh Saini . The goalkeeping coach of South Africa , David Staniforth , acts as the goalkeeping coach and video analyst for the team . David Ian John of Australia is the exercise physiologist for the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 42,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jaap Stockmann", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jaap_Stockmann", "summary": "Jacob Jaap Stockmann ( born 24 July 1984 ) is a retired Dutch field hockey player , who played as a goalkeeper for the Dutch national team . Stockmann was announced FIH Best Goalkeeper of the World in 2014 . In 2008 he was the reserve goalkeeper in the Dutch team that came in fourth at the Olympic Games in Beijing . At the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics , he was the starting goalkeeper . Stockmann won the silver medal in 2012 . Stockmann has played for HC Bloemendaal in the Dutch League ( Hoofdklasse ) . With HC Bloemendaal , he won the Euro Hockey League in the 2008-09 , 2012-13 and 2017-18 seasons . He also played for the Punjab Warriors in the Hockey India League , and won the player of the tournament for the 2014 edition ." } ] }, { "value": "Punjab Warriors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Punjab_Warriors", "summary": "Jaypee Punjab Warriors ( Punjabi : ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਾਰੀਅਰਸ ) ( abbreviated as PJW ) is a field hockey team based in Jalandhar , Punjab that plays in the Hockey India League . It is owned by Jaypee Group . Former Australian coach Barry Dancer serves as the head coach for the team while former India player Zafar Iqbal has been taken on board as an advisor . Former India captains Jagbir Singh and Mohammed Riaz are also part of the coaching staff . Jagbir Singh is the manager of the team . Jamie Dwyer is the captain of the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 68,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jeroen Hertzberger", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jeroen_Hertzberger", "summary": "Jeroen Hertzberger ( born 24 February 1986 ) is a Dutch field hockey player who plays as a forward for Rotterdam and the Dutch national team . Hertzberger was part of the Dutch national team for the 2007 Champions Trophy in Kuala Lumpur where the Dutch won the bronze medal . In 2008 they only finished in fourth place in Rotterdam . He also is part of the Dutch team that qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics . Hertzberger is the all-time top scorer in the Euro Hockey League competition with 26 goals . He scored the first hat-trick in 2018 Hockey World Cup against Malaysia ." } ] }, { "value": "Uttar Pradesh Wizards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Wizards", "summary": "The team is owned by Sahara Adventure Sports Limited a group company of Sahara India , bought the franchise on 23 July 2012 . Sahara India is also the chief sponsor of Hockey India the top-federation for hockey in India . This was the first franchise of Hockey India League to be bought . In December 2014 , Suresh Raina becomes the co-owner of Uttar Pradesh Wizards ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Joel Carroll", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joel_Carroll", "summary": "Joel Carroll ( born September 1986 in Darwin ) is an Australian field hockey player . He played club field hockey for University team in the Darwin Hockey Association A-Grade league , and for the NT Stingers in the Australian Hockey League . He was a member of Australia 's junior U21 team . He also represented Australia on the senior men 's team , winning a gold medal with the side at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and the 2010 Men 's Hockey Champions Trophy . He was part of the 2012 Olympic team that won the bronze medal ." } ] }, { "value": "Mumbai Magicians", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mumbai_Magicians", "summary": "The team was owned by the Burman family , promoters of fast-moving consumer goods ( FMCG ) major Dabur India Ltd . The Burman family is the promoter of one of the largest and the oldest Indian consumer products company , Dabur India Ltd . The family also has interests in Life Insurance , General Insurance , Banking firms , Healthcare , besides Private Equity and Food & Beverage Retail ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 56,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kieran Govers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kieran_Govers", "summary": "Kieran Govers ( born 9 February 1988 ) is an Australian field hockey player . He plays field hockey professionally in Germany . He plays for the NSW Waratahs in the Australian Hockey League . He first represented Australia in 2010 . He won a gold medal at the 2010 Men 's Hockey World Cup , at the 2010 Men 's Hockey Champions Trophy and the 2014 Commonwealth Games . He won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Punjab Warriors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Punjab_Warriors", "summary": "Jaypee Punjab Warriors ( Punjabi : ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਾਰੀਅਰਸ ) ( abbreviated as PJW ) is a field hockey team based in Jalandhar , Punjab that plays in the Hockey India League . It is owned by Jaypee Group . Former Australian coach Barry Dancer serves as the head coach for the team while former India player Zafar Iqbal has been taken on board as an advisor . Former India captains Jagbir Singh and Mohammed Riaz are also part of the coaching staff . Jagbir Singh is the manager of the team . Jamie Dwyer is the captain of the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 41,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luke Doerner", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luke_Doerner", "summary": "Luke Doerner is an Australian field hockey player . He plays for the Tassie Tigers in the Australian Hockey League . He is a member of the Australia men 's national field hockey team , and won a gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games . He is trying to secure a spot on the national team in order to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He represents the Uttar Pradesh Wizards in the Hockey India League ." } ] }, { "value": "Uttar Pradesh Wizards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Wizards", "summary": "The team is owned by Sahara Adventure Sports Limited a group company of Sahara India , bought the franchise on 23 July 2012 . Sahara India is also the chief sponsor of Hockey India the top-federation for hockey in India . This was the first franchise of Hockey India League to be bought . In December 2014 , Suresh Raina becomes the co-owner of Uttar Pradesh Wizards ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 22,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marcel Balkestein", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marcel_Balkestein", "summary": "Marcel Balkestein ( born 29 January 1981 in Geldrop ) is a Dutch field hockey player . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he competed for the national team in the men 's tournament , and was part of the Dutch team that won the silver medal . Balkestein married the Dutch volleyball player Maret Balkestein-Grothues on 5 July 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Uttar Pradesh Wizards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Wizards", "summary": "The team is owned by Sahara Adventure Sports Limited a group company of Sahara India , bought the franchise on 23 July 2012 . Sahara India is also the chief sponsor of Hockey India the top-federation for hockey in India . This was the first franchise of Hockey India League to be bought . In December 2014 , Suresh Raina becomes the co-owner of Uttar Pradesh Wizards ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mark Knowles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mark_Knowles_(field_hockey)", "summary": "Mark William Knowles OAM ( born 10 March 1984 ) is the Australian field hockey captain . He has played professional hockey in the Netherlands for HC Rotterdam . He plays for the Queensland Blades in the Australian Hockey League . He has been the captain of the Australia men 's national field hockey team the Kookaburras since 2014 . He won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics , the 2014 World Cup , the 2005 and 2012 Champions Trophy ." } ] }, { "value": "Punjab Warriors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Punjab_Warriors", "summary": "Jaypee Punjab Warriors ( Punjabi : ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਾਰੀਅਰਸ ) ( abbreviated as PJW ) is a field hockey team based in Jalandhar , Punjab that plays in the Hockey India League . It is owned by Jaypee Group . Former Australian coach Barry Dancer serves as the head coach for the team while former India player Zafar Iqbal has been taken on board as an advisor . Former India captains Jagbir Singh and Mohammed Riaz are also part of the coaching staff . Jagbir Singh is the manager of the team . Jamie Dwyer is the captain of the team ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 20,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 57,000", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Auction", "section_text": "Each round of main auction involved bidding for 10 defenders , 10 forwards and 10 midfielders . 25 goalkeepers were auctioned all together in the first round . [ 2 ] [ 5 ]", "uid": "2013_Hockey_India_League_players'_auction_1", "intro": "2013 Hockey India League Players' Auction was the auction of players for the first season of the franchise-based field hockey tournament, Hockey India League. [deprecated source] Auction was conducted by International Auctioneer Bob Hayton and took place on December 16 at The Lalit Hotel in New Delhi. A total of 246 players were available for the auction out of which 93 were foreign player and 153 local. Each franchise had a purse of US$ 650,000 to spend in the auction on 24 players (14 Indian and 10 overseas) for a term of 3 years. Minimum base price for an Indian player was US$ 2,800 and for overseas player was US$ 5,000 under which franchise owners could not bid." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Argentina", "title": "List of football clubs in Argentina", "header": [ "Club", "City", "Province", "Stadium" ], "data": [ { "value": "Argentino ( M )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Argentino_de_Merlo", "summary": "Club Atlético Argentino ( mostly known as Argentino de Merlo ) is an Argentine football club from Merlo , Buenos Aires . The squad currently plays in Primera D Metropolitana , the regionalised five division of the Argentine football league system ." } ] }, { "value": "Merlo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Merlo,_Buenos_Aires", "summary": "Merlo is the head town of the eponymous partido of Merlo and seat of the municipal government , located in the Greater Buenos Aires urban area of Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . The city was founded by Francisco de Merlo in 1755 and rebuilt by Juan Dillon in 1859 . Merlo is divided in two distinctive regions : Merlo Centro , a middle class district clustered around the train station ; and the working class barrios , most of them along the Reconquista River . The administrative and commercial center is around the main avenue , Avenida del Libertador General San Martín . This tree-covered avenue stretches seven blocks from the railway station to the historic district and has few buildings reaching over two storeys in height . Merlo is bordered by Moreno and Paso del Rey - both cities in Moreno Partido - and the Reconquista River ( northwest ) , San Antonio de Padua ( north ) , Libertad and Parque San Martín ( east ) and Mariano Acosta ( south ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Juan Carlos Brevia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Argentino ( Q )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Argentino_de_Quilmes", "summary": "Club Atlético Argentino de Quilmes , simply known as Argentino de Quilmes , is an Argentine football club from Quilmes , Buenos Aires . The team currently plays in Primera B , the third division of the Argentine football league system ." } ] }, { "value": "Quilmes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quilmes", "summary": "Quilmes ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkilmes ] ) is a city in the province of Buenos Aires , Argentina , on the coast of the Rio de la Plata on the south east of the Greater Buenos Aires . It is the seat of the eponymous county , and has a population of 230,810 . It is located 17 km ( 11 mi ) south of the capital of Argentina , the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Argentino de Quilmes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Berazategui", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asociación_Deportiva_Berazategui", "summary": "Asociación Deportiva Berazategui is an Argentine football club from the Berazategui district of Greater Buenos Aires . The team currently plays at the Primera C , the regionalised fourth division of Argentine football league system . Its Norman Lee Stadium has a capacity for 5,500 people ." } ] }, { "value": "Berazategui", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Berazategui", "summary": "Berazategui is a city in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , located to the south-east of Quilmes . It is the head town of the Berazategui Partido . It is part of the Gran Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The city has the nickname Capital Nacional del Vidrio ( National Capital of Glass ) , because of the high concentration of glassmaking industries in the area ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Norman Lee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Estadio_Norman_Lee", "summary": "Asociación Deportiva Berazategui is an Argentine football club from the Berazategui district of Greater Buenos Aires . The team currently plays at the Primera C , the regionalised fourth division of Argentine football league system . Its Norman Lee Stadium has a capacity for 5,500 people ." } ] }, { "value": "Cambaceres", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defensores_de_Cambaceres", "summary": "Club Defensores de Cambaceres is an Argentine football club from the city of Ensenada , Buenos Aires Province . The team currently plays in Primera C , the regionalised fourth division of the Argentine football league system . The club was founded in 1921 with the name Club Social y Deportivo Defensores de Cambaceres ( Defenders of Cambaceres Social and Sports Club ) , and the kit color ( red ) was chosen as an homage to Independiente , one of the most successful teams of Argentina . Cambaceres was not affiliated to the Argentine Football Association until 1957 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ensenada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ensenada,_Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Ensenada ( Spanish pronunciation : [ enseˈnaða ] ) is a city and port in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , located around the Ensenada de Barragán . It has 31,031 inhabitants as per the 2001 census [ INDEC ] . It is the capital of Ensenada Partido , and together with Berisso Partido they are the main suburbs of the Gran La Plata conurbation around the provincial capital of La Plata . The port of Ensenada carries grain and beef exports , as well as industrial shipments . The volume traded has been recently growing at the expense of the Buenos Aires port , located 60 km to the north-west . As Buenos Aires city authorities are considering repurposing the port of Buenos Aires as a passenger-only facility , the volume at Ensenada ( as well as that of the ports in Campana and Bahía Blanca ) is slated to experience further growth ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Defensores de Cambaceres", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Central Córdoba ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Central_Córdoba_de_Rosario", "summary": "Club Atlético Central Córdoba , usually just Central Córdoba , is an Argentine football club based in the city of Rosario , Santa Fe . The team currently plays in Primera C Metropolitana , the regionalised fourth division of the Argentine football league system ." } ] }, { "value": "Rosario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rosario", "summary": "Rosario ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈsaɾjo ] ) is the largest city in the central Argentina province of Santa Fe . The city is located 300 km ( 186 mi ) northwest of Buenos Aires , on the west bank of the Paraná River . Rosario is the third most populous city in the country , and is also the most populous city in Argentina that is not a provincial capital . With a growing and important metropolitan area , Greater Rosario has an estimated population of 1,276,000 as of 2012 [ update ] . One of its main attractions includes the neoclassical architecture that has been retained over the centuries in hundreds of residences , houses and public buildings . Rosario is the head city of the Rosario Department and is located at the heart of the major industrial corridor in Argentina . The city is a major railroad terminal and the shipping center for north-eastern Argentina . Ships reach the city via the Paraná River , which allows the existence of a 10-metre-deep ( 34 ft ) port . The Port of Rosario is subject to silting and must be dredged periodically . Exports include wheat , flour , hay , linseed and other vegetable oils , corn , sugar , lumber , meat , hides , and wool . Manufactured goods include flour , sugar , meat products , and other foodstuffs . The Rosario-Victoria Bridge , opened in 2004 , spans the Paraná River , connecting Rosario with the city of Victoria , across the Paraná Delta ." } ] }, { "value": "Santa Fe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Santa_Fe_Province", "summary": "The Province of Santa Fe ( Spanish : Provincia de Santa Fe , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsanta ˈfe ] ) is a province of Argentina , located in the center-east of the country . Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Chaco ( divided by the 28th parallel south ) , Corrientes , Entre Ríos , Buenos Aires , Córdoba , and Santiago del Estero . Together with Córdoba and Entre Ríos , the province is part of the economico-political association known as the Center Region . Santa Fe 's most important cities are Rosario ( population 1,193,605 ) , the capital Santa Fe ( 369,000 ) , Rafaela ( 100,000 ) , Reconquista ( 99,000 ) Villa Gobernador Gálvez ( 74,000 ) , Venado Tuerto ( 69,000 ) , and Santo Tomé ( 58,000 ) . The adult literacy rate in the province is 96.3%" } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Gabino Sosa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Estadio_Gabino_Sosa", "summary": "Estadio Gabino Sosa is a multi-use stadium in Rosario , Argentina . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Club Atlético Central Córdoba . The stadium holds 17,000 people . It is named after the former Central Córdoba and Argentina player Gabino Sosa ." } ] }, { "value": "Defensores Unidos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defensores_Unidos", "summary": "Club Atlético Defensores Unidos ( simply known as Defensores Unidos ) is an Argentine football club from the Villa Fox district of Zárate , Buenos Aires . The team currently plays in Primera B , the regionalised third division of Argentine football league system ." } ] }, { "value": "Zárate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zárate,_Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Zárate is a port city in the northeast of the province of Buenos Aires , Argentina . It lies on the western shore of the Paraná River , 90 km ( 56 mi ) from Buenos Aires . Its population as per the 2001 census [ INDEC ] is 101,271 inhabitants . It is the headquarters for and the only city in the partido of the same name . Zárate and Campana are main points of an important industrial region . The city is located at one end of the Zárate-Brazo Largo Bridge , which joins Buenos Aires with the province of Entre Ríos and allows communication with the Argentine Mesopotamia and from there to Brazil and Uruguay . The city was founded on March 19th , 1854 ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Defensores Unidos", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Deportivo Laferrere", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Deportivo_Laferrere", "summary": "Club Deportivo Laferrere is a football club from the homonymous district of La Matanza Partido , Greater Buenos Aires . The team currently plays in Primera C , the regionalized fourth division of the Argentine football league system . Laferrere was founded in 1956 and registered with AFA in 1978 . The team has spent most of its time playing in the third and fourth divisions . Nevertheless , Laferrere had a brief spell in the Primera B Nacional ( the second division ) between 1990 and 1995 . Its best league position to date was 15th . in the 2nd division , which it achieved in 1991 and 1993 ." } ] }, { "value": "Gregorio de Lafèrrere", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gregorio_de_Laferrère,_Buenos_Aires", "summary": "Gregorio de Laferrère is a city ( Spanish : ciudad ) in the La Matanza Partido of Buenos Aires Province ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Deportivo Laferrere", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Deportivo Riestra", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Deportivo_Riestra", "summary": "Deportivo Riestra Asociación de Fomento Barrio Colón , also known as Deportivo Riestra , is a sports and social club from Buenos Aires , Argentina . Its headquarters are located in the Nueva Pompeya neighbourhood , and also owns the Guillermo Laza stadium in the Villa Soldati neighbourhood , with a capacity of 3,000 . The senior male football squad will play the next season in Primera B Nacional , second division in the Argentine football league system , while its male futsal team plays in Primera D , the fourth tier division . Besides sporting activity , Deportivo Riestra is venue to social and cultural activities and is a member of the Metropolitan Chess Federation ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ." } ] }, { "value": "( autonomous city )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Autonomous_city", "summary": "Autonomous city is a type of autonomous administrative division ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Guillermo Laza", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dock Sud", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sportivo_Dock_Sud", "summary": "Club Sportivo Dock Sud is an Argentine football club based in the Dock Sud district of Avellaneda Partido , Greater Buenos Aires . The club is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in Primera C Metropolitana , the regionalised fourth division of the Argentine football league system ." } ] }, { "value": "Dock Sud", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dock_Sud", "summary": "Dock Sud is a town of Avellaneda County ( partido ) in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . It forms part of the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio de Los Inmigrantes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Estadio_de_Los_Inmigrantes", "summary": "El Estadio de Los Inmigrantes ( The Immigrants Stadium ) gained its name from its proximity to the port zone of Avellaneda to which immigrants arrived in search of a better life , many of them originating from Europe but with a large number also coming from places such as the Cape Verde Islands . The stadium is the home ground of Club Sportivo Dock Sud a club that currently plays in the Primera C Metropolitana of the Argentine Football Association league system . The current capacity of the stadium is 5,000 and the club has almost completed the construction of a new popularstanding section that will have given the stadium a new capacity of around 7,800 . Address : Avenida Agustin Debenedetti , 2005 , Dock Sud , Avellaneda , Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . Buses to the stadium : 33 - 54 - 134 -159 - 186" } ] }, { "value": "Excursionistas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Excursionistas", "summary": "Club Atlético Excursionistas ( familiarly called Excursio by fans ) is an Argentine football club based in the Belgrano neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . The squad currently plays in the Primera C Metropolitana , the fourth level of the Argentine football league system ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ." } ] }, { "value": "( autonomous city )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Autonomous_city", "summary": "Autonomous city is a type of autonomous administrative division ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Excursionistas", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flandria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Social_y_Deportivo_Flandria", "summary": "Club Social y Deportivo Flandria is an Argentine Football Club based in the city of Jáuregui , Buenos Aires Province which was founded by Julio Steverlynck . Although many sports are practised at the club , The Canary is best known for its professional football team . The squad currently plays in Primera B Metropolitana , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system ." } ] }, { "value": "Jáuregui", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jáuregui,_Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "José María Jáuregui is a town in the Luján Partido of Buenos Aires Province , Argentina ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Carlos V", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ferrocarril Midland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Ferrocarril_Midland", "summary": "Club Atlético Ferrocarril Midland is an Argentine football club based in the Libertad district of Merlo Partido , in the Greater Buenos Aires . The team currently plays in Primera C , the fourth division of Argentine football league system . The club was founded on June 28 , 1914 by workers of the Buenos Aires Midland Railway with the objective to participate in some sports and other social activities . In 1929 the club was divided into two divisions : Club Midland and Club Atlético Libertad , but they were reunited in 1933 . Midland competed in the regional divisions until 1960 when the club gained its affiliation to the Argentine Football Association . One year later Midland started competing in the lowest league , Primera D. The club had a short run in the Primera C during the 1990s and even came to play in the Primera B . In 1989 Midland set a South American record reaching a mark of 50 consecutive games being undefeated . In 2008-09 the team won the Primera D Metropolitana championship , therefore it was promoted to play in the Primera C Metropolitana . Midland 's main rivals are Ituzaingó , Deportivo Merlo and Argentino Merlo ." } ] }, { "value": "Libertad", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Libertad,_Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Libertad is a city located in Merlo Partido , Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . It forms part of the Greater Buenos Aires urban conurbation . Its origin goes back to the 1870s when , by that time , a rural settlement was thriving around a pulpería ( public house ) called La Libertad ( Freedom ) , from where the town took its name . During the last decades a group of prominent neighbors had been working to obtain the autonomy of the city and make Libertad a new partido in the province . According to the 2001 census [ INDEC ] , the population was 100,476 . Libertad is bordered by Parque San Martín ( west ) , Pontevedra ( south ) , Merlo ( northwest ) , San Antonio de Padua and Morón ( north ) and La Matanza Partido ( east ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Ferrocarril Midland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "General Lamadrid", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_General_Lamadrid", "summary": "Club Atlético General Lamadrid ( usually General Lamadrid or simply Lamadrid ) is an Argentine sports club located in Villa Devoto , Buenos Aires . The institution , founded in 1950 , is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in Primera C , the regionalised forth division of the Argentine football league system . Other sports practised at the club are futsal , handball , tae kwon do , roller skating and volleyball ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ." } ] }, { "value": "( autonomous city )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Autonomous_city", "summary": "Autonomous city is a type of autonomous administrative division ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Enrique Sexto", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Estadio_Enrique_Sexto", "summary": "Club Atlético General Lamadrid ( usually General Lamadrid or simply Lamadrid ) is an Argentine sports club located in Villa Devoto , Buenos Aires . The institution , founded in 1950 , is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in Primera C , the regionalised forth division of the Argentine football league system . Other sports practised at the club are futsal , handball , tae kwon do , roller skating and volleyball ." } ] }, { "value": "J. J. de Urquiza", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asociación_Social_y_Deportiva_Justo_José_de_Urquiza", "summary": "Asociación Social y Deportiva Justo José de Urquiza , known simply as Justo José de Urquiza , is an Argentine football club from the Caseros district of Tres de Febrero Partido in Greater Buenos Aires . The team currently play in Primera B , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . The club is named in honour of Justo José de Urquiza , Argentine general and president of the Argentine Confederation between 1854 and 1860 ." } ] }, { "value": "Loma Hermosa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Loma_Hermosa", "summary": "Loma Hermosa is a town in Tres de Febrero Partido of Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . It is located in the Greater Buenos Aires urban agglomeration . Part of the town falls in the General San Martín Partido ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Ramón la Cueva", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Juventud Unida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Juventud_Unida_de_San_Miguel", "summary": "Club Deportivo y Social Juventud Unida is an Argentine football club located in San Miguel , Buenos Aires . The team currently plays at the Primera C , the regionalised fourth division of Argentine football league system . The club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association in 1957 and promoted to Primera C in 1992 ." } ] }, { "value": "San Miguel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Miguel,_Buenos_Aires", "summary": "San Miguel is a city in the northwest region of Greater Buenos Aires , 30 km from the City of Buenos Aires . San Miguel is the county seat of San Miguel Partido , and has been a part of Greater Buenos Aires since the early 2000s . The number of inhabitants was 157,532 according to the 2001 census . Part of a vast estancia estate owned by General Ángel Pacheco , San Miguel was founded as San José del Pilar by a French Argentine agronomist , Adolfo Sourdeaux , on May 18 , 1864 . Part of Pilar Partido initially , the town was renamed San Miguel after the former district was subdivided shortly afterward . A Buenos Aires-Pacific Railway line was built along the town in 1870 , and its first schools were opened at that time as part of President Domingo Sarmiento 's program for education in Argentina . The town was designated as county seat for the newly created General Sarmiento Partido in 1889 , and was in turn made the county seat for San Miguel Partido when the former was subdivided in 1994 . San Miguel 's transition from a rural community to that of a suburban bedroom community with high-rise buildings has caused it to lose its village character and strained its infrastructure . The largely service-oriented economy is complemented by industries such as the IPH steel cable facility ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Franco Murggieri", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luján", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Luján", "summary": "Club Luján is an Argentine football club from Luján , Buenos Aires Province . The team currently plays in Primera C , the regionalised fourth division of the Argentine football league system . The club is also going to incorporate handball and field hockey as sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Luján", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luján,_Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Luján ( pronounced [ luˈxan ] ) is a city in the Buenos Aires province of Argentina , located 68 kilometres north west of the city of Buenos Aires . The city was founded in 1755 and has a population of 106,899 ( per the 2010 census [ INDEC ] ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Campo Municipal de Deportes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sacachispas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sacachispas_Fútbol_Club", "summary": "Sacachispas Fútbol Club is an Argentine football club from the Villa Soldati district of Buenos Aires . The team currently plays in Primera B Metropolitana , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ." } ] }, { "value": "( autonomous city )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Autonomous_city", "summary": "Autonomous city is a type of autonomous administrative division ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Beto Larossa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "San Telmo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_San_Telmo", "summary": "Club Atlético San Telmo is an Argentine sports club located in the neighbourhood of San Telmo , in the City of Buenos Aires . The club is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in Primera B , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . Apart from football , other sports practised at San Telmo are basketball , boxing , field hockey and handball ." } ] }, { "value": "Dock Sud", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dock_Sud", "summary": "Dock Sud is a town of Avellaneda County ( partido ) in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . It forms part of the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Dr. Osvaldo Baletto", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Talleres ( RE )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Talleres_de_Remedios_de_Escalada", "summary": "Club Atlético Talleres , usually called Talleres de Remedios de Escalada , is an Argentine sports club sited in the Remedios de Escalada district of Lanús Partido , Greater Buenos Aires . The club is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Primera B Metropolitana , the third division of the Argentine football league system . Apart from football , a wide range of sports are practised at the club . Some of them are artistic roller skating , athletics , basketball , boxing , futsal , handball , gymnastics , table tennis , tennis , taekwondo and volleyball among others ." } ] }, { "value": "Remedios de Escalada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Remedios_de_Escalada", "summary": "Remedios de Escalada de San Martín is a city located in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , within Lanús Partido , Gran Buenos Aires . It covers an area of 9,95 km² and the population was 81,465 in 2001 ; the demonym for its inhabitants is escaladense ." } ] }, { "value": "Buenos Aires", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province", "summary": "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ." } ] }, { "value": "Estadio Talleres de Remedios de Escalada", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Metropolitana -- Primera C Metropolitana ( 2014 )", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_football_clubs_in_Argentina_3", "intro": "This is a non-exhaustive list of football clubs in Argentina, which is ordered according to the division they currently play in. There are two national divisions in Argentina (Primera Division and Primera B Nacional). Below this level, leagues are split between those for clubs directly affiliated to the Argentine Football Association (mainly clubs from Greater Buenos Aires, but also some from the rest of the Buenos Aires Province and the Santa Fe Province), and those affiliated indirectly through their local leagues to the Association (covering the rest of the country). Clubs below the Primera B Nacional who are directly affiliated play in the Primera B Metropolitana, Primera C and Primera D, while those indirectly affiliated play in the Argentino A, Argentino B and Argentino C. \n These leagues make up the first five tiers of Argentine football. Below the fifth tier, there are various regional leagues for clubs indirectly affiliated. On the other hand, clubs directly affiliated have no league below the fifth (Primera D), therefore a club relegated from the Primera D has to spend one year without playing (disaffiliated)." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmanshoo_A._Malhotra", "title": "Himmanshoo A. Malhotra", "header": [ "Year", "Title", "role", "Channel", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ssshhhh ... Phir Koi Hai - Yakshi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ssshhhh..._Phir_Koi_Hai", "summary": "Ssshhhh.Koi Hai ( English : Ssshhhh.someone 's there ) is an Indian horror thriller television anthology series created by Cinevistaas Limited and Contiloe Entertainment for Star Plus . The first season was created by them together , while later seasons were only created by Abhimanyu Raj Singh and were aired on Star Plus ' sister channel Star One . The series which premiered on 27 July 2001 , ran for three seasons ending on 16 May 2010 . Shiva Rindani , Vindu Dara Singh , Ronit Roy , Mac Mohan , Sunil Grover , Murali Sharma , Hrishikesh Pandey , Kamya Panjabi and many more have been starred in the series . Shakti Anand , Indian TV actor , also worked in the first season and two episodes of the second season ." } ] }, { "value": "Episode 36", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Star One", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Star_One_(Indian_TV_channel)", "summary": "Star One was an Indian pay television network based in Mumbai . It was launched on 1 November 2004 and it was owned by Star TV and distributed worldwide by Fox International Channels . In November 2006 , Star One was launched in the UK on Sky . Star One was rebranded as Life OK on 18 December 2011 . Its British feed continued broadcasting in the UK and Ireland until 28 May 2012 , when it was also rebranded as Star Life OK ." } ] }, { "value": "Episodic Role", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Champs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Raj", "urls": [] }, { "value": "UTV Bindass", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/UTV_Bindass", "summary": "Bindass is an Indian pay television channel targeted at the youth . It was launched on 24 September 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kaisi Laagi Lagan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kaisi_Laagi_Lagan", "summary": "Kaisi Laagi Lagan is an Indian television series that premiered on Sahara One on 13 October 2008 , based on the story of a cursed marriage ." } ] }, { "value": "Swayam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sahara One", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sahara_One", "summary": "Sahara One was an Indian Hindi general entertainment channel based in New Delhi . It is operated by Sahara India Pariwar ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009-2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aapki Antara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aapki_Antara", "summary": "Aapki Antara ( International title : Antara ) , produced by Drishtant Media , is a soap opera which ran on Zee TV from 1 June 2009 through 18 February 2010 as a social problem drama focusing on the issue of autism . Aapki Antara is also going to air because of its popularity on Zindagi from 23 May 2016 Mon-Sat 6:30pm under the title Antara . The Show Was Dubbed In English and Aired on Zee World on DSTv channel : 166" } ] }, { "value": "Sameer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zee TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zee_TV", "summary": "Zee TV is an Indian pay television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises , a media and entertainment company based in Mumbai , Maharashtra . A part of the Essel Group , it started to broadcast on 2 October 1992 as the first Hindi-language subscription channel in India . Zee TV HD was launched on 15 August 2011 along with Zee Cinema HD , Zee Studio HD . It overhauled its old logo on 15 October 2017 , along with all other channels of the Zee Entertainment Enterprises ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Seven", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seven_(TV_series)", "summary": "Seven - The Ashvamedha Prophecy is an Indian supernatural television series that aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 1 January 2010 to 25 June 2010 . The series was produced by Aditya Chopra , and stars Rakesh Bapat and Shama Sikander ." } ] }, { "value": "Haryaksh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sony TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television", "summary": "Sony Entertainment Television ( abbr . SET ) is an Indian Hindi-language pay television channel that was launched in October 1996 , and is owned by Sony Pictures Networks India , a subsidiary of the Japanese Sony . SET has been one of India 's most popular television channels , having produced many iconic shows such as CID , Aahat , Indian Idol , Boogie Woogie , Crime Patrol and Beyhadh ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010-2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bhagonwali-Baante Apni Taqdeer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bhagonwali-Baante_Apni_Taqdeer", "summary": "Bhagonwali is an Indian daily soap opera that aired on Zee TV . The series premiered on 6 December 2010 . It is produced by Samidha Khalid 's Creative Lab . It tells the story of Runjhun who brings good luck and fortune wherever she goes . However , her own life is riddled with misfortune and hard work because of her circumstances . This show went off air on 17 February 2012 , ending with a total of 318 episodes ." } ] }, { "value": "Guddu Shukla", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zee TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zee_TV", "summary": "Zee TV is an Indian pay television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises , a media and entertainment company based in Mumbai , Maharashtra . A part of the Essel Group , it started to broadcast on 2 October 1992 as the first Hindi-language subscription channel in India . Zee TV HD was launched on 15 August 2011 along with Zee Cinema HD , Zee Studio HD . It overhauled its old logo on 15 October 2017 , along with all other channels of the Zee Entertainment Enterprises ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012-2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Love_Marriage_Ya_Arranged_Marriage", "summary": "Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage ( English : Love Marriage Or Arranged Marriage ) is an Indian soap opera that airs on Sony Entertainment Television from 6 August 2012 and stars Rishika Mihani and Samaira Rao , Himanshu Malhotra and Ashish Kapoor . The show is set in Udaipur , Rajasthan ." } ] }, { "value": "Anoop Sisodya", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sony TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television", "summary": "Sony Entertainment Television ( abbr . SET ) is an Indian Hindi-language pay television channel that was launched in October 1996 , and is owned by Sony Pictures Networks India , a subsidiary of the Japanese Sony . SET has been one of India 's most popular television channels , having produced many iconic shows such as CID , Aahat , Indian Idol , Boogie Woogie , Crime Patrol and Beyhadh ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rab Se Sohna Isshq", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rab_Se_Sohna_Isshq", "summary": "Rab Se Sohna Isshq ( English Title : Eternal Love ) was an Indian soap opera produced by Jay Mehta 's Jay Production , which aired on Zee TV from Monday to Friday . Ashish Sharma played the male lead along with Kanan Malhotra . Ekta Kaul made her debut as the female lead . The show revolves around the love triangle involving the characters played by the three actors with a large part of the story occurring in London . This was the first ever cross continental show in Indian Television . The series aired in Iran under the title به نام الهه عشق from 20 September 2014 to 12 February 2015 on the network Gem Bollywood . The show was dubbed into English as Eternal Love and broadcast on Zee World on DSTv channel 166 [ citation needed ] and was later also aired on Zee TV UK ." } ] }, { "value": "N/A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zee TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zee_TV", "summary": "Zee TV is an Indian pay television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises , a media and entertainment company based in Mumbai , Maharashtra . A part of the Essel Group , it started to broadcast on 2 October 1992 as the first Hindi-language subscription channel in India . Zee TV HD was launched on 15 August 2011 along with Zee Cinema HD , Zee Studio HD . It overhauled its old logo on 15 October 2017 , along with all other channels of the Zee Entertainment Enterprises ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fear Files", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fear_Files", "summary": "Fear Files : Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein is an Indian horror anthology television series which started on 30 June 2012 on Zee TV and last aired on 17 August 2014 after two seasons which were co-produced by Deepak Pandey 's Dreamzz Images and Contiloe Entertainment . Season 3 started on 22 July 2017 and was produced by Essel Vision Productions . The series focuses on stories of paranormal incidents and investigations into the strange events ." } ] }, { "value": "N/A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zee TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zee_TV", "summary": "Zee TV is an Indian pay television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises , a media and entertainment company based in Mumbai , Maharashtra . A part of the Essel Group , it started to broadcast on 2 October 1992 as the first Hindi-language subscription channel in India . Zee TV HD was launched on 15 August 2011 along with Zee Cinema HD , Zee Studio HD . It overhauled its old logo on 15 October 2017 , along with all other channels of the Zee Entertainment Enterprises ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Encounter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Encounter_(Indian_TV_series)", "summary": "Encounter is an Indian crime television series , produced by Endemol India for Sony Entertainment Television . Its central plot was based on 35 encounters in Mumbai over 36 one-hour episodes ." } ] }, { "value": "Inspector Tilak Nambiyar ( Episode 23 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sony TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television_(India)", "summary": "Sony Entertainment Television ( abbr . SET ) is an Indian Hindi-language pay television channel that was launched in October 1996 , and is owned by Sony Pictures Networks India , a subsidiary of the Japanese Sony . SET has been one of India 's most popular television channels , having produced many iconic shows such as CID , Aahat , Indian Idol , Boogie Woogie , Crime Patrol and Beyhadh ." } ] }, { "value": "Episodic Role", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yeh Hai Aashiqui", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yeh_Hai_Aashiqui", "summary": "Yeh Hai Aashiqui ( transl . This is love ) is an Indian television romance anthology series that presents dramatisations of love stories created by Vikas Gupta . It aired on Bindass channel from 25 August 2013 to 7 August 2016 . The title track of the series is written by lyricist Abhiruchi Chand and composed by Abhishek Arora . The fourth season title track is sung by Mohit Chauhan and Neeti Mohan ." } ] }, { "value": "Inspector Mayur", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bindass", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bindass", "summary": "Bindass is an Indian pay television channel targeted at the youth . It was launched on 24 September 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014-2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Airlines", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Airlines_(Indian_TV_series)", "summary": "This is the list of current , upcoming and formerly broadcast series by the Indian television channel Star Plus ." } ] }, { "value": "Rohit Mafatlal", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Star Plus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Star_Plus", "summary": "StarPlus is an Indian pay television channel owned by Star India . The network 's programming consists of family dramas , comedies , youth-oriented reality shows , shows on crime and television films . It is also distributed internationally by The Walt Disney Company India , subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Box Cricket League", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Box_Cricket_League", "summary": "Box Cricket League ( BCL ) is an Indian sports reality television show where celebrities are seen competing with each other in an indoor cricket game format ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sony Entertainment Television", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television", "summary": "Sony Entertainment Television ( abbr . SET ) is an Indian Hindi-language pay television channel that was launched in October 1996 , and is owned by Sony Pictures Networks India , a subsidiary of the Japanese Sony . SET has been one of India 's most popular television channels , having produced many iconic shows such as CID , Aahat , Indian Idol , Boogie Woogie , Crime Patrol and Beyhadh ." } ] }, { "value": "Player for Ahmadabad Express", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nach Baliye 7", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nach_Baliye", "summary": "Nach Baliye ( transl . Dance Partner ) is an Indian celebrity couple dance reality television series that airs on Star Plus ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Star Plus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Star_Plus", "summary": "StarPlus is an Indian pay television channel owned by Star India . The network 's programming consists of family dramas , comedies , youth-oriented reality shows , shows on crime and television films . It is also distributed internationally by The Walt Disney Company India , subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company ." } ] }, { "value": "Winner", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ek Nayi Ummeed - Roshni", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ek_Nayi_Ummeed_-_Roshni", "summary": "Ek Nayi Ummeed - Roshni ( English : A New Hope - Roshni ) is an Indian medical drama television series , which premiered on 13 July 2015 and broadcast on Life OK . The series aires on Monday through Friday nights . The series is produced by Pulse Media Entertainment . The shooting of the series is shot in London . The shooting of the entire series is held in a real hospital . Pooja Gor and Sahil Anand are seen playing the female and male lead roles respectively ." } ] }, { "value": "Dr. Sameer Purohit", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Life Ok", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Life_Ok", "summary": "Life OK was an Indian pay television channel owned by Star India . It was launched on 18 December 2011 replacing Star One . It also started airing in the United States in 1 March 2012 , and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 28 May of that same year . It launched its own high-definition feed in October 2012 . On 9 September 2012 , Life OK 's mythological drama Devon Ke Dev.Mahadev recorded an 8.2 TVR , its highest TRP of 167 . The channel was rebranded as Star Bharat on 28 August 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Parallel Lead", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi 7", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fear_Factor:_Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_7", "summary": "The seventh season of Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi , an Indian reality and stunt television series , commenced on 30 January 2016 and the last episode aired on 3 April 2016 and was aired on Colors TV . The season was titled as Khatron Ke Khiladi : Kabhi Peeda , Kabhi Keeda . The series broadcast every Saturday and Sunday nights and was produced by Endemol India of Deepak Dhar . Sidharth Shukla emerged as the winner of the season . The season was hosted by Arjun Kapoor and shot in Argentina ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself eliminated in 1st week", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colors_(TV_channel)", "summary": "Viacom 18 Media Pvt . Limited is an Indian joint venture operation between ViacomCBS and TV18 based in Mumbai . It was founded in November 2007 and owns various channels of ViacomCBS , as well as various consumer products in India . In January 2010 , Viacom 18 went international with the launch of Colors in the United States . The channel is called Aapka Colors . In July 2010 , it got into 50/50 distribution joint venture with Sun Network to form Sun 18 . In December 2011 , Viacom 18 launched Nickelodeon Sonic , targeting young adults . The company also owns Viacom18 Motion Pictures . On 31 January 2018 , TV18 announced its acquisition of Viacom 's majority in the joint venture , taking operational control and leaving Viacom with minority interest . On 1 October 2019 , Viacom 18 launched Colors HD in Malaysia on Astro Malaysia ; every serial will be served with Malay and English subtitles . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Contestant", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015-2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Box Cricket League Season 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Box_Cricket_League", "summary": "Box Cricket League ( BCL ) is an Indian sports reality television show where celebrities are seen competing with each other in an indoor cricket game format ." } ] }, { "value": "Himself", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colors_(TV_channel)", "summary": "Viacom 18 Media Pvt . Limited is an Indian joint venture operation between ViacomCBS and TV18 based in Mumbai . It was founded in November 2007 and owns various channels of ViacomCBS , as well as various consumer products in India . In January 2010 , Viacom 18 went international with the launch of Colors in the United States . The channel is called Aapka Colors . In July 2010 , it got into 50/50 distribution joint venture with Sun Network to form Sun 18 . In December 2011 , Viacom 18 launched Nickelodeon Sonic , targeting young adults . The company also owns Viacom18 Motion Pictures . On 31 January 2018 , TV18 announced its acquisition of Viacom 's majority in the joint venture , taking operational control and leaving Viacom with minority interest . On 1 October 2019 , Viacom 18 launched Colors HD in Malaysia on Astro Malaysia ; every serial will be served with Malay and English subtitles . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Captain of Team Chennai Swaggers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Darr Sabko Lagta Hai", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Darr_Sabko_Lagta_Hai", "summary": "Darr Sabko Lagta Hai ( Hindi : डर सबको लगता है , English : Everybody feels fear ) is an Indian anthology horror fiction television series , which premiered on 31 October 2015 and was broadcast on & TV . The series aired on every Saturday and Sunday nights . The series was produced by Reel Life Entertainment . Ending on 17 April 2016 , two seasons of the series have been successfully aired . Bipasha Basu hosted the first season of the series . Different directors helmed different episodes of the first season , including Soumik Sen , Chandra Pemmaraju , Suparn Verma , Siraj Kalla , Faizal Akhtar , Devatma Mandal , Sarthak Dasgupta , Wilson Louis , Prashant Singh , Rakesh Ranshinge and Mayank Sharma . Tigmanshu Dhulia directed the second season ." } ] }, { "value": "Nirvaan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "& TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/&TV", "summary": "& TV ( And TV ) is a Hindi language entertainment channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises . Launched as a General Entertainment Channel from ZEEL group , it started broadcasting on 2 March 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "Episode twenty three", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gangster Ki Girlfriend", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Abu Saleem", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ABP News", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ABP_News", "summary": "ABP News is an Indian Hindi news channel owned by ABP Group . It was formerly known as STAR News before being acquired by ABP Group . ABP Live is an Indian English news website owned by ABP Group ." } ] }, { "value": "Documentary on Abu Saleem and Monica Bedi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shankar Jaikishan 3 in 1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shankar_Jaikishan_3_in_1", "summary": "Shankar Jai Kishan 3 in 1 is a television show that aired on SAB TV . This show replaced Trideviyaan . The show stars Kettan Singh in three roles , Falaq Naaz , Kritida Mistry and Chitrashi Rawat as the female leads ." } ] }, { "value": "Prem", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SAB TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SAB_TV", "summary": "Sony SAB ( formerly SAB TV ) stylised as SONY SAB is an Indian pay television channel owned by Sony Pictures Networks and specialising in comedy shows and soap operas ." } ] }, { "value": "Negative Role", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Television", "section_text": "", "uid": "Himmanshoo_A._Malhotra_1", "intro": "Himmanshu A. Malhotra (born Himanshu Malhotra) is an Indian actor. He participated and became the winner of Nach Baliye in 2015. He later participated in Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi in 2016." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes_Super_Stars'_Porky_&_Friends:_Hilarious_Ham", "title": "Looney Tunes Super Stars' Porky & Friends: Hilarious Ham", "header": [ "#", "Title", "Characters", "Release Date", "Director", "Series" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tom Turk and Daffy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tom_Turk_and_Daffy", "summary": "Tom Turk and Daffy is a 1944 American animated short film in the Looney Tunes series directed by Chuck Jones and featuring Daffy Duck , Porky Pig and a turkey named Tom Turk . The voices of Daffy and Porky were done by Mel Blanc , while Tom Turk was voiced by Billy Bletcher [ citation needed ] ." } ] }, { "value": "Daffy , Porky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daffy_Duck", "summary": "Daffy Duck is an animated cartoon character produced by Warner Bros. Styled as an anthropomorphic black duck , the character has appeared in cartoon series such as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies , in which he usually has been depicted as a foil for Bugs Bunny . Daffy was one of the first of the new screwball characters that emerged in the late 1930s to replace traditional everyman characters who were more popular earlier during the decade , such as Mickey Mouse and Popeye . Daffy starred in 130 shorts in the golden age , making him the third-most frequent character in the Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies cartoons , behind Bugs Bunny 's 167 appearances and Porky Pig 's 162 appearances . Virtually every Warner Bros. cartoon director put his own spin on the Daffy Duck character . Directors such as Bob Clampett , Robert McKimson , and Chuck Jones are notable examples of the character . Daffy was number 14 on TV Guide 's list of top 50 greatest cartoon characters ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Porky_Pig", "summary": "Porky Pig is an animated character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He was the first character created by the studio to draw audiences based on his star power , and the animators created many critically acclaimed shorts featuring the character . Even after he was supplanted by later characters , Porky continued to be popular with moviegoers and , more importantly , the Warners directors , who recast him in numerous everyman and sidekick roles . He is known for his signature line at the end of many shorts , Th-th-th-that 's all folks ! This slogan ( without stuttering ) had also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons . In contrast , the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan : So Long , Folks ! until the mid 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the Looney Tunes series ( when Bugs Bunny was the closing character , he would break the pattern by simply saying , in his Brooklynese accent , And Dat 's De End ! ) . He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character . Porky 's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter , for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words ; for example , What 's going on ? might become What 's guh-guh-guh-guh - .what 's happening ? Porky 's age varied widely in the series ; originally conceived as an innocent seven-year-old piglet ( explicitly mentioned as such in Porky 's Preview ) , Porky was more frequently cast as an adult , often being cast as the competent straight man in the series in later years . In the ending of many Looney Tunes cartoons , Porky Pig bursts through a bass drum head , and his attempt to close the show with The End becomes Th-Th-The , Th-Th-The , Th-Th ." } ] }, { "value": "February 12 , 1944 ( 1944-02-12 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chuck Jones", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chuck_Jones", "summary": "Charles Martin Jones ( September 21 , 1912 - February 22 , 2002 ) was an American animated filmmaker and cartoonist , best known for his work with Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts . He wrote , produced , and/or directed many classic animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner , Pepé Le Pew , Porky Pig , Michigan J. Frog , the Three Bears , and a slew of other Warner characters . After his career at Warner Bros. ended in 1962 , Jones started Sib Tower 12 Productions , and began producing cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , including a new series of Tom and Jerry shorts and the television adaptation of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! . He later started his own studio , Chuck Jones Enterprises , which created several one-shot specials , and periodically worked on Looney Tunes related works . Jones was nominated for eight Academy Awards , winning three times . He won for the cartoons For Scent-imental Reasons , So Much for So Little , and The Dot and the Line . Robin Williams presented Jones with an Honorary Academy Award in 1996 for his iconic work in the animation industry . Film historian Leonard Maltin has praised Jones ' work at Warner Bros. , MGM and Chuck Jones Enterprises . He also said that the feud that there may have been between Jones and colleague Bob Clampett was mainly because they were so different from each other . In Jerry Beck 's The 50 Greatest Cartoons , ten of the entries were directed by Jones , with four out of the five top cartoons ( including first place ) being Jones shorts ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wagon Heels", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wagon_Heels", "summary": "Wagon Heels is a Merrie Melodies short directed by Bob Clampett . Released on July 28 , 1945 , it is a color remake of the 1938 Looney Tunes black-and-white short Injun Trouble . Because of its perceived wildly stereotypical and insensitive depiction of the Native American , it is seldom shown on television . [ citation needed ] All voices except narration and Sloppy Moe are performed by Mel Blanc , whose screen credit is his first in a non-Bugs Bunny cartoon . In addition to the usual Native American stereotype music , Carl Stalling 's underscore frequently plays segments of the American Civil War tune , Kingdom Coming , even converting it to a minor key in one segment . Oh ! Susanna is also heard repeatedly in the underscore ." } ] }, { "value": "Porky", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 28 , 1945 ( 1945-07-28 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bob Clampett", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bob_Clampett", "summary": "Robert Emerson Clampett ( May 8 , 1913 - May 2 , 1984 ) was an American animator , producer , director , and puppeteer best known for his work on the Looney Tunes animated series from Warner Bros. , and the television shows Time for Beany and Beany and Cecil . Clampett was born and raised not far from Hollywood , and early on expressed an interest in animation and puppetry . After leaving high school a few months shy of graduating in 1931 , Clampett joined the team at Harman-Ising Productions and began working on the studio 's newest short subjects , titled Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies . Clampett was promoted to a directorial position in 1937 and during his fifteen years at the studio , directed 84 cartoons later deemed classic and designed some of the studio 's most famous characters , including Porky Pig , Daffy Duck , and Tweety . Among Clampett 's most acclaimed films are Porky in Wackyland ( 1938 ) and The Great Piggy Bank Robbery ( 1946 ) . Clampett left Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1946 and turned his attention to television , creating the puppet show Time for Beany in 1949 . A later animated version of the series , titled Beany and Cecil , was initially broadcast on ABC in 1962 and was rerun until 1967 . The series is considered the first fully creator-driven television series , and carried the byline a Bob Clampett Cartoon . In his later years , Clampett toured college campuses and animation festivals as a lecturer on the history of animation . His Warner cartoons have seen renewed praise in decades since for their surrealistic qualities , energetic and outrageous animation , and irreverent humor . Animation historian Jerry Beck lauded Clampett for putting the word 'looney ' in Looney Tunes ." } ] }, { "value": "MM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mouse Menace", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mouse_Menace", "summary": "Mouse Menace is a 1946 animated short film featuring Porky Pig ." } ] }, { "value": "Porky", "urls": [] }, { "value": "November 2 , 1946 ( 1946-11-02 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arthur Davis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arthur_Davis_(animator)", "summary": "Arthur Art Davidavitch ( June 14 , 1905 - May 9 , 2000 ) was an American animator and a director for Warner Brothers ' Termite Terrace cartoon studio ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "One Meat Brawl", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/One_Meat_Brawl", "summary": "One Meat Brawl is a 1947 cartoon directed by Robert McKimson ." } ] }, { "value": "Barnyard , Porky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Barnyard_Dawg", "summary": "George P. Dog ( better known as ( The ) Barnyard Dawg ) is a Looney Tunes character . An adult anthropomorphic basset hound , he is the archenemy of Foghorn Leghorn . He was created by Robert McKimson , who also created Foghorn , and was voiced by Mel Blanc . Dawg also feuds with other enemies as well like Henery Hawk , the Weasel , Daffy Duck and Sylvester . He appeared in 22 Golden Age-era Warner Bros. shorts ." } ] }, { "value": "January 18 , 1947 ( 1947-01-18 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert McKimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKimson", "summary": "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ." } ] }, { "value": "MM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Curtain Razor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Curtain_Razor", "summary": "Curtain Razor is a 1949 Looney Tunes short directed by Friz Freleng and starring Porky Pig . It is notable as a showcase of the voice talent of Mel Blanc ." } ] }, { "value": "Porky", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 21 , 1949 ( 1949-05-21 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Friz Freleng", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Friz_Freleng", "summary": "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Pest That Came to Dinner", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Porky", "urls": [] }, { "value": "September 11 , 1948 ( 1948-09-11 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arthur Davis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arthur_Davis_(animator)", "summary": "Arthur Art Davidavitch ( June 14 , 1905 - May 9 , 2000 ) was an American animator and a director for Warner Brothers ' Termite Terrace cartoon studio ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Riff Raffy Daffy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Riff_Raffy_Daffy", "summary": "Riff Raffy Daffy is a 1948 Looney Tunes cartoon featuring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig ." } ] }, { "value": "Daffy , Porky", "urls": [] }, { "value": "November 27 , 1948 ( 1948-11-27 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arthur Davis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arthur_Davis_(animator)", "summary": "Arthur Art Davidavitch ( June 14 , 1905 - May 9 , 2000 ) was an American animator and a director for Warner Brothers ' Termite Terrace cartoon studio ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Boobs in the Woods", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boobs_in_the_Woods", "summary": "Boobs in the Woods is a 1949 animated Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon , released in January 1950 ( Re-Issued in 1958 in the opening as a Blue Ribbon Merrie Melodies short ) , directed by Robert McKimson , and starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig . This cartoon is similar to the 1942 short My Favorite Duck ." } ] }, { "value": "Daffy , Porky", "urls": [] }, { "value": "January 28 , 1950 ( 1950-01-28 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert McKimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKimson", "summary": "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dog Collared", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Porky", "urls": [] }, { "value": "December 2 , 1950 ( 1950-12-02 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert McKimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKimson", "summary": "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ." } ] }, { "value": "MM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Thumb Fun", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thumb_Fun", "summary": "Thumb Fun is a 1952 Looney Tunes ( reissued as a Blue Ribbon Merrie Melodies ) short starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig , directed by Robert McKimson . Mel Blanc provided the voices for both of the characters ." } ] }, { "value": "Daffy , Porky", "urls": [] }, { "value": "March 1 , 1952 ( 1952-03-01 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert McKimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKimson", "summary": "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fool Coverage", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fool_Coverage", "summary": "Fool Coverage is a 1952 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon ( re-issued in the series Blue Ribbon Merrie Melodies while maintaining The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down theme song in 1961 ) , directed by Robert McKimson and featuring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig . Daffy is an insurance salesman , trying to sell a reluctant Porky a full coverage policy ." } ] }, { "value": "Daffy , Porky", "urls": [] }, { "value": "December 13 , 1952 ( 1952-12-13 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert McKimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKimson", "summary": "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Corn on the Cop", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corn_on_the_Cop", "summary": "Corn on the Cop is a Merrie Melodies animated cartoon short starring Daffy Duck , Porky Pig and Granny . Released July 24 , 1965 , the cartoon is directed by Irv Spector ; the only time that Spector , who was mostly known as a story artist , ever acted as director on a theatrical cartoon . The voices were performed by Mel Blanc and Joanie Gerber . The short is notable for marking Porky Pig 's final cartoon appearance during the Golden Age of American animation . The title is a play on corn on the cob ." } ] }, { "value": "Daffy , Granny , Porky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Granny_(Looney_Tunes)", "summary": "Emma Webster , better known as Granny , is a Warner Bros. Cartoons character created by Friz Freleng , best known from Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies animated shorts of the 1950s and 1960s . She is the owner of Tweety ( and more often than not , Sylvester and Hector ) . Her voice was first provided by Bea Benaderet from 1950 through 1955 , then by June Foray for almost 60 years ." } ] }, { "value": "July 24 , 1965 ( 1965-07-24 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irv Spector", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Corn Plastered", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Farmer and Crow", "urls": [] }, { "value": "March 3 , 1951 ( 1951-03-03 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert McKimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKimson", "summary": "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ." } ] }, { "value": "MM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gone Batty", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gone_Batty", "summary": "Gone Batty is a Looney Tunes animated cartoon short released by Warner Brothers on September 4 , 1954 . The film was re-released in October 1963 as a Merrie Melodies Blue Ribbon cartoon ." } ] }, { "value": "Bobo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "September 4 , 1954 ( 1954-09-04 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert McKimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKimson", "summary": "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ant Pasted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elmer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elmer_Fudd", "summary": "Elmer J. Fudd is a fictional cartoon character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies series , and an adversary of Bugs Bunny . He has one of the more disputed origins in the Warner Bros. cartoon pantheon ( second only to Bugs himself ) . His aim is to hunt Bugs , but he usually ends up seriously injuring himself and other antagonizing characters . He speaks in an unusual way , replacing his Rs and Ls with Ws , so he always refers to Bugs Bunny as a scwewy wabbit . Elmer 's signature catchphrase is , Shhh . Be vewy vewy quiet , I 'm hunting wabbits , as well as his trademark laughter . The best known Elmer Fudd cartoons include Chuck Jones ' work What 's Opera , Doc ? ( one of the few times Fudd bested Bugs , though he felt bad about it ) , the Rossini parody Rabbit of Seville , and the Hunting Trilogy of Rabbit Season/Duck Season shorts ( Rabbit Fire , Rabbit Seasoning , and Duck ! Rabbit , Duck ! ) with Fudd , Bugs Bunny , and Daffy Duck . An earlier character named Egghead set some of Elmer 's aspects before the character 's more conspicuous features were set ." } ] }, { "value": "May 9 , 1953 ( 1953-05-09 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Friz Freleng", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Friz_Freleng", "summary": "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dog Gone People", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dog_Gone_People", "summary": "Dog Gone People is a Merrie Melodies cartoon animated short starring Elmer Fudd . Released November 12 , 1960 , the cartoon is directed by Robert McKimson . Elmer is voiced by Hal Smith , as Arthur Q. Bryan had died the previous year . The main plot revolves around Elmer doing a favor to his boss by watching his dog , Rupert , during an out-of-town trip . the catch being that Rupert behaves as though he is a human and expects to be treated accordingly , and that Elmer must do everything he can to not offend his guest or risk losing out on more than just a work promotion ." } ] }, { "value": "Elmer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "November 12 , 1960 ( 1960-11-12 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert McKimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKimson", "summary": "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ." } ] }, { "value": "MM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bunny and Claude ( We Rob Carrot Patches )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bunny_and_Claude_(We_Rob_Carrot_Patches)", "summary": "Bunny and Claude ( We Rob Carrot Patches ) is a 1968 Looney Tunes cartoon . It was the first appearance of Bunny and Claude , inspired by the 1967 Warner Bros. film Bonnie and Clyde ." } ] }, { "value": "Bunny and Claude", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bunny_and_Claude", "summary": "This is a list of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies characters ." } ] }, { "value": "November 23 , 1968 ( 1968-11-23 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert McKimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKimson", "summary": "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ." } ] }, { "value": "LT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Great Carrot Train Robbery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Great_Carrot_Train_Robbery", "summary": "The Great Carrot Train Robbery is a 1969 Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Robert McKimson and featuring Bunny and Claude in their last short produced ( other shorts were scrapped when the studio closed ) . The short is the final classic era Warner Bros. cartoon with the voice of Mel Blanc ." } ] }, { "value": "Bunny and Claude", "urls": [] }, { "value": "January 25 , 1969 ( 1969-01-25 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert McKimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKimson", "summary": "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ." } ] }, { "value": "MM", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Contents", "section_text": "", "uid": "Looney_Tunes_Super_Stars'_Porky_&_Friends:_Hilarious_Ham_0", "intro": "Looney Tunes Super Stars' Porky & Friends: Hilarious Ham is a DVD featuring 18 cartoons, with most of them featuring Porky Pig. 16 of the shorts are new to DVD, while two were previously available in the Looney Tunes Golden Collection. This was the first DVD in the Looney Tunes Super Stars series to present the post-1953 cartoons in original fullscreen format only, with no matted 1:85 widescreen format option. The DVD was released on November 6, 2012." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "title": "Poland at the 2012 Summer Paralympics", "header": [ "Medal", "Name", "Sport", "Event", "Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Barbara Niewiedzial", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Barbara_Niewiedzial", "summary": "Barbara Niewiedział ( née Bieganowska born 1 September 1981 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Poland competing mainly in category T20 sprint and middle distance events . She is a two time Paralympic gold medalist in the 800m ( 2000 ) and 1,500 metres ( 2012 ) races and has won four World Athletic titles ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 1500 m T20", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_1500_metres", "summary": "The Women 's 1500m athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from 31 August to 8 September . A total of three events were contested over this distance for three different classifications ." } ] }, { "value": "5 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dariusz Pender", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wheelchair fencing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Wheelchair fencing at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in the ExCeL from 4 September to 8 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's épée A", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_épée_A", "summary": "The men 's épée category A fencing competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 5 September 2012 at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre in London . This class was for athletes who had good trunk control and their fencing arm was not affected by their impairment ." } ] }, { "value": "5 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ewa Durska", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ewa_Durska", "summary": "Ewa Durska ( born 27 February 1977 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Poland competing mainly in category T20 shot put events . She is a two time Paralympic gold medalist in the shot put at the 2000 Games in Sydney and the 2012 Games in London . Her Paralympic career was put on hold after a sporting controversy at the 2000 Games saw her classification removed for the next two cycle of Paralympic Games . Durska is a world leader in her sport and is a four time World Championship gold medalist ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's shot put F20", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_shot_put", "summary": "The Women 's Shot Put athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from September 1 to September 8 , 2012 . A total of 9 events were contested incorporating 16 different classifications ." } ] }, { "value": "5 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grzegorz Pluta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grzegorz_Pluta", "summary": "Grzegorz Pluta is a Polish wheelchair fencer . He represented Poland at the 2008 Summer Paralympics , at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and at the 2016 Summer Paralympics and he won the gold medal in the men 's sabre B event in 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Wheelchair fencing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Wheelchair fencing at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in the ExCeL from 4 September to 8 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's sabre B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_sabre_B", "summary": "The men 's sabre B wheelchair fencing competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 6 September at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre . The tournament started with a group phase round-robin followed by a knockout stage . During a qualification round-robin , bouts lasted a maximum of three minutes , or until one athlete had scored five hits . There was then a knockout phase , in which bouts lasted a maximum of nine minutes ( three periods of three minutes ) , or until one athlete had scored 15 hits . The event was won by Grzegorz Pluta , representing Poland ." } ] }, { "value": "6 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Joanna Mendak", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joanna_Mendak", "summary": "Joanna Mendak ( born 16 February 1989 ) is a Polish Paralympic swimmer . She represented Poland at the 2004 Summer Paralympics , at the 2008 Summer Paralympics , at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and at the 2016 Summer Paralympics . In total she won three gold medals , one silver medal and two bronze medals at the Summer Paralympics . At the 2009 European Championships she won the bronze medals in the women 's 50 metre freestyle S12 and women 's 100 metre freestyle S12 events . She also won the gold medal in the women 's 200 metre individual medley SM13 event . At the 2015 World Championships she won the bronze medal and set a new European record in the women 's 100 metre butterfly S13 event . She also won the bronze medal in the women 's 50 metre freestyle S13 event ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 100 m butterfly S12", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_100_metre_butterfly_S12", "summary": "The women 's 100 metre butterfly S12 event at the 2012 Paralympic Games took place on 2 September , at the London Aquatics Centre in the Olympic Park , London . The event was for athletes included in the S12 classification , which is for competitors with visual impairments . Eight swimmers took part , representing a total of seven different nations . Poland 's Joanna Mendak won the gold medal ." } ] }, { "value": "2 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Karolina Kucharczyk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Karolina_Kucharczyk", "summary": "Karolina Kucharczyk ( born 24 April 1991 in Rawicz ) is a Polish Paralympic athlete who began in her sport at age twelve . She won gold for Poland at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the Long Jump class F20 . She broke her own record in doing so with a jump of 6.00m ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's long jump F20", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_long_jump", "summary": "The Women 's Long Jump athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 7 , 2012 . A total of 6 events were contested incorporating 9 different classifications ." } ] }, { "value": "3 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Katarzyna Piekart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekart", "summary": "Katarzyna Piekart ( born 5 March 1986 ) is a Polish athlete who competes in disability athletics in the T/F46 category . She won the gold medal for the Javelin throw at the 2012 Paralympic Games for her category with a new World Record ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's javelin throw F46", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_javelin_throw", "summary": "The Women 's javelin throw athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 8 . A total of 6 events were contested over this distance for 14 different classifications ." } ] }, { "value": "1 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Maciej Lepiato", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maciej_Lepiato", "summary": "Maciej Lepiato ( born 18 August 1988 in Poznań ) is a Polish Paralympic athlete who was born with a disability affecting his left leg . He took up the sport in 2010 and trains in both high jump and long jump . He won gold in men 's high jump - F46 at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Paralympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's high jump F46", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_high_jump", "summary": "The Men 's High Jump athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium on 3 September and 8 September . A total of 2 events were contested for 2 different classifications ." } ] }, { "value": "8 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mateusz Michalski", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mateusz_Michalski_(athlete)", "summary": "Mateusz Michalski ( born 29 August 1987 ) is a visually impaired sprinter from Poland . He competed at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Paralympics and won a gold in the 200 metres and a silver in the 100 metres in 2012 . His time of 21.56 s in the 200 m set a new world record ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 200 m T12", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_200_metres", "summary": "The Men 's 200m athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 8 . A total of 13 events were contested over this distance for 13 different classifications ." } ] }, { "value": "8 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Natalia Partyka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Natalia_Partyka", "summary": "Natalia Dorota Partyka ( born 27 July 1989 ) is a Polish table tennis player . Born without a right hand and forearm , she participates in competitions for able-bodied athletes as well as in competitions for athletes with disabilities . Partyka reached the last 32 of the London 2012 Olympic women 's table tennis ." } ] }, { "value": "Table tennis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place from Thursday 30 August to Saturday 8 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . 276 athletes , 174 men and 102 women , competed in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's individual - Class 10", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_individual_–_Class_10", "summary": "The Women 's individual table tennis - Class 10 tournament at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place from 30 August to 3 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . In the preliminary stage , athletes competed in two groups of four . Top two in each group qualified for the semi-finals ." } ] }, { "value": "3 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Patryk Chojnowski", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Patryk_Chojnowski", "summary": "Patryk Chojnowski ( born 5 April 1990 ) is a para table tennis player who competes for Poland . He is currently world number one in his sports class category ." } ] }, { "value": "Table tennis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place from Thursday 30 August to Saturday 8 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . 276 athletes , 174 men and 102 women , competed in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's individual - Class 10", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_individual_–_Class_10", "summary": "The Men 's individual table tennis - Class 10 tournament at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place from 30 August to 2 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . Classes 6-10 were for athletes with a physical impairment who competed from a standing position ; the lower the number , the greater the impact the impairment was on an athletes ability to compete . In the preliminary stage , athletes competed in four groups of three . Winners of each group qualified for the semi-finals , together with four seeded players given byes for the preliminary round ." } ] }, { "value": "2 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Piotr Grudzień Marcin Skrzynecki", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Table tennis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place from Thursday 30 August to Saturday 8 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . 276 athletes , 174 men and 102 women , competed in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's team - Class 6-8", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_team_–_Class_6–8", "summary": "The men 's team class 6-8 table tennis event was part of the table tennis programme at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . The event took place from Wednesday 5 September to Friday 7 September ." } ] }, { "value": "7 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rafał Wilk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rafał_Wilk", "summary": "Rafał Wilk ( born 9 December 1974 in Łańcut ) is a Paralympic handcyclist and former speedway rider from Poland . He won two gold medals at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . Now he is a handcyclist but he used to be a professional speedway rider . He started doing sports in 1991 , at the age of 12 . On 3 May 2006 , Rafal Wilk had an accident during a speedway meeting in Krosno . He injured his spinal cord , and lost control in the lower part of his body . After the accident , he was determined to continue as an athlete , so he took up monoski and went on to practice handbiking . He proved successful in the latter , shortly winning his first Polish championship title . In 2012 , during the London Summer Paralympic Games he won two gold medals in road cycling in the H3 category ( handbiking ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Cycling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Cycling at the 2012 Summer Paralympics consisted of 50 events in two main disciplines , track cycling and road cycling . Track cycling was held in London Velopark from 30 August to 2 September , and road cycling took place at Brands Hatch from September 5 to September 8 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's road time trial H3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_road_time_trial", "summary": "The Men 's road time trial cycling events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place on September 5 at Brands Hatch ." } ] }, { "value": "5 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rafał Wilk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rafał_Wilk", "summary": "Rafał Wilk ( born 9 December 1974 in Łańcut ) is a Paralympic handcyclist and former speedway rider from Poland . He won two gold medals at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . Now he is a handcyclist but he used to be a professional speedway rider . He started doing sports in 1991 , at the age of 12 . On 3 May 2006 , Rafal Wilk had an accident during a speedway meeting in Krosno . He injured his spinal cord , and lost control in the lower part of his body . After the accident , he was determined to continue as an athlete , so he took up monoski and went on to practice handbiking . He proved successful in the latter , shortly winning his first Polish championship title . In 2012 , during the London Summer Paralympic Games he won two gold medals in road cycling in the H3 category ( handbiking ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Cycling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Cycling at the 2012 Summer Paralympics consisted of 50 events in two main disciplines , track cycling and road cycling . Track cycling was held in London Velopark from 30 August to 2 September , and road cycling took place at Brands Hatch from September 5 to September 8 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's road race H3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_road_race", "summary": "The men 's road race cycling events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place on 6-8 September at Brands Hatch ." } ] }, { "value": "7 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alicja Fiodorow", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alicja_Fiodorow", "summary": "Alicja Fiodorow ( born 22 May 1985 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Poland competing mainly in category T46 sprint events . She competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens , Greece . There she won a bronze medal in the women 's 400 metres - T46 event , finished fourth in the women 's 100 metres - T46 event and finished fourth in the women 's 200 metres - T46 event . Competing in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China , she won a silver medal in the women 's 200 metres - T46 event and a bronze medal in the women 's 100 metres - T46 event . At the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , she won a silver medal in the women 's 200 metres T46 event ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 200 m T46", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_200_metres", "summary": "The Women 's 200m athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 8 . A total of 11 events were contested over this distance for 11 different classifications ." } ] }, { "value": "1 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anna Harkowska", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anna_Harkowska", "summary": "Anna Harkowska ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈanːa xarˈkɔfska ] ; born 20 March 1980 in Świnoujście ) is a Polish cyclist . At the age of 14 Harkowska won two Gold medal in the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics as a swimmer , however an ear infection left unable to continue . She later trained in running and took up a triathlon , and eventually concentrating on cycling . In May 2002 , she was hit by a car in Szczecin ; she suffered 26 fractures in her legs and nearly lost her left leg . She returned to professional cycling after several surgeries and months of rehabilitation . In 2012 , Harkowska participated in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where she won three silver medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Cycling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Cycling at the 2012 Summer Paralympics consisted of 50 events in two main disciplines , track cycling and road cycling . Track cycling was held in London Velopark from 30 August to 2 September , and road cycling took place at Brands Hatch from September 5 to September 8 ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's road race C4-5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_road_race_C4-5", "summary": "The Women 's road race C4-5 cycling event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place on September 6 at Brands Hatch . Fifteen riders from nine different nations competed . The race distance was 64 km ." } ] }, { "value": "30 August", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anna Harkowska", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anna_Harkowska", "summary": "Anna Harkowska ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈanːa xarˈkɔfska ] ; born 20 March 1980 in Świnoujście ) is a Polish cyclist . At the age of 14 Harkowska won two Gold medal in the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics as a swimmer , however an ear infection left unable to continue . She later trained in running and took up a triathlon , and eventually concentrating on cycling . In May 2002 , she was hit by a car in Szczecin ; she suffered 26 fractures in her legs and nearly lost her left leg . She returned to professional cycling after several surgeries and months of rehabilitation . In 2012 , Harkowska participated in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where she won three silver medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Cycling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Cycling at the 2012 Summer Paralympics consisted of 50 events in two main disciplines , track cycling and road cycling . Track cycling was held in London Velopark from 30 August to 2 September , and road cycling took place at Brands Hatch from September 5 to September 8 ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's road time trial C5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_road_time_trial", "summary": "The women 's road time trial cycling events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place on 5 September at Brands Hatch ." } ] }, { "value": "5 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anna Harkowska", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anna_Harkowska", "summary": "Anna Harkowska ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈanːa xarˈkɔfska ] ; born 20 March 1980 in Świnoujście ) is a Polish cyclist . At the age of 14 Harkowska won two Gold medal in the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics as a swimmer , however an ear infection left unable to continue . She later trained in running and took up a triathlon , and eventually concentrating on cycling . In May 2002 , she was hit by a car in Szczecin ; she suffered 26 fractures in her legs and nearly lost her left leg . She returned to professional cycling after several surgeries and months of rehabilitation . In 2012 , Harkowska participated in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where she won three silver medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Cycling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Cycling at the 2012 Summer Paralympics consisted of 50 events in two main disciplines , track cycling and road cycling . Track cycling was held in London Velopark from 30 August to 2 September , and road cycling took place at Brands Hatch from September 5 to September 8 ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's road race C4-5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_road_race_C4-5", "summary": "The Women 's road race C4-5 cycling event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place on September 6 at Brands Hatch . Fifteen riders from nine different nations competed . The race distance was 64 km ." } ] }, { "value": "6 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arleta Meloch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arleta_Meloch", "summary": "Arleta Meloch ( born 17 August 1979 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Poland competing mainly in category T20 middle distance events . She is a two times Paralympic silver medalist and in 2011 at Christchurch she became the World Champion in the 1500m ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 1500 m T20", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_1500_metres", "summary": "The Women 's 1500m athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from 31 August to 8 September . A total of three events were contested over this distance for three different classifications ." } ] }, { "value": "5 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Daniel Pek", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daniel_Pek", "summary": "Daniel Pek ( born 28 November 1991 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Poland who competes in T20 classification middle-distance running events . Pek represented Poland at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where he won silver in the 1500 m race . He has also finished on the podium at both World and European Championships , winning the gold medal at the 2016 European Championship in Grosseto in his favoured 1,500m event ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics", "summary": "Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 1500 m T20", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_1500_metres", "summary": "The Men 's 1500m athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from 31 August to 4 September . A total of six events were contested over this distance for six different classifications ." } ] }, { "value": "4 September", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "Poland_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_0", "intro": "Poland competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom, from 29 August to 9 September 2012." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration", "title": "Timeline of space exploration", "header": [ "Date", "Mission achievements", "Country/organization", "Mission name" ], "data": [ { "value": "21 August 1957", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile", "summary": "An intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) is a guided ballistic missile with a minimum range of 5,500 kilometres ( 3,400 mi ) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery ( delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads ) . Similarly , conventional , chemical , and biological weapons can also be delivered with varying effectiveness , but have never been deployed on ICBMs . Most modern designs support multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles ( MIRVs ) , allowing a single missile to carry several warheads , each of which can strike a different target . Russia , the United States , China , India , Iran and North Korea are the only countries that have operational ICBMs . Early ICBMs had limited precision , which made them suitable for use only against the largest targets , such as cities . They were seen as a safe basing option , one that would keep the deterrent force close to home where it would be difficult to attack . Attacks against military targets ( especially hardened ones ) still demanded the use of a more precise , manned bomber . Second- and third-generation designs ( such as the LGM-118 Peacekeeper ) dramatically improved accuracy to the point where even the smallest point targets can be successfully attacked . ICBMs are differentiated by having greater range and speed than other ballistic missiles : intermediate-range ballistic missiles ( IRBMs ) , medium-range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs ) , short-range ballistic missiles ( SRBMs ) and tactical ballistic missiles ( TBMs ) . Short and medium-range ballistic missiles are known collectively as theatre ballistic missiles ." } ] }, { "value": "USSR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Soviet_space_program", "summary": "The Space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Russian : Космическая программа в СССР ; translit . Kosmicheskaya programma v SSSR ) , best known as the Soviet space program , was the national space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) active from 1930s until disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union 's space program was mainly based on the cosmonautic exploration of space and the development of the expandable launch vehicles , which had been split between many design bureaus competing against each other . Over its 60-years of history , the Russian program was responsible for a number of pioneering feats and accomplishments in the human space flight , including the first intercontinental ballistic missile ( R-7 ) , first satellite ( Sputnik 1 ) , first animal in Earth orbit ( the dog Laika on Sputnik 2 ) , first human in space and Earth orbit ( cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1 ) , first woman in space and Earth orbit ( cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6 ) , first spacewalk ( cosmonaut Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2 ) , first Moon impact ( Luna 2 ) , first image of the far side of the Moon ( Luna 3 ) and uncrewed lunar soft landing ( Luna 9 ) , first space rover ( Lunokhod 1 ) , first sample of lunar soil automatically extracted and brought to Earth ( Luna 16 ) , and first space station ( Salyut 1 ) . Further notable records included the first interplanetary probes : Venera 1 and Mars 1 to fly by Venus and Mars , respectively , Venera 3 and Mars 2 to impact the respective planet surface , and Venera 7 and Mars 3 to make soft landings on these planets . The rocket and space program of the USSR , initially boosted by the assistance of captured scientists from the advanced German rocket program , was performed mainly by Soviet engineers and scientists after 1955 , and was based on some unique Soviet and Imperial Russian theoretical developments , many derived by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , sometimes known as the father of theoretical astronautics . Sergey Korolev ( also transliterated as Korolyov ) was the head of the principal design group ; his official title was chief designer ( a standard title for similar positions in the USSR ) . Unlike its American competitor in the Space Race , which had NASA as a single coordinating agency , the USSR 's program was split among several competing design bureaus led by S.P.Korolev , Kerim Kerimov , Mikhail Yangel , Valentin Glushko , Vladimir Chelomei , Viktor Makeyev , Mikhail Reshetnev . Because of the program 's classified status , and for propaganda value , announcements of the outcomes of missions were delayed until success was certain , and failures were sometimes kept secret . Ultimately , as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev 's policy of glasnost in the 1980s , many facts about the space program were declassified . Notable setbacks included the deaths of Korolev , Vladimir Komarov ( in the Soyuz 1 crash ) , Yuri Gagarin ( on a routine fighter jet mission ) and the Soyuz 11 crew between 1966 and 1971 , and development failure of the huge N-1 rocket ( 1968-1973 ) intended to power a crewed lunar landing , which exploded shortly after lift-off on four uncrewed tests . With the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia and Ukraine inherited the program ." } ] }, { "value": "R-7 Semyorka/SS-6 Sapwood", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/R-7_Semyorka", "summary": "The R-7 ( Russian : Р-7 Семёрка ) was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War , and the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile . The R-7 made 28 launches between 1957 and 1961 , but was never deployed operationally . A derivative , the R-7A , was deployed from 1959 to 1968 . To the West it was known by the NATO reporting name SS-6 Sapwood and within the Soviet Union by the GRAU index 8K71 . In modified form , it launched Sputnik 1 , the first artificial satellite , into orbit , and became the basis for the R-7 family which includes Sputnik , Luna , Molniya , Vostok , and Voskhod space launchers , as well as later Soyuz variants . The widely used nickname for the R-7 launcher , Semyorka , means the 7 in Russian ." } ] }, { "value": "4 October 1957", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First artificial satellite First signals from space", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Satellite", "summary": "In the context of spaceflight , a satellite is an object that has been intentionally placed into orbit . These objects are called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth 's Moon . On 4 October 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world 's first artificial satellite , Sputnik 1 . Since then , about 8,900 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched . According to a 2018 estimate , some 5,000 remain in orbit . Of those about 1,900 were operational , while the rest have lived out their useful lives and become space debris . Approximately 63% of operational satellites are in low-Earth orbit , 6% are in medium-Earth orbit ( at 20,000 km ) , 29% are in geostationary orbit ( at 36,000 km ) and the remaining 2% are in elliptic orbit . A few large space stations have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit . Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites of the Moon , Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , a few asteroids , a comet and the Sun . Satellites are used for many purposes . Among several other applications , they can be used to make star maps and maps of planetary surfaces , and also take pictures of planets they are launched into . Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites , communications satellites , navigation satellites , weather satellites , and space telescopes ." } ] }, { "value": "USSR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sputnik 1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sputnik_1", "summary": "Sputnik 1 ( /ˈspʊtnɪk/ or /ˈspʌtnɪk/ ; Satellite-1 , or PS-1 , Простейший Спутник-1 or Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1 , Elementary Satellite 1 ) was the first artificial Earth satellite . The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957 , orbiting for three weeks before its batteries died , then silently for two more months before falling back into the atmosphere . It was a 58 cm ( 23 in ) diameter polished metal sphere , with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses . Its radio signal was easily detectable even by radio amateurs , and the 65° inclination and duration of its orbit made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth . The satellite 's unanticipated success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race , a part of the Cold War . The launch was the beginning of a new era of political , military , technological , and scientific developments . The name Sputnik is Russian for spouse/traveling companion or satellite when interpreted in an astronomical context . Tracking and studying Sputnik 1 from Earth provided scientists with valuable information . The density of the upper atmosphere could be deduced from its drag on the orbit , and the propagation of its radio signals gave data about the ionosphere . Sputnik 1 was launched during the International Geophysical Year from Site No.1/5 , at the 5th Tyuratam range , in Kazakh SSR ( now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome ) . The satellite travelled at about 29,000 kilometres per hour ( 18,000 mph ; 8,100 m/s ) , taking 96.2 minutes to complete each orbit . It transmitted on 20.005 and 40.002 MHz , which were monitored by radio operators throughout the world ." } ] }, { "value": "3 November 1957", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First mammal in orbit , the dog Laika", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Orbit", "summary": "In physics , an orbit is the gravitationally curved trajectory of an object , such as the trajectory of a planet around a star or a natural satellite around a planet . Normally , orbit refers to a regularly repeating trajectory , although it may also refer to a non-repeating trajectory . To a close approximation , planets and satellites follow elliptic orbits , with the central mass being orbited at a focal point of the ellipse , as described by Kepler 's laws of planetary motion . For most situations , orbital motion is adequately approximated by Newtonian mechanics , which explains gravity as a force obeying an inverse-square law . However , Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity , which accounts for gravity as due to curvature of spacetime , with orbits following geodesics , provides a more accurate calculation and understanding of the exact mechanics of orbital motion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Laika", "summary": "Laika ( Russian : Лайка ; c. 1954 - 3 November 1957 ) was a Soviet space dog who became one of the first animals in space , and the first animal to orbit the Earth . Laika , a stray mongrel from the streets of Moscow , was selected to be the occupant of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 that was launched into outer space on 3 November 1957 . Little was known about the impact of spaceflight on living creatures at the time of Laika 's mission , and the technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed , so Laika 's survival was never expected . Some scientists believed humans would be unable to survive the launch or the conditions of outer space , so engineers viewed flights by animals as a necessary precursor to human missions . The experiment aimed to prove that a living passenger could survive being launched into orbit and endure a micro-g environment , paving the way for human spaceflight and providing scientists with some of the first data on how living organisms react to spaceflight environments . Laika died within hours from overheating , possibly caused by a failure of the central R-7 sustainer to separate from the payload . The true cause and time of her death were not made public until 2002 ; instead , it was widely reported that she died when her oxygen ran out on day six or , as the Soviet government initially claimed , she was euthanised prior to oxygen depletion . On 11 April 2008 , Russian officials unveiled a monument to Laika . A small monument in her honour was built near the military research facility in Moscow that prepared Laika 's flight to space . It portrayed a dog standing on top of a rocket . She also appears on the Monument to the Conquerors of Space in Moscow ." } ] }, { "value": "USSR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sputnik 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sputnik_2", "summary": "Sputnik 2 ( Russian pronunciation : [ ˈsputʲnʲɪk ] , Russian : Спутник-2 , Satellite 2 ) , or Prosteyshiy Sputnik 2 ( PS-2 , Russian : Простейший Спутник 2 , Elementary Satellite 2 ) was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit , on 3 November 1957 , and the first to carry a living animal , a Soviet space dog named Laika . Laika did n't survive any orbit , she died a few hours after the launch . Launched by the U.S.S.R. , Sputnik 2 was a 4 meters ( 13 feet ) high cone-shaped capsule with a base diameter of 2 meters ( 6.6 feet ) that weighed around 500 kg , though it was not designed to separate from the rocket core that brought it to orbit , bringing the total mass in orbit to 7.79 tonnes . It contained several compartments for radio transmitters , a telemetry system , a programming unit , a regeneration and temperature-control system for the cabin , and scientific instruments . A separate sealed cabin contained the dog Laika . Engineering and biological data were transmitted using the Tral D telemetry system , transmitting data to Earth for a 15-minute period during each orbit . Two photometers were on board for measuring solar radiation ( ultraviolet and x-ray emissions ) and cosmic rays . A 100 line television camera provided images of Laika . Sputnik 2 was launched into space only 32 days after its predecessor Sputnik 1 . Due to the huge success of Sputnik 1 , Nikita Khrushchev ordered Sergei Korolev back to work creating a Sputnik 2 that needed to be ready for space for the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution . The plan for Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 was initiated and presented by Korolev , and was approved in January 1957 . At that time , it was not clear that the Soviets ' main satellite plan ( which would eventually become Sputnik 3 ) would be able to get to space because of the ongoing issues with the R-7 ICBM , which would be needed to launch a satellite of that size ." } ] }, { "value": "31 January 1958", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Confirmed existence of the Van Allen radiation belt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt", "summary": "A Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles , most of which originate from the solar wind , that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet 's magnetic field . Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created . The discovery of the belts is credited to James Van Allen , and as a result , Earth 's belts are known as the Van Allen belts . Earth 's two main belts extend from an altitude of about 640 to 58,000 km ( 400 to 36,040 mi ) above the surface in which region radiation levels vary . Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays . By trapping the solar wind , the magnetic field deflects those energetic particles and protects the atmosphere from destruction . The belts are located in the inner region of Earth 's magnetosphere . The belts trap energetic electrons and protons . Other nuclei , such as alpha particles , are less prevalent . The belts endanger satellites , which must have their sensitive components protected with adequate shielding if they spend significant time near that zone . In 2013 , NASA reported that the Van Allen Probes had discovered a transient , third radiation belt , which was observed for four weeks until it was destroyed by a powerful , interplanetary shock wave from the Sun ." } ] }, { "value": "USA ( ABMA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency", "summary": "The Army Ballistic Missile Agency ( ABMA ) was formed to develop the U.S. Army 's first large ballistic missile . The agency was established at Redstone Arsenal on 1 February 1956 , and commanded by Major General John B. Medaris with Wernher von Braun as technical director ." } ] }, { "value": "Explorer 1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Explorer_1", "summary": "Explorer 1 was the first satellite launched by the United States , and was part of the U.S. participation in the International Geophysical Year . The mission followed the first two satellites the previous year ; the Soviet Union 's Sputnik 1 and 2 , beginning the Cold War Space Race between the two nations . Explorer 1 was launched on January 31 , 1958 at 22:48 Eastern Time ( February 1 , 03:48 UTC ) atop the first Juno booster from LC-26 at the Cape Canaveral Missile Annex , Florida . It was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt , returning data until its batteries were exhausted after nearly four months . It remained in orbit until 1970 , and has been followed by more than 90 scientific spacecraft in the Explorer series . Explorer 1 was given Satellite Catalog Number 4 , and the Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1 , the forerunner to the modern International Designator ." } ] }, { "value": "4 January 1959", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First rocket to reach Earth escape velocity ; attempt to impact the Moon 's surface ; missed by 5,995 kilometers ( 3,237 nmi ) First artificial object in heliocentric orbit First detection of solar wind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Escape_velocity", "summary": "In physics ( specifically , celestial mechanics ) , escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for a free , non-propelled object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body . It is slower the farther away from the body an object is , and slower for less massive bodies . Escape velocity is only required to send a ballistic object on a trajectory that will allow the object to escape the gravity well of the mass M. A rocket moving out of a gravity well does not actually need to attain escape velocity to escape , but could achieve the same result ( escape ) at any speed with a suitable mode of propulsion and sufficient propellant to provide the accelerating force on the object to escape . The escape velocity from Earth is about 11.186 km/s ( 6.951 mi/s ; 40,270 km/h ; 36,700 ft/s ; 25,020 mph ; 21,744 kn ) at the surface . More generally , escape velocity is the speed at which the sum of an object 's kinetic energy and its gravitational potential energy is equal to zero ; [ nb 1 ] an object which has achieved escape velocity is neither on the surface , nor in a closed orbit ( of any radius ) . With escape velocity in a direction pointing away from the ground of a massive body , the object will move away from the body , slowing forever and approaching , but never reaching , zero speed . Once escape velocity is achieved , no further impulse need be applied for it to continue in its escape . In other words , if given escape velocity , the object will move away from the other body , continually slowing , and will asymptotically approach zero speed as the object 's distance approaches infinity , never to come back . Speeds higher than escape velocity have a positive speed at infinity . Note that the minimum escape velocity assumes that there is no friction ( e.g. , atmospheric drag ) , which would increase the required instantaneous velocity to escape the gravitational influence , and that there will be no future acceleration or deceleration ( for example from thrust or gravity from other objects ) , which would change the required instantaneous velocity . For a spherically symmetric , massive body such as a star , or planet , the escape velocity for that body , at a given distance , is calculated by the formula" }, { "url": "/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit", "summary": "A heliocentric orbit ( also called circumsolar orbit ) is an orbit around the barycenter of the Solar System , which is usually located within or very near the surface of the Sun . All planets , comets , and asteroids in the Solar System , and the Sun itself are in such orbits , as are many artificial probes and pieces of debris . The moons of planets in the Solar System , by contrast , are not in heliocentric orbits , as they orbit their respective planet ( although the Moon has a convex orbit around the Sun ) . The barycenter of the Solar System , while always very near the Sun , moves through space as time passes , depending on where other large bodies in the Solar System , such as Jupiter and other large gas planets , are located at that time . A similar phenomenon allows the detection of exoplanets by way of the radial-velocity method . The helio- prefix is derived from the Greek word ἥλιος , meaning Sun , and also Helios , the personification of the Sun in Greek mythology . The first spacecraft to be put in a heliocentric orbit was Luna 1 in 1959 . An incorrectly timed upper-stage burn caused it to miss its planned impact on the Moon ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Solar_wind", "summary": "The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun , called the corona . This plasma mostly consists of electrons , protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV . The composition of the solar wind plasma also includes a mixture of materials found in the solar plasma : trace amounts of heavy ions and atomic nuclei C , N , O , Ne , Mg , Si , S , and Fe . There are also rarer traces of some other nuclei and isotopes such as P , Ti , Cr , Ni , Fe 54 and 56 , and Ni 58,60,62 . Embedded within the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field . The solar wind varies in density , temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude . Its particles can escape the Sun 's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona , which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field . At a distance of more than a few solar radii from the Sun , the solar wind reaches speeds of 250 to 750 kilometers per second and is supersonic , meaning it moves faster than the speed of the fast magnetosonic wave . [ citation needed ] The flow of the solar wind is no longer supersonic at the termination shock . The Voyager 2 spacecraft crossed the shock more than five times between 30 August and 10 December 2007 . Voyager 2 crossed the shock about a billion kilometers closer to the Sun than the 13.5-billion-kilometer distance where Voyager 1 came upon the termination shock . The spacecraft moved outward through the termination shock into the heliosheath and onward toward the interstellar medium ." } ] }, { "value": "USSR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luna 1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luna_1", "summary": "Luna 1 , also known as Mechta ( Russian : Мечта [ mʲɪt͡ɕˈta ] , lit . : Dream ) , E-1 No.4 and First Lunar Rover , was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Earth 's Moon , and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit . Intended as an impactor , Luna 1 was launched as part of the Soviet Luna programme in 1959 , however due to an incorrectly timed upper stage burn during its launch , it missed the Moon , in the process becoming the first spacecraft to leave geocentric orbit . A malfunction in the ground-based control system caused an error in the rocket 's burntime , and the spacecraft missed the target and flew by the Moon at a distance of 5,900 km ( more than three times the Moon 's radius ) at the closest point . Luna 1 then became the first human-made object to reach heliocentric orbit and was then dubbed a new planet and renamed Mechta ( Dream ) . Luna 1 was also referred to as the First Cosmic Rocket , in reference to its achievement of escape velocity ." } ] }, { "value": "7 August 1959", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First photograph of Earth from orbit", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USA ( NASA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NASA", "summary": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ." } ] }, { "value": "Explorer 6", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Explorer_6", "summary": "Explorer 6 , or S-2 , was an American satellite launched on August 7 , 1959 . It was a small , spheroidal satellite designed to study trapped radiation of various energies , galactic cosmic rays , geomagnetism , radio propagation in the upper atmosphere , and the flux of micrometeorites . It also tested a scanning device designed for photographing the Earth 's cloud cover , and transmitted the first pictures of Earth via satellite ." } ] }, { "value": "13 September 1959", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First impact into the Moon First delivery of national pennants to a celestial body", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moon", "summary": "The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits Earth as its only natural satellite . It is the fifth-largest satellite in the Solar System , and by far the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits ( its primary ) . The Moon is , after Jupiter 's satellite Io , the second-densest satellite in the Solar System among those whose densities are known . The Moon is thought to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago , not long after Earth . The most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a hypothetical Mars-sized body called Theia . New research of Moon rocks , although not rejecting the Theia hypothesis , suggests that the Moon may be older than previously thought . The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth , and thus always shows the same side to Earth , the near side . Because of libration , slightly more than half ( about 59% ) of the total lunar surface can be viewed from Earth . The near side is marked by dark volcanic maria that fill the spaces between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent impact craters . After the Sun , the Moon is the second-brightest regularly visible celestial object in Earth 's sky . Its surface is actually dark , although compared to the night sky it appears very bright , with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt . Its gravitational influence produces the ocean tides , body tides , and the slight lengthening of the day ." } ] }, { "value": "USSR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luna 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luna_2", "summary": "Luna 2 ( Russian : Луна 2 ) , originally named the Second Soviet Cosmic Rocket and nicknamed Lunik 2 in contemporaneous media , was the sixth of the Soviet Union 's Luna programme spacecraft launched to the Moon . The spacecraft was launched on 12 September 1959 by the Luna 8K72 . It followed a direct path to the Moon . In addition to the radio transmitters sending telemetry information back to Earth , the spacecraft released a sodium gas cloud so the spacecraft 's movement could be visually observed . On 13 September 1959 , it impacted the Moon 's surface east of Mare Imbrium near the craters Aristides , Archimedes , and Autolycus . It was the first spacecraft to reach the surface of the Moon , and the first human-made object to make contact with another celestial body . Prior to impact , two sphere-shaped pennants with USSR and the launch date engraved in Cyrillic were detonated , sending pentagonal shields in all directions . Luna 2 did not detect radiation or magnetic belts around the Moon ." } ] }, { "value": "4 October 1959", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First photos of another world from space : the far side of the Moon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon", "summary": "The far side of the Moon is the hemisphere of the Moon that always faces away from Earth . The far side 's terrain is rugged with a multitude of impact craters and relatively few flat lunar maria compared to the near side . It has one of the largest craters in the Solar System , the South Pole-Aitken basin . Both sides of the Moon experience two weeks of sunlight followed by two weeks of night ; even so , the far side is sometimes called the dark side of the Moon , where dark is used to mean unseen rather than lacking sunlight . About 18 percent of the far side is occasionally visible from Earth due to libration . The remaining 82 percent remained unobserved until 1959 , when it was photographed by the Soviet Luna 3 space probe . The Soviet Academy of Sciences published the first atlas of the far side in 1960 . The Apollo 8 astronauts were the first humans to see the far side with the naked eye when they orbited the Moon in 1968 . All manned and unmanned soft landings had taken place on the near side of the Moon , until 3 January 2019 when the Chang ' e 4 spacecraft made the first landing on the far side . Astronomers have suggested installing a large radio telescope on the far side , where the Moon would shield it from possible radio interference from Earth ." } ] }, { "value": "USSR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luna 3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luna_3", "summary": "Luna 3 , or E-2A No.1 ( Russian : Луна 3 ) was a Soviet spacecraft launched in 1959 as part of the Luna programme . It was the first-ever mission to photograph the far side of the Moon and the third Soviet space probe to be sent to the neighborhood of the Moon . Though it returned rather poor pictures by later standards , the historic , never-before-seen views of the far side of the Moon caused excitement and interest when they were published around the world , and a tentative Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon was created after image processing improved the pictures . These views showed mountainous terrain , very different from the near side , and only two dark , low-lying regions which were named Mare Moscoviense ( Sea of Moscow ) and Mare Desiderii ( Sea of Desire ) . Mare Desiderii was later found to be composed of a smaller mare , Mare Ingenii ( Sea of Cleverness ) , and several other dark craters . The reason for this difference between the two sides of the Moon is still not fully understood , but it seems that most of the dark lavas that flowed out to produce the maria formed under the Earth-facing half . Luna 3 was followed by the United States with Ranger 7 , Ranger 8 , and Ranger 9 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "1956–1959", "section_text": "", "uid": "Timeline_of_space_exploration_0", "intro": "This is a timeline of space exploration including notable achievements and first accomplishments or major events in humanity's exploration of outer space." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "title": "Bahrain at the 2010 Asian Games", "header": [ "Medal", "Name", "Sport", "Event", "Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Maryam Yusuf Jamal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maryam_Yusuf_Jamal", "summary": "Maryam Yusuf Jamal ( Arabic : مريم يوسف جمال ; Oromo : Maryam Yuusuf Jamaal ) ( born Zenebech Tola ) ( born 16 September 1984 ) is a Bahraini middle-distance runner . She is the first Bahraini athlete to win an Olympic medal , a gold ( originally bronze , but later upgraded after two doping violations ) in the 1500m women 's race , in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . This was also the first Olympic medal won by a woman representing a Gulf state . Born in Ethiopia , 2005 was her first full season . She gained the national record and ran the fastest 3000 m of the year , with a time of 8:28.87 at a race in Oslo . Jamal is a two-time world champion in the 1500 m , having won at the 2007 and 2009 World Championships in Athletics . She represented Bahrain at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , finishing fifth in the 1500 m final . Jamal has also had much success at regional competitions : winning two gold medals at the 2006 Asian Games in addition to the Asian Cross Country Championships in both 2007 and 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 1500m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "23 November", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tareq Mubarak Taher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tareq_Mubarak_Taher", "summary": "Tareq Mubarak Taher , born as Dennis Kipkurui Sang ( Arabic : طارق مبارك طاهر , born 1 December 1986 ) , is a middle-distance runner who represents Bahrain after changing nationality from Kenya . His speciality is the 3000 metres steeplechase . His personal best time of 8:06.13 minutes is also the Bahraini national record , set on 13 July 2009 at the Athens Grand Prix Tsiklitiria ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 3000m Steeplechase", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "23 November", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ali Hasan Mahboob", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ali_Hasan_Mahboob", "summary": "Hasan Mahboob Ali ( born Silas Kirui on 31 December 1981 in Kapsabet ) is a Kenyan-born Bahraini long-distance runner . He became a naturalized citizen of Bahrain ( switching from his birth country Kenya ) ahead of the 2006 season . His personal best time for the 10,000 metres is 27:22.40 minutes , achieved in May 2012 in Wageningen . In his early career he concentrated on road running and he won the Prague Half Marathon in 2005 . In his debut race at a running track at the 2006 Asian Games he won the 10,000 metres final . He won the bronze medal at the 2007 Asian Championships . At the end of the year he won the 10,000 m title at the 2007 Pan Arab Games and also took bronze in the 5000 metres . He made his Olympic debut in the longer event at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , where he placed 18th in the final . His major outing of 2009 was the Asian Athletics Championships and he set a championship record of 28:23.70 minutes to win the 10,000 m , but was narrowly beaten , preventing him from winning a distance double , by James Kwalia in the 5000 m. He turned to cross country at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and managed to finish in sixth place in the highly competitive men 's race . He returned to defend his 10,000 m title at the 2010 Asian Games and although he finished third in that event , he won the 5000 m title . Mahboob again had a top ten finish at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , but his main focus was on the track that year . He claimed his second 10,000 m title at the 2011 Asian Athletics Championships and was runner-up to Josphat Menjo in that event two weeks later at the 2011 Military World Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 5000m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "23 November", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mimi Belete", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mimi_Belete", "summary": "Mimi Belete Gebregeiorges ( born 9 June 1988 ) is an Ethiopian middle- and long-distance runner who competes internationally for Bahrain . She won the 5000 metres title at the 2010 Asian Games . She moved to Belgium as a political refugee along with her younger sister , Almensh Belete , who is also a runner . It was in Belgium that she began competing : she ran at the 2007 Memorial van Damme in Brussels and was the 2009 winner of the Eurocross competition . She chose to transfer allegiance to Bahrain in early 2009 and her first outing for her newly adopted country was at the Asian Cross Country Championships , where she took the silver medal behind fellow convert Maryam Yusuf Jamal . She ran at the 2009 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in March and finished in 28th place . She also qualified for the 1500 metres at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and reached the semi-finals of the event . At the end of the year she set indoor bests at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games , taking fourth place in the 800 metres and taking the runner-up spot in the 1500 metres behind Liu Qing . She started her 2010 with a defence of her title at the Eurocross before going on to take 16th place at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Bydgoszcz . She improved her 3000 metres best with a fourth-place finish in 8:32.18 at the Herculis IAAF Diamond League meeting in July , and a month later she ran a personal best of 4:00.25 for the 1500 m , taking second place behind Jamal at the Rieti Meeting . She was selected to represent the Asia-Pacific team at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup and came in fourth place in the 1500 m. Belete won two medals at the 2010 Asian Games in November . She made a team effort with Jamal in the 1500 m and ended up with the bronze medal as Truong Thanh Hang edged her near the finish ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 5000m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "26 November", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bilisuma Shugi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bilisuma_Shugi", "summary": "Bilisuma Shugi Gelassa ( born 19 July 1989 in Oromia Region ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes internationally for Bahrain . He transferred to Bahrain at the end of 2009 and his first international appearance came a few months afterwards at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , where he finished in the top 50 in the senior race . A gold medal and games record at the 2010 Asian Games saw him establish himself over 10,000 metres on the track . The following season he was 30th at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , helping Bahrain to sixth in the team rankings with the help of fellow East African converts Dejene Regassa and Ali Hasan Mahboob . On the track that year he took the silver medal over 10,000 m at the 2011 Asian Athletics Championships and the bronze in the 5000 m at the 2011 Military World Games . He competed in the latter event at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and finished eighth in the final . His final outing of the year was at the 2011 Pan Arab Games , although he was past his season 's peak and came fifth . Bilisuma came third in a Bahraini sweep of the medals at the 2012 Asian Cross Country Championships . He appeared for Bahrain at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 5000 m but did not reach the final ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 10,000m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "26 November", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belal Mansoor Ali", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belal_Mansoor_Ali", "summary": "Belal Mansoor Ali ( Arabic : بلال منصور علي ; born 17 October 1988 ) is a middle distance runner now representing Bahrain after changing nationality from Kenya . He was born John Yego on 17 October 1988 in Kenya . A lot of controversy has surrounded his age , starting when he won the 1500 metres race at the 2005 IAAF World Youth Championships in Marrakech , Morocco and became suspected for age cheating . [ citation needed ] In August 2005 the IAAF opened an investigation regarding Belal Mansoor Ali , Tareq Mubarak Taher and Aadam Ismaeel Khamis , all Bahraini athletes born in Kenya . The same month Ali was competed at the 2005 World Championships . His most successful event was the 800 metres , where he placed seventh in the final . In June he had set a personal best time over 800 metres of 1:44.34 minutes in Conegliano , Italy ; at the time , that was a world youth best , equivalent with the World Record for under age 18 . In July 2006 Ali was arrested in Kenya , suspected for age cheating at the 2005 World Youth Championships . The IAAF Council , gathered in Beijing while the 2006 World Junior Championships took place , reported the slow progression of the case . A few days before , Ali had actually won a World Junior bronze medal over 1500 metres and finished seventh over 800 metres on the track . In late 2006 Ali was cleared of all charges , and in December he won a silver medal at the 2006 Asian Games . In November 2010 he won the bronze medal at the Asian Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 1500m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "23 November", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mimi Belete", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mimi_Belete", "summary": "Mimi Belete Gebregeiorges ( born 9 June 1988 ) is an Ethiopian middle- and long-distance runner who competes internationally for Bahrain . She won the 5000 metres title at the 2010 Asian Games . She moved to Belgium as a political refugee along with her younger sister , Almensh Belete , who is also a runner . It was in Belgium that she began competing : she ran at the 2007 Memorial van Damme in Brussels and was the 2009 winner of the Eurocross competition . She chose to transfer allegiance to Bahrain in early 2009 and her first outing for her newly adopted country was at the Asian Cross Country Championships , where she took the silver medal behind fellow convert Maryam Yusuf Jamal . She ran at the 2009 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in March and finished in 28th place . She also qualified for the 1500 metres at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and reached the semi-finals of the event . At the end of the year she set indoor bests at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games , taking fourth place in the 800 metres and taking the runner-up spot in the 1500 metres behind Liu Qing . She started her 2010 with a defence of her title at the Eurocross before going on to take 16th place at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Bydgoszcz . She improved her 3000 metres best with a fourth-place finish in 8:32.18 at the Herculis IAAF Diamond League meeting in July , and a month later she ran a personal best of 4:00.25 for the 1500 m , taking second place behind Jamal at the Rieti Meeting . She was selected to represent the Asia-Pacific team at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup and came in fourth place in the 1500 m. Belete won two medals at the 2010 Asian Games in November . She made a team effort with Jamal in the 1500 m and ended up with the bronze medal as Truong Thanh Hang edged her near the finish ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 1500m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "23 November", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shitaye Eshete", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shitaye_Eshete", "summary": "Shitaye Eshete Habtegebrel ( born 21 May 1990 ) is an Ethiopian-born long-distance runner who competes internationally for Bahrain ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 10000m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "21 November", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ali Hasan Mahboob", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ali_Hasan_Mahboob", "summary": "Hasan Mahboob Ali ( born Silas Kirui on 31 December 1981 in Kapsabet ) is a Kenyan-born Bahraini long-distance runner . He became a naturalized citizen of Bahrain ( switching from his birth country Kenya ) ahead of the 2006 season . His personal best time for the 10,000 metres is 27:22.40 minutes , achieved in May 2012 in Wageningen . In his early career he concentrated on road running and he won the Prague Half Marathon in 2005 . In his debut race at a running track at the 2006 Asian Games he won the 10,000 metres final . He won the bronze medal at the 2007 Asian Championships . At the end of the year he won the 10,000 m title at the 2007 Pan Arab Games and also took bronze in the 5000 metres . He made his Olympic debut in the longer event at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , where he placed 18th in the final . His major outing of 2009 was the Asian Athletics Championships and he set a championship record of 28:23.70 minutes to win the 10,000 m , but was narrowly beaten , preventing him from winning a distance double , by James Kwalia in the 5000 m. He turned to cross country at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and managed to finish in sixth place in the highly competitive men 's race . He returned to defend his 10,000 m title at the 2010 Asian Games and although he finished third in that event , he won the 5000 m title . Mahboob again had a top ten finish at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , but his main focus was on the track that year . He claimed his second 10,000 m title at the 2011 Asian Athletics Championships and was runner-up to Josphat Menjo in that event two weeks later at the 2011 Military World Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 10000m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "26 November", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Medalists", "section_text": "", "uid": "Bahrain_at_the_2010_Asian_Games_0", "intro": "Bahrain participated at the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou, China." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Belarusian_Premier_League", "title": "1996 Belarusian Premier League", "header": [ "Team", "Location", "Venue", "Capacity", "Position in 1995" ], "data": [ { "value": "Dinamo Minsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Minsk", "summary": "FC Dinamo Minsk ( Belarusian : ФК Дынама Мінск , FK Dynama Minsk ; Russian : ФК Динамо Минск ) is a professional football club based in the Belarusian capital city of Minsk . It was founded in 1927 as part of the Soviet Dinamo Sports Society , and was the only club from the Byelorussian SSR that competed in the Soviet Top League , playing 39 of the 54 seasons , and winning the title in 1982 . Since the independence of Belarus the club participates in the Belarusian Premier League , having won 7 league titles and 3 Belarusian Cups . Dinamo plays its home games in the 16,500 capacity Traktor Stadium . Dinamo is the second Belarusian team , after BATE Borisov to reach UEFA Europa League group stages ( 2014-15 and 2015-16 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Minsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minsk", "summary": "Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Dinamo Stadium ( Minsk )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dinamo_Stadium_(Minsk)", "summary": "Dinamo National Olympic Stadium ( Belarusian : Нацыянальны Алімпійскі стадыён Дынама , Nacyjanalny Alimpijski stadyjon Dynama , Belarusian pronunciation : [ stadɨˈjɔn dɨˈnama ] ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Minsk , Belarus . It was recently reopened after a massive renovation project . Earlier it was used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of Dinamo Minsk , FC Minsk and the Belarus national football team . Previously the stadium officially held 40,000 , but because part of the upper stand had been abandoned in the mid-1990s for safety reasons , the actual capacity before renovations was only 34,000 . After renovation the capacity is 22,246 ." } ] }, { "value": "50,050", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MPKC Mozyr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Slavia_Mozyr", "summary": "FC Slavia Mazyr ( Belarusian : ФК Славія Мазыр , FK Slaviya Mazyr ) is a Belarusian football team , based in Mazyr , Belarus ." } ] }, { "value": "Mozyr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mozyr", "summary": "Mazyr ( Belarusian : Мазыр , pronounced [ maˈzɨr ] ; Russian : Мозырь Mozyr [ ˈmozɨrʲ ] , Polish : Mozyrz , Yiddish : מאזשיר ) - a city in Gomel Region of Belarus on the Pripyat River about 210 kilometres ( 130 miles ) east of Pinsk and 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) northwest of Chernobyl and is located at approximately 52°03′N 29°15′E / 52.050°N 29.250°E / 52.050 ; 29.250 . The population is 111,770 ( 2004 estimate ) . The total urban area including Kalinkavichy across the river has a population of 150,000 . Mazyr is known as a center of oil refining , salt extraction , machine building , and food processing in Belarus . It is home to one of the largest oil refineries in Belarus , pumping out 18 million metric tons per year . The Druzhba pipeline carries crude oil from Russia splitting in two at Mazyr . One pipeline branch is directed into Poland and the other one to Ukraine ." } ] }, { "value": "Yunost Stadium ( Mozyr )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yunost_Stadium_(Mozyr)", "summary": "Yunost Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Mozyr , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Slavia-Mozyr . The stadium was opened in 1992 and currently holds 5,133 people . Coordinates : 52°2′20″N 29°16′37.5″E / 52.03889°N 29.277083°E / 52.03889 ; 29.277083" } ] }, { "value": "7,500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dinamo-93 Minsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Dinamo-93_Minsk", "summary": "FC Dinamo-93 Minsk ( Belarusian : Дынама-93 Мінск , Dynama-93 Minsk ) was a Belarusian football club based in Minsk . They disbanded in 1998 ." } ] }, { "value": "Minsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minsk", "summary": "Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Traktor Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Traktor_Stadium", "summary": "Traktor Stadium ( Belarusian : Стадыён Трактар , Russian : Стадион Трактор ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Minsk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Dinamo Minsk ." } ] }, { "value": "25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ataka-Aura Minsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Ataka_Minsk", "summary": "FC Ataka Minsk was a Belarusian football club based in Minsk . They disbanded in 1998 ." } ] }, { "value": "Minsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minsk", "summary": "Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Traktor Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Traktor_Stadium", "summary": "Traktor Stadium ( Belarusian : Стадыён Трактар , Russian : Стадион Трактор ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Minsk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Dinamo Minsk ." } ] }, { "value": "25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Molodechno", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Molodechno", "summary": "FC Molodechno is a Belarusian football club based in Molodechno . They play in Belarusian Second League , the 3rd division in Belarusian football . Their home stadium is Molodechno City Stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "Molodechno", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Molodechno", "summary": "Maladziečna ( Belarusian : Маладзе́чна/Maladziečna , pronounced [ maɫaˈdzʲetʂna ] ; Russian : Молоде́чно/Molodechno , Polish : Mołodeczno ) is a city in the Minsk Region of Belarus , an administrative centre of the Maladzyechna District ( and formerly of the Maladzyechna Voblast ) . It has 98,514 inhabitants ( 2006 estimate ) and is located 72 km northwest of Minsk . Located on the Usha River , it has been a settlement since 1388 when it was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It was also home to the Cold War facility Maladzyechna air base ." } ] }, { "value": "City Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/City_Stadium_(Molodechno)", "summary": "City Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Molodechno , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Molodechno-DYuSSh-4 . The stadium holds 4,800 spectators ." } ] }, { "value": "5,600", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dnepr Mogilev", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Dnepr_Mogilev", "summary": "FC Dnepr Mogilev ( Belarusian : ФК Днепр Магілёў , FK Dnepr Mahilyow ; Russian : ФК Днепр Могилёв ) is a Belarusian football team , playing in the city of Mogilev . Their home stadium is Spartak Stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "Mogilev", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mogilev", "summary": "Mogilev ( official transliteration : Mahilioŭ ; also Mahilyow ; Belarusian : Магілёў , pronounced [ maɣʲiˈlʲou̯ ] ; Russian : Могилёв , pronounced [ məɡʲɪˈlʲɵf ] ) is a city in eastern Belarus , on the Dnieper River , about 76 kilometres ( 47 miles ) from the border with Russia 's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km ( 65 miles ) from the border with Russia 's Bryansk Oblast . As of 2011 [ update ] , its population was 360,918 , up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956 . It is the administrative centre of Mogilev Region and the third largest city in Belarus ." } ] }, { "value": "Spartak Stadium ( Mogilev )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Spartak_Stadium_(Mogilev)", "summary": "Spartak Stadion is a football stadium in Mogilev , Belarus . It is the home stadium of Dnepr Mogilev of the Belarusian Premier League . The stadium holds 7,350 spectators ." } ] }, { "value": "12,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lokomotiv-96 Vitebsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Vitebsk", "summary": "FC Vitebsk ( Belarusian : ФК Віцебск , FK Vitsebsk ) is a Belarusian football club based in Vitebsk . The club plays in the Belarusian Premier League , the top division in Belarusian football . Their home stadium is Vitebsky Central Sport Complex ." } ] }, { "value": "Vitebsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vitebsk", "summary": "Vitebsk , or Viciebsk ( Belarusian : Ві́цебск , Łacinka : Viciebsk , pronounced [ ˈvʲitsʲepsk ] ; Russian : Витебск , pronounced [ ˈvʲitʲɪpsk ] ) , is a city in Belarus . The capital of the Vitebsk Region , it had 342,381 inhabitants in 2004 , making it the country 's fourth-largest city . It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk Air Base ." } ] }, { "value": "Dinamo Stadium ( Vitebsk )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vitebsky_Central_Sport_Complex", "summary": "Vitebsky Central Sport Complex ( also known as Vitebsky CSK in short ) is a multi-use sports complex in Vitebsk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Vitebsk . The stadium holds 8,144 people ." } ] }, { "value": "5,500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Neman Grodno", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Neman_Grodno", "summary": "FC Neman Grodno ( Belarusian : ФК Нёман Гродна , FK Nyoman Hrodna ; Russian : ФК Неман Гродно ) is a Belarusian football club from the city of Grodno , named after the Neman River and founded in 1964 . Since 1992 the team has participated in the top league of Belarus ." } ] }, { "value": "Grodno", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grodno", "summary": "Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District ." } ] }, { "value": "Neman Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Neman_Stadium", "summary": "Neman Stadium ( Belarusian : Стадыён Нёман , Russian : Стадион Неман ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Grodno , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Neman Grodno ." } ] }, { "value": "14,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Torpedo Minsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Minsk", "summary": "FC Tarpeda Miensk ( Belarusian : ПФК Тарпеда Мінск , PFK Tarpeda Minsk ; Russian : ПФК Торпедо Минск ) is a Belarusian football club , playing in Minsk . The team plays their home games at the Torpedo Stadium in Minsk , which holds 4,800 people ." } ] }, { "value": "Minsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minsk", "summary": "Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Torpedo Stadium ( Minsk )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Torpedo_Stadium_(Minsk)", "summary": "Torpedo Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Minsk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Torpedo Minsk . The stadium holds 5,200 spectators ." } ] }, { "value": "5,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dinamo Brest", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Brest", "summary": "FC Dynamo Brest ( Belarusian : ФК Дынама Брэст , FK Dynama Brest ; Russian : ФК Динамо Брест ) is a Belarusian football club based in Brest . The club plays in the Belarusian Premier League , the top division in Belarusian football . In 2019 , Dynamo won its first ever Belarusian Premier League title . The club has also won the Belarusian Cup on three occasions , in 2007 , 2017 , and 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "Brest", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brest,_Belarus", "summary": "Brest ( Belarusian : Брэст [ brɛs̪t̪ ] , Russian : Брест , tr . Brest , IPA : [ brʲes̪t̪ ] , Polish : Brześć , Lithuanian : Brasta , Ukrainian : Берестя Berestia , Yiddish : בריסק Brisk ) , formerly Brest-Litowsk ( Belarusian : Берасце , Берасце Літоўскі ( Брэст-Лiтоўск ) ; Lithuanian : Lietuvos Brasta ; Polish : Brześć Litewski ) ( Brest-on-the-Bug Polish : Brześć nad Bugiem ) , is a city ( population 350,616 in 2019 ) in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish city of Terespol , where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet . It is the capital city of the Brest Region . The city of Brest is a historic site of many cultures . It was the location of important historical events such as the Union of Brest and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . The Brest Fortress was recognized by the Soviet Union as the Hero Fortress in honor of the defense of Brest Fortress in June 1941 . During medieval times , the city was part of the Kingdom of Poland from 1020 until 1319 when it was taken by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It became part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569 . As a result of the Partitions of Poland , it was incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1795 . After World War I , the city was conquered by the Second Polish Republic . During the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 , the city was first captured by the Wehrmacht and soon passed on to the USSR in accordance with the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty . In 1941 , it was retaken by the Germans during Operation Barbarossa ." } ] }, { "value": "Dinamo Stadium ( Brest )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regional_Sport_Complex_Brestsky", "summary": "Regional Sport Complex Brestsky ( Belarusian : Абласны спартыўны комплекс « Брэсцкi » ; Russian : Областной спортивный комплекс « Брестский » ) , also known simply as OSK Brestsky or ASK Brestski is a multi-use stadium in Brest , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Dinamo Brest . The stadium holds 10,060 people . The complex was built in 1937 and given the name Spartak Stadium in 1939 . In 1972 , it was renamed to Dinamo Stadium and reassigned to Dinamo sport society along with local football team . Stadium 's major reconstruction and renovation started in 1996 . After partial completion in 1999 it was rebranded as Regional Sport Complex Brestsky . Another stadium in Brest currently known as Dinamo Stadium was built in 1989 and originally known as Stroitel Stadium . It was renamed to Dinamo Stadium in 2004 and is currently used as home ground for FC Dinamo Brest reserve team ." } ] }, { "value": "5,400", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Torpedo-Kadino Mogilev", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Mogilev", "summary": "FC Torpedo Mogilev is a Belarusian football club based in Mogilev ." } ] }, { "value": "Mogilev", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mogilev", "summary": "Mogilev ( official transliteration : Mahilioŭ ; also Mahilyow ; Belarusian : Магілёў , pronounced [ maɣʲiˈlʲou̯ ] ; Russian : Могилёв , pronounced [ məɡʲɪˈlʲɵf ] ) is a city in eastern Belarus , on the Dnieper River , about 76 kilometres ( 47 miles ) from the border with Russia 's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km ( 65 miles ) from the border with Russia 's Bryansk Oblast . As of 2011 [ update ] , its population was 360,918 , up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956 . It is the administrative centre of Mogilev Region and the third largest city in Belarus ." } ] }, { "value": "Torpedo Stadium ( Mogilev )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Torpedo_Stadium_(Mogilev)", "summary": "Torpedo Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Mogilev , Belarus . It is mostly used for football matches and is a home stadium for Torpedo Mogilev . The stadium holds 3,560 spectators ." } ] }, { "value": "6,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Obuvshchik Lida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Lida", "summary": "FC Lida is a Belarusian association football club based in Lida , Grodno Oblast ." } ] }, { "value": "Lida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lida", "summary": "Lida ( Belarusian : Лі́да [ ˈlʲid̪ä ] ; Russian : Ли́да [ ˈlʲid̪ə ] ; Lithuanian : Lyda ; Polish : Lida ; Yiddish : לידע ) is a city 160 km ( 99 mi ) west of Minsk in western Belarus in Grodno Region ." } ] }, { "value": "Obuvshchik Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/City_Stadium_(Lida)", "summary": "Yunost Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lida , Belarus . It is mostly used for football matches and is a home stadium for FC Lida . The stadium holds 2,870 spectators ." } ] }, { "value": "3,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shakhtyor Soligorsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Shakhtyor_Soligorsk", "summary": "FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk ( Belarusian : ФК Шахцёр Салігорск , FK Shakhtsyor Salihorsk ) is a Belarusian Premier League football club , playing in the city of Soligorsk ." } ] }, { "value": "Soligorsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Soligorsk", "summary": "Salihorsk ( Belarusian : Салігорск [ salʲiˈɣorsk ] ; Russian : Солигорск [ səlʲɪˈɡorsk ] , Soligorsk ) is a city in Belarus . In 2010 its population was 102,335 ." } ] }, { "value": "Stroitel Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stroitel_Stadium_(Soligorsk)", "summary": "Stroitel Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Soligorsk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Shakhtyor Soligorsk . The stadium was built in 1976 and is currently holds 4,200 people ." } ] }, { "value": "5,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vedrich Rechitsa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Rechitsa-2014", "summary": "FC Rechitsa-2014 was a Belarusian football club based in Rechytsa ." } ] }, { "value": "Rechytsa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rechytsa", "summary": "Rechytsa ( Belarusian : Рэчыца , pronounced [ ˈrɛtʂɨtsa ] ; Russian : Речица ; Polish : Rzeczyca ; Lithuanian : Rečyca ) is a city in the Gomel Region of Belarus . It is center of Rechytsa District . The city is situated at the mouth of Rechytsa River , flowing into the Dnieper . As of 2005 [ update ] the population was 65,532 ." } ] }, { "value": "Central Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Central_Stadium_(Rechitsa)", "summary": "Central Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Rechitsa , Belarus . It is mostly used for football matches and is a home stadium for Rechitsa-2014 . The stadium holds 3,550 spectators ." } ] }, { "value": "5,500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belshina Bobruisk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Belshina_Bobruisk", "summary": "FC Belshina Bobruisk ( Belarusian : ФК Белшына Бабруйск , FK Belshyna Babruisk ) is a Belarusian football club based in Bobruisk . The team has won one Belarusian Premier League , as well as 3 Belarusian Cup , in post-Soviet Belarus ." } ] }, { "value": "Bobruisk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bobruisk", "summary": "Babruysk , Babrujsk , or Bobruisk ( Belarusian : Бабру́йск [ bäˈbruɪ̯s̪k ] , Łacinka : Babrujsk , Russian : Бобру́йск , tr . Bobrujsk , IPA : [ bɐˈbruɪ̯s̪k ] , Yiddish : באברויסק ) is a city in the Mogilev Region of eastern Belarus on the Berezina river . It is a large city in Belarus . As of 2009 [ update ] , its population was 215,092 . The name Babruysk ( as well as that of the Babruyka River ) probably originates from the Belarusian word babyor ( бабёр ; beaver ) , many of which used to inhabit the Berezina . However , beavers in the area had been almost eliminated by the end of the 19th century due to hunting and pollution . Babruysk occupies an area of 66 square kilometres ( 25 sq mi ) , and comprises over 450 streets whose combined length stretches for over 430 km ( 267 mi ) . Babruysk is located at the intersection of railroads to Asipovichy , Zhlobin , Kastrychnitski and roads to Minsk , Gomel , Mogilev , Kalinkavichy , Slutsk , and Rahachow . It has the biggest timber mill in Belarus , and is also known for its chemical , machine building and metal-working industries . In 2003 , there were 34 public schools in Babruysk , with over 34,000 students . There are also three schools specializing in music , dance and visual arts . Additionally , there is a medical school and numerous professional technical schools ." } ] }, { "value": "Spartak Stadium ( Bobruisk )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Spartak_Stadium_(Bobruisk)", "summary": "Spartak Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Bobruisk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Belshina Bobruisk as well as women 's team Bobruichanka Bobruisk . The stadium holds 3,700 people . The stadium was opened in April 1934 and reconstructed in 2004 and 2006 to get a modern look and bigger capacity . Coordinates : 53°8′25″N 29°13′2″E / 53.14028°N 29.21722°E / 53.14028 ; 29.21722" } ] }, { "value": "4,800", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Naftan-Devon Novopolotsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FC_Naftan_Novopolotsk", "summary": "FC Naftan Novopolotsk ( Belarusian : ФК Нафтан Наваполацк , FK Naftan Navapolatsk ) is a Belarusian football club based in Novopolotsk . They play in the Belarusian First League , the second division in Belarusian football . Their home stadium is Atlant Stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "Novopolotsk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Novopolotsk", "summary": "Novopolotsk ( Belarusian : Наваполацк [ n̪äväˈpɔɫ̪ät̻͡s̪k ] , Navapołack ( Łacinka ) ; Russian : Новополоцк [ n̪əvɐˈpo̞ɫ̪ət̻͡s̪k ] , Novopolotsk , lit . New Polotsk , Polish : Nowopołock ) is a city in Vitebsk Oblast , Belarus , with a population ( 2008 estimate ) of 107,458 . Founded in 1958 , it is located close to the city of Polotsk and the name literally means New Polotsk ." } ] }, { "value": "Atlant Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlant_Stadium", "summary": "Atlant Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Novopolotsk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Naftan Novopolotsk . The stadium was built in 1970 and holds 4,520 people ." } ] }, { "value": "6,500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First league , 1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1995_Belarusian_First_League", "summary": "1995 Belarusian First League was the fifth season of 2nd level football championship in Belarus . It started in July and ended in November 1995 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Teams and venues", "section_text": "", "uid": "1996_Belarusian_Premier_League_0", "intro": "1996 Belarusian Premier League was the sixth season of top-tier football in Belarus. It started on 16 April and ended on 10 November 1996. Dinamo Minsk were the defending champions." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro14", "title": "Pro14", "header": [ "Team", "Years", "Location", "Stadium ( s ) ( capacity )" ], "data": [ { "value": "Aironi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aironi", "summary": "Aironi Rugby ( Italian pronunciation : [ aiˈroni ] , herons ) was an Italian professional rugby union team competing in the Pro12 and the Heineken Cup , representing the Italian regions of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna . It lost its status as a regional side at the end of the 2011-12 season , as the Italian Rugby Federation revoked its licence for financial reasons . They were replaced by Zebre from the 2012-13 season ." } ] }, { "value": "2010-12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Viadana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Viadana,_Lombardy", "summary": "Viadana ( Casalasco-Viadanese : Viadàna ) is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy , located about 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) southeast of Milan and about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) southwest of Mantua . Viadana borders the following municipalities : Boretto , Borgo Virgilio , Brescello , Casalmaggiore , Commessaggio , Dosolo , Gazzuolo , Marcaria , Mezzani , Motteggiana , Pomponesco , Sabbioneta , Suzzara . It is the hometown of Rugby Viadana ." } ] }, { "value": "Stadio Luigi Zaffanella ( 6,000 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stadio_Luigi_Zaffanella", "summary": "Stadio Luigi Zaffanella is a multi-use stadium in Viadana , Italy . It is currently used mostly for rugby union and football matches . It was the home ground of the now defunct Aironi for their Celtic League games . The ground is owned by Rugby Viadana and previously hosted the club 's National Championship of Excellence team prior to the 2010/2011 season . In order for the ground to be of a suitable standard for the Celtic League major improvement works are to be carried out in 2011 . The east grandstand was doubled in size in 2010 taking the total ground capacity to 6,000 . Hospitality , training and parking facilities were also added . The stadium holds 6,000 people ." } ] }, { "value": "Border Reivers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Border_Reivers_(rugby_union)", "summary": "Border Reivers , originally known as 'Scottish Borders Rugby ' and also known as 'The Borders ' were one of four professional rugby union teams in Scotland , alongside Edinburgh , Caledonia Reds and Glasgow Warriors . Border Reivers were active in the Scottish Inter-District Championship from 1996 to 1998 and in the Celtic League , Celtic Cup and Heineken Cup from 2002 until 2007 , when , as part of the Scottish Rugby Union 's cost-cutting measures , they were disbanded . They played their home matches at Netherdale ( capacity circa 6,000 ) in Galashiels in the Scottish Borders region ." } ] }, { "value": "2002-07", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Galashiels", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Galashiels", "summary": "Galashiels ( /ˌɡæləˈʃiːəlz/ ; Scots : Gallae , Scottish Gaelic : An Geal Àth ) is a town in the Scottish Borders 33 miles South of Edinburgh on the A7 road from Edinburgh to Carlisle . Galashiels is often colloquially shortened to Gala and has a population of around 12,600 , The town is a major commercial centre for the Borders region with extensive history in the textile industry . Gala is the location of Heriot-Watt University 's School of Textiles and Design ." } ] }, { "value": "Netherdale ( 6,000 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Netherdale", "summary": "Netherdale is a sports complex in Galashiels , Scottish Borders , consisting of two adjacent stadiums used for rugby union and football . The rugby ground is the home of Gala RFC and was formerly used by the professional Border Reivers team . It hosted one match of the 1999 Rugby World Cup . It has also occasionally been used for rugby league matches . The football ground is home to Gala Fairydean Rovers and has a Category A listed grandstand ." } ] }, { "value": "Celtic Warriors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Celtic_Warriors", "summary": "The Celtic Warriors ( Welsh : Y Rhyfelwyr Celtaidd ) were a rugby union team from Wales , who played in the 2003-04 Celtic League and the 2003-04 Heineken Cup following the introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales . They were effectively a temporary merger of Pontypridd RFC and Bridgend RFC . The Celtic Warriors played just one season before disbanding ." } ] }, { "value": "2003-04", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bridgend and Pontypridd", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bridgend", "summary": "Bridgend ( English : /brɪˈdʒɛnd/ ; Welsh : Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr or just Pen-y-bont , meaning the end ( or head ) of the bridge on the Ogmore ) is a town in Bridgend County Borough in Wales , 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the capital Cardiff and 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Swansea . The river crossed by the original bridge , which gave the town its name , is the River Ogmore , but the River Ewenny also passes to the south of the town . Historically a part of Glamorgan , Bridgend has greatly expanded in size since the early 1980s - the 2001 census recorded a population of 39,429 for the town and the 2011 census reported that the Bridgend Local Authority had a population of 139,200 - up from 128,700 in 2001 . This 8.2% increase was the largest increase in Wales except for Cardiff . The town is undergoing a redevelopment project , with the town centre mainly pedestrianised and ongoing works including Brackla Street Centre redevelopment to Bridgend Shopping Centre , Rhiw Car Park redevelopment , ongoing public realm improvements and the upgrade of the Bridgend Life Centre and demolition of Sunnyside offices to accommodate a large retirement complex ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pontypridd", "summary": "Pontypridd ( Welsh pronunciation : [ poːntəˈprɨ̞ð ] ) is both the county town of Rhondda Cynon Taf in Wales and a community . Often colloquially known as Ponty , it is 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of Cardiff ." } ] }, { "value": "Brewery Field ( 12,000 ) Sardis Road ( 8,000 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brewery_Field", "summary": "Brewery Field ( also known as The Morganstone Brewery Field for sponsorship purposes ) is an 8,000 capacity sports stadium in Bridgend , Wales 1,100 of which is seated capacity . It is the home ground of the rugby union team Bridgend Ravens . Bridgend Athletic RFC often use the ground for their Division 1 matches , as well as the Ospreys who sometimes play at the ground , including their age grade teams ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sardis_Road", "summary": "Sardis Road is a rugby union stadium situated in Pontypridd , Wales . It is home to the Principality Premiership team , Pontypridd RFC and previously the Celtic Warriors , the now defunct regional rugby union team . It is commonly known as the House of Pain ." } ] }, { "value": "Bridgend", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bridgend_Ravens", "summary": "Bridgend Ravens ( Welsh : Cigfrain Pen-y-bont ) ( formerly Bridgend RFC ) are a semi-professional rugby union club based in Bridgend , South Wales . They currently play in the Welsh Premier Division and are a feeder club to the Ospreys regional team ." } ] }, { "value": "2001-03", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bridgend , Wales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bridgend", "summary": "Bridgend ( English : /brɪˈdʒɛnd/ ; Welsh : Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr or just Pen-y-bont , meaning the end ( or head ) of the bridge on the Ogmore ) is a town in Bridgend County Borough in Wales , 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the capital Cardiff and 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Swansea . The river crossed by the original bridge , which gave the town its name , is the River Ogmore , but the River Ewenny also passes to the south of the town . Historically a part of Glamorgan , Bridgend has greatly expanded in size since the early 1980s - the 2001 census recorded a population of 39,429 for the town and the 2011 census reported that the Bridgend Local Authority had a population of 139,200 - up from 128,700 in 2001 . This 8.2% increase was the largest increase in Wales except for Cardiff . The town is undergoing a redevelopment project , with the town centre mainly pedestrianised and ongoing works including Brackla Street Centre redevelopment to Bridgend Shopping Centre , Rhiw Car Park redevelopment , ongoing public realm improvements and the upgrade of the Bridgend Life Centre and demolition of Sunnyside offices to accommodate a large retirement complex ." } ] }, { "value": "Brewery Field ( 6,000 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brewery_Field", "summary": "Brewery Field ( also known as The Morganstone Brewery Field for sponsorship purposes ) is an 8,000 capacity sports stadium in Bridgend , Wales 1,100 of which is seated capacity . It is the home ground of the rugby union team Bridgend Ravens . Bridgend Athletic RFC often use the ground for their Division 1 matches , as well as the Ospreys who sometimes play at the ground , including their age grade teams ." } ] }, { "value": "Caerphilly", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caerphilly_RFC", "summary": "Caerphilly Rugby Football Club is a Welsh rugby union team founded in 1887 . Their home ground is Virginia Park in Caerphilly and their nickname is The Cheesemen . Caerphilly RFC currently play in the WRU Division Two East Central and are a feeder club for the Newport Gwent Dragons . Caerphilly RFC also run a thriving Mini and Junior Section with teams from Under 6 's up to Youth . The Youth compete in the Dragons A League whilst the Seconds ( known as the Diamonds ) compete in a mid district 2nds league ." } ] }, { "value": "2001-03", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Caerphilly , Wales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caerphilly", "summary": "Caerphilly ( /kaɪərˈfɪli/ ; Welsh : Caerffili , Welsh pronunciation : [ ˌkɑːɨrˈfɪlɪ ] ) is a town and community in South Wales , at the southern end of the Rhymney Valley . It is the largest town in Caerphilly County Borough , within the historic borders of Glamorgan , on the border with Monmouthshire . At the 2011 Census , the town had a population of 41,402 while the wider Caerphilly Local Authority area has a population of 178,806 . It is a commuter town for Cardiff and Newport , 7.5 miles ( 12 km ) and 12 miles ( 19 km ) away respectively , and is separated from the Cardiff suburbs of Lisvane and Rhiwbina by Caerphilly mountain . The town is perhaps best known outside of Wales for Caerphilly cheese ." } ] }, { "value": "Virginia Park ( 5,000 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Virginia_Park_(Caerphilly)", "summary": "Virginia Park is a rugby ground , cricket ground and former greyhound racing stadium in Caerphilly , South Wales . It is currently the home ground for Caerphilly RFC ." } ] }, { "value": "Cardiff", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cardiff_RFC", "summary": "Cardiff Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Caerdydd ) is a rugby union football club based in Cardiff , the capital city of Wales . The club was founded in 1876 and played their first few matches at Sophia Gardens , shortly after which relocating to Cardiff Arms Park where they have been based ever since . They built a reputation as one of the great clubs in world rugby , largely through a series of wins against international touring sides . Cardiff have beaten both South Africa and New Zealand , and Australia have failed to beat the club in six attempts . Through its history Cardiff RFC have provided more players to the Welsh national side and British and Irish Lions than any other Welsh club . Following the 2003 regionalisation of Welsh rugby , Cardiff RFC are a feeder side to the Cardiff Blues regional team ." } ] }, { "value": "2001-03", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cardiff , Wales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cardiff", "summary": "Cardiff ( Welsh : Caerdydd [ kairˈdiːð , kaːɨrˈdɨːð ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Wales and its largest city . The eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom , it is Wales ' chief commercial centre , the base for most national cultural institutions and Welsh media , and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales . At the 2011 census , the unitary authority area population was estimated to be 346,090 , and the wider urban area 479,000 . Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017 . In 2011 , Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographic 's alternative tourist destinations . Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan , and in 1974 , South Glamorgan . Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities . A small town until the early 19th century , its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city . In 1905 , Cardiff was made a city and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955 . At the 2011 Census the population was 346,090 . The Cardiff Built-up Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth . Since the 1980s , Cardiff has seen significant development ." } ] }, { "value": "Cardiff Arms Park ( 12,500 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park", "summary": "Cardiff Arms Park ( Welsh : Parc yr Arfau Caerdydd ) , also known as The Arms Park and the BT Sport Cardiff Arms Park for sponsorship reasons from September 2014 , is situated in the centre of Cardiff , Wales . It is primarily known as a rugby union stadium , but it also has a bowling green . The Arms Park was host to the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1958 , and hosted four games in the 1991 Rugby World Cup , including the third-place play-off . The Arms Park also hosted the inaugural Heineken Cup Final of 1995-96 and the following year in 1996-97 . The history of the rugby ground begins with the first stands appearing for spectators in the ground in 1881-1882 . Originally the Arms Park had a cricket ground to the north and a rugby union stadium to the south . By 1969 , the cricket ground had been demolished to make way for the present day rugby ground to the north and a second rugby stadium to the south , called the National Stadium . The National Stadium , which was used by Wales national rugby union team , was officially opened on 7 April 1984 , however in 1997 it was demolished to make way for the Millennium Stadium in 1999 , which hosted the 1999 Rugby World Cup and became the national stadium of Wales . The rugby ground has remained the home of the semi-professional Cardiff RFC yet the professional Cardiff Blues regional rugby union team moved to the Cardiff City Stadium in 2009 , but returned three years later . The site is owned by Cardiff Athletic Club and has been host to many sports , apart from rugby union and cricket ; they include athletics , association football , greyhound racing , tennis , British baseball and boxing . The site also has a bowling green to the north of the rugby ground , which is used by Cardiff Athletic Bowls Club , which is the bowls section of the Cardiff Athletic Club . The National Stadium also hosted many music concerts including Michael Jackson , David Bowie , Bon Jovi , The Rolling Stones and U2 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ebbw Vale", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_RFC", "summary": "Ebbw Vale Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Glyn Ebwy ) is a Welsh Rugby Union Club based in the town of Ebbw Vale , Blaenau Gwent , South Wales . The club play in the Welsh Premiership and act as a feeder club for the Dragons regional team ." } ] }, { "value": "2001-03", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ebbw Vale , Wales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ebbw_Vale", "summary": "Ebbw Vale ( /ˈɛbuː veɪl/ ; Welsh : Glyn Ebwy ) is a town at the head of the valley formed by the Ebbw Fawr tributary of the Ebbw River in Wales . It is the largest town and the administrative centre of Blaenau Gwent county borough . The Ebbw Vale and Brynmawr conurbation has a population of roughly 33,000 . It has direct access to the dualled A465 Heads of the Valleys trunk road and borders the Brecon Beacons National Park ." } ] }, { "value": "Eugene Cross Park ( 8,000 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eugene_Cross_Park", "summary": "Eugene Cross Park is a rugby and cricket ground in Ebbw Vale , Wales . In November 1919 the Ebbw Vale Welfare Association was formed and bought the Bridgend Field . The 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) of land became known as the Welfare Ground , and in 1973 its name was changed to its present title in honour of Sir Eugene Cross , the influential and long-standing Chairman of the Welfare Trustees . The ground has terraces , a stand which was bought due to a fire which burnt the previous stands and a clubhouse which boasts a pub , a club shop open at match days and award-winning hospitality packages . The stadium is adjacent to the B4486 road , the Newchurch Road and the Ebbw River . It is the home of Ebbw Vale RFC and Ebbw Vale Cricket Club , it occasionally hosts matches for Glamorgan County Cricket Club , and a small number of international rugby league matches have taken place there . It was also home to Ebbw Vale F.C . for a period when they were members of the League of Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "Llanelli", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Llanelli_RFC", "summary": "Llanelli Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Llanelli ) is a Welsh rugby union club founded in 1875 ( though often recorded as 1872 ) . The club began the 2008-09 season at their historic home ground of Stradey Park in Llanelli , but moved in November 2008 to the new Parc y Scarlets in adjacent Pemberton . The club 's nickname is Sosban Fach , a Welsh song meaning Little Saucepan , which is sometimes sung by the club 's fans during matches as the club anthem . The team colours are scarlet and white . Following the 2003 regionalisation of Welsh rugby , Llanelli are now a feeder club to the Scarlets regional team ." } ] }, { "value": "2001-03", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Llanelli , Wales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Llanelli", "summary": "Llanelli ( St Elli 's Parish ; Welsh pronunciation : [ ɬaˈnɛɬi ] ) is the largest town in the county of Carmarthenshire and the preserved county of Dyfed , Wales . Located on the Loughor estuary , some 10 miles ( 16 km ) north-west of Swansea and 12 miles ( 19 km ) south-east of the county town , Carmarthen , Llanelli is famous for its rugby tradition and as a centre of tinplate production . Several communities nearby the town are often included colloquially in Llanelli ." } ] }, { "value": "Stradey Park ( 10,800 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stradey_Park", "summary": "Stradey Park ( Welsh : Parc y Strade ) was a rugby union stadium located near the centre of the town of Llanelli in Carmarthenshire , Wales . It was the home of the Scarlets region and Llanelli RFC rugby teams . The stadium was a combination of seating and standing with a total capacity of 10,800 . With the Scarlets having moved to Parc y Scarlets , Stradey Park was demolished in 2010 and is to be replaced with housing ." } ] }, { "value": "Neath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Neath_RFC", "summary": "Neath Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Castell-Nedd ) is a Welsh rugby union club which plays in the WRU Championship . The club 's home ground is The Gnoll , Neath . The team is known as the All Blacks because of the team colours : black with only a white cross pattée as an emblem . Neath RFC is the oldest rugby club in Wales , having been formed in 1871 . They are feeder club to the Ospreys regional team ." } ] }, { "value": "2001-03", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Neath , Wales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Neath", "summary": "Neath ( /niːθ/ ; Welsh : Castell-nedd ) is a town and community situated in the principal area of Neath Port Talbot , Wales with a population of 19,258 in 2011 . The wider urban area , which includes neighbouring settlements , had a population of 50,658 in 2011 . Historically in Glamorgan , the town is located on the river of the same name , 7 miles ( 11 km ) east northeast of Swansea ." } ] }, { "value": "The Gnoll ( 6,000 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Gnoll", "summary": "The Gnoll ( Welsh : Y Gnol ) in Neath , Wales is a sports ground , with a capacity of 6,000 ( formerly 15,000 ) . It is used primarily for rugby union and rugby league , although it has also been used previously for association football and cricket . The stadium has hosted international rugby matches , with it being the home ground of the Wales women 's national rugby union team , and men 's matches included one during the 2013 Rugby League World Cup against the Cook Islands ." } ] }, { "value": "Newport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Newport_RFC", "summary": "Newport Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Casnewydd ) is a Welsh rugby union club based in the city of Newport , South Wales . They presently play in the Welsh Premier Division . Newport RFC are based at Rodney Parade situated on the east bank of the River Usk . Every major rugby union touring team to visit Wales has played at Rodney Parade , and all of them were beaten at least once in the twentieth century by a side who , in 1951 , played in the match at Cardiff RFC that attracted what was , a world-record crowd of 48,500 for a rugby union match between two clubs . In addition to matches against all the major national sides a highlight of the Newport season was the annual match against the Barbarians , ensuring that the Newport fans enjoyed watching world-class players to supplement the Welsh internationals who were a common feature of the 'Black and Ambers ' . Newport supplied over 150 players to the Wales national team and international players to England , Scotland , Ireland , South Africa , Czech Republic , Canada and Fiji as well as over 80 Barbarians . Following the regionalisation of Welsh rugby in 2003 , Newport RFC are now a feeder club to the Dragons regional team ." } ] }, { "value": "2001-03", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Newport , Wales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Newport,_Wales", "summary": "Newport ( Welsh : Casnewydd ; [ kasˈnɛwɨð ] ) is a city and unitary authority area in south east Wales , on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn Estuary , 12 miles ( 19 km ) northeast of Cardiff . At the 2011 census , it was the third largest city in Wales , with a population of 145,700 . The city forms part of the Cardiff-Newport metropolitan area , with a population of 1,097,000 . Newport has been a port since medieval times , when the first Newport Castle was built by the Normans . The town outgrew the earlier Roman town of Caerleon , immediately upstream , and gained its first charter in 1314 . It grew significantly in the 19th century , when its port became the focus of coal exports from the eastern South Wales Valleys . Until the rise of Cardiff from the 1850s , Newport was Wales ' largest coal-exporting port . Newport was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain , the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists . This was led by the Chartist John Frost which led to the re-branding of the Duffryn High School into John Frost School . In the 20th century , the docks declined in importance , but Newport remained an important manufacturing and engineering centre . It was granted city status in 2002 . Newport hosted the Ryder Cup in 2010 and was the venue for the 2014 NATO summit ." } ] }, { "value": "Rodney Parade ( 11,676 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rodney_Parade", "summary": "Rodney Parade is a stadium in the city of Newport , South Wales , owned and operated by the Welsh Rugby Union . It is located on the east bank of the River Usk in Newport city centre . The ground is on Rodney Road , a short walk from the city 's central bus and railway stations via Newport Bridge or Newport City footbridge . There is no spectator car park at the ground but a number of multi-storey car parks are nearby . Rodney Parade is the home ground of Dragons regional rugby union team and rugby union club Newport RFC . It is also the home ground of Newport County football club , and is the second-oldest sports venue in the Football League , after Deepdale . Stadium capacity is reduced from rugby levels for football matches . Newport Squash Club has four courts at Rodney Parade ." } ] }, { "value": "Pontypridd", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pontypridd_RFC", "summary": "Pontypridd RFC are generally accepted to have been formed in 1876 by a number of young local men who had moved into the area during the Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century . They were represented at a meeting in Tenby in 1880 that would later lead to the formation of the Welsh Rugby Union in 1881 and had a player , Edward Treharne , named in the very first Welsh International side also in 1881 , who also played for Cowbridge Grammar School as a student . Pontypridd supplied two more players to the Welsh team before the turn of the century , Tom Williams and Ernie George . In their early days , Pontypridd RFC played their home games at Taff Vale Park in Treforest , the current home of their junior section , before moving to the People 's Park alongside the River Rhondda . However , in 1908 they moved once more to a new home in Ynysyngharad Park in Pontypridd itself , where they would stay for 65 years ." } ] }, { "value": "2001-03", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pontypridd , Wales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pontypridd", "summary": "Pontypridd ( Welsh pronunciation : [ poːntəˈprɨ̞ð ] ) is both the county town of Rhondda Cynon Taf in Wales and a community . Often colloquially known as Ponty , it is 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of Cardiff ." } ] }, { "value": "Sardis Road ( 7,861 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sardis_Road", "summary": "Sardis Road is a rugby union stadium situated in Pontypridd , Wales . It is home to the Principality Premiership team , Pontypridd RFC and previously the Celtic Warriors , the now defunct regional rugby union team . It is commonly known as the House of Pain ." } ] }, { "value": "Swansea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swansea_RFC", "summary": "Swansea Rugby Football Club is a Welsh rugby union team which plays in the Welsh Premiership . The club play at St Helen 's Rugby and Cricket Ground in Swansea and are also known as The Whites , in reference to their home kit colours ." } ] }, { "value": "2001-03", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Swansea , Wales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swansea", "summary": "Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis ." } ] }, { "value": "St Helen 's ( 4,500 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Helen's_Rugby_and_Cricket_Ground", "summary": "St Helen 's Rugby and Cricket Ground is a sports venue in Swansea , Wales , owned and operated by the City and County of Swansea Council . Used mainly for rugby union and cricket , it has been the home ground of Swansea RFC and Swansea Cricket Club since it opened in 1873 . In rugby union , St Helen 's was the venue for the first ever home match of the Wales national team in 1882 . It continued to be used regularly by Wales , often for the Five Nations Championship , until 1954 , but has staged only one full international since , in 1997 . More recently , the ground has been used by the Wales women 's team . Glamorgan County Cricket Club have regularly used St Helen 's as an outground since 1921 . The ground has staged two One Day Internationals : England against New Zealand in 1973 , and a 1983 World Cup match between Pakistan and Sri Lanka . St. Helen 's was the location of Sir Garfield Sobers 's six sixes in a single over in first-class cricket , the maximum possible runs in a single over , and the first time it had been done . St Helen 's has also staged international matches in two other sports . In rugby league , Wales played thirteen matches at the ground between 1945 and 1978 , two of which were part of the 1975 World Cup tournament . A football international between Wales and Ireland took place at St Helen 's in 1894 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Teams -- Former teams", "section_text": "", "uid": "Pro_12_1", "intro": "The PRO14 (known as the Guinness PRO14 Championship for sponsorship reasons) is an annual rugby union competition involving professional sides from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa and Wales. The league is one of the three major professional leagues in Europe (along with the English Premiership and the French Top 14), the most successful European teams from which go forward to compete in the European Rugby Champions Cup, the pan-European championship which replaced the Heineken Cup after the 2013-14 season. Beginning with the creation of the Welsh-Scottish League in 1999, the league would become known as the Celtic League when it grew to include teams from Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The league was sponsored by Irish cider makers Magners from the 2006-07 season until 2010-11. At the start of the 2010-11 season, the league expanded from 10 to 12 teams, adding two Italian teams. Following the end of Magners' sponsorship, the league was sponsored by RaboDirect from 2011-12 through to 2013-14. The Pro12 name was adopted in 2011 to reflect that the league now included teams from outside the Celtic nations. A further expansion to 14 teams took place from the 2017-18 season, with two South African teams joining the Championship. The current sponsorship deal with Guinness commenced at the beginning of the 2014-15 season." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar", "title": "Julian calendar", "header": [ "Country", "Year starting 1 January", "Adoption of new calendar" ], "data": [ { "value": "Holy Roman Empire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire", "summary": "The Holy Roman Empire ( Latin : Sacrum Imperium Romanum ; German : Heiliges Römisches Reich ) , also known as Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars . The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany , though it also included the neighboring Kingdom of Bohemia and Kingdom of Italy , plus numerous other territories , and soon after the Kingdom of Burgundy was added . Its size gradually diminished over time , particularly from 1648 onward , and by the time of its dissolution , it largely contained only German-speaking territories ( although Switzerland and East Prussia were not included ) , plus the Kingdom of Bohemia which was bordered by the German lands on three sides . At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , most of the Holy Roman Empire was included in the German Confederation . On 25 December 800 , Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as Emperor , reviving the title in Western Europe , more than three centuries after the fall of the earlier ancient Western Roman Empire in 476 . The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899 , after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant , Berengar I , in 924 . The title was revived again in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor , fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries . Some historians refer to the coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire , while others prefer the coronation of Otto I as its beginning . Scholars generally concur , however , in relating an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire , describing a gradual assumption of the imperial title and role . The exact term Holy Roman Empire was not used until the 13th century , but the concept of translatio imperii , [ d ] the notion that he - the sovereign ruler - held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of Rome , was fundamental to the prestige of the emperor . The office of Holy Roman Emperor was traditionally elective , although frequently controlled by dynasties . The mostly German prince-electors , the highest-ranking noblemen of the empire , usually elected one of their peers as King of the Romans , and he would later be crowned emperor by the Pope ; the tradition of papal coronations was discontinued in the 16th century ." } ] }, { "value": "1544", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1582", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Spain , Portugal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Spain", "summary": "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Portugal", "summary": "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ." } ] }, { "value": "1556", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1582", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Prussia , Denmark-Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prussia", "summary": "Prussia ( /ˈprʌʃə/ ; German : Preußen , pronounced [ ˈpʁɔʏsn̩ ] ( listen ) , Old Prussian : Prūsa or Prūsija ) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centered on the region of Prussia on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea . It was de facto dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in 1932 and de jure by an Allied decree in 1947 . For centuries , the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia , successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army . Prussia , with its capital first in Königsberg and then , in 1701 , in Berlin , decisively shaped the history of Germany . In 1871 , most German states ( notably excluding Austria and Switzerland ) united to create the German Empire under Prussian leadership . In November 1918 , the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power during the German Revolution of 1918-19 . The Kingdom of Prussia was thus abolished in favour of a republic - the Free State of Prussia , a state of Germany from 1918 until 1933 . From 1933 , Prussia lost its independence as a result of the Prussian coup , when the Nazi regime was successfully establishing its Gleichschaltung laws in pursuit of a unitary state . With the end of the Nazi regime , in 1945 , the division of Germany into Allied occupation zones and the separation of its territories east of the Oder-Neisse line , which were incorporated into Poland and the Soviet Union , the State of Prussia ceased to exist de facto . Prussia existed de jure until its formal abolition by the Allied Control Council Enactment No . 46 of 25 February 1947 . The name Prussia derives from the Old Prussians ; in the 13th century , the Teutonic Knights - an organized Catholic medieval military order of German crusaders - conquered the lands inhabited by them ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Denmark–Norway", "summary": "Denmark-Norway ( Danish and Norwegian : Danmark-Norge ) , also known as the Dano-Norwegian Realm , the Oldenburg Monarchy , or the Oldenburg realms , was an early modern multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark , the Kingdom of Norway ( including the Norwegian overseas possessions : the Faroe Islands , Iceland , Greenland , and the Norwegian possessions ) , the Duchy of Schleswig , and the Duchy of Holstein . The state also claimed sovereignty over two historical peoples : Wends and Gutes . Denmark-Norway had several colonies , namely the Danish Gold Coast , the Nicobar Islands , Serampore , Tharangambadi , and the Danish West Indies . The state 's inhabitants were mainly Danes , Norwegians , and Germans , and also included Faroese , Icelanders and Inuit in the Norwegian overseas possessions , a Sami minority in northern Norway , as well as indigenous peoples and enslaved Africans in the colonies . The main cities of Denmark-Norway were Copenhagen , Christiania ( Oslo ) , Altona , Bergen and Trondheim , and the primary official languages were Danish and German , but Norwegian , Icelandic , Faroese , Sami and Greenlandic were also spoken locally . In 1380 , Olaf II of Denmark inherited the Kingdom of Norway , titled as Olaf IV , after the death of his father Haakon VI of Norway , who was married to Olaf 's mother Margrete I. Margrete I was ruler of Norway from her son 's death in 1387 until her own death in 1412 . Denmark , Norway , and Sweden established and formed the Kalmar Union in 1397 . Following Sweden 's departure in 1523 , the union was effectively dissolved . From 1536/1537 , Denmark and Norway formed a personal union that would eventually develop into the 1660 integrated state called Denmark-Norway by modern historians , at the time sometimes referred to as the Twin Kingdoms , the Monarchy , or simply His Majesty . [ citation needed ] Prior to 1660 , Denmark-Norway was de jure a constitutional and elective monarchy in which the King 's power was somewhat limited ; in that year it became one of the most stringent absolute monarchies in Europe . Even after 1660 , Denmark-Norway consisted of three formally separate parts , and Norway kept its separate laws and some institutions , and separate coinage and army . The Dano-Norwegian union lasted until 1814 , when the Treaty of Kiel decreed that Norway ( except for the Faroe Islands , Iceland , and Greenland ) be ceded to Sweden ." } ] }, { "value": "1559", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1700", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sweden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sweden", "summary": "Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains ." } ] }, { "value": "1559", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1753", "urls": [] }, { "value": "France", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/France", "summary": "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1567", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edict_of_Roussillon", "summary": "The Edict of Roussillon ( French : Édit de Roussillon ) was a 1564 edict decreeing that the year would begin on January 1 in France . During a trip to various parts of his kingdom , the King of France , Charles IX , found that depending on the diocese , the year began either at Christmas ( at Lyon , for instance ) or on 25 March ( as at Vienne ) , on 1 March , or at Easter . In order to standardise the date for the new year in the entire kingdom , he added an article to an edict given at Paris in January 1563 which he promulgated at Roussillon on 9 August 1564 . It started being applied on January 1 , 1567 . The 42 articles that comprised this edict concerned justice , except the last four , added during the king 's stay at Roussillon . It was article 39 that announced a January 1 start date for every year henceforth ." } ] }, { "value": "1582", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Southern Netherlands", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southern_Netherlands", "summary": "The Southern Netherlands , [ note 1 ] also called the Catholic Netherlands , was the part of the Low Countries largely controlled by Spain ( 1556-1714 ) , later Austria ( 1714-1794 ) , and occupied then annexed by France ( 1794-1815 ) . The region also included a number of smaller states that were never ruled by Spain or Austria : the Prince-Bishopric of Liège , the Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy , the County of Bouillon , the County of Horne and the Princely Abbey of Thorn . The Southern Netherlands were part of the Holy Roman Empire until the whole area was annexed by Revolutionary France . The Southern Netherlands comprised most of modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg , some parts of the Netherlands and Germany ( the region of Upper Guelders , now divided between Germany and the modern Dutch Province of Limburg and in 1713 largely ceded to Prussia and the Bitburg area in Germany , then part of Luxembourg ) as well as , until 1678 , most of the present Nord-Pas-de-Calais region and the Longwy area in northern France ." } ] }, { "value": "1576", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1582", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lorraine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lorraine_(province)", "summary": "The Duchy of Lorraine ( French : Lorraine [ lɔʁɛn ] ( listen ) ; German : Lothringen [ ˈloːtʁɪŋən ] ( listen ) ) , originally Upper Lorraine , was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France . Its capital was Nancy . It was founded in 959 following the division of Lotharingia into two separate duchies : Upper and Lower Lorraine , the westernmost parts of the Holy Roman Empire . The Lower duchy was quickly dismantled , while Upper Lorraine came to be known as simply the Duchy of Lorraine . The Duchy of Lorraine was coveted and briefly occupied by the Dukes of Burgundy and the Kings of France . In 1737 , the Duchy was given to Stanisław Leszczyński , the former king of Poland , who had lost his throne as a result of the War of the Polish Succession , with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death . When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766 , Lorraine was annexed by France and reorganized as a province ." } ] }, { "value": "1579", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1760", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Holland , Zeeland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Holland", "summary": "Holland is a region and former province on the western coast of the Netherlands . The name Holland is also frequently used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands . This usage is commonly accepted in other countries , and sometimes employed by the Dutch themselves . However , some in the Netherlands , particularly those from regions outside Holland , may find it undesirable or misrepresentative to use the term for the whole country . From the 10th to the 16th century , Holland proper was a unified political region within the Holy Roman Empire as a county ruled by the Counts of Holland . By the 17th century , the province of Holland had risen to become a maritime and economic power , dominating the other provinces of the newly independent Dutch Republic . The area of the former County of Holland roughly coincides with the two current Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland into which it was divided , and which together include the Netherlands 's three largest cities : the de jure capital city of Amsterdam ; Rotterdam , home of Europe 's largest port ; and the seat of government of The Hague . Holland has a population of 6,583,534 as of November 2019 , and a density of 1,203/km2 ( 3,120/sq mi ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zeeland", "summary": "Zeeland ( /ˈziːlənd/ , Dutch : [ ˈzeːlɑnt ] ( listen ) ; Zeelandic : Zeêland [ ˈzɪə̯lɑnt ] ; historical English exonym Zealand ) is the westernmost and least populous province of the Netherlands . The province , located in the south-west of the country , borders North Brabant to the east and South Holland to the north , consists of a number of islands and peninsulas ( hence its name , meaning Sealand ) and a strip bordering the Flemish provinces of East and West Flanders . Its capital is Middelburg with a population of 48,544 as of November 2019 , the largest municipality in Zeeland is Terneuzen ( pop . 54,589 ) Zeeland has two seaports ; in Vlissingen and Terneuzen.Its area is 2,934 square kilometres ( 1,130 sq mi ) , of which 1,151 square kilometres ( 440 sq mi ) is water , and it has a population of 383,689 as of November 2019 . Large parts of Zeeland are below sea level . The last great flooding of the area was in 1953 . Tourism is an important economic activity . In the summer , its beaches make it a popular destination for tourists , especially German tourists . In some areas , the population can be two to four times higher during the high summer season . The coat of arms of Zeeland shows a lion half-emerged from water , and the text luctor et emergo ( Latin for I struggle and emerge ) . The country of New Zealand was named after Zeeland after it was sighted by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman ." } ] }, { "value": "1583", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1582", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dutch Republic except Holland and Zeeland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dutch_Republic", "summary": "The United Provinces of the Netherlands , or simply United Provinces ( officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands ) , and commonly referred to historiographically as the Dutch Republic , was a federal republic formally established from the formal creation of a federal state in 1581 by several Dutch provinces - seceded from Spanish rule - until the Batavian Revolution of 1795 . It was a predecessor state of the Netherlands and the first fully independent Dutch nation state . The small republic of around 1.5 million inhabitants distinguished itself by world trade through the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) and the Dutch West India Company ( WIC ) , by its great military successes against ostensibly stronger countries such as Spain and England , by its huge fleet ( with 2,000 ships , larger than that of England and France combined ) , by the flourishing of arts ( painters such as Rembrandt , Johannes Vermeer and many others ) and sciences ( including Hugo Grotius and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ) , and by its relatively tolerant atmosphere towards different religions and ideas ( freedom of thought ) . Because Dutch trade , science , military , and art were among the most acclaimed in the world during much of the 17th century , this period became known in Dutch history as the Dutch Golden Age ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Holland", "summary": "Holland is a region and former province on the western coast of the Netherlands . The name Holland is also frequently used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands . This usage is commonly accepted in other countries , and sometimes employed by the Dutch themselves . However , some in the Netherlands , particularly those from regions outside Holland , may find it undesirable or misrepresentative to use the term for the whole country . From the 10th to the 16th century , Holland proper was a unified political region within the Holy Roman Empire as a county ruled by the Counts of Holland . By the 17th century , the province of Holland had risen to become a maritime and economic power , dominating the other provinces of the newly independent Dutch Republic . The area of the former County of Holland roughly coincides with the two current Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland into which it was divided , and which together include the Netherlands 's three largest cities : the de jure capital city of Amsterdam ; Rotterdam , home of Europe 's largest port ; and the seat of government of The Hague . Holland has a population of 6,583,534 as of November 2019 , and a density of 1,203/km2 ( 3,120/sq mi ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zeeland", "summary": "Zeeland ( /ˈziːlənd/ , Dutch : [ ˈzeːlɑnt ] ( listen ) ; Zeelandic : Zeêland [ ˈzɪə̯lɑnt ] ; historical English exonym Zealand ) is the westernmost and least populous province of the Netherlands . The province , located in the south-west of the country , borders North Brabant to the east and South Holland to the north , consists of a number of islands and peninsulas ( hence its name , meaning Sealand ) and a strip bordering the Flemish provinces of East and West Flanders . Its capital is Middelburg with a population of 48,544 as of November 2019 , the largest municipality in Zeeland is Terneuzen ( pop . 54,589 ) Zeeland has two seaports ; in Vlissingen and Terneuzen.Its area is 2,934 square kilometres ( 1,130 sq mi ) , of which 1,151 square kilometres ( 440 sq mi ) is water , and it has a population of 383,689 as of November 2019 . Large parts of Zeeland are below sea level . The last great flooding of the area was in 1953 . Tourism is an important economic activity . In the summer , its beaches make it a popular destination for tourists , especially German tourists . In some areas , the population can be two to four times higher during the high summer season . The coat of arms of Zeeland shows a lion half-emerged from water , and the text luctor et emergo ( Latin for I struggle and emerge ) . The country of New Zealand was named after Zeeland after it was sighted by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman ." } ] }, { "value": "1583", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1700", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scotland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland", "summary": "The Kingdom of Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic : Rìoghachd na h-Alba ; Scots : Kinrick o Scotland ) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843 . Its territories expanded and shrank , but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain , sharing a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England . It suffered many invasions by the English , but under Robert I it fought a successful War of Independence and remained an independent state throughout the late Middle Ages . Following the annexation of the Northern Isles from the Kingdom of Norway in 1472 and the final capture of the Royal Burgh of Berwick by the Kingdom of England in 1482 , the territory of the Kingdom of Scotland corresponded to that of modern-day Scotland , bounded by the North Sea to the east , the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest . In 1603 , James VI of Scotland became King of England , joining Scotland with England in a personal union . In 1707 , the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union . The Crown was the most important element of government . The Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution , before Edinburgh developed as a capital city in the second half of the 15th century . The Crown remained at the centre of political life and in the 16th century emerged as a major centre of display and artistic patronage , until it was effectively dissolved with the Union of Crowns in 1603 . The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of western European monarchical states of the time and developed a Privy Council and great offices of state . Parliament also emerged as a major legal institution , gaining an oversight of taxation and policy , but was never as central to the national life . In the early period , the kings of the Scots depended on the great lords - the mormaers and toísechs - but from the reign of David I , sheriffdoms were introduced , which allowed more direct control and gradually limited the power of the major lordships ." } ] }, { "value": "1600", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1752", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russia", "summary": "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ." } ] }, { "value": "1700", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1918", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tuscany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany", "summary": "The Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( Italian : Granducato di Toscana ; Latin : Magnus Ducatus Etruriae ) was a central Italian monarchy that existed , with interruptions , from 1569 to 1859 , replacing the Duchy of Florence . The grand duchy 's capital was Florence . Tuscany was nominally a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 . Initially , Tuscany was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737 . While not as internationally renowned as the old republic , the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and it bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons , until the reign of Ferdinando II , which saw the beginning of the state 's long economic decline . It peaked under Cosimo III . The Medicis ' only advancement in the latter days of their existence was their elevation to royalty , by the Holy Roman Emperor , in 1691 . Francis Stephen of Lorraine , a cognatic descendant of the Medici , succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors . Tuscany was governed by a viceroy , Marc de Beauvau-Craon , for his entire rule . His descendants ruled , and resided in , the grand duchy until its end in 1859 , barring one interruption , when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma ( Kingdom of Etruria , 1801-7 ) . Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814 , the grand duchy was restored . The United Provinces of Central Italy , a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia , annexed Tuscany in 1859 ." } ] }, { "value": "1750", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1582", "urls": [] }, { "value": "British Empire excluding Scotland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/British_Empire", "summary": "The British Empire comprised the dominions , colonies , protectorates , mandates , and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states . It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries . At its height , it was the largest empire in history and , for over a century , was the foremost global power . By 1913 , the British Empire held sway over 412 million people , 23% of the world population at the time , and by 1920 , it covered 35,500,000 km2 ( 13,700,000 sq mi ) , 24% of the Earth 's total land area . As a result , its political , legal , linguistic , and cultural legacy is widespread . At the peak of its power , the phrase the empire on which the sun never sets was often used to describe the British Empire , because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories . During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe , and in the process established large overseas empires . Envious of the great wealth these empires generated , England , France , and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia . A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England and then , following union between England and Scotland in 1707 , Great Britain , the dominant colonial power in North America . It then became the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent after the East India Company 's conquest of Mughal Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 . The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies . British attention soon turned towards Asia , Africa , and the Pacific ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Scotland", "summary": "Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland ." } ] }, { "value": "1752", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1752", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Republic of Venice", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Republic_of_Venice", "summary": "The Republic of Venice ( Italian : Repubblica di Venezia ; Venetian : Repùblica de Venèsia ) or Venetian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Veneta ; Venetian : Repùblica Vèneta ) , traditionally known as La Serenissima ( English : Most Serene Republic of Venice ; Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia ; Venetian : Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta ) , was a sovereign state and maritime republic in what is now northeastern Italy . It lasted from 697 AD until 1797 AD . Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice , the republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position in the Renaissance . Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language , although publishing in ( Florentine ) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance . The Venetian city state was founded as a safe haven for the people escaping persecution in mainland Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire . [ citation needed ] In its early years , it prospered on the salt trade . In subsequent centuries , the city state established a thalassocracy . It dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea , including commerce between Europe and North Africa , as well as Asia . The Venetian navy was used in the Crusades , most notably in the Fourth Crusade . However , Venice perceived Rome as an enemy and maintained high levels of religious and ideological independence personified by the Patriarch of Venice and a highly-developed independent publishing industry that served as a haven from Roman Catholic censorship for many centuries . Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea . Venice became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class , who patronized renowned art and architecture along the city 's lagoons ." } ] }, { "value": "1797", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1582", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Serbia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Serbia", "summary": "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ." } ] }, { "value": "1804", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1918", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ottoman Empire ( Turkey )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ottoman_Empire", "summary": "The Ottoman Empire ( /ˈɒtəmən/ ; Ottoman Turkish : دولت عليه عثمانیه Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye , literally The Exalted Ottoman State ; Modern Turkish : Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti ; French : Empire ottoman ) [ note 6 ] was a state and caliphate that controlled much of Southeast Europe , Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries . It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt ( modern-day Bilecik Province ) by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman I . Although initially the dynasty was of Turkic origin , it was Persianised in terms of language , culture , literature and habits . After 1354 , the Ottomans crossed into Europe , and with the conquest of the Balkans , the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire . The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror . During the 16th and 17th centuries , at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , the Ottoman Empire was a multinational , multilingual empire controlling most of Southeast Europe , parts of Central Europe , Western Asia , parts of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus , North Africa and the Horn of Africa . At the beginning of the 17th century , the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states . Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire , while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries . [ note 7 ] With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean Basin , the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries . While the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent , this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians . The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy , society and military throughout the 17th and much of the 18th century . However , during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768 , the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals , the Habsburg and Russian empires ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Turkey", "summary": "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ." } ] }, { "value": "1918", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1917", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "New Year 's Day", "section_text": "The Roman calendar began the year on 1 January , and this remained the start of the year after the Julian reform . However , even after local calendars were aligned to the Julian calendar , they started the new year on different dates . The Alexandrian calendar in Egypt started on 29 August ( 30 August after an Alexandrian leap year ) . Several local provincial calendars were aligned to start on the birthday of Augustus , 23 September . The indiction caused the Byzantine year , which used the Julian calendar , to begin on 1 September ; this date is still used in the Eastern Orthodox Church for the beginning of the liturgical year . When the Julian calendar was adopted in AD 988 by Vladimir I of Kiev , the year was numbered Anno Mundi 6496 , beginning on 1 March , six months after the start of the Byzantine Anno Mundi year with the same number . In 1492 ( AM 7000 ) , Ivan III , according to church tradition , realigned the start of the year to 1 September , so that AM 7000 only lasted for six months in Russia , from 1 March to 31 August 1492 . [ 82 ] During the Middle Ages 1 January retained the name New Year 's Day ( or an equivalent name ) in all western European countries ( affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church ) , since the medieval calendar continued to display the months from January to December ( in twelve columns containing 28 to 31 days each ) , just as the Romans had . However , most of those countries began their numbered year on 25 December ( the Nativity of Jesus ) , 25 March ( the Incarnation of Jesus ) , or even Easter , as in France ( see the Liturgical year article for more details ) . In Anglo-Saxon England , the year most commonly began on 25 December , which , as ( approximately ) the winter solstice , had marked the start of the year in pagan times , though 25 March ( the equinox ) is occasionally documented in the 11th century . Sometimes the start of the year was reckoned as 24 September , the start of the so-called `` western indiction '' introduced by Bede . [ 83 ] These practices changed after the Norman conquest . From 1087 to 1155 the English year began on 1 January , and from 1155 to 1751 began on 25 March . [ 84 ] In 1752 it was moved back to 1 January . ( See Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 ) . Even before 1752 , 1 January was sometimes treated as the start of the new year – for example by Pepys [ 85 ] – while the `` year starting 25th March was called the Civil or Legal Year '' . [ 86 ] To reduce misunderstandings on the date , it was not uncommon for a date between 1 January and 24 March to be written as `` 1661/62 '' . This was to explain to the reader that the year was 1661 counting from March and 1662 counting from January as the start of the year . [ 87 ] ( For more detail , see Dual dating ) . Most western European countries shifted the first day of their numbered year to 1 January while they were still using the Julian calendar , before they adopted the Gregorian calendar , many during the 16th century . The following table shows the years in which various countries adopted 1 January as the start of the year . Eastern European countries , with populations showing allegiance to the Orthodox Church , began the year on 1 September from about 988 . The Rumi calendar used in the Ottoman Empire began the civil year on 1 March until 1918 .", "uid": "Julian_calendar_0", "intro": "The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 708 Ab urbe condita (46 BC), was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 709 AUC (45 BC), by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and Greek astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandria. The calendar was the predominant calendar in the Roman world, most of Europe, and in European settlements in the Americas and elsewhere, until it was gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar, promulgated in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Julian calendar is still used in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Berbers. During the 20th and 21st centuries, a date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days earlier than its corresponding Gregorian date." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Division_(NBA)", "title": "Midwest Division (NBA)", "header": [ "Team", "Titles", "Season ( s ) won" ], "data": [ { "value": "San Antonio Spurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs", "summary": "The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio . The Spurs compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the AT & T Center in San Antonio . The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA-NBA merger and are the only former ABA team to have won an NBA championship . The franchise has won NBA championships in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , and 2014 . As of May 2015 , the Spurs had the highest winning percentage among active NBA franchises . As of May 2017 , the Spurs had the best winning percentage of any franchise in the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada over the previous three decades . From 1999-2000 to 2016-17 , the Spurs won 50 games each season , setting a record of 18 consecutive 50-win seasons . In the 2018-19 season , the Spurs matched an NBA record for most consecutive playoff appearances with 22 . The team 's recent success has coincided with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich and with the playing careers of Spurs icons David Robinson ( 1989-2003 ) and Tim Duncan ( 1997-2016 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1980-81 , 1981-82 , 1982-83 , 1989-90 , 1990-91 , 1994-95 , 1995-96 , 1998-99 , 2000-01 , 2001-02 , 2002-03", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1980–81_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1980-81 NBA season was the 35th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Houston Rockets 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . As of 2019 , this was the last time an NBA season ( including postseason ) had ended before Memorial Day ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1981–82_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1981-82 NBA season was the 36th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA Championship , beating the Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1982–83_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1982-83 NBA season was the 37th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Philadelphia 76ers winning the NBA Championship , sweeping the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1989–90_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1989-90 NBA season was the 44th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Detroit Pistons winning their second NBA Championship , beating the Portland Trail Blazers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1990–91_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1990-91 NBA season was the 45th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Chicago Bulls winning their first NBA Championship , eliminating the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1994–95_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1994-95 NBA season was the 49th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Houston Rockets defeating the Orlando Magic 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals to be crowned champions ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1995–96_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1995-96 NBA season was the 50th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , though the 50th anniversary was not celebrated until the following season . The Chicago Bulls defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1998–99_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1998-99 NBA season was the 53rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , after a new six-year Collective Bargaining Agreement was reached between the NBA and the National Basketball Players Association . All 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule and the 16 teams who qualified for the playoffs played a full post-season schedule . That season 's All-Star Game , scheduled to be held in Philadelphia , was also canceled . The season ended with the San Antonio Spurs winning their first NBA championship , beating the New York Knicks 4 games to 1 in the 1999 NBA Finals . This was the 50th season since the BAA and NBL had merged into the NBA ." }, { "url": "/wiki/2000–01_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2000-01 NBA season was the 55th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their second straight championship , beating the Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 1 in the 2001 NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/2001–02_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2001-02 NBA season was the 56th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their third straight championship , beating the New Jersey Nets 4-0 in the 2002 NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/2002–03_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2002-03 NBA season was the 57th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The season ended with the San Antonio Spurs beating the New Jersey Nets 4-2 in the 2003 NBA Finals . This would be Michael Jordan 's last season in the NBA ." } ] }, { "value": "Milwaukee Bucks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks", "summary": "The Milwaukee Bucks are an American professional basketball team based in Milwaukee . The Bucks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded in 1968 as an expansion team , and play at the Fiserv Forum . Former U.S . Senator Herb Kohl was the long-time owner of the team , but on April 16 , 2014 , a group led by billionaire hedge fund managers Wes Edens and Marc Lasry agreed to purchase a majority interest in the team from Kohl , a sale which was approved by the owners of the NBA and its Board of Governors one month later on May 16 . The team is managed by Jon Horst , the team 's former director of basketball operations , who took over for John Hammond in May 2017 . The Bucks have won one league title ( 1971 ) , two conference titles ( 1971 and 1974 ) , and 14 division titles ( 1971-1974 , 1976 , 1980-1986 , 2001 , 2019 ) . They have featured such notable players as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , Sidney Moncrief , Oscar Robertson , Bob Dandridge , Bob Lanier , Glenn Robinson , Ray Allen , Sam Cassell , Junior Bridgeman , Michael Redd , Terry Cummings , Vin Baker , Jon McGlocklin , Marques Johnson , and Brian Winters . Abdul-Jabbar and Giannis Antetokounmpo have been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Bucks , for a total of four MVP awards ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1970-71 , 1971-72 , 1972-73 , 1973-74 , 1975-76 , 1979-80", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1970–71_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1970-71 NBA season was the 25th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Milwaukee Bucks winning the NBA Championship , beating the Baltimore Bullets 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals . Three new teams made their debut : the Cleveland Cavaliers , the Portland Trail Blazers , and the Buffalo Braves ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1971–72_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1971-72 NBA season was the 26th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA Championship , beating the New York Knicks 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals . As the 25th anniversary of the founding of the modern NBA , the league unveiled a new logo , inspired by the logo of Major League Baseball , to commemorate the occasion . It features the white silhouette of a basketball player dribbling , framed by red and blue . Jerry West of the Los Angeles Lakers was used as the model for the logo . Coincidentally , Jerry West would win the only NBA Championship of his career during the season ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1972–73_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1972-73 NBA season was the 27th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the New York Knicks winning the NBA Championship , beating the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1973–74_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1973-74 NBA season was the 28th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Milwaukee Bucks 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1975–76_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1975-76 NBA season was the 30th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Phoenix Suns 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1979–80_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1979-80 NBA season was the 34th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA Championship , beating the Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals , and is notable for being the year in which the three-point field goal was adopted ." } ] }, { "value": "Utah Jazz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Utah_Jazz", "summary": "The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City . The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference , Northwest Division . Since 1991 , the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena . The franchise began play as an expansion team in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz ( as a tribute to New Orleans ' history of originating Jazz music ) . The Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . The Jazz were one of the most successful teams in the league in their early years . Although 10 seasons elapsed before the Jazz qualified for their first playoff appearance in 1984 , they did not miss the playoffs again until 2004 . During the late 1980s , John Stockton and Karl Malone arose as the franchise players for the team , and formed one of the most famed point guard-power forward duos in NBA history . Led by coach Jerry Sloan , who took over from Frank Layden in 1988 , they became one of the powerhouse teams of the 1990s , culminating in two NBA Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , where they lost both times to the Chicago Bulls , led by Michael Jordan . Both Stockton and Malone moved on in 2003 . After missing the playoffs for three consecutive seasons the Jazz returned to prominence under the on-court leadership of point guard Deron Williams . However , partway through the 2010-11 season , the Jazz began restructuring after Sloan 's retirement and Williams ' trade to the New Jersey Nets ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1983-84 , 1988-89 , 1991-92 , 1996-97 , 1997-98 , 1999-00", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1983–84_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1983-84 NBA season was the 38th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 3 for the second time since 1969 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1988–89_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1988-89 NBA season was the 43rd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Detroit Pistons winning the NBA Championship , sweeping the Los Angeles Lakers . This was the first season of the Miami Heat and Charlotte Hornets ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1991–92_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1991-92 NBA season was the 46th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Chicago Bulls winning their second-straight NBA Championship , beating the Portland Trail Blazers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1996–97_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1996-97 NBA season was the 51st season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league used this season to mark its 50th anniversary , which included the unveiling of the league 's list of its 50 greatest players . This particular season featured what has since been acknowledged as one of the most talented rookie-classes , featuring the debuts of Allen Iverson , Ray Allen , Kobe Bryant , Steve Nash , Jermaine O'Neal , Ben Wallace and Stephon Marbury . The season ended with the Chicago Bulls defeating the Utah Jazz 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals to win the franchise 's 5th championship ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1997–98_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1997-98 NBA season was the 52nd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Chicago Bulls winning their third straight championship and sixth in the last eight years , beating the Utah Jazz 4 games to 2 in the 1998 NBA Finals . It also marked the departure of Michael Jordan and the end of the dynasty for the Chicago Bulls before Jordan returned in 2001 for the Washington Wizards . This was the last time that both NBA and NHL regular seasons ended on the same day ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1999–2000_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1999-2000 NBA season was the 54th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA championship , beating the Indiana Pacers 4 games to 2 in the 2000 NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver Nuggets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Denver_Nuggets", "summary": "The Denver Nuggets are an American professional basketball team based in Denver . The Nuggets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . The team was founded as the Denver Larks in 1967 as a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , but changed its name to Rockets before the first season . It changed its name again to the Nuggets in 1974 . After the name change , the Nuggets played for the final ABA Championship title in 1976 , losing to the New York Nets . The team has had some periods of success , qualifying for the ABA Playoffs for all seasons from 1967 to the 1976 ABA playoffs where it lost in the finals . The team joined the NBA in 1976 after the ABA-NBA merger and qualified for the NBA playoffs in nine consecutive seasons in the 1980s and ten consecutive seasons from 2004 to 2013 . However , it has not made an appearance in a championship round since its last year in the ABA ; as such , they are also the only of the four surviving former ABA teams to have never reached the NBA Finals . The Nuggets play their home games at Pepsi Center , which they share with the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1976-77 , 1977-78 , 1984-85 , 1987-88", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1976–77_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1976-77 NBA season was the 31st season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Portland Trail Blazers winning their first NBA Championship in franchise history , beating the Philadelphia 76ers in six games in the NBA Finals . Prior to the season , the NBA merged with its primary rival league , the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . Four ABA teams joined the NBA , all four of which are still in the league today : the San Antonio Spurs , Indiana Pacers , Denver Nuggets , and New York Nets . The Nets became the New Jersey Nets the following season , and now play as the Brooklyn Nets . With these additions , the NBA expanded from eighteen teams to twenty-two ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1977–78_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1977-78 NBA season was the 32nd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Washington Bullets winning the NBA Championship , beating the Seattle SuperSonics 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1984–85_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1984-85 NBA season was the 39th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA Championship , beating the Boston Celtics 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1987–88_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1987-88 NBA season was the 42nd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their second straight Championship , beating the Detroit Pistons in seven hard-fought games in the NBA Finals , becoming the NBA 's first repeat champions since the Boston Celtics did it in the 1968-69 NBA season ." } ] }, { "value": "Houston Rockets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Houston_Rockets", "summary": "The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston . They compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member team of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in Downtown Houston . The Rockets have won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . The team was established in 1967 as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego . In 1971 , the Rockets moved to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets were awarded the first overall pick and selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record for almost a decade until the 1976-77 season , when they traded for All-Star center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice while playing with the Rockets and led Houston to the Eastern Conference Finals in his first year with the team . During the 1980-81 season , the Rockets finished the regular season with a 40-42 record . Despite their losing record , they qualified for the playoffs ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1985-86 , 1992-93 , 1993-94", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1985–86_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1985-86 NBA season was the 40th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning their third championship of the decade , beating the Houston Rockets 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1992–93_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1992-93 NBA season was the 47th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Chicago Bulls winning their third-straight NBA Championship , beating the Phoenix Suns 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1993–94_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1993-94 NBA season was the 48th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Houston Rockets defeating the New York Knicks 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals to win the franchise 's first championship ." } ] }, { "value": "Chicago Bulls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago_Bulls", "summary": "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 and played its first game later that year . The Bulls play their home games at the United Center , an arena on Chicago 's west side shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they played a major part in popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats . All six of their championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships while never losing an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995-96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015-16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015-16 Warriors . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Cleveland Cavaliers , Detroit Pistons , Miami Heat and the New York Knicks ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1974-75", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1974–75_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1974-75 NBA season was the 29th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Golden State Warriors winning the NBA Championship , sweeping the Washington Bullets 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "Kansas City Kings ( now Sacramento Kings )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kansas_City_Kings", "summary": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference 's Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001-02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61-21 ( a winning percentage of .744 ) . The Sacramento Kings are the latest and current version of one of the oldest continuously operating professional basketball franchises in the nation . They originated in Rochester , New York , as the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) in 1923 , hosting a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that league 's championship in their first season , 1945-46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in 1957 , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and was renamed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sacramento_Kings", "summary": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference 's Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001-02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61-21 ( a winning percentage of .744 ) . The Sacramento Kings are the latest and current version of one of the oldest continuously operating professional basketball franchises in the nation . They originated in Rochester , New York , as the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) in 1923 , hosting a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that league 's championship in their first season , 1945-46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in 1957 , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and was renamed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1978-79", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978–79_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1978-79 NBA season was the 33rd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Seattle SuperSonics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Washington Bullets 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals , a rematch of the previous year 's Finals , but with the opposite result ." } ] }, { "value": "Dallas Mavericks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks", "summary": "The Dallas Mavericks ( often referred to as the Mavs ) are an American professional basketball team based in Dallas . They compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the American Airlines Center , which it shares with the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Throughout the 1980s , the Mavericks were a perennial playoff team , led by All-Stars Rolando Blackman and Mark Aguirre . The team struggled during the 1990s , entering into a period of rebuilding . In 1998 , the franchise 's fortunes would change drastically with the acquisition of Dirk Nowitzki , who would become the cornerstone of the most successful period in franchise history , leading the team to its first NBA championship in 2011 . As of the 2017 season , the Mavericks have sold out 707 consecutive games since December 15 , 2002 , the longest currently running sellout streak in North American major league sports . Since their inaugural 1980-81 season , the Mavericks have won three division titles ( 1987 , 2007 , 2010 ) , two conference championships ( 2006 , 2011 ) , and one NBA championship ( 2011 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1986-87", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1986–87_NBA_season", "summary": "The 1986-87 NBA season was the 41st season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their fourth championship of the decade , beating the Boston Celtics 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "Minnesota Timberwolves", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves", "summary": "The Minnesota Timberwolves ( also commonly known as the Wolves ) are an American professional basketball team based in Minneapolis . The Timberwolves compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . Founded in 1989 , the team is owned by Glen Taylor who also owns the WNBA 's Minnesota Lynx . The Timberwolves play their home games at Target Center , their home since 1990 . Like most expansion teams , the Timberwolves struggled in their early years , but after the acquisition of Kevin Garnett in the 1995 NBA draft , the team qualified for the playoffs in eight consecutive seasons from 1997 to 2004 . Despite losing in the first round in their first seven attempts , the Timberwolves won their first division championship in 2004 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals that same season . Garnett was also named the NBA Most Valuable Player for that season . The team then went into rebuilding mode for more than a decade after missing the postseason in 2005 , and trading Garnett to the Boston Celtics in 2007 . Garnett returned to the Timberwolves in a February 2015 trade and finished his career there , retiring in the 2016 offseason . The Timberwolves ended a 14-year playoff drought when they returned to the postseason in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2003-04", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2003–04_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2003-04 NBA season was the 58th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Detroit Pistons defeating the Los Angeles Lakers 4-1 in the 2004 NBA Finals ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Division champions -- Titles by team", "section_text": "", "uid": "Midwest_Division_(NBA)_2", "intro": "The Midwest Division was a division in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division was created at the start of the 1970-71 season, when the league expanded from 14 to 17 teams with the addition of the Buffalo Braves, the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Portland Trail Blazers. The league realigned itself into two conferences, the Western Conference and the Eastern Conference, with two divisions each in each conference. The Midwest Division began with four inaugural members, the Chicago Bulls, the Detroit Pistons, the Milwaukee Bucks and the Phoenix Suns. The Bulls and the Suns joined from the Western Division, while the Pistons and the Bucks joined from the Eastern Division. The division was disbanded when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats at the start of the 2004-05 season. The league realigned itself into two conferences with three divisions each. The Midwest Division was replaced with two new divisions, the Southwest Division and the Northwest Division. The 2003-04 season, the division's last-ever season, consisted of seven teams, the Dallas Mavericks, the Denver Nuggets, the Houston Rockets, the Memphis Grizzlies, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the San Antonio Spurs and the Utah Jazz. The Mavericks, the Rockets, the Grizzlies and the Spurs joined the Southwest Division, while the Nuggets, the Timberwolves and the Jazz joined the Northwest Division. The Denver Nuggets played 28 seasons in the Midwest Division, longer than any other team. Three teams, the Heat, the Magic and the Charlotte Hornets, only played one season each in the division." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Pomeroy_Naismith_Award", "title": "Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award", "header": [ "Year", "Player", "College", "Height" ], "data": [ { "value": "1968-69", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Billy Keller", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Billy_Keller", "summary": "William Curry Billy Keller ( born August 30 , 1947 ) is an American retired professional basketball player ." } ] }, { "value": "Purdue", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Purdue_Boilermakers_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Purdue Boilermakers basketball team is a college basketball program that competes in NCAA Division I and is a member of the Big Ten Conference . Purdue basketball has the most Big Ten Championships with 24 . The Boilermakers have reached two NCAA Tournament Final Fours . The 1931-32 team was retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll . Purdue has sent more than 30 players to the NBA , including two overall No . 1 picks in the NBA draft . Purdue shares a traditional rivalry with in-state foe Indiana University , and leads the series 122-89 ." } ] }, { "value": "5'10 ( 1.78 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1969-70", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John Rinka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Rinka", "summary": "John Rinka ( born October 4 , 1948 ) is an American former college basketball player best known for his high-scoring offensive ability and accurate jump shot while at Kenyon College from 1966 to 1970 . A 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) shooting guard , Rinka is in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) top ten in all-time scoring despite playing before the advent of the three-point line and the shot clock . He once scored 69 points in a single game , which is tied for the 21st-highest single game output in NCAA history ; his 41.0 points per game average in 1969-70 as well as his 3,251 career points are also the eighth-highest average and total , respectively , in NCAA history ." } ] }, { "value": "Kenyon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kenyon_College", "summary": "Kenyon College is a private liberal arts college in Gambier , Ohio . It was founded in 1824 by Philander Chase . Kenyon College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . Kenyon has 1,708 undergraduates enrolled . Its 1,000-acre campus is set in a rural setting and uses a semester-based academic calendar . The campus is home to the Brown Family Environmental Center ( BFEC ) , which has over 380 acres and hosts seven different ecosystems . The BFEC also provides academic opportunities including the Summer Science Scholars program . There are more than 120 student clubs and organizations on campus , including 12 fraternities and sororities . Kenyon athletes are called Lords and Ladies which compete in the NCAA Division III North Coast Athletic Conference . According to 2018 U.S. News & World Report rankings , Kenyon had 13th best undergraduate teaching in the U.S . Despite its small size , Kenyon 's alumni have gone on to make advances in their field . Notable alumni include 6 Rhodes Scholars , 10 Marshall Scholarship winners , 12 Truman Scholarship winners , and numerous Watson Fellowship holders and Fulbright scholarship recipients ." } ] }, { "value": "5 ' 9 ( 1.75 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1970-71", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charlie Johnson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(basketball,_born_1949)", "summary": "Charles Johnson ( March 31 , 1949 - June 1 , 2007 ) was an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors and the Washington Bullets of the National Basketball Association . He was an alumnus of Sequoia High School and then scored 1,000 points in three years at the University of California , Berkeley . The San Francisco Warriors drafted Johnson in the 6th round of the 1971 NBA draft . The 6-foot-0 , 170-pound guard played with the Warriors for five seasons and part of a sixth until he was waived in early January 1978 . Johnson was a member of the 1974/75 Warriors Championship Team . After his release , Johnson was signed by the Washington Bullets in January , 1978 , after a season-ending injury to Phil Chenier . Johnson averaged 8.3 points , 2.4 rebounds and 2.1 assists as a member of the 1977-78 NBA Championship . Elvin Hayes attributed the Bullets championship run to the acquisition of Johnson . In the last four games of the 1978 NBA finals against the Seattle SuperSonics , Johnson scored 80 points and helped Washington win the series 4 games to 3 . The Bullets topped the Atlanta Hawks , San Antonio Spurs and Philadelphia 76ers to reach the championship round . Johnson died of cancer on June 1 , 2007 , aged 58 ." } ] }, { "value": "California", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_men's_basketball", "summary": "The California Golden Bears basketball team is the college basketball team of the University of California , Berkeley . The program has seen success throughout the years , culminating in a national championship in 1959 under coach Pete Newell , and the team has reached the final four two other times , in 1946 and 1960 . The current head coach is Mark Fox , who began his tenure at Cal in 2019 . The team plays its home games at Haas Pavilion , which was long known as Harmon Gym before being heavily renovated with money donated in part by the owners of Levi Strauss & Co . The arena was originally known as Men 's Gymnasium and then later Harmon Gymnasium until the late 1990s when it went through renovations which displaced the team for two seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "6 ' 0 ( 1.83 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1971-72", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scott Martin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oklahoma", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Oklahoma Sooners men 's basketball team represents the University of Oklahoma in men 's NCAA Division I basketball . The Sooners play in the Big 12 Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "6 ' 0 ( 1.83 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1972-73", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert Sherwin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Sherwin", "summary": "Robert Hoole Sherwin , Jr. ( born May 13 , 1951 ) is an American businessman and winner of the Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award . A graduate of the United States Military Academy , he was most recently the Chief Operating Officer of Zenger Folkman ." } ] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Army Black Knights men 's basketball team represents the United States Military Academy in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball . Army West Point currently competes as a member of the Patriot League and plays its home games at Christl Arena in West Point , New York . Bob Knight , the one-time most successful men 's basketball coach in NCAA history , began his head coaching career at Army from 1965 to 1971 before moving on to Indiana . One of Knight 's players at Army West Point was Mike Krzyzewski , who later was head coach at Army West Point before moving on to Duke and is the current most successful men 's basketball coach in NCAA history . Army West Point has generally not done well on the court . The Black Knights are one of only four original Division I teams in history to have never participated in the NCAA Tournament . Army West Point shares this dubious distinction with William & Mary , The Citadel , and St. Francis ( NY ) . However , the Black Knights have played in the National Invitational Tournament 8 times , and were retroactively named national champions by Premo-Porretta for 1923 and by the Helms Athletic Foundation for 1944 . The Black Knights played in the 2016 edition of the CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament ( CIT ) , their first appearance in a postseason tournament in 38 years , losing to NJIT in the first round ." } ] }, { "value": "5'11 ( 1.80 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973-74", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mike Robinson", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michigan State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Michigan State Spartans men 's basketball team represents Michigan State University ( MSU ) and compete in the Big Ten Conference of NCAA Division I College basketball . Their home games are played at the Breslin Student Events Center . Tom Izzo has been the head coach since 1995 . The Spartans have won two NCAA championships and 15 Big Ten Conference Championships . Their two National Championships came in the 1979 NCAA Tournament and the 2000 NCAA Tournament . The 1979 National Championship Game was the most watched college basketball game in history , with 35.11 million television viewers . The 1979 National Championship team was coached by Jud Heathcote and included tournament MVP Magic Johnson , Greg Kelser and Jay Vincent . The Spartans defeated the previously unbeaten Indiana State Sycamores , led by future Hall of Famer Larry Bird . The 2000 National Championship team defeated the Florida Gators men 's basketball team in the final . The team was coached by Tom Izzo and led by players Morris Peterson , Charlie Bell , Jason Richardson and tournament MVP Mateen Cleaves . The Spartans have participated in 33 NCAA tournaments and in 22 consecutive NCAA tournaments ( 1998-2019 ) , the fourth-longest streak ever and third-longest active streak in college basketball , behind Kansas ( 29 ) and Duke ( 23 ) . Michigan State has the sixth most all-time Final Four appearances with ten ( 1957 , 1979 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , and 2019 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "5'11 ( 1.80 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1974-75", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monte Towe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monte_Towe", "summary": "Monte Corwin Towe ( born September 27 , 1953 ) is an American basketball coach and retired player . Towe attended Oak Hill High School in Converse , Indiana . He was the starting point guard on North Carolina State 's 1974 NCAA championship team , and also played varsity baseball for NC State , earning All-ACC recognition in basketball and playing on conference championship teams in both sports . In 1975 , the 5 ' 7 ( 1.7 m ) Towe received the Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award as the year 's best college player under 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall . Monte Towe and David Thompson are credited with inventing the alley-oop . Because dunking was illegal at the time , Towe would throw the ball to Thompson while he was in the air and Thompson would gently drop the ball in the basket . Towe was drafted by the Denver Nuggets in the third round of the 1975 ABA Draft and by the Atlanta Hawks in the fourth round of the 1975 NBA Draft . Towe joined Thompson in signing with Denver , for whom he played in 1976 in the final year of the American Basketball Association and in the 1976-1977 season when Denver joined the NBA . He played in the 1976 ABA All-Star game when the game format was Denver vs. All-Stars . After his retirement as a player , Towe returned to NC State and became an assistant under his former college coach , Norm Sloan , for the 1979-80 season . He then followed Sloan to the University of Florida ( 1980-89 ) . During the 1990s , he was coach and general manager of two teams in the Global Basketball Association ; coach of a professional team in Venezuela ( Marinos de Oriente ) ; an assistant coach of the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the Continental Basketball Association under head coach Flip Saunders ; coach of two junior college teams ; and an assistant coach at the University of North Carolina at Asheville ." } ] }, { "value": "NC State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack_men's_basketball", "summary": "The NC State Wolfpack men 's basketball team represents North Carolina State University in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The Wolfpack currently competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference , of which it was a founding member . Prior to joining the ACC in 1954 , the Wolfpack was a member of the Southern Conference , where they won seven conference championships . As a member of the ACC , the Wolfpack has won ten conference championships , as well as two national championships in 1974 and 1983 . State 's unexpected 1983 title was one of the most memorable in NCAA history . Since 1999 , the Pack has played most of its home games at PNC Arena , which is also where the NCAA championship trophies are kept . Prior to 1999 , they played at Reynolds Coliseum ." } ] }, { "value": "5 ' 7 ( 1.70 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1975-76", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Frank Alagia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. John 's", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._John's_Red_Storm_men's_basketball", "summary": "The St. John 's Red Storm men 's basketball team represents the St. John 's University in Queens , New York . The team participates in the Big East Conference . As of the end of the 2018-19 season , St. John 's has 1,900 total wins , which put them at # 6 on the List of teams with the most victories in NCAA Division I men 's college basketball . Starting in the 2019-20 season , St. John 's will be coached by Mike Anderson ." } ] }, { "value": "5'10 ( 1.78 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1976-77", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jeff Jonas", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Utah", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Utah_Utes_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Utah Utes men 's basketball team represents the University of Utah as an NCAA Division I program that plays in the Pac-12 Conference . They are currently led by head coach Larry Krystkowiak and play their home games at the Jon M. Huntsman Center . The school has made the NCAA Tournament 27 times , which ranks 20th in NCAA history and tied for third most appearances behind UCLA and the University of Arizona in the Western United States . They last made the tournament in 2016 . Utah won the NCAA Championship in 1944 , defeating Dartmouth College 42-40 for the school 's only NCAA basketball championship . However , the school also claims the 1916 AAU National Championship , which was awarded after winning the AAU national tournament . They have also won the NIT once , defeating Kentucky in 1947 . In 1998 , the Utes played in the NCAA championship game , losing to Kentucky ." } ] }, { "value": "6 ' 0 ( 1.83 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1977-78", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mike Scheib", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Susquehanna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Susquehanna_University", "summary": "Susquehanna University is a private university in Selinsgrove , Pennsylvania , in the Susquehanna Valley . It was founded in 1858 by Benjamin Kurtz as the Lutheran-based Missionary Institute paired with a sister college , the Susquehanna Female College . When the sister college closed in 1873 , the missionary institute became co-educational , and in 1895 it became a four-year school renamed Susquehanna University . The academic programs fall into either the School of Arts and Sciences or the AACSB International-accredited Sigmund Weis School of Business . Susquehanna University enrolls more than 2,200 undergraduate students from 33 states and 23 countries , and maintains a student-to-faculty ratio of 12 to 1 . Most students are required to live on campus all four years and as of 2012 , all students participate in a cross-cultural study away or service learning experience known as the GO Program ." } ] }, { "value": "5 ' 8 ( 1.73 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1978-79", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978–79_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "summary": "The top 20 from the AP Poll during the pre-season ." } ] }, { "value": "Alton Byrd", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alton_Byrd", "summary": "Joseph Alton Byrd ( born 1957 in San Francisco , California ) is an American basketball player who also holds British citizenship . He is the Vice President of Business Operations for the Long Island Nets . He grew up in the San Francisco area , where he was a high school basketball star . He continued to be a basketball star at Columbia University , where he was one of the best point guards in the country in spite of his small stature . His height was usually officially listed as 5 feet 9 inches ( 1.75 m ) . He holds the school records for career assists ( 526 ) and assists in a single season ( 210 ) . After receiving his bachelor 's degree from Columbia College in 1979 , he attended the Boston Celtics rookie camp , but , suffering with a foot injury , he did not get a contract and joined Crystal Palace of the British Basketball League . During his rookie season , he led Palace to a 50-5 record . He later started for teams in Glasgow , Manchester , Guildford and Kingston . In 1984 he became a British citizen and made his debut for England . Off the court , he pursued a variety of broadcasting and business ventures , including a weekly show on BBC Radio 5 Live dedicated to American sports . From 1997 to 1998 , he was the general manager of the London Monarchs of NFL Europe , while there he guided the team to rebrand to London Monarchs ." } ] }, { "value": "Columbia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Columbia_Lions_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Columbia Lions Basketball team is the basketball team that represents Columbia University in New York City . The school 's team currently competes in the Ivy League . The team 's last appearance in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was in 1968 . The Lions are led by head coach Jim Engles . Their home games are held in the Levien Gymnasium . Columbia began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1901 . The Lions were retroactively recognized as the pre-NCAA Tournament 1904 and 1905 national champions by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll , and as the 1904 , 1905 , and 1910 national champions by the Helms Athletic Foundation ." } ] }, { "value": "5 ' 9 ( 1.75 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1979-80", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1979–80_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "summary": "The 1979-80 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season began on November 17 , 1979 , progressed through the regular season and conference tournaments , and concluded with the 1980 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Championship Game on March 24 , 1980 , at the Market Square Arena in Indianapolis . The Louisville Cardinals won their first NCAA national championship with a 59-54 victory over the UCLA Bruins ." } ] }, { "value": "Jim Sweeney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jim_Sweeney_(basketball)", "summary": "James Sweeney was a 1980 recipient of the Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award as the United States ' top collegiate basketball player under 6 ' 0 tall . He was the captain of the Boston College Eagles . He was nominated by Boston College ( BC ) as a Rhodes Scholar candidate . Raised in Trenton , New Jersey , he attended the Lawrenceville School before receiving an athletic scholarship to Boston College . Sweeney testified as a witness in the 1978-79 Boston College basketball point shaving scandal in which members of organized crime schemed to control the outcomes of several games . Sweeney was neither charged nor offered immunity in exchange for his testimony . The Tampa Bay Times featured Jim Sweeney as one of the Top 10 Most Intriguing People of Tampa Bay 2014 , for their fellow resident having displayed little fear of the mob and no bitterness about getting caught up in a wise-guy point-shaving scheme . Following his 1980 graduation from BC , Jim Sweeney played basketball briefly in Sweden . He returned to the U.S. , married fellow BC classmate Maura ( Haggerty ) Sweeney in 1981 and spent the following years as a manufacturer 's rep in the computer industry . While still in his forties , Sweeney and his wife closed their computer firm to launch New Vision Entertainment , a Florida-based company focused on the development and promotion of entertainment properties that positively impact culture . Creating a trademarked sports personality named MIKE ( for microphone ) , Jim launched a series of MIKE Sports Comic Books and regularly blogs under the same pen name . Jim 's creative sports writing and reflections on his Boston College basketball past were covered in Forbes magazine ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Boston College Eagles are a Division I college basketball program that represents Boston College in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , United States . The team has competed in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) since 2005 , having previously played in the Big East . The Eagles have appeared in 18 NCAA Tournaments in their history , most recently in 2009 . Home games have been played at the Conte Forum since 1988 . The Eagles are currently coached by Jim Christian ." } ] }, { "value": "5'11 ( 1.80 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1980-81", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1980–81_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "summary": "The 1980-81 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season began on November 28 , 1980 , progressed through the regular season and conference tournaments , and concluded with the 1981 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Championship Game on March 30 , 1981 , at The Spectrum in Philadelphia . The Indiana Hoosiers won their fourth NCAA national championship with a 63-50 victory over the North Carolina Tar Heels ." } ] }, { "value": "Terry Adolph", "urls": [] }, { "value": "West Texas State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Texas_A&M_University", "summary": "West Texas A & M University , also known as WTAMU , WT , and formerly West Texas State , part of the Texas A & M University System , is a public university located in Canyon , Texas , a city of 13,303 about 13 miles south of Amarillo , a city of 190,695 . The university is part of the Amarillo metropolitan area with a population of 268,893 . West Texas A & M University was established on September 20 , 1910 , and was originally known as West Texas State Normal College . The university started out as one of the seven state-funded teachers ' colleges in Texas ." } ] }, { "value": "5 ' 8 ( 1.73 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1981-82", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1981–82_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "summary": "The 1981-82 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season began on November 27 , 1981 , progressed through the regular season and conference tournaments , and concluded with the 1982 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Championship Game on March 29 , 1982 , at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The North Carolina Tar Heels won their second NCAA national championship with a 63-62 victory over the Georgetown Hoyas ." } ] }, { "value": "Jack Moore", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jack_Moore_(basketball)", "summary": "Jack Moore ( December 26 , 1959 - March 3 , 1984 ) was an American college basketball player . He played collegiately at Nebraska and was the 1982 Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award for the best player in the country under six feet tall ." } ] }, { "value": "Nebraska", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Nebraska Cornhuskers men 's basketball team represents the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in the Big Ten Conference of NCAA Division I . The program 's first game was an 11-8 win over the Lincoln YMCA . Three years later , Nebraska played its first game against another university , a 37-5 victory over Nebraska Wesleyan . Through 2017 , the program has an all-time record of 1,474-1,337 ( .524 ) with seven NCAA appearances and 16 NIT appearances . NU 's only national tournament championship came in the 1996 NIT . Nebraska has the distinction of being the only major conference program to have never won a game in the NCAA Tournament , and did not even make the tournament until 1986 . Much of the team 's modest success came during the tenure of Danny Nee , head coach from 1987 to 2000 . Nee is the program 's all-time winningest head coach , with a record of 254-190 ( .572 ) . Nee led the Cornhuskers to five of their seven NCAA Tournament appearances and six bids to the NIT , including the 1996 NIT championship . After Nee was fired in 2000 , Barry Collier was hired and led the program for six years , until leaving to become athletic director at Butler University , where he had previously coached . Nebraska hired Doc Sadler from UTEP following the departure of Collier . Sadler led the Cornhuskers for six seasons , which included the school 's transition from the Big 12 to the Big Ten , but like Collier , he failed to make an NCAA Tournament appearance ." } ] }, { "value": "5 ' 9 ( 1.75 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1982-83", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1982–83_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "summary": "The 1982-83 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season began in November 1982 and ended with the Final Four in Albuquerque , New Mexico on April 4 , 1983 . The NC State Wolfpack won their second NCAA national championship with a 54-52 victory over the heavily-favored # 1 ranked Houston Cougars ." } ] }, { "value": "Ray McCallum", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ray_McCallum", "summary": "Ray Michael McCallum Sr. ( born March 6 , 1961 ) is an American college basketball coach who is currently an assistant coach for Tulane . He previously served as the head coach for the men 's basketball team at the University of Detroit Mercy . He is also a former player and head coach of Ball State University . From 2016 to 2018 McCallum served as assistant coach at Georgia State . Previously , he also served as an assistant coach at Oklahoma and Indiana . McCallum won Indiana High School Athletic Association Championships in both his junior and senior year at Muncie Central High School . At Ball State he scored 2,109 points during his career and was Player of the Year in the Mid-American Conference his senior year . In 1983 he was awarded the Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award , which is an annual college basketball award in the United States intended to honor shorter-than-average players who excel on the court despite their size . He was drafted by the Indiana Pacers in the 8th round of the 1983 draft with the 164th pick overall . His jersey ( 10 ) is one of two numbers retired at Ball State , along with Bonzi Wells 's 42 . McCallum 's coaching record at Ball State was 126-76 . He guided the Cardinals to two NCAA appearances during his tenure ." } ] }, { "value": "Ball State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ball_State_Cardinals_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Ball State Cardinals men 's basketball team represents Ball State University in Muncie , Indiana . The Cardinals first basketball season was 1920-21 . The school 's team currently competes in the Mid-American Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2000 . The Cardinals have had various levels of success throughout their 94 seasons of competition . Although there was little success in the program from its start until the 1970s , the next two decades would be the highlight of the program 's performance . Ball State became a sporadic leader in the Mid-American Conference , winning a record seven MAC tournaments between 1981 and 2000 . The Cardinals also accomplished a large feat during the 2001 Maui Invitational Tournament , when they upset # 4 Kansas and # 3 UCLA on consecutive days . In 2017 , the Cardinals beat # 8 Notre Dame Fighting Irish at Purcell Pavilion by a score of 80-77 , breaking a sixteen year drought against ranked teams ." } ] }, { "value": "5 ' 9 ( 1.75 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1983-84", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1983–84_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "summary": "The 1983-84 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season began in November 1983 and ended with the Final Four in Seattle , Washington on April 2 , 1984 . The Georgetown Hoyas won their first NCAA national championship with an 84-75 victory over the Houston Cougars , who were making their third consecutive appearance in the Final Four ." } ] }, { "value": "Ricky Stokes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ricky_Stokes", "summary": "Ricky Leonard Stokes ( born March 29 , 1962 ) is an American athletics administrator and former men 's college basketball coach who is currently the associate commissioner of men 's basketball for the Mid-American Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Virginia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Virginia Cavaliers men 's basketball team is the intercollegiate men 's basketball program representing the University of Virginia . The school competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . Virginia has won one NCAA Championship , two National Invitation Tournaments , and three ACC Tournament titles . The team is coached by Tony Bennett and plays home games at the on-campus John Paul Jones Arena ( 14,593 ) which opened in 2006 . They have been called the Cavaliers since 1923 , predating the Cleveland Cavaliers of the NBA by half a century . Virginia was a top program in the early years of college basketball under the tutelage of Pop Lannigan from 1905-1929 , and even a consistent winner under dual-sport football coach Gus Tebell from 1930-1951 , but the Cavaliers struggled in the 1950s and 1960s before Terry Holland arrived in 1974 to win their first ACC Championship and earn their first NCAA Tournament appearance in just his second year . The program has since won nine ACC season titles , third-best all-time . In the recent 18-game era ( 2012-2019 ) of ACC play under Bennett , Virginia had four of the five teams to go 16-2 or better . UVA was also the only ACC program to finish a season 17-1 ( none went undefeated ) . Virginia won the NCAA Tournament Championship in 2019 , has been to the Final Four three times , and won the last third-place game ever played at the event in 1981 . UVA is one of only two programs to have earned a No . 1 seed in all four regions of the NCAA Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "5'10 ( 1.78 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1984-85", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1984–85_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "summary": "The 1984-85 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season began in November 1984 and ended with the Final Four in Lexington , Kentucky on April 1 , 1985 . The Villanova Wildcats won their first NCAA national championship with a 66-64 victory over the defending champion , top-ranked Georgetown Hoyas . It was the second time in three seasons that the national champion had 10 losses ." } ] }, { "value": "Bubba Jennings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bubba_Jennings", "summary": "Brooks Bubba Jennings ( born 1960s ) is an American high school basketball coach and former college player and coach . He is best known for his collegiate playing career when he suited up for Texas Tech University between 1980 and 1985 . During his time as a Red Raider , Jennings recorded 1,727 points , 378 assists and 149 steals . As a senior in 1984-85 he was honored with the Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award , a national award given to the best college men 's basketball player who is 6 ' 0 or shorter . At the end of the 2012-13 season , after having served as an assistant coach at his alma mater , Jennings was fired as part of a wholesale change in direction of the men 's basketball department at Texas Tech ." } ] }, { "value": "Texas Tech", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_basketball", "summary": "The Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team represents Texas Tech University in basketball . Texas Tech competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and as a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , since its first season in 1996 . The team previously competed in the Border Conference and Southwest Conference . The team was founded in 1925 , having since won 12 regular season conference championships , 5 postseason conference championships , and made 17 appearances in the NCAA Tournament as of the 2018-19 season . The Red Raiders have played their home games at the United Supermarkets Arena since 1999 on the university 's campus in Lubbock , Texas . Chris Beard , the team 's 17th head coach , has led the Red Raiders since the 2016-17 season ." } ] }, { "value": "5'11 ( 1.80 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1985-86", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1985–86_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "summary": "Beginning in 1985-86 , the following rules changes were implemented :" } ] }, { "value": "Jim Les", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jim_Les", "summary": "James Allen Les ( born August 18 , 1963 ) is an American basketball coach and former player who is the current head coach of the UC Davis Aggies men 's basketball team . A former point guard , he was picked in the third round ( 70th pick overall ) of the 1986 NBA Draft out of Bradley University . In 2011 , he was hired as the head coach of the UC Davis Aggies men 's basketball team ." } ] }, { "value": "Bradley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bradley_Braves_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Bradley Braves men 's basketball team represents Bradley University , located in Peoria , Illinois , in NCAA Division I basketball competition . They compete as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference . The Braves are currently coached by Brian Wardle and play their home games at Carver Arena . Bradley has appeared in nine NCAA Tournaments , including two Final Fours , finishing as the national runner-up in 1950 and 1954 . They last appeared in the NCAA Tournament in 2019 , and last reached the NCAA Sweet Sixteen in 2006 . The Braves have also appeared in the National Invitation Tournament 21 times with an all-time NIT record of 26-18 and have won four NIT championships ( 1957 , 1960 , 1964 , and 1982 ) , second only to St. John 's in appearances ( 30 ) and titles ( 5 ) . Until the introduction of the Vegas 16 Tournament in 2016 , the program held the distinction of being invited to the initial offering of every national postseason tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "5'11 ( 1.80 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1986-87", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1986–87_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "summary": "The 1986-87 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season began in November 1986 and ended with the Final Four in New Orleans , Louisiana on March 30 , 1987 ." } ] }, { "value": "Muggsy Bogues", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Muggsy_Bogues", "summary": "Tyrone Curtis Muggsy Bogues ( born January 9 , 1965 ) is an American former basketball player . The shortest player ever to play in the National Basketball Association , the 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) Bogues played point guard for four teams during his 14-season career in the NBA . Although best known for his ten seasons with the Charlotte Hornets , Bogues also played for the Washington Bullets , Golden State Warriors , and Toronto Raptors . After his NBA career , he served as head coach of the now-defunct Charlotte Sting of the WNBA ." } ] }, { "value": "Wake Forest", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_men's_basketball", "summary": "The Wake Forest Demon Deacons men 's basketball team represents Wake Forest University in NCAA Division I college basketball and competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Wake Forest made the Final Four in 1962 and through the years , the program has produced many NBA players . The Demon Deacons have won the Atlantic Coast Conference tournament four times , in 1961 , 1962 , 1995 , and 1996 . Wake Forest 's biggest rivalries are with the North Carolina Tar Heels , the Duke Blue Devils and the NC State Wolfpack . The most recent coach is Danny Manning , who was hired on April 4 , 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "5 ' 3 ( 1.60 m )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1987-88", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1987–88_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "summary": "The 1987-88 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season began in November 1987 and ended with the Final Four in Kansas City , Missouri on April 4 , 1988 ." } ] }, { "value": "Jerry Johnson", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Florida Southern", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florida_Southern_College", "summary": "Florida Southern College ( Florida Southern , Southern or FSC ) is a private college in Lakeland , Florida . In 2019 , the student population at FSC consisted of 3,073 students along with 130 full-time faculty members . The college offers 50 undergraduate majors and pre-professional programs , graduate programs in nursing , business , and education as well as post-graduate programs in nursing , education , and physical therapy . Florida Southern is the home of the world 's largest single-site collection of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture . For its 2011 and 2012 rankings , The Princeton Review selected Florida Southern 's campus as the most beautiful in the country . Florida Southern has won 30 national titles in NCAA Division II competition in several sports , men 's golf ( 13 titles ) , baseball ( 9 ) , women 's golf ( 4 ) , men 's basketball ( 2 ) , softball ( 1 ) and women 's lacrosse ( 1 ) . The college 's official mascot is Mocsie the water moccasin , but they are also referenced by their nickname , the Mocs . The official colors of the college and its athletic teams are scarlet and white ." } ] }, { "value": "5'11 ( 1.80 m )", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "Frances_Pomeroy_Naismith_Award_0", "intro": "The Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award was an annual college basketball award in the United States intended to honor shorter-than-average players who excelled on the court despite their size. The award, named in honor of James Naismith's daughter-in-law, was established for men in 1969 and for women in 1984. The men's award was presented to the nation's most outstanding senior who is 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) or shorter, while the women's award was presented to the top senior who is 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) or shorter. Early in the women's award's history, the cut-off height was 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m). The men's award was selected by a panel from the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), while the women's was selected by the Women's Basketball Coaches Association (WBCA). The award was discontinued following the 2013-14 season. The Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award was restricted to players who competed in NCAA Division I competition, but in the past it was open to all NCAA levels. For the men's winners, John Rinka from Kenyon College (1970), Mike Scheib from Susquehanna University (1978) and Jerry Johnson from Florida Southern College were winners from NCAA Division II, Division III, and Division II, respectively. For the women's winners, Julie Dabrowski of New Hampshire College (now Southern New Hampshire University) (1990) and Amy Dodrill (1995) and Angie Arnold (1998), both from Johns Hopkins University, were also winners from Division III. Only three schools from the list of men's winners (Louisville, St. John's and UCLA) and six schools from the list of women's winners (Baylor, Connecticut, Gonzaga, Johns Hopkins, Notre Dame, and Penn State) had multiple award winners. Of these programs, the only one with winners in consecutive seasons is the Louisville men's program (Peyton Siva in 2013 and Russ Smith in 2014). Six other schools have had winners of both the men's and women's awards: California, Eastern Michigan, NC State, Purdue, Virginia, and Wake Forest." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_architecture_schools", "title": "List of architecture schools", "header": [ "University", "School", "City", "Year founded", "Website" ], "data": [ { "value": "University of Cape Town", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town", "summary": "The University of Cape Town ( UCT ) is a public research university located in Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa . UCT was founded in 1829 as the South African College making it the oldest higher education institute in South Africa . In terms of full university status , it is jointly the oldest university in South Africa and the oldest extant university in Sub-Saharan Africa alongside Stellenbosch University which received full university status on the same day in 1918 . UCT is the highest-ranked African university in the QS World University Rankings , the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , and the Academic Ranking of World Universities , and its Commerce , Law , and Medicine Faculties are consistently placed among the hundred best internationally . It is the only African member of the Global University Leaders Forum ( GULF ) , within the World Economic Forum , which is made up of 26 of the world 's top universities . The language of instruction is English ." } ] }, { "value": "School of Architecture , Planning and Geomatics ,", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cape Town", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cape_Town", "summary": "Cape Town ( Afrikaans : Kaapstad ) [ ˈkɑːpstat ] ; Xhosa : iKapa ; Khoi-San : //Hui ! Gaeb ) is the second most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and also the legislative capital of South Africa . Colloquially named the Mother City , it is the largest city of the Western Cape province . It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality , The Parliament of South Africa sits in Cape Town . The other two capitals are located in Pretoria ( the executive capital where the Presidency is based ) and Bloemfontein ( the judicial capital where the Supreme Court of Appeal is located ) . The city is known for its harbour , for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region , and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point . Cape Town is home to 64% of the Western Cape 's population . The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design . In 2014 , Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both The New York Times and The Daily Telegraph. , Cape Town was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Located on the shore of Table Bay , Cape Town , as the oldest urban area in South Africa , was developed by the United East India Company ( VOC ) as a supply station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa , India , and the Far East . Jan van Riebeeck 's arrival on 6 April 1652 established VOC Cape Colony , the first permanent European settlement in South Africa . Cape Town outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope , becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony . Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg , Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "1922", "urls": [] }, { "value": "http : //www.ebe.uct.ac.za/ebe/study/architecture-planning-and-geomatics", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Durban University of Technology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Durban_University_of_Technology", "summary": "The Durban University of Technology ( DUT ) is a leading University in KwaZulu Natal , South Africa . It was formed in 2002 following the merger of Technikon Natal and ML Sultan Technikon and it was initially known as the Durban Institute of Technology . It has five campuses in Durban , and two in Pietermaritzburg . In July 2019 , approximately 33932 students were enrolled to study at DUT . The University is one of 5 technical institutions on the African continent to offer Doctoral Degrees . The current Chancellor is Ms Nonkululeko Nyembezi ." } ] }, { "value": "Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Durban", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Durban", "summary": "Durban ( Zulu : eThekwini , from itheku meaning bay/lagoon ) is the third most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and Cape Town and the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal . Located on the east coast of South Africa , Durban is the busiest port in the country . It is also one of the major centres of tourism because of the city 's warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches . Durban forms part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality , which includes neighboring towns and has a population of about 3.44 million , making the combined municipality one of the biggest cities on the Indian Ocean coast of the African continent . It is also the second most important manufacturing hub in South Africa after Johannesburg . In May 2015 , Durban was officially recognized as one of the New 7 Wonders Cities , Durban was one of the host cities for the 2010 FIFA World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "2002", "urls": [] }, { "value": "www.dut.ac.za", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of the Free State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_the_Free_State", "summary": "The University of the Free State is a multi campus public university in Bloemfontein , the capital of the Free State and the judicial capital of South Africa . It was first established as an institution of higher learning in 1904 as a tertiary portion of Grey College . It was declared an independent Afrikaans-language university in 1950 and the name was changed to the University of the Orange Free State . The university has two satellite campuses . Initially a whites-only precinct , the university was fully de-segregated in 1996 . The first black university vice-chancellor was appointed in 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "Department of Architecture", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bloemfontein", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bloemfontein", "summary": "Bloemfontein ( /ˈbluːmfɒnteɪn/ ; Afrikaans : [ ˈblumfɔntəi̯n ] ; from ! Orakobab : ǀʼAuxa ǃXās Bloem 's fountain ; in Dutch : fountain of flowers or blooming fountain ; also known as Bloem ) is the capital city of the province of Free State of South Africa ; and , as the judicial capital of the nation , one of South Africa 's three national capitals ( the other two being Cape Town , the legislative capital , and Pretoria , the administrative capital ) and is the seventh largest city in South Africa . Situated at an elevation of 1,395 m ( 4,577 ft ) above sea level , the city is home to approximately 520,000 residents and forms part of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality which has a population of 747,431 . It was one of the host cities for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The city of Bloemfontein hosts the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa , the Franklin Game Reserve , Naval Hill , the Maselspoort Resort and the Sand du Plessis Theatre . The city hosts numerous museums , including the National Women 's Monument , the Anglo-Boer War Museum , the National Museum , and the Oliewenhuis Art Museum . Bloemfontein also host sub-Saharan Africa 's first digital planetarium , the Naval Hill Planetarium and Boyden Observatory , an astronomical research observatory erected by Harvard University . Bloemfontein is popularly and poetically known as the city of roses , for its abundance of these flowers and the annual rose festival held there . The city 's Sesotho name is Mangaung , meaning place of cheetahs . Its ! Orakobab name is ǀʼAuxa ǃXās or ǀKxʼauxa ǃXās ( Khoekhoegowab spelling : ǀAuxa ! Khās ) , which refers to Jan Bloem II , known as ! Xās-aob or Blumtseb who was a gaokxʼaob ( chief ) of the ǀŨdiǁʼaes ( Springbok Clan ) of the ! Ora ( Korana ) nation , whose kraal was the original settlement before the city was built ." } ] }, { "value": "1955", "urls": [] }, { "value": "[ 9 ]", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Johannesburg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg", "summary": "The University of Johannesburg ( known colloquially as UJ ) is a public university located in Johannesburg , South Africa . The University of Johannesburg came into existence on 1 January 2005 as the result of a merger between the Rand Afrikaans University ( RAU ) , the Technikon Witwatersrand ( TWR ) and the Soweto and East Rand campuses of Vista University . Prior to the merger , the Daveyton and Soweto campuses of the former Vista University had been incorporated into RAU . As a result of the merger of Rand Afrikaans University ( RAU ) , it is common for alumni to refer to the university as RAU . The Vice-Chancellor and Principal of UJ is Professor Tshilidzi Marwala . Between 2005 and 2017 , UJ 's Vice-Chancellor and Principal was Prof Ihron Lester Rensburg . The newly emerged institution is one of the largest comprehensive contact universities in South Africa from the 26 public universities that make up the higher education system . UJ has transformed into a diverse , inclusive , transformational and collegial institution , with a student population of over 50 000 , of which more than 3000 are international students from 80 countries ." } ] }, { "value": "Department of Architecture", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Johannesburg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johannesburg", "summary": "Johannesburg ( /dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg , also US : /-ˈhɑːn-/ -⁠HAHN- ; Afrikaans : [ jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ ] ; Zulu and Xhosa : eGoli ) , informally known as Jozi or Joburg , is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in South Africa . Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade , It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . In 2019 , the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127 , making it the most populous city in South Africa . In the same year , the population of Johannesburg 's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. land area of the municipal city ( 1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi ) is large in comparison with those of other major cities , resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre ( 6,120/sq mi ) . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm . Due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand , within ten years , the population had grown to 100,000 inhabitants . A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994 , Soweto is now part of Johannesburg . Originally an acronym for South-Western Townships , Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg , populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry . Soweto , although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg , had been separated as a residential area for Blacks , who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "www.uj.ac.za", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of KwaZulu-Natal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_KwaZulu-Natal", "summary": "The University of KwaZulu-Natal ( UKZN ) is a university with five campuses in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa . It was formed on 1 January 2004 after the merger between the University of Natal and the University of Durban-Westville ." } ] }, { "value": "School of Architecture , Planning and Housing", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Durban", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Durban", "summary": "Durban ( Zulu : eThekwini , from itheku meaning bay/lagoon ) is the third most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and Cape Town and the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal . Located on the east coast of South Africa , Durban is the busiest port in the country . It is also one of the major centres of tourism because of the city 's warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches . Durban forms part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality , which includes neighboring towns and has a population of about 3.44 million , making the combined municipality one of the biggest cities on the Indian Ocean coast of the African continent . It is also the second most important manufacturing hub in South Africa after Johannesburg . In May 2015 , Durban was officially recognized as one of the New 7 Wonders Cities , Durban was one of the host cities for the 2010 FIFA World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "arch.ukzn.ac.za", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nelson Mandela University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_University", "summary": "Nelson Mandela University ( NMU ) , formerly known as University of Port Elizabeth ( UPE ) , is a South African university with its main administration in the coastal city of Port Elizabeth . Nelson Mandela University was founded through a merger of three institutions in January 2005 , but its history dates back to 1882 , with the foundation of the Port Elizabeth Art School . Nelson Mandela University is a comprehensive university offering professional and vocational training . The University has seven campuses - six in Port Elizabeth and one in George . The main campus of the university is South Campus . Students at Nelson Mandela University can study towards a diploma or a degree up to doctoral level qualifications . A number of courses include workplace experience as part of the curriculum at Nelson Mandela University . English is the university 's medium of instruction ." } ] }, { "value": "School of Architecture", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Port Elizabeth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Port_Elizabeth", "summary": "Port Elizabeth or Nelson Mandela Bay ( Xhosa : iBhayi ; Afrikaans : Die Baai [ di ˈbɑːi ] ) often known by its initials P.E. , and colloquially as The Friendly City , is a major seaport city in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa along the Indian Ocean . Port Elizabeth is Africas southern-most and South Africas second oldest city . It is the seat of the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality ( South Africas second largest metropolitan administrative district by area ) ; the countrys sixth most-populous city ; the most-populous city of Eastern Cape ; and the cultural , economic and financial center of the Eastern Cape . The city is among the top five cities in the world for pleasant weather , according to a 2014 scientific climate study of 600 global cities . Port Elizabeth is known for many blue-flag beaches along the citys urban coastline ; its popularity as an international and local holiday destination ; and its rich and diverse cultural heritage . It is a tourism gateway city for the Eastern Cape and the only city with the closest proximity to malaria-free big five game game reserves . The economy of Port Elizabeth is primarily oriented towards automotive assembly , manufacturing and export industries , and the city is also a major South African and sub-Saharan African destination for investment . Foreign direct investments of $ 19,8 billion has been secured over the past decade . Several Fortune 500 companies have a presence or their African operations headquartered in Port Elizabeth . The citys most prominent landmarks are Shark Rock pier , the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , and the Donkin Reserve . Port Elizabeth was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Port Elizabeth is a popular domestic and international holiday destination ." } ] }, { "value": "1970 , 2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "www.mandela.ac.za", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Pretoria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Pretoria", "summary": "The University of Pretoria ( Afrikaans : Universiteit van Pretoria , Northern Sotho : Yunibesithi ya Pretoria ) is a multi-campus public research university in Pretoria , the administrative and de facto capital of South Africa . The university was established in 1908 as the Pretoria campus of the Johannesburg-based Transvaal University College and is the fourth South African institution in continuous operation to be awarded university status . The university has grown from the original 32 students in a single late Victorian house to approximately 49,000 in 2015 . The University was built on 7 suburban campuses on 1,120 hectares ( 2,800 acres ) . The University is organised into nine faculties and a business school . Established in 1920 , the University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science is the second oldest veterinary school in Africa and the only veterinary school in South Africa . In 1949 , the university launched the first MBA programme outside North America and the university 's Gordon Institute of Business Science ( GIBS ) has consistently been ranked the top business school in Africa for executive education , as well as being placed in the top 50 in the world . In 2012 , the Financial Times ranked the GIBS Executive MBA 1st in Africa and 60th in the world . Since 1997 , the university has produced more research outputs every year than any other institution of higher learning in South Africa , as measured by the Department of Education 's accreditation benchmark . In 2008 , the university awarded 15.8% of all masters and doctorate degrees in South Africa , the highest percentage in the country . The university is commonly referred to as UP , Tuks , or Tukkies and in post-nominals the university is typically abbreviated as Pret or UP , although Pretoria is also used in official publications ." } ] }, { "value": "Department of Architecture", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Engineering,_the_Built_Environment_and_Information_Technology", "summary": "The University of Pretoria Faculty of Engineering , the Built Environment and Information Technology ( commonly referred to as EBIT ) educational programs stretch back to 1908 and consists of the School of Engineering , School for the Built Environment , School of Information Technology and the Graduate School of Technology Management . The university is the only African collaborator in the CDIO engineering initiative : Since 1997 , the university as a whole has produced more research outputs every year than any other institution of higher learning in South Africa , as measured by the Department of Education 's accreditation benchmark ." } ] }, { "value": "Pretoria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pretoria", "summary": "Pretoria ( /prɪˈtɔːriə/ pri-TOR-ee-ə ; Zulu : ePitoli ; Tswana : Tshwane ) is the fourth most populous city in South Africa after Durban and is an administrative capital of South Africa . It straddles the Apies River and has spread eastwards into the foothills of the Magaliesberg mountains . It is one of the country 's three capital cities , serving as the seat of the administrative branch of government ( Cape Town is the legislative capital and Bloemfontein the judicial capital ) , and of foreign embassies to South Africa . Pretoria has a reputation for being an academic city with three universities , the Tshwane University of Technology ( TUT ) , University of Pretoria ( UP ) , and the University of South Africa ( UNISA ) , also home to the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research ( CSIR ) , and the Human Sciences Research Council . The city also hosts the National Research Foundation and the South African Bureau of Standards making the city a hub for research . Pretoria is the central part of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities including Centurion and Soshanguve . There have been proposals to change the name of Pretoria itself to Tshwane and the proposed name change has caused some public controversy , Pretoria was one of the host cities of the official tournament for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Pretoria is named after the Voortrekker leader Andries Pretorius , and within South Africa sometimes called the Jacaranda City due to the thousands of jacaranda trees planted in its streets , parks and gardens ." } ] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "[ 10 ]", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tshwane University of Technology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tshwane_University_of_Technology", "summary": "Tshwane University of Technology ( TUT ) ( Afrikaans Tshwane-Universiteit vir Tegnologie ) is a higher education institution in South Africa that came into being through a merger of three technikons - Technikon Northern Gauteng , Technikon North-West and Technikon Pretoria . As the number of students registering annually grows rapidly , records show that Tshwane University of Technology caters for approximately 60,000 students and it has become the largest residential higher education institution in South Africa . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Department of Architecture", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pretoria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pretoria", "summary": "Pretoria ( /prɪˈtɔːriə/ pri-TOR-ee-ə ; Zulu : ePitoli ; Tswana : Tshwane ) is the fourth most populous city in South Africa after Durban and is an administrative capital of South Africa . It straddles the Apies River and has spread eastwards into the foothills of the Magaliesberg mountains . It is one of the country 's three capital cities , serving as the seat of the administrative branch of government ( Cape Town is the legislative capital and Bloemfontein the judicial capital ) , and of foreign embassies to South Africa . Pretoria has a reputation for being an academic city with three universities , the Tshwane University of Technology ( TUT ) , University of Pretoria ( UP ) , and the University of South Africa ( UNISA ) , also home to the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research ( CSIR ) , and the Human Sciences Research Council . The city also hosts the National Research Foundation and the South African Bureau of Standards making the city a hub for research . Pretoria is the central part of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities including Centurion and Soshanguve . There have been proposals to change the name of Pretoria itself to Tshwane and the proposed name change has caused some public controversy , Pretoria was one of the host cities of the official tournament for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Pretoria is named after the Voortrekker leader Andries Pretorius , and within South Africa sometimes called the Jacaranda City due to the thousands of jacaranda trees planted in its streets , parks and gardens ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "www.architec.co.za", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of the Witwatersrand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand", "summary": "The University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ( /vətˈvɑːtəsrənt/ ) , is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg . It is more commonly known as Wits University or Wits ( /vəts/ or /vɪts/ ) . The university has its roots in the mining industry , as do Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand in general . Founded in 1896 as the South African School of Mines in Kimberley , it is the third oldest South African university in continuous operation . The university has an enrolment of 40,259 students as of 2018 , of which approximately 20 percent live on campus in the university 's 17 residences . 63 percent of the university 's total enrolment is for undergraduate study , with 35 percent being postgraduate and the remaining 2 percent being Occasional Students . The 2017 Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) places Wits University , with its overall score , as the highest ranked university in Africa . Wits was ranked as the top university in South Africa in the Center for World University Rankings ( CWUR ) in 2016 . According to the CWUR rankings , Wits occupies this ranking position since 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "School of Architecture and Planning", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/School_of_Architecture_and_Planning_(University_of_the_Witwatersrand)", "summary": "The School of Architecture and Planning is one of seven schools in the University of the Witwatersrand 's Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment ." } ] }, { "value": "Johannesburg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johannesburg", "summary": "Johannesburg ( /dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg , also US : /-ˈhɑːn-/ -⁠HAHN- ; Afrikaans : [ jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ ] ; Zulu and Xhosa : eGoli ) , informally known as Jozi or Joburg , is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in South Africa . Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade , It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . In 2019 , the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127 , making it the most populous city in South Africa . In the same year , the population of Johannesburg 's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. land area of the municipal city ( 1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi ) is large in comparison with those of other major cities , resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre ( 6,120/sq mi ) . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm . Due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand , within ten years , the population had grown to 100,000 inhabitants . A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994 , Soweto is now part of Johannesburg . Originally an acronym for South-Western Townships , Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg , populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry . Soweto , although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg , had been separated as a residential area for Blacks , who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper ." } ] }, { "value": "1922", "urls": [] }, { "value": "www.wits.ac.za/archplan", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Africa -- South Africa", "section_text": "University of Pretoria Old Arts building See also : Professional requirements for architects : South Africa and South African Council for the Architectural Profession", "uid": "List_of_international_architecture_schools_0", "intro": "This is a list of architecture schools at colleges and universities around the world. An architecture school (also known as a school of architecture or college of architecture), is an institution specializing in architectural education." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Dallas_Grand_Prix", "title": "1984 Dallas Grand Prix", "header": [ "Pos", "No", "Driver", "Constructor", "Qual", "Gap" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nigel Mansell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nigel_Mansell", "summary": "Nigel Ernest James Mansell , CBE ( /ˈmænsəl/ ; born 8 August 1953 ) is a British former racing driver who won both the Formula One World Championship ( 1992 ) and the CART Indy Car World Series ( 1993 ) . Mansell was the reigning F1 champion when he moved over to CART , becoming the first person to win the CART title in his debut season , and making him the only person to hold both the World Drivers ' Championship and the American open-wheel National Championship simultaneously . His career in Formula One spanned 15 seasons , with his final two full seasons of top-level racing being spent in the CART series . Mansell is the second most successful British Formula One driver of all time in terms of race wins with 31 victories , and is seventh overall on the Formula One race winners list behind Michael Schumacher , Lewis Hamilton , Sebastian Vettel , Alain Prost , Ayrton Senna and Fernando Alonso . He held the record for the most poles set in a single season , which was broken in 2011 by Sebastian Vettel . He was rated in the top 10 Formula One drivers of all time by longtime Formula One commentator Murray Walker . In 2008 , ESPN.com ranked him 24th on their Top 25 Drivers of All Time list . He was also ranked No . 9 of the 50 greatest F1 drivers of all time by the Times Online on a list that also included such drivers as Prost , Senna , Jackie Stewart and Jim Clark . Mansell raced in the Grand Prix Masters series in 2005 , and won the championship title . He later signed a one-off race deal for the Scuderia Ecosse GT race team to drive their number 63 Ferrari F430 GT2 car at Silverstone on 6 May 2007 . He has since competed in additional sports car races with his sons Leo and Greg , including the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans ." } ] }, { "value": "Lotus - Renault", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Team_Lotus", "summary": "Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars . The team ran cars in many motorsport categories including Formula One , Formula Two , Formula Ford , Formula Junior , IndyCar , and sports car racing . More than ten years after its last race , Team Lotus remained one of the most successful racing teams of all time , winning seven Formula One Constructors ' titles , six Drivers ' Championships , and the Indianapolis 500 in the United States between 1962 and 1978 . Under the direction of founder and chief designer Colin Chapman , Lotus was responsible for many innovative and experimental developments in critical motorsport , in both technical and commercial arenas . The Lotus name returned to Formula One in 2010 as Tony Fernandes 's Lotus Racing team . In 2011 , Team Lotus 's iconic black-and-gold livery returned to F1 as the livery of the Lotus Renault GP team , sponsored by Lotus Cars , and in 2012 the team was re-branded completely as Lotus F1 Team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One", "summary": "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "1:37.041", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elio de Angelis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elio_de_Angelis", "summary": "Elio de Angelis ( 26 March 1958 - 15 May 1986 ) was an Italian racing driver who participated in Formula One between 1979 and 1986 , racing for the Shadow , Lotus and Brabham teams . He was killed in an accident while testing the Brabham BT55 at the Paul Ricard circuit , near the commune of Le Castellet , France , in 1986 . De Angelis was a very competitive and highly popular presence in Formula One during the 1980s , and is sometimes referred to as Formula One 's last gentleman player ." } ] }, { "value": "Lotus - Renault", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Team_Lotus", "summary": "Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars . The team ran cars in many motorsport categories including Formula One , Formula Two , Formula Ford , Formula Junior , IndyCar , and sports car racing . More than ten years after its last race , Team Lotus remained one of the most successful racing teams of all time , winning seven Formula One Constructors ' titles , six Drivers ' Championships , and the Indianapolis 500 in the United States between 1962 and 1978 . Under the direction of founder and chief designer Colin Chapman , Lotus was responsible for many innovative and experimental developments in critical motorsport , in both technical and commercial arenas . The Lotus name returned to Formula One in 2010 as Tony Fernandes 's Lotus Racing team . In 2011 , Team Lotus 's iconic black-and-gold livery returned to F1 as the livery of the Lotus Renault GP team , sponsored by Lotus Cars , and in 2012 the team was re-branded completely as Lotus F1 Team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One", "summary": "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "1:37.635", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+0.594", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Derek Warwick", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Derek_Warwick", "summary": "Derek Stanley Arthur Warwick ( born 27 August 1954 ) is a British former racing driver from England , who lives in Jersey . He raced for many years in Formula One , collecting four podiums but never winning a Grand Prix . He did , however , win the 1992 24 Hours of Le Mans and 1992 World Sportscar Championship . In 2005 and 2006 he raced in the inaugural season of the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired Formula One drivers . He has served as the fourth steward for three Grands Prix in 2010 and 2011 . He is president of the British Racing Drivers Club , succeeding Damon Hill ." } ] }, { "value": "Renault", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One", "summary": "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "1:37.708", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+0.667", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "28", "urls": [] }, { "value": "René Arnoux", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Arnoux", "summary": "René Alexandre Arnoux ( born 4 July 1948 ) is a French former racing driver who competed in 12 Formula One seasons ( 1978 to 1989 ) . He participated in 165 World Championship Grands Prix ( 149 starts ) winning seven of them , achieving 22 podium finishes and scoring 181 career points . His best finish in the World Drivers ' Championship was third in 1983 for Ferrari . In 1977 , Arnoux won the European Formula Two Championship . In 2006 he raced in the inaugural season of the Grand Prix Masters series for retired F1 drivers ." } ] }, { "value": "Ferrari", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari", "summary": "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ." } ] }, { "value": "1:37.785", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+0.744", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Niki Lauda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Niki_Lauda", "summary": "Andreas Nikolaus Lauda ( 22 February 1949 - 20 May 2019 ) was an Austrian Formula One driver , a three-time F1 World Drivers ' Champion , winning in 1975 , 1977 and 1984 , and an aviation entrepreneur . He is the only driver in F1 history to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren , the sport 's two most successful constructors . He is widely considered one of the greatest F1 drivers of all time . As an aviation entrepreneur , he founded and ran three airlines : Lauda Air , Niki , and Lauda . He was a Bombardier Business Aircraft brand ambassador . He was also a consultant for Scuderia Ferrari and team manager of the Jaguar Formula One racing team for two years . Afterwards , he worked as a pundit for German TV during Grand Prix weekends and acted as non-executive chairman of Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport , of which Lauda owned 10% . Having emerged as Formula One 's star driver amid a 1975 title win and leading the 1976 championship battle , Lauda was seriously injured in a crash at the 1976 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring during which his Ferrari 312T2 burst into flames , and he came close to death after inhaling hot toxic fumes and suffering severe burns . However , he survived and recovered sufficiently to race again just six weeks later at the Italian Grand Prix . Although he lost that year 's title - by just one point - to James Hunt , he won his second championship the year after , during his final season at Ferrari . After a couple of years at Brabham and two years ' hiatus , Lauda returned and raced four seasons for McLaren between 1982 and 1985 - during which he won the 1984 title by half a point over his teammate Alain Prost ." } ] }, { "value": "McLaren - TAG", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/McLaren", "summary": "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Techniques_d'Avant_Garde", "summary": "TAG Group ( Holdings ) S.A. is a private holding company based in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg . TAG Group ( Holdings ) S.A. generates revenue through its various subsidiaries that offer products and services in the business aviation , motorsports , hospitality , consumer products and real estate industries . TAG is an acronym of Techniques d'Avant Garde ." } ] }, { "value": "1:37.987", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+0.946", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ayrton Senna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ayrton_Senna", "summary": "Ayrton Senna da Silva ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ aˈiʁtõ ˈsẽnɐ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ] ( listen ) ; 21 March 1960 - 1 May 1994 ) was a Brazilian racing driver who won the Formula One World Drivers ' Championship in 1988 , 1990 and 1991 , and who is widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time . He died in an accident while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix . Senna began his motorsport career in karting , moved up to open-wheel racing in 1981 , and won the 1983 British Formula Three Championship . He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984 , before moving to Lotus-Renault the following year and winning six Grands Prix over the next three seasons . In 1988 , he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at McLaren-Honda . Between them , they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix that year , and Senna claimed his first World Championship . Prost claimed the championship in 1989 , and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991 . In 1992 , the Williams-Renault combination began to dominate Formula One . Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993 season as runner-up , winning five races and negotiating a move to Williams in 1994 . Senna has often been voted as the best and most influential Formula One driver of all time in various motorsport polls . He was recognised for his qualifying speed over one lap , and from 1989 until 2006 he held the record for most pole positions . He was also acclaimed for his wet weather performances , such as the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix , the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix , and the 1993 European Grand Prix ." } ] }, { "value": "Toleman - Hart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toleman", "summary": "Toleman Motorsport was a Formula One constructor based in the UK . It was active between 1981 and 1985 and attended 70 Grands Prix ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hart_Racing_Engines", "summary": "Brian Hart Ltd. , also known as Hart and Hart Racing Engines , was a motor racing engine manufacturer that participated in 157 Formula One Grands Prix , powering a total of 368 entries . Founded in 1969 by British engineer Brian Hart , Hart initially concentrated on servicing and tuning engines from other manufacturers for various independent British teams at all levels of motorsport . Hart found particular success with developments of Ford 's FVA engine , eventually leading the large multinational company to approach the small independent to develop the Ford BDA 1.6 L engine for the 2.0L class . The European Formula Two title was won in both 1971 and 1972 with Hart-built Ford engines , and the 2.0 L BDA engine powered the majority of Ford 's 1970s rallying successes . With Ford 's withdrawal from F2 in the mid-1970s , Hart began to concentrate on building their own designs . The first engine to bear the Hart name alone was the twin-cam , four-cylinder Hart 420R F2 unit , which appeared in 1976 and powered race-winning cars until the end of the decade . In 1978 , the Toleman team agreed to a partnership program , with Toleman providing finance to develop further Hart engine designs . The fruits of this collaboration resulted in Toleman taking a one-two finish in the 1980 European F2 Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "1:38.256", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.215", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alain Prost", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alain_Prost", "summary": "Alain Marie Pascal Prost OBE ( born 24 February 1955 ) is a retired French racing driver and a four-time Formula One Drivers ' Champion . From 1987 until 2001 he held the record for most Grand Prix victories , and is considered as one of the greatest F1 drivers ever . Michael Schumacher surpassed Prost 's total of 51 victories at the 2001 Belgian Grand Prix . In 1999 , Prost received the World Sports Award of the Century in the motor sport category . Prost discovered karting at the age of 14 during a family holiday . He progressed through motor sport 's junior ranks , winning the French and European Formula Three championships , before joining the McLaren Formula One team in 1980 at the age of 24 . He finished in the points on his Formula One début - at the San Martin Autodrome in Buenos Aires , Argentina , where he took his first podium a year later - and took his first race victory a year later at his home Grand Prix in France , driving for the factory Renault team . During the 1980s and early 1990s Prost formed a fierce sporting rivalry , mainly with Ayrton Senna but also Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell . In 1986 , at Adelaide in the last race of the season , he beat Mansell and Piquet of Williams to the title , after Mansell retired late in the race and Piquet was pulled in for a late precautionary pit stop . Senna joined Prost at McLaren in 1988 and the two had a series of controversial clashes , including a collision at the 1989 Japanese Grand Prix that gave Prost his third Drivers ' Championship . A year later at the same venue they collided again , but this time Prost , driving for Ferrari , lost out . Before the end of a winless 1991 season Prost was fired by Ferrari for his public criticism of the team ." } ] }, { "value": "McLaren - TAG", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/McLaren", "summary": "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Techniques_d'Avant_Garde", "summary": "TAG Group ( Holdings ) S.A. is a private holding company based in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg . TAG Group ( Holdings ) S.A. generates revenue through its various subsidiaries that offer products and services in the business aviation , motorsports , hospitality , consumer products and real estate industries . TAG is an acronym of Techniques d'Avant Garde ." } ] }, { "value": "1:38.544", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.503", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Keke Rosberg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Keke_Rosberg", "summary": "Keijo Erik Rosberg ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born 6 December 1948 ) , known as Keke , is a Finnish former racing driver and winner of the 1982 Formula One World Championship . He was the first Finnish driver to compete regularly in the series . He is the father of retired Formula One driver and 2016 Formula One World Champion Nico Rosberg ." } ] }, { "value": "Williams - Honda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering", "summary": "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One", "summary": "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ." } ] }, { "value": "1:38.767", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.726", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "27", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michele Alboreto", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michele_Alboreto", "summary": "Michele Alboreto ( 23 December 1956 - 25 April 2001 ) was an Italian racing driver . He was runner up to Alain Prost in the 1985 Formula One World Championship , as well as winning the 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2001 12 Hours of Sebring sports car races . Alboreto competed in Formula One from 1981 until 1994 , racing for a number of teams , including five seasons ( 1984-88 ) for Ferrari . His career in motorsport began in 1976 , racing a car he and a number of his friends had built in the Formula Monza series . The car , however , achieved very little success and two years later Alboreto moved up to Formula Three . Wins in the Italian Formula Three championship and a European Formula Three Championship crown in 1980 paved the way for his entrance into Formula One with the Tyrrell team . Two wins , the first in the final round of the 1982 season in Las Vegas , and the second a year later in Detroit , earned him a place with the Ferrari team . Alboreto took three wins for the Italian team and challenged Alain Prost for the 1985 Championship , eventually losing out by 20 points . The following three seasons were less successful , however , and at the end of the 1988 campaign , the Italian left Ferrari and re-signed with his former employers Tyrrell , where he stayed until joining Larrousse midway through 1989 . Further seasons with Footwork , Scuderia Italia and Minardi followed during the tail end of his F1 career . In 1995 , Alboreto moved on to sportscars and a year later the American IndyCar series . He took his final major victories , the 1997 Le Mans 24 Hours and 2001 Sebring 12 Hours , with German manufacturers Porsche and Audi respectively ." } ] }, { "value": "Ferrari", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari", "summary": "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ." } ] }, { "value": "1:38.793", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.752", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Patrick Tambay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Patrick_Tambay", "summary": "Patrick Daniel Tambay ( born 25 June 1949 ) is a French former racing driver . He competed in 123 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , winning twice , securing five pole positions and scoring a total of 103 Championship points . In 2006 , he raced in the inaugural season of the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired Formula One drivers , and continued in the series in 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "Renault", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One", "summary": "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "1:38.907", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.866", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Corrado Fabi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corrado_Fabi", "summary": "Corrado Fabi ( born 12 April 1961 in Milan ) is a former racing driver from Italy . He participated in 18 Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on 13 March 1983 , scoring no championship points . He was the 1982 European Formula Two Champion driving a March-BMW ." } ] }, { "value": "Brabham - BMW", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brabham", "summary": "Brabham /ˈbræbəm/ is the common name for Motor Racing Developments Ltd. , a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team . Founded in 1960 by two Australians , driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac , the team won four Drivers ' and two Constructors ' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history . Jack Brabham 's 1966 FIA Drivers ' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver 's own name . In the 1960s , Brabham was the world 's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams ; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars . During this period , teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three . Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing . In the 1970s and 1980s , Brabham introduced such innovations as in-race refuelling , carbon brakes , and hydropneumatic suspension . Its unique Gordon Murray-designed fan car won its only race before being withdrawn . The team won two more Formula One Drivers ' Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet . He won his first championship in 1981 in the ground effect BT49-Ford , and became the first to win a Drivers ' Championship with a turbocharged car , in 1983 . In 1983 the Brabham BT52 , driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese , was powered by the BMW M12 straight-4 engine , and powered Brabham to four of the team 's 35 Grand Prix victories . British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s , and later became responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One ." }, { "url": "/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One", "summary": "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1:38.960", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.919", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nelson Piquet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nelson_Piquet", "summary": "Nelson Piquet Souto Maior ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈnɛwsõ piˈke ] , born 17 August 1952 ) , known as Nelson Piquet , is a Brazilian former racing driver and businessman . Since his retirement , Piquet has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Piquet had a brief career in tennis before losing interest in the sport and subsequently took up karting and hid his identity to prevent his father discovering his hobby . He became the Brazilian national karting champion in 1971-72 and won the Formula Vee championship in 1976 . With advice from Emerson Fittipaldi , Piquet went to Europe to further success by taking the record number of wins in Formula Three in 1978 , defeating Jackie Stewart 's all-time record . In the same year , he made his Formula One debut with the Ensign team and drove for McLaren and Brabham . In 1979 , Piquet moved to the Brabham team and finished the runner-up in 1980 before winning the championship in 1981 . Piquet 's poor performances in 1982 saw a resurgence for 1983 and his second world championship . For 1984-85 , Piquet had once again lost chances to win the championship but managed to score three wins during that period . He moved to the Williams team in 1986 and was a title contender until the final round in Australia . Piquet took his third and final championship in 1987 during a heated battle with teammate Nigel Mansell which left the pair 's relationship sour . Piquet subsequently moved to Lotus for 1988-89 where he experienced his third drop in form ." } ] }, { "value": "Brabham - BMW", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brabham", "summary": "Brabham /ˈbræbəm/ is the common name for Motor Racing Developments Ltd. , a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team . Founded in 1960 by two Australians , driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac , the team won four Drivers ' and two Constructors ' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history . Jack Brabham 's 1966 FIA Drivers ' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver 's own name . In the 1960s , Brabham was the world 's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams ; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars . During this period , teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three . Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing . In the 1970s and 1980s , Brabham introduced such innovations as in-race refuelling , carbon brakes , and hydropneumatic suspension . Its unique Gordon Murray-designed fan car won its only race before being withdrawn . The team won two more Formula One Drivers ' Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet . He won his first championship in 1981 in the ground effect BT49-Ford , and became the first to win a Drivers ' Championship with a turbocharged car , in 1983 . In 1983 the Brabham BT52 , driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese , was powered by the BMW M12 straight-4 engine , and powered Brabham to four of the team 's 35 Grand Prix victories . British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s , and later became responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One ." }, { "url": "/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One", "summary": "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1:39.439", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+2.398", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Manfred Winkelhock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manfred_Winkelhock", "summary": "Manfred Winkelhock ( 6 October 1951 - 12 August 1985 ) was a German racing driver . He participated in 56 Formula One Grands Prix ( with 47 starts ) between 1980 and 1985 , driving for Arrows , ATS , Brabham and RAM Racing , with a best finish of fifth at the 1982 Brazilian Grand Prix ." } ] }, { "value": "ATS - BMW", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ATS_(wheels)", "summary": "ATS ( Auto Technisches Spezialzubehör ) is a German company that manufactures alloy wheels for road and racing cars . It is based in Bad Dürkheim near the Hockenheimring race circuit . ATS had a Formula One racing team that was active from 1977 to 1984 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One", "summary": "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1:39.860", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+2.189", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eddie Cheever", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eddie_Cheever", "summary": "Edward McKay Cheever Jr. ( born January 10 , 1958 ) is an American former racing driver who raced for almost 30 years in Formula One , sports cars , CART , and the Indy Racing League . Cheever participated in 143 Formula One World Championship races and started 132 , more than any other American , driving for nine different teams from 1978 through 1989 . In 1997 , he formed his own IRL team and won the 1998 Indianapolis 500 as both owner and driver . The team now competes in sports cars ." } ] }, { "value": "Alfa Romeo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One", "summary": "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "1:39.911", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+2.870", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Johnny Cecotto", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnny_Cecotto", "summary": "Alberto Johnny Cecotto ( born 25 January 1956 ) is a Venezuelan former professional Grand Prix motorcycle racer and auto racer . He rose to prominence as a teenage prodigy in 1975 when he became the youngest motorcycle road racing world champion at the age of 19 . Despite the auspicious beginning to his motorcycle racing career , he suffered numerous injuries and mechanical problems which curtailed his success in motorcycle Grand Prix racing . At the age of 24 , Cecotto turned his attention to auto racing where he reached the pinnacle of the sport as a Formula One driver . He later became a successful Touring Car racer . He is the last of a select group of competitors who competed at the highest level in motorcycle and auto racing which , includes John Surtees and Mike Hailwood among others ." } ] }, { "value": "Toleman - Hart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toleman", "summary": "Toleman Motorsport was a Formula One constructor based in the UK . It was active between 1981 and 1985 and attended 70 Grands Prix ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hart_Racing_Engines", "summary": "Brian Hart Ltd. , also known as Hart and Hart Racing Engines , was a motor racing engine manufacturer that participated in 157 Formula One Grands Prix , powering a total of 368 entries . Founded in 1969 by British engineer Brian Hart , Hart initially concentrated on servicing and tuning engines from other manufacturers for various independent British teams at all levels of motorsport . Hart found particular success with developments of Ford 's FVA engine , eventually leading the large multinational company to approach the small independent to develop the Ford BDA 1.6 L engine for the 2.0L class . The European Formula Two title was won in both 1971 and 1972 with Hart-built Ford engines , and the 2.0 L BDA engine powered the majority of Ford 's 1970s rallying successes . With Ford 's withdrawal from F2 in the mid-1970s , Hart began to concentrate on building their own designs . The first engine to bear the Hart name alone was the twin-cam , four-cylinder Hart 420R F2 unit , which appeared in 1976 and powered race-winning cars until the end of the decade . In 1978 , the Toleman team agreed to a partnership program , with Toleman providing finance to develop further Hart engine designs . The fruits of this collaboration resulted in Toleman taking a one-two finish in the 1980 European F2 Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "1:40.027", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+2.986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "26", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrea de Cesaris", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrea_de_Cesaris", "summary": "Andrea de Cesaris ( 31 May 1959 - 5 October 2014 ) was an Italian racing driver . He started 208 Formula One Grands Prix but never won . As a result , he holds the record for the most races started without a race victory . A string of accidents early in his career earned him a reputation for being a fast but wild driver . In 2005 and 2006 he competed in the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired F1 drivers . De Cesaris died on 5 October 2014 after losing control of his motorcycle on Rome 's Grande Raccordo Anulare motorway ." } ] }, { "value": "Ligier - Renault", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Equipe_Ligier", "summary": "Equipe Ligier is a motorsport team , best known for its Formula One team that operated from 1976 to 1996 . The team was founded in 1968 by former French rugby union player Guy Ligier as a sports car manufacturer ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One", "summary": "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "1:40.095", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+3.054", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stefan Bellof", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stefan_Bellof", "summary": "Stefan Bellof ( 20 November 1957 - 1 September 1985 ) was a German racing driver . Bellof was the winner of the Drivers ' Championship in the 1984 FIA World Endurance Championship , driving for the factory Rothmans Porsche team . His lap record on the Nordschleife configuration at the Nürburgring , set while qualifying for the 1000 km race in 1983 , stood for 35 years , when it was beaten by Timo Bernhard in 2018 . He also competed with the Tyrrell Formula One team during 1984 and 1985 . Bellof was killed in an accident during the 1985 1000 km of Spa , a round of the World Endurance Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "Tyrrell - Ford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tyrrell_Racing", "summary": "The Tyrrell Racing Organisation was an auto racing team and Formula One constructor founded by Ken Tyrrell which started racing in 1958 and started building its own cars in 1970 . The team experienced its greatest success in the early 1970s , when it won three Drivers ' Championships and one Constructors ' Championship with Jackie Stewart . The team never reached such heights again , although it continued to win races through the 1970s and into the early 1980s , taking the final win for the Ford Cosworth DFV engine at Detroit in 1983 . The team was bought by British American Tobacco in 1997 and completed its final season as Tyrrell in 1998 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company", "summary": "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ." } ] }, { "value": "1:40.336", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+3.295", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Piercarlo Ghinzani", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Piercarlo_Ghinzani", "summary": "Piercarlo Ghinzani ( born 16 January 1952 in Riviera d'Adda , Lombardy ) is a former racing driver from Italy . He currently manages his own racing team , Team Ghinzani , which was created in 1992 and is currently involved in several Formula Three championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Osella - Alfa Romeo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osella", "summary": "Osella is an Italian racing car manufacturer and former Formula One team . They participated in 132 Grands Prix between 1980 and 1990 . They achieved two points finishes and scored 5 championship points ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One", "summary": "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "1:41.176", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+4.135", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "François Hesnault", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/François_Hesnault", "summary": "François Hesnault ( born 30 December 1956 ) is a former racing driver from France . He participated in 21 Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on 25 March 1984 . He scored no championship points . Hesnault enjoyed some success in the French Formula Three Championship , finishing third in the series in 1982 and second in 1983 . The Frenchman debuted in Formula One in the 1984 season with Ligier , with a best result of 7th at the Dutch Grand Prix . For the 1985 season , he was hired to be Nelson Piquet 's teammate at Brabham , but he was sacked after four uncompetitive races . He returned for a one-off at the German Grand Prix in a third Renault which carried a prototype onboard camera , making it the first use of this technology in a Grand Prix . This is also the last race in which three cars have been entered for the same team ( current third drivers are not eligible to compete in the races ) . After this race , Hesnault retired from motor racing , having suffered a particularly heavy crash in testing at Circuit Paul Ricard shortly before parting company with Brabham ." } ] }, { "value": "Ligier - Renault", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Equipe_Ligier", "summary": "Equipe Ligier is a motorsport team , best known for its Formula One team that operated from 1976 to 1996 . The team was founded in 1968 by former French rugby union player Guy Ligier as a sports car manufacturer ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One", "summary": "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "1:41.303", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+4.262", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Thierry Boutsen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thierry_Boutsen", "summary": "Thierry Marc Boutsen ( born 13 July 1957 ) is a Belgian former racing driver who raced for the Arrows , Benetton , Williams , Ligier and Jordan teams in Formula One . He competed in 164 World Championship Grands Prix ( 163 starts ) , winning three races , achieving 15 podiums and scoring 132 career points . His best finish in the World Drivers ' Championship was fourth in 1988 whilst driving for Benetton . He also twice finished second in the 24 Hours of Le Mans sportscar race ( in 1993 in a Peugeot 905 and in 1996 in a Porsche 911 GT1 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Arrows - BMW", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International", "summary": "Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One", "summary": "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1:41.318", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+4.277", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Classification -- Qualifying", "section_text": "", "uid": "1984_Dallas_Grand_Prix_0", "intro": "The 1984 Dallas Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on July 8, 1984, at Fair Park in Dallas, Texas. It was race 9 of 16 in the 1984 Formula One World Championship." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_covered_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Pennsylvania", "title": "List of covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania", "header": [ "Name", "Built", "Listed", "Location", "County", "Type" ], "data": [ { "value": "Bittenbender Covered Bridge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bittenbender_Covered_Bridge", "summary": "Bittenbender Covered Bridge was a historic wooden covered bridge in Huntington Township , Luzerne County , Pennsylvania . It was a 68.6-foot-long ( 20.9 m ) , Queenpost Truss bridge , constructed in 1888 . It had rough vertical plank siding , crossed Huntington Creek , and was the last covered bridge in Luzerne County . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . The bridge was destroyed in a flood on June 28 , 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "1888", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Removed June 28 , 2006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Huntington Mills 41°10′51″N 76°13′30″W / 41.18083°N 76.22500°W / 41.18083 ; -76.22500 ( Bittenbender Covered Bridge )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Huntington_Mills,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Huntington Mills is a village in Huntington Township , Luzerne County , Pennsylvania , United States . Its ZIP Code is 18622 ." } ] }, { "value": "Luzerne", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Luzerne County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 906 square miles ( 2,350 km2 ) , of which 890 square miles ( 2,300 km2 ) is land and 16 square miles ( 41 km2 ) is water . It is Northeastern Pennsylvania 's second-largest county by total area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 320,918 , making it the most populous county in the northeastern part of the state . The county seat and largest city is Wilkes-Barre . Other populous communities include Hazleton , Kingston , Nanticoke , and Pittston . Luzerne County is included in the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a total population of 555,426 ( as of 2017 ) . On September 25 , 1786 , Luzerne County was formed from part of Northumberland County . It was named after Chevalier de la Luzerne , a French soldier and diplomat during the 18th century . When it was founded , Luzerne County occupied a large portion of Northeastern Pennsylvania . From 1810 to 1878 , it was divided into several smaller counties . The counties of Bradford , Lackawanna , Susquehanna , and Wyoming were all formed from parts of Luzerne County ." } ] }, { "value": "Covered queenpost truss", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Covered_bridge", "summary": "A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Queenpost_truss", "summary": "A queen post is a tension member in a truss that can span longer openings than a king post truss . A king post uses one central supporting post , whereas the queen post truss uses two . Even though it is a tension member , rather than a compression member , they are commonly still called a post . A queen post is often confused with a queen strut , one of two compression members in roof framing which do not form a truss in the engineering sense ." } ] }, { "value": "Carman Covered Bridge", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1870", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Removed November 29 , 1996", "urls": [] }, { "value": "West Springfield", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Springfield,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Springfield Township is a township in Erie County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 3,425 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Erie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Erie County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . As of the 2018 , the population was 272,061 . Its county seat is Erie . The county was created in 1800 and later organized in 1803 . Erie County comprises the Erie , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "Covered multiple kingpost truss", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Covered_bridge", "summary": "A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kingpost_truss", "summary": "A king post ( or king-post or kingpost ) is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs , working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above ( whereas a crown post , though visually similar , supports items above from the beam below ) . In aircraft design a strut called a king post acts in compression , similarly to an architectural crown post . Usage in mechanical plant and marine engineering differs again , as noted below ." } ] }, { "value": "Conewago Chapel Covered Bridge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Conewago_Chapel_Covered_Bridge", "summary": "Conewago Chapel Covered Bridge , also known as the Blue Spring Covered Bridge , was a historic wooden covered bridge located in Conewago and Mount Pleasant Townships in Adams County , Pennsylvania . It was a 98-foot-long ( 30 m ) , Burr Truss arch bridge with a metal roof constructed in 1899 by J.F . Socks . It crossed the South Branch of Conewago Creek and was one of 17 historic covered bridges in Adams , Cumberland , and Perry Counties when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) in 1980 , but was destroyed in an arson fire on June 14 , 1985 . The bridge was removed from the NRHP in 1986 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Removed June 27 , 1986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "McSherrystown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/McSherrystown,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "McSherrystown is a borough in Adams County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 3,038 as of the 2010 census . McSherrystown was home to the headquarters of Teddy Bear manufacturer Boyds Bears as well as the oldest operating family-run cigar manufacturer in the U.S. ( since 1863 ) , F.X . Smith & Sons . Boyds has since closed down , and in 2018 , the cigar company was sold ." } ] }, { "value": "Adams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adams_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Adams County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . As of the 2010 census , the population was 101,407 . Its county seat is Gettysburg . The county was created on January 22 , 1800 , from part of York County , and was named for the second President of the United States , John Adams . On July 1-3 , 1863 , the area around Gettysburg was the site of the pivotal battle of the American Civil War , and as a result is a center for Civil War tourism . Adams County comprises the Gettysburg , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Harrisburg-York-Lebanon , PA Combined Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "Covered Burr truss", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Covered_bridge", "summary": "A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Burr_truss", "summary": "The Burr Arch Truss - or , simply , Burr Truss or Burr Arch - is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design . It was invented in 1804 by Theodore Burr , patented on April 3 , 1817 , and used in bridges , usually covered bridges ." } ] }, { "value": "Haupt 's Mill Covered Bridge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Haupt's_Mill_Covered_Bridge", "summary": "Haupt 's Mill Covered Bridge was a historic covered bridge located in Springfield Township , Bucks County , Pennsylvania . It crossed Durham Creek . Built in 1872 in the town truss style , the bridge was 107 feet long and 15 feet wide . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 1 , 1980 . It was destroyed by arson in January 1985 , and subsequently removed from the National Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "1872", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Removed June 27 , 1986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Springtown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Springtown,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Springtown is an unincorporated community in Springfield Township in extreme northern Bucks County , at the junction of Routes 212 and 412 and is drained by the Cooks Creek east into the Delaware River . Springtown has two churches , and is home to the Springtown Inn . The village has its own Post Office with the ZIP code 18081 . Surrounding areas use the Coopersburg ZIP code of 18036 and the Hellertown ZIP code of 18055 . Springtown 's 346 telephone exchange is in Area Code 610 ." } ] }, { "value": "Bucks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Bucks County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . As of the 2010 census , the population was 625,249 , making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania and the 99th-most populous county in the United States . The county seat is Doylestown . The county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire or more precisely , its abbreviation . Bucks County constitutes part of the northern boundary of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington , PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area , more commonly known as the Delaware Valley . It is located immediately northeast of Philadelphia and forms part of the southern tip of the eastern state border ." } ] }, { "value": "Covered Town truss", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Covered_bridge", "summary": "A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Town_truss", "summary": "A lattice bridge is a form of truss bridge that uses many small , closely spaced diagonal elements forming a lattice . The lattice Truss Bridge was patented in 1820 by architect Ithiel Town . Originally a design to allow a substantial bridge to be made from planks employing lower-skilled labor , rather than heavy timbers and more expensive carpenters , this type of bridge has also been constructed using many relatively light iron or steel members . The individual elements are more easily handled by the construction workers , but the bridge also requires substantial support during construction . A simple lattice truss will transform the applied loads into a thrust , as the bridge will tend to change length under load . This is resisted by pinning the lattice members to the top and bottom chords , which are more substantial than the lattice members , but which may also be fabricated from relatively small elements rather than large beams ." } ] }, { "value": "Jackson 's Mill Covered Bridge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jackson's_Mill_Covered_Bridge_(Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania)", "summary": "The Jackson 's Sawmill Covered Bridge or Eichelberger 's Covered Bridge is a covered bridge that spans the West Branch of the Octoraro Creek in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , United States . A county-owned and maintained bridge , its official designation is the West Octoraro # 1 Bridge . The bridge is purportedly the only covered bridge in the county that is not built perpendicular to the stream it crosses due to the placement of the sawmill on one side of the bridge and the rock formations faced by the builders on the other side . The bridge has a single span , wooden , double Burr arch trusses design with the addition of steel hanger rods . The deck is made from oak planks . It is painted red , the traditional color of Lancaster County covered bridges , on both the inside and outside . Both approaches to the bridge are painted in the traditional white color . The bridge 's WGCB Number is 38-36-33 . In 1980 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as structure number 80003520 , but it was removed from the Register in 1986 It is located at 39°53′49.2″N 76°4′48″W / 39.897000°N 76.08000°W / 39.897000 ; -76.08000 ( 39.89700 , -76.08000 ) . The bridge lies in Bart Township , 3.25 mi ( 5.23 km ) to the east of Quarryville and 1.5 mi ( 2.4 km ) south of Pennsylvania Route 372 on Mt Pleasant Road . Due to its remote location in an isolated part of the county , it is seen less than many of the county 's other covered bridges that are closer to the major populations centers such as Lancaster ." } ] }, { "value": "1878", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Removed June 27 , 1986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kirkwood", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kirkwood,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Kirkwood is a farming town and census-designated place located in Colerain Township , Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , United States , in the Lancaster Metro area , in Pennsylvania Dutch Country , near the Chester County border . The ZIP code is 17536 . As of the 2010 census the population was 396 . The post office in Kirkwood was established in 1856 . Kirkwood is home to the trucking company Lester M Prange ." } ] }, { "value": "Lancaster", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Lancaster County locally /ˈlæŋkəstər/ , ( Pennsylvania German : Lengeschder Kaundi ) sometimes nicknamed the Garden Spot of America or Pennsylvania Dutch Country , is a county located in the south central part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . As of the 2010 census , the population was 519,445 . Its county seat is Lancaster . Lancaster County comprises the Lancaster , Pennsylvania , Metropolitan Statistical Area and is a part of Philadelphia 's Designated Media Market . The County of Lancaster is a popular tourist destination , with its Amish community a major attraction . Contrary to popular belief , the word Dutch in Pennsylvania Dutch not a mistranslation , but rather a corruption of the Pennsylvania German endonym Deitsch , which means Pennsylvania Dutch / German or German . Ultimately , the terms Deitsch , Dutch , Diets and Deutsch are all cognates of the Proto-Germanic word *þiudiskaz meaning popular or of the people . The continued use of Dutch instead of German was strengthend by the Pennsylvania Dutch in the 19th century as a way of distinguising themselves from later ( post 1830 ) waves of German immigrants to the United States , with the Pennsylvania Dutch referring to themselves as Deitsche and to Germans as Deitschlenner ( literally Germany-ers , compare Deutschland-er ) whom they saw as a related but distinct group . The ancestors of the Amish began to immigrate to colonial Pennsylvania in the early 18th century to take advantage of the religious freedom offered by William Penn . They were also attracted by the area 's rich soil and mild climate . Also attracted to promises of religious freedom , French Huguenots fleeing religious persecution settled this area in 1710 . There were also significant numbers of English , Welsh and Ulster Scots ( also known as the Scotch-Irish in the colonies ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Covered Burr arch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Covered_bridge", "summary": "A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Burr_arch", "summary": "The Burr Arch Truss - or , simply , Burr Truss or Burr Arch - is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design . It was invented in 1804 by Theodore Burr , patented on April 3 , 1817 , and used in bridges , usually covered bridges ." } ] }, { "value": "McDaniels Covered Bridge", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Removed October 13 , 1988", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bedford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bedford,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Bedford is a borough in and the county seat of Bedford County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . It is located 102 miles ( 164 km ) west of Harrisburg , the state capital , and 107 miles ( 172 km ) east of Pittsburgh . Bedford 's population was 2,841 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Bedford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bedford_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Bedford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . As of the 2010 census , the population was 49,762 . The county seat is Bedford ." } ] }, { "value": "Covered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Covered_bridge", "summary": "A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years ." } ] }, { "value": "Mood 's Covered Bridge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mood's_Covered_Bridge", "summary": "Mood 's Covered Bridge was a historic covered bridge located in East Rockhill Township , Bucks County , Pennsylvania . It crossed the East Branch Perkiomen Creek . Built in 1874 in the town truss style , the bridge was 120 feet long and 15 feet wide . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 1 , 1980 . It was destroyed by arson on June 22 , 2004 , and subsequently removed from the National Register of Historic Places . The wooden cover was subsequently rebuilt and the bridge reopened on February 15 , 2008 ." } ] }, { "value": "1874", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Removed August 19 , 2004", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Perkasie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Perkasie,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Perkasie is a borough in Bucks County , Pennsylvania , 35 miles ( 56 km ) north of Philadelphia . Establishments in the borough early in the twentieth century included silk mills , brickyards , lumber mills , tile works , a stone crusher , and manufacturies of cigars , tags and labels , wire novelties , etc . The population in 1900 was 1,803 ; in 1910 , 2,779 people lived in Perkasie . The population was 8,511 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Bucks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Bucks County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . As of the 2010 census , the population was 625,249 , making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania and the 99th-most populous county in the United States . The county seat is Doylestown . The county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire or more precisely , its abbreviation . Bucks County constitutes part of the northern boundary of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington , PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area , more commonly known as the Delaware Valley . It is located immediately northeast of Philadelphia and forms part of the southern tip of the eastern state border ." } ] }, { "value": "Covered Town truss", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Covered_bridge", "summary": "A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Town_truss", "summary": "A lattice bridge is a form of truss bridge that uses many small , closely spaced diagonal elements forming a lattice . The lattice Truss Bridge was patented in 1820 by architect Ithiel Town . Originally a design to allow a substantial bridge to be made from planks employing lower-skilled labor , rather than heavy timbers and more expensive carpenters , this type of bridge has also been constructed using many relatively light iron or steel members . The individual elements are more easily handled by the construction workers , but the bridge also requires substantial support during construction . A simple lattice truss will transform the applied loads into a thrust , as the bridge will tend to change length under load . This is resisted by pinning the lattice members to the top and bottom chords , which are more substantial than the lattice members , but which may also be fabricated from relatively small elements rather than large beams ." } ] }, { "value": "Risser 's Mill Covered Bridge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Risser's_Mill_Covered_Bridge", "summary": "The Risser 's Mill Covered Bridge or Horst 's Mill Covered Bridge was a covered bridge that spanned Little Chickie 's Creek in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , United States . It was burnt by an arsonist on July 8 , 2002 . As of October , 2006 , a concrete bridge is being built 100 feet north of the site of the bridge . Plans exist to rebuild a replica of the bridge on the original hand-laid stone bridge abutments . The bridge 's WGCB Number is 38-36-36 . Added in 1980 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as structure number 80004612 , and was removed from the Register on December 5 , 2003" } ] }, { "value": "1849", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Removed December 5 , 2003", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Manheim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manheim,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Manheim ( Pennsylvania Dutch : Mannem ) is a borough in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 4,858 at the 2010 census . The borough was named after Mannheim , in Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "Lancaster", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Lancaster County locally /ˈlæŋkəstər/ , ( Pennsylvania German : Lengeschder Kaundi ) sometimes nicknamed the Garden Spot of America or Pennsylvania Dutch Country , is a county located in the south central part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . As of the 2010 census , the population was 519,445 . Its county seat is Lancaster . Lancaster County comprises the Lancaster , Pennsylvania , Metropolitan Statistical Area and is a part of Philadelphia 's Designated Media Market . The County of Lancaster is a popular tourist destination , with its Amish community a major attraction . Contrary to popular belief , the word Dutch in Pennsylvania Dutch not a mistranslation , but rather a corruption of the Pennsylvania German endonym Deitsch , which means Pennsylvania Dutch / German or German . Ultimately , the terms Deitsch , Dutch , Diets and Deutsch are all cognates of the Proto-Germanic word *þiudiskaz meaning popular or of the people . The continued use of Dutch instead of German was strengthend by the Pennsylvania Dutch in the 19th century as a way of distinguising themselves from later ( post 1830 ) waves of German immigrants to the United States , with the Pennsylvania Dutch referring to themselves as Deitsche and to Germans as Deitschlenner ( literally Germany-ers , compare Deutschland-er ) whom they saw as a related but distinct group . The ancestors of the Amish began to immigrate to colonial Pennsylvania in the early 18th century to take advantage of the religious freedom offered by William Penn . They were also attracted by the area 's rich soil and mild climate . Also attracted to promises of religious freedom , French Huguenots fleeing religious persecution settled this area in 1710 . There were also significant numbers of English , Welsh and Ulster Scots ( also known as the Scotch-Irish in the colonies ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Covered Burr arch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Covered_bridge", "summary": "A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Burr_arch", "summary": "The Burr Arch Truss - or , simply , Burr Truss or Burr Arch - is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design . It was invented in 1804 by Theodore Burr , patented on April 3 , 1817 , and used in bridges , usually covered bridges ." } ] }, { "value": "Twining Ford Covered Bridge", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Removed June 1 , 1994", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Newtown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Newtown,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Newtown is a borough in Bucks County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 2,248 at the 2010 census . It is located just west of the Trenton , New Jersey metropolitan area , and is part of the larger Philadelphia metropolitan area . It is entirely surrounded by Newtown Township , from which it separated in 1838 . State Street is the main commercial thoroughfare with wide sidewalks , shops , taverns , and restaurants . In September 2011 , Yahoo ! Travel ranked Newtown Borough seventh in their annual 10 Coolest Small Towns in America list , despite incorrectly claiming that Newtown is part of Amish Country . There is a thriving Amish Market in Newtown Township , and perhaps this could explain the confusion . While there are very small pockets of Amish communities in Bucks County , this is much more characteristic of Central Pennsylvania , a considerably more rural area than suburban Lower Bucks . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Bucks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Bucks County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . As of the 2010 census , the population was 625,249 , making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania and the 99th-most populous county in the United States . The county seat is Doylestown . The county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire or more precisely , its abbreviation . Bucks County constitutes part of the northern boundary of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington , PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area , more commonly known as the Delaware Valley . It is located immediately northeast of Philadelphia and forms part of the southern tip of the eastern state border ." } ] }, { "value": "Covered Town truss", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Covered_bridge", "summary": "A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Town_truss", "summary": "A lattice bridge is a form of truss bridge that uses many small , closely spaced diagonal elements forming a lattice . The lattice Truss Bridge was patented in 1820 by architect Ithiel Town . Originally a design to allow a substantial bridge to be made from planks employing lower-skilled labor , rather than heavy timbers and more expensive carpenters , this type of bridge has also been constructed using many relatively light iron or steel members . The individual elements are more easily handled by the construction workers , but the bridge also requires substantial support during construction . A simple lattice truss will transform the applied loads into a thrust , as the bridge will tend to change length under load . This is resisted by pinning the lattice members to the top and bottom chords , which are more substantial than the lattice members , but which may also be fabricated from relatively small elements rather than large beams ." } ] }, { "value": "Welle Hess Covered Bridge No . S1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Welle_Hess_Covered_Bridge_No._S1", "summary": "The Welle Hess Covered Bridge No . S1 , also known as the Laubach Covered Bridge , was a historic wooden covered bridge located at Sugarloaf Township in Columbia County , Pennsylvania . It was a 126-foot-long ( 38 m ) , Burr Truss arch bridge with a tin roof constructed in 1871 . It crossed Fishing Creek and was one of 28 historic covered bridges in Columbia and Montour Counties . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) in 1979 , but collapsed on July 19 , 1981 . The salvaged wreckage of the bridge was purchased by Ed Campbell , who built a small scale replica of the bridge at his restaurant in Orange Township in 1983 . The bridge was removed from the NRHP in 1986 ." } ] }, { "value": "1871", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Removed June 27 , 1986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grassmere Park", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Columbia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Columbia County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . As of the 2010 census , the population was 67,295 . Its county seat is Bloomsburg . The county was created on March 22 , 1813 , from part of Northumberland County and named for Columbia , a poetic name for the United States that alludes to Christopher Columbus . Columbia County is part of the Bloomsburg-Berwick , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "Covered Burr arch truss", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Covered_bridge", "summary": "A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Burr_arch_truss", "summary": "The Burr Arch Truss - or , simply , Burr Truss or Burr Arch - is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design . It was invented in 1804 by Theodore Burr , patented on April 3 , 1817 , and used in bridges , usually covered bridges ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Former listings", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_covered_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Pennsylvania_1", "intro": "This is a list of covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Other bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania are listed elsewhere. In the early 1800s, the first covered bridge in the United States was constructed by Timothy Palmer crossing the Schuylkill River at 30th Street in Philadelphia. This new bridge type, wooden with a covered span, was developed because traditional European methods, typically stone bridges, were not appropriate for the harsh Pennsylvania winters. Many of the bridges were named for pioneer families residing near the bridges. Some people call Pennsylvania the Covered Bridge Capital of the Nation." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress", "title": "95th United States Congress", "header": [ "State ( class )", "Vacator", "Reason for change", "Successor", "Date of successor 's formal installation" ], "data": [ { "value": "Arkansas ( 2 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Arkansas", "summary": "Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15 , 1836 , and elects its senators to Class 2 and Class 3 . Arkansas 's Senate seats were declared vacant in July 1861 , due to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from June 1868 . Its current senators are Republicans John Boozman and Tom Cotton ." } ] }, { "value": "John L. McClellan ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Little_McClellan", "summary": "John Little McClellan ( February 25 , 1896 - November 28 , 1977 ) was an American lawyer and politician . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as a U.S. Representative ( 1935-39 ) and a U.S . Senator ( 1943-77 ) from Arkansas . At the time of his death , he was the second most senior member of the Senate and chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee . He is the longest-serving senator in Arkansas history ." } ] }, { "value": "Died November 28 , 1977 . Successor appointed to finish the term", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kaneaster Hodges Jr. ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kaneaster_Hodges_Jr.", "summary": "Kaneaster Hodges Jr. ( born August 20 , 1938 ) served as a Democratic United States Senator from the U.S. State of Arkansas ." } ] }, { "value": "December 10 , 1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montana ( 2 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Montana", "summary": "Montana was admitted to the Union on November 8 , 1889 and elects U.S. senators to Classes 1 and 2 . Its current U.S. senators are Democrat Jon Tester ( serving since 2007 ) and Republican Steve Daines ( serving since 2015 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation ." } ] }, { "value": "Lee Metcalf ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lee_Metcalf", "summary": "Lee Warren Metcalf ( January 28 , 1911 - January 12 , 1978 ) was an American lawyer , judge , and politician . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as a U.S. Representative ( 1953-1961 ) and a U.S . Senator ( 1961-1978 ) from Montana . He was Montana 's first U.S . Senator to be born in the state . He was Permanent Acting President pro tempore of the Senate , the only person to hold that position , from 1963 until his death in 1978 ." } ] }, { "value": "Died January 12 , 1978 . Successor appointed to finish the term", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Paul G. Hatfield ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paul_G._Hatfield", "summary": "Paul Gerhart Hatfield ( April 29 , 1928 - July 3 , 2000 ) was an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party . He served briefly as United States Senator from Montana in 1978 , and then as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Montana ." } ] }, { "value": "January 22 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Minnesota ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Minnesota", "summary": "Minnesota was admitted to the Union on May 11 , 1858 . As of January 3 , 2018 , the state has had 44 people serve in the United States Senate . Its current U.S. senators are Democrats Amy Klobuchar ( since 2007 ) and Tina Smith ( since 2018 ) . The appointment of Smith marked the first time the state had two female U.S. senators at any one time ." } ] }, { "value": "Hubert Humphrey ( DFL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey", "summary": "Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. ( May 27 , 1911 - January 13 , 1978 ) was an American politician who served as the 38th vice president of the United States from 1965 to 1969 . He twice served in the United States Senate , representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978 . He was the Democratic Party 's nominee in the 1968 presidential election , losing to Republican nominee Richard Nixon . Born in Wallace , South Dakota , Humphrey attended the University of Minnesota . At one point he helped run his father 's pharmacy . He earned a master 's degree from Louisiana State University and worked for the Works Progress Administration , the Minnesota war service program , and the War Manpower Commission . In 1943 , he became a professor of political science at Macalester College and ran a failed campaign for mayor of Minneapolis . He helped found the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party ( DFL ) in 1944 . In 1945 , he won election as mayor of Minneapolis , serving until 1948 and co-founding the liberal anti-communist group Americans for Democratic Action in 1947 . In 1948 , he was elected to the U.S. Senate and successfully advocated for the inclusion of a proposal to end racial segregation in the 1948 Democratic National Convention 's party platform . Humphrey served three terms in the Senate from 1949 to 1964 . He was the Senate Majority Whip from 1961 to 1964 ." } ] }, { "value": "Died January 13 , 1978 . Successor appointed to continue the term", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Muriel Humphrey ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Muriel_Humphrey_Brown", "summary": "Muriel Fay Buck Humphrey Brown ( February 20 , 1912 - September 20 , 1998 ) was an American politician who served as the Second Lady of the United States and as a U.S . Senator from Minnesota . She was married to the 38th Vice President of the United States , Hubert Humphrey . Following her husband 's death , she was appointed to his seat in the United States Senate , serving for most of the year 1978 , thus becoming the first woman to serve as a Senator from Minnesota , and the only Second Lady of the United States to hold public office . After leaving office , she remarried and took the name Muriel Humphrey Brown ." } ] }, { "value": "January 25 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alabama ( 3 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Alabama", "summary": "Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14 , 1819 . The state elects U.S. senators to Class 2 and Class 3 . Its United States Senate seats were declared vacant from March 1861 to July 1868 due to its secession from the Union during the American Civil War . Alabama 's current U.S. senators are Republican Richard Shelby ( since 1987 ) and Democrat Doug Jones ( since 2018 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split U.S. Senate delegation ." } ] }, { "value": "James Allen ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Allen_(U.S._senator)", "summary": "James Browning Allen ( December 28 , 1912 - June 1 , 1978 ) was a Democratic U.S. senator from Gadsden , Alabama ." } ] }, { "value": "Died June 1 , 1978 . Successor appointed to continue the term", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Maryon Pittman Allen ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maryon_Pittman_Allen", "summary": "Maryon Pittman Allen ( November 30 , 1925 - July 23 , 2018 ) was an American journalist who served as United States Senator from Alabama for five months in 1978 , after her husband , Senator James B. Allen , died in office ." } ] }, { "value": "June 8 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alabama ( 3 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Alabama", "summary": "Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14 , 1819 . The state elects U.S. senators to Class 2 and Class 3 . Its United States Senate seats were declared vacant from March 1861 to July 1868 due to its secession from the Union during the American Civil War . Alabama 's current U.S. senators are Republican Richard Shelby ( since 1987 ) and Democrat Doug Jones ( since 2018 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split U.S. Senate delegation ." } ] }, { "value": "Maryon Pittman Allen ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maryon_Pittman_Allen", "summary": "Maryon Pittman Allen ( November 30 , 1925 - July 23 , 2018 ) was an American journalist who served as United States Senator from Alabama for five months in 1978 , after her husband , Senator James B. Allen , died in office ." } ] }, { "value": "Appointee lost special election . Successor elected November 7 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Donald Stewart ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Donald_Stewart_(Alabama)", "summary": "Donald Wilbur Stewart ( born February 8 , 1940 ) is a former American lawyer who was a United States Senator from Alabama from 1978 to 1981 ." } ] }, { "value": "November 7 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Minnesota ( 1 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Minnesota", "summary": "Minnesota was admitted to the Union on May 11 , 1858 . As of January 3 , 2018 , the state has had 44 people serve in the United States Senate . Its current U.S. senators are Democrats Amy Klobuchar ( since 2007 ) and Tina Smith ( since 2018 ) . The appointment of Smith marked the first time the state had two female U.S. senators at any one time ." } ] }, { "value": "Muriel Humphrey ( DFL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Muriel_Humphrey_Brown", "summary": "Muriel Fay Buck Humphrey Brown ( February 20 , 1912 - September 20 , 1998 ) was an American politician who served as the Second Lady of the United States and as a U.S . Senator from Minnesota . She was married to the 38th Vice President of the United States , Hubert Humphrey . Following her husband 's death , she was appointed to his seat in the United States Senate , serving for most of the year 1978 , thus becoming the first woman to serve as a Senator from Minnesota , and the only Second Lady of the United States to hold public office . After leaving office , she remarried and took the name Muriel Humphrey Brown ." } ] }, { "value": "Appointee retired when successor qualified . Successor elected November 7 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "David Durenberger ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_Durenberger", "summary": "David Ferdinand Durenberger ( born August 19 , 1934 ) is an American politician and a former Republican member of the U.S. Senate from Minnesota ." } ] }, { "value": "November 8 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montana ( 2 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Montana", "summary": "Montana was admitted to the Union on November 8 , 1889 and elects U.S. senators to Classes 1 and 2 . Its current U.S. senators are Democrat Jon Tester ( serving since 2007 ) and Republican Steve Daines ( serving since 2015 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation ." } ] }, { "value": "Paul G. Hatfield ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paul_G._Hatfield", "summary": "Paul Gerhart Hatfield ( April 29 , 1928 - July 3 , 2000 ) was an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party . He served briefly as United States Senator from Montana in 1978 , and then as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Montana ." } ] }, { "value": "Lost nomination to the next term . Resigned early December 12 , 1978 . Successor appointed , having already been elected to the next term", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Max Baucus ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Max_Baucus", "summary": "Maxwell Sieben Baucus ( né Enke ; born December 11 , 1941 ) is a retired American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a U.S . Senator for nearly 36 years , making him the longest-serving Senator in Montana history . President Barack Obama appointed Baucus to replace Gary Locke as the 11th U.S . Ambassador to the People 's Republic of China , a position that he held from 2014 until 2017 . As the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance , Baucus played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States . He was also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation , a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works , and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure . Before his election to the Senate , Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978 , representing Montana 's 1st congressional district . He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974 ." } ] }, { "value": "December 15 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kansas ( 2 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Kansas", "summary": "This is a list of United States senators from Kansas . Kansas was admitted to the Union on January 29 , 1861 , and its senators belong to Class 2 and Class 3 . Kansas 's current senators are Republicans Pat Roberts and Jerry Moran . 29 of Kansas 's senators have been Republicans , 3 have been Democrats , and 2 have been Populists . Kansas last elected a Democrat in 1932 , which is the longest streak of having Republican senators in the nation ." } ] }, { "value": "James B. Pearson ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_B._Pearson", "summary": "James Blackwood Pearson ( May 7 , 1920 - January 13 , 2009 ) was a United States Senator from Kansas from 1962 to 1978 ." } ] }, { "value": "Resigned December 23 , 1978 . Successor appointed , having already been elected to the next term", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nancy Kassebaum ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nancy_Landon_Kassebaum", "summary": "Nancy Landon Kassebaum Baker ( née Landon ; born July 29 , 1932 ) is an American politician who represented the State of Kansas in the United States Senate from 1978 to 1997 . She is the daughter of Alf Landon , who was Governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937 and the 1936 Republican nominee for president , and the widow of former Senator and diplomat Howard Baker . She was the first woman ever elected to a full term in the Senate without her husband having previously served in Congress . [ a ]" } ] }, { "value": "December 23 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mississippi ( 2 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Mississippi", "summary": "Mississippi was admitted to the Union on December 10 , 1817 , and elects senators to Class 1 and Class 2 . Its current senators are Republicans Cindy Hyde-Smith and Roger Wicker . As of April 2 , 2018 , 51 people have served as U.S. senators from Mississippi ." } ] }, { "value": "James Eastland ( D )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Eastland", "summary": "James Oliver Eastland ( November 28 , 1904 - February 19 , 1986 ) was an American politician from the state of Mississippi who served in the United States Senate as a Senator in 1941 ; and again from 1943 until his resignation on December 27 , 1978 . He has been called the Voice of the White South and the Godfather of Mississippi Politics . A Democrat , Eastland was known as the symbol of Southern resistance to racial integration during the civil rights era , often speaking of blacks as an inferior race . The son of a prominent attorney , politician and cotton planter , Eastland attended the local schools of Scott County , Mississippi , and took courses at several universities , including the University of Mississippi , Vanderbilt University and the University of Alabama . He completed his legal education by studying in his father 's office , and attained admission to the bar in 1927 . Eastland practiced law in Sunflower County and took over management of his family 's cotton plantation . He became active in politics as a Democrat , and served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1928 to 1932 . In 1941 , Senator Pat Harrison died in office , and the governor appointed Eastland to fill the vacancy on the condition that he not run later in the year in the special election to complete the term . Eastland kept his word , and served from June to September . The special election was won by Congressman Wall Doxey . In 1942 , Eastland defeated Doxey in the primary for the Democratic nomination in the election for a full term . The Democratic party was then Mississippi 's dominant party , making Eastland 's primary victory tantamount to election , and he returned to the Senate in January 1943 ." } ] }, { "value": "Resigned December 27 , 1978 . Successor appointed , having already been elected to the next term", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Thad Cochran ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thad_Cochran", "summary": "William Thad Cochran ( /ˈkɒkrən/ ; December 7 , 1937 - May 30 , 2019 ) was an American attorney and politician who served as a United States Senator for Mississippi from 1978 to 2018 . A Republican , he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1973 to 1978 . Born in Pontotoc , Mississippi , Cochran graduated from the University of Mississippi . He served in the United States Navy as an ensign ( 1959-1961 ) before graduating from the University of Mississippi School of Law . After practicing law for several years in Jackson , Mississippi , he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1972 . He served three terms in the House representing Jackson and portions of southwest Mississippi . Cochran won a three-way race for U.S. Senate in 1978 , becoming the first Republican to represent Mississippi in the Senate since Reconstruction . He was subsequently reelected to six additional terms by wide margins . He was chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee from 2005 to 2007 and again from 2015 to 2018 . He also chaired the Senate Agriculture Committee from 2003 to 2005 . With over 45 years of combined House and Senate service , Cochran is the second longest-served member of Congress ever from Mississippi , only after former Democratic Congressman Jamie L. Whitten ." } ] }, { "value": "December 27 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Minnesota ( 2 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Minnesota", "summary": "Minnesota was admitted to the Union on May 11 , 1858 . As of January 3 , 2018 , the state has had 44 people serve in the United States Senate . Its current U.S. senators are Democrats Amy Klobuchar ( since 2007 ) and Tina Smith ( since 2018 ) . The appointment of Smith marked the first time the state had two female U.S. senators at any one time ." } ] }, { "value": "Wendell Anderson ( DFL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wendell_Anderson", "summary": "Wendell Richard Wendy Anderson ( February 1 , 1933 - July 17 , 2016 ) was an American hockey player , politician and the 33rd governor of Minnesota , serving from January 4 , 1971 , to December 29 , 1976 . In late 1976 he resigned as governor in order to be appointed to the U.S. Senate after Senator Walter Mondale was elected Vice President of the United States . Anderson served in the Senate from December 30 , 1976 , to December 29 , 1978 . ( After losing the 1978 Senate election to Rudy Boschwitz , he resigned a few days before the end of his term to give Boschwitz seniority . )" } ] }, { "value": "Resigned December 29 , 1978 . Successor appointed , having already been elected to the next term", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rudy Boschwitz ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rudy_Boschwitz", "summary": "Rudolph Ely Boschwitz ( born November 7 , 1930 ) is an American politician and former Independent-Republican United States Senator from Minnesota . He served in the Senate from December 1978 to January 1991 , in the 96th , 97th , 98th , 99th , 100th , and 101st congresses . In 1990 he was defeated by Paul Wellstone ." } ] }, { "value": "December 30 , 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wyoming ( 2 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Wyoming", "summary": "Wyoming was admitted to the Union on July 10 , 1890 , and elects United States senators to Class 1 and Class 2 . Its current U.S. senators are Republicans Mike Enzi ( serving since 1997 ) and John Barrasso ( serving since 2007 ) . 21 people have served as a United States senator from Wyoming ." } ] }, { "value": "Clifford Hansen ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clifford_Hansen", "summary": "Clifford Peter Hansen ( October 16 , 1912 - October 20 , 2009 ) was an American politician from the state of Wyoming . A Republican , he served as the 26th Governor of Wyoming ( January 7 , 1963 - January 2 , 1967 ) and subsequently as a United States Senator ( January 3 , 1967 - December 31 , 1978 ) . Earlier , he was the president of the board of trustees of his alma mater , the University of Wyoming at Laramie in Albany County , then the state 's only four-year institution of higher learning . He was also a county commissioner in Jackson , the seat of Teton County in far northwestern Wyoming . Before his death on October 20 , 2009 , he was the oldest living former U.S . Senator as well as the third oldest living former U.S . Governor ." } ] }, { "value": "Resigned December 31 , 1978 . Successor appointed , having already been elected to the next term", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alan K. Simpson ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alan_K._Simpson", "summary": "Alan Kooi Simpson ( born September 2 , 1931 ) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party , who represented Wyoming in the United States Senate ( 1979-97 ) . He also served as co-chair of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform with Democratic Party co-chair Erskine Bowles of North Carolina . Born in Denver , Colorado , Simpson graduated from the University of Wyoming 's law school ( 1958 ) . Simpson served in the Wyoming House of Representatives ( 1965-77 ) and won election to the United States Senate ( 1978 ) . His father , Milward Simpson , had served in the same seat ( 1962-67 ) . Simpson served as the Senate Republican Whip ( 1985-95 ) . After serving three terms in the Senate , Simpson declined to seek re-election in 1996 . Since leaving office , Simpson has practiced law and taught at different universities . He also served on the Continuity of Government Commission , the American Battle Monuments Commission , and the Iraq Study Group . In 2010 , President Barack Obama appointed him to co-chair the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , which made several recommendations on ways to reduce the national debt . He has been a vocal proponent of amending the U.S. Constitution to overturn Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 ) and allow Congress to set reasonable limits on campaign spending in US elections ." } ] }, { "value": "January 1 , 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Virginia ( 2 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia", "summary": "Virginia has sent senators to the U.S. Senate since 1789 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 , due to its secession from the Union , but Senators representing its western counties continued to sit until March 1863 . Virginia 's Senate seats were again filled from January 1870 . Virginia 's current Senators are Democrats Mark Warner and Tim Kaine ." } ] }, { "value": "William L. Scott ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_L._Scott", "summary": "William Lloyd Scott ( July 1 , 1915 - February 14 , 1997 ) was an American Republican politician from the Commonwealth of Virginia . He served in both the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate , and was Virginia 's first post-Reconstruction Republican Senator ." } ] }, { "value": "Resigned January 1 , 1979 . Successor appointed , having already been elected to the next term", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John Warner ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Warner", "summary": "John William Warner ( born February 18 , 1927 ) is an American attorney and former politician who served as the United States Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974 and a five-term Republican U.S . Senator from Virginia from 1979 to 2009 . He currently works for the law firm of Hogan Lovells , where he had previously worked before joining the United States Department of Defense as the Under Secretary of the Navy during the presidency of Richard Nixon in 1969 . Warner was the sixth husband of actress Elizabeth Taylor , whom he married before being elected to the Senate . He is a veteran of the Second World War and Korean War , and was one of five World War II veterans serving in the Senate at the time of his retirement . He did not seek reelection in 2008 , and remains , to date , the last Republican to have been a U.S . Senator from Virginia ." } ] }, { "value": "January 2 , 1979", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Changes in Membership -- Senate", "section_text": "See also : List of special elections to the United States Senate replacements : 11 Democratic : 3 seat net loss Republican : 3 seat net gain deaths : 4 resignations : 5 vacancy : Total seats with changes : 9", "uid": "95th_United_States_Congress_0", "intro": "The Ninety-fifth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1977, to January 3, 1979, during the final weeks of the administration of U.S. President Gerald Ford and the first two years of the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Nineteenth Census of the United States in 1970. Both chambers had a Democratic majority. It was the first time either party held a filibuster-proof 60% super majority in both the Senate and House chambers since the 89th United States Congress in 1965, and last time until the 111th United States Congress in 2009. All three super majorities were Democratic party and also were accompanied by Democratic Presidents. As of 2020, this is the most recent Congress to approve an amendment (the unratified District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment) to the Constitution." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Bradford_Bulls_season", "title": "2014 Bradford Bulls season", "header": [ "Name", "Position", "Club Signed", "Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "Keith Lulia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Keith_Lulia", "summary": "Keith Lulia ( born 17 June 1987 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s . He previously played for the Wests Tigers , the St. George Illawarra Dragons , the Newcastle Knights and the Bradford Bulls . He primarily played as a centre and as a wing , but could also fill in at second-row ." } ] }, { "value": "Centre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_league_positions", "summary": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ." } ] }, { "value": "Wests Tigers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wests_Tigers", "summary": "The Wests Tigers are an Australian professional rugby league football based in the contiguous regions of the Inner West and Western Sydney . They have competed in the National Rugby League since being formed at the end of the 1999 NRL season as a joint-venture club between the Balmain Tigers and the Western Suburbs Magpies . The Wests Tigers started playing in the 2000 NRL season and they won their maiden premiership in 2005 . It is one of only two clubs ( the other being the Newcastle Knights ) that has never lost a Grand Final in which it has participated . The club also won the World Sevens in 2004 . The Wests Tigers play home games at three grounds : Leichhardt Oval ( the home ground of Balmain ) , Campbelltown Stadium ( the home ground of Western Suburbs ) and Bankwest Stadium in Parramatta as of 2019 , which they have committed to playing four games a year at . They are currently coached by Michael Maguire . The club CEO is Justin Pascoe and Adam Hartigan is the General Manager ( Head of Football ) In 2018 , blue Wiggle and fan Anthony Field wrote and produced a song about the Wests Tigers and various artists from The Wiggles who had collaborated sang it to promote this club ." } ] }, { "value": "September 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jamie Langley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jamie_Langley", "summary": "Jamie John Langley ( born 21 December 1983 ) is the assistant coach at the London Broncos in the Super League and an English former professional rugby league footballer . A Great Britain representative Loose forward , he has also played for England and with Bradford Bulls won the Super League championship and Challenge Cup with them , and he has also played for the Hull Kingston Rovers and the Sheffield Eagles . Jamie Langley is the son of the rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s for Leeds ; John Langley . His position of choice was loose forward though he could also play in the second-row . He played for the Super League side the Bradford Bulls in England . He was named the vice-captain for the 2010 season , which was also his testimonial season ." } ] }, { "value": "Loose Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_league_positions", "summary": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ." } ] }, { "value": "Hull Kingston Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers", "summary": "Hull Kingston Rovers are a professional rugby league club in Kingston upon Hull , Yorkshire , England ." } ] }, { "value": "September 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Platt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Platt", "summary": "Michael Platt ( born 23 March 1984 ) is a former Ireland international rugby league footballer who played for the Salford Red Devils ; he joined the Salford Red Devils in April 2014 and is contacted until the end of the 2014 season following a successful trial with the Superleague club.Michael joined the Red Devils following 3 appearances with the North Wales Crusaders in 2014 . Platt 's 1st choice position is Full Back but he has been more effective at Centre for the Bradford Bulls winning the 'Rugby League World Centre of the Month ' for August ." } ] }, { "value": "Centre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_league_positions", "summary": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ." } ] }, { "value": "North Wales Crusaders", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Wales_Crusaders", "summary": "The North Wales Crusaders ( Welsh : Croesgadwyr Gogledd Cymru Rygbi ' r Gynghrair ) is a professional rugby league club based in Wrexham , Wales . They are the successors to the former Super League club Crusaders Rugby League . Crusaders compete in Betfred League 1 , the third tier of European rugby league ( behind the Super League and Betfred Championship ) . Until the end of 2016 they played their home games at the Racecourse Ground in Wrexham . From 2017 they are based at the Queensway Stadium ( also in Wrexham ) but will also play several games at Hare Lane in Chester ." } ] }, { "value": "September 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Curtis Naughton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Curtis_Naughton", "summary": "Curtis Naughton ( born 25 February 1995 ) is a professional rugby league footballer who last played for Hull F.C . in the Super League . He plays as a fullback or on the wing ." } ] }, { "value": "Fullback", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_league_positions", "summary": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ." } ] }, { "value": "Sydney Roosters", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sydney_Roosters", "summary": "The Sydney Roosters is an Australian professional rugby league football club based in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney . The club competes in the National Rugby League ( NRL ) competition and is one of the oldest and most successful clubs . The Roosters have won fifteen New South Wales Rugby League ( NSWRL ) and National Rugby League titles , and several other competitions . As a franchise , the Eastern Suburbs/Sydney City/Sydney Roosters have won 15 premierships , tying them with the St George Dragons . Only South Sydney Rabbitohs have won more premierships . The club holds the record for having the most wins and the second greatest margin of victory in a match in Australian rugby league history , and has won more minor premierships than any other club . The Roosters is one of only two clubs ( the other being the St. George Illawarra Dragons in 1999 ) to finish runners-up in its inaugural season . The Eastern Suburbs DRLFC is the only club to have played in each and every season at the elite level , and since the 1970s has often been dubbed the glamour club of the league . Coached by Trent Robinson along with captains Boyd Cordner and Jake Friend , the Roosters play their home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The club was founded in 1908 in Paddington , Sydney , as Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club ; in 1995 the club 's name was changed to the Sydney City Roosters , and in 2000 to the Sydney Roosters . The Bondi Junction and Moore Park-based Roosters have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with other Sydney-based clubs , especially the South Sydney Rabbitohs , a fellow foundation club based in neighbouring Redfern ." } ] }, { "value": "October 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John Bateman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Bateman_(rugby_league)", "summary": "John Gary Herbert Bateman ( born 30 September 1993 ) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as second-row , loose forward and centre for the Canberra Raiders in the NRL , and England and Great Britain at international level . Bateman played for the Bradford Bulls and the Wigan Warriors in the Super League . He joined the Canberra Raiders ahead of the 2019 NRL season ." } ] }, { "value": "Second Row", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_league_positions", "summary": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ." } ] }, { "value": "Wigan Warriors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wigan_Warriors", "summary": "Wigan Warriors Rugby League Football Club is a professional rugby league club founded and based in Wigan , England . The club competes in the Betfred Super League . Formed in 1872 as Wigan Football Club , Wigan was a founding member of the Northern Rugby Football Union following the schism from the Rugby Football Union in 1895 . Wigan have won 22 League Championships ( including 5 Super League Grand Finals ) , 19 Challenge Cups and 4 World Club Challenges . Wigan are the most successful club in English rugby league and had a period of sustained success from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s , winning eight successive Challenge Cups and seven successive League Championships . The club plays home matches at the DW Stadium , having played at Central Park between 1902 and 1999 . The head coach is Adrian Lam ; the club captain is Sean O'Loughlin ( current Great Britain and England captain ) ." } ] }, { "value": "November 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Heath L'Estrange", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Heath_L'Estrange", "summary": "Heath L'Estrange ( born 21 May 1985 ) , also known by the nickname of Stranger , is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer . He played for the Sydney Roosters , Manly Warringah Sea Eagles and the St. George Illawarra Dragons in the National Rugby League , and the Bradford Bulls in the Super League . In his rugby league career , he won the 2008 NRL Grand Final with the Sea Eagles . He played as hooker ." } ] }, { "value": "Hooker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_league_positions", "summary": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ." } ] }, { "value": "Sydney Roosters", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sydney_Roosters", "summary": "The Sydney Roosters is an Australian professional rugby league football club based in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney . The club competes in the National Rugby League ( NRL ) competition and is one of the oldest and most successful clubs . The Roosters have won fifteen New South Wales Rugby League ( NSWRL ) and National Rugby League titles , and several other competitions . As a franchise , the Eastern Suburbs/Sydney City/Sydney Roosters have won 15 premierships , tying them with the St George Dragons . Only South Sydney Rabbitohs have won more premierships . The club holds the record for having the most wins and the second greatest margin of victory in a match in Australian rugby league history , and has won more minor premierships than any other club . The Roosters is one of only two clubs ( the other being the St. George Illawarra Dragons in 1999 ) to finish runners-up in its inaugural season . The Eastern Suburbs DRLFC is the only club to have played in each and every season at the elite level , and since the 1970s has often been dubbed the glamour club of the league . Coached by Trent Robinson along with captains Boyd Cordner and Jake Friend , the Roosters play their home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The club was founded in 1908 in Paddington , Sydney , as Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club ; in 1995 the club 's name was changed to the Sydney City Roosters , and in 2000 to the Sydney Roosters . The Bondi Junction and Moore Park-based Roosters have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with other Sydney-based clubs , especially the South Sydney Rabbitohs , a fellow foundation club based in neighbouring Redfern ." } ] }, { "value": "November 2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Frank Winterstein", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frank_Winterstein", "summary": "Frank Winterstein ( born 17 December 1986 ) is a Samoa international rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row forward for Toulouse Olympique in the Betfred Championship . Winterstein previously played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs , Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles and the Penrith Panthers in the NRL , and for the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats , Crusaders RL and the Widnes Vikings in the Super League . He played rugby union for the Kintetsu Liners in the Top League and the Australian rugby sevens team ." } ] }, { "value": "Prop", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_league_positions", "summary": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ." } ] }, { "value": "Australia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Australia", "summary": "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ." } ] }, { "value": "January 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gareth Carvell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gareth_Carvell", "summary": "Garreth Carvell ( born 21 April 1980 ) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played as a prop in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . He played at representative level for Great Britain , England and Wales . Then , he played his entire professional club career in England , for Stanningley ARLFC ( in Leeds ) , in the Super League for the Warrington Wolves ( Heritage № 1084 ) , the Leeds Rhinos ( Heritage № 1299 ) , Gateshead Thunder ( loan ) , Hull FC , and the Castleford Tigers , and in the Championship for Featherstone Rovers ( Heritage № 1025 ) , as a prop or second-row ." } ] }, { "value": "Prop", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_league_positions", "summary": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ." } ] }, { "value": "Hull F.C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hull_F.C.", "summary": "Hull Football Club , commonly referred to as Hull or Hull F.C. , is a professional rugby league football club established in 1865 and based in West Hull , East Riding of Yorkshire , England . The club plays in the Super League competition and were known as Hull Sharks from 1996-99 . Hull F.C . were one of the founding members of the Northern Rugby Football Union which was formed in 1895 in Huddersfield , making them one of the world 's first twenty-two rugby league clubs . Later that year they moved to the Hull Athletic Club 's ground at the Boulevard , Airlie Street , which gave rise to their nickname the Airlie Birds ( Early Birds ) . Traditionally people from the west side of Hull support Hull F.C . while Hull Kingston Rovers are supported by the east half , the border being the River Hull . Old Faithful is a traditional Hull F.C . terrace song . The team shares the KCOM Stadium with association football side Hull City . Their mascot is the Airlie Bird ." } ] }, { "value": "February 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jarrod Sammut", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jarrod_Sammut", "summary": "Jarrod Sammut ( born 15 February 1987 ) is a Malta international rugby league footballer who plays as a stand-off or scrum-half for the Leigh Centurions in the BetFred Championship . He previously played as a fullback for the Penrith Panthers in the NRL , and Crusaders RL , Bradford Bulls and the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in the Super League . Sammut spent time on loan from the Wildcats at Featherstone Rovers , London Broncos and Workington Town in the Championship . He joined Workington on a permanent deal in the Kingstone Press Championship before joining the Broncos in the Championship . Sammut is a dual-code international for Malta , having represented both the Malta national rugby league team and the Malta national rugby union team ." } ] }, { "value": "Stand Off", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_league_positions", "summary": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ." } ] }, { "value": "Wakefield Trinity Wildcats", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity", "summary": "Wakefield Trinity is a professional rugby league club in Wakefield , West Yorkshire , England , that plays in the Super League . One of the original twenty-two clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895 , between 1999 and 2016 the club was known as Wakefield Trinity Wildcats . The club has played at Belle Vue Stadium in Wakefield since 1895 and has rivalries with Castleford Tigers and Featherstone Rovers . Wakefield have won two premierships in their history when they went back to back in 1967 and 1968 . As of 2019 , it has been 51 years since Wakefield last won the league ." } ] }, { "value": "February 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nick Scruton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nick_Scruton", "summary": "Nicholas Nick Scruton ( born 24 December 1984 ) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who most recently played as a prop for Hull Kingston Rovers in the Super League . He has previously played for the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats , Bradford Bulls , Hull F.C . and the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League . Scruton has also previously represented England ." } ] }, { "value": "Prop", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_league_positions", "summary": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ." } ] }, { "value": "Wakefield Trinity Wildcats", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity", "summary": "Wakefield Trinity is a professional rugby league club in Wakefield , West Yorkshire , England , that plays in the Super League . One of the original twenty-two clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895 , between 1999 and 2016 the club was known as Wakefield Trinity Wildcats . The club has played at Belle Vue Stadium in Wakefield since 1895 and has rivalries with Castleford Tigers and Featherstone Rovers . Wakefield have won two premierships in their history when they went back to back in 1967 and 1968 . As of 2019 , it has been 51 years since Wakefield last won the league ." } ] }, { "value": "February 2014", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "2014 Transfers In/Out", "section_text": "In Name Position Signed from Date Gareth Carvell Prop Warrington Wolves June 2013 Dale Ferguson Second Row Huddersfield Giants July 2013 Luke George Wing Huddersfield Giants July 2013 Matty Blythe Centre Warrington Wolves August 2013 Lee Gaskell Stand Off St Helens R.F.C . August 2013 Adam Henry Centre Sydney Roosters October 2013 Frank Winterstein Prop Widnes Vikings October 2013 Danny Bridge Prop Warrington Wolves ( Loan ) February 2014 Anthony Mullally Prop Huddersfield Giants ( Loan ) February 2014 Liam Sutcliffe Stand Off Leeds Rhinos ( Loan ) March 2014 Greg Burke Prop Wigan Warriors ( Loan ) March 2014 Jamal Fakir Prop Catalans Dragons April 2014 Jay Pitts Second Row Hull F.C . ( Loan ) April 2014 Joe Arundel Centre Hull F.C . ( Loan ) April 2014 Antonio Kaufusi Prop Huddersfield Giants ( Loan ) May 2014 Jordan Baldwinson Loose Forward Leeds Rhinos ( Loan ) May 2014 Mason Tonks Prop Leeds Rhinos ( Loan ) May 2014 Out", "uid": "2014_Bradford_Bulls_season_2", "intro": "This article details the Bradford Bulls rugby league football club's 2014 season, the 19th season of the Super League era." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke", "title": "Dick Van Dyke", "header": [ "Year", "Association", "Category", "Work", "Result" ], "data": [ { "value": "1961", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tony Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tony_Awards", "summary": "The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre , more commonly known as the Tony Award , recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre . The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at an annual ceremony in Midtown Manhattan . The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances , and an award is given for regional theatre . Several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given , including a Special Tony Award , the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre , and the Isabelle Stevenson Award . The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry , co-founder of the American Theatre Wing . The trophy consists of a medallion , with a face portraying an adaptation of the comedy and tragedy masks , mounted on a black base with a pewter swivel . The rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wing 's Tony Awards , which applies for that season only . The Tony Awards are considered the highest U.S. theatre honor , the New York theatre industry 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( Oscars ) for film , the Emmy Awards for television , and the Grammy Awards for music . It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT , that is , someone who has won all four major annual American entertainment awards . The Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Awards in the United Kingdom and the Molière Awards in France . The 73rd annual ceremony was held on June 9 , 2019 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and was broadcast live on CBS . James Corden served as the host ." } ] }, { "value": "Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Featured_Actor_in_a_Musical", "summary": "This is a list of the winners and nominations of Tony Award for the Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical . It is the equivalent to the Best Supporting Actor award at the Academy Awards . The award has been given since 1947 , but the nominees who did not win have only been publicly announced since 1956 ." } ] }, { "value": "Bye Bye Birdie", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1964", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grammy Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards", "summary": "A Grammy Award ( stylized as GRAMMY , originally called Gramophone Award ) , or Grammy , is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry . The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest . The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually ( between the American Music Awards in the Fall , and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer ) , was held May 1 in 2019 . It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards along with the Academy Awards ( film ) , the Emmy Awards ( television ) , and the Tony Awards ( theater and Broadway ) The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4 , 1959 , to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Following the 2011 ceremony , the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012 . The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on January 26 , 2020 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles ." } ] }, { "value": "Grammy Award for Best Album for Children", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Album_for_Children", "summary": "The Grammy Award for Best Children 's Album ( from 2020 : Grammy Award for Best Children 's Music Album ) is an honor presented since 2012 at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . Honors in various categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position ." } ] }, { "value": "Mary Poppins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1964", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Golden Globe Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards", "summary": "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ." } ] }, { "value": "Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_-_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy", "summary": "The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association . It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role in a musical or comedy film . Previously , there was a single award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture , but the creation of the category in 1951 allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actor - Drama . The formal title has varied since its inception . In 2006 , it was officially called : Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy . As of 2013 [ update ] , the wording is Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy ." } ] }, { "value": "Mary Poppins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1964", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emmy Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards", "summary": "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ." } ] }, { "value": "Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series", "summary": "This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . The award is presented to the best performance by a lead actor in a television comedy series . Beginning with the 18th Primetime Emmy Awards , leading actors in comedy have competed alone . However , these comedic performances included actors from miniseries , telefilms , and guest performers competing against main cast competitors . Such instances are marked below :" } ] }, { "value": "The Dick Van Dyke Show", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1965", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emmy Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/17th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards", "summary": "The 17th Emmy Awards , later known as the 17th Primetime Emmy Awards , were handed out on September 12 , 1965 . The ceremony was hosted by Sammy Davis , Jr. and Danny Thomas . Winners are listed in bold and series ' networks are in parentheses . The structure of the ceremony was a complete departure from previous years . Categories were streamlined so that there were only four major categories ( the previous year had 20 major categories ) . As a result of this , only five shows won an award . NBC 's Hallmark Hall of Fame was the top show of the night , winning three major awards . The new format would be scrapped for the traditional one the following year . The traditional format would be used for all future Primetime Emmy Awards ceremonies ." } ] }, { "value": "Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Comedy_Series", "summary": "The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series is an annual award given to the best television comedy series of the year . From 1960 to 1964 , this category was combined with the Comedy Specials ( one time programs ) category so that both type of programs competed for the same award during those years . The Flintstones and Family Guy are the only animated series to be nominated for the award . In 2019 , Fleabag made history as the first series from outside the United States to win this award . Outside the Big Three networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox has won this award twice , with Ally McBeal and Arrested Development , cable network HBO has won this award four times , one with Sex and the City and three times with Veep , streaming service Prime Video for The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , and the BBC for Fleabag ( although seen later on Prime Video ) ." } ] }, { "value": "The Dick Van Dyke Show", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emmy Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/18th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards", "summary": "The 18th Emmy Awards , later known as the 18th Primetime Emmy Awards , were handed out in May 22 , 1966 , at the Hollywood Palladium . The ceremony was hosted by Danny Kaye and Bill Cosby . The top show of the night was The Dick Van Dyke Show , which won its fourth consecutive top series award , and tied the record ( since broken ) of five major wins . The ceremony returned to a more traditional format , after experimenting the previous year ." } ] }, { "value": "Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series", "summary": "This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . The award is presented to the best performance by a lead actor in a television comedy series . Beginning with the 18th Primetime Emmy Awards , leading actors in comedy have competed alone . However , these comedic performances included actors from miniseries , telefilms , and guest performers competing against main cast competitors . Such instances are marked below :" } ] }, { "value": "The Dick Van Dyke Show", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Golden Globe Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/29th_Golden_Globe_Awards", "summary": "The 29th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television for 1971 films , were held on February 6 , 1972 ." } ] }, { "value": "Golden Globe Award for Best TV Actor - Musical/Comedy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Television_Series_–_Musical_or_Comedy", "summary": "The Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Musical or Comedy is one of the annual Golden Globe Awards , given to the best comedy television series . From 1962 to 1968 , the category was Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series , and grouped Musical , Comedy and Drama series in a single category ( see Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Drama ) ." } ] }, { "value": "The New Dick Van Dyke Show", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1974", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emmy Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/26th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards", "summary": "The 26th Emmy Awards , later known as the 26th Primetime Emmy Awards , were handed out on May 28 , 1974 . The ceremony was hosted by Johnny Carson . Winners are listed in bold and networks are in parentheses . The top shows of the night were M*A*S*H and Upstairs , Downstairs . M*A*S*H and Mary Tyler Moore had the most major nominations with ten . Two show led the night with five major wins , The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman , and Mary Tyler Moore . For this ceremony , individual awards dubbed Super Emmys were given out in addition to the traditional categories . The individual categories were dropped the following year and have not returned since ." } ] }, { "value": "Best Lead Actor in a Drama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie", "summary": "This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie ( called the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie prior to 2015 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "The Morning After", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emmy Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/29th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards", "summary": "The 29th Primetime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday , September 11 , 1977 . The ceremony was broadcast on NBC . It was hosted by Angie Dickinson and Robert Blake . The top shows of the night were Mary Tyler Moore , which , in its final season , won its third consecutive Outstanding Comedy Series Award , it also became the first comedy series to gain eleven major nominations ( since broken ) . Upstairs , Downstairs , also in its final season , won its third Outstanding Drama Series Award in four years ( it competed as a miniseries in 1976 , and won that category too ) . But the overwhelming champion of the ceremony was the miniseries Roots . Roots set several milestones and broke multiple records during the night . It became the first show to receive at least twenty major nominations ( 21 ) . Adding its nominations in Creative Arts categories , its total expands to 37 . Both records still stand for all shows . It was the first show to gain every nomination in an acting category . Its thirteen acting nominations tied the record set the previous year by Rich Man , Poor Man , however all of Roots ' nominations came in the miniseries category , while Rich Man , Poor Man had nominations cross over into the drama series field ." } ] }, { "value": "Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Series", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Variety_Series", "summary": "The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series was a category in the Primetime Emmy Awards . It was awarded annually to the best variety show or similarly formatted program of the year . The award was sometimes known by other names , such as Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Program and Outstanding Variety , Music , or Comedy Series . From 1979 to 1989 and in 1991 , variety series and specials competed together . Single programs dominated as winners during this time until the Outstanding Variety Special category was formed . Since 1994 , all of the winners in this category have been late-night talk shows . The Daily Show with Jon Stewart won the award for ten years consecutively ( 2003-2012 ) , the longest winning streak for a television show in Primetime Emmy Award history . In 2015 , this category was separated into two categories - Outstanding Variety Sketch Series and Outstanding Variety Talk Series ." } ] }, { "value": "Van Dyke and Company", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "People 's Choice Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/People's_Choice_Awards", "summary": "The People 's Choice Awards , officially the E ! People 's Choice Awards since E ! took it over in April 2017 , is an American awards show , recognizing people in entertainment , voted online by the general public and fans . The show has been held annually since 1975 , with the winners originally determined using Gallup Polls until the switch to online voting in 2005 . The awards were created by Bob Stivers , who produced the first show in 1975 . The first awards recognized The Sting as Favorite Picture of 1974 , Barbra Streisand as the year 's Favorite Film Actress , and John Wayne as its Favorite Film Actor . Ratings for the annual event peaked in 1977 , when the third People 's Choice Awards attracted 35.3 million viewers who witnessed Farrah Fawcett win the award for Favorite Female TV Star , Star Wars win as the Favorite Picture , and Streisand and Wayne win again in the Film Actress and Actor categories . So far , Ellen DeGeneres is the most awarded person , with a total of 20 awards . In 1982 , Stiver sold the People 's Choice Awards to Procter & Gamble Productions ; under P & G , the ceremony was broadcast by CBS , and Procter & Gamble 's brands held exclusive national advertising time across the entire telecast . In April 2017 , the E ! network announced that they had acquired the People 's Choice Awards . In December 2017 , E !" } ] }, { "value": "Favorite Male Performer in a New TV Program", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Van Dyke and Company", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1984", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emmy Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Awards", "summary": "The Daytime Emmy Award is an American accolade bestowed by the New York-based National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences in recognition of excellence in American daytime television programming . Ceremonies generally are held in May or June . Emmys are considered the television equivalent to the Academy Awards ( for film ) , Tony Awards ( for theatre ) , and Grammy Awards ( for music ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Outstanding Performer in Children 's Programming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Performer_in_Children's_Programming", "summary": "The Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in Children 's Programming is an Emmy award given to performers in television programming aimed towards children . During the 1970s and 1980s , guest performers in dramatic specials and regular performers on children 's series competed in the same category . However , starting in 1989 , separate categories for performances in children 's series and performances in children 's specials were created and used until after 2007 when all categories related to Children 's Specials were dropped . The youngest Emmy nominee , Jodelle Ferland , was nominated in this category in 2001 at the age of six . The youngest Emmy winner , Bindi Irwin , won the award in 2008 at the age of nine ." } ] }, { "value": "CBS Library : The Wrong Way Kid", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1990", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emmy Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/29th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards", "summary": "The 29th Primetime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday , September 11 , 1977 . The ceremony was broadcast on NBC . It was hosted by Angie Dickinson and Robert Blake . The top shows of the night were Mary Tyler Moore , which , in its final season , won its third consecutive Outstanding Comedy Series Award , it also became the first comedy series to gain eleven major nominations ( since broken ) . Upstairs , Downstairs , also in its final season , won its third Outstanding Drama Series Award in four years ( it competed as a miniseries in 1976 , and won that category too ) . But the overwhelming champion of the ceremony was the miniseries Roots . Roots set several milestones and broke multiple records during the night . It became the first show to receive at least twenty major nominations ( 21 ) . Adding its nominations in Creative Arts categories , its total expands to 37 . Both records still stand for all shows . It was the first show to gain every nomination in an acting category . Its thirteen acting nominations tied the record set the previous year by Rich Man , Poor Man , however all of Roots ' nominations came in the miniseries category , while Rich Man , Poor Man had nominations cross over into the drama series field ." } ] }, { "value": "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series", "summary": "This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series . Prior to 1988 the category was not gender specific , thus was called Outstanding Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . These awards , like the other Guest awards , are not presented at the Primetime Emmy Award ceremony , but rather at the Creative Arts Emmy Award ceremony ." } ] }, { "value": "The Golden Girls : Love Under the Big Top", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1994", "urls": [] }, { "value": "American Comedy Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/American_Comedy_Awards", "summary": "The American Comedy Awards are a group of awards presented annually in the United States recognizing performances and performers in the field of comedy , with an emphasis on television comedy and comedy films . They began in 1987 , billed as the first awards show to honor all forms of comedy . In 1989 , after the death of Lucille Ball , the statue was named the Lucy to honor the comic legend . In 2001 , the last edition for 13 years was presented on Comedy Central . NBC revived the awards in May 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Lifetime Achievement Award in Comedy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/American_Comedy_Awards", "summary": "The American Comedy Awards are a group of awards presented annually in the United States recognizing performances and performers in the field of comedy , with an emphasis on television comedy and comedy films . They began in 1987 , billed as the first awards show to honor all forms of comedy . In 1989 , after the death of Lucille Ball , the statue was named the Lucy to honor the comic legend . In 2001 , the last edition for 13 years was presented on Comedy Central . NBC revived the awards in May 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2003", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Television Critics Association", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Television_Critics_Association", "summary": "The tour allows the major television networks , cable networks , online streaming services and PBS to present their slate of upcoming programs to a large group of press writers from different outlets all at once through panels and interviews , along with 'state of the network ' speeches and presentations ; for instance , FX executive John Landgraf uses his network 's winter session to present data and analytical information from his network 's research department , including the number of series carried across all American networks and streaming services in a year to compare with FX 's slate of original programming . This is also the only time the general television media has rare access en masse to network executives . These biannual conferences involve registered TCA members staying at a chosen Los Angeles venue for two to three weeks , and each network is assigned a series of days to showcase their programming . In the past , these interviews with program casts and creative staff ( usually the show 's primary showrunner , producers , and writers ) were mainly used to compile stories over a six-month period which could be posted over that period as columns , Q & A responses to reader mail questions timed to a program/film/special 's release , or within their weekly television listings supplements , mainly in newspapers or magazines for critics and columnists outside of large metropolitan areas . However , with the rise of the Internet and social media , these sessions now function to build buzz for programming within an immediate period , and only a few columnists for smaller publications and listing supplements maintain the former format of story release . The January 2008 tour was canceled in December 2007 because of the 2007-08 Writers Guild of America strike and the uncertainty of its settlement ." } ] }, { "value": "Career Achievement", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/TCA_Career_Achievement_Award", "summary": "The TCA Career Achievement Award is an award given by the Television Critics Association . The Career Achievement Award annually honors an individual who has inspired his or her work in television . In 2014 , director James Burrows became the 30th recipient of the award ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Screen Actors Guild", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild", "summary": "The Screen Actors Guild ( SAG ) was an American labor union which represented over 100,000 film and television principal and background performers worldwide . On March 30 , 2012 , the union leadership announced that the SAG membership voted to merge with the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ( AFTRA ) to create SAG-AFTRA . According to SAG 's Mission Statement , the Guild sought to : negotiate and enforce collective bargaining agreements that establish equitable levels of compensation , benefits , and working conditions for its performers ; collect compensation for exploitation of recorded performances by its members , and provide protection against unauthorized use of those performances ; and preserve and expand work opportunities for its members . The Guild was founded in 1933 in an effort to eliminate what were described as exploitation of Hollywood actors who were being forced into oppressive multi-year contracts with the major movie studios . Opposition to these contracts included that they did not include restrictions on work hours or minimum rest periods , and often had clauses that automatically renewed at the studios ' discretion . These contracts were notorious for allowing the studios to dictate the public and private lives of the performers who signed them , and most did not have provisions to allow the performer to end the deal . [ citation needed ] The Screen Actors Guild was associated with the Associated Actors and Artistes of America ( AAAA ) , which is the primary association of performer 's unions in the United States . AAAA is affiliated with the AFL-CIO . SAG claimed exclusive jurisdiction over motion picture performances , and shared jurisdiction of radio , television , Internet , and other new media with its sister union AFTRA , with which it shared 44,000 dual members . Internationally , the SAG was affiliated with the International Federation of Actors . In addition to its main offices in Hollywood , SAG also maintained local branches in several major US cities , including Atlanta , Boston , Chicago , Dallas , Denver , Detroit , Honolulu , Houston , Las Vegas , Miami , Nashville , New York City , New Orleans , Philadelphia , Phoenix , Portland , Salt Lake City , San Diego , San Francisco , Seattle , and Washington , D.C . Since 1995 , the guild annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards , which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards ." } ] }, { "value": "Lifetime Achievement", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Life_Achievement_Award", "summary": "The Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award is presented by the Screen Actors Guild 's National Honors and Tributes Committee for outstanding achievement in fostering the finest ideals of the acting profession . It predates the 1st Screen Actors Guild Awards by over thirty years . The award 's first recipient was performer and comedian Eddie Cantor , in 1962 . Since then , it has been presented every year except 1963 and 1981 . On two occasions , two people received the award the same year : in 1985 , when it was presented to actor Paul Newman and actress Joanne Woodward , and in 2000 , when it was presented to civil rights activists Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee . As of 2018 , 54 people have received the award , of whom 46 are men and 19 women ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Daytime Emmy Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/42nd_Daytime_Emmy_Awards", "summary": "The 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards , presented by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( NATAS ) , recognizes outstanding achievement in all fields of daytime television production and are presented to individuals and programs broadcast from 2:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. during the 2014 calendar year . The ceremony took place on April 26 , 2015 , at the Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California , 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST . The ceremony , televised in the United States by Pop was executive produced by Michael Levitt , Gary Tellalian and Mike Rothman . Talk show host , actress and producer Tyra Banks hosted the show for the first time . The drama pre-nominees were announced on February 4 , 2015 , and the standard nominations were announced on March 31 , 2015 , during an episode of The Talk . In related events , the 42nd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony was held at the Universal Hilton in Los Angeles on April 24 , 2015 with Jeopardy ! icon Alex Trebek and The Brady Bunch actress Florence Henderson serving as the ceremony 's hosts . Variety reported that the return of the Daytime Emmys on Television was due that the Academy hoped to rebound in viewership after the previous year 's internet-only ceremony , which also resulted in a high-volume of no-shows among the nominees . The awards ceremony was also moved up from its normal month in June to April to improve participation since many shows were still in production during that time . The Academy also choose to hold the ceremonies at the Warner Bros. Studios instead of a hotel ballroom like in previous years so participants would feel [ more ] comfortable . They specifically picked Stage 16 , where Casablanca and other famous films were produced . It was later announced that the Lifetime Achievement Award would be presented to Betty White ." } ] }, { "value": "Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Performer_In_An_Animated_Program", "summary": "This is a list of winners of the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer In An Animated Program . It recognizes a continuing or single voice-over performance in a series or a special . The performance can originate from a Childrens Animated , Special Class Animated Program" } ] }, { "value": "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Pirate Adventure", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Britannia Awards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Britannia_Awards", "summary": "The Britannia Awards are presented by BAFTA Los Angeles , a branch of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) , as a bridge between the Hollywood and British production and entertainment business communities . Established in 1989 , it honours individuals and companies who have dedicated their careers or corporate missions to advancing the art-forms of the moving image . From 1989 to 1998 , only an honorary award was handed out to an individual during the presentation . By 1999 , the accolade was expanded to include additional awards which include : Stanley Kubrick Britannia Award for Excellence in Film , John Schlesinger Britannia Award for Excellence in Directing , Britannia Award for British Artist of the Year and Charlie Chaplin Britannia Award for Excellence in Comedy . It is presented at a gala dinner during the month of November and has been televised in the United States from 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "Britannia Award for Excellence in Television", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Awards and nominations", "section_text": "", "uid": "Dick_Van_Dyke_0", "intro": "Richard Wayne Van Dyke (born December 13, 1925) is an American actor, comedian, writer, singer, and dancer, whose award-winning career has spanned seven decades. Van Dyke first gained recognition on radio and Broadway, then he became known for his role as Rob Petrie on the CBS television sitcom The Dick Van Dyke Show, which ran from 1961 to 1966. He also gained significant popularity for roles in the musical films Bye Bye Birdie (1963), Mary Poppins (1964), and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968). His other prominent film appearances include roles in The Comic (1969), Dick Tracy (1990), Curious George (2006), Night at the Museum (2006), Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (2014), and Mary Poppins Returns (2018). Other prominent TV roles include the leads in The New Dick Van Dyke Show (1971-74), Diagnosis: Murder (1993-2001), and Murder 101 (2006-08) which both co-starred his son Barry. Van Dyke is the recipient of five Primetime Emmys, a Tony, and a Grammy Award, and was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 1995. He received the Screen Actors Guild's highest honor, the SAG Life Achievement Award, in 2013. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard and has also been recognized as a Disney Legend." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_West_Collegiate_Hockey_League", "title": "Mountain West Collegiate Hockey League", "header": [ "School", "Location", "Founded", "Affiliation", "Nickname", "Website" ], "data": [ { "value": "Brigham Young University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigham_Young_University", "summary": "Brigham Young University ( BYU , sometimes referred to colloquially as The Y ) is a private research university located in Provo , Utah and owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . The university is run under the auspices of its parent-organization , the Church Educational System ( CES ) , and is classified among Doctoral Universities : High Research Activity with more selective , lower transfer-in admissions . The university 's primary emphasis is on undergraduate education in 179 majors , but it also has 62 master 's and 26 doctoral degree programs . The university also administers two satellite campuses , one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City . Students attending BYU agree to follow an honor code that mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings , such as academic honesty , adherence to dress and grooming standards , abstinence from extramarital sex and homosexual behavior , and no consumption of illegal drugs , coffee , tea , alcohol , or tobacco . Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church . The university curriculum includes religious education , with required courses in the Bible ( KJV ) , LDS scripture , doctrine , and history , and the university sponsors weekly devotional assemblies with most speakers addressing religious topics . Sixty-six percent of students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as LDS missionaries . An education at BYU is less expensive than at similar private universities , since a significant portion of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church 's tithing funds . BYU 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Cougars . Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent , while their other sports teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation . BYU 's sports teams have won a total of nine NCAA national championships and were named National Champions in football by multiple publications in 1984 ." } ] }, { "value": "Provo , UT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Provo,_UT", "summary": "Provo /ˈproʊvoʊ/ is the third-largest city in Utah , United States . It is 43 miles ( 69 km ) south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front . Provo is the largest city and county seat of Utah County . It is home to Brigham Young University , and Sundance Resort is located just northeast of the city . While Father Silvestre Vélez de Escalante , a Spanish Franciscan missionary-explorer , is considered the first European visitor to the area that would become Provo , the first permanent settlement was established in 1849 as Fort Utah . The name was changed to Provo in 1850 , in honor of Étienne Provost , an early French-Canadian trapper . Provo 's climate lies in the transition zone between a humid subtropical climate and humid continental climate , with temperatures averaging between about 94 °F or 34.4 °C in the summer and 40 °F or 4.4 °C in the winter . Average annual precipitation ( rain and snow ) is just under 20 inches ( 51 cm ) . The population of Provo has grown from 2030 in 1860 to an estimated 116,702 in 2018 . The 2010 census showed slightly more females than males , with over 55% of the population living as couples , and almost 35% of households having children under the age of 18 . The population is over 90% Christian , with almost 89% being Latter Day Saints . The economy in Provo is powered by many different businesses and organizations , including over 100 restaurants , two shopping malls , multiple universities and colleges , a number of small companies , and several large international businesses ." } ] }, { "value": "1875", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Private/ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints", "summary": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , often informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church , is a nontrinitarian , Christian restorationist church that considers itself to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ . The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City , Utah , in the United States , and has established congregations and built temples worldwide . According to the church , it has over 16 million members and 65,000 full-time volunteer missionaries . In 2012 , the National Council of Churches ranked the church as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States , with over 6.5 million members there as of January 2018 . It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the early 19th century period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening . Adherents , often referred to as Latter-day Saints or , less formally , Mormons , view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion . Church theology includes the Christian doctrine of salvation only through Jesus Christ , though LDS doctrines regarding the nature of God and the potential of mankind differ significantly from mainstream Christianity . The church has an open canon which includes four scriptural texts : the Bible ( both Old and New Testaments ) , the Book of Mormon , the Doctrine and Covenants , and the Pearl of Great Price . Other than the Bible , the majority of the LDS canon constitutes revelation received by Joseph Smith and recorded by his scribes which includes commentary and exegesis about the Bible , texts described as lost parts of the Bible , and other works believed to be written by ancient prophets . Because of some of the doctrinal differences , Catholic , Orthodox , and several Protestant churches consider the church to be distinct and separate from mainstream Christianity . Under the doctrine of continuing revelation , Latter-day Saints believe that the church president is a modern-day prophet , seer , and revelator and that Jesus Christ , under the direction of God the Father , leads the church by revealing his will to its president . Individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives ." } ] }, { "value": "Cougars", "urls": [] }, { "value": "[ 1 ]", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Mary", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Mary", "summary": "The University of Mary ( UMary or simply Mary ) is a private , Benedictine university near Bismarck , North Dakota . It was established in 1959 as Mary College . The university is the largest degree-granting institution in Bismarck . It has study abroad campuses in Rome and Arequipa , Peru , and also operates academic programs at satellite locations in North Dakota ( Fargo , downtown Bismarck , Watford City , Grand Forks ) , Minnesota , Montana , Kansas , and Arizona . It is endorsed by The Newman Guide to Choosing a Catholic College . It has been recognized as a College of Distinction since 2017 , the only such institution in North Dakota . In 2019 , the National Council of State Boards of Nursing exam results ( i.e . NCLEX ) ranked the University of Marys nursing program as # 1 regionally and # 1 of 2,061 nursing programs nationwide ." } ] }, { "value": "Bismarck , ND", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bismarck,_ND", "summary": "Bismarck ( /ˈbɪzmɑːrk/ ) is the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota and the county seat of Burleigh County . It is the second-most populous city in North Dakota after Fargo . The city 's population was estimated in 2018 at 73,112 , while its metropolitan population was 132,678 . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked Bismarck as the seventh fastest-growing small city in the United States . Bismarck was founded by European Americans in 1872 on the east bank of the Missouri River . It has been North Dakota 's capital city since 1889 , when the state was created from the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union . Bismarck is across the river from Mandan , named after a historic Native American tribe of the area . The two cities make up the core of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area . The North Dakota State Capitol , the tallest building in the state , is in central Bismarck . The state government employs more than 4,600 in the city . As a hub of retail and health care , Bismarck is the economic center of south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota ." } ] }, { "value": "1959", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Private ( Catholic )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marauders", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montana State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montana_State_University", "summary": "Montana State University ( MSU ) is a public land-grant research university in Bozeman , Montana . It is the state 's largest university . MSU offers baccalaureate degrees in 51 fields , master 's degrees in 41 fields , and doctoral degrees in 18 fields through its nine colleges . The university regularly reports annual research expenditures in excess of $ 100 million , including a record $ 138.8 million in 2019 . More than 16,700 students attend MSU , and the university faculty numbers , including department heads , are 602 full-time and 460 part-time . The university 's main campus in Bozeman is home to KUSM television , KGLT radio , and the Museum of the Rockies . MSU provides outreach services to citizens and communities statewide through its agricultural experiment station and 60 county and reservation extension offices ." } ] }, { "value": "Bozeman , MT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bozeman,_MT", "summary": "Bozeman is a city in and the seat of Gallatin County , Montana . Located in southwest Montana , the 2010 census put Bozeman 's population at 37,280 and by 2018 the population rose to 48,532 , making it the fourth largest city in Montana . It is the principal city of the Bozeman , MT Micropolitan Statistical Area , consisting of all of Gallatin County with a population of 97,304 . It is the largest Micropolitan Statistical Area in Montana , the fastest growing Micropolitan Statistical Area in the United States in both 2018 and 2019 and is the third largest of all Montana 's statistical areas . The city is named after John M. Bozeman who established the Bozeman Trail and was a founder of the town in August 1864 . The town became incorporated in April 1883 with a city council form of government and in January 1922 transitioned to its current city manager/city commission form of government . Bozeman was elected an All-America City in 2001 by the National Civic League . Bozeman is home to Montana State University . The local newspaper is the Bozeman Daily Chronicle , and the city is served by Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport ." } ] }, { "value": "1893", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Public ( Montana University System )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montana_University_System", "summary": "The Montana University System ( MUS ) was created on July 1 , 1994 , when the Montana Board of Regents of Higher Education restructured the state 's public colleges and universities , with the goal of streamlining the state 's higher education in the wake of decreased state funding . It has sixteen campuses divided among the two state university systems , and community colleges ." } ] }, { "value": "Bobcats", "urls": [] }, { "value": "[ 2 ]", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montana Tech", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montana_Tech_of_the_University_of_Montana", "summary": "Montana Tech is a public university in Butte , Montana . Founded in 1900 as the Montana State School of Mines , the university became affiliated with the University of Montana in 1994 . In the summer of 2018 , the Montana University System Board of Regents voted to officially change the school 's name from Montana Tech of the University of Montana to Montana Technological University . In fall 2017 , Montana Tech had nearly 2,700 students , 13 campus buildings and offers 45 undergraduate degrees along with 15 minors , 11 certification degrees , and 10 pre-professional career programs . Montana Tech also offers 21 graduate degrees and a Ph.D. in Materials Science ." } ] }, { "value": "Butte , MT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Butte,_MT", "summary": "Butte is the county seat of Silver Bow County , Montana , United States . In 1977 , the city and county governments consolidated to form the sole entity of Butte-Silver Bow . The city covers 718 square miles ( 1,860 km2 ) , and , according to the 2010 census , has a population of 33,503 , making it Montana 's fifth largest city . It is served by Bert Mooney Airport with airport code BTM . Established in 1864 as a mining camp in the northern Rocky Mountains on the Continental Divide , Butte experienced rapid development in the late-nineteenth century , and was Montana 's first major industrial city . In its heyday between the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries , it was one of the largest copper boomtowns in the American West . Employment opportunities in the mines attracted surges of Asian and European immigrants , particularly the Irish ; as of 2017 , Butte has the largest population of Irish Americans per capita of any city in the United States . Butte was also the site of various historical events involving its mining industry and active labor unions and Socialist politics , the most famous of which was the labor riot of 1914 . Despite the dominance of the Anaconda Copper Mining Company , Butte was never a company town . Other major events in the city 's history include the 1917 Speculator Mine disaster , the largest hard rock mining disaster in world history . Over the course of its history , Butte 's mining and smelting operations generated an excess of $ 48 billion worth of ore , but also resulted in numerous environmental implications for the city : The upper Clark Fork River , with headwaters at Butte , is the largest Superfund site in the United States , and the city is also home to the Berkeley Pit . In the late-twentieth century , cleanup efforts from the EPA were instated , and the Butte Citizens Technical Environmental Committee was established in 1984 ." } ] }, { "value": "1889", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Public ( Montana University System )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montana_University_System", "summary": "The Montana University System ( MUS ) was created on July 1 , 1994 , when the Montana Board of Regents of Higher Education restructured the state 's public colleges and universities , with the goal of streamlining the state 's higher education in the wake of decreased state funding . It has sixteen campuses divided among the two state university systems , and community colleges ." } ] }, { "value": "Orediggers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "[ 3 ]", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Providence", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Providence", "summary": "The University of Providence was founded in 1932 as Great Falls Junior College for Women by Edwin Vincent O'Hara , the Catholic Bishop of Great Falls , in collaboration with the Sisters of Charity of Providence and the Ursuline Sisters . It became coeducational in 1937 . A year later , Sister Lucia Sullivan established the Great Falls Normal School to educate teachers . At the time there were two schools , each operating under a different Catholic religious community . The union of the two schools was one of convenience and legality . In 1942 , the institution was a single entity under the direction of the Sisters of Providence , and was renamed the Great Falls College of Education . By the early 1950s it became simply the College of Great Falls , and in 1995 was renamed the University of Great Falls . It was renamed University of Providence in July 2017 . Over the years UP has been involved in several outreach education efforts . For many years , it has had a resident center on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation , and in Lewistown , as well as a continuing education program at Malmstrom Air Force Base . In addition to its campus offerings , UP serves 31 sites in Montana , southern Alberta and Wyoming through its Telecom Distance Learning Program , and is able to serve students around the world . The University of Providence offers undergraduate degrees in more than 20 programs and several master 's degree programs ." } ] }, { "value": "Great Falls , MT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Great_Falls,_MT", "summary": "Great Falls is a city in and the county seat of Cascade County , Montana , United States . The 2017 census estimate put the population at 58,638 . The population was 58,505 at the 2010 census . It is the principal city of the Great Falls , Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Cascade County and has a population of 82,278 . Great Falls was the largest city in Montana from 1950 to 1970 , when Billings surpassed it . Great Falls remained the second largest city in Montana until 2000 , when it was passed by Missoula . Since then Great Falls has been the third largest city in the state . Great Falls takes its name from the series of five waterfalls in close proximity along the upper Missouri River basin that the Lewis and Clark Expedition had to portage around over a ten-mile stretch ; the effort required 31 days of arduous labor during the westward leg of their 1805-06 exploration of the Louisiana Purchase and to the Pacific Northwest Coast of the Oregon Country . Each falls sports a hydroelectric dam today , hence Great Falls is nicknamed the Electric City . Currently there are two undeveloped parts of their portage route ; these are included within the Great Falls Portage , a National Historic Landmark . The city is home to the C. M. Russell Museum Complex , the University of Providence , Great Falls College Montana State University , Giant Springs , the Roe River ( which is claimed to be the world 's shortest river ) , the Montana School for the Deaf and the Blind , the Great Falls Voyagers minor league baseball team , and is adjacent to Malmstrom Air Force Base . The local newspaper is the Great Falls Tribune ." } ] }, { "value": "1932", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Private ( Roman Catholic )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Argonauts", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Utah State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Utah_State_University", "summary": "Utah State University ( USU or Utah State ) is a public land-grant research university in Logan , Utah . It is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities . With nearly 20,000 students living on or near campus , USU is Utah 's largest public residential campus . As of Fall 2019 , there were 27,810 students enrolled including 24,669 undergraduate students and 3,141 graduate students . The university has the highest percentage of out-of-state students of any public university in Utah totaling 23% of the student body . Founded in 1888 as Utah 's agricultural college , USU focused on science , engineering , agriculture , domestic arts , military science , and mechanic arts . The university offers programs in liberal arts , engineering , business , economics , natural resource sciences , as well as nationally ranked elementary & secondary education programs . It offers master 's and doctoral programs in humanities , social sciences , and STEM areas ( Science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) . It received its current name in 1957 . The university is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity . Utah State University has produced 7 Rhodes Scholars , 1 Nobel Prize winner , 1 MacArthur Fellows program inductee , 4 recipients of the Harry S. Truman Scholarship , and 34 recipients of the Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship . USU has nine colleges and offers 159 undergraduate degrees , 83 master 's degrees , and 41 doctoral degrees ." } ] }, { "value": "Logan , UT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Logan,_UT", "summary": "Logan is a city in Cache County , Utah , United States . The 2010 census recorded the population was 48,174 , with an estimated population of 51,619 in 2018 . By 2050 the population of Logan is expected to double . Logan is the county seat of Cache County and the principal city of the Logan metropolitan area , which includes Cache County and Franklin County , Idaho . The Logan metropolitan area contained 125,442 people as of the 2010 census . and was declared by Morgan Quitno in 2005 and 2007 to be the safest in the United States in those years . Logan also is the location of the main campus of Utah State University ." } ] }, { "value": "1888", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Public ( Utah System of Higher Education )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Utah_System_of_Higher_Education", "summary": "The Utah State Board of Regents was formed in 1969 as a governing body for the Utah System of Higher Education . It is made up of Dixie State University , Salt Lake Community College , Snow College , Southern Utah University , the University of Utah , Utah State University , Utah Valley University , and Weber State University . The Board consists of sixteen regents and one student regent appointed by the Governor of Utah . The Board oversees the establishment of policies and procedures , executive appointments , master planning , budget and finance , proposals for legislation , develops governmental relationships , and performs administrative unit and program approval for higher education for the State of Utah . The first commissioner and executive officer of the Utah System of Higher Education was G. Homer Durham , the former president of Arizona State University ." } ] }, { "value": "Aggies", "urls": [] }, { "value": "[ 4 ]", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Utah Valley University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Utah_Valley_University", "summary": "Utah Valley University ( UVU ) is a public university in Orem , Utah . UVU offers master 's , bachelor 's , and associate degrees . Previously called Utah Valley State College , the school attained university status in July 2008 ." } ] }, { "value": "Orem , UT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Orem,_UT", "summary": "Orem is a city in Utah County , Utah , United States , in the northern part of the state . It is adjacent to Provo , Lindon , and Vineyard and is about 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of Salt Lake City . Orem is one of the principal cities of the Provo-Orem , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Utah and Juab counties . The population was 84,324 at the 2000 census , while the 2010 population was 88,328 making it the fifth-largest city in Utah . Utah Valley University is located in Orem . The Orem Owlz of the minor league baseball Pioneer League play their home games at the college . Orem uses the slogan Family City USA . In 2010 Forbes rated it the 5th best place to raise a family . Also , Time magazine rated the Provo-Orem area as the best place to live for spiritual well-being , due to a high population of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ." } ] }, { "value": "1941", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Public ( Utah System of Higher Education )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Utah_System_of_Higher_Education", "summary": "The Utah State Board of Regents was formed in 1969 as a governing body for the Utah System of Higher Education . It is made up of Dixie State University , Salt Lake Community College , Snow College , Southern Utah University , the University of Utah , Utah State University , Utah Valley University , and Weber State University . The Board consists of sixteen regents and one student regent appointed by the Governor of Utah . The Board oversees the establishment of policies and procedures , executive appointments , master planning , budget and finance , proposals for legislation , develops governmental relationships , and performs administrative unit and program approval for higher education for the State of Utah . The first commissioner and executive officer of the Utah System of Higher Education was G. Homer Durham , the former president of Arizona State University ." } ] }, { "value": "Wolverines", "urls": [] }, { "value": "None", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Weber State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Weber_State_University", "summary": "Weber State University ( pronounced /ˈwiːbər/ WEE-bər ) is a public university in Ogden , Utah . It was founded in 1889 as Weber Stake Academy . It gained university status 29 years ago in 1991 , when it was renamed to its current name of Weber State University . It is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities ." } ] }, { "value": "Ogden , UT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ogden,_UT", "summary": "Ogden /ˈɒɡdən/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County , Utah , United States , approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Salt Lake City . The population was 87,325 in 2018 , according to the US Census Bureau , making it Utah 's 7th largest city . The city served as a major railway hub through much of its history , and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce . Ogden is also known for its many historic buildings , proximity to the Wasatch Mountains , and as the location of Weber State University . Ogden is a principal city of the Ogden-Clearfield , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , which includes all of Weber , Morgan , Davis , and Box Elder counties . The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159 . In 2010 , Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family . Ogden has had a sister city relationship to Hof ( Germany ) since 1954 ." } ] }, { "value": "1889", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Public ( Utah System of Higher Education )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Utah_System_of_Higher_Education", "summary": "The Utah State Board of Regents was formed in 1969 as a governing body for the Utah System of Higher Education . It is made up of Dixie State University , Salt Lake Community College , Snow College , Southern Utah University , the University of Utah , Utah State University , Utah Valley University , and Weber State University . The Board consists of sixteen regents and one student regent appointed by the Governor of Utah . The Board oversees the establishment of policies and procedures , executive appointments , master planning , budget and finance , proposals for legislation , develops governmental relationships , and performs administrative unit and program approval for higher education for the State of Utah . The first commissioner and executive officer of the Utah System of Higher Education was G. Homer Durham , the former president of Arizona State University ." } ] }, { "value": "Wildcats", "urls": [] }, { "value": "[ 5 ]", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Members", "section_text": "", "uid": "Mountain_west_collegiate_hockey_league_0", "intro": "The Mountain West Collegiate Hockey League (MWCHL) is a collegiate hockey conference within Division 2 of the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA). It is made up of eight universities throughout the Western United States. Four members are from the state of Utah, while the remaining four are from Montana and North Dakota." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2006–07_NBA_season_transactions", "title": "List of 2006–07 NBA season transactions", "header": [ "Pick", "Player", "Date signed", "Team signed", "School/Club Team" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrea Bargnani", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrea_Bargnani", "summary": "Andrea Bargnani ( Italian pronunciation : [ anˈdrɛːa barˈɲaːni ] ; born 26 October 1985 ) is an Italian former professional basketball player . The 213-centimeter ( 7 ft 0 in ) power forward-center played for Benetton Treviso in the Italian LBA and the EuroLeague before being selected first overall in the 2006 NBA draft by the Toronto Raptors . He spent 10 seasons in the NBA before ending his career with a stint in Spain during the 2016-17 season ." } ] }, { "value": "July 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Toronto Raptors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toronto_Raptors", "summary": "The Toronto Raptors are a Canadian professional basketball team based in Toronto . The Raptors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division . They play their home games at the Scotiabank Arena , which they share with the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team was founded in 1995 as part of the NBA 's expansion into Canada , along with the Vancouver Grizzlies . Since the 2001-02 season , the Raptors have been the only Canadian-based team in the league , as the Grizzlies relocated from Vancouver to Memphis , Tennessee . As with most expansion teams , the Raptors struggled in their early years ; but after the acquisition of Vince Carter through a draft-day trade in 1998 , the franchise set league-attendance records and made the NBA playoffs in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 . Carter was instrumental in leading the team to their first playoff series win in 2001 , where they advanced to the Eastern Conference semifinals . During the 2002-03 and 2003-04 seasons , they failed to make significant progress , and Carter was traded in 2004 to the New Jersey Nets . After Carter left , Chris Bosh emerged as the team leader . For the 2006-07 season , Bryan Colangelo was appointed as general manager , and through a combination of Bosh , 2006 first overall draft pick Andrea Bargnani , and a revamp of the roster , the Raptors qualified for their first playoff berth in five years , capturing the Atlantic Division title . In the 2007-08 season , they also advanced to the playoffs but failed to reach the post-season in each of the next five seasons . Colangelo overhauled the team 's roster for the 2009-10 season in a bid to persuade pending free agent Bosh to stay , but Bosh departed to sign with the Miami Heat in July 2010 , ushering in yet another era of rebuilding for the Raptors ." } ] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "LaMarcus Aldridge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/LaMarcus_Aldridge", "summary": "LaMarcus Nurae Aldridge ( born July 19 , 1985 ) is an American professional basketball player for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The power forward played college basketball for two seasons with the Texas Longhorns . Aldridge was selected second overall in the 2006 NBA draft . After spending nine seasons with the Portland Trail Blazers , he signed with the Spurs in 2015 . He has been selected to five All-NBA teams and is a seven-time NBA All-Star . He is widely known for his signature fadeaway jump shot ." } ] }, { "value": "July 4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Portland Trail Blazers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers", "summary": "The Portland Trail Blazers , commonly known as the Blazers , are an American professional basketball team based in Portland , Oregon . The Trail Blazers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . The team played its home games in the Memorial Coliseum before moving to Moda Center in 1995 ( called the Rose Garden until 2013 ) . The franchise entered the league as an expansion team in 1970 , and has enjoyed a strong following : from 1977 through 1995 , the team sold out 814 consecutive home games , the longest such streak in American major professional sports at the time , and only since surpassed by the Boston Red Sox . The Trail Blazers are the only NBA team based in the bi-national Pacific Northwest , after the Vancouver Grizzlies relocated to Memphis and became the Memphis Grizzlies in 2001 and the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2008 . The team has advanced to the NBA Finals three times , winning the NBA championship once in 1977 . Their other NBA Finals appearances were in 1990 and 1992 . The team has qualified for the playoffs in 34 seasons of their 48-season existence , including a streak of 21 straight appearances from 1983 through 2003 , tied for the second longest streak in NBA history . The Trail Blazers ' 34 playoff appearances rank third in the NBA only behind the Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs since the team 's inception in 1970 . Six Hall of Fame players have played for the Trail Blazers ( Lenny Wilkens , Bill Walton , Clyde Drexler , Dražen Petrović , Arvydas Sabonis , and Scottie Pippen ) . Bill Walton is the franchise 's most decorated player ; he was the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player in 1977 , and the regular season MVP the following year . Four Blazers ' rookies ( Geoff Petrie , Sidney Wicks , Brandon Roy and Damian Lillard ) have won the NBA Rookie of the Year award ." } ] }, { "value": "Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns", "summary": "The Texas Longhorns are the athletic teams that represent The University of Texas at Austin . The teams are sometimes referred to as the 'Horns and take their name from Longhorn cattle that were an important part of the development of Texas , and are now the official large animal of the U.S. state of Texas . The women 's teams are sometimes called the Lady Longhorns , but generally both the men 's and women 's teams are referred to as the Longhorns , and the mascot is a Texas Longhorn steer named Bevo . The Longhorn nickname appeared in Texas newspapers by 1900 . The University of Texas at Austin is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . It offers a wide variety of varsity and intramural sports programs , and was selected as America 's Best Sports College in a 2002 analysis by Sports Illustrated . Texas was also listed as the number one Collegiate Licensing Company client from 2005-2013 in regards to the amount of annual trademark royalties received from the sales of its fan merchandise . Until Athletic Director Chris Del Conte altered the organizational structure of the athletic department in 2017 , Texas was the only remaining NCAA Division I school to operate separate men 's and women 's athletic departments , after the other remaining holdout , the University of Tennessee , merged its men 's and women 's athletic departments at the end of the 2011-12 academic year ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Adam Morrison", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adam_Morrison", "summary": "Adam John Morrison ( born July 19 , 1984 ) is an American retired professional basketball player . Morrison played for three years at Gonzaga University and was considered to be one of the top college basketball players in 2005-06 . He was a finalist for the Naismith and the Wooden Award . He was named Co-Player of the Year with Duke 's J. J. Redick by the United States Basketball Writers Association and won the 2006 Chevrolet Player of the Year award . He played for the NBA teams Charlotte Bobcats from 2006 to 2009 and L.A. Lakers in 2009-2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "July 3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charlotte Bobcats", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charlotte_Bobcats", "summary": "The Charlotte Hornets are an American professional basketball team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The Hornets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team is largely owned by retired NBA player Michael Jordan , who acquired a controlling interest in the team in 2010 . The Hornets play their home games at the Spectrum Center in Uptown Charlotte . The original Hornets franchise was established in 1988 as an expansion team , owned by George Shinn . In 2002 , Shinn 's franchise relocated to New Orleans and became the New Orleans Hornets . In 2004 , the NBA established the Charlotte Bobcats , which was regarded as a new expansion team at the time . In 2013 , the New Orleans franchise announced it would rebrand itself the New Orleans Pelicans , ultimately returning the Hornets name , records , and official history ( spanning from 1988 to 2002 ) to Charlotte . The Bobcats were officially renamed the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014-15 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Gonzaga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs", "summary": "The Gonzaga Bulldogs ( also known unofficially as the Zags ) are the intercollegiate athletic teams representing Gonzaga University , located in Spokane , Washington , United States . Gonzaga competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I as a member of the West Coast Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tyrus Thomas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tyrus_Thomas", "summary": "Tyrus Wayne Thomas ( born August 17 , 1986 ) is an American former professional basketball player who last played for Eisbären Bremerhaven of the Basketball Bundesliga . He played college basketball for Louisiana State University ( LSU ) before being drafted fourth overall by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2006 NBA draft . He was then traded to the Chicago Bulls where he went on to play three and a half seasons when in February 2010 , he was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats ." } ] }, { "value": "July 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago Bulls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago_Bulls", "summary": "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 and played its first game later that year . The Bulls play their home games at the United Center , an arena on Chicago 's west side shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they played a major part in popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats . All six of their championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships while never losing an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995-96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015-16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015-16 Warriors . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Cleveland Cavaliers , Detroit Pistons , Miami Heat and the New York Knicks ." } ] }, { "value": "LSU", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/LSU_Tigers", "summary": "The LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers are the athletic teams representing Louisiana State University ( LSU ) , a public four-year coeducational university located in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . LSU competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . Based on winning percentage , the university 's athletics program is consistently one of the best in the nation ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shelden Williams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shelden_Williams", "summary": "Shelden DeMar Williams ( born October 21 , 1983 ) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach for the College Park Skyhawks of the NBA G League . He played college basketball at Duke University , where his # 23 jersey was retired on January 28 , 2007 . His size ( 6 ' 9 , 250 lbs ) , aggressive style of play , and shot-blocking ability earned him the nickname The Landlord . During high school , Williams was a member of the National Honor Society and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes . He earned the 2005 and 2006 NABC Defensive Player of the Year Awards while at Duke , becoming only the fifth player in history to earn the award two consecutive years . He holds Duke 's career blocks record , single-season blocks record , and career rebounding record , while he is 17th in career blocks on the NCAA charts . He is the third player in ACC history to have 1,500 points , 1,000 rebounds and 350 blocks ( joining Tim Duncan and Ralph Sampson ) . His 1,217 rebounds and 1,859 career points rank him seventh in ACC history and sixteenth in Duke history , respectively . Williams became only the third Duke basketball player to record a triple-double when Duke defeated Maryland on January 11 , 2006 , recording 19 points , 11 rebounds and 10 blocks ." } ] }, { "value": "July 10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Atlanta Hawks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks", "summary": "The Atlanta Hawks are an American professional basketball team based in Atlanta . The Hawks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team plays its home games at State Farm Arena . The team 's origins can be traced to the establishment of the Buffalo Bisons in 1946 in Buffalo , New York , a member of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) owned by Ben Kerner and Leo Ferris . After 38 days in Buffalo , the team moved to Moline , Illinois , where they were renamed the Tri-Cities Blackhawks . In 1949 , they joined the NBA as part of the merger between the NBL and the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , and briefly had Red Auerbach as coach . In 1951 , Kerner moved the team to Milwaukee , where they changed their name to the Hawks . Kerner and the team moved again in 1955 to St. Louis , where they won their only NBA Championship in 1958 and qualified to play in the NBA Finals in 1957 , 1960 and 1961 . The Hawks played the Boston Celtics in all four of their trips to the NBA Finals . The St. Louis Hawks moved to Atlanta in 1968 , when Kerner sold the franchise to Thomas Cousins and former Georgia Governor Carl Sanders . The Hawks currently own the second-longest drought ( behind the Sacramento Kings ) of not winning an NBA championship at 60 seasons . The franchise 's lone NBA championship , as well as all four NBA Finals appearances , occurred when the team was based in St. Louis ." } ] }, { "value": "Duke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils", "summary": "The Duke Blue Devils are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Duke University , located in Durham , North Carolina . Duke 's athletics department features 27 varsity teams that all compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level . The name comes from the French les Diables Bleus or the Blue Devils , which was the nickname given during World War I to the Chasseurs Alpins , the French Alpine light infantry battalion . Duke joined the Southern Conference in 1929 , and left in 1953 to become a founder of the Atlantic Coast Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brandon Roy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brandon_Roy", "summary": "Brandon Dawayne Roy ( born July 23 , 1984 ) is an American basketball coach and a former professional basketball player . Roy played six seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for the Portland Trail Blazers and Minnesota Timberwolves . He was selected sixth in the 2006 NBA draft , having completed four years playing for the Washington Huskies . His nickname was B-Roy , but he was also referred to as The Natural by Trail Blazers announcer Brian Wheeler . On December 10 , 2011 , Roy announced his retirement from basketball due to a degenerative knee condition , though he returned in 2012 to play five games for the Timberwolves . Born in Seattle , Roy became known for his immediate impact on the Trail Blazers . Zach Randolph , then the team captain , was traded to the New York Knicks at the end of Roy 's first season in 2006-07 season , which cleared the way for Roy to take on a leadership role on the team . That season , Roy won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in a near-unanimous vote . He was selected as a reserve to the 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 All-Star games . Roy played the most minutes of any Western Conference player , and tied for the most points in the West in the 2007-08 season , and he played the most minutes of any player during the 2008-09 season ." } ] }, { "value": "July 4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Portland Trail Blazers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers", "summary": "The Portland Trail Blazers , commonly known as the Blazers , are an American professional basketball team based in Portland , Oregon . The Trail Blazers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . The team played its home games in the Memorial Coliseum before moving to Moda Center in 1995 ( called the Rose Garden until 2013 ) . The franchise entered the league as an expansion team in 1970 , and has enjoyed a strong following : from 1977 through 1995 , the team sold out 814 consecutive home games , the longest such streak in American major professional sports at the time , and only since surpassed by the Boston Red Sox . The Trail Blazers are the only NBA team based in the bi-national Pacific Northwest , after the Vancouver Grizzlies relocated to Memphis and became the Memphis Grizzlies in 2001 and the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2008 . The team has advanced to the NBA Finals three times , winning the NBA championship once in 1977 . Their other NBA Finals appearances were in 1990 and 1992 . The team has qualified for the playoffs in 34 seasons of their 48-season existence , including a streak of 21 straight appearances from 1983 through 2003 , tied for the second longest streak in NBA history . The Trail Blazers ' 34 playoff appearances rank third in the NBA only behind the Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs since the team 's inception in 1970 . Six Hall of Fame players have played for the Trail Blazers ( Lenny Wilkens , Bill Walton , Clyde Drexler , Dražen Petrović , Arvydas Sabonis , and Scottie Pippen ) . Bill Walton is the franchise 's most decorated player ; he was the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player in 1977 , and the regular season MVP the following year . Four Blazers ' rookies ( Geoff Petrie , Sidney Wicks , Brandon Roy and Damian Lillard ) have won the NBA Rookie of the Year award ." } ] }, { "value": "Washington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Washington_Huskies", "summary": "The Washington Huskies are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Washington , located in Seattle . The school is a member of the Pac-12 Conference . Washington students , sports teams , and alumni are called Huskies . The husky was selected as the school mascot by student committee in 1923 . It replaced the Sun Dodger , an abstract reference to the local weather that was quickly dropped in favor of something more tangible . The costumed Harry the Husky performs at sporting and special events , and a live Alaskan Malamute , currently named Dubs II , has traditionally led the football team onto the field at the start of games . The school colors of purple and gold were adopted in 1892 by student vote . The choice was purportedly inspired by the first stanza of Lord Byron 's The Destruction of Sennacherib Among its facilities on campus are Husky Stadium ( football ) , Hec Edmundson Pavilion ( basketball , gymnastics and volleyball ) , Husky Ballpark ( baseball ) , Husky Softball Stadium ( softball ) , the Nordstrom Tennis Center , the Dempsey Indoor practice facility , and the Conibear Shellhouse ( rowing ) . Recently added was the Husky Track located just north of the Husky Ballpark . The golf team 's home course is at the Washington National Golf Club in Auburn . With most on-campus facilities located on or near Montlake Boulevard in Seattle , Montlake is used as a metonym for the athletic department and its teams ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Randy Foye", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Randy_Foye", "summary": "Randy Foye ( born September 24 , 1983 ) is a color analyst of the YES Network and a former American professional basketball player . He played collegiately at Villanova University . He was selected seventh overall in the 2006 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics , but was immediately traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , and later traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves where he began his career ." } ] }, { "value": "July 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Minnesota Timberwolves", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves", "summary": "The Minnesota Timberwolves ( also commonly known as the Wolves ) are an American professional basketball team based in Minneapolis . The Timberwolves compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . Founded in 1989 , the team is owned by Glen Taylor who also owns the WNBA 's Minnesota Lynx . The Timberwolves play their home games at Target Center , their home since 1990 . Like most expansion teams , the Timberwolves struggled in their early years , but after the acquisition of Kevin Garnett in the 1995 NBA draft , the team qualified for the playoffs in eight consecutive seasons from 1997 to 2004 . Despite losing in the first round in their first seven attempts , the Timberwolves won their first division championship in 2004 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals that same season . Garnett was also named the NBA Most Valuable Player for that season . The team then went into rebuilding mode for more than a decade after missing the postseason in 2005 , and trading Garnett to the Boston Celtics in 2007 . Garnett returned to the Timberwolves in a February 2015 trade and finished his career there , retiring in the 2016 offseason . The Timberwolves ended a 14-year playoff drought when they returned to the postseason in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "Villanova", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats", "summary": "The Villanova Wildcats are the athletic teams of Villanova University . They compete in the Big East ( NCAA Division I ) for every sport except football and where they compete in the Colonial Athletic Association ( Football Championship Subdivision , formerly Division I-AA , for football only ) . On December 15 , 2012 , Villanova and the other six Catholic , non-FBS schools announced that they were departing the Big East for a new conference . This conference assumed the Big East name on July 1 , 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rudy Gay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rudy_Gay", "summary": "Rudy Carlton Gay Jr. ( born August 17 , 1986 ) is an American professional basketball player for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The 6 ' 8 small forward played college basketball for the University of Connecticut before being drafted eighth overall in the 2006 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets ; he was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies days later ." } ] }, { "value": "July 12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Memphis Grizzlies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies", "summary": "The Memphis Grizzlies are an American professional basketball team based in Memphis , Tennessee . The Grizzlies compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The Grizzlies play their home games at FedExForum . The team is owned by Robert Pera . The Grizzlies are currently the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues based in the city of Memphis , and is the only professional basketball team in the state of Tennessee . The team was originally established as the Vancouver Grizzlies , an expansion team that joined the NBA for the 1995-96 season . After the 2000-01 season concluded , the Grizzlies moved to Memphis ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies", "summary": "The UConn Huskies ( or Connecticut Huskies ) are the athletic teams that represent the University of Connecticut . The school is a member of the NCAA 's Division I and the American Athletic Conference . The university 's football team plays at Rentschler Field , and the men 's and women 's basketball teams play on-campus at Harry A. Gampel Pavilion and off-campus at the XL Center ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Patrick O'Bryant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Patrick_O'Bryant", "summary": "Patrick Fitzgerald O'Bryant ( born June 20 , 1986 ) is a US-born Central African professional basketball player for the London Lightning of the National Basketball League of Canada . The 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) , 250 lb ( 110 kg ; 18 st ) center was selected out of Bradley University by the Golden State Warriors with the 9th overall pick in the 2006 NBA draft . He has been a member of the NBA 's Warriors , Boston Celtics , and Toronto Raptors , and has also played in the NBA Development League , and overseas in Europe and Latin America ." } ] }, { "value": "July 3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Golden State Warriors", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors", "summary": "The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in San Francisco . The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . Founded in 1946 in Philadelphia , the Warriors moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1962 and took the city 's name , before changing its geographic moniker to Golden State in 1971 . [ b ] They play their home games at the Chase Center . The Warriors won the inaugural Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) championship in 1947 , [ c ] and won again in 1956 , led by Hall of Fame trio Paul Arizin , Tom Gola , and Neil Johnston . After a brief rebuilding period after the trade of star Wilt Chamberlain , the team moved to San Francisco . In 1975 , star players Jamaal Wilkes and Rick Barry powered the Warriors to their third championship , largely considered one of the biggest upsets in NBA history . The team struggled in the 1980s , then became playoff regulars at the turn of the decade with stars Tim Hardaway , Mitch Richmond , and Chris Mullin , nicknamed Run TMC . The team returned to championship glory in 2015 , led by Stephen Curry , Klay Thompson , and Draymond Green ; they won again in 2017 and 2018 , with the help of former MVP Kevin Durant . Nicknamed the Dubs as a shortening of W 's , the Warriors hold several NBA records : best regular season , most wins in a season ( regular season and postseason combined ) , and best postseason run . Curry and Thompson are among the greatest backcourts of all time . Only the Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics have more NBA championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Bradley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bradley_Braves", "summary": "The Bradley Braves are the intercollegiate athletics teams of Bradley University , located in Peoria , Illinois , United States . The Braves ' athletic program is a member of the Missouri Valley Conference ( MVC ) and competes at the NCAA Division I level . The Bradley mascot is Kaboom ! the Gargoyle , and the school colors are red and white ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mouhamed Sene", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mouhamed_Sene", "summary": "Mouhamed Saer Sene ( born May 12 , 1986 ) is a Senegalese professional basketball player who last played for the Austin Spurs of the NBA Development League . He had a 7 ft 8½ in ( 2.35 m ) wingspan ." } ] }, { "value": "July 6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Seattle SuperSonics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics", "summary": "The Seattle SuperSonics , commonly known as the Sonics , were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle , Washington . The SuperSonics played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Pacific and Northwest divisions from 1967 until 2008 . After the 2007-08 season ended , the team relocated to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , and now plays as the Oklahoma City Thunder . Sam Schulman owned the team from its 1967 inception until 1983 . It was then owned by Barry Ackerley ( 1983-2001 ) , and then Basketball Club of Seattle , headed by Starbucks chairman emeritus , former president and CEO Howard Schultz ( 2001-2006 ) . On July 18 , 2006 , the Basketball Club of Seattle sold the SuperSonics and its Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) sister franchise Seattle Storm to the Professional Basketball Club LLC , headed by Oklahoma City businessman Clay Bennett . The sale was approved by the NBA Board of Governors on October 24 , 2006 , and finalized on October 31 , 2006 , at which point the new ownership group took control . After failing to find public funding to construct a new arena in the Seattle area , the SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City before the 2008-09 season , following a $ 45 million settlement with the city of Seattle to pay off the team 's existing lease at KeyArena at Seattle Center in advance of its 2010 expiration . Home games were played at KeyArena , originally known as Seattle Center Coliseum , for 33 of the franchise 's 41 seasons in Seattle . In 1978 , the team moved to the Kingdome , which was shared with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) . They returned to the Coliseum full-time in 1985 , moving temporarily to the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma , Washington , for the 1994-95 season while the Coliseum was renovated and rebranded as KeyArena . The SuperSonics won the NBA championship in 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "Vervier Pepinsters ( Belgium )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "J.J. Redick", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/J.J._Redick", "summary": "Jonathan Clay JJ Redick ( born June 24 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was selected 11th overall by the Orlando Magic in the 2006 NBA draft . He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils . In college , Redick was known for his good three-point and free throw shooting . He set ACC records during his career for most points and most career ACC tournament points , though his ACC career points record was subsequently broken at UNC in 2009 . Redick is currently the all-time leading scorer for Duke . He also set several other Duke records , including most points in a single season . Redick 's jersey was retired by Duke on February 4 , 2007 . After being drafted by the Magic , he played for seven seasons in Orlando , followed by a short spell with the Milwaukee Bucks , then four seasons with the Los Angeles Clippers . In 2017 , he signed a one-year contract with the Philadelphia 76ers , and re-signed with them on a one-year deal the following year . In 2019 , Redick signed a two-year deal with the New Orleans Pelicans . In addition to his basketball career , Redick is a podcaster , and hosts a basketball and entertainment podcast for The Ringer ." } ] }, { "value": "July 3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Orlando Magic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Orlando_Magic", "summary": "The Orlando Magic are an American professional basketball team based in Orlando , Florida . The Magic compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The franchise was established in 1989 as an expansion franchise , and such notable NBA stars as Shaquille O'Neal , Penny Hardaway , Patrick Ewing , Grant Hill , Tracy McGrady , Steve Francis , Dwight Howard , Vince Carter , Rashard Lewis , Dominique Wilkins , and Hedo Türkoğlu have played for the club throughout its young history . As of 2019 [ update ] , the franchise has played in the NBA playoffs for exactly half of its existence ( 15 playoff appearances in 30 years ) , and twice went to the NBA Finals , in 1995 and 2009 . Orlando has been the second most successful of the four expansion teams brought into the league in 1988 and 1989 in terms of winning percentage , only after the Miami Heat ." } ] }, { "value": "Duke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils", "summary": "The Duke Blue Devils are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Duke University , located in Durham , North Carolina . Duke 's athletics department features 27 varsity teams that all compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level . The name comes from the French les Diables Bleus or the Blue Devils , which was the nickname given during World War I to the Chasseurs Alpins , the French Alpine light infantry battalion . Duke joined the Southern Conference in 1929 , and left in 1953 to become a founder of the Atlantic Coast Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hilton Armstrong", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hilton_Armstrong", "summary": "Hilton Julius Armstrong , Jr. ( born November 11 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Nagoya Diamond Dolphins of the B.League . During his college basketball career , he played as a forward and center for the University of Connecticut Huskies . He formerly played for the New Orleans Hornets , Sacramento Kings , Houston Rockets , Washington Wizards , Atlanta Hawks , and Golden State Warriors of the NBA . He was also on the pre-season roster of the Indiana Pacers in 2014 and played in a summer league for the Los Angeles Clippers in 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "July 5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Orleans_Hornets", "summary": "The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans . The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays their home games in the Smoothie King Center . The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002-03 season when then-owner of the Charlotte Hornets , George Shinn , relocated the franchise to New Orleans . Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City , where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets . The team returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007-08 season . On January 24 , 2013 , the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans , effective after the conclusion of the 2012-13 season . The Charlotte Hornets ' name , history , and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then Charlotte Bobcats franchise , which subsequently became the Charlotte Hornets , starting May 20 , 2014 . In 16 seasons of play since the original franchise relocated from North Carolina , the Louisiana franchise has achieved an overall regular season record of 610-686 , and has qualified for the playoffs seven times . Their achievements include two playoff series victories and one division title ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies", "summary": "The UConn Huskies ( or Connecticut Huskies ) are the athletic teams that represent the University of Connecticut . The school is a member of the NCAA 's Division I and the American Athletic Conference . The university 's football team plays at Rentschler Field , and the men 's and women 's basketball teams play on-campus at Harry A. Gampel Pavilion and off-campus at the XL Center ." } ] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Thabo Sefolosha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thabo_Sefolosha", "summary": "Thabo Patrick Sefolosha ( /ˈtɑːboʊ ˌsɛfəˈloʊʃə/ ; born May 2 , 1984 ) is a Swiss-South African professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He has also played in the NBA for the Chicago Bulls , Oklahoma City Thunder , Atlanta Hawks , and Utah Jazz , in the Turkish Basketball League for the Fenerbahçe , in France for Élan Chalon , in Italy for Angelico Biella , and in Switzerland for Vevey Riviera Basket . In 2006 , he became the first player from Switzerland to play in the NBA , and in 2013 , he was labelled the best Swiss basketball player of all-time by Swiss newspaper Freiburger Nachrichten ." } ] }, { "value": "July 6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago Bulls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago_Bulls", "summary": "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 and played its first game later that year . The Bulls play their home games at the United Center , an arena on Chicago 's west side shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they played a major part in popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats . All six of their championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships while never losing an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995-96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015-16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015-16 Warriors . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Cleveland Cavaliers , Detroit Pistons , Miami Heat and the New York Knicks ." } ] }, { "value": "Angelico Biella ( Italy )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Angelico_Biella", "summary": "Pallacanestro Biella , known as Angelico Biella for sponsorship reasons , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Biella , Piedmont . It plays in the second division Serie A2 as of the 2015-16 season . For past club sponsorship names , see sponsorship names ." } ] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ronnie Brewer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ronnie_Brewer", "summary": "Ronnie Brewer ( born March 20 , 1985 ) is an American former professional basketball player who last played for the Santa Cruz Warriors of the NBA Development League . Brewer played collegiately at the University of Arkansas , where his father Ron Brewer was a star in the late 1970s . Brewer is known for having an unorthodox shooting technique , the result of a childhood water slide injury . The Utah Jazz selected him with the 14th pick of the 2006 NBA draft ." } ] }, { "value": "July 7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Utah Jazz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Utah_Jazz", "summary": "The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City . The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference , Northwest Division . Since 1991 , the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena . The franchise began play as an expansion team in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz ( as a tribute to New Orleans ' history of originating Jazz music ) . The Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . The Jazz were one of the most successful teams in the league in their early years . Although 10 seasons elapsed before the Jazz qualified for their first playoff appearance in 1984 , they did not miss the playoffs again until 2004 . During the late 1980s , John Stockton and Karl Malone arose as the franchise players for the team , and formed one of the most famed point guard-power forward duos in NBA history . Led by coach Jerry Sloan , who took over from Frank Layden in 1988 , they became one of the powerhouse teams of the 1990s , culminating in two NBA Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , where they lost both times to the Chicago Bulls , led by Michael Jordan . Both Stockton and Malone moved on in 2003 . After missing the playoffs for three consecutive seasons the Jazz returned to prominence under the on-court leadership of point guard Deron Williams . However , partway through the 2010-11 season , the Jazz began restructuring after Sloan 's retirement and Williams ' trade to the New Jersey Nets ." } ] }, { "value": "Arkansas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks", "summary": "The Arkansas Razorbacks , also known as the Hogs , are the intercollegiate athletics teams representing the University of Arkansas , located in Fayetteville . The University of Arkansas student body voted to change the name of the school mascot ( originally the Cardinals ) in 1910 to the Arkansas Razorbacks after a hard-fought battle against LSU in which they were said to play like a wild band of Razorback hogs by former coach Hugo Bezdek . The Arkansas Razorbacks are the only major sports team in the U.S. with a porcine nickname , though the Texas A & M-Kingsville Javelinas play in Division II . The University of Arkansas currently fields 19 total varsity teams ( eight men 's and 11 women 's ) in 13 sports , and competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) in football ) level as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ." } ] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cedric Simmons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cedric_Simmons", "summary": "Cedric Simmons ( born January 3 , 1986 ) is an American-born Bulgarian professional basketball player for SeaHorses Mikawa in Japan . He was born in the United States , but also holds Bulgarian citizenship , and has played for the senior men 's Bulgarian national basketball team . A 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) -tall power forward-center , Simmons was selected by the New Orleans Hornets , in the first round ( 15th overall pick ) of the 2006 NBA draft ." } ] }, { "value": "July 4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Orleans_Hornets", "summary": "The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans . The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays their home games in the Smoothie King Center . The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002-03 season when then-owner of the Charlotte Hornets , George Shinn , relocated the franchise to New Orleans . Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City , where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets . The team returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007-08 season . On January 24 , 2013 , the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans , effective after the conclusion of the 2012-13 season . The Charlotte Hornets ' name , history , and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then Charlotte Bobcats franchise , which subsequently became the Charlotte Hornets , starting May 20 , 2014 . In 16 seasons of play since the original franchise relocated from North Carolina , the Louisiana franchise has achieved an overall regular season record of 610-686 , and has qualified for the playoffs seven times . Their achievements include two playoff series victories and one division title ." } ] }, { "value": "NC State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack", "summary": "The NC State Wolfpack is the nickname of the athletic teams representing North Carolina State University . The Wolfpack competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) for all sports since the 1953-54 season . The athletic teams of the Wolfpack compete in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports . NC State is a founding member of the ACC and has won eight national championships : two NCAA championships , two AIAW championships , and four titles under other sanctioning bodies . Most NC State fans and athletes recognize the rivalry with the North Carolina Tar Heels as their biggest . The primary logo for NC State athletics is a red block 'S ' with an inscribed ' N ' and ' C ' . The block S has been in use since 1890 but has seen many alterations through the years . The color red was adopted from the state bird , the cardinal . It became the sole logo for all NC State athletic teams in 2000 and was modernized to its current design in 2006 . NC State athletic teams are nicknamed the 'wolfpack ' . The name was adopted in 1921 when a disgruntled fan described the behavior of some of the school 's football players as being as unruly as a pack of wolves . Prior to the adoption of the current nickname , North Carolina State athletic teams went by such names as the Aggies , the Techs , the Red Terrors , and Farmers ." } ] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rodney Carney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rodney_Carney", "summary": "Rodney Dion Carney ( born April 15 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Toyotsu Fighting Eagles Nagoya of the B.League . He played college basketball for the University of Memphis and was selected in the 2006 NBA draft by the Chicago Bulls and shortly afterwards traded to the Philadelphia 76ers ." } ] }, { "value": "July 8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Philadelphia 76ers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers", "summary": "The Philadelphia 76ers ( also commonly known as the Sixers ) are an American professional basketball team based in Philadelphia . The 76ers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division and play at Wells Fargo Center . Founded in 1946 and originally known as the Syracuse Nationals , they are one of the oldest franchises in the NBA , and one of only eight ( out of 23 ) to survive the league 's first decade . The 76ers have had a prominent history , with many of the greatest players in NBA history having played for the organization , including Wilt Chamberlain , Hal Greer , Billy Cunningham , Julius Erving , Andrew Toney , Moses Malone , Charles Barkley , and Allen Iverson . They have won three NBA championships , with their first coming as the Syracuse Nationals in 1955 . The second title came in 1967 , a team which was led by Chamberlain . The third title came in 1983 , won by a team led by Erving and Malone . The 76ers have only been back to the NBA Finals once since then : in 2001 , where they were led by Iverson and lost to the Los Angeles Lakers in five games ." } ] }, { "value": "Memphis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Memphis_Tigers", "summary": "The Memphis Tigers are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Memphis , located in Memphis , Tennessee . The teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the American Athletic Conference , except for the rifle team , which is a member of the single-sport Great America Rifle Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shawne Williams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shawne_Williams", "summary": "Shawne Brian Williams ( born February 16 , 1986 ) is an American professional basketball player who most recently played for the Al-Riffa of the Bahraini Premier League . He played college basketball for the University of Memphis before being selected 17th overall in the 2006 NBA draft by the Indiana Pacers ." } ] }, { "value": "July 6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Indiana Pacers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Indiana_Pacers", "summary": "The Indiana Pacers are an American professional basketball team based in Indianapolis , Indiana . The Pacers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The Pacers were first established in 1967 as a member of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) and became a member of the NBA in 1976 as a result of the ABA-NBA merger . They play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse . The team is named after Indiana 's history with the Indianapolis 500 's pace cars and with the harness racing industry . The Pacers have won three championships , all in the ABA . The Pacers were NBA Eastern Conference champions in 2000 . The team has won nine division titles . Six Hall of Fame players - Reggie Miller , Chris Mullin , Alex English , Mel Daniels , Roger Brown , and George McGinnis - played with the Pacers for multiple seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Memphis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Memphis_Tigers", "summary": "The Memphis Tigers are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Memphis , located in Memphis , Tennessee . The teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the American Athletic Conference , except for the rifle team , which is a member of the single-sport Great America Rifle Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oleksiy Pecherov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oleksiy_Pecherov", "summary": "Oleksiy Pecherov ( Ukrainian : Олексій Печеров ; born December 8 , 1985 ) is a former Ukrainian professional basketball player who last played for Hekmeh of the FLB League . He 's also a member of the Ukraine national basketball team ." } ] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Washington Wizards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Washington_Wizards", "summary": "The Washington Wizards are an American professional basketball team based in Washington , D.C . The Wizards compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team plays its home games at the Capital One Arena , in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Chicago Packers based in Chicago , Illinois , and were renamed to Chicago Zephyrs the following season . In 1963 , they relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , and became the Baltimore Bullets , taking the name from a previous team of the same name . In 1973 , the team changed its name to the Capital Bullets to reflect their move to the Washington metropolitan area , and then to Washington Bullets in the following season . In 1997 , they rebranded themselves as the Wizards . The Wizards have appeared in four NBA Finals , and won in 1978 . They have had a total of 28 playoff appearances , won four conference titles ( 1971 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) , and seven division titles ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 2017 ) . Their best season came in 1975 with a record of 60-22 . Wes Unseld is the only player in franchise history to become the MVP ( 1969 ) , and win the Finals MVP award ( 1978 ) . Four players ( Walt Bellamy , Terry Dischinger , Earl Monroe and Wes Unseld ) have won the Rookie of the Year award ." } ] }, { "value": "Ukraine", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quincy Douby", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quincy_Douby", "summary": "Quincy Douby ( born May 16 , 1984 ) is an American-born , naturalized Montenegrin professional basketball player for Sporting Al Riyadi Beirut of the Lebanese Basketball League . At 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) , 175 pounds ( 79 kg ) , Douby played shooting guard for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights . The Sacramento Kings made him the 19th selection of the 2006 NBA Draft . He has a critically acclaimed basketball podcast - NoDouby - named after him , in honor of his fearless playing style ." } ] }, { "value": "July 3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sacramento Kings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sacramento_Kings", "summary": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference 's Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001-02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61-21 ( a winning percentage of .744 ) . The Sacramento Kings are the latest and current version of one of the oldest continuously operating professional basketball franchises in the nation . They originated in Rochester , New York , as the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) in 1923 , hosting a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that league 's championship in their first season , 1945-46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in 1957 , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and was renamed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ." } ] }, { "value": "Rutgers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights", "summary": "The Rutgers Scarlet Knights are the athletic teams that represent Rutgers University 's New Brunswick campus . In sports , Rutgers is chiefly known for being the Birthplace of College Football , hosting the first ever intercollegiate football game on November 6 , 1869 in which Rutgers defeated a team from the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) with a score of 6 runs to 4 . ( Roughly 36-24 currently ) Among the first American schools to participate in intercollegiate athletics , Rutgers currently fields 27 teams in the Big Ten Conference which participates in Division I competition , as sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the following sports : baseball , basketball , crew , cross country , field hockey , football , golf , gymnastics , lacrosse , soccer , softball , tennis , track and field , swimming and diving , wrestling , and volleyball . The athletic programs compete under the name Scarlet Knights , after the Rutgers University mascot which was chosen in 1955 by the student body . The Rutgers campuses in Newark and Camden also participate in intercollegiate competition - under the names Scarlet Raiders and Scarlet Raptors , respectively - in NCAA Division III ." } ] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Renaldo Balkman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Renaldo_Balkman", "summary": "Renaldo Miguel Balkman ( born July 14 , 1984 ) is a Puerto Rican professional basketball player who last played for the San Miguel Alab Pilipinas of the ASEAN Basketball League ( ABL ) . He also represents the Puerto Rican national team . He played college basketball for the University of South Carolina before being selected with the 20th overall pick of the 2006 NBA draft by the New York Knicks . After spending six seasons with the New York Knicks and Denver Nuggets in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , he played since the 2012-13 season in several leagues around the world , among which are Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) , Mexican LNBP , Venezuelan LPB and NBA G League ." } ] }, { "value": "July 5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New York Knicks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_Knicks", "summary": "The New York Knickerbockers , more commonly referred to as the Knicks , are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Manhattan . The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden , an arena they share with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City ; the other team is the Brooklyn Nets . Alongside the Boston Celtics , the Knicks are one of two original NBA teams still located in its original city . The team , established by Ned Irish in 1946 , was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , which became the NBA after merging with the rival National Basketball League ( NBL ) in 1949 . The Knicks were successful during their early years and were constant playoff contenders under the franchise 's first head coach Joe Lapchick . Beginning in 1950 , the Knicks made three consecutive appearances in the NBA Finals , all of which were losing efforts . Lapchick resigned in 1956 and the team subsequently began to falter . It was not until the late 1960s when Red Holzman became the head coach that the Knicks began to regain their former dominance . Holzman successfully guided the Knicks to two NBA championships , in 1970 and 1973 . The Knicks of the 1980s had mixed success that included six playoff appearances ; however , they failed to participate in the NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "South Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks", "summary": "The South Carolina Gamecocks represent the University of South Carolina in the NCAA Division I . This moniker is in honor of Thomas Sumter , a Revolutionary War hero from South Carolina who was nicknamed the Carolina Gamecock after British General Banastre Tarleton said Sumter fought like a gamecock . While the men 's teams were traditionally known as the Fighting Gamecocks and the women 's teams were previously known as the Lady Gamecocks , this distinction was discontinued in part to eliminate any gender bias in the athletic department and in part to counter misconceptions about the gamecock mascot endorsing bloodsport . All of the University 's varsity teams compete at the Division I level of the NCAA , and all but men 's soccer and women 's beach volleyball compete in the Southeastern Conference . Men 's soccer competes in Conference USA and women 's beach volleyball competes in the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association because the SEC does not sponsor those sports . The athletic department is supported with private money from the Gamecock Club . It was originally formed as the B.A.M . ( Buck-A-Month ) Club in 1939 and 1940 to benefit the athletic programs from privately raised funds . The university 's athletic programs have earned ten national team titles and produced many Olympians . Tim Brando ( formerly of CBS Sports ) was quoted as saying , You wo n't find any more loyal fans in the country than those who follow the South Carolina Gamecocks ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Draft -- Round 1", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_2006-07_NBA_season_transactions_1", "intro": "N/A" }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil", "title": "Public holidays in Brazil", "header": [ "Date", "English name", "Portuguese name", "Remarks" ], "data": [ { "value": "January 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Year 's Day", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Year's_Day", "summary": "New Year 's Day , also simply called New Year , is observed on 1 January , the first day of the year on the modern Gregorian calendar as well as the Julian calendar . In pre-Christian Rome under the Julian calendar , the day was dedicated to Janus , god of gateways and beginnings , for whom January is also named . As a date in the Gregorian calendar of Christendom , New Year 's Day liturgically marked the Feast of the Naming and Circumcision of Jesus , which is still observed as such in the Anglican Church and Lutheran Church . The Roman Catholic Church celebrates on this day the Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God . In present day , with most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their de facto calendar , New Year 's Day is among the most celebrated public holidays in the world , often observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight as the new year starts in each time zone . Other global New Year 's Day traditions include making New Year 's resolutions and calling one 's friends and family ." } ] }, { "value": "Ano Novo / Confraternização Universal", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Celebrates the beginning of the year . Festivities include counting down to midnight starting from the preceding night . It also signals the traditional end of the holiday season", "urls": [] }, { "value": "April 21", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tiradentes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tiradentes", "summary": "Joaquim José da Silva Xavier ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʒwaˈkĩ ʒuˈzɛ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ʃɐviˈɛʁ ] ; November 12 , 1746 - April 21 , 1792 ) , known as Tiradentes ( pronounced [ tʃiɾɐˈdẽtʃis ] ) , was a leading member of the Brazilian revolutionary movement known as Inconfidência Mineira , whose aim was full independence from Portuguese colonial power and creation of a Brazilian republic . When the separatists ' plot was uncovered by authorities , Tiradentes was arrested , tried and publicly hanged . Since the advent of the Brazilian Republic , Tiradentes has been considered a national hero of Brazil and patron of the Military Police ." } ] }, { "value": "Dia de Tiradentes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anniversary of considered the national martyr for being part of the Inconfidência Mineira , an insurgent movement that aimed to establish an independent Brazilian republic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Inconfidência_Mineira", "summary": "Inconfidência Mineira ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ĩkõfiˈdẽsiɐ miˈnejɾɐ ] ; Minas Gerais Conspiracy ) was an unsuccessful separatist movement in Brazil in 1789 . It was the result of a confluence of external and internal causes in what was then a Portuguese colony . The external inspiration was the independence of thirteen of the British colonies in North America following the American Revolutionary War , a development that impressed the intellectual elite of particularly the captaincy of Minas Gerais . The main internal cause of the conspiracy was the decline of gold mining in that captaincy . As gold became less plentiful , the region 's gold miners faced increasing difficulties in fulfilling tax obligations to the crown , the tax over gold was one-fifth . When the captaincy could not satisfy the royal demand for gold , it was burdened with an additional tax on gold , called derrama . Conspirators seeking independence from Portugal planned to rise up in rebellion on the day that the derrama was instituted . However , the conspirators lacked both well-formed plans and an overall leader . Some of the conspirators were republicans , others were monarchists . Some favored the abolition of slavery , while others judged abolition as impractical at that time . The conspirators did put forth a few economic and social ideas : the promotion of cotton production , the exploitation of iron and saltpeter reserves , a proposal to give incentives to mothers to have many children , and the creation of a citizens ' militia . The conspiracy attracted a great number of military personnel , priests , and intellectuals , as well as the poets Cláudio Manuel da Costa and Tomás Antônio Gonzaga ( 1744-1807 ?" } ] }, { "value": "May 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Labour Day", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Labour_Day", "summary": "Labour Day ( Labor Day in the United States ) is an annual holiday to celebrate the achievements of workers . Labour Day has its origins in the labour union movement , specifically the eight-hour day movement , which advocated eight hours for work , eight hours for recreation , and eight hours for rest . For most countries , Labour Day is synonymous with , or linked with , International Workers ' Day , which occurs on 1 May . For other countries , Labour Day is celebrated on a different date , often one with special significance for the labour movement in that country . Labour Day is a public holiday in many countries . In Canada and the United States , the holiday is celebrated on the first Monday of September and considered the unofficial end of summer , with summer vacations ending and students returning to school around then ." } ] }, { "value": "Dia do Trabalhador / Dia do Trabalho", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Celebrates the achievements of workers and the labour movement", "urls": [] }, { "value": "September 7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independence Day", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Independence_Day_(Brazil)", "summary": "The Independence Day of Brazil ( Portuguese : Dia da Independência , Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈdʒi.ɐ dɐ ĩdepẽˈdẽsjɐ ] ) , commonly called Sete de Setembro ( Seventh of September , [ ˈsɛtʃi dʒi seˈtẽbɾu ] ) , is a national holiday observed in Brazil on 7 September of every year . The date celebrates Brazil 's Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves on 7 September 1822 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dia da Independência", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Celebrates Brazil 's declaration of independence from Portugal on September 7 , 1822", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brazilian_Declaration_of_Independence", "summary": "The Independence of Brazil comprised a series of political and military events that occurred in 1821-1824 , most of which involved disputes between Brazil and Portugal regarding the call for independence presented by the Brazilian Empire . It is celebrated on 7 September , the anniversary of the date in 1822 that prince regent Dom Pedro declared Brazil 's independence from the former United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and Algarves . Formal recognition came with a treaty three years later , signed by both the new Empire of Brazil and the Kingdom of Portugal in late 1825 ." } ] }, { "value": "October 12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Our Lady of Aparecida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aparecida", "summary": "Our Lady of Aparecida ( Portuguese : Nossa Senhora Aparecida or Portuguese : Nossa Senhora da Conceição Aparecida [ ˈnɔsɐ siˈɲɔɾɐ dɐ kõsejˈsɐ̃w ɐpɐɾeˈsidɐ ] ) a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the traditional form associated with the Immaculate Conception associated with a clay statue bearing the same title . The image is widely venerated by Brazilian Catholics , who consider her as the principal patroness of Brazil . Historical accounts state that the statue was originally found by three fishermen who miraculously caught many fish after invoking the Blessed Virgin Mary . The statue is currently housed in the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida in Aparecida , São Paulo , Brazil . Colonial documents and papal bulls have referred to the image as Nossa Senhora da Conceição Aparecida . The Roman Rite feast day of Our Lady of Aparecida is on October 12 , which since 1980 is also a public holiday in Brazil . The building in which it is venerated was granted the title of minor basilica by Pope John Paul II in 1980 , and is the largest Marian shrine in the world , being able to hold up to 45,000 worshippers . Controversy about the statue was ignited in May 1978 by an intruder who stole the clay statue , which was smashed as he was apprehended , from its shrine , and again in 1995 , when a Protestant minister insulted and vandalized a copy of the statue on Brazilian national television . The following papal documents concern the famed statue :" } ] }, { "value": "Nossa Senhora Aparecida", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Commemorates the Virgin Mary as Nossa Senhora da Conceição Aparecida , patron saint of Brazil", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Virgin_Mary", "summary": "Mary [ c ] was a first-century BC Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth , and the mother of Jesus , according to the New Testament and the Quran . The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin . In Matthew and Luke she is betrothed to Joseph . According to Christian theology she conceived Jesus through the Holy Spirit while still a virgin . She accompanied Joseph to Bethlehem , where Jesus was born . According to Catholic and Eastern Christian teachings , at the end of her earthly life her body was raised directly into Heaven ; this is known in the Christian West as the Assumption . Mary has been venerated since early Christianity , and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion . She is said to have miraculously appeared to believers many times over the centuries . The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox , Catholic , Anglican , and Lutheran churches believe that Mary , as mother of Jesus , is the Theotokos ( Mother of God ) ( Greek : Θεοτόκος , romanized : Theotokos , lit . 'God-bearer ' ) . There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions . The Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas , namely her status as the Mother of God , her Immaculate Conception , her perpetual virginity , and her Assumption into heaven ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aparecida", "summary": "Our Lady of Aparecida ( Portuguese : Nossa Senhora Aparecida or Portuguese : Nossa Senhora da Conceição Aparecida [ ˈnɔsɐ siˈɲɔɾɐ dɐ kõsejˈsɐ̃w ɐpɐɾeˈsidɐ ] ) a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the traditional form associated with the Immaculate Conception associated with a clay statue bearing the same title . The image is widely venerated by Brazilian Catholics , who consider her as the principal patroness of Brazil . Historical accounts state that the statue was originally found by three fishermen who miraculously caught many fish after invoking the Blessed Virgin Mary . The statue is currently housed in the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida in Aparecida , São Paulo , Brazil . Colonial documents and papal bulls have referred to the image as Nossa Senhora da Conceição Aparecida . The Roman Rite feast day of Our Lady of Aparecida is on October 12 , which since 1980 is also a public holiday in Brazil . The building in which it is venerated was granted the title of minor basilica by Pope John Paul II in 1980 , and is the largest Marian shrine in the world , being able to hold up to 45,000 worshippers . Controversy about the statue was ignited in May 1978 by an intruder who stole the clay statue , which was smashed as he was apprehended , from its shrine , and again in 1995 , when a Protestant minister insulted and vandalized a copy of the statue on Brazilian national television . The following papal documents concern the famed statue :" }, { "url": "/wiki/Patron_saint", "summary": "A patron saint , patroness saint , patron hallow or heavenly protector is a saint who in Roman Catholicism , Anglicanism or Eastern Orthodoxy , is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation , place , craft , activity , class , clan , family or person ." } ] }, { "value": "November 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Day of the Dead", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/All_Souls'_Day", "summary": "All Souls ' Day , also known as the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed and the Day of the Dead , is a day of prayer and remembrance for the souls of those who have died , which is observed by some Christian denominations . All Souls ' Day is often , although not exclusively , celebrated in Western Christianity ; Saturday of Souls is a related tradition more frequently observed in Eastern Christianity . Practitioners of All Souls ' Day traditions often remember deceased loved ones in various ways on the day . Beliefs and practices associated with All Souls ' Day vary widely among Christian churches and denominations . In contemporary Western Christianity the annual celebration is held on 2 November , and is part of the season of Allhallowtide that includes All Saints ' Day ( 1 November ) and its eve , Halloween ( 31 October ) . Prior to the standardization of Catholic observance on 2 November by St. Odlio of Cluny during the 10th century , many Catholic congregations celebrated All Souls Day on various dates during the Easter season as it is still observed in some Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches ." } ] }, { "value": "Dia de Finados", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Another Christian holiday ; it commemorates the faithful departed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "November 15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Republic Proclamation Day", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)", "summary": "The Proclamation of the Republic ( Portuguese : Proclamação da República do Brasil ) was a military coup d'état that established the First Brazilian Republic on 15 November 1889 . It overthrew the constitutional monarchy of the Empire of Brazil and ended the reign of Emperor Pedro II . The proclamation of the Republic took place in Rio de Janeiro , then capital of the Empire of Brazil , when a group of military officers of the Brazilian Army , led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca , staged a coup d'état without the use of violence , deposing Emperor Pedro II and the President of the Council of Ministers of the Empire , the Viscount of Ouro Preto . A provisional government was established that same day , 15 November , with Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca as President of the Republic and head of the interim Government ." } ] }, { "value": "Proclamação da República", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Commemorates the end of the Empire of Brazil and the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic on November 15 , 1889", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil", "summary": "The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and ( until 1828 ) Uruguay . Its government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom Pedro I and his son Dom Pedro II . A colony of the Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese colonial Empire in 1808 , when the Portuguese Prince regent , later King Dom João VI , fled from Napoleon 's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro . João VI later returned to Portugal , leaving his eldest son and heir , Pedro , to rule the Kingdom of Brazil as regent . On 7 September 1822 , Pedro declared the independence of Brazil and , after waging a successful war against his father 's kingdom , was acclaimed on 12 October as Pedro I , the first Emperor of Brazil . The new country was huge , sparsely populated and ethnically diverse . Unlike most of the neighboring Hispanic American republics , Brazil had political stability , vibrant economic growth , constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech , and respect for civil rights of its subjects , albeit with legal restrictions on women and slaves , the latter regarded as property and not citizens . The empire 's bicameral parliament was elected under comparatively democratic methods for the era , as were the provincial and local legislatures . This led to a long ideological conflict between Pedro I and a sizable parliamentary faction over the role of the monarch in the government . He faced other obstacles . The unsuccessful Cisplatine War against the neighboring United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1828 led to the secession of the province of Cisplatina ( later to become Uruguay ) . In 1826 , despite his role in Brazilian independence , he became the king of Portugal ; he immediately abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his eldest daughter ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Brazilian_Republic", "summary": "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ." } ] }, { "value": "December 25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Christmas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Christmas", "summary": "Christmas ( or Feast of the Nativity ) is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ , observed primarily on December 25 [ a ] as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world . A feast central to the Christian liturgical year , it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide , which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night ; in some traditions , Christmastide includes an octave . Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world 's nations , is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians , as well as culturally by many non-Christians , and forms an integral part of the holiday season centered around it . The traditional Christmas narrative , the Nativity of Jesus , delineated in the New Testament says that Jesus was born in Bethlehem , in accordance with messianic prophecies . When Joseph and Mary arrived in the city , the inn had no room and so they were offered a stable where the Christ Child was soon born , with angels proclaiming this news to shepherds who then further disseminated the information . Although the month and date of Jesus ' birth are unknown , the church in the early fourth century fixed the date as December 25 . This corresponds to the date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar . Most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar , which has been adopted almost universally in the civil calendars used in countries throughout the world . However , part of the Eastern Christian Churches celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar , which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar . For Christians , believing that God came into the world in the form of man to atone for the sins of humanity , rather than knowing Jesus ' exact birth date , is considered to be the primary purpose in celebrating Christmas . The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian , Christian , and secular themes and origins . Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift giving ; completing an Advent calendar or Advent wreath ; Christmas music and caroling ; viewing a Nativity play ; an exchange of Christmas cards ; church services ; a special meal ; and the display of various Christmas decorations , including Christmas trees , Christmas lights , nativity scenes , garlands , wreaths , mistletoe , and holly ." } ] }, { "value": "Natal", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Celebrates the nativity of Jesus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus", "summary": "The nativity of Jesus , nativity of Christ , birth of Christ or birth of Jesus is described in the Biblical gospels of Luke and Matthew . The two accounts agree that Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea , his mother Mary was betrothed to a man named Joseph , who was descended from King David and was not his biological father , and that his birth was caused by divine intervention . The nativity is the basis for the Christian holiday of Christmas on December 25 , and plays a major role in the Christian liturgical year . Many Christians traditionally display small manger scenes depicting the nativity in their homes , or attend Nativity Plays or Christmas pageants focusing on the nativity cycle in the Bible . Elaborate nativity displays called creche scenes , featuring life-sized statues , are a tradition in many continental European countries during the Christmas season . Christian congregations of the Western tradition ( including the Catholic Church , the Western Rite Orthodox , the Anglican Communion , and many other Protestants , such as the Moravian Church ) begin observing the season of Advent four Sundays before Christmas . Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church observe a similar season , sometimes called Advent but also called the Nativity Fast , which begins forty days before Christmas . Some Eastern Orthodox Christians ( e.g . Greeks and Syrians ) celebrate Christmas on December 25 . Other Orthodox ( e.g . Copts , Ethiopians , Georgians , and Russians ) celebrate Christmas on ( the Gregorian ) January 7 ( Koiak 29 on the Coptic calendar ) as a result of their churches continuing to follow the Julian calendar , rather than the modern day Gregorian calendar . The artistic depiction of the nativity has been an important subject for Christian artists since the 4th century ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "In Brazil , public holidays may be legislated at the federal , statewide and municipal levels . Most holidays are observed nationwide . [ 1 ] Apart from the yearly official holidays ( listed below ) , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] the Constitution of Brazil also establishes that election days are to be considered national holidays as well . General elections are biennially held on the first Sunday of October in the first round , and on the last Sunday of October in the second round . Numerous religious and ethnic holidays are also celebrated in Brazil .", "uid": "Public_holidays_in_Brazil_0", "intro": "In Brazil, public holidays may be legislated at the federal, statewide and municipal levels. Most holidays are observed nationwide. Apart from the yearly official holidays (listed below), the Constitution of Brazil also establishes that election days are to be considered national holidays as well. General elections are biennially held on the first Sunday of October in the first round, and on the last Sunday of October in the second round. Numerous religious and ethnic holidays are also celebrated in Brazil." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia", "title": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia", "header": [ "Name", "Position", "Province" ], "data": [ { "value": "Archie D'Arcy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Archie_D'Arcy", "summary": "Archibald Archie D'Arcy ( 18 September 1870 - 22 June 1919 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . D'Arcy was born and raised in Masterton , New Zealand , and first played rugby for the Red Star club before later playing with Masterton . He was first selected for Wairarapa Rugby Football Union , his provincial side , at age 16 , and continued to play for them until 1894 . As an administrator he represented the Wairarapa Rugby Football Union in 1891 at an inter-provincial meeting where the formation of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union ( NZRFU ) as first discussed . He was selected , as a fullback , for the first NZRFU-sanctioned New Zealand side , which toured Australia in 1893 . Captained by Thomas Ellison , the team played eleven matches , including three against New South Wales , and lost only one . Despite being selected as a fullback , D'Arcy played two matches on the tour in the forwards . He was again selected for New Zealand in 1894 , this time to play the touring New South Wales side . That was his final match for New Zealand - his seventh international appearance . In later life he worked in the insurance industry , and died in 1919 in either Sydney or Auckland ." } ] }, { "value": "Fullback", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Wairarapa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wairarapa_Bush_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Wairarapa-Bush Rugby Football Union is the body that regulates rugby union in Masterton , New Zealand . It was formed in 1971 with the amalgamation of the Wairapapa and Bush Unions . The Wairarapa-Bush team play in the Heartland Championship from Memorial Park , Masterton . They were the inaugural winners of the Meads Cup after beating Wanganui 16-14 on 21 October 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Henry Clarke Wilson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Wilson_(rugby_union)", "summary": "Henry Clarke Wilson ( 2 February 1869 - 16 December 1945 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player and cricketer ." } ] }, { "value": "Fullback", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Wellington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "Alan Good", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alan_Good", "summary": "Alan Good ( 12 July 1867 - 30 April 1938 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1893 . His position of choice was wing three-quarter . Good did not play any test matches as New Zealand did not play their first until 1903 . Good was born in Urenui and received his education at Wanganui Collegiate . He was also an amateur athlete and in 1898 won the national amateur long jump title with a recorded jump of 19 inches and a half ." } ] }, { "value": "Wing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Taranaki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Taranaki Rugby Football Union is a governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki . The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth . The union also represents the Taranaki Bulls , a professional rugby union team competing in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship . On 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup , defeating Tasman 36-32 in New Plymouth . This was the first time a team from outside the main population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980 . Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand , a record that the club will keep now the NPC is defunct . Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy , a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union . In 2013 , Taranaki changed the Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs , after severing ties with the Hurricanes , which it had been part of since 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "George Harper", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_Harper_(rugby_player)", "summary": "George Harper ( 19 August 1867 - 7 June 1937 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . A three-quarter , Harper represented Nelson at a provincial level , and was a member of the New Zealand national side , the All Blacks , on the 1893 tour to Australia . He played three matches for the All Blacks , but did not play in an international . Harper was educated at Nelson College from 1882 to 1885 . He died suddenly in 1937 after boarding a train at Paeroa station ." } ] }, { "value": "Three-quarter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Nelson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nelson_Rugby_Union", "summary": "Nelson Rugby Union was founded in 1885 , and played provincial rugby until 1967 when they decided to merge with the Golden Bay-Motueka Rugby Union to create Nelson-Bays ." } ] }, { "value": "Francis Doss Mahon Jervis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Francis_Jervis", "summary": "Francis Mahon Jervis ( 26 December 1870 - 20 December 1952 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . A wing three-quarter , Jervis represented Auckland . He was a member of the New Zealand national side on their 1893 tour of Australia , playing in 10 of the 11 matches and scoring 38 points in all , making him the highest scorer on tour . His great grandsons are former New Zealand cricketers , Martin and Jeff Crowe through his daughter Ngaire ." } ] }, { "value": "Wing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Auckland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Auckland Rugby Union ( known as Auckland for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Auckland . The ARU governs the running of the Auckland representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition , National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 17 times - more than any other team . Their most recent victory was the 2018 competition . Auckland also acts as a primary feeder to the Blues , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is being coached by former All Black midfielder , Alama Ieremia . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Gallaher Shield and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ." } ] }, { "value": "William Tabby Wynyard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tabby_Wynyard", "summary": "William Thomas Tabby Wynyard ( 1 January 1867 - 15 March 1938 ) was a rugby union footballer who toured with the 1888-89 New Zealand Native football team and the 1893 New Zealand team . He also played first-class cricket for both Wellington and Auckland ." } ] }, { "value": "Three-quarter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Wellington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "Henry Butland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Butland", "summary": "Henry Butland ( 11 February 1872 - 2 December 1956 ) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand in the national side ( the All Blacks ) , playing in the halfback position . Born in Westport in 1872 , he represented West Coast at a provincial level . He was a member of the All Blacks in 1893 and 1894 , playing nine matches for the team , but no internationals . Following the death of Robert Oliphant in January 1956 , Butland held the distinction of being the oldest living All Black . He died on 2 December 1956 and was buried at Hokitika Cemetery ." } ] }, { "value": "Half back", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "West Coast", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Coast_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The West Coast Rugby Football Union , formed in 1890 , is the official governing body for rugby union in a substantial part of the West Coast region of New Zealand and is affiliated to the New Zealand Rugby Union . The team is based in Greymouth and plays home matches at John Sturgeon Park ( known as Rugby Park until 2018 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "David Gage", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_Gage", "summary": "David Richmond Davy Gage ( 11 January 1868 - 12 October 1916 ) was a New Zealand rugby union footballer . He played with the 1888-89 New Zealand Native football team , and represented New Zealand in 1893 , and once in 1896 when he captained the side . Gage was born in Kihikihi to Annie ( daughter of Joseph Jenner Merrett and Rangitetaea Koa ) and John Gage ( son of George Gage and Waana Pororua ) . After an early education in Auckland , he was awarded a scholarship to attend Te Aute College in the Hawke 's Bay . After joining the Poneke Football Club of fellow Te Aute old-boy Thomas Ellison in 1887 , he made his provincial debut for Wellington in that same year . It was probably at Ellison 's suggestion that he was selected for Joe Warbrick 's Native Football team that toured New Zealand , Australia , and Britain in 1888 and 1889 . Gage played in 68 of the Natives side 's 74 matches when in Britain , and appeared in their fixtures against Ireland , Wales , and England . The 74 British Isles matches were played over a period of six months , averaging a match every 2.3 days , and the Natives ' team often struggled to field a fit side . He could play anywhere in the backs , and ended up appearing in every back-line position despite originally being selected as a fullback . When the Natives toured Australia after the British Isles leg of their tour , Gage returned to New Zealand due to an ill relative . He did turn out for the team once they returned to New Zealand however , when he played a further five matches . After returning to Wellington , Gage continued playing for Poneke , and represented Wellington in 1889 ." } ] }, { "value": "Utility back", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Wellington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "Maurice Herrold", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maurice_Herrold", "summary": "Maurice Herrold ( 25 June 1869 - 26 August 1949 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . Born in India to English parents , Herrold arrived with his family in New Zealand in 1880 . He was educated at Napier Boys ' High School and then Auckland Grammar School . A halfback , Herrold eight times represented Auckland at a provincial level including two matches against touring 1888 British Lions . He was a member of the New Zealand national side on their 1893 tour to Australia . Troubled by injury he played two matches on the tour , but did not appear in any of the major games against New South Wales or Queensland ." } ] }, { "value": "Half back", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Auckland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Auckland Rugby Union ( known as Auckland for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Auckland . The ARU governs the running of the Auckland representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition , National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 17 times - more than any other team . Their most recent victory was the 2018 competition . Auckland also acts as a primary feeder to the Blues , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is being coached by former All Black midfielder , Alama Ieremia . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Gallaher Shield and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ." } ] }, { "value": "Graham Shannon", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Half back / Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Manawatu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manawatu_Rugby_Union", "summary": "The Manawatu Rugby Football Union ( MRU ) is the governing body of the sport of rugby union in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand . Founded in 1886 , Manawatu is one of New Zealand 's oldest rugby unions . In 1892 , the MRU , amongst other unions , was instrumental in the founding of the New Zealand Rugby Union ( NZRU ) . In 1997-98 Manawatu entered into an amalgamation with Hawke 's Bay , as the Central Vikings , and wore orange and blue . The union is based in the city of Palmerston North though its catchment area includes players and clubs from nearby towns in the province , including Ashhurst , Feilding , Rongotea , Linton , Bulls , Pahiatua , Woodville and Dannevirke . It has over 5,000 players , making it the tenth largest union in New Zealand in terms of player numbers . In 2011 , the union celebrated its 125th jubilee . Manawatu have traditionally played in a distinctive green and white tramline jersey , which is thought to have been established in 1909 . In 1996 , a jersey including red was worn , and colours worn have varied since the union was formed . The union 's home ground is Central Energy Trust Arena . It was host to two matches during the 2011 Rugby World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Alfred Bayly", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Bayly", "summary": "Alfred Bayly ( 20 May 1866 - 14 December 1907 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player and administrator , and cricketer ." } ] }, { "value": "Loose forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Taranaki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Taranaki Rugby Football Union is a governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki . The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth . The union also represents the Taranaki Bulls , a professional rugby union team competing in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship . On 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup , defeating Tasman 36-32 in New Plymouth . This was the first time a team from outside the main population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980 . Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand , a record that the club will keep now the NPC is defunct . Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy , a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union . In 2013 , Taranaki changed the Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs , after severing ties with the Hurricanes , which it had been part of since 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "Sam Cockroft", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sam_Cockroft", "summary": "Samuel Cockroft ( 13 May 1864 - 1 January 1955 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . A hooker , Cockroft represented Wellington , Manawatu and Hawke 's Bay at a provincial level , and was a member of the New Zealand national side , the All Blacks , in 1893 and 1894 . He played 12 matches for the All Blacks but did not play any internationals . He also played for Queensland in 1895 and 1896 ." } ] }, { "value": "Hooker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Manawatu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manawatu_Rugby_Union", "summary": "The Manawatu Rugby Football Union ( MRU ) is the governing body of the sport of rugby union in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand . Founded in 1886 , Manawatu is one of New Zealand 's oldest rugby unions . In 1892 , the MRU , amongst other unions , was instrumental in the founding of the New Zealand Rugby Union ( NZRU ) . In 1997-98 Manawatu entered into an amalgamation with Hawke 's Bay , as the Central Vikings , and wore orange and blue . The union is based in the city of Palmerston North though its catchment area includes players and clubs from nearby towns in the province , including Ashhurst , Feilding , Rongotea , Linton , Bulls , Pahiatua , Woodville and Dannevirke . It has over 5,000 players , making it the tenth largest union in New Zealand in terms of player numbers . In 2011 , the union celebrated its 125th jubilee . Manawatu have traditionally played in a distinctive green and white tramline jersey , which is thought to have been established in 1909 . In 1996 , a jersey including red was worn , and colours worn have varied since the union was formed . The union 's home ground is Central Energy Trust Arena . It was host to two matches during the 2011 Rugby World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Thomas Ellison", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_Ellison", "summary": "Thomas Rangiwahia Ellison , also known as Tom Ellison or Tamati Erihana ( c. 1867 - 2 October 1904 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player and lawyer . He led the first New Zealand representative rugby team organised by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union ( NZRFU ) on their 1893 tour of Australia . Ellison also played in the 1888-89 New Zealand Native football team on their epic 107-match tour , scoring 113 points , and 43 tries with the side . Born in Otakou , Otago Heads , Ellison was educated at Te Aute College , where he was introduced to rugby . After moving to Wellington , Ellison played for the Poneke Football Club , and was selected to play for Wellington province . He was recruited into Joe Warbrick 's privately organised Native football team in 1888 , and continued to play for both Poneke and Wellington on his return from that tour . In 1892 , he started to refine and popularise the wing-forward system of play , which was a vital element of New Zealand rugby 's success until 1932 . At the first NZRFU annual general meeting in 1893 , he proposed that the playing colours of the New Zealand side should be predominantly black with a silver fern - a playing strip that would give the team their famous name of All Blacks . He retired from playing rugby after captaining the 1893 New Zealand side to New South Wales and Queensland , but continued in the sport as a coach and administrator . Ellison was the author of a coaching manual , The Art of Rugby Football , published in 1902 . As well as being one of the first Māori admitted to the bar , practising as a solicitor , and later as a barrister , Ellison also stood unsuccessfully for the Southern Maori parliamentary seat several times . After contracting tuberculosis in 1904 , he was briefly institutionalised before dying later that year ." } ] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Wellington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "John Henry Gardner", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Gardner_(rugby_union)", "summary": "John Henry Gardner ( 30 January 1870 - 5 March 1909 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . A loose forward , Gardner has the distinction of being the first player to represent the New Zealand national team before gaining provincial representation . He was a member of the New Zealand team on their 1893 tour of Australia , playing in four matches . He did not win a test cap , as New Zealand did not play its first full international match until 1903 . After the tour of Australia , Gardner represented South Canterbury at a provincial level for two seasons , and captained the side in 1894 . Gardner was born in Timaru on 30 January 1870 . In 1896 he took over the licence of the Sportsman 's Arms Hotel at Saltwater Creek , just south of Timaru , from his father . The following year Gardner married Margaret Catherine Kennedy , and the couple had three children . In 1908 Gardner moved to Australia . He died in Melbourne Gaol on 5 March 1909 following a heavy drinking session ." } ] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "South Canterbury", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The South Canterbury Rugby Football Union ( SCRFU ) is a rugby province based in the central South Island city of Timaru , New Zealand . The South Canterbury team play from Alpine Energy Stadium located in Timaru ." } ] }, { "value": "Rod Gray", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Roderick_Gray", "summary": "Roderick Gray ( 22 October 1870 - 27 May 1951 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . Gray was born in Masterton in 1870 , and he received his education there . A utility forward , Gray represented Wairarapa at a provincial level , playing 15 games for the team between 1891 and 1897 . He played two games for the New Zealand national rugby union team on their 1893 tour of Australia . Initially passed over in the trials , he was called up ( together with Billy Watson ) as reinforcement , and arrived in time to play the last two games of the tour . He did not appear in any Test matches as New Zealand did not play its first full international until 1903 . Gray worked as a farmer and is said to have been a 'fine miler ' . He died on 27 May 1951 at Taratahi in the Wairarapa , and was buried at the Archer Street Cemetery in Masterton ." } ] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Wairarapa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wairarapa_Bush_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Wairarapa-Bush Rugby Football Union is the body that regulates rugby union in Masterton , New Zealand . It was formed in 1971 with the amalgamation of the Wairapapa and Bush Unions . The Wairarapa-Bush team play in the Heartland Championship from Memorial Park , Masterton . They were the inaugural winners of the Meads Cup after beating Wanganui 16-14 on 21 October 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "James Taylor Lambie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Lambie_(rugby_union)", "summary": "James Taylor Lambie ( 9 April 1870 - 15 April 1905 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks between 1893 and 1894 . His position of choice was forward . Lambie did not play in any test matches as New Zealand did not play their first until 1903 ." } ] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Taranaki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Taranaki Rugby Football Union is a governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki . The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth . The union also represents the Taranaki Bulls , a professional rugby union team competing in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship . On 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup , defeating Tasman 36-32 in New Plymouth . This was the first time a team from outside the main population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980 . Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand , a record that the club will keep now the NPC is defunct . Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy , a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union . In 2013 , Taranaki changed the Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs , after severing ties with the Hurricanes , which it had been part of since 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "Charles Nicholson Macintosh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_Macintosh_(rugby_union)", "summary": "Charles Nicholson Macintosh ( 6 June 1869 - 14 September 1918 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player and politician . He served as Mayor of Timaru between 1901 and 1902 ." } ] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "South Canterbury", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The South Canterbury Rugby Football Union ( SCRFU ) is a rugby province based in the central South Island city of Timaru , New Zealand . The South Canterbury team play from Alpine Energy Stadium located in Timaru ." } ] }, { "value": "Robert McKenzie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_McKenzie_(rugby_player)", "summary": "Robert Rab McKenzie ( 1 June 1869 - 24 June 1940 ) , was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand twice in 1893 . He first played provincial rugby for Auckland in 1888 , including three against the touring 1888 British Isles team . He scored Auckland 's first ever try against a British Isles side in the first match , and was in the team less than a week later for the second ; the second match resulted in a 4-0 loss for the tourists . He continued representing Auckland until 1891 , and the following year was living in the Taranaki , for whom he played provincial rugby that season . The following year he was back in Auckland and playing for the Auckland Suburbs club . In 1892 the New Zealand Rugby Football Union was founded by the majority of New Zealand 's provincial unions ( with the exceptions of Canterbury , Otago , and Southland ) , and in 1893 the newly formed national union organised a New Zealand representative team to tour Australia . McKenzie was not originally able to tour , but traveled to Australia late in the tour to bolster the tourists following some injuries . He played in two matches , including one against New South Wales . McKenzie returned to the Auckland team in 1894 and played against the touring New South Wales side . He also played for the North Island against the tourists ." } ] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Auckland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Auckland_rugby_union_team", "summary": "Auckland are the top representative rugby union team of the Auckland Rugby Football Union in New Zealand . They currently compete in the Mitre 10 Cup Premiership . Auckland has been the most successful team in NPC and its successors , winning the title a record 16 times . Auckland have also produced a record number of All Blacks , 181 , the most recent being Akira Ioane in 2017 . Auckland are currently coached by Alama Ieremia ." } ] }, { "value": "William McKenzie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_McKenzie_(rugby_union)", "summary": "William Mac McKenzie ( 12 June 1871 - 1 July 1943 ) , also known as Offside Mac , was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand in the 1890s . Playing at wing-forward , McKenzie was first selected for the New Zealand national team on their 1893 tour of Australia , and continued to be selected up until the end of New Zealand 's 1897 tour of Australia . In his 20 matches for the national side , McKenzie scored 23 points . McKenzie was first selected provincially for Wairarapa in 1889 at the age of 18 . He eventually relocated to Wellington in 1893 , and joined the Petone Rugby Club . He was selected for Wellington that year , and was included in the New Zealand team to tour Australia . The 1893 tour of Australia was the first New Zealand team selected under the authority of the newly formed New Zealand Rugby Football Union . Captained by Thomas Ellison , the team played eleven matches , including three against New South Wales , and lost only one . McKenzie , playing at wing-forward , appeared in nine matches on the tour , including the team 's only loss , which was to New South Wales . He did not appear in any test matches as New Zealand did not play its first full international until 1903 . McKenzie became infamous for being the first New Zealand player ordered off . In the last of the tour 's matches against New South Wales referee Edward McCausland ordered McKenzie from the field ." } ] }, { "value": "Wing forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Wairarapa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wairarapa_Bush_Rugby_Football_Union", "summary": "The Wairarapa-Bush Rugby Football Union is the body that regulates rugby union in Masterton , New Zealand . It was formed in 1971 with the amalgamation of the Wairapapa and Bush Unions . The Wairarapa-Bush team play in the Heartland Championship from Memorial Park , Masterton . They were the inaugural winners of the Meads Cup after beating Wanganui 16-14 on 21 October 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "John Mowlem", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Mowlem_(rugby_player)", "summary": "John Mowlem ( 9 August 1870 - 12 October 1951 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . A forward , Mowlem thirteen times represented Manawatu at a provincial level , and after transfer to Greytown he played four matches for Wairarapa . He was a member of the New Zealand national side , the All Blacks , on the 1893 tour to Australia . He played four matches for the All Blacks , but did not play in an international ." } ] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rugby_union_positions", "summary": "In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries ." } ] }, { "value": "Manawatu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manawatu_Rugby_Union", "summary": "The Manawatu Rugby Football Union ( MRU ) is the governing body of the sport of rugby union in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand . Founded in 1886 , Manawatu is one of New Zealand 's oldest rugby unions . In 1892 , the MRU , amongst other unions , was instrumental in the founding of the New Zealand Rugby Union ( NZRU ) . In 1997-98 Manawatu entered into an amalgamation with Hawke 's Bay , as the Central Vikings , and wore orange and blue . The union is based in the city of Palmerston North though its catchment area includes players and clubs from nearby towns in the province , including Ashhurst , Feilding , Rongotea , Linton , Bulls , Pahiatua , Woodville and Dannevirke . It has over 5,000 players , making it the tenth largest union in New Zealand in terms of player numbers . In 2011 , the union celebrated its 125th jubilee . Manawatu have traditionally played in a distinctive green and white tramline jersey , which is thought to have been established in 1909 . In 1996 , a jersey including red was worn , and colours worn have varied since the union was formed . The union 's home ground is Central Energy Trust Arena . It was host to two matches during the 2011 Rugby World Cup ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Touring party", "section_text": "Manager : G.F.C . Campbell Captain : Thomas Ellison", "uid": "1893_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_0", "intro": "The 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a Combined XV in Wellington, which New Zealand won 7-4." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coupled_cousins", "title": "List of coupled cousins", "header": [ "Person", "Spouse", "Married", "Year", "Relationship", "Common ancestor ( s )" ], "data": [ { "value": "Prince Adalbert of Bavaria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prince_Adalbert_of_Bavaria_(1828–1875)", "summary": "Prince Adalbert Wilhelm Georg Ludwig of Bavaria ( Munich , 19 July 1828 - Nymphenburg Palace , 21 September 1875 ) was the ninth child and fourth son of Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen ." } ] }, { "value": "Infanta Amalia of Spain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Infanta_Amalia_of_Spain", "summary": "Infanta Amalia of Spain ( Spanish : Amalia de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias ; 12 October 1834 - 27 August 1905 ) was the youngest daughter of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain . Her eldest brother , Francisco de Asís married Queen Isabella II of Spain , who was Amalia 's first cousin . She was the only one of five sisters who made a royal marriage . In 1865 she married Prince Adalbert of Bavaria , a son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria . Upon her marriage she moved to Munich , where she spent the rest of her life . However she remained attached to her native country and was instrumental in arranging the marriage of her eldest son Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria with her niece Infanta Paz of Spain ." } ] }, { "value": "25 August 1856", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1856", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fifth cousins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Philip William , Elector Palatine and Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Philip_William,_Elector_Palatine", "summary": "Philip William of Neuburg , Elector Palatine ( German : Philipp Wilhelm ) ( 24 November 1615 - 2 September 1690 ) was Count Palatine of Neuburg from 1653 to 1690 , Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1653 to 1679 and Elector of the Palatinate from 1685 to 1690 . He was the son of Wolfgang Wilhelm , Count Palatine of Neuburg and Magdalene of Bavaria ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Landgravine_Elisabeth_Amalie_of_Hesse-Darmstadt", "summary": "Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt ( Elisabeth Amalie Magdalene ; 20 March 1635 - 4 August 1709 ) was a princess of Hesse-Darmstadt and wife of the Prince-elector of the Palatinate ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince Adalbert of Bavaria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prince_Adalbert_of_Bavaria_(1886–1970)", "summary": "Prince Adalbert of Bavaria ( German : Adalbert Alfons Maria Ascension Antonius Hubertus Joseph omnes sancti Prinz von Bayern ) ( 3 June 1886 - 29 December 1970 ) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach , historian , author and a German Ambassador to Spain ." } ] }, { "value": "Countess Augusta of Seefried and Buttenheim ( daughter of Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Marie_of_Bavaria", "summary": "Princess Elisabeth of Bavaria ( German : Elisabeth Marie Auguste Prinzessin von Bayern ; 8 January 1874 - 4 March 1957 ) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach . She was known as Princess of Bavaria until 1918 ." } ] }, { "value": "12 June 1919", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1919", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second cousins once removed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria", "summary": "Ludwig I or Louis I ( German : Ludwig I. ; 25 August 1786 - 29 February 1868 ) was king of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848 revolutions in the German states ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Therese_of_Saxe-Hildburghausen", "summary": "Therese Charlotte Luise of Saxony-Hildburghausen ( Therese of Bavaria ; 8 July 1792 - 26 October 1854 ) was a queen consort of Bavaria as the wife of Ludwig I , King of Bavaria ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince Adalbert of Prussia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prince_Adalbert_of_Prussia_(1884–1948)", "summary": "Prince Adalbert of Prussia ( Adalbert Ferdinand Berengar Viktor ; 14 July 1884 - 22 September 1948 ) was the third son of Wilhelm II , German Emperor by his first wife , Princess Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein ." } ] }, { "value": "Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen", "summary": "Princess Adelaide Adi of Saxe-Meiningen ( Adelaide Erna Caroline Marie Elisabeth ; later Princess Adalbert of Prussia ; 16 August 1891 - 25 April 1971 ) was a daughter of Prince Frederick John of Saxe-Meiningen and his wife Countess Adelaide of Lippe-Biesterfeld ." } ] }, { "value": "3 August 1914", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1914", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second cousins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ernst I , Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Princess Feodora of Leiningen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ernst_I,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg", "summary": "Ernst Christian Carl , 4th Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg ( 7 May 1794 - 12 April 1860 ) . He was the son of Prince Charles Louis of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Countess Amalie Henriette of Solms-Baruth ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Feodora_of_Leiningen", "summary": "Princess Feodora of Leiningen ( Anna Feodora Auguste Charlotte Wilhelmine ; 7 December 1807 - 23 September 1872 ) was the only daughter of Emich Carl , Prince of Leiningen ( 1763-1814 ) , and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ( 1786-1861 ) . Feodora and her older brother Carl , 3rd Prince of Leiningen , were maternal half-siblings to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom . She is a matrilineal ancestress of Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and of Felipe VI of Spain ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolf , Duke of Holstein-Gottorp", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp", "summary": "Adolf of Denmark or Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp ( 25 January 1526 - 1 October 1586 ) was the first Duke of Holstein-Gottorp from the line of Holstein-Gottorp of the House of Oldenburg . He was the third son of King Frederick I of Denmark and his second wife , Sophie of Pomerania . King Frederick I had his son educated by Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse . He spent four years at the Landgrave 's castle in Kassel . In 1544 , Adolf , his brother Johann , and their half-brother King Christian III of Denmark , divided the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein . The areas were divided according to approximately equal tax proceeds . Adolf , as the youngest , was entitled the first choice . Since he selected the part with the castle Gottorp , the line of the house Oldenburg created by him was called Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp ." } ] }, { "value": "Christine of Hesse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Christine_of_Hesse", "summary": "Christine of Hesse ( 29 June 1543 - 13 May 1604 ) was Duchess consort of Holstein-Gottorp as the spouse of Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp . She exerted some political influence as a widow after 1586 ." } ] }, { "value": "17 December 1564", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1564", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second cousins once removed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eric II , Duke of Pomerania and Sophie of Pomerania , Duchess of Pomerania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eric_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania", "summary": "Eric II or Erich II ( between 1418 and 1425 - 5 July 1474 ) was a member of the House of Pomerania ( also known as the House of Griffins ) and was the ruling Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast from 1457 to 1474 . He was the son of Wartislaw IX of Pomerania-Wolgast and Sophia , daughter of Eric IV of Saxe-Lauenburg ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sophie_of_Pomerania,_Duchess_of_Pomerania", "summary": "Sophia of Pomerania-Stolp ( 1435 - 24 August 1497 ) , was a Duchess of Pomerania by birth , and married to Eric II , Duke of Pomerania . Sophia was the daughter of Bogislaw IX , Duke of Pomerania and Maria of Masovia . In 1446 , her father died and was succeeded by his cousin , Eric of Pomerania , former King of Denmark , Norway and Sweden . Sophia became the heir of Eric of Pomerania 's private fortune . In 1451 , Sophia was married to Eric of Pomerania-Wolgast , making her spouse the heir of Eric of Pomerania 's territories , while Sophia remained the heir of Eric of Pomerania 's private fortune . At the death of Eric of Pomerania in 1459 , Sophia 's husband united Pomerania through the inheritance of Pomerania-Stolp and Pomerania-Rügenwalde by his marriage , while Sophia became the sole possessor of the vast fortune brought by Eric of Pomerania from his former kingdoms in Scandinavia , as well as the wealth he had acquired by his piracy activity on Gotland . As Eric refused to allow Sophia any of the political power over the territories he acquired through her , which she felt she was entitled to , the couple separated . Sophia moved to Rügenwalde Castle with her children and her lover , Hans of Maszerski . In 1470 , she refused to finance her husband 's war with Brandenburg . She was widowed in 1474 . According to an old legend , she was to have poisoned her sons Wratislaw and Casimir , but when she tried to the same with her son Bogislaw with a poisoned sandwich , he was warned by his jester . The sandwich was given to a dog , who died , after which Sophia was to have fled to Danzig ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolf I , Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolf_I,_Prince_of_Schaumburg-Lippe", "summary": "Adolf I , Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe ( 1 August 1817 - 8 May 1893 ) was a ruler of the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe ." } ] }, { "value": "Princess Hermine of Waldeck and Pyrmont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Hermine_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont", "summary": "Princess Hermine of Waldeck and Pyrmont ( 29 September 1827 - 16 February 1910 ) was a German princess . She was the second daughter of George II , Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont and his wife Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym . She was an aunt of the Dutch Queen Emma ." } ] }, { "value": "25 October 1844", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1844", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First cousins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "George I , Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont and Princess Augusta of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_I,_Prince_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont", "summary": "George I , Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont ( German : Georg Fürst zu Waldeck und Pyrmont ; 6 May 1747 - 9 September 1813 ) was Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont from 1812 to 1813 . He was the son of Karl August , Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont and Countess Palatine Christiane Henriette of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolf Frederick , King of Sweden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolf_Frederick,_King_of_Sweden", "summary": "Adolf Frederick or Adolph Frederick ( Swedish : Adolf Fredrik , German : Adolf Friedrich ; 14 May 1710 - 12 February 1771 ) was King of Sweden from 1751 until his death . He was the son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp , Prince of Eutin , and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach . The first king from the House of Holstein-Gottorp , Adolf Frederick was a weak monarch , instated as first in line of the throne following the parliamentary government 's failure to reconquer the Baltic provinces in 1741-43 . Aside from a few attempts , supported by pro-absolutist factions among the nobility , to reclaim the absolute monarchy held by previous monarchs , he remained a mere constitutional figurehead until his death . His reign saw an extended period of internal peace , although the finances stagnated following failed mercantilist doctrines pursued by the Hat administration . The Hat administration ended only in the 1765-66 parliament , where the Cap opposition overtook the government and enacted reforms towards greater economic liberalism as well as a Freedom of Press Act almost unique at the time for its curtailing of all censorship , retaining punitive measures only for libeling the monarch or the Church of Sweden ." } ] }, { "value": "Louisa Ulrika of Prussia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louisa_Ulrika_of_Prussia", "summary": "Louisa Ulrika of Prussia ( Swedish : Lovisa Ulrika ; German : Luise Ulrike ) ( 24 July 1720 - 16 July 1782 ) was Queen of Sweden from 1751 to 1771 as the consort of King Adolf Frederick . She was queen mother during the reign of King Gustav III ." } ] }, { "value": "29 August 1744", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1744", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Third cousins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "George , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Lüneburg", "summary": "George , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( 17 February 1582 , Celle - 12 April 1641 , Hildesheim ) , ruled as Prince of Calenberg from 1635 . George was the sixth son of William , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( 1535-1592 ) and Dorothea of Denmark ( 1546-1617 ) . His mother was daughter to King Christian III of Denmark and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg . She acted as a regent during the early years of his reign , keeping power from the Councillors who had mismanaged the estates during his father 's fits of insanity . In the 1635 re-division of the territories of the House of Welf , after the death of Frederick Ulrich , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , he received the Principality of Calenberg , which included the former Principality of Göttingen , since 1495 , while his elder brother , Augustus the Elder , retained the Principality of Lüneburg . George was the first duke to move his residence to Hanover , where he built the Leineschloss as his residence in 1636 , a palace situated by the river Leine . After his death , he was succeeded by his son , Christian Louis ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Anne_Eleonore_of_Hesse-Darmstadt", "summary": "Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt ( 30 July 1601 - 6 May 1659 ) was the daughter of Louis V , Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Magdalena von Brandenburg . She was born in Darmstadt , Hesse . She married George , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg on 14 December 1617 in Darmstadt . One of their sons was Ernest Augustus , Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( 1629-1698 ) , father of George I of Great Britain . She died at Herzberg Castle at the age of 57 ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolf Frederick I , Duke of Mecklenburg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg", "summary": "Adolf Frederick I ( 15 December 1588 - 27 February 1658 ) was the reigning Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from his father 's death in 1592 until 1628 and again from 1631 to 1658 . Between 1634 and 1648 Adolf Frederick also ruled the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin as its administrator ." } ] }, { "value": "Anna Maria of Ostfriesland ( first wife )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anna_Maria_of_Ostfriesland", "summary": "Anna Maria of Ostfriesland ( 23 June 1601 - 15 February 1634 ) was a German noblewoman . She was a daughter of Count Enno III of East Frisia and Anna of Holstein-Gottorp . Her paternal grandmother was Katharina of Sweden , a daughter of Gustav I of Sweden and his second wife Margareta Leijonhufvud . On 4 September 1622 she married Adolf Frederick I , Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin ( 1588-1658 ) . They had the following children :" } ] }, { "value": "4 September 1622", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1622", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First cousins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Adolf , Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and Christine of Hesse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp", "summary": "Adolf of Denmark or Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp ( 25 January 1526 - 1 October 1586 ) was the first Duke of Holstein-Gottorp from the line of Holstein-Gottorp of the House of Oldenburg . He was the third son of King Frederick I of Denmark and his second wife , Sophie of Pomerania . King Frederick I had his son educated by Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse . He spent four years at the Landgrave 's castle in Kassel . In 1544 , Adolf , his brother Johann , and their half-brother King Christian III of Denmark , divided the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein . The areas were divided according to approximately equal tax proceeds . Adolf , as the youngest , was entitled the first choice . Since he selected the part with the castle Gottorp , the line of the house Oldenburg created by him was called Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Christine_of_Hesse", "summary": "Christine of Hesse ( 29 June 1543 - 13 May 1604 ) was Duchess consort of Holstein-Gottorp as the spouse of Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp . She exerted some political influence as a widow after 1586 ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolf Frederick I , Duke of Mecklenburg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg", "summary": "Adolf Frederick I ( 15 December 1588 - 27 February 1658 ) was the reigning Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from his father 's death in 1592 until 1628 and again from 1631 to 1658 . Between 1634 and 1648 Adolf Frederick also ruled the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin as its administrator ." } ] }, { "value": "Duchess Marie Katharina of Brunswick-Dannenberg ( second wife )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1635", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1635", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Third cousins once removed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Magnus II , Duke of Mecklenburg and Sophie of Pomerania , Duchess of Mecklenburg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Magnus_II,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg", "summary": "Magnus II , Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Güstrow ( 1441 - 20 November 1503 ) was duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1477 until his death ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sophie_of_Pomerania,_Duchess_of_Mecklenburg", "summary": "Sophie of Pomerania-Stettin ( c. 1460 - 26 April 1504 , Wismar ) , was Duchess of Mecklenburg by marriage from 1478 to 1504 . She was the daughter of Eric II of Pomerania-Wolgast ( d. 1474 ) and his wife Sophia of Pomerania-Stolp ( d. 1497 ) . Her brother was Bogislaw X ( 1454-1523 ) , who ruled the country for almost fifty years as a unified territory . Under Bogislaw X , Pomerania experienced a golden age : Szczecin was made the residence in 1491 , the ducal administration was organised in a chancery , a well-regulated tax collection was introduced and peace and stability were maintained . For political reasons , the Duchy of Mecklenburg was anxious to see a merger with the House of Pomerania ." } ] }, { "value": "Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Duke_Adolf_Friedrich_of_Mecklenburg", "summary": "Adolf Friedrich Albrecht Heinrich , Duke of Mecklenburg ( German : Adolf Friedrich Albrecht Heinrich , Herzog zu Mecklenburg ; 10 October 1873 - 5 August 1969 ) , was a German explorer in Africa , a colonial politician , the elected Duke of the United Baltic Duchy from 5 November to 28 November 1918 , and the first president of the National Olympic Committee of West Germany ( 1949-1951 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Princess Viktoria Feodora of Reuss-Schleiz ( daughter of Heinrich XXVII , Prince Reuss Younger Line )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Heinrich_XXVII,_Prince_Reuss_Younger_Line", "summary": "Heinrich XXVII , Prince Reuss Younger Line ( German : Heinrich XXVII Fürst Reuß jüngere Linie ; 10 November 1858 - 21 November 1928 ) was the last reigning Prince Reuss Younger Line from 1913 to 1918 . Then he became Head of the House of Reuss Younger Line from 1918 to 1928 ." } ] }, { "value": "24 April 1917", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1917", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fourth cousins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Frederick II Eugene , Duke of Württemberg and Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frederick_II_Eugene,_Duke_of_Württemberg", "summary": "Friedrich Eugen , Duke of Württemberg ( 21 January 1732 - 23 December 1797 ) was the fourth son of Karl Alexander , Duke of Württemberg , and Princess Maria Augusta of Thurn and Taxis ( 11 August 1706 - 1 February 1756 ) . He was born in Stuttgart . From 1795 until 1797 he was Duke of Württemberg ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Friederike_of_Brandenburg-Schwedt", "summary": "Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt ( Friederike Sophia Dorothea ; 18 December 1736 - 9 March 1798 ) was Duchess of Württemberg by marriage to Frederick II Eugene , Duke of Württemberg . She is an ancestor to many European royals of the 19th and 20th century ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolph , Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolph,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld", "summary": "Adolph , Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld ( 29 June 1743 in Ypres - 17 July 1803 in Barchfeld ) was a member of the House of Hesse . He was the ruling Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld from 1777 until his death ." } ] }, { "value": "Princess Louise of Saxe-Meiningen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Saxe-Meiningen", "summary": "Princess Wilhelmine Louise Christine of Saxe-Meiningen ( 6 August 1752 in Frankfurt - 3 June 1805 in Kassel ) was a Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen by birth and by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld ." } ] }, { "value": "18 October 1781", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1781", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First cousins once removed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Philip , Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal and Catherine von Solms-Laubach", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Philip,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Philippsthal", "summary": "Philip of Hesse-Philippsthal ( 14 December 1655 - 18 June 1721 ) was the son of William VI , Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Hedwig Sophia of Brandenburg . He was the first landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal from 1663 to 1721 and the founder of the fifth branch of the house of Hesse ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince Adolph of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ( father of Princess Marie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt", "summary": "Princess Marie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ( German : Prinzessin Marie von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ; 29 January 1850 - 22 April 1922 ) was the consort and third wife of Frederick Francis II , Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin . She was mother of Prince Hendrik , consort of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and father of Queen Juliana ." } ] }, { "value": "Princess Mathilde of Schonburg-Waldenburg", "urls": [] }, { "value": "27 September 1847", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1847", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Double first cousins once removed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Frederick Charles , Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Princess Friederike of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ; Frederick V , Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg and Princess Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frederick_Charles,_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt", "summary": "Prince Frederick Charles of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ( 7 June 1736 - 13 April 1793 ) was a German Natural History collector , and from 1790 until his death the reigning Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Frederick_V,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg", "summary": "Frederick V Louis William Christian , Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg ( 30 January 1748 , Bad Homburg vor der Höhe - 20 January 1820 , Bad Homburg vor der Höhe ) was from 1751 to his death landgrave of Hesse-Homburg . He was born under Europe 's Ancien Regime but lived to see the Age of Enlightenment , the French Revolution , the fall of the Holy Roman Empire , the rise and fall of Napoleon I , the Congress of Vienna and its establishment of a new geopolitical order in Europe and Germany . Unlike his predecessors and successors , he was not keen on war and instead became one of the patrons of German Geistesgeschichte , corresponding with Lavater and Klopstock and visiting Voltaire , DAlembert and Albrecht von Haller . He was caustic , conservative but popular with his people ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Hesse-Darmstadt", "summary": "Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt ( 2 March 1746 , Buchsweiler - 18 September 1821 , Homburg ) was Landgravine consort of Hesse-Homburg by marriage to Frederick V , Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg . She was the eldest daughter of Louis IX , Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and his wife Caroline . She married Frederick V , Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg on 27 September 1768 . The marriage was contracted for diplomatic and political reasons as the symbol of an inheritance dispute between their respective families . Caroline and Frederick V produced many children but their marriage never developed into a personal relationship , and they lived mostly separated lives . Caroline often spent time in the famed little villa that was given to her use in the forest near Homburg ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolphe , Grand Duke of Luxembourg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg", "summary": "Adolphe ( Adolf Wilhelm August Karl Friedrich ; 24 July 1817 - 17 November 1905 ) was the last sovereign Duke of Nassau , reigning from 20 August 1839 until the duchy 's annexation to Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 . In 1890 , he became Grand Duke of Luxembourg following the death of King William III of the Netherlands , ending the personal union between the Netherlands and Luxembourg , until his own death in 1905 . He was the first monarch of Luxembourg from the House of Nassau-Weilburg . Adolphe became Duke of Nassau in August 1839 , following the death of his father William . After Austria 's defeat in Austro-Prussian War of 1866 , Duchy of Nassau was annexed to Kingdom of Prussia and he lost his throne . From 1815 to 1839 , Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was ruled by the kings of the Netherlands as a province of the Netherlands . Following the Treaty of London ( 1839 ) , Grand Duchy of Luxembourg became independent but remained in personal union with the Netherlands . Following the death of his sons , King William III of the Netherlands had no male heirs to succeed him . In the Netherlands , females were allowed to succeed to the throne . Luxembourg , however , followed Salic law which barred females from succession . Thus , upon King William III 's death , the crown of the Netherlands passed to his only daughter , Wilhelmina , while that of Luxembourg passed to Adolphe in accordance with the Nassau Family Pact . Adolphe died in 1905 and was succeeded as Grand Duke of Luxembourg by his son , William IV ." } ] }, { "value": "Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia ( first wife )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elizabeth_Mikhailovna_of_Russia", "summary": "Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia ( Moscow , 26 May 1826 - Wiesbaden , 28 January 1845 ) was the second child and daughter of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia and Princess Charlotte of Württemberg who took the name Elena Pavlovna upon her conversion to the Orthodox faith . Through her father , Elizabeth was a granddaughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia , and a niece of both Russian emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I ." } ] }, { "value": "31 January 1844", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1844", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second cousins once removed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charles II , Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz", "summary": "Charles II ( 10 October 1741 - 6 November 1816 ) was ruler of the state of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1794 until his death . Originally ruling as duke , he was raised to the rank of grand duke in 1815 . Prior to succeeding to the throne he served as Governor of Hanover from 1776 to 1786 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Friederike_of_Hesse-Darmstadt", "summary": "Princess Friederike Caroline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt ( 20 August 1752 - 22 May 1782 ) was a member of the House of Hesse and by marriage a Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . She is the direct most recent common matrilineal ancestress ( through women only ) of Queen Margarethe II of Denmark , King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands , King Albert II of Belgium , King Harald V of Norway , and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolphe , Grand Duke of Luxembourg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg", "summary": "Adolphe ( Adolf Wilhelm August Karl Friedrich ; 24 July 1817 - 17 November 1905 ) was the last sovereign Duke of Nassau , reigning from 20 August 1839 until the duchy 's annexation to Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 . In 1890 , he became Grand Duke of Luxembourg following the death of King William III of the Netherlands , ending the personal union between the Netherlands and Luxembourg , until his own death in 1905 . He was the first monarch of Luxembourg from the House of Nassau-Weilburg . Adolphe became Duke of Nassau in August 1839 , following the death of his father William . After Austria 's defeat in Austro-Prussian War of 1866 , Duchy of Nassau was annexed to Kingdom of Prussia and he lost his throne . From 1815 to 1839 , Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was ruled by the kings of the Netherlands as a province of the Netherlands . Following the Treaty of London ( 1839 ) , Grand Duchy of Luxembourg became independent but remained in personal union with the Netherlands . Following the death of his sons , King William III of the Netherlands had no male heirs to succeed him . In the Netherlands , females were allowed to succeed to the throne . Luxembourg , however , followed Salic law which barred females from succession . Thus , upon King William III 's death , the crown of the Netherlands passed to his only daughter , Wilhelmina , while that of Luxembourg passed to Adolphe in accordance with the Nassau Family Pact . Adolphe died in 1905 and was succeeded as Grand Duke of Luxembourg by his son , William IV ." } ] }, { "value": "Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau ( second wife )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Adelheid-Marie_of_Anhalt-Dessau", "summary": "Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau ( German : Adelheid-Marie ; French : Adélaïde-Marie ) ( 25 December 1833 - 24 November 1916 ) was a Princess of Anhalt-Dessau and member of the House of Ascania . As the wife of Adolphe of Nassau , she was Duchess of Nassau from 1851 until 1866 and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 1890 until 1905 ." } ] }, { "value": "23 April 1851", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1851", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fourth cousins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Louis VIII , Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louis_VIII,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt", "summary": "Louis VIII ( German : Ludwig ) ( 5 April 1691 - 17 October 1768 ) was the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1739 to 1768 . He was the son of Ernest Louis , Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Margravine Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Countess_Charlotte_of_Hanau-Lichtenberg", "summary": "Charlotte , Countess of Hanau-Lichtenberg , full name : Countess Charlotte Christine Magdalene Johanna of Hanau-Lichtenberg ( 2 May 1700 , Bouxwiller - 1 July 1726 , Darmstadt ) was the wife of landgrave Louis VIII of Hesse-Darmstadt ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge", "summary": "Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge , KG , GCB , GCMG , GCH , PC ( Adolphus Frederick ; 24 February 1774 - 8 July 1850 ) was the tenth child and seventh son of the British king George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . He held the title of Duke of Cambridge from 1801 until his death . He also served as Viceroy of Hanover on behalf of his brothers George IV and William IV ." } ] }, { "value": "Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Hesse-Kassel", "summary": "Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel ( Auguste Wilhelmine Luise ; 25 July 1797 - 6 April 1889 ) was the wife of Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge , the tenth-born child , and seventh son , of George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . The longest-lived daughter-in-law of George III , she was the maternal grandmother of Mary of Teck , wife of George V ." } ] }, { "value": "1 June 1818", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1818", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second cousins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain", "summary": "George II ( George Augustus ; German : Georg II . August ; 30 October / 9 November 1683O.S./N.S . - 25 October 1760 ) was King of Great Britain and Ireland , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( Hanover ) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 ( O.S . ) until his death in 1760 . George is the most recent British monarch born outside Great Britain : he was born and brought up in northern Germany . The Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 positioned his grandmother , Sophia of Hanover , and her Protestant descendants to inherit the British throne . After the deaths of Sophia and Anne , Queen of Great Britain , in 1714 , his father , the Elector of Hanover , became George I of Great Britain . In the first years of his father 's reign as king , George was associated with opposition politicians , until they rejoined the governing party in 1720 . As king from 1727 , George exercised little control over British domestic policy , which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain . As elector , he spent twelve summers in Hanover , where he had more direct control over government policy . He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son , Frederick , who supported the parliamentary opposition . During the War of the Austrian Succession , George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 , and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach", "summary": "Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach ( Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline ; 1 March 1683 - 20 November 1737 ) was Queen consort of Great Britain as the wife of King George II . Her father , Margrave John Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach , belonged to a branch of the House of Hohenzollern and was the ruler of a small German state , the Principality of Ansbach . Caroline was orphaned at a young age and moved to the enlightened court of her guardians , King Frederick I and Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia . At the Prussian court , her previously limited education was widened , and she adopted the liberal outlook possessed by Sophia Charlotte , who became her good friend and whose views influenced Caroline all her life . As a young woman , Caroline was much sought-after as a bride . After rejecting the suit of the nominal King of Spain , Archduke Charles of Austria , she married George Augustus , the third-in-line to the British throne and heir apparent to the Electorate of Hanover . They had eight children , seven of whom grew to adulthood . Caroline moved permanently to Britain in 1714 when her husband became Prince of Wales . As Princess of Wales , she joined her husband in rallying political opposition to his father King George I . In 1717 , her husband was expelled from court after a family row . Caroline came to be associated with Robert Walpole , an opposition politician who was a former government minister . Walpole rejoined the government in 1720 , and Caroline 's husband and King George I reconciled publicly , on Walpole 's advice ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolphus Frederick II , Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolphus_Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz", "summary": "Adolphus Frederick II ( 19 October 1658 - 12 May 1708 ) , Duke of Mecklenburg , was the first Duke of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz , reigning from 1701 until his death . Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a part of the Holy Roman Empire ." } ] }, { "value": "Princess Maria of Mecklenburg-Güstrow ( daughter of Gustav Adolph , Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gustav_Adolph,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Güstrow", "summary": "Gustav Adolph , Duke of Mecklenburg [ -Güstrow ] ( 26 February 1633 - 6 October 1695 ) was the last ruler of Mecklenburg-Güstrow from 1636 until his death and last Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg from 1636 to 1648 ." } ] }, { "value": "1684", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1684", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First cousins once removed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Johann VII , Duke of Mecklenburg and Sophia of Holstein-Gottorp", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johann_VII,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg", "summary": "Johann VII of Mecklenburg ( 7 March 1558 - 22 March 1592 ) ( sometimes called Johann V , and usually translated to John VII or John V ) was a Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin . Johann was the son of John Albert I , Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Schwerin ( 1525-1576 ) , and his wife Duchess Anna Sophia of Prussia ( 1527-1591 ) . He was eighteen years old when his father died . A regency council was appointed that ruled in his name for the next nine years . The regency handed over the actual rule of his territories to him in 1585 . He immediately faced problems he was ill-equipped to deal with , including massive debt and his uncle Christopher 's demands for territorial concessions . After an especially harsh argument with his uncle , he committed suicide . Since suicides could not be buried in hallowed ground , a story was concocted which alleged that Johann had been killed by the devil as part of a pact with two women from Schwerin . The women were questioned : Katharina Wankelmuth , who died from the effects of torture , and Magdalena Rukitz , who was burned at the stake . Their condemnation as witches cleared the way for Johann 's burial in Schwerin Cathedral ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sophia_of_Holstein-Gottorp", "summary": "Sophia of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp ( 1 June 1569 at Gottorf Castle - 14 November 1634 in Schwerin ) was regent of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1603 to 1608 ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolphus Frederick III , Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolphus_Frederick_III,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz", "summary": "Adolphus Frederick III ( 7 June 1686 - 11 December 1752 ) was a Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ." } ] }, { "value": "Princess Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön ( daughter of John Adolphus , Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön", "summary": "John Adolphus of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön ( German : Johann Adolf or Hans Adolf ; 8 April 1634 , Ahrensbök - 2 July 1704 Ruhleben ) was the second Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön , which had been created by a division of the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg ." } ] }, { "value": "16 April 1709", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1709", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Third cousins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Adolf , Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and Christine of Hesse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp", "summary": "Adolf of Denmark or Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp ( 25 January 1526 - 1 October 1586 ) was the first Duke of Holstein-Gottorp from the line of Holstein-Gottorp of the House of Oldenburg . He was the third son of King Frederick I of Denmark and his second wife , Sophie of Pomerania . King Frederick I had his son educated by Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse . He spent four years at the Landgrave 's castle in Kassel . In 1544 , Adolf , his brother Johann , and their half-brother King Christian III of Denmark , divided the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein . The areas were divided according to approximately equal tax proceeds . Adolf , as the youngest , was entitled the first choice . Since he selected the part with the castle Gottorp , the line of the house Oldenburg created by him was called Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Christine_of_Hesse", "summary": "Christine of Hesse ( 29 June 1543 - 13 May 1604 ) was Duchess consort of Holstein-Gottorp as the spouse of Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp . She exerted some political influence as a widow after 1586 ." } ] }, { "value": "Adolphus Frederick V , Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolphus_Frederick_V,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz", "summary": "Adolphus Frederick V ( 22 July 1848 - 11 June 1914 ) was reigning grand duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1904 to 1914 ." } ] }, { "value": "Princess Elisabeth of Anhalt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Anhalt", "summary": "Princess Elisabeth of Anhalt ( 7 September 1857 - 20 July 1933 ) was the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1904 to 1914 as the spouse of Adolf Friedrich V , Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ." } ] }, { "value": "April 17 , 1877", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1877", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second cousins once removed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charles II , Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz", "summary": "Charles II ( 10 October 1741 - 6 November 1816 ) was ruler of the state of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1794 until his death . Originally ruling as duke , he was raised to the rank of grand duke in 1815 . Prior to succeeding to the throne he served as Governor of Hanover from 1776 to 1786 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Princess_Friederike_of_Hesse-Darmstadt", "summary": "Princess Friederike Caroline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt ( 20 August 1752 - 22 May 1782 ) was a member of the House of Hesse and by marriage a Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . She is the direct most recent common matrilineal ancestress ( through women only ) of Queen Margarethe II of Denmark , King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands , King Albert II of Belgium , King Harald V of Norway , and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg ." } ] }, { "value": "Afonso , Prince of Portugal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_of_Portugal", "summary": "Afonso , Prince of Portugal ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɐˈfõsu ] ; 18 May 1475 - 13 July 1491 ) was the heir apparent to the throne of Portugal . He was born in Lisbon , Portugal , and died in a horse-riding accident on the banks of the river Tagus ." } ] }, { "value": "Isabella of Aragon , Queen of Portugal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal", "summary": "Isabella , Princess of Asturias ( 2 October 1470 - 23 August 1498 ) was a Queen consort of Portugal and heir presumptive of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile , as their eldest daughter . Her younger siblings were John , Prince of Asturias , Queen Joanna I of Castile , Maria , Queen of Portugal and Catherine , Queen of England ." } ] }, { "value": "1490", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1490", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second cousins", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John , Constable of Portugal and Isabel of Barcelos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John,_Constable_of_Portugal", "summary": "Infante John , Constable of Portugal ( Portuguese : João , Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʒuˈɐ̃w̃ ] ; 13 January 1400 - 18 October 1442 ) was a Portuguese infante ( prince ) of the House of Aviz , Constable of Portugal and master of the Portuguese Order of St. James ( Santiago ) . In Portugal , he is commonly referred to as the O Infante Condestável ( the Constable Prince ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Isabel_of_Barcelos", "summary": "Isabel of Barcelos ( October 1402 - 26 October 1466 ) , also known as Isabel of Braganza , was a lady of the Portuguese nobility during the Late Middle Ages . She was the daughter of Afonso I , Duke of Braganza and Beatriz Pereira de Alvim , and she married Infante John , Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz , her half-uncle , son of John I of Portugal ." } ] }, { "value": "Afonso II of Portugal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal", "summary": "Afonso II ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɐˈfõsu ] ; English : Alphonzo ) , or Affonso ( Archaic Portuguese ) , Alfonso or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician ) or Alphonsus ( Latin version ) , nicknamed the Fat ( Portuguese o Gordo ) , King of Portugal , was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city . He was the second but eldest surviving son of Sancho I of Portugal by his wife , Dulce , Infanta of Aragon . Afonso succeeded his father on 27 March 1211 ." } ] }, { "value": "Urraca of Castile , Queen of Portugal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Urraca_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Portugal", "summary": "Urraca of Castile ( 1186/28 May 1187 - 3 November 1220 ) was a daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor of England . Her maternal grandparents were Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine ." } ] }, { "value": "1206", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1206", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second cousins once removed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ramon Berenguer III , Count of Barcelona and Douce I , Countess of Provence", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_III,_Count_of_Barcelona", "summary": "Ramon Berenguer III the Great was the count of Barcelona , Girona , and Ausona from 1086 ( jointly with Berenguer Ramon II and solely from 1097 ) , Besalú from 1111 , Cerdanya from 1117 , and count of Provence in the Holy Roman Empire , from 1112 , all until his death in Barcelona in 1131 . As Ramon Berenguer I , he was Count of Provence from 1112 in right of his wife ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Douce_I,_Countess_of_Provence", "summary": "Douce I ( also Dulcia or Dolça , called of Rouergue or of Gévaudan ) ( c. 1090 - 1127 ) was the daughter of Gilbert I of Gévaudan and Gerberga of Provence and wife of Ramon Berenguer III , Count of Barcelona . In 1112 , she inherited the county of Provence through her mother . She married Ramon Berenguer at Arles on 3 February that year . In 1113 , Douce ceded her rights in Provence , Gévaudan , and the viscounty of Millau to her husband . According to a once prevailing opinion , Provençal troubadours . entered Catalonia at the time and even the Catalan language was imported from Provence . According to nationalist historians it was the beginning of l'engrandiment occitànic ( the Occitan aggrandisement ) : a great scheme to unite various lands on both sides of the Pyrenees . In reality the marriage gave the House of Barcelona extensive interests in Occitania and put it in conflict with the Counts of Toulouse , with whom a partition of Provence was signed in 1125 , shortly before Douce 's death . Her death inaugurated a period of instability in Provence . A cadet branch of the House of Barcelona was set up to rule , but a disputed succession opened up the Baussenque Wars ( 1144-1162 ) , which terminated in Provençal victory . Her children with Ramon Berenguer were :" } ] }, { "value": "Afonso III of Portugal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal", "summary": "Afonso III ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɐˈfõsu ] ; rare English alternatives : Alphonzo or Alphonse ) , or Affonso ( Archaic Portuguese ) , Alfonso or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician ) or Alphonsus ( Latin ) , the Boulonnais ( Port . o Bolonhês ) , King of Portugal ( 5 May 1210 - 16 February 1279 ) was the first to use the title King of Portugal and the Algarve , from 1249 . He was the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal and his wife , Urraca of Castile ; he succeeded his brother , King Sancho II of Portugal , who died on 4 January 1248 ." } ] }, { "value": "Matilda II , Countess of Boulogne ( first wife )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matilda_II,_Countess_of_Boulogne", "summary": "Mahaut or Matilda II of Boulogne ( also known as Mathilde , Maud de Dammartin ; 1202 - January 1259 ) was Countess of Boulogne in her own right and Queen of Portugal by marriage to King Afonso III from 1248 until their divorce in 1253 . She was the daughter of Ida , Countess of Boulogne and her husband and co-ruler Renaud , Count of Dammartin . She succeeded her mother as Countess of Boulogne in 1216 . She was the great-granddaughter of King Stephen of England ." } ] }, { "value": "1239", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1239", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Third cousins once removed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fulk , King of Jerusalem", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem", "summary": "Fulk ( Latin : Fulco , French : Foulque or Foulques ; c. 1089/92 - 13 November 1143 ) , also known as Fulk the Younger , was the Count of Anjou ( as Fulk V ) from 1109 to 1129 and the King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death . During his reign , the Kingdom of Jerusalem reached its largest territorial extent ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Royalty in Europe", "section_text": "The royal couples listed below are but a sampling of the innumerable marriages that have occurred between cousins , of varying degrees , from royal or noble houses . Such royal intermarriages have been common , as it has generally been deemed inappropriate for royals to marry commoners .", "uid": "List_of_coupled_cousins_0", "intro": "This is a list of prominent individuals who have been romantically or maritally coupled with a cousin." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Chad", "title": "Regions of Chad", "header": [ "Key on map", "Region", "Capital" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Batha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Batha_Region", "summary": "Batha ( Arabic : البطحة ) is one of the 23 regions of Chad , located in the centre of the country . It is composed of what was formerly Batha Prefecture with some slight boundary adjustments . The capital of the region is Ati ." } ] }, { "value": "Ati", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ati,_Chad", "summary": "Ati ( Arabic : أتي ) is a city in Chad , the capital of the region of Batha . It lies 278 miles ( 447 km ) by road east of the capital N'Djamena . The town is served by Ati Airport ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chari-Baguirmi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chari-Baguirmi_Region", "summary": "Chari-Baguirmi ( Arabic : شاري باقرمي ) is one of the 23 regions of Chad . Its capital is Massenya . It is composed of part of the former Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture ( sub-prefectures of Massenya and Bousso ) and parts of the sub-prefecture of N'Djamena ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Massenya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Massenya", "summary": "Massenya ( Arabic : ماسينيا ) is a small town in Chad . It is the capital of the region of Chari-Baguirmi and of the department of Baguirmi . Massenya was also the historical capital of the Kingdom of Baguirmi and the seat of the Mbang , or Sultan . The town is served by Massenya Airport . Latitude : 11.400°N - Longitude : 16.170°E" } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hadjer-Lamis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hadjer-Lamis_Region", "summary": "Hadjer-Lamis ( Arabic : حجر لميس ) is one of the 23 regions of Chad , located in the southwest of the country . Its capital is Massakory . It corresponds to part of the former prefecture of Chari-Baguirmi ( sub-prefectures of Bokoro and of Massakory ) and parts of N'Djamena ." } ] }, { "value": "Massakory", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Massakory", "summary": "Massakory ( Arabic : ماساكوري ) is the capital of the Chadian region of Hadjer-Lamis and of the department of Dagana . The town was formerly in the prefecture of Fort-Lamy in the department of Bas-Chari ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wadi Fira", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wadi_Fira_Region", "summary": "Wadi Fira ( Arabic : وادي فيرا ) is one of the 23 regions of Chad . Its capital is the town of Biltine . The region corresponds with the former prefecture of Biltine ." } ] }, { "value": "Biltine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biltine,_Chad", "summary": "Biltine ( Arabic : بلتن ) is a city in Chad , and the capital of Wadi Fira region ( previously Biltine prefecture ) . The town was briefly captured on November 25 , 2006 by the RADF , a rebel group , then recaptured the next day by the government , along with nearby Abéché that had been captured by a different rebel group , the UFDD . On June 16 , 2008 the town was the scene of a battle between rebels on government forces , with the rebels said to have won . The town is served by Biltine Airport ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bahr el Gazel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bahr_el_Gazel_(region_of_Chad)", "summary": "Not to be confused with the region of the same name in South Sudan ." } ] }, { "value": "Moussoro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moussoro", "summary": "Moussoro ( Arabic : موسورو ) is a town in Chad , lying 300 km ( 190 mi ) northeast of N'Djamena on the road to Faya-Largeau . An important transportation centre , it lies in a dry river bed and as a result has more vegetation than is typical in the area . [ citation needed ] Moussoro is the capital of the region of Barh El Gazel ( Bahr el Gazel ) . The town is served by Moussoro Airport . Moussoro is inhabited by Gouran ( Krreda ) ( Karra ) ethnic group of northern Chad . It serves as their commercial and administrative town . Moussoro market day is Thursday . They mostly known by their agricultural activity . [ citation needed ] Moussoro have the second president 's residence in Chad after the main Residence in N'djamena ( see image below ) . The town is also the main area for army training in Chad . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Borkou", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Borkou_Region", "summary": "The Borkou region ( Arabic : بركو ) is a region of Chad which was created in 2008 from the Borkou department of the former Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti region . Its capital is Faya-Largeau ." } ] }, { "value": "Faya-Largeau", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Faya-Largeau", "summary": "Faya-Largeau ( also known as Faya , Arabic : فايا لارجو or فايا ) is the largest city in northern Chad and was the capital of the region of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti . It is now in the Borkou Region , which was formed in 2008 from the Borkou Department of the former Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti region ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ennedi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ennedi_(region)", "summary": "Ennedi Region was a former region of Chad . It was created in 2008 from the Ennedi Est Department and Ennedi Ouest Department of the former Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region . The capital of the Ennedi region was Fada . In 2012 it was split into two new regions : the department of Wadi Hawar became Ennedi-Est Region and the department of Ennedi became Ennedi-Ouest Region . Per the census of 2009 , the population of the region was 173,606 , 45.20 per cent female . The total number of households was 24,784 : 23,977 in rural areas and 807 in urban areas . The number of nomads in the region was 27,759 , 7.20 per cent of the population . The sex ratio was 121.00 females for every hundred males ." } ] }, { "value": "Fada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fada,_Chad", "summary": "Fada ( Arabic : فادا ) is the capital of the Ennedi-Ouest Region of Chad , which was created in 2012 from the western half of the Ennedi Region . Lying in the Ennedi Plateau , it has a population of 23,786 ( as of December 2005 ) . It is known for the surrounding cave paintings and rock formations , while the Guelta d'Archei and a wood growing in a wadi are local attractions . During the Toyota War in 1987 , the town saw fighting during the Battle of Fada . The town is served by Fada Airport ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guéra", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guéra_Region", "summary": "Guéra ( Arabic : قيرا ) is one of the 23 regions of Chad , created in 2002 from the former Guéra prefecture . The region 's capital is Mongo . As of 2009 [ update ] , the population of the region was 553,795 ." } ] }, { "value": "Mongo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mongo,_Chad", "summary": "Mongo ( Arabic : مونقو , Mūnqū ) is a city and sub-prefecture in Chad , the capital of the region of Guéra . It lies 252.2 miles ( 406 km ) by road east of the capital N'Djamena . It is served by Mongo Airport . On 11 April 2006 , rebels of the United Front for Democratic Change ( FUC ) took the central city . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kanem", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kanem_Region", "summary": "Kanem ( Arabic : كانم ) is one of the 23 regions of Chad . It is named after the famous Kanem Empire , which was centred in this vicinity . The region 's capital is Mao . It was created in 2002 from the former Prefecture of Kanem . In 2008 , a portion of the Kanem region ( the Bahr el Gazel Department ) was split off to become the new Bahr el Gazel Region ." } ] }, { "value": "Mao", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mao,_Chad", "summary": "Mao ( Arabic : مؤ ) is a city in Chad , the capital of the Kanem Region and of the department also named Kanem . It is the 16th most populous city in Chad , and is located 226 km ( 140 mi ) north-northeast of N'Djamena . On the border of the Sahara , Mao 's geography is marked by sand dunes and sparse vegetation . A large majority of Mao 's residents are Muslim . However , there are two Christian churches ( one Catholic and one Protestant ) in Mao . As in other Chadian regions , Mao is ruled by both a traditional Sultan and by central government officials . The Sultan of Kanem , who resides in Mao , is the traditional chief of the Kanembou people . Moves toward decentralisation have been stymied by the complex and sometimes tense relationships between traditional rulers in Chad and national authorities ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lac", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lac_Region", "summary": "Lac ( Arabic : البحيرة ) is one of the 23 regions of Chad . Its capital is Bol . It is chiefly composed of the former Lac Prefecture . The region includes Chad 's portion of the shore of Lake Chad ." } ] }, { "value": "Bol", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bol,_Chad", "summary": "Bol ( Arabic : بول ) is a city in Chad , the capital of the Lac Region . The town is served by Bol Airport ( IATA : OTC , ICAO : FTTL ) , which has a paved runway . Bol was on the shores of Lake Chad , before it shrunk . Bol is 152 km to the north of the capital of Chad , N'Djamena ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Logone Occidental", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Logone_Occidental_Region", "summary": "Logone Occidental is one of the 23 regions of Chad , located in the south-west of the country . Its capital is Moundou . It is coterminous with the former Logone Occidental Prefecture ." } ] }, { "value": "Moundou", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moundou", "summary": "Moundou ( Arabic : موندو ) is the second largest city in Chad and is the capital of the region of Logone Occidental . The city lies on the Mbéré River ( a tributary of the Western Logone ) some 475 kilometres south of the capital N'Djamena . It is the main city of the Ngambai people . Moundou has grown as an industrial centre , home to the Gala Brewery , which produces Chad 's most popular beer and the cotton and oil industries ." } ] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Logone Oriental", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Logone_Oriental_Region", "summary": "Logone Oriental is one of the 23 regions of Chad , located in the south-west of the country . Its capital is Doba . It is coterminous with the former Logone Oriental Prefecture ." } ] }, { "value": "Doba", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Doba,_Chad", "summary": "Doba ( Arabic : دوبا ) is a city in Chad , the capital of the region of Logone Oriental . Exploitation of oil resources in the vicinity of Doba is expected to produce economic benefits . The town is served by Doba Airport ." } ] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mandoul", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mandoul_Region", "summary": "Mandoul is one of the 23 regions of Chad . Located in the south of the country , it comprises part of the former prefecture of Moyen-Chari . The regional capital is Koumra ." } ] }, { "value": "Koumra", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Koumra", "summary": "Koumra ( Arabic : قمرة , Qumra ) is a town in southern Chad . It is the capital of the region of Mandoul and of the department of Mandoul Oriental . It is the sixth largest town in Chad ." } ] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mayo-Kebbi Est", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Est_Region", "summary": "Mayo-Kebbi Est is one of the 23 regions of Chad . Its capital is Bongor . It is composed of the northern areas of the former prefecture of Mayo-Kebbi ( sub-prefectures of Bongor , Fianga and Gounou Gaya ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Bongor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bongor", "summary": "Bongor ( Arabic : بونقور ) is a city in Chad , the capital of the region of Mayo-Kebbi Est . It is located on the eastern bank of the Logone River . During the rainy season ( May-September ) , the Logone is navigable between Bongor and N'Djamena , Chad 's capital . The population is 29,268 ( 2008 ) . Bongor has a lively central market square , an airport , a post office , a hospital , and the administrative offices for the Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture . Cotton and rice are the primary cash crops of the region . There is a hotel on the bank of the Logone . The principal market day is Monday and people come from the entire region for the weekly market . Bongor was a part of German Cameroon until the 1911 German-French Treaty . In 1904 , a military station was founded near Bongor by German colonial officer Herbert Kund , constituting the beginning of the city 's modern history . The primary indigenous tribal group are the Masa people . The city has been an important centre of secondary education since colonial times ." } ] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mayo-Kebbi Ouest", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Ouest_Region", "summary": "Mayo-Kebbi Ouest is one of the 23 regions of Chad . Its capital is Pala . It is composed of the southern areas of the former prefecture of Mayo-Kebbi ( sub-prefectures of Pala and Léré ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Pala", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pala,_Chad", "summary": "Pala ( Arabic : بالا ) is a town in Chad and the capital of the region of Mayo-Kebbi Ouest . The Fula language is spoken in the area . The Roman Catholic bishopric of Pala served Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture , in 1970 , Pala included 116,000 of Chad 's 160,000 Catholics . It has the country 's first gold mine , opened by the South Korean company Afko . However , cotton picking is the main industry in the area . The town is served by Pala Airport ." } ] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Moyen-Chari", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moyen-Chari_Region", "summary": "Moyen-Chari is one of the 23 regions of Chad , located in the south of the country . Its capital is Sarh . The former prefecture of the same name was larger and included modern Mandoul Region ." } ] }, { "value": "Sarh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sarh", "summary": "Sarh ( Arabic : ساره ) , formerly French colonial Fort Archambault , is the capital of the Moyen-Chari Region and of the Department of Barh Köh in Chad ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ouaddaï", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ouaddaï_Region", "summary": "Ouaddaï ( Arabic : وداي ) is a region of Chad , located in the south-east of the country , with its capital at Abéché . Prior to 2002 it was known as Ouaddaï Prefecture ; in 2008 the southern portions of Ouaddaï ( the Sila Department and Djourf Al Ahmar Department ) were split off to become the new Sila Region ( also known as Dar Sila ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Abéché", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Abéché", "summary": "Abéché ( Arabic : أبشي , ʾAbishī ) is the fourth largest city in Chad and is the capital of Ouaddaï Region . It has within it the remnants of the ancient capital , including palaces , mosques , and the tombs of former sultans ." } ] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Salamat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Salamat_Region", "summary": "Salamat is one of the 23 regions of Chad , located in the south-east of the country . The region 's capital is Am Timan . It corresponds to the former prefecture of the same name ." } ] }, { "value": "Am Timan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Am_Timan", "summary": "Am Timan ( Arabic : أم تيمان , ʾUmm Tīmān ) is a city in Chad and is the capital of the region of Salamat . Am Timan is also known as Dabengat in Chad , which mean the resources of the products . Most of economy comes from Salamat region . Such as fish , vegetables and anomalies meat etc . In Arabic , Am Timan means mother of twins , although the reason for the name was back then there a female of Buffalo gave a twins birth in that particular place so the name came from there/ As the capital of the prefecture , it has the area ' of many towns and villages around it including Zakuma national park . The city has no university but there are schools and colleges , and a clinic , and hosts a large market day and holiday celebrations . During the conflict period , a cotton plantation and processing plant just outside the city were destroyed . The city 's sand airport was upgraded by the French Foreign Legion in 1971 to allow military air transports to supply the anti-rebel effort . At the time , the only practical way in or out of the city was by air . Since the dry season lasts for about seven months of the year , water becomes a problem as the dry season progresses . Aquifers are accessed by digging deeper and deeper into the bed of the Bahr Salamat ( river ) . The river starts flowing with the onset of rain , however , and the children enjoy swimming in it ." } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sila", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sila_Region", "summary": "Sila or Dar Sila is a region of Chad , located in the south-east of the country . It was created in 2008 from the departments of Sila and Djourf Al Ahmar which were previously part of Ouaddaï Region . The capital of the region is Goz Beïda ." } ] }, { "value": "Goz Beïda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goz_Beïda", "summary": "Goz Beïda ( Arabic : قوز بيدا ) is the capital of the Sila ( or Dar Sila ) region of Chad , as well as the main town ( chef-lieu ) of the Kimiti department . Prior to 2008 , Goz Beïda was part of the Ouaddaï Region 's former Sila Department . Goz Beïda is 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) from Chad 's border with Sudan 's western Darfur Region . The town has been seriously affected by the conflict in Darfur , which has spilled over into the surrounding area and resulted in large numbers of refugees living in the town . The town is served by Goz Beïda Airport ." } ] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tandjilé", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tandjilé_Region", "summary": "Tandjilé is one of the 23 regions of Chad , located in the south-west of the country . Its capital is Laï . It corresponds to the former prefecture of the same name ." } ] }, { "value": "Laï", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laï", "summary": "Laï ( Arabic : لادي ) is a city in Chad . It lies on the Logone River and is the capital of the region of Tandjilé . The town is served by Laï Airport ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "Regions_of_Chad_1", "intro": "Since 2002, the Republic of Chad has been divided into regions. It was previously divided into prefectures, and then departments." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Musical_Theater_Album", "title": "Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album", "header": [ "Year", "Winner ( s )", "Work", "Nominees" ], "data": [ { "value": "1990", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1990", "summary": "The 32nd Annual Grammy Awards were held in 1990 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year ." } ] }, { "value": "Jay David Saks ( producer )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jerome Robbins ' Broadway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jerome_Robbins'_Broadway", "summary": "Jerome Robbins ' Broadway is an anthology comprising musical numbers from shows that were either directed or choreographed by Jerome Robbins . The shows represented include , for example , The King and I , On the Town and West Side Story . Robbins won his fifth Tony Award for direction ." } ] }, { "value": "Aspects of Love Broadway the Hard Way - Frank Zappa ( producer ) Sarafina ! Pacific Overtures", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aspects_of_Love", "summary": "Aspects of Love is a musical with a book and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Don Black and Charles Hart . It is famous for the song Love Changes Everything . Based on the novella of the same name by David Garnett , the piece focuses on the romantic entanglements of actress Rose Vibert , her admiring fan Alex Dillingham , his underage cousin Jenny , his uncle George , and George 's mistress , sculptor Giulietta Trapani , over a period of 17 years . The aspects of the title refers to the many forms that love takes in the show : love between couples , both as romantic infatuation and as married people ; children and their parents ; and hints of same-sex attraction ( Giulietta and Rose ) . Lloyd Webber was introduced to Aspects of Love in 1979 , when he and Tim Rice were approached to write a few songs for a proposed film version . When nothing came of it , he suggested to Trevor Nunn that they collaborate on a stage adaptation . In 1983 , they presented a cabaret of numbers they had written , but it was not until five years later that they tackled the project in earnest . For the finished project , Lloyd Webber used at least five of the tunes he had written for the 1986 one-act musical Cricket , which he had written with Tim Rice ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Broadway_the_Hard_Way", "summary": "Broadway the Hard Way is a live album by American musician Frank Zappa recorded at various performances along his 1988 world tour . It was first released as a 9-track vinyl album through Zappa 's label Barking Pumpkin Records in October 1988 , and subsequently as a 17-track CD through Rykodisc in 1989 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Frank_Zappa", "summary": "Frank Vincent Zappa [ nb 1 ] ( December 21 , 1940 - December 4 , 1993 ) was an American multi-instrumentalist musician , composer , and bandleader . His work is characterized by nonconformity , free-form improvisation , sound experiments , musical virtuosity , and satire of American culture . In a career spanning more than 30 years , Zappa composed rock , pop , jazz , jazz fusion , orchestral and musique concrète works , and produced almost all of the 60-plus albums that he released with his band the Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist . Zappa also directed feature-length films and music videos , and designed album covers . He is considered one of the most innovative and stylistically diverse rock musicians of his era . As a self-taught composer and performer , Zappa 's diverse musical influences led him to create music that was sometimes difficult to categorize . While in his teens , he acquired a taste for 20th-century classical modernism , African-American rhythm and blues , and doo-wop music . He began writing classical music in high school , while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands , later switching to electric guitar . His 1966 debut album with the Mothers of Invention , Freak Out ! , combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages . He continued this eclectic and experimental approach , irrespective of whether the fundamental format was rock , jazz or classical . Zappa 's output is unified by a conceptual continuity he termed Project/Object , with numerous musical phrases , ideas , and characters reappearing across his albums . His lyrics reflected his iconoclastic views of established social and political processes , structures and movements , often humorously so , and he has been described as the godfather of comedy rock ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sarafina!_(musical)", "summary": "Sarafina ! is a South African musical by Mbongeni Ngema depicting students involved in the Soweto Riots , in opposition to apartheid . It was also adapted into a 1992 film starring Whoopi Goldberg and Leleti Khumalo . Sarafina ! premiered on Broadway on 28 January 1988 , at the Cort Theatre , and closed on 2 July 1989 , after 597 performances and 11 previews . The musical was conceived and directed by Mbongeni Ngema , who also wrote the book , music , and lyrics . The play was first presented at The Market Theatre , Johannesburg , South Africa , in June 1987 . The cast included Leleti Khumalo as Sarafina . Leleti Khumalo received a Tony Award nomination , Best Featured Actress in a Musical , as well as a NAACP Image Award for her Broadway theatre portrayal of the title character . The production was also nominated for the Tony Award for : Best Musical , Best Original Score , Best Choreography , and Best Direction of a Musical . The show presents a school uprising similar to the Soweto uprising on 16 June 1976 . A narrator introduces several characters among them the schoolgirl activist Sarafina ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pacific_Overtures", "summary": "Pacific Overtures is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim , and a book by John Weidman . The show is set in Japan beginning in 1853 and follows the difficult westernization of Japan , told from the point of view of the Japanese . In particular , the story focuses on the lives of two friends caught in the change . Sondheim wrote the score in a quasi-Japanese style of parallel 4ths and no leading tone . He did not use the pentatonic scale ; the 4th degree of the major scale is represented from the opening number through the finale , as Sondheim found just five pitches too limiting . The music contrasts Japanese contemplation ( There is No Other Way ) with Western ingenuousness ( Please Hello ) while over the course of the 127 years , Western harmonies , tonality and even lyrics are infused into the score . The score is generally considered to be one of Sondheim 's most ambitious and sophisticated efforts . The original Broadway production of Pacific Overtures in 1976 was staged in Kabuki style , with men playing women 's parts and set changes made in full view of the audience by black-clad stagehands . It opened to mixed reviews and closed after six months , despite being nominated for ten Tony Awards . Given its unusual casting and production demands , Pacific Overtures remains one of Stephen Sondheim 's least-performed musicals . The show is occasionally staged by opera companies . The cast requires an abundance of gifted male Asian actors who must play male and female parts ." } ] }, { "value": "1991", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1991", "summary": "The 33rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 20 , 1991 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Quincy Jones was the night 's biggest winner winning a total of six awards including Album of the Year ." } ] }, { "value": "David Caddick ( producer )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Les Misérables : The Complete Symphonic Recording", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Les_Misérables_(musical)", "summary": "Les Misérables ( /leɪ ˌmɪzəˈrɑːb ( lə ) / ; French pronunciation : ​ [ le mizeʁabl ( ə ) ] ) , colloquially known in English-speaking countries as Les Mis ( /leɪ ˈmɪz/ ) , is a sung-through musical ( or operetta ) adapted from French poet and novelist Victor Hugo 's 1862 novel of the same name by Claude-Michel Schönberg ( music ) , Alain Boublil and Jean-Marc Natel ( original French lyrics ) , and Herbert Kretzmer ( English lyrics ) . The original French musical premiered in Paris in 1980 with direction by Robert Hossein . Its English-language adaptation by producer Cameron Mackintosh has been running in London since October 1985 , making it the longest-running musical in the West End and the second longest-running musical in the world after the original Off-Broadway run of The Fantasticks . Set in early 19th-century France , Les Misérables is the story of Jean Valjean , a French peasant , and his desire for redemption after serving nineteen years in jail for having stolen a loaf of bread for his sister 's starving child . Valjean decides to break his parole and start his life anew after a bishop inspires him by a tremendous act of mercy , but he is relentlessly tracked down by a police inspector named Javert . Along the way , Valjean and a slew of characters are swept into a revolutionary period in France , where a group of young idealists attempt to overthrow the government at a street barricade ." } ] }, { "value": "Anything Goes Black and Blue City of Angels Gypsy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anything_Goes", "summary": "Anything Goes is a 1934 musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter . The original book was a collaborative effort by Guy Bolton and P. G. Wodehouse , heavily revised by the team of Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . The story concerns madcap antics aboard an ocean liner bound from New York to London . Billy Crocker is a stowaway in love with heiress Hope Harcourt , who is engaged to Lord Evelyn Oakleigh . Nightclub singer Reno Sweeney and Public Enemy Number 13 , Moonface Martin , aid Billy in his quest to win Hope . The musical introduced such songs as Anything Goes , You 're the Top , and I Get a Kick Out of You . Since its 1934 debut at the Alvin Theatre ( now known as the Neil Simon Theatre ) on Broadway , the musical has been revived several times in the United States and Britain and has been filmed twice . The musical has long been a popular choice for school and community productions ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Black_and_Blue_(musical)", "summary": "Black and Blue is a musical revue celebrating the black culture of dance and music in Paris between World War I and World War II . Based on an idea by Mel Howard and conceived by Hector Orezzoli and Claudio Segovia , it consists of songs by artists such as W. C. Handy , Louis Armstrong , Duke Ellington , Fats Waller , Eubie Blake , and Big Maybelle and skits peppered with bits of bawdy humor ." }, { "url": "/wiki/City_of_Angels_(musical)", "summary": "City of Angels is a musical comedy with music by Cy Coleman , lyrics by David Zippel , and a book by Larry Gelbart . The musical weaves together two plots , the world of a writer trying to turn his book into a screenplay , and the world of the fictional film which he is writing about . The musical is an homage to the film noir genre of motion pictures that rose to prominence in the 1940s ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Gypsy_(musical)", "summary": "Gypsy is a 1959 musical with music by Jule Styne , lyrics by Stephen Sondheim , and a book by Arthur Laurents . Gypsy is loosely based on the 1957 memoirs of Gypsy Rose Lee , the famous striptease artist , and focuses on her mother , Rose , whose name has become synonymous with the ultimate show business mother . It follows the dreams and efforts of Rose to raise two daughters to perform onstage and casts an affectionate eye on the hardships of show business life . The character of Louise is based on Lee , and the character of June is based on Lee 's sister , the actress June Havoc . The musical contains many songs that became popular standards , including Everything 's Coming up Roses , Together ( Wherever We Go ) , Small World , You Got ta Get a Gimmick , Let Me Entertain You , All I Need Is the Girl , and Rose 's Turn . It is frequently considered one of the crowning achievements of the mid-twentieth century 's conventional musical theatre art form , often called the book musical . Gypsy has been referred to as the greatest American musical by numerous critics and writers , among them Ben Brantley ( what may be the greatest of all American musicals . ) and Frank Rich . Rich wrote that Gypsy is nothing if not Broadway 's own brassy , unlikely answer to King Lear . Theater critic Clive Barnes wrote that Gypsy is one of the best of musicals . and described Rose as one of the few truly complex characters in the American musical ." } ] }, { "value": "1992", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1992", "summary": "The 34th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1992 , recognizing accomplishments by musicians from the previous year ( 1991 ) . Natalie Cole won the most awards ( three ) , including Album of the Year . Paul Simon opened the show ." } ] }, { "value": "Cy Coleman ( composer ) · lyrics by Adolph Green & Betty Comden ; · produced by Cy Coleman & Mike Berniker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cy_Coleman", "summary": "Cy Coleman ( born Seymour Kaufman ; June 14 , 1929 - November 18 , 2004 ) was an American composer , songwriter , and jazz pianist ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Adolph_Green", "summary": "Adolph Green ( December 2 , 1914 - October 23 , 2002 ) was an American lyricist and playwright who , with long-time collaborator Betty Comden , penned the screenplays and songs for some of the most beloved movie musicals , particularly as part of Arthur Freed 's production unit at Metro Goldwyn Mayer , during the genre 's heyday . Many people thought the pair were married , but in fact they were not a romantic couple at all . Nevertheless , they shared a unique comic genius and sophisticated wit that enabled them to forge a six-decade-long partnership that produced some of Hollywood and Broadway 's greatest hits ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Betty_Comden", "summary": "Betty Comden ( born Basya Cohen , May 3 , 1917 - November 23 , 2006 ) was one-half of the musical-comedy duo Comden and Green , who provided lyrics , libretti , and screenplays to some of the most beloved and successful Hollywood musicals and Broadway shows of the mid-20th century . Her writing partnership with Adolph Green , called the longest running creative partnership in theatre history , lasted for six decades , during which time they collaborated with other leading entertainment figures such as the famed Freed Unit at MGM , Jule Styne , and Leonard Bernstein , and wrote the musical comedy film Singin ' in the Rain ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mike_Berniker", "summary": "Michael Berniker ( June 30 , 1935 - July 25 , 2008 ) was an American record producer who was recognized with nine Grammy Awards over the course of his career for his work on albums with such performers as Perry Como , Steve Lawrence & Eydie Gorme , Johnny Mathis and Barbra Streisand , as well as Broadway theatre cast recordings , Latin jazz , classical , spoken word and comedy albums in a career that lasted some forty years for labels including Columbia Records and RCA Records . Born on June 30 , 1935 , and raised in Brooklyn , he attended Columbia University , studying music and philosophy . While serving at Fort Bliss in El Paso County , Texas while in the United States Army for two years , he hosted a local radio show and organized a jazz festival . While in his late-20s , Berniker produced Barbra Streisand 's first three albums - The Barbra Streisand Album ( that year 's Grammy winner for Album of the Year ) , The Second Barbra Streisand Album and The Third Album - all of which were released six months apart in the one-year span from February 1963 to February 1964 , and which were described by The New York Times as among the most expressively uninhibited of her career . Berniker also produced Streisand 's classic career-making single People , her first Top 10 single . He produced several Broadway albums , including his work with composer Cy Coleman on The Will Rogers Follies , which won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album at the 1992 ceremonies . He won the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album at the Grammy Awards of 1986 for his work as producer of the original Broadway cast album for Ma Rainey 's Black Bottom . As an executive with RCA Records , Berniker signed Daryl Hall and John Oates and Juice Newton . Berniker lived with his wife Heather in Fort Lee , New Jersey from the mid-1970s until 2002 , when they moved to Hillsdale , New York . He died on July 25 , 2008 in Great Barrington , Massachusetts of complications from kidney disease ." } ] }, { "value": "The Will Rogers Follies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Will_Rogers_Follies", "summary": "The Will Rogers Follies is a musical with a book by Peter Stone , lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green , and music by Cy Coleman . It focuses on the life and career of famed humorist and performer Will Rogers , using as a backdrop the Ziegfeld Follies , which he often headlined , and describes every episode in his life in the form of a big production number . The Rogers character also performs rope tricks in between scenes . The revue contains snippets of Rogers ' famous homespun style of wisdom and common sense and tries to convey the personality of this quintessentially American figure whose most famous quote was I never met a man I did n't like ." } ] }, { "value": "Assassins Into the Woods Kiss Me , Kate The Music Man", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Assassins_(musical)", "summary": "Assassins is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by John Weidman , based on an original concept by Charles Gilbert Jr . Using the framing device of an all-American , yet sinister , carnival game , the semi-revue portrays a group of historical figures who attempted ( successfully or not ) to assassinate Presidents of the United States , and explores what their presence in American history says about the ideals of their country . The score is written to reflect both popular music of the various depicted eras and a broader tradition of patriotic American music . The musical opened Off-Broadway in 1990 , to many mixed and negative reviews , and ran for 73 performances , or two months ; in 2004 , the show was produced on Broadway to highly favorable notices , and won five Tony Awards , including Best Revival of a Musical ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Into_the_Woods", "summary": "Into the Woods is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by James Lapine . The musical intertwines the plots of several Brothers Grimm and Charles Perrault fairy tales , exploring the consequences of the characters ' wishes and quests . The main characters are taken from Little Red Riding Hood , Jack and the Beanstalk , Rapunzel , and Cinderella , as well as several others . The musical is tied together by a story involving a childless baker and his wife and their quest to begin a family ( the original beginning of The Grimm Brothers ' Rapunzel ) , their interaction with a witch who has placed a curse on them , and their interaction with other storybook characters during their journey . The musical debuted in San Diego at the Old Globe Theatre in 1986 and premiered on Broadway on November 5 , 1987 , where it won several Tony Awards , including Best Score , Best Book , and Best Actress in a Musical ( Joanna Gleason ) , in a year dominated by The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) . The musical has since been produced many times , with a 1988 US national tour , a 1990 West End production , a 1997 tenth anniversary concert , a 2002 Broadway revival , a 2010 London revival , and in 2012 as part of New York City 's outdoor Shakespeare in the Park series . A Disney film adaptation directed by Rob Marshall and starring Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski and Johnny Depp was released in 2014 . The film grossed over $ 213 million worldwide , and received three Academy Award nominations and three Golden Globe Award nominations ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kiss_Me,_Kate", "summary": "Kiss Me , Kate is a musical written by Bella and Samuel Spewack with music and lyrics by Cole Porter . The story involves the production of a musical version of William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew and the conflict on and off-stage between Fred Graham , the show 's director , producer , and star , and his leading lady , his ex-wife Lilli Vanessi . A secondary romance concerns Lois Lane , the actress playing Bianca , and her gambler boyfriend , Bill , who runs afoul of some gangsters . The original production starred Alfred Drake , Patricia Morison , Lisa Kirk and Harold Lang . Kiss Me , Kate was Porter 's response to Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Oklahoma ! and other integrated musicals ; it was the first show he wrote in which the music and lyrics were firmly connected to the script . The musical premiered in 1948 and proved to be Porter 's only show to run for more than 1,000 performances on Broadway . In 1949 , it won the first Tony Award for Best Musical ." }, { "url": "/wiki/The_Music_Man", "summary": "The Music Man is a musical with book , music , and lyrics by Meredith Willson , based on a story by Willson and Franklin Lacey . The plot concerns con man Harold Hill , who poses as a boys ' band organizer and leader and sells band instruments and uniforms to naïve Midwestern townsfolk , promising to train the members of the new band . Harold is no musician , however , and plans to skip town without giving any music lessons . Prim librarian and piano teacher Marian sees through him , but when Harold helps her younger brother overcome his lisp and social awkwardness , Marian begins to fall in love . Harold risks being caught to win her . In 1957 , the show became a hit on Broadway , winning five Tony Awards , including Best Musical , and running for 1,375 performances . The cast album won the first Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album and spent 245 weeks on the Billboard charts . The show 's success led to revivals , including a long-running 2000 Broadway revival , a popular 1962 film adaptation and a 2003 television adaptation . It is frequently produced by both professional and amateur theater companies ." } ] }, { "value": "1993", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1993", "summary": "The 35th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1993 and recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The nominations were announced on January 7 , 1993 . The evening 's host was the American stand-up comedian Garry Shandling , who hosted the ceremony for the third time . The CBS network broadcast the show live from the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . This particular Grammy live broadcast was the commercially most successful of its kind in the 1990s . As Nielsen Media Research and Billboard magazine stated on January 10 , 2004 , the highest-rated Grammy show of the 1990s was the 1993 telecast , which got a 19.9 rating/31 share and 30 million United States viewers alone . British guitarist and singer Eric Clapton ( for whom still mourned for the loss of his son two years ago ) was the night 's big winner , winning six awards out of nine nominations including Album , Song and Record of the Year . Michael Jackson , having been recently interviewed in Oprah Winfrey Show had received the Grammy Legend Award from his sister Janet Jackson . A small segment of the show was How to Become a Legend narrated by Janet . A total of twelve live performances where held at the ceremony , including the opener Steam by Peter Gabriel , Constant Craving by k. d. lang , Give It Away by the Red Hot Chili Peppers with George Clinton and P-Funk , Save the Best for Last by Vanessa Williams , My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) by En Vogue , The Lady Is a Tramp by Tony Bennett and Natalie Cole , The Whiskey Ai n't Workin ' by Travis Tritt and Marty Stuart , People Everyday by Arrested Development , Achy Breaky Heart by Billy Ray Cyrus , Hallelujah ! by Mervyn Warren and Los Angeles Master Chorale , Beauty and the Beast by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson as well as Cherokee by Arturo Sandoval featuring the GRP All-Stars Ensemble and Clapton 's Tears in Heaven . At the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1993 , the production mixers Ed Greene , Rick Himot , Don Worsham , David Hewitt and Paul Sandweiss were nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or a Special , losing to Star Trek : The Next Generation ." } ] }, { "value": "Jay David Saks ( producer )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guys and Dolls ( The New Broadway Cast Recording )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls", "summary": "Guys and Dolls is a musical with music and lyrics by Frank Loesser and book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows . It is based on The Idyll of Miss Sarah Brown and Blood Pressure , which are two short stories by Damon Runyon , and also borrows characters and plot elements from other Runyon stories - such as Pick the Winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Crazy for You Jelly 's Last Jam The King and I The Secret Garden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Crazy_for_You_(musical)", "summary": "Crazy for You is a romantic comedy musical with a book by Ken Ludwig , lyrics by Ira Gershwin , and music by George Gershwin . Billed as The New Gershwin Musical Comedy , it is largely based on the songwriting teams 1930 musical Girl Crazy , but incorporates songs from several other productions as well . Crazy for You won the 1992 Tony Award ( Broadway ) 1993 Olivier Award ( London ) and 1994 Dora Award ( Toronto ) for Best Musical ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jelly's_Last_Jam", "summary": "Jelly 's Last Jam is a musical with a book by George C. Wolfe , lyrics by Susan Birkenhead , and music by Jelly Roll Morton and Luther Henderson . Based on the life and career of Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe , known as Jelly Roll Morton and generally regarded as one of the primary driving forces behind the introduction of jazz to the American public in the early 20th century , it also serves as a social commentary on the African-American experience during the era . LaMothe was born into a Louisiana Creole family that was established and free before the Civil War ." }, { "url": "/wiki/The_King_and_I", "summary": "The King and I is the fifth musical by the team of composer Richard Rodgers and dramatist Oscar Hammerstein II . It is based on Margaret Landon 's novel , Anna and the King of Siam ( 1944 ) , which is in turn derived from the memoirs of Anna Leonowens , governess to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in the early 1860s . The musical 's plot relates the experiences of Anna , a British schoolteacher hired as part of the King 's drive to modernize his country . The relationship between the King and Anna is marked by conflict through much of the piece , as well as by a love to which neither can admit . The musical premiered on March 29 , 1951 , at Broadway 's St. James Theatre . It ran for nearly three years , making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time , and has had many tours and revivals . In 1950 , theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client , veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence . Holtzmann realized that Landon 's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein , who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical . The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play the supporting part of the King , a role he had played in the 1946 film made from Landon 's book , but he was unavailable . They settled on the young actor and television director Yul Brynner . The musical was an immediate hit , winning Tony Awards for Best Musical , Best Actress ( for Lawrence ) and Best Featured Actor ( for Brynner ) . Lawrence died unexpectedly of cancer a year and a half after the opening , and the role of Anna was played by several actresses during the remainder of the Broadway run of 1,246 performances ." }, { "url": "/wiki/The_Secret_Garden_(musical)", "summary": "The Secret Garden is a musical based on the 1911 novel of the same name by Frances Hodgson Burnett . The musical 's script and lyrics are by Marsha Norman , with music by Lucy Simon . It premiered on Broadway in 1991 and ran for 709 performances . The story is set in the early years of the 20th century . [ n 1 ] Mary Lennox , a young English girl born and raised in the British Raj , is orphaned by a cholera outbreak when she is ten years old . She is sent away from India to Yorkshire , England , to live with relatives whom she has never met . Her own personality blossoms as she and a young gardener bring new life to a neglected garden , as well as to her sickly cousin and uncle ." } ] }, { "value": "1994", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1994", "summary": "The 36th Annual Grammy Awards were held in 1994 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Whitney Houston was the Big Winner winning 3 awards including Record of the Year and Album of the Year while opening the show with I Will Always Love You . Audrey Hepburn 's win made her the fifth person to become an EGOT , and the first person to complete the status posthumously ." } ] }, { "value": "Pete Townshend ( composer & lyricist ) · produced by George Martin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pete_Townshend", "summary": "Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend ( born 19 May 1945 ) is an English multi-instrumentalist , singer and songwriter best known as the guitarist , backing and secondary lead vocalist , principal songwriter , co-founder and leader of the rock band The Who . His career with the Who spans over 50 years , during which time the band grew to be one of the most important and influential rock bands of the 20th century . Pete Townshend is the main songwriter for the Who , having written well over 100 songs for the band 's 12 studio albums , including concept albums and the rock operas Tommy and Quadrophenia , plus popular rock radio staples such as Who 's Next , and dozens more that appeared as non-album singles , bonus tracks on reissues , and tracks on rarities compilations such as Odds & Sods ( 1974 ) . He has also written more than 100 songs that have appeared on his solo albums , as well as radio jingles and television theme songs . Although known primarily as a guitarist , he also plays keyboards , banjo , accordion , harmonica , ukulele , mandolin , violin , synthesiser , bass guitar , and drums , on his own solo albums , several Who albums and as a guest contributor to an array of other artists ' recordings . He is self-taught on all of the instruments he plays and has never had any formal training . Townshend has also contributed to and authored many newspaper and magazine articles , book reviews , essays , books , and scripts , and he has collaborated as a lyricist and composer for many other musical acts . Due to his aggressive playing style and innovative songwriting techniques , Townshend 's works with The Who and in other projects have earned him critical acclaim . He was ranked No . 3 in Dave Marsh 's list of Best Guitarists in The New Book of Rock Lists , No . 10 in Gibson.com 's list of the top 50 guitarists , and No . 10 again in Rolling Stone 's updated 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time ." }, { "url": "/wiki/George_Martin", "summary": "Sir George Henry Martin , CBE ( 3 January 1926 - 8 March 2016 ) was an English record producer , arranger , composer , conductor , audio engineer , and musician . He was referred to as the Fifth Beatle in reference to his extensive involvement on each of the Beatles ' original albums . Paul McCartney said upon Martin 's death , If anyone earned the title of the fifth Beatle , it was George . Martin 's career spanned more than six decades of work in music , film , television and live performance . Before working with the Beatles and other pop musicians , he produced comedy and novelty records in the early 1950s , working with Peter Sellers , Spike Milligan and Bernard Cribbins , among others . In his career he produced 30 number-one hit singles in the United Kingdom and 23 number-one hits in the United States . He also held a number of senior executive roles at media companies and contributed to a wide range of charitable causes , including his work for The Prince 's Trust and the Caribbean island of Montserrat . In recognition of his services to the music industry and popular culture , he was made a Knight Bachelor in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "The Who 's Tommy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Who's_Tommy", "summary": "The Who 's Tommy is a rock musical with music and lyrics by Pete Townshend and book by Townshend and Des McAnuff , based on The Who 's 1969 rock opera Tommy ." } ] }, { "value": "On the Town Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Kiss of the Spider Woman Sondheim : A Celebration at Carnegie Hall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/On_the_Town_(musical)", "summary": "On the Town is a musical with music by Leonard Bernstein and book and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green , based on Jerome Robbins ' idea for his 1944 ballet Fancy Free , which he had set to Bernstein 's music . The musical introduced several popular and classic songs , among them New York , New York , Lonely Town , I Can Cook , Too ( for which Bernstein also wrote the lyrics ) , and Some Other Time . The story concerns three American sailors on a 24-hour shore leave in New York City during wartime 1944 . Each of the three sailors meets and quickly connects with a woman . On the Town was first produced on Broadway in 1944 and was made into a film in 1949 , although the film replaced all but three of the original Broadway songs with Hollywood-written substitutes . The show has enjoyed a number of major revivals . The musical integrates dance into its storytelling : Robbins made a number of ballets and extended dance sequences for the show , including the Imaginary Coney Island ballet ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Joseph_and_the_Amazing_Technicolor_Dreamcoat", "summary": "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( often colloquially known as Joseph ) is a musical comedy with lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber . The story is based on the coat of many colours story of Joseph from the Bible 's Book of Genesis . This was the first Lloyd Webber and Rice musical to be performed publicly ; their first collaboration , The Likes of Us , written in 1965 , was not performed until 2005 . The show has only a few lines of spoken dialogue ; it is almost entirely sung-through . Its family-friendly story , familiar themes and catchy music have resulted in numerous stagings . According to the owner of the copyright , the Really Useful Group , by 2008 more than 20,000 schools and amateur theatre groups had staged productions . Joseph was first presented as a 15-minute pop cantata at Colet Court School in London in 1968 , and was published by Novello and recorded in an expanded form by Decca Records in 1969 . After the success of the next Lloyd Webber and Rice piece , Jesus Christ Superstar , Joseph received amateur stage productions in the US beginning in 1970 , and the first American release of the album was in 1971 . The musical had its professional premiere , as a 35-minute musical , at the Edinburgh International Festival in 1972 . While still undergoing various modifications and expansions , the musical was produced in the West End in 1973 . In 1974 , its full modern format was performed at the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester and was also recorded that year . The musical was mounted on Broadway in 1982 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kiss_of_the_Spider_Woman_(musical)", "summary": "Kiss of the Spider Woman is a musical with music by John Kander and Fred Ebb , with the book by Terrence McNally . It is based on the Manuel Puig novel El Beso de la Mujer Araña . Directed by Harold Prince , the musical had runs in the West End ( 1992 ) and Broadway ( 1993 ) and won the 1993 Tony Award for Best Musical . Despite a decidedly mixed review by Frank Rich , the musical ran on Broadway for 904 performances ." } ] }, { "value": "1995", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1995", "summary": "The 37th Annual Grammy Awards were presented on March 1 , 1995 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Bruce Springsteen was the night 's biggest winner with 4 awards , including Song of the Year while opening the show with his Grammy nominated hit ." } ] }, { "value": "Stephen Sondheim ( composer & lyricist ) · produced by Phil Ramone", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim", "summary": "Stephen Joshua Sondheim ( /ˈsɒndhaɪm/ ; born March 22 , 1930 ) is an American composer and lyricist known for his work in musical theater . One of the most important figures in 20th-century musical theater , Sondheim has been praised for [ reinventing ] the American musical with shows that tackle unexpected themes that range far beyond the [ genre 's ] traditional subjects with music and lyrics of unprecedented complexity and sophistication . His shows have been praised for addressing darker , more harrowing elements of the human experience , with songs often tinged with ambivalence about various aspects of life . His best-known works as composer and lyricist include A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1962 ) , Company ( 1970 ) , Follies ( 1971 ) , A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) , Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) , and Into the Woods ( 1987 ) . He is also known for writing the lyrics for West Side Story ( 1957 ) and Gypsy ( 1959 ) . He has received an Academy Award , eight Tony Awards ( more than any other composer , including a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre ) , eight Grammy Awards , a Pulitzer Prize , a Laurence Olivier Award , and a 2015 Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2010 , the former Henry Miller 's Theater on Broadway was renamed the Stephen Sondheim Theatre ; in 2019 , it was announced that the Queen 's Theatre in the West End of London would be renamed the Sondheim Theatre at the end of the year . Sondheim has written film music , contributing Goodbye for Now for Warren Beatty 's 1981 Reds . He wrote five songs for 1990 's Dick Tracy , including Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) , sung in the film by Madonna , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Film adaptations of Sondheim 's work include West Side Story ( 1961 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) , and Into the Woods ( 2014 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Phil_Ramone", "summary": "Philip Ramone ( born Philip Rabinowitz , January 5 , 1934 - March 30 , 2013 ) was a South African-born American recording engineer , record producer , violinist and composer , who in 1958 co-founded A & R Recording , Inc. , a recording studio with business partner Jack Arnold at 112 West 48th Street , New York , upstairs from the famous musicians ' watering hole , Jim & Andy 's , and several doors east of Manny 's Music . The success of the original A & R Recording allowed it to expand into several studios and a record production company . He was described by Billboard as legendary , and the BBC as a CD pioneer ." } ] }, { "value": "Passion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Passion_(musical)", "summary": "Passion is a one-act musical , with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by James Lapine . The story was adapted from Ettore Scola 's film Passione d'Amore , itself adapted from the novel Fosca by Iginio Ugo Tarchetti . Central themes include love , sex , obsession , illness , passion , beauty , power and manipulation . Passion is notable for being one of the few projects that Stephen Sondheim himself conceived , along with Sweeney Todd and Road Show . Set in Risorgimento-era Italy , the plot concerns a young soldier and the changes in him brought about by the obsessive love of Fosca , his Colonel 's homely , ailing cousin ." } ] }, { "value": "Beauty and the Beast Carousel Crazy for You Sunset Boulevard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(musical)", "summary": "Beauty and the Beast is a musical with music by Alan Menken , lyrics by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice , and book by Linda Woolverton . Adapted from Walt Disney Pictures ' Academy Award-winning 1991 animated musical film of the same name - which in turn had been based on the classic French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont - Beauty and the Beast tells the story of a cold-blooded prince who has been magically transformed into an unsightly creature as punishment for his selfish ways . To revert into his true human form , the Beast must first learn to love a bright , beautiful young woman whom he has imprisoned in his enchanted castle before it is too late . Critics , who hailed it as one of the year 's finest musicals , immediately noted the film 's Broadway musical potential when it was first released in 1991 , encouraging Disney CEO Michael Eisner to venture into Broadway . All eight songs from the animated film were reused in the musical , including a resurrected musical number which had been cut from the motion picture . Original songwriter Menken composed six new songs for the production alongside lyricist Rice , replacing Ashman who had died during production of the film . Woolverton , who had written the film 's screenplay , adapted her own work into the musical 's libretto , and specifically expanded upon the characterization of the Beast . Woolverton also expanded the storylines of the castle staff from servants who had already been transformed into household objects into humans who were gradually turning into inanimate objects . Costumes were designed by Ann Hould-Ward , who based her creations on both the animators ' original designs as well as the Rococo art movement after researching how clothing and household objects looked during the 18th century . After completing tryouts in Houston , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway on April 18 , 1994 , starring Susan Egan and Terrence Mann as the eponymous Belle and Beast , respectively . The musical opened to mixed reviews from theatre critics , but was a massive commercial success and well received by audiences . Beauty ran on Broadway for 5,461 performances for thirteen years ( 1994 - 2007 ) , becoming Broadway 's tenth longest-running production in history ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Carousel_(musical)", "summary": "Carousel is the second musical by the team of Richard Rodgers ( music ) and Oscar Hammerstein II ( book and lyrics ) . The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár 's 1909 play Liliom , transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline . The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow , whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs . He participates in a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child ; after it goes tragically wrong , he is given a chance to make things right . A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow . The show includes the well-known songs If I Loved You , June Is Bustin ' Out All Over and You 'll Never Walk Alone . Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals . Following the spectacular success of the first Rodgers and Hammerstein musical , Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) , the pair sought to collaborate on another piece , knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma ! , most likely unfavorably . They were initially reluctant to seek the rights to Liliom ; Molnár had refused permission for the work to be adapted in the past , and the original ending was considered too depressing for the musical theatre . After acquiring the rights , the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful . The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts , but once it opened on Broadway on April 19 , 1945 , it was an immediate hit with both critics and audiences ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Crazy_for_You_(musical)", "summary": "Crazy for You is a romantic comedy musical with a book by Ken Ludwig , lyrics by Ira Gershwin , and music by George Gershwin . Billed as The New Gershwin Musical Comedy , it is largely based on the songwriting teams 1930 musical Girl Crazy , but incorporates songs from several other productions as well . Crazy for You won the 1992 Tony Award ( Broadway ) 1993 Olivier Award ( London ) and 1994 Dora Award ( Toronto ) for Best Musical ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard_(musical)", "summary": "Sunset Boulevard is a musical with book and lyrics by Don Black and Christopher Hampton , and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber . Based on Billy Wilder 's Academy Award-winning 1950 film of the same title , the plot revolves around Norma Desmond , a faded star of the silent screen era , living in the past in her decaying mansion on the fabled Los Angeles street . When young screenwriter Joe Gillis accidentally crosses her path , she sees in him an opportunity to make her return to the big screen . Romance and tragedy follow . Opening first in London in 1993 , the musical has had several long runs internationally and enjoyed extensive tours . However , it has been the subject of several legal battles and ultimately lost money due to its extraordinary running costs ." } ] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1996", "summary": "The 38th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28 , 1996 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . The awards recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Alanis Morissette was the main recipient , being awarded four trophies , including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men opened the show with their Record of the Year nominated One Sweet Day . The ceremony was controversial for its unexpected snub of Mariah Carey 's Daydream album , which proved to be one of the bestselling and most acclaimed albums of 1995 . When the Grammy Award nominees were announced , and Daydream was nominated for six different awards , critics began raving how it would be cleaning up that year . Carey , being a multiple award nominee , was one of the headlining performers . Together with Boyz II Men , she sang a live rendition of One Sweet Day , to a very positive response . However , as the award winners were announced one by one , Carey watched as her name was not called up even once . Daydream had lost all of its six nominations , shocking most critics who branded it the album of the year . With every passing loss , the television cameras continued to zoom on Carey 's face , who was finding it more difficult to retain her smile . By the end of the night , Carey had not won a single award ." } ] }, { "value": "Arif Mardin , Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller ( producers )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arif_Mardin", "summary": "Arif Mardin ( March 15 , 1932 - June 25 , 2006 ) was a Turkish-American music producer , who worked with hundreds of artists across many different styles of music , including jazz , rock , soul , disco and country . He worked at Atlantic Records for over 30 years , as producer , arranger , studio manager , and vice president , before moving to EMI and serving as vice president and general manager of Manhattan Records . His collaborations include working with Queen , the Bee Gees , Hall & Oates , Anita Baker , Aretha Franklin , Dionne Warwick , Donny Hathaway & Roberta Flack , Bette Midler , Chaka Khan , Laura Nyro , Phil Collins , Daniel Rodriguez , and Norah Jones . Mardin was awarded eleven Grammy Awards ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jerry_Leiber", "summary": "Lyricist Jerome Leiber ( April 25 , 1933 - August 22 , 2011 ) and composer Michael Stoller ( born March 13 , 1933 ) were American songwriting and record producing partners . They found success as the writers of such crossover hit songs as Hound Dog ( 1952 ) and Kansas City ( 1952 ) . Later in the 1950s , particularly through their work with The Coasters , they created a string of ground-breaking hits - including Young Blood ( 1957 ) , Searchin ' ( 1957 ) , and Yakety Yak ( 1958 ) - that used the humorous vernacular of teenagers sung in a style that was openly theatrical rather than personal . They were the first to surround black music with elaborate production values , enhancing its emotional power with the Drifters in There Goes My Baby ( 1958 ) , which influenced Phil Spector , who studied their productions while playing guitar on their sessions . Leiber and Stoller wrote hits for Elvis Presley , including Love Me ( 1956 ) , Jailhouse Rock ( 1957 ) , Loving You , Do n't , and King Creole . They also collaborated with other writers on such songs as On Broadway , written with Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil ; Stand By Me , written with Ben E. King ; Young Blood , written with Doc Pomus ; and Spanish Harlem , co-written by Leiber and Phil Spector . They were sometimes credited under the pseudonym Elmo Glick . In 1964 , they launched Red Bird Records with George Goldner and , focusing on the girl group sound , released some of the greatest classics of the Brill Building period . In all , Leiber and Stoller wrote or co-wrote over 70 chart hits . They were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1985 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mike_Stoller", "summary": "Lyricist Jerome Leiber ( April 25 , 1933 - August 22 , 2011 ) and composer Michael Stoller ( born March 13 , 1933 ) were American songwriting and record producing partners . They found success as the writers of such crossover hit songs as Hound Dog ( 1952 ) and Kansas City ( 1952 ) . Later in the 1950s , particularly through their work with The Coasters , they created a string of ground-breaking hits - including Young Blood ( 1957 ) , Searchin ' ( 1957 ) , and Yakety Yak ( 1958 ) - that used the humorous vernacular of teenagers sung in a style that was openly theatrical rather than personal . They were the first to surround black music with elaborate production values , enhancing its emotional power with the Drifters in There Goes My Baby ( 1958 ) , which influenced Phil Spector , who studied their productions while playing guitar on their sessions . Leiber and Stoller wrote hits for Elvis Presley , including Love Me ( 1956 ) , Jailhouse Rock ( 1957 ) , Loving You , Do n't , and King Creole . They also collaborated with other writers on such songs as On Broadway , written with Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil ; Stand By Me , written with Ben E. King ; Young Blood , written with Doc Pomus ; and Spanish Harlem , co-written by Leiber and Phil Spector . They were sometimes credited under the pseudonym Elmo Glick . In 1964 , they launched Red Bird Records with George Goldner and , focusing on the girl group sound , released some of the greatest classics of the Brill Building period . In all , Leiber and Stoller wrote or co-wrote over 70 chart hits . They were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1985 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 ." } ] }, { "value": "Smokey Joe 's Cafe : The Songs Of Leiber And Stoller", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Smokey_Joe's_Cafe", "summary": "Smokey Joe 's Cafe is a musical revue showcasing 39 pop standards , including rock and roll and rhythm and blues songs written by songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . The Original Broadway cast recording , Smokey Joe 's Cafe : The Songs Of Leiber And Stoller , won a Grammy award in 1997 . After a Los Angeles tryout , the revue opened on Broadway in 1995 , running for 2,036 performances , making it the longest-running musical revue in Broadway history . It also had a London run in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "Anyone Can Whistle : Live at Carnegie Hall Hello , Dolly ! How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying Kiss of the Spider Woman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anyone_Can_Whistle", "summary": "Anyone Can Whistle is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim , and a book by Arthur Laurents . Described by theater historian Ken Mandelbaum as a satire on conformity and the insanity of the so-called sane , the show tells a story of an economically-depressed town whose corrupt Mayoress , in an attempt to draw tourists , decides to create a fake miracle - which draws the attention of Fay Apple , an emotionally inhibited nurse , a crowd of inmates from a local asylum called The Cookie Jar , and a doctor with secrets of his own . Following a tryout period in Philadelphia , Anyone opened at the Majestic Theater on Broadway on April 4 , 1964 . The show received widely varied reviews ( including negative notices from the New York Times and the New York Herald Tribune ) , and closed after a run of 12 previews and 9 performances . In the decades since its closing , Anyone has not been produced on the scale of other Sondheim musicals ; notable productions include a 1995 concert version at Carnegie Hall , a pair of stagings in London and Los Angeles in 2003 that incorporated revisions , and a 2010 concert staging for the Encores ! program at New York City Center . However , its score has become acclaimed as a part of Sondheim 's canon , and songs such as the title tune , Everybody Says Do n't and There Wo n't Be Trumpets have been widely performed . The show marked the stage musical debut of Angela Lansbury ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)", "summary": "Hello , Dolly ! is a 1964 musical with lyrics and music by Jerry Herman and a book by Michael Stewart , based on Thornton Wilder 's 1938 farce The Merchant of Yonkers , which Wilder revised and retitled The Matchmaker in 1955 . The musical follows the story of Dolly Gallagher Levi , a strong-willed matchmaker , as she travels to Yonkers , New York to find a match for the miserly well-known unmarried half-a-millionaire Horace Vandergelder . Hello , Dolly ! first debuted at the Fisher Theater in Detroit on November 18 , 1963 , directed and choreographed by Gower Champion and produced by David Merrick , and moved to Broadway in 1964 , winning 10 Tony Awards , including Best Musical . This set a record which the play held for 37 years . The show album Hello , Dolly ! An Original Cast Recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002 . The album reached number one on the Billboard album chart on June 6 , 1964 , and was replaced the next week by Louis Armstrong 's album Hello , Dolly ! Louis Armstrong also was featured in the film version of the show , performing a small part of the song Hello , Dolly ! . The show has become one of the most enduring musical theater hits , with four Broadway revivals and international success . It was also made into the 1969 film Hello Dolly !" }, { "url": "/wiki/How_to_Succeed_in_Business_Without_Really_Trying", "summary": "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying : The Dastard 's Guide to Fame and Fortune is a humorous 1952 book by Shepherd Mead . It inspired a successful 1961 musical of the same name , which was made into a movie in 1967 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kiss_of_the_Spider_Woman_(musical)", "summary": "Kiss of the Spider Woman is a musical with music by John Kander and Fred Ebb , with the book by Terrence McNally . It is based on the Manuel Puig novel El Beso de la Mujer Araña . Directed by Harold Prince , the musical had runs in the West End ( 1992 ) and Broadway ( 1993 ) and won the 1993 Tony Award for Best Musical . Despite a decidedly mixed review by Frank Rich , the musical ran on Broadway for 904 performances ." } ] }, { "value": "1997", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1997", "summary": "The 39th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 26 , 1997 , at Madison Square Garden , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Babyface was the night 's biggest winner , with 4 awards . Celine Dion and Toni Braxton won two awards . Celine Dion for Best Pop Album and Album of the Year and Toni Braxton for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . The show was hosted by Ellen Degeneres who also performed the opening with Shawn Colvin , Bonnie Rait , and Chaka Khan ." } ] }, { "value": "Bill Whelan ( composer & lyricist ) · produced by Bill Whelan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bill_Whelan", "summary": "Bill Whelan , ( born 22 May 1950 in Limerick , Ireland ) is an Irish composer and musician . He is best known for composing a piece for the interval of the 1994 Eurovision Song Contest . The result , Riverdance , was a seven-minute display of traditional Irish dancing that became a full-length stage production and spawned a worldwide craze for Irish dancing and Celtic music and also won him a Grammy . It was released as a single in the UK in 1994 , credited to Bill Whelan and Anúna featuring the RTÉ Concert Orchestra . It reached number 9 and stayed in the charts for 16 weeks . The album of the same title reached number 31 in the album charts in 1995 . Whelan has also composed a symphonic suite version of Riverdance , with its premiere performed by the Ulster Orchestra on BBC Radio 3 in August 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Riverdance", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Riverdance", "summary": "Riverdance is a theatrical show consisting mainly of traditional Irish music and dance . With a score composed by Bill Whelan , it originated as an interval performance act during the 1994 Eurovision Song Contest , featuring Irish dancing champions Jean Butler , Michael Flatley and the vocal ensemble Anúna . Shortly afterwards , husband and wife production team John McColgan and Moya Doherty expanded it into a stage show , which opened in Dublin on 9 February 1995 . Since then , the show has visited over 450 venues worldwide and been seen by over 25 million people , making it one of the most successful dance productions in the world ." } ] }, { "value": "Bring in 'da Noise , Bring in 'da Funk A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1996 Broadway Cast ) Rent Victor/Victoria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bring_in_'da_Noise,_Bring_in_'da_Funk", "summary": "Bring in 'da Noise , Bring in 'da Funk is a musical that debuted Off-Broadway at the New York Shakespeare Festival/Public Theater in 1995 and moved to Broadway in 1996 . The show was conceived and directed by George C. Wolfe , and featured music by Daryl Waters , Zane Mark and Ann Duquesnay ; lyrics by Reg E. Gaines , George C. Wolfe and Ann Duquesnay ; and a book by Reg E. Gaines . The choreography was by Savion Glover ." }, { "url": "/wiki/A_Funny_Thing_Happened_on_the_Way_to_the_Forum", "summary": "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart . Inspired by the farces of the ancient Roman playwright Plautus ( 251-183 BC ) , specifically Pseudolus , Miles , and Mostellaria , the musical tells the bawdy story of a slave named Pseudolus and his attempts to win his freedom by helping his young master woo the girl next door . The plot displays many classic elements of farce , including puns , the slamming of doors , cases of mistaken identity ( frequently involving characters disguising themselves as one another ) , and satirical comments on social class . The title derives from a line often used by vaudeville comedians to begin a story : A funny thing happened on the way to the theater . The musical 's original 1962 Broadway run won several Tony Awards , including Best Musical and Best Author ( Musical ) . A Funny Thing has enjoyed several Broadway and West End revivals and was made into a successful film starring the original lead of the stage musical , Zero Mostel ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rent_(albums)", "summary": "Rent ( Original Broadway Cast Recording ) is an album of music from the Tony Award- and Pulitzer Prize-winning musical Rent . It is produced by DreamWorks with music and lyrics by Jonathan Larson . The album is a 2-disc ( in its CD format ) collection of every song from the musical ; some small segments of narration and spoken dialogue from the play are not included in the recording . The collection ends with a studio-recorded rearrangement of the song Seasons of Love featuring Stevie Wonder . The album was recorded by the original Broadway cast of RENT and was released on August 27 , 1996 . A second one-disc album was released in 1999 containing highlights from the original cast album ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Victor/Victoria_(musical)", "summary": "Victor/Victoria is a musical with a book by Blake Edwards , music by Henry Mancini , lyrics by Leslie Bricusse and additional musical material ( music and lyrics ) by Frank Wildhorn . It is based on the 1982 film of the same name , which was a remake of the German film comedy Viktor und Viktoria shot by Reinhold Schünzel in 1933 from his own script . Mancini died before he could complete the music , and Wildhorn was brought in to finish the score . The original Broadway production , in 1995 , created mild controversy when the star , Julie Andrews , feeling that the rest of the show had been overlooked , declined her ( and the show 's only ) Tony Award nomination ." } ] }, { "value": "1998", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1998", "summary": "The 40th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1998 , at Radio City Music Hall , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Rock icon Bob Dylan , Alison Krauss , and R. Kelly were the main recipients with three awards each ." } ] }, { "value": "Jay David Saks ( producer )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago : The Musical ( 1996 Broadway Revival Cast )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago_(musical)", "summary": "Chicago is an American musical with music by John Kander , lyrics by Fred Ebb , and book by Ebb and Bob Fosse . Set in Chicago in the jazz age , the musical is based on a 1926 play of the same name by reporter Maurine Dallas Watkins , about actual criminals and the crimes on which she reported . The story is a satire on corruption in the administration of criminal justice and the concept of the celebrity criminal . The original Broadway production opened in 1975 at the 46th Street Theatre and ran for 936 performances , until 1977 . Bob Fosse choreographed the original production , and his style is strongly identified with the show . It debuted in the West End in 1979 , where it ran for 600 performances . Chicago was revived on Broadway in 1996 , and a year later in the West End . The 1996 Broadway production holds the record as the longest-running musical revival and the longest-running American musical in Broadway history . It is the second longest-running show to ever run on Broadway , behind only The Phantom of the Opera . Chicago surpassed Cats on November 23 , 2014 , when it played its 7,486th performance . The West End revival became the longest-running American musical in West End history . Chicago has been staged in numerous productions around the world , and has toured extensively in the United States and United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "Jekyll and Hyde - Karl Richardson & Frank Wildhorn ( producers ) The Life - Cy Coleman ( composer ) ; Ira Gasman ( lyricist ) ; Mike Berniker & Cy Coleman ( producers ) Songs from Ragtime : The Musical ( 1996 Concept Album ) - Stephen Flaherty ( composer ) ; Lynn Ahrens ( lyricist ) ; Jay David Saks ( producer ) Titanic - Maury Yeston ( composer & lyricist ) ; Tommy Krasker & Maury Yeston ( producers )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jekyll_&_Hyde_(musical)", "summary": "Jekyll & Hyde is a musical horror-drama loosely based on the novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson . Originally conceived for the stage by Frank Wildhorn and Steve Cuden , it features music by Frank Wildhorn , a book by Leslie Bricusse and lyrics by Wildhorn , Bricusse and Cuden . After a world premiere run in Houston , Texas , the musical embarked on a national tour of the United States prior to its Broadway debut in 1997 . Many international productions in various languages have since been staged including two subsequent North American tours , two tours in the United Kingdom , a concert version , a re-vamped US tour in 2012 ahead of a 2013 Broadway revival and an Australian concert version in 2019 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/The_Life_(musical)", "summary": "The Life is a musical with a book by David Newman , Ira Gasman and Cy Coleman , music by Coleman , and lyrics by Gasman . Based on an original idea by Gasman , the show explores the underbelly of Times Square 's 42nd Street , inhabited by pimps and prostitutes , druggies and dealers , and runaways and street people in the era prior to its Disneyfication ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ira_Gasman", "summary": "Ira Gasman ( c. 1942 - October 6 , 2018 ) was an American playwright , lyricist , and newspaper columnist . Gasman was nominated for both Tony and Drama Desk Awards for his contributions to The Life , the 1997 Broadway musical that had its first production at off-Broadway 's Westbeth Theatre seven years earlier . Gasman 's other credits included What 's a Nice Country Like You Doing in a State Like This ? ( 1985 ) and Radiant Baby , based on the life of artist Keith Haring , which was presented by the Public Theater in 2003 and received a Lucille Lortel Award nomination for Outstanding Musical . Gasman regularly wrote a column for The Sag Harbor Express , which serves the South Fork of Long Island . Gasman died at the age of 76 on October 6 , 2018 in Richmond , Virginia ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ragtime_(musical)", "summary": "Ragtime is a musical with music by Stephen Flaherty , lyrics by Lynn Ahrens , and a book by Terrence McNally . It is based on the 1975 novel of the same name by E.L. Doctorow . Set in the early 20th century , Ragtime tells the story of three groups in the United States : African Americans , represented by Coalhouse Walker Jr. , a Harlem musician ; upper-class suburbanites , represented by Mother , the matriarch of a white upper-class family in New Rochelle , New York ; and Eastern European immigrants , represented by Tateh , a Jewish immigrant from Latvia . The show also incorporates historical figures such as Harry Houdini , Evelyn Nesbit , Booker T. Washington , J. P. Morgan , Henry Ford , Stanford White , Harry Kendall Thaw , Admiral Peary , Matthew Henson , and Emma Goldman ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Titanic_(musical)", "summary": "Titanic is a musical with music and lyrics by Maury Yeston and a book by Peter Stone that opened on Broadway in 1997 . It swept the 1997 musical Tony Awards winning all five it was nominated for including the award for Best Musical and Best Score ( Yeston 's second for both ) . Titanic is set on the ocean liner RMS Titanic which sank on its maiden voyage on April 15 , 1912 ." } ] }, { "value": "1999", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1999", "summary": "The 41st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1999 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1998 . Lauryn Hill was the main recipient , winning a total of 5 awards including Album of the Year and Best New Artist . Her album was the first hip hop act ever to win the coveted award . The ceremony was known as the Grammy Year of Women , because every artist nominated for Album of the Year was female ( including Garbage , with Shirley Manson as the lead singer ) . Madonna won four awards and opened the show with her performance of Nothing Really Matters while musicians the Dixie Chicks , Vince Gill , Alanis Morissette and Shania Twain won two apiece . Celine Dion also received two awards both for My Heart Will Go On , which received a total of four awards . It is widely remembered for Ricky Martin 's performance of La Copa De La Vida/ The Cup of Life ." } ] }, { "value": "Mark Mancina ( producer )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mark_Mancina", "summary": "Mark Alan Mancina is an American composer , musician , arranger , and producer . A veteran of Hans Zimmer 's Media Ventures , he has scored over sixty films and television series including Speed , Bad Boys , Twister , Tarzan , Training Day , Brother Bear , Criminal Minds , Blood+ , and Moana . He has made several collaborations with The Walt Disney Company , and has won two Grammy Awards , and was nominated for an Annie Award for Brother Bear . For his work on the Disney Theatrical Productions adaptation of The Lion King , he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Original Score in a Musical ." } ] }, { "value": "The Lion King", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Lion_King_(musical)", "summary": "The Lion King is a musical based on the 1994 Walt Disney Animation Studios ' animated feature film of the same name with music by Elton John , lyrics by Tim Rice , and book by Roger Allers and Irene Mecchi , along with additional music and lyrics by Lebo M , Mark Mancina , Jay Rifkin , Julie Taymor , and Hans Zimmer . Directed by Taymor , the musical features actors in animal costumes as well as giant , hollow puppets . The show is produced by Disney Theatrical Productions ." } ] }, { "value": "Cabaret ( New Broadway Cast ) - Jay David Saks ( producer ) Chicago : The Musical ( 1998 London Cast ) - Thomas Z. Shepard ( producer ) Ragtime ( 1998 Original Broadway Cast ) - Jay David Saks ( producer ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1998 Cast Recording ) - Robert Sher ( producer )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)", "summary": "Cabaret is a 1966 musical with music by John Kander , lyrics by Fred Ebb , and book by Joe Masteroff , based on John Van Druten 's 1951 play I Am a Camera , which was adapted from the short novel Goodbye to Berlin ( 1939 ) by Christopher Isherwood . Set in 1931 Berlin as the Nazis are rising to power , it focuses on the nightlife at the seedy Kit Kat Klub , and revolves around American writer Cliff Bradshaw and his relationship with English cabaret performer Sally Bowles . A sub-plot involves the doomed romance between German boarding house owner Fräulein Schneider and her elderly suitor Herr Schultz , a Jewish fruit vendor . Overseeing the action is the Master of Ceremonies at the Kit Kat Klub . The club serves as a metaphor for ominous political developments in late Weimar Germany . The 1966 original Broadway production became a hit , inspiring numerous subsequent productions in London and New York , as well as the 1972 film of the same name ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chicago_(musical)", "summary": "Chicago is an American musical with music by John Kander , lyrics by Fred Ebb , and book by Ebb and Bob Fosse . Set in Chicago in the jazz age , the musical is based on a 1926 play of the same name by reporter Maurine Dallas Watkins , about actual criminals and the crimes on which she reported . The story is a satire on corruption in the administration of criminal justice and the concept of the celebrity criminal . The original Broadway production opened in 1975 at the 46th Street Theatre and ran for 936 performances , until 1977 . Bob Fosse choreographed the original production , and his style is strongly identified with the show . It debuted in the West End in 1979 , where it ran for 600 performances . Chicago was revived on Broadway in 1996 , and a year later in the West End . The 1996 Broadway production holds the record as the longest-running musical revival and the longest-running American musical in Broadway history . It is the second longest-running show to ever run on Broadway , behind only The Phantom of the Opera . Chicago surpassed Cats on November 23 , 2014 , when it played its 7,486th performance . The West End revival became the longest-running American musical in West End history . Chicago has been staged in numerous productions around the world , and has toured extensively in the United States and United Kingdom ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ragtime_(musical)", "summary": "Ragtime is a musical with music by Stephen Flaherty , lyrics by Lynn Ahrens , and a book by Terrence McNally . It is based on the 1975 novel of the same name by E.L. Doctorow . Set in the early 20th century , Ragtime tells the story of three groups in the United States : African Americans , represented by Coalhouse Walker Jr. , a Harlem musician ; upper-class suburbanites , represented by Mother , the matriarch of a white upper-class family in New Rochelle , New York ; and Eastern European immigrants , represented by Tateh , a Jewish immigrant from Latvia . The show also incorporates historical figures such as Harry Houdini , Evelyn Nesbit , Booker T. Washington , J. P. Morgan , Henry Ford , Stanford White , Harry Kendall Thaw , Admiral Peary , Matthew Henson , and Emma Goldman ." }, { "url": "/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1987_musical)", "summary": "The Wizard of Oz is a musical with a book by John Kane , music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by E.Y . Harburg . It has additional background music by Herbert Stothart . It is based on the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum and the 1939 film version written by Noel Langley , Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf . Successful musicals based on the Baum novel were created in 1902 ( for Broadway ) and 1942 ( for St. Louis Municipal Opera ) , the latter of which , using songs from the popular 1939 film , is still frequently revived . Seeking to more closely recreate the 1939 film on stage , the Royal Shakespeare Company adapted the film 's screenplay , also using the songs from the film , and produced a new version at London 's Barbican Centre in 1987 . This was also a success and has been given many revivals in various formats . This musical has been touring the U.S. since 2008 . It has become a popular musical for community theatres , schools and children 's theatres in the United States and the United Kingdom ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Winner and nominees -- 1990s", "section_text": "", "uid": "Grammy_Award_for_Best_Musical_Theater_Album_4", "intro": "The Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album has been awarded since 1959. The award was given only to the album producer, and to the composer and lyricist who wrote at least 51% of the music which had not been recorded previously. Over the years, the qualifications for the individual nominees has fluctuated with principal artists, composers, and producers at one point being the sole eligible nominee, to the more recent standard which includes those whose contributions accounted for the majority of the album. As of 2012, the award description is as follows: Award to the principal vocalist(s) and the album producer(s) of 51% or more playing time of the album. The lyricist(s) and composer(s) of a new score are eligible for an Award if they have written and/or composed a new score which comprises 51% or more playing time of the album. Therefore, composers and lyricists are ineligible when recordings contain a majority of previously released material (revivals, collected works). Also, while they are not listed among the nominees, since 2001 the Recording Academy has awarded an official Grammy to the engineers/mixers of the winning Album. Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out, for music released in the previous year. As of 2008, the current eligibility year is defined by the Recording Academy as beginning October 1, and ending the following September 30. Awards are given in February following the eligibility period." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_the_Philippines", "title": "List of shopping malls in the Philippines", "header": [ "Name", "City/municipality", "Province", "Developer" ], "data": [ { "value": "Centro Mall Cabuyao", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cabuyao", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cabuyao", "summary": "Cabuyao , officially the City of Cabuyao , ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Cabuyao ) or simply known as Cabuyao City , is a 1st class city in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 308,745 people . It used to be known as the richest municipality in the Philippines because of the large populace of migrants working in the town 's industrial estates . Nestlé Philippines , Asia Brewery , Inc. , San Miguel Corporation , Tanduay Distillers , Inc. , Wyeth Philippines , Inc. , Procter & Gamble Philippines , Light Industry and Science Park of the Philippines and Malayan Colleges Laguna have established factories or are located in Cabuyao . By virtue of Republic Act No . 10163 , the municipality of Cabuyao was converted to a Component City , after the ratification of a plebiscite held on August 4 , 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Laguna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laguna_(province)", "summary": "Laguna , officially the Province of Laguna ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish : Provincia de Laguna ) , is a province in the Philippines , located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila , south of the province of Rizal , west of Quezon , north of Batangas and east of Cavite . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . As of the 2015 census , the province 's total population is 3,035,081 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country . Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal , the country 's national hero . It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls , the University of the Philippines Los Baños and the University of the Philippines Open University in Los Baños , the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling , Pila historic town plaza , Taytay Falls in Majayjay , the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté , the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro , the turumba of Pakil , the tsinelas footwears from Liliw , the Pandan Festival of Luisiana , the Seven Lakes of San Pablo , and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Checkpoint Mall", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calamba", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna", "summary": "Calamba , officially the City of Calamba ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Calamba ) or known simply as Calamba City , is a 1st class city in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 454,486 people . It is the regional center of the Calabarzon region . It is situated 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Manila , 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) west of Santa Cruz , Laguna , 31 kilometres ( 19 mi ) north of San Pablo , Laguna and 23.6 kilometres ( 14.7 mi ) east of Tagaytay . The city is known as the Spring Resort Capital of the Philippines because of its numerous hot spring resorts , which are mostly located in Barangay Pansol , Bucal , Bagong Kalsada and Lingga or Calamba Island . According to the 2015 census , the city has a population of 454,486 people , making it the most populous local government unit in Laguna . It is the 5th densest city in the province with more than 2,600 people per square kilometer after San Pedro , Biñan , Cabuyao and Santa Rosa . Based on the overall rankings of the 2014 Cities and Municipalities Index , the city ranked 18th in the overall competitiveness ( cities ranking ) and 1st among cities in the Calabarzon region . The city is known to be the Calabarzon 's richest city , followed by Cabuyao City , because of its numerous factories according to the Region 4-A Calabarzon . The City of Calamba is the hometown of the unofficial Philippine national hero , José Rizal ." } ] }, { "value": "Laguna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laguna_(province)", "summary": "Laguna , officially the Province of Laguna ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish : Provincia de Laguna ) , is a province in the Philippines , located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila , south of the province of Rizal , west of Quezon , north of Batangas and east of Cavite . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . As of the 2015 census , the province 's total population is 3,035,081 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country . Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal , the country 's national hero . It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls , the University of the Philippines Los Baños and the University of the Philippines Open University in Los Baños , the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling , Pila historic town plaza , Taytay Falls in Majayjay , the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté , the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro , the turumba of Pakil , the tsinelas footwears from Liliw , the Pandan Festival of Luisiana , the Seven Lakes of San Pablo , and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Olivarez Plaza Los Baños", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Los Baños", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Los_Baños,_Laguna", "summary": "Los Baños , officially the Municipality of Los Baños ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Los Baños ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 112,008 people . It has a total land area of 56.5 square kilometers and is bordered on the south and south-west by Mount Makiling , on the north by Laguna de Bay , on the north-west by Calamba and on the east by the town of Bay . The town is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) southeast of Manila and is accessible via the South Luzon Expressway . The municipality lies on the northern slopes of the long dormant volcano Mount Makiling and is known among tourists for its hot spring resorts . Los Baños also hosts two constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System : the University of the Philippines Los Baños and University of the Philippines Open University , along with other foreign and local and international research centers , such as the International Rice Research Institute , the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , the Philippine Rice Research Institute , Philippine Carabao Center at UPLB , and SEAMEO-SEARCA , making the town a temporary home for tens of thousands of both local and foreign undergraduate and graduate students , researchers and support staff . Los Baños was declared as the Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines through Presidential Proclamation No . 349 . The proclamation , however , does not convert the municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities . Aside from its importance in academics , science and research , Los Baños is a well-known tourist destination . Because of the town 's proximity to Metro Manila , Los Baños ' hot spring resorts are frequent weekend or summer getaways for residents of the vast metropolis and tourists from other places in the Philippines and abroad . Tourists who visit Los Baños also come to the several native delicacies stores in the town to buy the town 's famous Buko pie ( coconut meat pie ) as well as a home-grown brand of chocolate cake ." } ] }, { "value": "Laguna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laguna_(province)", "summary": "Laguna , officially the Province of Laguna ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish : Provincia de Laguna ) , is a province in the Philippines , located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila , south of the province of Rizal , west of Quezon , north of Batangas and east of Cavite . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . As of the 2015 census , the province 's total population is 3,035,081 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country . Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal , the country 's national hero . It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls , the University of the Philippines Los Baños and the University of the Philippines Open University in Los Baños , the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling , Pila historic town plaza , Taytay Falls in Majayjay , the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté , the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro , the turumba of Pakil , the tsinelas footwears from Liliw , the Pandan Festival of Luisiana , the Seven Lakes of San Pablo , and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pavilion Mall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pavilion_Mall", "summary": "Pavilion Mall is a shopping mall located in Biñan , Laguna in the Philippines . This is the first large shopping mall in Biñan , which opened on October 1999 , and is currently being managed by the Ayala Malls , the third largest shopping mall chain in the Philippines ." } ] }, { "value": "Biñan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biñan", "summary": "Biñan , ( /bɪnjaʊn/ ) officially the City of Biñan ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Biñan ) , and known simply as Biñan City is a 1st class city in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 333,028 people . Biñan also known as Biniang has become both a suburban residential community of Metro Manila and a location for some of the Philippines ' largest industrial estates and export processing zones . Prior to its cityhood in 2010 , Biñan was the richest municipality in the Philippines with an annual gross income of ₱677 million ( US $ 14.383 million ) and net income of ₱250 million ( US $ 5.308 million ) , as of 2007 by the Commission On Audit . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 333,028 , making it the third largest in population in the province of Laguna , after Calamba City and Santa Rosa City . By virtue of Republic Act 10658 , signed on March 27 , 2015 , by President Benigno Aquino III , Biñan has been separated from the First Congressional District of Laguna and formed the Lone Congressional District of Biñan . The first representative , the former mayor of the city , has been elected during the 2016 elections , unopposed ." } ] }, { "value": "Laguna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laguna_(province)", "summary": "Laguna , officially the Province of Laguna ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish : Provincia de Laguna ) , is a province in the Philippines , located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila , south of the province of Rizal , west of Quezon , north of Batangas and east of Cavite . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . As of the 2015 census , the province 's total population is 3,035,081 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country . Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal , the country 's national hero . It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls , the University of the Philippines Los Baños and the University of the Philippines Open University in Los Baños , the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling , Pila historic town plaza , Taytay Falls in Majayjay , the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté , the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro , the turumba of Pakil , the tsinelas footwears from Liliw , the Pandan Festival of Luisiana , the Seven Lakes of San Pablo , and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan ." } ] }, { "value": "Ayala Land ( operator )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ayala_Land", "summary": "Ayala Land , Inc. ( ALI ) is a real estate firm based in the Philippines . It is a subsidiary of Ayala Corporation . It began as a division of Ayala Corporation until it was spun off and incorporated in 1988 . It became publicly listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange ( PSE : ALI ) in 1991 . Its core businesses are in strategic landbank management , residential development , shopping centers , corporate businesses , and hotels & resorts . Support businesses are in construction and property management . ALI also derives other income from its investment activities and sale of non-core assets . Last April 2015 , ALI bought a minority stake in Malaysian property developer MCT Bhd . in a P1.9-billion ( $ 43-million ) deal ." } ] }, { "value": "Robinsons Place GenTrias", "urls": [] }, { "value": "General Trias", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/General_Trias,_Cavite", "summary": "General Trias , officially the City of General Trias ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng General Trias ) or simply known as General Trias City , is a 1st class city in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 314,303 people ." } ] }, { "value": "Cavite", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cavite", "summary": "Cavite , officially the Province of Cavite ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Kabite ; Tagalog pronunciation : [ ˈkäbite̞ ] , [ käˈbiːte̞ ] or [ käˈbitɛː ] ; Chabacano : Provincia de Cavite ) , is a province in the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region on Luzon island . Situated 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) southwest of Metro Manila , it is one of the most industrialized and fastest growing provinces in the Philippines . Its population of 3,678,301 ( 2015 ) makes it one of the most populated provinces in the country . Originally agricultural and now a booming bedroom community for ultracongested Metro Manila , its location just north of Taal volcano poses significant risks of ashfall and debris flows through it into Manila Bay . For over 300 years , the province played an important role in both the country 's colonial past and eventual fight for independence , earning it the title Historical Capital of the Philippines . It became the cradle of the Philippine Revolution , which led to the renouncement of Spanish colonial control , finally culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12 , 1898 in Kawit , Cavite . The old provincial capital , Cavite City also hosted docks for the Manila galleon , becoming an essential part of commerce between Asia and Latin America ." } ] }, { "value": "Robinsons Land", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robinsons Place Imus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Imus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imus", "summary": "Imus , officially the City of Imus , ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Imus ) , or simply known as Imus City , is a 3rd class city in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 403,785 people . It is the de jure capital of the province of Cavite , located 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of Metro Manila , when President Ferdinand Marcos decreed the transfer of the seat of the provincial government from Trece Martires City in June 11 , 1977 . However , most offices of the provincial government are still located in Trece Martires up to this day . The City of Imus was officially converted into a city following a referendum on June 30 , 2012 . Imus was the site of two major Katipunero victories during the Philippine Revolution against Spain . The Battle of Imus was fought on September 3 , 1896 and the Battle of Alapan , on May 28 , 1898 , the day when the first Philippine flag was flown making Imus the Flag Capital of the Philippines . Both events are celebrated annually in the city . The Imus Historical Museum honors the city 's history with historical reenactment of scenes from the revolution ." } ] }, { "value": "Cavite", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cavite", "summary": "Cavite , officially the Province of Cavite ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Kabite ; Tagalog pronunciation : [ ˈkäbite̞ ] , [ käˈbiːte̞ ] or [ käˈbitɛː ] ; Chabacano : Provincia de Cavite ) , is a province in the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region on Luzon island . Situated 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) southwest of Metro Manila , it is one of the most industrialized and fastest growing provinces in the Philippines . Its population of 3,678,301 ( 2015 ) makes it one of the most populated provinces in the country . Originally agricultural and now a booming bedroom community for ultracongested Metro Manila , its location just north of Taal volcano poses significant risks of ashfall and debris flows through it into Manila Bay . For over 300 years , the province played an important role in both the country 's colonial past and eventual fight for independence , earning it the title Historical Capital of the Philippines . It became the cradle of the Philippine Revolution , which led to the renouncement of Spanish colonial control , finally culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12 , 1898 in Kawit , Cavite . The old provincial capital , Cavite City also hosted docks for the Manila galleon , becoming an essential part of commerce between Asia and Latin America ." } ] }, { "value": "Robinsons Land", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robinsons Place Lipa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lipa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lipa,_Batangas", "summary": "Lipa , officially the City of Lipa ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Lipa ) , or simply known as Lipa City , is a 1st class city in the province of Batangas , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 332,386 people . It is one of the four cities in Batangas aside from Batangas City , Santo Tomas , and Tanauan . It is located 78 kilometres ( 48 mi ) south of Manila and is the most populous city of Batangas . The Southern Tagalog Arterial Road ( STAR ) and South Luzon Expressway ( SLEX ) provide access to Batangas City and Metro Manila ." } ] }, { "value": "Batangas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Batangas", "summary": "Batangas , officially the Province of Batangas ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Batangas IPA : [ bɐˈtaŋgɐs ] ) , is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is the city of Batangas and is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and Laguna to the north , and Quezon to the east . Across the Verde Island Passages to the south is the island of Mindoro and to the west lies the South China Sea . Poetically , Batangas is often referred to by its ancient name Kumintáng . Batangas is one of the most popular tourist destinations near Metro Manila . It is home to the well-known Taal Volcano , one of the Decade Volcanoes , and Taal Heritage town , a small town that has ancestral houses and structures dating back to the 19th century . The province also has numerous beaches and diving spots including Anilao in Mabini , Sombrero Island in Tingloy , Ligpo Island and Sampaguita Beach in Bauan , Matabungkay in Lian , Punta Fuego in Nasugbu , Calatagan and Laiya in San Juan . All of the marine waters of the province are part of the Verde Island Passage , the center of the center of world 's marine biodiversity . Batangas City has the second largest international seaport in the Philippines after Metro Manila . The identification of the city as an industrial growth center in the region and being the focal point of the Calabarzon program is seen in the increasing number of business establishments in the city 's Central Business District ( CBD ) as well as numerous industries operating in the province 's industrial parks ." } ] }, { "value": "Robinsons Land", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robinsons Cainta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cainta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cainta", "summary": "Cainta , officially the Municipality of Cainta , ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Cainta IPA : [ kaʔɪntɐ ] ) , is a highly-urbanized 1st class municipality in the province of Rizal , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 322,128 people . It is one of the oldest municipalities in Luzon ( founded on August 15 , 1571 ) , and has a land area of 4,299 hectares ( 10,620 acres ) . Cainta serves as the secondary gateway to the rest of Rizal province from Metro Manila . With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila , Cainta is now part of Manila 's conurbation , which reaches Cardona in its easternmost part , and is therefore one of the most urbanized towns . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 322,128 people , making it the second most populous municipality in the Philippines ( after Rodriguez , Rizal ) , although there are efforts underway to convert it into a city . Its total assets amounting to Php 3,988,392,142.17 ( as per 2017 Commission on Audit summary ) makes it the richest municipality in the country . Cainta faces different challenges especially with its boundary disputes with Pasig ( Greenpark Village , Karangalan Village , St. Joseph Subdivision , Villarica Subdivision , Riverside , and Midtown Village ) , Taytay ( Greenland and eastern part of Cainta ) , and Antipolo ( Valley Golf and Country Club , Valley View , and Palmera Heights )" } ] }, { "value": "Rizal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rizal", "summary": "Rizal , officially the Province of Rizal ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Rizal ) , is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region , 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) east of Manila . The province is named after José Rizal , one of the main national heroes of the Philippines . Rizal is bordered by Metro Manila to the west , Bulacan to the north , Quezon to the east and Laguna to the southeast . The province also lies on the northern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . Rizal is a mountainous province perched on the western slopes of the southern portion of the Sierra Madre mountain range . The provincial capitol of Rizal is situated in Antipolo while Pasig , Metro Manila , outside the jurisdiction of the province , is still the official capital ." } ] }, { "value": "Robinsons Land", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robinsons Sta . Rosa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Santa Rosa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Laguna", "summary": "Santa Rosa , officially the City of Santa Rosa ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Santa Rosa ) , or simply known as Santa Rosa City , is a 1st class city in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 353,767 people . It is the second largest local government unit in Laguna after Calamba . Nowadays , it is declared as a lone district by the Republic Act signed by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte . [ citation needed ] Santa Rosa was initially known for the Coca-Cola and Toyota manufacturing plants in its industrial estates . Recently , it has also become popular for being the site of Enchanted Kingdom , a local theme park ; as well as several housing developments . This city contains the 3rd largest complex in Laguna , Paseo de Santa Rosa . Santa Rosa became a city by virtue of Republic Act No . 9264 , which was ratified by its residents on July 10 , 2004 ." } ] }, { "value": "Laguna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laguna_(province)", "summary": "Laguna , officially the Province of Laguna ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish : Provincia de Laguna ) , is a province in the Philippines , located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila , south of the province of Rizal , west of Quezon , north of Batangas and east of Cavite . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . As of the 2015 census , the province 's total population is 3,035,081 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country . Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal , the country 's national hero . It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls , the University of the Philippines Los Baños and the University of the Philippines Open University in Los Baños , the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling , Pila historic town plaza , Taytay Falls in Majayjay , the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté , the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro , the turumba of Pakil , the tsinelas footwears from Liliw , the Pandan Festival of Luisiana , the Seven Lakes of San Pablo , and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan ." } ] }, { "value": "Robinsons Land", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robinsons Town Mall Los Baños", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Los Baños", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Los_Baños,_Laguna", "summary": "Los Baños , officially the Municipality of Los Baños ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Los Baños ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 112,008 people . It has a total land area of 56.5 square kilometers and is bordered on the south and south-west by Mount Makiling , on the north by Laguna de Bay , on the north-west by Calamba and on the east by the town of Bay . The town is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) southeast of Manila and is accessible via the South Luzon Expressway . The municipality lies on the northern slopes of the long dormant volcano Mount Makiling and is known among tourists for its hot spring resorts . Los Baños also hosts two constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System : the University of the Philippines Los Baños and University of the Philippines Open University , along with other foreign and local and international research centers , such as the International Rice Research Institute , the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , the Philippine Rice Research Institute , Philippine Carabao Center at UPLB , and SEAMEO-SEARCA , making the town a temporary home for tens of thousands of both local and foreign undergraduate and graduate students , researchers and support staff . Los Baños was declared as the Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines through Presidential Proclamation No . 349 . The proclamation , however , does not convert the municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities . Aside from its importance in academics , science and research , Los Baños is a well-known tourist destination . Because of the town 's proximity to Metro Manila , Los Baños ' hot spring resorts are frequent weekend or summer getaways for residents of the vast metropolis and tourists from other places in the Philippines and abroad . Tourists who visit Los Baños also come to the several native delicacies stores in the town to buy the town 's famous Buko pie ( coconut meat pie ) as well as a home-grown brand of chocolate cake ." } ] }, { "value": "Laguna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laguna_(province)", "summary": "Laguna , officially the Province of Laguna ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish : Provincia de Laguna ) , is a province in the Philippines , located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila , south of the province of Rizal , west of Quezon , north of Batangas and east of Cavite . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . As of the 2015 census , the province 's total population is 3,035,081 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country . Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal , the country 's national hero . It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls , the University of the Philippines Los Baños and the University of the Philippines Open University in Los Baños , the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling , Pila historic town plaza , Taytay Falls in Majayjay , the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté , the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro , the turumba of Pakil , the tsinelas footwears from Liliw , the Pandan Festival of Luisiana , the Seven Lakes of San Pablo , and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan ." } ] }, { "value": "Robinsons Land", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SM Center Angono", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SM_Center_Angono", "summary": "SM Center Angono is a shopping mall owned by SM Prime Holdings , the largest mall developer in the Philippines . It is located along Manila East Road , Angono , Rizal . This mall which opened to the public on November 14 , 2014 is the 50th SM Supermall in the Philippines , the second along Manila East Road after SM City Taytay and third in Rizal Province after SM City Taytay and SM City Masinag , and is the third SM Supermall without cinemas after SM Center Pasig and SM Center Las Piñas ( although SM Cinema Angono has since opened on December 16 , 2015 ) . It is also the first SM Center to anchor Savemore Market rather than anchoring the Hypermarket . It was succeeded the following year by another SM Supermall also in Rizal , SM City San Mateo . This three-story mall has floor area of 41,481 square meters within a land area of 12,650 square meters ." } ] }, { "value": "Angono", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Angono,_Rizal", "summary": "Angono , ( pronounced [ äŋˈŋo̞no̞ ] or [ äːˈŋo̞no̞ ] ) , officially the Municipality of Angono , ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Angono ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Rizal , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 113,283 people . Located 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) east of Manila , and with the continuous expansion of the metropolis , it is now considered part of Metro Manila 's conurbation . It is best known as the Art Capital of the Philippines , being the hometown of national artist for music Lucio San Pedro and national artist for visual arts Carlos Botong Francisco , as well as the site of the Angono Petroglyphs , the oldest known work of art in the Philippines . It is currently campaigning for its inclusion in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as it is a center for visual arts . It is also campaigning for the inclusion of the Angono Petroglyphs ( 1 of 5 properties of the Petroglyphs and Petrographs of the Philippines UNESCO tentative site ) in the World Heritage List . First created as a pueblo in 1766 , Angono was a barrio of its neighboring town Taytay and Binangonan before it was legally proclaimed an independent municipality in 1938 by then President Manuel L. Quezon ." } ] }, { "value": "Rizal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rizal", "summary": "Rizal , officially the Province of Rizal ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Rizal ) , is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region , 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) east of Manila . The province is named after José Rizal , one of the main national heroes of the Philippines . Rizal is bordered by Metro Manila to the west , Bulacan to the north , Quezon to the east and Laguna to the southeast . The province also lies on the northern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . Rizal is a mountainous province perched on the western slopes of the southern portion of the Sierra Madre mountain range . The provincial capitol of Rizal is situated in Antipolo while Pasig , Metro Manila , outside the jurisdiction of the province , is still the official capital ." } ] }, { "value": "SM Prime Holdings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SM_Prime_Holdings", "summary": "SM Prime Holdings , Inc. ( SMPH ) is an integrated property developer and a subsidiary of SM Investments Corporation . It was incorporated on 6 January 1994 to develop , conduct , operate and maintain the SM commercial shopping centers and all businesses related thereto , such as the lease of commercial spaces within the compound of shopping centers . It went public on July 5 , 1994 , and subsequently grew to become the largest company listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange in terms of revenue . The company 's main sources of revenues primarily include rental income from mall and food courts , as well as from cinema ticket sales and amusement income ." } ] }, { "value": "SM City Calamba", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calamba", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna", "summary": "Calamba , officially the City of Calamba ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Calamba ) or known simply as Calamba City , is a 1st class city in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 454,486 people . It is the regional center of the Calabarzon region . It is situated 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Manila , 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) west of Santa Cruz , Laguna , 31 kilometres ( 19 mi ) north of San Pablo , Laguna and 23.6 kilometres ( 14.7 mi ) east of Tagaytay . The city is known as the Spring Resort Capital of the Philippines because of its numerous hot spring resorts , which are mostly located in Barangay Pansol , Bucal , Bagong Kalsada and Lingga or Calamba Island . According to the 2015 census , the city has a population of 454,486 people , making it the most populous local government unit in Laguna . It is the 5th densest city in the province with more than 2,600 people per square kilometer after San Pedro , Biñan , Cabuyao and Santa Rosa . Based on the overall rankings of the 2014 Cities and Municipalities Index , the city ranked 18th in the overall competitiveness ( cities ranking ) and 1st among cities in the Calabarzon region . The city is known to be the Calabarzon 's richest city , followed by Cabuyao City , because of its numerous factories according to the Region 4-A Calabarzon . The City of Calamba is the hometown of the unofficial Philippine national hero , José Rizal ." } ] }, { "value": "Laguna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laguna_(province)", "summary": "Laguna , officially the Province of Laguna ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish : Provincia de Laguna ) , is a province in the Philippines , located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila , south of the province of Rizal , west of Quezon , north of Batangas and east of Cavite . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . As of the 2015 census , the province 's total population is 3,035,081 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country . Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal , the country 's national hero . It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls , the University of the Philippines Los Baños and the University of the Philippines Open University in Los Baños , the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling , Pila historic town plaza , Taytay Falls in Majayjay , the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté , the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro , the turumba of Pakil , the tsinelas footwears from Liliw , the Pandan Festival of Luisiana , the Seven Lakes of San Pablo , and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan ." } ] }, { "value": "SM Prime Holdings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SM_Prime_Holdings", "summary": "SM Prime Holdings , Inc. ( SMPH ) is an integrated property developer and a subsidiary of SM Investments Corporation . It was incorporated on 6 January 1994 to develop , conduct , operate and maintain the SM commercial shopping centers and all businesses related thereto , such as the lease of commercial spaces within the compound of shopping centers . It went public on July 5 , 1994 , and subsequently grew to become the largest company listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange in terms of revenue . The company 's main sources of revenues primarily include rental income from mall and food courts , as well as from cinema ticket sales and amusement income ." } ] }, { "value": "SM City Lucena", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SM_City_Lucena", "summary": "SM Supermalls , owned by SM Prime Holdings , is a chain of shopping malls in the Philippines that , as of October 2019 , has 74 malls located across the country and about two dozen more scheduled to be open . It also has 7 malls in China , including SM Tianjin which is the third largest in the world in terms of gross leasable area ( GLA ) . SM Supermalls has become one of the biggest mall operators in Southeast Asia . Combined , the company has about 9.24 million square meters of gross floor area ( GFA ) . It has 17,230 tenants in the Philippines and 1,867 tenants in China ." } ] }, { "value": "Lucena", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lucena,_Philippines", "summary": "Lucena , officially the City of Lucena , ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Lucena ) , known simply as Lucena City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in Calabarzon region . It is the capital city of the province of Quezon where it is geographically situated but , in terms of government and administration , the city is politically independent from the province . For statistical and geographical purposes , Lucena is grouped with the province of Quezon . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 266,248 people ." } ] }, { "value": "Quezon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quezon", "summary": "Quezon , officially the Province of Quezon ( UK : /ˈkeɪzɒn/ , US : /ˈkeɪsɒn , -sɔːn , -soʊn/ , Tagalog : [ ˈkɛson ] ) is a province of the Philippines in the Calabarzon region located in the south of Luzon island . The province was named after Manuel L. Quezon , the second President of the Philippines and the first to be freely elected . Lucena is the provincial capital , seat of the provincial government and the most populous city of the province , but is governed independently as a highly urbanized city . To distinguish the province from Quezon City , it is sometimes called Quezon Province . Quezon is southeast of Metro Manila and is bordered by the provinces of Aurora to the north , Bulacan , Rizal , Laguna and Batangas to the west and the provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur to the east . Part of Quezon lies on an isthmus connecting the Bicol Peninsula to the main part of Luzon . The province also includes the Polillo Islands in the Philippine Sea . Some marine parts of the Verde Island Passage , the center of the center of world 's marine biodiversity , are also in the province . A major tourism draw to the province is Mount Banahaw . The mountain is surrounded by spiritual mysticism with many Anitist adherents , Christian cults , and Christian organizations staying on the mountain . The mountain was also one of the most sacred sites for pre-colonial Tagalog people before the arrival of the Spanish . Numerous pilgrims visit the mountain especially during Holy Week ." } ] }, { "value": "SM Prime Holdings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SM_Prime_Holdings", "summary": "SM Prime Holdings , Inc. ( SMPH ) is an integrated property developer and a subsidiary of SM Investments Corporation . It was incorporated on 6 January 1994 to develop , conduct , operate and maintain the SM commercial shopping centers and all businesses related thereto , such as the lease of commercial spaces within the compound of shopping centers . It went public on July 5 , 1994 , and subsequently grew to become the largest company listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange in terms of revenue . The company 's main sources of revenues primarily include rental income from mall and food courts , as well as from cinema ticket sales and amusement income ." } ] }, { "value": "SM City Molino", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bacoor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bacoor", "summary": "Bacoor [ bakoʔˈoɾ ] , officially the City of Bacoor ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Bacoor ) , or simply known as Bacoor City , is a 1st class city in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 600,609 people . With the conurbation of Manila and reaching Tagaytay in the southeasternmost part , it will become the 8th most populous city in the National Capital Region next to Quezon City , Manila , Caloocan , Taguig , Pasig , Parañaque and Valenzuela ." } ] }, { "value": "Cavite", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cavite", "summary": "Cavite , officially the Province of Cavite ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Kabite ; Tagalog pronunciation : [ ˈkäbite̞ ] , [ käˈbiːte̞ ] or [ käˈbitɛː ] ; Chabacano : Provincia de Cavite ) , is a province in the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region on Luzon island . Situated 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) southwest of Metro Manila , it is one of the most industrialized and fastest growing provinces in the Philippines . Its population of 3,678,301 ( 2015 ) makes it one of the most populated provinces in the country . Originally agricultural and now a booming bedroom community for ultracongested Metro Manila , its location just north of Taal volcano poses significant risks of ashfall and debris flows through it into Manila Bay . For over 300 years , the province played an important role in both the country 's colonial past and eventual fight for independence , earning it the title Historical Capital of the Philippines . It became the cradle of the Philippine Revolution , which led to the renouncement of Spanish colonial control , finally culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12 , 1898 in Kawit , Cavite . The old provincial capital , Cavite City also hosted docks for the Manila galleon , becoming an essential part of commerce between Asia and Latin America ." } ] }, { "value": "SM Prime Holdings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SM_Prime_Holdings", "summary": "SM Prime Holdings , Inc. ( SMPH ) is an integrated property developer and a subsidiary of SM Investments Corporation . It was incorporated on 6 January 1994 to develop , conduct , operate and maintain the SM commercial shopping centers and all businesses related thereto , such as the lease of commercial spaces within the compound of shopping centers . It went public on July 5 , 1994 , and subsequently grew to become the largest company listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange in terms of revenue . The company 's main sources of revenues primarily include rental income from mall and food courts , as well as from cinema ticket sales and amusement income ." } ] }, { "value": "SM City Rosario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SM_City_Rosario", "summary": "SM City Rosario is a shopping mall which was developed and is owned by SM Prime Holdings . It opened on November 20 , 2009 and is the fourth SM Supermall in the province of Cavite , Philippines . It is located at General Trias Drive cor . Costa Verde Access Road , Tejeros Convention , in the town of Rosario . It has a gross floor area of 58,000 square metres ( 620,000 sq ft ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rosario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rosario,_Cavite", "summary": "Rosario , officially the Municipality of Rosario , ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Rosario ) , is a 1st class highly-urbanized municipality in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 110,706 people . Formerly known as Salinas , Rosario has an area of 5.6 square kilometers , making it the most densely populated city/municipality in Cavite at 16,473 per km2 . With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila , the municipality is now included in Manila conurbation which reaches Lipa , Batangas in its southernmost part . It is accessible by land and water transportation ." } ] }, { "value": "Cavite", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cavite", "summary": "Cavite , officially the Province of Cavite ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Kabite ; Tagalog pronunciation : [ ˈkäbite̞ ] , [ käˈbiːte̞ ] or [ käˈbitɛː ] ; Chabacano : Provincia de Cavite ) , is a province in the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region on Luzon island . Situated 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) southwest of Metro Manila , it is one of the most industrialized and fastest growing provinces in the Philippines . Its population of 3,678,301 ( 2015 ) makes it one of the most populated provinces in the country . Originally agricultural and now a booming bedroom community for ultracongested Metro Manila , its location just north of Taal volcano poses significant risks of ashfall and debris flows through it into Manila Bay . For over 300 years , the province played an important role in both the country 's colonial past and eventual fight for independence , earning it the title Historical Capital of the Philippines . It became the cradle of the Philippine Revolution , which led to the renouncement of Spanish colonial control , finally culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12 , 1898 in Kawit , Cavite . The old provincial capital , Cavite City also hosted docks for the Manila galleon , becoming an essential part of commerce between Asia and Latin America ." } ] }, { "value": "SM Prime Holdings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SM_Prime_Holdings", "summary": "SM Prime Holdings , Inc. ( SMPH ) is an integrated property developer and a subsidiary of SM Investments Corporation . It was incorporated on 6 January 1994 to develop , conduct , operate and maintain the SM commercial shopping centers and all businesses related thereto , such as the lease of commercial spaces within the compound of shopping centers . It went public on July 5 , 1994 , and subsequently grew to become the largest company listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange in terms of revenue . The company 's main sources of revenues primarily include rental income from mall and food courts , as well as from cinema ticket sales and amusement income ." } ] }, { "value": "SM City San Pablo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SM_City_San_Pablo", "summary": "SM City San Pablo is the 38th shopping mall owned by SM Prime Holdings . SM City San Pablo is the 2nd SM Supermall Franchise in the Province of Laguna . It is located at the entrance of Riverina Residential and Commercial Estates in Maharlika Highway , Brgy . San Rafael , San Pablo , Laguna and has a gross floor area of 59,776 square meters ." } ] }, { "value": "San Pablo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Pablo,_Laguna", "summary": "San Pablo , officially the City of San Pablo ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng San Pablo ) or simply known as San Pablo City , is a 1st class city in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 266,068 people . Located in the southern portion of Laguna province , it is one of the oldest cities in the Philippines . By land area , it is the largest in the province of Laguna . Its population ranks sixth within the province after the cities of Calamba , Santa Rosa , Biñan , San Pedro , and Cabuyao . The city is more popularly known as the City of Seven Lakes ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Pitong Lawa ) , referring to the Seven Lakes of San Pablo : Lake Sampaloc ( or Sampalok ) , Lake Palakpakin , Lake Bunot , Lakes Pandin and Yambo , Lake Muhikap , and Lake Calibato . San Pablo was part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lipa since 1910 . On November 28 , 1967 , it became an independent diocese and became the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Pablo ." } ] }, { "value": "Laguna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laguna_(province)", "summary": "Laguna , officially the Province of Laguna ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish : Provincia de Laguna ) , is a province in the Philippines , located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila , south of the province of Rizal , west of Quezon , north of Batangas and east of Cavite . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . As of the 2015 census , the province 's total population is 3,035,081 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country . Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal , the country 's national hero . It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls , the University of the Philippines Los Baños and the University of the Philippines Open University in Los Baños , the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling , Pila historic town plaza , Taytay Falls in Majayjay , the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté , the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro , the turumba of Pakil , the tsinelas footwears from Liliw , the Pandan Festival of Luisiana , the Seven Lakes of San Pablo , and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan ." } ] }, { "value": "SM Prime Holdings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SM_Prime_Holdings", "summary": "SM Prime Holdings , Inc. ( SMPH ) is an integrated property developer and a subsidiary of SM Investments Corporation . It was incorporated on 6 January 1994 to develop , conduct , operate and maintain the SM commercial shopping centers and all businesses related thereto , such as the lease of commercial spaces within the compound of shopping centers . It went public on July 5 , 1994 , and subsequently grew to become the largest company listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange in terms of revenue . The company 's main sources of revenues primarily include rental income from mall and food courts , as well as from cinema ticket sales and amusement income ." } ] }, { "value": "The District Dasmariñas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_District_(mall,_Dasmariñas)", "summary": "Ayala Land , Inc. ( ALI ) is a real estate firm based in the Philippines . It is a subsidiary of Ayala Corporation . It began as a division of Ayala Corporation until it was spun off and incorporated in 1988 . It became publicly listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange ( PSE : ALI ) in 1991 . Its core businesses are in strategic landbank management , residential development , shopping centers , corporate businesses , and hotels & resorts . Support businesses are in construction and property management . ALI also derives other income from its investment activities and sale of non-core assets . Last April 2015 , ALI bought a minority stake in Malaysian property developer MCT Bhd . in a P1.9-billion ( $ 43-million ) deal ." } ] }, { "value": "Dasmariñas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dasmariñas", "summary": "Dasmariñas , officially the City of Dasmariñas , ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Dasmariñas ) , or simply known as Dasmariñas City , is a 1st class city in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 659,019 people . Nicknamed Dasma , it has a land area of 90.1 square kilometers ( 34.8 sq mi ) and is located 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) south of Manila . The growing congestion and outward urban expansion of the Metropolitan Manila Area has led to rapid development of the city . This inevitable growth is manifested by the influx of industries , the presence of large educational and health institutions , and the growing number of subdivisions accommodating its growing population ." } ] }, { "value": "Cavite", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cavite", "summary": "Cavite , officially the Province of Cavite ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Kabite ; Tagalog pronunciation : [ ˈkäbite̞ ] , [ käˈbiːte̞ ] or [ käˈbitɛː ] ; Chabacano : Provincia de Cavite ) , is a province in the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region on Luzon island . Situated 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) southwest of Metro Manila , it is one of the most industrialized and fastest growing provinces in the Philippines . Its population of 3,678,301 ( 2015 ) makes it one of the most populated provinces in the country . Originally agricultural and now a booming bedroom community for ultracongested Metro Manila , its location just north of Taal volcano poses significant risks of ashfall and debris flows through it into Manila Bay . For over 300 years , the province played an important role in both the country 's colonial past and eventual fight for independence , earning it the title Historical Capital of the Philippines . It became the cradle of the Philippine Revolution , which led to the renouncement of Spanish colonial control , finally culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12 , 1898 in Kawit , Cavite . The old provincial capital , Cavite City also hosted docks for the Manila galleon , becoming an essential part of commerce between Asia and Latin America ." } ] }, { "value": "Ayala Land", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ayala_Land", "summary": "Ayala Land , Inc. ( ALI ) is a real estate firm based in the Philippines . It is a subsidiary of Ayala Corporation . It began as a division of Ayala Corporation until it was spun off and incorporated in 1988 . It became publicly listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange ( PSE : ALI ) in 1991 . Its core businesses are in strategic landbank management , residential development , shopping centers , corporate businesses , and hotels & resorts . Support businesses are in construction and property management . ALI also derives other income from its investment activities and sale of non-core assets . Last April 2015 , ALI bought a minority stake in Malaysian property developer MCT Bhd . in a P1.9-billion ( $ 43-million ) deal ." } ] }, { "value": "The District Imus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_District_(mall,_Imus)", "summary": "Ayala Land , Inc. ( ALI ) is a real estate firm based in the Philippines . It is a subsidiary of Ayala Corporation . It began as a division of Ayala Corporation until it was spun off and incorporated in 1988 . It became publicly listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange ( PSE : ALI ) in 1991 . Its core businesses are in strategic landbank management , residential development , shopping centers , corporate businesses , and hotels & resorts . Support businesses are in construction and property management . ALI also derives other income from its investment activities and sale of non-core assets . Last April 2015 , ALI bought a minority stake in Malaysian property developer MCT Bhd . in a P1.9-billion ( $ 43-million ) deal ." } ] }, { "value": "Imus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imus", "summary": "Imus , officially the City of Imus , ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Imus ) , or simply known as Imus City , is a 3rd class city in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 403,785 people . It is the de jure capital of the province of Cavite , located 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of Metro Manila , when President Ferdinand Marcos decreed the transfer of the seat of the provincial government from Trece Martires City in June 11 , 1977 . However , most offices of the provincial government are still located in Trece Martires up to this day . The City of Imus was officially converted into a city following a referendum on June 30 , 2012 . Imus was the site of two major Katipunero victories during the Philippine Revolution against Spain . The Battle of Imus was fought on September 3 , 1896 and the Battle of Alapan , on May 28 , 1898 , the day when the first Philippine flag was flown making Imus the Flag Capital of the Philippines . Both events are celebrated annually in the city . The Imus Historical Museum honors the city 's history with historical reenactment of scenes from the revolution ." } ] }, { "value": "Cavite", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cavite", "summary": "Cavite , officially the Province of Cavite ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Kabite ; Tagalog pronunciation : [ ˈkäbite̞ ] , [ käˈbiːte̞ ] or [ käˈbitɛː ] ; Chabacano : Provincia de Cavite ) , is a province in the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region on Luzon island . Situated 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) southwest of Metro Manila , it is one of the most industrialized and fastest growing provinces in the Philippines . Its population of 3,678,301 ( 2015 ) makes it one of the most populated provinces in the country . Originally agricultural and now a booming bedroom community for ultracongested Metro Manila , its location just north of Taal volcano poses significant risks of ashfall and debris flows through it into Manila Bay . For over 300 years , the province played an important role in both the country 's colonial past and eventual fight for independence , earning it the title Historical Capital of the Philippines . It became the cradle of the Philippine Revolution , which led to the renouncement of Spanish colonial control , finally culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12 , 1898 in Kawit , Cavite . The old provincial capital , Cavite City also hosted docks for the Manila galleon , becoming an essential part of commerce between Asia and Latin America ." } ] }, { "value": "Ayala Land", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ayala_Land", "summary": "Ayala Land , Inc. ( ALI ) is a real estate firm based in the Philippines . It is a subsidiary of Ayala Corporation . It began as a division of Ayala Corporation until it was spun off and incorporated in 1988 . It became publicly listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange ( PSE : ALI ) in 1991 . Its core businesses are in strategic landbank management , residential development , shopping centers , corporate businesses , and hotels & resorts . Support businesses are in construction and property management . ALI also derives other income from its investment activities and sale of non-core assets . Last April 2015 , ALI bought a minority stake in Malaysian property developer MCT Bhd . in a P1.9-billion ( $ 43-million ) deal ." } ] }, { "value": "Victory Central Mall Sta . Rosa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Santa Rosa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Laguna", "summary": "Santa Rosa , officially the City of Santa Rosa ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Santa Rosa ) , or simply known as Santa Rosa City , is a 1st class city in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 353,767 people . It is the second largest local government unit in Laguna after Calamba . Nowadays , it is declared as a lone district by the Republic Act signed by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte . [ citation needed ] Santa Rosa was initially known for the Coca-Cola and Toyota manufacturing plants in its industrial estates . Recently , it has also become popular for being the site of Enchanted Kingdom , a local theme park ; as well as several housing developments . This city contains the 3rd largest complex in Laguna , Paseo de Santa Rosa . Santa Rosa became a city by virtue of Republic Act No . 9264 , which was ratified by its residents on July 10 , 2004 ." } ] }, { "value": "Laguna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Laguna_(province)", "summary": "Laguna , officially the Province of Laguna ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish : Provincia de Laguna ) , is a province in the Philippines , located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila , south of the province of Rizal , west of Quezon , north of Batangas and east of Cavite . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . As of the 2015 census , the province 's total population is 3,035,081 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country . Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal , the country 's national hero . It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls , the University of the Philippines Los Baños and the University of the Philippines Open University in Los Baños , the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling , Pila historic town plaza , Taytay Falls in Majayjay , the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté , the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro , the turumba of Pakil , the tsinelas footwears from Liliw , the Pandan Festival of Luisiana , the Seven Lakes of San Pablo , and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vista Mall Antipolo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Antipolo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Antipolo", "summary": "Antipolo , officially known as the City of Antipolo ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Antipolo ) and simply known as Antipolo City , is a 1st class city and the capital of the province of Rizal , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 776,386 people . It is the most-populous city in the Calabarzon region , and the seventh most-populous city in the Philippines . Antipolo was converted from a municipality into a component city of Rizal Province on April 4 , 1998 , under Republic Act No . 8508 . A new provincial capitol building was inaugurated in the city in March 2009 to replace the old capitol in Pasig which has long been outside the jurisdiction of Rizal Province ; after Pasig was included in Metro Manila in 1975 . With the transfer of the provincial government to Antipolo , it is highly favored to be officially designated as the new capital of the province . On March 14 , 2011 , Antipolo was declared according to Proclamation No . 124 s. 2011 a highly-urbanized city by then President Benigno Aquino ; however the proclamation has yet to be ratified in a plebiscite . Pending a plebiscite , Antipolo is the most populated city in the Philippines under a component city status . The city is popular for being a pilgrimage site . It prides itself as the Pilgrimage Capital of the Philippines ." } ] }, { "value": "Rizal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rizal", "summary": "Rizal , officially the Province of Rizal ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Rizal ) , is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region , 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) east of Manila . The province is named after José Rizal , one of the main national heroes of the Philippines . Rizal is bordered by Metro Manila to the west , Bulacan to the north , Quezon to the east and Laguna to the southeast . The province also lies on the northern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . Rizal is a mountainous province perched on the western slopes of the southern portion of the Sierra Madre mountain range . The provincial capitol of Rizal is situated in Antipolo while Pasig , Metro Manila , outside the jurisdiction of the province , is still the official capital ." } ] }, { "value": "Vista Land & Lifescapes", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Shopping malls by region -- Calabarzon", "section_text": "Community or regional shopping centers in Calabarzon are built around one department store or supermarket and are enclosed . These shopping centers are located mostly in suburban residential areas of the metropolis and typically cater to the basic shopping needs of area residents .", "uid": "List_of_shopping_malls_in_the_Philippines_4", "intro": "This is a list of notable shopping malls in the Philippines. The retail industry in the Philippines is an important contributor to the national economy as it accounts for approximately 15% of the Philippines' total Gross National Product (GNP) and 33% of the entire services sector. It employs some 5.25 million people, representing 18% of the Philippines' workforce. The Philippine Retailers Association is the association of retailers, mall, and shopping center operators in the country." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CBC_television_stations", "title": "List of CBC television stations", "header": [ "City", "Station", "Years of affiliation", "New affiliation ( s )", "Current status" ], "data": [ { "value": "Barrie , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Barrie", "summary": "Barrie is a city , and manifesting regional centre in Central Ontario , Canada , positioned on the shores of Kempenfelt Bay , the western arm of Lake Simcoe . The city is located geographically within Simcoe County , however , it is a politically independent single-tier municipality . It is part of the historically significant Huronia region of Central Ontario and is within the northern part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe , a densely populated and industrialized region of Ontario . As of the 2016 census , the city 's population was 141,434 making it the 34th largest in Canada in terms of population proper . The Barrie census metropolitan area ( CMA ) as of the same census had a population of 197,059 residents , making the city the 21st largest CMA in Canada . The city itself has seen significant growth in recent decades due to its emergence as a bedroom community , and its relatively close proximity to the city of Toronto . Barrie is situated approximately 86.6 kilometres ( 53.8 mi ) from the Toronto Pearson International Airport and 109 kilometres ( 68 mi ) from Downtown Toronto , representing the city 's highly centralized and historically strategic geographical orientation and its ease of access to major centres and airports across the region . The Barrie area was first settled during the War of 1812 as a key supply depot for British forces . It would be named twenty years later for Sir Robert Barrie , who consistently commanded forces through the region . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Barrie 's emergence as a bedroom community for the city of Toronto grew in prominence , and its economy would be wrapped around the education , healthcare , information technology and service sectors . Being located in the climatically deterrent snowbelt region of southern Ontario , Barrie is notorious for its deluging snow squalls in the winter . In the summer , its position within a convergence of breezes originating from the surrounding Great Lakes can provoke intense thunderstorms ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ontario", "summary": "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ." } ] }, { "value": "CKVR-TV 3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKVR-DT", "summary": "CKVR-DT , virtual channel 3 ( VHF digital channel 10 ) , is the flagship station of the CTV 2 television system licensed to Barrie , Ontario , Canada . The station is owned by Bell Media , as part of a twinstick with Toronto-based CTV flagship station CFTO-DT ( channel 9 ) and is also sister to 24-hour regional news channel CP24 . CKVR 's studios are located at 33 Beacon Road in Barrie , and its transmitter is located near Essa Road/Highway 27 on the city 's southwest side ( which also houses a camera that overlooks the city of Barrie , Lake Simcoe , and its environs ; a live feed from this camera is available on the station 's website ) . The station has long been carried on cable providers across the Greater Toronto Area and most of Southern Ontario , and is available on Rogers Cable channel 5 in Barrie and channel 20 in the Greater Toronto Area . There is a high definition feed available on Rogers Cable digital channel 595 in both areas . The station is also available on Bell TV HD channel 1054 , and Bell Fibe channel 1202 . In addition , VMedia carries the station on channel 10 , while Zazeen carries it on channel 19 ." } ] }, { "value": "1955-1995", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NewNet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CTV_Two", "summary": "bio . ( previously known as CTV 2 ) is a Canadian English language television system that is owned by the Bell Media subsidiary of Bell Canada . The system consists of four terrestrial owned-and-operated television stations ( O & Os ) in Ontario and three in British Columbia , and two regional cable-only channels , one in Atlantic Canada and the other in Alberta ( the latter formerly being the provincial educational channel in that province under the name Access Alberta ) . bio . provides complementary programming to Bell Media 's larger CTV network - primarily newer or younger-skewing series which have smaller audiences than those on the main CTV network , and operates primarily in markets that overlap with the service area of an existing CTV station ." } ] }, { "value": "Now a CTV Two O & O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brandon , Manitoba", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba", "summary": "Brandon the second-largest city in the province of Manitoba , Canada . It is located in the southwestern corner of the province on the banks of the Assiniboine River , approximately 214 km ( 133 mi ) west of the provincial capital , Winnipeg , and 120 km ( 75 mi ) east of the Saskatchewan boundary . Brandon covers an area of 77.41 km2 ( 29.89 sq mi ) and has a population of 48,859 , while its census metropolitan area has a population of 58,003 . It is the primary hub of trade and commerce for the Westman region as well as parts of southeastern Saskatchewan and northern North Dakota , an area with a combined population of over 180,000 people . The City of Brandon was incorporated in 1882 , having a history rooted in the Assiniboine River fur trade as well as its role as a major junction on the Canadian Pacific Railway . Known as The Wheat City , Brandon 's economy is predominantly associated with agriculture ; however , it also has strengths in health care , manufacturing , food processing , business services , and transportation . Brandon is an important part of the higher education network in Manitoba , with several notable facilities located in the city including Brandon University , Assiniboine Community College , and the Manitoba Emergency Services College . Canadian Forces Base Shilo is located 30 km ( 19 mi ) east of Brandon and maintains close ties with the city . Brandon 's Keystone Centre , one of the largest consolidated entertainment , recreation , convention , and agriculture complexes in Canada , is the home of the Brandon Wheat Kings and the Royal Manitoba Winter Fair ." } ] }, { "value": "CKX-TV 5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKX-TV", "summary": "CKX-TV was a television station in Brandon , Manitoba , Canada , formerly affiliated with CBC Television . Owned and operated by CTVglobemedia , it was the first privately owned television station in Manitoba . It shared its call letters with its former sister station , CKX-FM , owned and operated by Astral Media ( formerly Standard Radio ) . As a private affiliate of the CBC , the station aired most CBC network programming , but also aired some programs from A . Currently , CBC programming is available through CBC 's Winnipeg station CBWT , on Westman Cable channel 6 , taking up CKX 's former slot . In February 2009 , CTV announced that CKX was up for sale as CBC would not continue its affiliation agreement . In July 2009 , it was announced that Bluepoint Investment Corporation would buy the station for a dollar . However , Bluepoint pulled out of the sale on October 1 , resulting in the station 's closing a day later ." } ] }, { "value": "1955-2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "none", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Station permanently ceased operations in 2009 ; CBC no longer seen terrestrially", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Calgary , Alberta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calgary", "summary": "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alberta", "summary": "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ." } ] }, { "value": "CICT-DT 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CICT-DT", "summary": "CICT-DT , virtual channel 2 ( UHF digital channel 41 ) , is a Global owned-and-operated television station licensed to Calgary , Alberta , Canada . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment . CICT 's studios are located on 23 Street Northeast and Barlow Trail in Calgary , near the Mayland Heights neighborhood , and its transmitter is located near Old Banff Coach Road/Highway 563 and Artists View Drive , near the Calgary city limits . It serves as the master control hub for all 15 Global owned-and-operated stations across Canada . On cable , CICT is available on Shaw Cable ( corporate sister through parent company Shaw Communications ) channel 7 and in high definition on digital channel 211 , Bell TV channel 244 , Rogers Cable channel 118 . On Shaw Direct , the channel is available on 338 ( Classic ) or 017 ( Advanced ) , and in high definition on channel 015 ( Classic ) or 515 ( Advanced ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1954-1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Now a Global O & O", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Global_Television_Network", "summary": "The Global Television Network ( more commonly called Global , or occasionally Global TV ) is a privately owned Canadian English-language terrestrial television network . It is currently Canada 's second most-watched private terrestrial television network after CTV , and has fifteen owned-and-operated stations throughout the country . Global is owned by Corus Entertainment - the media holdings of JR Shaw and other members of his family . Global has its origins in a regional television station of the same name , serving Southern Ontario , which launched in 1974 . The Ontario station was soon purchased by the now-defunct CanWest Global Communications , and that company gradually expanded its national reach in the subsequent decades through both acquisitions and new station launches , building up a quasi-network of independent stations , known as the CanWest Global System , until the stations were unified under the Ontario station 's branding in 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "Cornwall , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario", "summary": "Cornwall is a city in Eastern Ontario , Canada , and the seat of the United Counties of Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry . Cornwall is Ontario 's easternmost city , located on the Saint Lawrence River in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor along Ontario Highway 401 , and is the urban centre for surrounding communities , including Long Sault and Ingleside to the west , Mohawk Territory of Akwesasne to the south , St. Andrew 's and Avonmore to the north , and Glen Walter , Martintown , Apple Hill , Williamstown , and Lancaster to the east . Cornwall lies on the 45th parallel , approximately 100 km ( 62 mi ) southeast of Ottawa , the national capital , 120 km ( 75 mi ) southwest of Montreal , Quebec 's largest city , and 440 km ( 270 mi ) northeast of Toronto , the provincial capital and Canada 's largest city . It is named after the English Duchy of Cornwall ; the City 's coat of arms is based on that of the duchy with its colours reversed and the addition of a royal tressure , a Scottish symbol of royalty . Its largest industries include logistics distribution and call centres ." } ] }, { "value": "CJSS-TV 8", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CJSS-TV", "summary": "CJSS-TV was a television station in Cornwall , Ontario , Canada . In operation from 1959 to 1963 as a private affiliate of CBC Television , the station was later converted to a rebroadcaster of Ottawa 's CJOH-TV . The station originally signed on as a CBC Television affiliate on October 18 , 1959 , owned by Stanley Shenkman . Shenkman also acquired the radio stations CKSF and CKSF-FM , which both adopted the CJSS call sign as well . In 1963 , CJSS was acquired by Ernie Bushnell and converted into a rebroadcaster of Ottawa 's CTV affiliate CJOH , making CJSS the first TV station in Canada ever to cease operations as its own station and become a repeater for another . The radio stations were sold to a local family , and subsequently broadcast as part of Corus Entertainment . Of these stations , 1220 AM ( as CJUL ) left the air August 18 , 2010 leaving just CJSS-FM retaining the original call sign ." } ] }, { "value": "1959-1963", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CTV ( repeater )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CTV_Television_Network", "summary": "The CTV Television Network ( commonly referred to as CTV ) is a Canadian English-language terrestrial television network launched in 1961 . Since 2000 , it is owned by the CTV Inc. subdivision of the Bell Media division of BCE Inc . It is Canada 's largest privately or commercially owned network , and has consistently been placed as Canada 's top-rated network in total viewers and in key demographics since 2002 , after several years trailing the rival Global Television Network in key markets . [ citation needed ] Bell Media also operates additional CTV-branded properties , including the news specialty channel CTV News Channel , the secondary CTV 2 television system , CTV Comedy Channel , CTV Sci-Fi Channel , CTV Drama Channel , and CTV Life Channel . There has never been an official full name corresponding to the initials CTV ; however , it is generally assumed to mean Canadian Television , a branding used in a promotional campaign by the network in 1998 , and also in pre-promotion for the network prior to its launch in 1961 . However , that branding was dropped before the network 's launch when the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation objected to it , claiming exclusive rights to the term Canadian ." } ] }, { "value": "Purchased by CJOH-TV as its rebroadcaster for the CTV O & O ( CJOH-TV-8 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CJOH-DT", "summary": "CJOH-DT , VHF channel 13 , is a CTV owned-and-operated television station located in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . The station is owned by Bell Media , as part of a twinstick with CTV 2 outlet CHRO-TV ( channel 5 ) . The two stations share studios - alongside Bell 's Ottawa radio properties - located at the Market Media Mall building on 87 George Street in Downtown Ottawa 's ByWard Market , and its transmitter on the Ryan Tower at Camp Fortune in Chelsea , Quebec , north of Gatineau . It also operates rebroadcasters on channel 8 from Lancaster , Ontario ( serving Cornwall and , indirectly , Montreal ) , channel 6 from Deseronto ( serving Kingston and , indirectly , Watertown , New York ) and on channel 47 in Pembroke . This station can also be seen on Rogers Cable channel 7 and in high definition on digital channel 518 in Ottawa and Glengarry-Prescott-Russell and on Vidéotron channel 7 and in high definition on digital channel 607 in Gatineau . Bell TV only carried CJOH 's local programming , which consisted mainly of newscasts , on channel 197 . This changed on October 18 , 2010 , when Bell carried the local and Canadian programming as well as simsubs on standard definition channel 229 . CJOH provides CTV network coverage for all of Eastern Ontario , a large segment of Western Quebec and portions of Northern New York in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Dawson Creek , British Columbia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dawson_Creek", "summary": "Dawson Creek is a city near the eastern edge of Peace River Regional District , British Columbia , Canada . The municipality of 24.37 square kilometres ( 9.41 sq mi ) had a population of 12,978 in 2016 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/British_Columbia", "summary": "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ." } ] }, { "value": "CJDC-TV 5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CJDC-TV", "summary": "CJDC-TV is a CTV 2 owned-and-operated television station in Dawson Creek , British Columbia , Canada . It broadcasts an analogue signal on VHF channel 5 from a transmitter near 233 Road in Peace River . Owned by Bell Media , it is part of the Great West Television system , and its studios located on 102 Avenue and 9 Street in Dawson Creek . This station can also be seen on Shaw Cable channel 3 ." } ] }, { "value": "1959-2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CTV Two", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Now a CTV Two O & O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Edmonton , Alberta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edmonton", "summary": "Edmonton ( /ˈɛdməntən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta . Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region , which is surrounded by Alberta 's central region . The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016 , making it Alberta 's second-largest city and Canada 's fifth-largest municipality . Also in 2016 , Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426 , making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada . Edmonton is North America 's northernmost metropolitan area with a population over one million . A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian . Edmonton 's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities ( Strathcona , North Edmonton , West Edmonton , Beverly and Jasper Place ) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982 , and the annexation of 8,260 ha ( 82.6 km2 ) of land from Leduc County and the city of Beaumont on January 1 , 2019 . Known as the Gateway to the North , the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories . Edmonton is a cultural , governmental and educational centre . It hosts a year-round slate of festivals , reflected in the nickname Canada 's Festival City . It is home to North America 's largest mall , West Edmonton Mall ( the world 's largest mall from 1981 until 2004 ) , and Fort Edmonton Park , Canada 's largest living history museum ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alberta", "summary": "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ." } ] }, { "value": "CFRN-TV 3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CFRN-DT", "summary": "CFRN-DT , virtual channel 3 ( VHF digital channel 12 ) , is a CTV owned-and-operated television station located in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . The station is owned by Bell Media , and is sister to CTV 2 owned-and-operated cable channel CTV 2 Alberta . Both television properties share studios ( joined alongside sister radio station CFRN 1260 AM ) located at 18520 Stony Plain Road in Edmonton , CFRN 's transmitter is located near Highway 21 , southeast of Sherwood Park . This station can also be seen on Shaw Cable channel 2 , and in high definition on digital channel 210 and on Telus Optik TV channel 101 ( HD ) and channel 9101 ( SD ) . On Shaw Direct , the channel is available on 318 ( Classic ) or 020 ( Advanced ) , and in high definition on channel 013 ( Classic ) or 513 ( Advanced ) . This station is also available on Bell TV channel 239 and in high definition on channel 1121 ." } ] }, { "value": "1954-1961", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CTV", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Now a CTV O & O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hamilton , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario", "summary": "Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario . An industrialized city in the Golden Horseshoe at the west end of Lake Ontario , Hamilton has a population of 536,917 , and its census metropolitan area , which includes Burlington and Grimsby , has a population of 747,545 . The city is 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) southwest of Toronto , with which the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) is formed . On January 1 , 2001 , the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the amalgamation of the original city with other municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth . Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians . Since 1981 , the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario . Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens , the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum , the Bruce Trail , McMaster University , Redeemer University College and Mohawk College . McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 77th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2018-19 ." } ] }, { "value": "CHCH-TV 11", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHCH-DT", "summary": "CHCH-DT , virtual channel 11 ( UHF digital channel 15 ) , is an independent television station licensed to Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . The station is owned by Channel Zero . CHCH 's studios are located near the corner of Jackson and Caroline Streets in downtown Hamilton , with additional offices at the Marriott on the Falls in Niagara Falls , Ontario . Its transmitter is located at 481 First Road West in Stoney Creek . On cable , the station is available on Cogeco Cable channel 12 in Hamilton and Niagara Region , and channel 10 in Halton Region , and Rogers Cable channels 11 and 121 in the Greater Toronto Area . There is also a high definition feed on Cogeco digital channel 707 in Hamilton , Halton and Niagara , and Rogers Cable digital channel 521 in the Greater Toronto Area , and on Shaw Direct classic lineup channel 36 and advanced lineup channel 536 . On satellite , the station is available nationwide on Shaw Direct classic lineup channel 345 and advanced lineup channel 41 , and on Bell TV on channels 211 ( standard definition ) and 1057 ( high definition ) . CHCH also streams all of its local programming and a limited amount of syndicated programming live on the Internet , with no provider restrictions ; since April 2019 , CHCH 's online feed has been restricted to IP addresses outside Ontario . From 2007 to 2009 , it was the flagship station for the E ! television system ." } ] }, { "value": "1954-1961", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Later operated as the flagship station of the CH / E ! system from 2001 to 2009 ; now an independent station owned by Channel Zero", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/E!_(Canadian_TV_system)", "summary": "E ! , also referred to as E ! Entertainment Television ( originally CH Television or CH ) , was a Canadian English language privately owned television system . It operated from 2001 to 2009 under the ownership of Canwest . At its peak it consisted of eight local television stations located in Quebec , Ontario , Alberta and British Columbia , including five stations owned and operated ( O & O ) by Canwest and three affiliates owned by Jim Pattison Group . The system was launched in 2001 as CH ( derived from the call sign of flagship CHCH-TV in Hamilton ) , providing a secondary schedule parallel to Canwest 's larger Global Television Network . It initially focused on airing programs from the U.S. broadcast networks that could not fit on Global 's own schedule , in order to avail of simultaneous substitution opportunities . The system became E ! in fall 2007 , as a result of a deal with Comcast to carry programming from that company 's U.S.-based E ! : Entertainment Television , although it continued to air much the same American network series in primetime and the afternoon . Following corporate financial difficulties , which eventually led to the company filing for bankruptcy protection and the sale of their properties to Shaw Media , Canwest announced in early 2009 it would look to either sell or close its E ! O & Os by that fall . Those stations saw varied fates as E !" }, { "url": "/wiki/Channel_Zero_Inc.", "summary": "2308740 Ontario Inc. ( doing business as Channel Zero ) is an independent Canadian broadcasting and media group , which holds assets in television broadcasting and film distribution . The company is headquartered in Toronto , Ontario , with its main office in the Junction ." } ] }, { "value": "Kamloops , British Columbia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kamloops", "summary": "Kamloops ( /ˈkæmluːps/ ) is a city in south-central British Columbia , Canada , at the confluence of the two branches of the Thompson River and east of Kamloops Lake . With a population of 100,046 in 2019 it is the largest community in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District and the location of the regional district 's offices . The surrounding region is more commonly referred to as the Thompson Country . Kamloops is ranked 36th on the list of the largest metropolitan areas in Canada and represents the 2nd largest census agglomeration nationwide , with 115,004 residents in 2019 . The population of the regional district is 146,096 ( 2019 ) . Kamloops is known as the Tournament Capital of Canada and hosts over 100 tournaments each year at world-class sports facilities such as the Tournament Capital Centre , Kamloops Bike Ranch , and Tournament Capital Ranch . Health care , tourism , and education are major contributing industries to the regional economy and have grown in recent years . Kamloops was British Columbia 's first city to become a Bee City in 2016 as numerous organisations in the community are actively protecting and creating bumble bee habitats in the city ." }, { "url": "/wiki/British_Columbia", "summary": "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ." } ] }, { "value": "CFJC-TV 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CFJC-TV", "summary": "CFJC-TV , VHF analogue channel 4 , is a Citytv-affiliated television station located in Kamloops , British Columbia , Canada . The station is owned by the Jim Pattison Broadcast Group subsidiary of the Jim Pattison Group . CFJC maintains studio facilities located on Pemberton Terrace and Columbia Street West in Kamloops , and its transmitter is located near Southern Yellowhead Highway/Highway 5 , southeast of Kamloops Airport . On cable , the station is also available locally on Shaw Cable channel 7 and regionally on Bell TV channel 259 . On satellite , the station is available on Shaw Direct Classic tier channel 309 and Advanced tier channel 13 . There is also a high definition feed available on Telus TV channel 692 , and Shaw Direct Classic tier channel 7 and Advanced tier channel 507 ." } ] }, { "value": "1957-2006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CH / E !", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/E!_(Canadian_TV_system)", "summary": "E ! , also referred to as E ! Entertainment Television ( originally CH Television or CH ) , was a Canadian English language privately owned television system . It operated from 2001 to 2009 under the ownership of Canwest . At its peak it consisted of eight local television stations located in Quebec , Ontario , Alberta and British Columbia , including five stations owned and operated ( O & O ) by Canwest and three affiliates owned by Jim Pattison Group . The system was launched in 2001 as CH ( derived from the call sign of flagship CHCH-TV in Hamilton ) , providing a secondary schedule parallel to Canwest 's larger Global Television Network . It initially focused on airing programs from the U.S. broadcast networks that could not fit on Global 's own schedule , in order to avail of simultaneous substitution opportunities . The system became E ! in fall 2007 , as a result of a deal with Comcast to carry programming from that company 's U.S.-based E ! : Entertainment Television , although it continued to air much the same American network series in primetime and the afternoon . Following corporate financial difficulties , which eventually led to the company filing for bankruptcy protection and the sale of their properties to Shaw Media , Canwest announced in early 2009 it would look to either sell or close its E ! O & Os by that fall . Those stations saw varied fates as E !" } ] }, { "value": "Now a City affiliate owned by the Jim Pattison Group ; CBC is no longer seen terrestrially in the market", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/City_(TV_network)", "summary": "Citytv ( branded simply as City from 2012 to 2018 ) is a Canadian television network owned by the Rogers Media subsidiary of Rogers Communications . The network consists of six owned-and-operated ( O & O ) television stations located in the metropolitan areas of Toronto , Montreal , Winnipeg , Calgary , Edmonton , and Vancouver , a cable-only service that serves the province of Saskatchewan , and three independently owned affiliates serving smaller cities in Alberta and British Columbia . The Citytv brand 's name originates from its flagship station , CITY-TV in Toronto , a station which became known for an intensely local format based on newscasts aimed at younger viewers , nightly movies , and music and cultural programming . The Citytv brand first expanded with CHUM Limited 's acquisition of former Global O & O CKVU-TV in Vancouver , followed by its purchase of Craig Media 's stations and the re-branding of its A-Channel system in Central Canada as Citytv in August 2005 . CHUM Limited was acquired by CTVglobemedia ( now Bell Media ) in 2007 ; to comply with Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) ownership limits , the Citytv stations were sold to Rogers . The network grew through further affiliations with three Jim Pattison Group-owned stations , along with Rogers ' acquisition of the cable-only Saskatchewan Communications Network and Montreal 's CJNT-DT . While patterned after the original station in Toronto , since the 2000s , and particularly since its acquisition by Rogers , Citytv has moved towards a series-based primetime schedule much like its competitors , albeit one still focused on younger demographics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jim_Pattison_Group", "summary": "The Jim Pattison Group is a Vancouver-based conglomerate with interests in media , automotive dealerships , grocery store chains , magazine distribution , food service specialty packaging , advertising , real estate development , fishing , forest products , financial services , and entertainment . and , in a recent survey by the Financial Post , the firm was ranked as Canada 's 62nd largest company . Jim Pattison , a Vancouver-based entrepreneur , is the chairman , CEO , and sole owner of the company . The Jim Pattison Group , Canada 's second largest privately held company , has more than 45,000 employees worldwide , and annual sales of $ 10.1 billion based on investments in Canada , the U.S. , Mexico , Europe , Asia and Australia . The Group is active in 25 divisions , according to Forbes , including packaging , food , forestry products . In late 2018 , Pattison was still working full-time . According to Forbes , his net worth then was $ 5.7 billion , having increased substantially from the $ 2.1 billion reported in March 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "Kelowna , British Columbia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kelowna", "summary": "Kelowna ( /kəˈloʊnə/ ) is a city on Okanagan Lake in the Okanagan Valley in the southern interior of British Columbia , Canada . It serves as the head office of the Regional District of the Central Okanagan . The name Kelowna derives from an Okanagan language term for grizzly bear . The Kelowna metropolitan area has a population of 217,214 ; the third-largest metropolitan area in the province , behind only Vancouver and Victoria . Additionally , the City of Kelowna is the seventh-largest city in the province . It ranks as the 22nd-largest in Canada and is the largest inland city in British Columbia . Kelowna 's city proper contains 211.82 square kilometres ( 81.78 sq mi ) , and the census metropolitan area contains 2,904.86 square kilometres ( 1,121.57 sq mi ) . In 2019 , it was estimated that Kelowna 's population had grown to 217,229 the metropolitan area and 142,146 in the city proper . Nearby communities include the City of West Kelowna ( also referred to as Westbank , Westside ) to the west across Okanagan Lake , Lake Country and Vernon to the north , and Peachland to the southwest , and further to the south , Summerland and Penticton ." }, { "url": "/wiki/British_Columbia", "summary": "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ." } ] }, { "value": "CHBC-TV 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHBC-DT", "summary": "CHBC-DT , virtual channel 2 ( UHF digital channel 27 ) , is a Global owned-and-operated television station located in Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment . CHBC maintains studio facilities located on Leon Avenue ( near Water Street ) in Downtown Kelowna , and its main transmitter is located near Lambly Creek Road in Central Okanagan ; CHBC also operates 18 rebroadcast transmitters across the southeastern part of the province . Since the dismantling of the former E ! television system and its switch to Global , CHBC has largely acted as a semi-satellite of sister station CHAN-DT in Vancouver , airing the majority of its programming in pattern , but with evening newscasts covering the Okanagan region . On cable , the station is also available on Shaw Cable ( corporate sister through parent company Shaw Communications ) channel 4 and Telus Optik TV channel 116 . There is a high definition feed offered on Shaw Cable digital channel 211 ." } ] }, { "value": "1957-2006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CH / E !", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Now a Global O & O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kingston , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario", "summary": "Kingston is a city in Eastern Ontario , Canada . It is on the eastern end of Lake Ontario , at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River ( south end of the Rideau Canal ) . The city is midway between Toronto , Ontario and Montreal , Quebec . The Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east . Kingston is nicknamed the Limestone City because of the many heritage buildings constructed using local limestone . Growing European exploration in the 17th century , and the desire for the Europeans to establish a presence close to local Native occupants to control trade , led to the founding of a French trading post and military fort at a site known as Cataraqui ( generally pronounced kah-tah-ROCK-way ) in 1673 . This outpost , called Fort Cataraqui , and later Fort Frontenac , became a focus for settlement . Cataraqui would be renamed Kingston after the British took possession of the fort , and Loyalists began settling the region in the 1780s . Kingston was named the first capital of the United Province of Canada on February 10 , 1841 . While its time as a capital city was short ( ending in 1844 ) , the community has remained an important military installation . Kingston was the county seat of Frontenac County until 1998 . Kingston is now a separate municipality from the County of Frontenac ." } ] }, { "value": "CKWS-TV 11", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKWS-TV", "summary": "CKWS-DT , virtual and VHF digital channel 11 , is a Global owned-and-operated television station licensed to Kingston , Ontario , Canada . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment . CKWS-DT maintains studios on Queen Street in downtown Kingston , and its transmitter is located near Highway 95 in Wolfe Island , south of Kingston . CKWS-DT also operates UHF rebroadcasters in Brighton on digital channel 30 ( or virtual channel 66 via PSIP ) , Spencerville on analogue channel 26 and Beckwith Township ( Smiths Falls/Perth ) on analogue channel 36 . Its signal covers portions of Eastern Ontario from Campbellford to Morrisburg and from Perth to Oswego , New York in the United States . CKWS-DT is available on many cable systems throughout Eastern Ontario ( including Cogeco Cable channel 10 and digital channel 910 ) and Northern and Central New York . On satellite , the station is carried on Bell TV channel 233 and Shaw Direct channel 54 . From 1954 through 2015 , CKWS was an affiliate of CBC Television . CBC chose to end its affiliations with Corus ' privately owned affiliates effective August 30 , 2015 . Beginning the following day , CKWS began carrying programs from the CTV Television Network . On August 14 , 2018 , it was announced that CKWS ' affiliation agreement with CTV would expire on August 27 ; the station subsequently became a Global owned-and-operated station , rebranding itself as Global Kingston ." } ] }, { "value": "1954-2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CTV", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Became a CTV affiliate on August 31 , 2015 ; now a Global O & O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kitchener , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario", "summary": "Kitchener is a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo , Ontario . Located approximately 100 km ( 62 mi ) west of Toronto , Kitchener is the regional seat . Kitchener was called Berlin until 1916 , designated the Town of Berlin from 1854 until 1912 and the City of Berlin from 1912 until 1916 . The City of Kitchener covers an area of 136.86 square kilometres and had a population of 233,222 at the time of the 2016 Census . The Kitchener metropolitan area , which includes the smaller , neighbouring cities of Waterloo to the north and Cambridge to the south , has 523,894 people , making it the tenth largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Canada and the fourth largest CMA in Ontario . Kitchener and Waterloo are considered twin cities which are often referred to jointly as Kitchener-Waterloo ( K-W ) , although they have separate municipal governments . Including Cambridge , the three cities are known as the Tri-Cities . All are part of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo , which was created in 1973 , when it replaced Waterloo County , which had been created in 1853 ." } ] }, { "value": "CKCO-TV 13", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKCO-DT", "summary": "CKCO-DT , virtual and VHF digital channel 13 , is a CTV owned-and-operated television station located in Kitchener , Ontario , Canada . The station is owned by Bell Media . CKCO maintains studio facilities located at 864 King Street West in Kitchener across from the Grand River Hospital and the Ion rapid transit light rail station adjacent to the Waterloo border , and is transmitted from Baden Tower located between Snyders Road East and Highway 7 in Baden , just west of the Kitchener city limits . The station is available on Rogers Cable channels 12 and 109 , and in high definition on digital channel 518 ; Shaw Direct channels 67 ( on the advanced lineup ) and 369 ( on the classic lineup ) ; Bell TV channel 584 and in HD on channel 1045 ; and Bell Fibe TV channel 201 and in HD on channel 1201 . With Global owned-and-operated station CIII-TV having moved its city of license from the Brantford suburb of Paris to Toronto in 2009 , Kitchener is now served by two television stations outside those that serve as rebroadcast transmitters of other Ontario television stations - in addition to CKCO , it is served by independent station CHCH-DT in Hamilton ." } ] }, { "value": "1954-1964", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CTV", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Now a CTV O & O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lethbridge , Alberta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lethbridge", "summary": "Lethbridge ( /ˈlɛθbrɪdʒ/ ) is a city in the province of Alberta , Canada . It is Alberta 's third-largest city by both population and land area after Calgary and Edmonton , and the largest city in southern Alberta . The nearby Canadian Rocky Mountains contribute to the city 's warm summers , mild winters , and windy climate . Lethbridge lies southeast of Calgary on the Oldman River . Lethbridge is the commercial , financial , transportation and industrial centre of southern Alberta . The city 's economy developed from drift mining for coal in the late 19th century and agriculture in the early 20th century . Half of the workforce is employed in the health , education , retail and hospitality sectors , and the top five employers are government-based . The only university in Alberta south of Calgary is in Lethbridge , and two of the three colleges in southern Alberta have campuses in the city . Cultural venues in the city include performing art theatres , museums and sports centres ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alberta", "summary": "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ." } ] }, { "value": "CISA-TV 7", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CISA-DT", "summary": "CISA-DT , VHF channel 7 , is a Global owned-and-operated television station located in Lethbridge , Alberta , Canada . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment . CISA 's studios are located inside the Royal Bank building at the corner of 7 Street South and 4 Avenue South in Downtown Lethbridge , and its transmitter is located near Highway 25 and Range Road 221 , just outside the city . This station can also be seen on Shaw Cable channel 5 and in high definition on digital channel 211 . The station carries the full Global lineup , and its schedule is almost identical to that of sister station CICT-DT in Calgary ; CISA 's master control is also based out of CICT , along with the remainder of Global 's television stations . It is the smallest station in the Global network ( formerly second to the defunct Shaw-owned affiliate CJBN-TV in Kenora , Ontario ) and is the only standalone commercial station in Southern Alberta ." } ] }, { "value": "1955-1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Now a Global O & O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lloydminster , Alberta / Saskatchewan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lloydminster", "summary": "Lloydminster is a Canadian city which has the unusual geographic distinction of straddling the provincial border between Alberta and Saskatchewan . The city is incorporated by both provinces as a single city with a single municipal administration ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alberta", "summary": "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Saskatchewan", "summary": "Saskatchewan ( /səˈskætʃəwən , sæ- , -wɒn/ ( listen ) ) is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada , the only province without a natural border . It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres ( 251,700 sq mi ) , nearly 10 percent of which ( 59,366 square kilometres ( 22,900 sq mi ) ) is fresh water , composed mostly of rivers , reservoirs , and the province 's 100,000 lakes . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta , on the north by the Northwest Territories , on the east by Manitoba , to the northeast by Nunavut , and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota . As of Q3 2019 , Saskatchewan 's population was estimated at 1,178,657 . Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province , while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated . Of the total population , roughly half live in the province 's largest city Saskatoon , or the provincial capital Regina . Other notable cities include Prince Albert , Moose Jaw , Yorkton , Swift Current , North Battleford , Melfort , and the border city Lloydminster ( partially within Alberta ) . Saskatchewan is a landlocked province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters . As a result , its climate is extremely continental , rendering severe winters throughout the province . Southern areas have very warm or hot summers . Midale and Yellow Grass ( both near the U.S. border ) are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada , with 45 °C ( 113 °F ) observed at both locations on July 5 , 1937 . In winter , temperatures below −45 °C ( −49 °F ) are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps ." } ] }, { "value": "CKSA-DT 2.1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKSA-DT", "summary": "CKSA-DT is a Canadian television station in the city of Lloydminster , located on the border of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . Owned by the Stingray Group , it broadcasts a digital signal on VHF channel 2 from a transmitter located near Highway 17 and Township Road 512 , near the Saskatchewan provincial line . CKSA is an affiliate of the Global Television Network ; from its launch through 2016 , it was an affiliate of CBC Television , and was that network 's last remaining privately owned affiliate . It is a sister to CTV affiliate CITL-DT and both stations share studios located on 50 Street and 51 Avenue on the Alberta side of Lloydminster . On Shaw Direct , the channel is available in high definition on channel 19 ( Classic ) or 519 ( Advanced ) . This station can also be seen on Shaw Cable channel 5 ." } ] }, { "value": "1960-2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Global", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Became a Global affiliate on September 1 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "London , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London,_Ontario", "summary": "London is a city in southwestern Ontario , Canada , along the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor . The city had a population of 383,822 according to the 2016 Canadian census . London is at the confluence of the Thames River , approximately 200 km ( 120 mi ) from both Toronto and Detroit ; and about 230 km ( 140 mi ) from Buffalo , New York . The city of London is a separated municipality , politically separate from Middlesex County , though it remains the county seat . London and the Thames were named in 1793 by John Graves Simcoe , who proposed the site for the capital city of Upper Canada . The first European settlement was between 1801 and 1804 by Peter Hagerman . The village was founded in 1826 and incorporated in 1855 . Since then , London has grown to be the largest southwestern Ontario municipality and Canada 's 11th largest metropolitan area , having annexed many of the smaller communities that surrounded it . London is a regional centre of healthcare and education , being home to the University of Western Ontario ( which brands itself Western University ) , Fanshawe College , and several hospitals ( including a University Hospital ) . The city hosts a number of musical and artistic exhibits and festivals , which contribute to its tourism industry , but its economic activity is centred on education , medical research , insurance , and information technology . London 's university and hospitals are among its top ten employers . London lies at the junction of Highway 401 and 402 , connecting it to Toronto , Windsor and Sarnia ." } ] }, { "value": "CFPL-TV 10", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CFPL-DT", "summary": "CFPL-DT , VHF channel 10 , is a CTV 2 owned-and-operated television station located in London , Ontario , Canada . The station is owned by Bell Media . CFPL 's studios and local transmitter are located on Communications Road on the southwestern side of London , and its Wingham-area rebroadcast transmitter is located on Tower Road in South Bruce . This station can also be seen on Rogers Cable channel 9 and digital channel 137 . Bell TV carries the station in standard definition on channel 220 , and Bell Fibe TV carries the HD feed on channel 1202 in London and Woodstock . The station serves London , Sarnia and much of southwestern Ontario north of London , including the town of Wingham since its former sister station CKNX-TV ceased operations and became a rebroadcaster of CFPL in 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "1953-1988", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Later became part of BBS in 1992 , then affiliated with NewNet ( later A-Channel and A ) after being sold to CHUM Limited in 1995 ; now a CTV Two O & O", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baton_Broadcasting_System", "summary": "The Baton Broadcast System ( /ˈbeɪtɒn/ BAY-ton ) , also known as BBS , was a Canadian system of television stations located in Ontario and Saskatchewan , owned by Baton Broadcasting . BBS was the successor to two provincial systems also owned by Baton , the Saskatchewan Television Network ( STN ) and Ontario Network Television ( ONT ) . During the 1990s , BBS and its predecessors served as a complementary programming service to the CTV Television Network , to which most ( but not all ) of the system 's stations were already affiliated . Shortly after Baton 's acquisition of CTV in 1997 and the contemporaneous sale of Baton 's independent stations ( later re-acquired by Bell and currently part of the parallel CTV Two system ) , the BBS brand was eliminated , and the system 's operations were merged into the CTV network ." }, { "url": "/wiki/CHUM_Limited", "summary": "CHUM Limited is a defunct Canadian media company based in Toronto , Ontario in operation from 1945 to 2007 . It held full or joint control of two Canadian television systems - Citytv and A-Channel ( formerly NewNet , now CTV Two ) - comprising 11 local stations , one CBC Television affiliate , one provincial educational channel , and 20 branded specialty television channels , most notably MuchMusic and its various spinoffs . In addition , CHUM owned 33 radio stations across Canada under its CHUM Radio Network division ( now Bell Media Radio ) . At various points in its history , CHUM also owned other radio stations as well as ATV and the Atlantic Satellite Network in Atlantic Canada . In July 2006 , CHUM agreed to merge with CTVglobemedia ( now Bell Media ) , owner of the CTV Television Network . The merger was completed on June 22 , 2007 ; regulatory approval was made conditional on the sale of CHUM 's five Citytv stations to Rogers Communications . The company itself was renamed CTV Limited ( now CTV Inc. ) and continues as a subsidiary of Bell Media . Its Toronto radio stations TSN RADIO 1050 and CHUM 104.5 continue to use CHUM as their call signs . The headquarters were located at 299 Queen Street West in Toronto , the famous CHUM-City Building , which currently serves as Bell Media 's headquarters . With the sale of CTVglobemedia to Bell Canada as announced in September 2010 , Bell took control of most of CHUM 's former assets for the first time . CTVglobemedia was subsequently renamed Bell Media on April 1 , 2011 , after the deal to purchase the stations was finalized and the CHUM name was completely phased out from its new entity ." } ] }, { "value": "Medicine Hat , Alberta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Medicine_Hat", "summary": "Medicine Hat ( Blackfoot : Saamis ) is a city in southeast Alberta , Canada . It is located along the South Saskatchewan River . It is approximately 169 km ( 105 mi ) east of Lethbridge and 295 km ( 183 mi ) southeast of Calgary . This city and the adjacent Town of Redcliff to the northwest are within Cypress County . Medicine Hat was the sixth-largest city in Alberta in 2016 with a population of 63,230 . Started as a railway town , today Medicine Hat is served by the Trans-Canada Highway ( Highway 1 ) and the eastern terminus of the Crowsnest Highway ( Highway 3 ) . Nearby communities considered part of the Medicine Hat area include the Town of Redcliff ( abutting the city 's northwest boundary ) and the hamlets of Desert Blume , Dunmore , Irvine , Seven Persons , and Veinerville . The Cypress Hills ( including Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park ) is a relatively short distance ( by car ) to the southeast of the city . Historically , Medicine Hat has been known for its large natural gas fields , being immortalized by Rudyard Kipling as having all hell for a basement . Because of these reserves , the city is known as The Gas City ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alberta", "summary": "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ." } ] }, { "value": "CHAT-TV 6", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHAT-TV", "summary": "CHAT-TV , VHF analogue channel 6 , is a Citytv-affiliated television station located in Medicine Hat , Alberta , Canada . The station is owned by the Jim Pattison Group . CHAT 's studios are located at 10 Boundary Road SE in the nearby town of Redcliff , and its transmitter is located near the Trans-Canada Highway and Range Road 80 , northwest of Redcliff . This station can also be seen locally on Shaw Cable channel 3 and regionally on Bell TV channel 248 . CHAT also operates rebroadcasters in Pivot ( CHAT-TV-1 , channel 4 ) and Maple Creek , Saskatchewan ( CHAT-TV-2 , channel 6 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1957-2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "E !", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Now a City affiliate ; CBC is no longer seen terrestrially in the market", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Moncton , New Brunswick", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moncton", "summary": "Moncton ( /ˈmʌŋktən/ ; French pronunciation : ​ [ mɔŋktœn ] ) is one of three major urban centres in the Canadian province of New Brunswick , along with Saint John and the capital city of Fredericton . Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley , Moncton lies at the geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces . The city has earned the nickname Hub City due to its central inland location in the region and its history as a railway and land transportation hub for the Maritimes . The city proper has a population of 71,889 ( 2016 ) and a land area of 142 km2 ( 55 sq mi ) . Greater Moncton has a population of 144,810 ( 2016 ) , making it the largest city and census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in New Brunswick , and the second-largest city and CMA in the Maritime Provinces . The CMA includes the neighbouring city of Dieppe and the town of Riverview , as well as adjacent suburban areas in Westmorland and Albert counties . Although the Moncton area was first settled in 1733 , Moncton was officially founded in 1766 with the arrival of Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants from Philadelphia . Initially an agricultural settlement , Moncton was not incorporated until 1855 . The city was named for Lt. Col. Robert Monckton , the British officer who had captured nearby Fort Beauséjour a century earlier . A significant wooden shipbuilding industry had developed in the community by the mid-1840s , allowing for the civic incorporation in 1855 . However , the shipbuilding economy collapsed in the 1860s , causing the town to lose its civic charter in 1862 . Moncton regained its charter in 1875 after the community 's economy rebounded , mainly due to a growing railway industry ." }, { "url": "/wiki/New_Brunswick", "summary": "New Brunswick is one of four Atlantic provinces on the east coast of Canada . According to the Constitution of Canada , New Brunswick is the only bilingual province . About two-thirds of the population declare themselves anglophones , and one third francophones . One-third of the population describes themselves as bilingual . Atypically for Canada , only about half of the population lives in urban areas , mostly in Greater Moncton , Greater Saint John and the capital Fredericton . Unlike the other Maritime provinces , New Brunswick 's terrain is mostly forested uplands , with much of the land further from the coast , giving it a harsher climate . New Brunswick is 83% forested and less densely-populated than the rest of the Maritimes . Being relatively close to Europe , New Brunswick was among the first places in North America to be explored and settled by Europeans , starting with the French in the early 1600s , who displaced the indigenous Mi'kmaq , Maliseet , and the Passamaquoddy peoples . The French settlers were later displaced when the area became part of the British Empire . In 1784 , after an influx of refugees from the American Revolutionary War , the province was partitioned from Nova Scotia . In 1785 Saint John became Canada 's first incorporated city . The province prospered in the early 1800s and the population grew rapidly , reaching about a quarter of a million by mid-century ." } ] }, { "value": "CKCW-TV 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKCW-DT", "summary": "CKCW-DT is the CTV owned-and-operated television station in Moncton , New Brunswick , Canada . It broadcasts a high-definition digital signal on UHF channel 29 from a transmitter located on Wilson Road in Hillsborough . It serves as the CTV outlet for both New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island ( by way of a repeater in Charlottetown ) . It is sister station to CKLT-DT in Saint John , which essentially operates as a CKCW rebroadcaster even though it is separately licensed . Owned by Bell Media , it is part of the CTV Atlantic regional system in the Maritimes . Its studios are located at Halifax and George Streets in Moncton , with a PEI bureau in Charlottetown . On cable , CKCW-DT can be seen on Rogers Cable channel 8 and Eastlink channel 9 ." } ] }, { "value": "1954-1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CTV", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Now a CTV O & O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "North Bay , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario", "summary": "North Bay is a city in Northeastern Ontario , Canada . It is the seat of Nipissing District , and takes its name from its position on the shore of Lake Nipissing . North Bay is located on the traditional territory of the Nipissing First Nation peoples ." } ] }, { "value": "CKNY-TV 10", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKNY-TV", "summary": "CKNY-TV is the CTV owned-and-operated television station in North Bay , Ontario , Canada . It broadcasts an analogue signal on VHF channel 10 from a transmitter adjacent to Ski Hill Road ( southwest of Highway 534 ) in Nipissing . Owned by Bell Media , it is part of the network 's CTV Northern Ontario sub-system and its studios are located on Oak and Wyld Streets ( near the shoreline of Lake Nipissing ) in Downtown North Bay . This station can also be seen on Cogeco Cable channel 9 and digital channel 909 . Effective November 29 , 2012 , Bell TV customers will also be able to view CKNY-TV on channel 588 ." } ] }, { "value": "1955-1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CTV", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Now a CTV O & O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oshawa , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oshawa,_Ontario", "summary": "Oshawa ( /ˈɒʃəwə/ OSH-ə-wə , also US : /-wɑː , -wɔː/ -⁠wah , -⁠waw ; 2016 population 159,458 ; CMA 379,848 ) is a city in Ontario , Canada , on the Lake Ontario shoreline . It lies in Southern Ontario , approximately 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of Downtown Toronto . It is commonly viewed as the eastern anchor of the Greater Toronto Area and of the Golden Horseshoe . It is the largest municipality in the Regional Municipality of Durham . The name Oshawa originates from the Ojibwa term aaz haway , meaning the crossing place or just a cross . Oshawas roots are tied to the automobile industry , specifically the Canadian division of General Motors , known as General Motors Canada . Founded in 1876 as the McLaughlin Carriage Company , General Motors of Canada 's headquarters are located in the city . The automotive industry was the inspiration for Oshawa 's previous mottos : The City that Motovates Canada , and The City in Motion . The lavish home of the carriage company 's founder , Parkwood Estate , is a National Historic Site of Canada and a backdrop favoured by numerous film crews , featured in many films including It , Billy Madison , Chicago , and X-Men . Once recognized as the sole Automotive Capital of Canada , Oshawa today is an education and health sciences hub . General Motors ceased vehicle production entirely on December 18 , 2019 resulting in over 2300 lay-offs . The city is home to three post-secondary institutions Durham College , Trent University Durham and University of Ontario Institute of Technology as well as the Lakeridge Health Education and Research Network ( LHEARN ) , in association with Lakeridge Health Oshawa , formerly the Oshawa General Hospital ." } ] }, { "value": "CHEX-TV-2 22", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHEX-TV-2", "summary": "CHEX-TV-2 , UHF analogue channel 22 , is a low-powered Global owned-and-operated television station licensed to Oshawa , Ontario , Canada and serving the Regional Municipality of Durham . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment . CHEX-TV-2 's studios are located on Simcoe Street ( just north of King Street ) in Downtown Oshawa , and its transmitter is located on Enfield Road in Clarington . The station is carried in Oshawa on Rogers Cable channel 12 ; it is also available on Rogers Cable digital channel 129 in the Greater Toronto Area . CHEX-TV-2 was originally a CBC Television affiliate until August 31 , 2015 , when it became an affiliate of CTV . On August 14 , 2018 , it was announced that CHEX-TV-2 's affiliation agreement with CTV would expire on August 27 ; [ citation needed ] the station subsequently became a Global owned-and-operated station known as Global Durham as of September 6 . Although operating as a separate station from Peterborough sister station CHEX-DT , it retains the CHEX-TV-2 callsign used when the station operated as a rebroadcaster of CHEX ." } ] }, { "value": "1992-2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CTV", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Semi-satellite of CHEX-TV . Became a CTV affiliate on August 31 , 2015 ; now a Global O & O", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHEX-TV", "summary": "CHEX-DT , virtual and VHF digital channel 12 , is a Global owned-and-operated television station licensed to Peterborough , Ontario , Canada . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment . CHEX-DT 's studios are located on Monaghan Road ( near Rose Avenue ) in the southern portion of Peterborough , and its transmitter is located on Television Hill , just outside Peterborough . On cable , the station is available on Cogeco channel 2 in standard definition and digital channel 902 in high definition . On satellite , it is carried on Shaw Direct channel 48 on the advanced tier and channel 348 on the classic tier , and on Bell TV channel 217 . CHEX was originally a CBC affiliate , but after 60 years with the CBC it began airing CTV programming on August 31 , 2015 under a programming supply agreement . On August 14 , 2018 , it was announced that CHEX 's affiliation agreement with CTV would expire on August 27 ; the station subsequently became a Global owned-and-operated station , rebranding itself as Global Peterborough ." } ] }, { "value": "Pembroke , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pembroke,_Ontario", "summary": "Pembroke ( 2016 population 13,882 ; CA population 23,269 ) is a city in Ontario , Canada at the confluence of the Muskrat River and the Ottawa River in the Ottawa Valley . Pembroke is the location of the administrative headquarters of Renfrew County , though the city itself is politically independent . It is 150 kilometres northwest of Ottawa ." } ] }, { "value": "CHRO-TV 5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHRO-TV", "summary": "CHRO-TV , VHF analogue channel 5 , is a CTV 2 owned-and-operated television station licensed to Pembroke , Ontario , Canada . The station is owned by Bell Media , as part of a twinstick with CTV O & O CJOH-DT ( channel 13 ) . The two stations share studios - alongside Bell 's Ottawa radio properties - located at the Market Media Mall building on 87 George Street in Downtown Ottawa 's ByWard Market , and its transmitter is located on TV Tower Road near Pembroke ; the station operates a digital-only rebroadcaster on UHF channel 43 in Ottawa . This station can also be seen on Rogers Cable channel 6 and in high definition on digital channel 595 . The station 's Pembroke facility , which once housed its entire operation and produced a number of local shows , now employs only about one staff member - an on-call engineer . The Pembroke transmitter remains in operation , but the otherwise vacant studio building is now unused ." } ] }, { "value": "1961-1990", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CTV", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Later became affiliated with NewNet ( later A-Channel and A ) in 1995 ; now a CTV Two O & O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Peterborough , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario", "summary": "Peterborough ( /ˈpiːtərbʌroʊ/ PEE-tər-burr-oh ) is a city on the Otonabee River in Central Ontario , Canada , 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) northeast of Toronto and about 270 kilometres ( 167 mi ) southwest of Ottawa . According to the 2016 Census , the population of the City of Peterborough was 81,032 . The population of the Peterborough Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) , which includes the surrounding Townships of Selwyn , Cavan Monaghan , Otonabee-South Monaghan , and Douro-Dummer , was 121,721 in 2016 . In 2016 , Peterborough ranked No . 32 among the countrys 35 census metropolitan areas according to the CMA in Canada . Significant growth is expected starting in late 2019 when the Ontario Highway 407 extension is completed , connecting it to Highway 115/35 south of Peterborough . The current mayor of Peterborough is Diane Therrien . Peterborough is known as the gateway to the Kawarthas , cottage country , a large recreational region of the province . It is named in honour of Peter Robinson , an early Canadian politician who oversaw the first major immigration to the area . The city is the seat of Peterborough County . Peterborough 's nickname in the distant past was The Electric City as it was the first town in Canada to use electric streetlights . It also underscores the historical and present-day importance of technology and manufacturing as an economic base of the city , which has operations from large multi-national companies such as Siemens , Rolls-Royce Limited , and General Electric , and more local businesses such as Merit Precision Ltd. , Dynacast and Bryston ." } ] }, { "value": "CHEX-TV 12", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHEX-TV", "summary": "CHEX-DT , virtual and VHF digital channel 12 , is a Global owned-and-operated television station licensed to Peterborough , Ontario , Canada . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment . CHEX-DT 's studios are located on Monaghan Road ( near Rose Avenue ) in the southern portion of Peterborough , and its transmitter is located on Television Hill , just outside Peterborough . On cable , the station is available on Cogeco channel 2 in standard definition and digital channel 902 in high definition . On satellite , it is carried on Shaw Direct channel 48 on the advanced tier and channel 348 on the classic tier , and on Bell TV channel 217 . CHEX was originally a CBC affiliate , but after 60 years with the CBC it began airing CTV programming on August 31 , 2015 under a programming supply agreement . On August 14 , 2018 , it was announced that CHEX 's affiliation agreement with CTV would expire on August 27 ; the station subsequently became a Global owned-and-operated station , rebranding itself as Global Peterborough ." } ] }, { "value": "1955-2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CTV", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Became a CTV affiliate on August 31 , 2015 ; now a Global O & O", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Former affiliates", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_CBC_television_stations_0", "intro": "CBC Television is a Canadian English language public television network made up of fourteen owned-and-operated stations. Some privately owned stations were formerly affiliated with the network until as late as August 2016. This is a table listing of CBC Television's stations, arranged by market. This article also includes former self-supporting stations later operating as rebroadcasters of regional affiliates, stations no longer affiliated with CBC Television, and stations purchased by the CBC that formerly operated as private CBC Television affiliates. The station's virtual channel number (if applicable) follows the call letters. The number in parentheses that follows is the station's actual digital channel number; digital channels allocated for future use listed in parentheses are italicized. CBC Television's O&Os operate for the most part as a seamless national service, with few deviations from the national schedule. The network's former private affiliates had some flexibility to carry a reduced schedule of network programming if they chose. Over the years the CBC has gradually reduced the number of private affiliates; until 2006 this usually involved either opening a new station (or new rebroadcast transmitters) in a market previously served by a private affiliate, or purchasing the affiliate outright. In most cases since 2006 (when CFJC-TV disaffiliated), it declined to open new rebroadcasters in the affected markets for budgetary reasons, and since then has wound down its remaining affiliation agreements, with the last expiring on August 31, 2016. These disaffiliations, along with the CBC's decision to shut down its TV rebroadcaster network in 2012, have significantly reduced the network's terrestrial coverage; however, under Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) regulations, all cable, satellite, and IPTV service providers are required to include a CBC Television signal in their basic service, even if one is not available terrestrially in the applicable service area. Since September 2014, all CBC Television O&Os have also been separately affiliated with the temporary and (since April 2015) permanent part-time networks operated by Rogers Media for the purposes of distributing the Rogers-produced Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Stars_(Austrian_season_6)", "title": "Dancing Stars (Austrian season 6)", "header": [ "Dance", "Best dancer", "Best score", "Worst dancer", "Worst score" ], "data": [ { "value": "Cha Cha Cha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)", "summary": "The Cha Cha Cha ( sometimes called cha-cha ) , is a dance of Cuban origin . It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s . This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo . The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers ' feet when they dance two consecutive quick steps ( correctly , on the fourth count of each measure ) that characterize the dance . In the early 1950s , Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América . The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón , danzonete , and danzon-mambo for dance-oriented crowds . Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo . To make his music more appealing to dancers , Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated . When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana , it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound cha-cha-cha . Thus , the new style came to be known as cha-cha-chá and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step . The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá ( one , two , three , cha-cha ) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion . For example , one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexandra Meissnitzer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexandra_Meissnitzer", "summary": "Alexandra Meissnitzer ( born 18 June 1973 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were the downhill , super-G , and giant slalom disciplines . From Abtenau , Salzburg , her father , Hans Meissnitzer , a mechanic by trade , taught her to ski at an early age . At the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano , Meissnitzer won the silver in the giant-slalom and the bronze in the super-G , and at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin she won the bronze in the super-G . In 1999 , she won the overall World Cup , to which she added the super-G and giant slalom World Cups for the same season . She also won two world titles ( super-G and giant slalom ) at the 1999 World Championships . A serious training crash in November 1999 , she missed the remainder of the season . At the 2003 World Championships , she won the silver medal in the downhill race ( in a tie with Corinne Rey-Bellet ) behind Melanie Turgeon . Meissnitzer was third in the super-G at the 2008 World Cup finals in Bormio , Italy , and became the oldest woman ( age 34 ) to finish on the podium in an alpine World Cup race ." } ] }, { "value": "37", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alfons Haider Mirna Jukić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfons_Haider", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mirna_Jukić", "summary": "Mirna Jukić ( born 9 April 1986 ) is a retired Austrian swimmer of Croatian origin who won a bronze medal in both short course and long course at the world championships in swimming . She is trained by her father Željko Jukić , a former basketball player . She has had numerous European and World championship successes ." } ] }, { "value": "23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Foxtrot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Foxtrot", "summary": "The foxtrot is a smooth , progressive dance characterized by long , continuous flowing movements across the dance floor . It is danced to big band ( usually vocal ) music . The dance is similar in its look to waltz , although the rhythm is in a 44 time signature instead of 34 . Developed in the 1910s , the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today ." } ] }, { "value": "Astrid Wirtenberger", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Astrid_Wirtenberger", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "40", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dieter Chmelar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dieter_Chmelar", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jive", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jive_(dance)", "summary": "In latin dancing , the jive is a dance style that originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1930s . It was popularized in 1934 by Cab Calloway . It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug , a form of Swing dance ." } ] }, { "value": "Astrid Wirtenberger", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Astrid_Wirtenberger", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "40", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dieter Chmelar Alexandra Meissnitzer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dieter_Chmelar", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alexandra_Meissnitzer", "summary": "Alexandra Meissnitzer ( born 18 June 1973 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were the downhill , super-G , and giant slalom disciplines . From Abtenau , Salzburg , her father , Hans Meissnitzer , a mechanic by trade , taught her to ski at an early age . At the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano , Meissnitzer won the silver in the giant-slalom and the bronze in the super-G , and at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin she won the bronze in the super-G . In 1999 , she won the overall World Cup , to which she added the super-G and giant slalom World Cups for the same season . She also won two world titles ( super-G and giant slalom ) at the 1999 World Championships . A serious training crash in November 1999 , she missed the remainder of the season . At the 2003 World Championships , she won the silver medal in the downhill race ( in a tie with Corinne Rey-Bellet ) behind Melanie Turgeon . Meissnitzer was third in the super-G at the 2008 World Cup finals in Bormio , Italy , and became the oldest woman ( age 34 ) to finish on the podium in an alpine World Cup race ." } ] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mambo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mambo_(dance)", "summary": "Mambo is a Latin dance of Cuba which was developed in the 1940s when the music genre of the same name became popular throughout Latin America . The original ballroom dance which emerged in Cuba and Mexico was related to the danzón , albeit faster and less rigid . In the United States , it replaced rhumba as the most fashionable Latin dance . Later on , with the advent of salsa and its more sophisticated dance , a new type of mambo dance including breaking steps was popularized in New York . This form received the name of salsa on 2 , mambo on 2 or modern mambo ." } ] }, { "value": "Astrid Wirtenberger", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Astrid_Wirtenberger", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "36", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mike Galeli Alfons Haider", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mike_Galeli", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alfons_Haider", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "29", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Paso Doble", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paso_Doble", "summary": "Pasodoble ( Spanish : double step ) is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by infantry troops . Its speed allowed troops to give 120 steps per minute ( double the average of a regular unit , hence its name ) . This march gave rise to a traditional Spanish dance , a musical genre including both voice and instruments , and a genre of instrumental music often played during bullfight . Both the dance and the non martial compositions are also called pasodoble ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexandra Meissnitzer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexandra_Meissnitzer", "summary": "Alexandra Meissnitzer ( born 18 June 1973 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were the downhill , super-G , and giant slalom disciplines . From Abtenau , Salzburg , her father , Hans Meissnitzer , a mechanic by trade , taught her to ski at an early age . At the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano , Meissnitzer won the silver in the giant-slalom and the bronze in the super-G , and at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin she won the bronze in the super-G . In 1999 , she won the overall World Cup , to which she added the super-G and giant slalom World Cups for the same season . She also won two world titles ( super-G and giant slalom ) at the 1999 World Championships . A serious training crash in November 1999 , she missed the remainder of the season . At the 2003 World Championships , she won the silver medal in the downhill race ( in a tie with Corinne Rey-Bellet ) behind Melanie Turgeon . Meissnitzer was third in the super-G at the 2008 World Cup finals in Bormio , Italy , and became the oldest woman ( age 34 ) to finish on the podium in an alpine World Cup race ." } ] }, { "value": "34", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alfons Haider", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfons_Haider", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quickstep", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quickstep", "summary": "The quickstep is a light-hearted dance of the standard ballroom dances . The movement of the dance is fast and powerfully flowing and sprinkled with syncopations . The upbeat melodies that quickstep is danced to make it suitable for both formal and informal events . Quickstep was developed in the 1920s in New York City and was first danced by Caribbean and African dancers . Its origins are in combination of slow foxtrot combined with the Charleston , a dance which was one of the precursors to what today is called swing dancing ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexandra Meissnitzer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexandra_Meissnitzer", "summary": "Alexandra Meissnitzer ( born 18 June 1973 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were the downhill , super-G , and giant slalom disciplines . From Abtenau , Salzburg , her father , Hans Meissnitzer , a mechanic by trade , taught her to ski at an early age . At the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano , Meissnitzer won the silver in the giant-slalom and the bronze in the super-G , and at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin she won the bronze in the super-G . In 1999 , she won the overall World Cup , to which she added the super-G and giant slalom World Cups for the same season . She also won two world titles ( super-G and giant slalom ) at the 1999 World Championships . A serious training crash in November 1999 , she missed the remainder of the season . At the 2003 World Championships , she won the silver medal in the downhill race ( in a tie with Corinne Rey-Bellet ) behind Melanie Turgeon . Meissnitzer was third in the super-G at the 2008 World Cup finals in Bormio , Italy , and became the oldest woman ( age 34 ) to finish on the podium in an alpine World Cup race ." } ] }, { "value": "36", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dieter Chmelar Reinhard Nowak", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dieter_Chmelar", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Reinhard_Nowak", "summary": "Reinhard Nowak ( born 28 April 1964 ) is an Austrian actor . He appeared in more than sixty films since 1985 ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rumba", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rhumba", "summary": "Rhumba , also known as ballroom rumba , is a genre of ballroom music and dance that appeared in the East Coast of the United States during the 1930s . It combined American big band music with Afro-Cuban rhythms , primarily the son cubano , but also conga and rumba . Although taking its name from the latter , ballroom rumba differs completely from Cuban rumba in both its music and its dance . Hence , authors prefer the Americanized spelling of the word ( rhumba ) to distinguish between them ." } ] }, { "value": "Alfons Haider Mirna Jukić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfons_Haider", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mirna_Jukić", "summary": "Mirna Jukić ( born 9 April 1986 ) is a retired Austrian swimmer of Croatian origin who won a bronze medal in both short course and long course at the world championships in swimming . She is trained by her father Željko Jukić , a former basketball player . She has had numerous European and World championship successes ." } ] }, { "value": "33", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Markus Wolfahrt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Markus_Wolfahrt", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Samba", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Samba_(ballroom_dance)", "summary": "The international ballroom version of samba is a lively , rhythmical dance with elements from Brazilian samba . It differs considerably from the original samba styles of Brazil ; in particular , it differs from Samba de Gafieira , a partner type of Samba in that country ." } ] }, { "value": "Astrid Wirtenberger", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Astrid_Wirtenberger", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "34", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dieter Chmelar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dieter_Chmelar", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tango", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tango_(dance)", "summary": "Tango is a partner dance , and social dance that originated in the 1880s along the Río de la Plata , the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay . It was born in the impoverished port areas of these countries , where natives mixed with slave and European immigrant populations . The tango is the result of a combination of the German Waltz , Czech Polka , Polish Mazurka , and Bohemian Schottische with the Spanish-Cuban Habanera , African Candombe , and Argentinian Milonga . The tango was frequently practiced in the brothels and bars of ports , where business owners employed bands to entertain their patrons with music . The tango then spread to the rest of the world . Many variations of this dance currently exist around the world . On August 31 , 2009 , UNESCO approved a joint proposal by Argentina and Uruguay to include the tango in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexandra Meissnitzer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexandra_Meissnitzer", "summary": "Alexandra Meissnitzer ( born 18 June 1973 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were the downhill , super-G , and giant slalom disciplines . From Abtenau , Salzburg , her father , Hans Meissnitzer , a mechanic by trade , taught her to ski at an early age . At the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano , Meissnitzer won the silver in the giant-slalom and the bronze in the super-G , and at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin she won the bronze in the super-G . In 1999 , she won the overall World Cup , to which she added the super-G and giant slalom World Cups for the same season . She also won two world titles ( super-G and giant slalom ) at the 1999 World Championships . A serious training crash in November 1999 , she missed the remainder of the season . At the 2003 World Championships , she won the silver medal in the downhill race ( in a tie with Corinne Rey-Bellet ) behind Melanie Turgeon . Meissnitzer was third in the super-G at the 2008 World Cup finals in Bormio , Italy , and became the oldest woman ( age 34 ) to finish on the podium in an alpine World Cup race ." } ] }, { "value": "39", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Markus Wolfahrt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Markus_Wolfahrt", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Viennese Waltz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Viennese_Waltz", "summary": "Viennese waltz ( German : Wiener Walzer ) is a genre of ballroom dance . At least four different meanings are recognized . In the historically first sense , the name may refer to several versions of the waltz , including the earliest waltzes done in ballroom dancing , danced to the music of Viennese waltz . What is now called the Viennese waltz is the original form of the waltz . It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or waltz position . The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz , danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar ( the international standard of 30 measures per minute ) , while the Viennese waltz is danced at about 180 beats ( 58-60 measures ) per minute . To this day however , in Germany , Austria , Scandinavia , and France , the words Walzer ( German ) , vals ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , and valse ( French ) still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz . The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either toward the leader 's right ( natural ) or toward the leader 's left ( reverse ) , interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . As the waltz evolved , some of the versions that were done at about the original fast tempo came to be called specifically Viennese waltz to distinguish them from the slower waltzes . In the modern ballroom dance , two versions of Viennese waltz are recognized : International Style and American Style . Today the Viennese waltz is a ballroom and partner dance that is part of the International Standard division of contemporary ballroom dance ." } ] }, { "value": "Alfons Haider", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfons_Haider", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "32", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mike Galeli", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mike_Galeli", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Waltz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Waltz", "summary": "The waltz ( from German Walzer [ ˈvalt͡sɐ̯ ] ) is a ballroom and folk dance , normally in triple ( help·info ) time , performed primarily in closed position ." } ] }, { "value": "Astrid Wirtenberger", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Astrid_Wirtenberger", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "33", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dieter Chmelar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dieter_Chmelar", "summary": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27 , 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Scoring Chart -- Highest and lowest scoring performances of the series", "section_text": "The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' marks are as follows :", "uid": "Dancing_Stars_(Austria_season_6)_1", "intro": "The sixth edition of Dancing Stars was broadcast from March 11 to May 27, 2011 on ORF1 and was presented by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Klaus Eberhartinger." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Cup", "title": "2005 UCI Women's Road World Cup", "header": [ "Date", "Event", "Country", "Winner" ], "data": [ { "value": "27 February", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Australia World Cup , Geelong", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Australia_World_Cup", "summary": "The Australia World Cup was a women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in Australia from 1998 to 2008 as part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup . The location of the race varied : in 1998 , it was held in Sydney ; from 1999 to 2001 , it was held in Canberra ; in 2002 it was held in the Snowy Mountains and ; from 2003 to 2008 it was held in Geelong , Victoria ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Geelong", "summary": "Geelong ( /dʒɪˈlɒŋ/ ) is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River , in the state of Victoria , Australia . Geelong is 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) south-west of the state capital , Melbourne . It is the second largest Victorian city , with an estimated urban population of 268,277 as of June 2018 . Geelong runs from the plains of Lara in the north to the rolling hills of Waurn Ponds to the south , with Corio Bay to the east and the Barrabool Hills to the west . Geelong is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality , which covers urban , rural and coastal areas surrounding the city , including the Bellarine Peninsula . [ note 1 ] Geelong was named in 1827 , with the name derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region , Djillong , thought to mean land or cliffs or tongue of land or peninsula . Geelong City is also known as the 'Gateway City ' due to its central location to surrounding Victorian regional centres like Ballarat in the north west , Torquay , Great Ocean Road and Warrnambool in the southwest , Hamilton , Colac and Winchelsea to the west , and the state capital of Melbourne in the north east . The area was first surveyed in 1838 , three weeks after Melbourne . The post office was open by June 1840 ( the second to open in the Port Phillip District ) . The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the wool industry of the Western District . During the gold rush , Geelong experienced a brief boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district . The city then diversified into manufacturing , and during the 1860s , it became one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills , ropeworks , and paper mills ." } ] }, { "value": "Australia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Australia", "summary": "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rochelle Gilmore ( AUS )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rochelle_Gilmore", "summary": "Rochelle Gilmore ( born 14 December 1981 in Sutherland , New South Wales ) is an Australian former racing cyclist currently living in Italy . She is the owner and manager of Wiggle High5 . Gilmore previously rode for G.S . Safi-Pasta Zara-Manhattan . She splits her time between the road circuit and the track World Cup . In 2006 , she won a stage at the Geelong Women 's Tour , took second in the Commonwealth Games points race ( behind teammate Kate Bates ) , and earned top five finishes in a Giro d'Italia Femminile stage , the Geelong World Cup , and the Liberty Classic . Gilmore is often referred to in the media as the 'bridesmaid ' , as she constantly finished runner-up in many events . In the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi , she broke the jinx and won the gold medal in the 112 km road bicycle racing event . After her retirement she said she felt she achieved her maximum potential during her career through hard work and extensive preparation . In her teens she competed in track cycling ( velodrome ) but specialised in road racing for more than 10 years . In addition to founding Wiggle-Honda , in January 2015 Gilmore announced the launch of the High5 Dream Team , an Australian women 's team competing in Australia 's National Road Series aiming to help riders progress to road racing in Europe and to fill a gap created by Cycling Australia suspending its women 's development programme due to financial problems . In a blogpost for cyclingnews.com in November 2015 Gilmore announced that she had retired from competition ." } ] }, { "value": "6 March", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Zealand World Cup", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Zealand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Zealand", "summary": "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ." } ] }, { "value": "Suzanne De Goede ( NED )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Suzanne_De_Goede", "summary": "Suzanne de Goede ( born 16 April 1984 ) is a former Dutch professional racing cyclist ." } ] }, { "value": "19 March", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Primavera Rosa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Primavera_Rosa", "summary": "The Primavera Rosa was an elite women 's professional one-day road bicycle race held between 1999 and 2005 in Liguria , Italy as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup . The race was a female version of Milan-San Remo being organised on the same day and finishing in Sanremo shortly before the men but racing over a shorter distance , hence the start was in Varazze . The 2006 edition was initially planned but cancelled before the event ." } ] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Italy", "summary": "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ." } ] }, { "value": "Trixi Worrack ( GER )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Trixi_Worrack", "summary": "Beatrix Trixi Worrack ( born 28 September 1981 in Cottbus ) is a German professional road racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam Trek-Segafredo . The 2003 German national road race champion , Worrack 's career highlights include winning the 2005 Primavera Rosa ( the women 's Milan-San Remo ) , capturing the overall title at the 2004 Tour de l'Aude Cycliste Féminin and competing in the women 's road race and time trial at the 2004 Summer Olympics and in the road race and the Women 's time trial at the 2012 Summer Olympics . In November 2015 she was announced as part of the Canyon-SRAM team 's inaugural squad for the 2016 season ." } ] }, { "value": "3 April", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tour of Flanders for Women", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders_for_Women", "summary": "The Tour of Flanders for Women ( Dutch : Ronde van Vlaanderen voor Vrouwen ) is the women 's edition of the Tour of Flanders , an annual road bicycle racing event in Flanders , Belgium , held in early April . It is held on the same day as the men 's race , on much of the same roads but at a shorter distance . Dutch rider Mirjam Melchers and German Judith Arndt hold the record with two wins . Dutch rider Anna van der Breggen won the most recent race in 2018 . The event has been held annually since 2004 on the same day as the men 's race . From 2004 to 2015 it was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup . Since 2016 , the race is included in the UCI Women 's World Tour , cycling 's top-tier female elite competition . Since the first edition , organisers have included more climbs and extended the race gradually from 94 km in the first edition to 157 km in 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "Belgium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belgium", "summary": "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ." } ] }, { "value": "Mirjam Melchers ( NED )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mirjam_Melchers", "summary": "Maria Wilhelmina Johanna Mirjam Melchers-Van Poppel ( born September 26 , 1975 in Arnhem , Gelderland ) is a female former racing cyclist from the Netherlands , married to former sprinter Jean-Paul van Poppel . She was one of the leading cyclists in the world , having held the UCI number one ranking [ when ? ] as well as winning highly rated races . She was a one-day specialist but has managed smaller stage races . In 2003 , she won the GP Feminas Castilla y Leon round of the World Cup and finished third overall in the series behind Nicole Cooke and German sprinter Regina Schleicher . Melchers also finished first in the Damesronde van Drenthe and the Emakumeen Bira , before bringing her season to a close with a silver medal at the world championship road race in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . On September 7 , 2006 Melchers crashed during the third stage of the Euregio Tour . She broke her pelvis , a hip and her jaw ." } ] }, { "value": "20 April", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La Flèche Wallonne Féminine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Flèche_Wallonne_Féminine", "summary": "La Flèche Wallonne Féminine is a professional women 's bicycle road race held each year in Wallonia , Belgium , in April . It is part of the UCI Women 's World Tour , cycling 's season-long competition of top-tier races , in which it is the third-oldest single-day event after the Trofeo Alfredo Binda in Italy and the Emakumeen Euskal Bira in the Basque Country . The event is raced on the same day as La Flèche Wallonne for men . The race was inaugurated by Tour de France organizers ASO in 1998 and quickly became a road race classic . From 1999 onwards , the women 's Flèche Wallonne was a UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup event . In 2016 , the race became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . The Flèche Wallonne Féminine is held in conjunction with the men 's race , on much of the same roads but at a shorter distance . Likewise , the race always finishes on the steep Mur de Huy . Two Dutch riders hold the record with five wins . Marianne Vos between 2007 and 2013 . Fellow Dutch Anna van der Breggen won her fifth consecutive Flèche Wallonne in 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "Belgium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belgium", "summary": "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ." } ] }, { "value": "Nicole Cooke ( GBR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nicole_Cooke", "summary": "Nicole Denise Cooke , MBE ( born 13 April 1983 ) is a Welsh former professional road bicycle racer and Commonwealth , Olympic and World road race champion . Cooke announced her retirement from the sport on 14 January 2013 at the age of 29 ." } ] }, { "value": "8 May", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GP Castilla y León", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Spain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Spain", "summary": "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ." } ] }, { "value": "Susanne Ljungskog ( SWE )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Susanne_Ljungskog", "summary": "Susanne Ljungskog ( born 16 March 1976 in Halmstad ) is a Swedish cyclist . A four-time Olympian ( 1996 , 2000 , 2004 and 2008 ) , she won the world road race championship in 2002 and 2003 . The same years , she was UCI points champion . She has also won two World Cup races . Ljungskog received the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 2002 ." } ] }, { "value": "28 May", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Coupe_du_Monde_Cycliste_Féminine_de_Montréal", "summary": "The Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal ( English : Women 's Cycling World Cup of Montreal , or simply Montreal World Cup ) was an elite women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually between 1998 and 2009 in Montréal , Quebec , Canada as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup season ." } ] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "Geneviève Jeanson ( CAN )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Geneviève_Jeanson", "summary": "Geneviève Jeanson ( born August 29 , 1981 ) is a former professional bicycle racer from Quebec , Canada . She won the world junior road and time trial championships in 1999 and the Tour de Snowy in 2000 . Later that year she won La Flèche Wallonne World Cup race . She joined the Canadian Olympic team that year . She acknowledged in a documentary on Radio-Canada ( the French-language CBC ) on September 20 , 2007 , that she had been administered EPO more or less continuously since she was 16 years old . After residing in Phoenix , Arizona and San Diego , California ( where she studied sociology and psychology ) , Jeanson came back to Lachine , Quebec in 2012 to live with her once estranged parents and complete her college-level education at the Saint-Anne Collégial International . In autumn 2014 , she attended Concordia University , in Montreal , where she studied neuroscience . Jeanson currently lives with her common law husband and works in the fitness industry ." } ] }, { "value": "21 August", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GP of Wales", "urls": [] }, { "value": "United Kingdom", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_Kingdom", "summary": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ." } ] }, { "value": "Judith Arndt ( GER )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Judith_Arndt", "summary": "Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race ." } ] }, { "value": "27 August", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GP de Plouay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP_de_Plouay", "summary": "The Grand Prix de Plouay - Lorient Agglomération is an elite professional women 's road bicycle race held in Plouay , France . It is organized annually since 2002 , on the day of the men 's race and on the same circuit . The race consists of four 26,9 km laps and two 13,9 km lap , totalling 135,4 km . The race was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2015 . In 2016 , the race became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour ." } ] }, { "value": "France", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/France", "summary": "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Noemi Cantele ( ITA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Noemi_Cantele", "summary": "Noemi Cantele ( born July 17 , 1981 ) is a professional road bicycle racer . In 2012 , she rides for the Be Pink team in women 's elite professional events on the National Racing Calendar and UCI Women 's World Cup . She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Women 's road race and the Women 's time trial ." } ] }, { "value": "4 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lowland International Rotterdam Tour", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lowland_International_Rotterdam_Tour", "summary": "The Rotterdam Tour , in its first two editions called the Tour Beneden-Maas , was an elite women 's professional one-day road bicycle race held between 1998 and 2006 in Rotterdam , Netherlands as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup . For commercial reasons the race was also known as Lowland International Rotterdam Tour ." } ] }, { "value": "Netherlands", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Netherlands", "summary": "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ." } ] }, { "value": "Ina-Yoko Teutenberg ( GER )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ina-Yoko_Teutenberg", "summary": "Ina-Yoko Teutenberg ( born 28 October 1974 ) is a German former road bicycle racer , who competed professionally between 2000 and 2013 for the Red Bull Frankfurt , Saturn Cycling Team and Specialized-lululemon teams . She took over 200 wins during her career , including 11 stages of the Giro Rosa , the 2009 Tour of Flanders , and being part of the Team Specialized-lululemon team that won the World Team Time Trial Championship in 2012 . She now works as a directeur sportif for UCI Women 's Team Trek-Segafredo ." } ] }, { "value": "11 September", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rund_um_die_Nürnberger_Altstadt", "summary": "Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt ( English : Tour of Old Town Nuremberg ) is an elite men 's and women 's professional road bicycle racing event held each September in the old town section of Nuremberg , Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Germany", "summary": "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ." } ] }, { "value": "Giorgia Bronzini ( ITA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Giorgia_Bronzini", "summary": "Giorgia Bronzini ( born 3 August 1983 ) is an Italian professional racing cyclist . She was born in Piacenza . She won the women 's road race in the UCI Road World Championships in both 2010 and 2011 and the women 's points race in the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 2009 . She has taken a total of 80 victories on the road and the track , including stages of the Giro Rosa , the Route de France Féminine , the Tour of Qatar , the Tour of California , and the Tour of Chongming Island . After a 16-year career , in August 2018 Bronzini announced that she would retire at the end of the season and become a directeur sportif with Trek Bicycle Corporation 's new women 's team in 2019 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Races", "section_text": "", "uid": "2005_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Cup_0", "intro": "The 2005 UCI Women's Road World Cup was the eighth edition of the UCI Women's Road World Cup. It was contested over eleven rounds; in addition to the races in 2004, there was the return of the New Zealand World Cup and the GP of Wales. Oenone Wood won her second consecutive overall title." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTPC_Limited", "title": "NTPC Limited", "header": [ "Sr. No", "Project", "State", "Capacity in MW", "Units in MW", "Status" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Singrauli_Super_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Singrauli Super Thermal Power Plant is located at Shaktinagar in Sonebhadra district in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . The power plant is the first power plant of NTPC . It sources coal from Jayant and Bina mines and water from Rihand Reservoir . The states benefitting from this power plant are Uttar Pradesh , Uttranchal , Rajasthan , Punjab , Haryana , Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and the Union Territories of Delhi and Chandigarh . An investment worth ₹11,907 million ( US $ 170 million ) has already been cleared . It even gets international assistance from IDA . ON 31 December 2014 , a 15 MW solar PV was commissioned at NTPC SIngrauli . An 8 MW small hydro CW discharge plant has been constructed on discharge canal ." } ] }, { "value": "Uttar Pradesh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5x200 , 2x500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NTPC Korba", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NTPC_Korba", "summary": "Korba Super Thermal Power Plant is located at Jamnipali in Korba district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh . The power plant is one of the coal-based power plants of National Thermal Power Corporation ( NTPC ) . The coal for the power plant is sourced from Kusmunda and Gevra Mines . The source of water for the power plant is Hasdeo River ." } ] }, { "value": "Chhattisgarh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chhattisgarh", "summary": "Chhattisgarh ( Chhattīsgaṛh , Hindi pronunciation : [ /ˈtʃʰət̪ːisgəɽʱ/ ] , translation : Thirty-Six Forts ) is one of the 28 states of India , located in the centre-east of the country . It is the ninth-largest state in India , with an area of 135,192 km2 ( 52,198 sq mi ) . With a 2011 population of 25.5 million , Chhattisgarh is the 16th-most populated state in the country . A resource-rich state , it is a source of electricity and steel for the country , accounting for 15% of the total steel produced as well as large contributor of coal . Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India . The state was formed on 1 November 2000 by partitioning ten Chhattisgarhi and six Gondi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh . The capital city is Raipur . Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh in the northwest , Uttar Pradesh in the north , Jharkhand in northeast , Maharashtra in the southwest , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in the south , and Odisha in the southeast . Currently the state comprises 30 districts . The Gross State Domestic Product ( GSDP ) of Chhattisgarh is ₹3.63 lakh crore ( US $ 51 billion ) and the per capita GSDP ₹102,762 ( US $ 1,400 )" } ] }, { "value": "2,600", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3x200 , 4x500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NTPC Ramagundam", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NTPC_Ramagundam", "summary": "NTPC Ramagundam , a part of National Thermal Power Corporation , is a 2600 MW Power station situated at Ramagundam in Peddapalli district in the Indian state of Telangana , India . It is the current largest power station in South India . It is the first ISO 14001 certified Super Thermal Power Station in India ." } ] }, { "value": "Telangana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Telangana", "summary": "Telangana ( /tɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in India situated on the centre-south stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau . It is the twelfth largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 ( 43,273 sq mi ) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census . On 2 June 2014 , the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed 29th state with Hyderabad as its historic permanent capital . Its other major cities include Warangal , Nizamabad , Khammam and Karimnagar . Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north , Chhattisgarh to the east , Karnataka to the west , and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south . The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills , mountain ranges , and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 ( 10,538 sq mi ) . As of 2019 , the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts . Throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages , the region now known as Telangana was ruled by multiple major Indian powers such as the Cholas , Mauryans , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Kakatiyas , Delhi Sultanate , Bahmani Sultanate , Golconda Sultanate . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the region was ruled by the Mughals . The region is known for its Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb . During the 18th century and the British Raj , Telangana was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1823 , the Nizams lost control over Northern Circars ( Coastal Andhra ) and Ceded Districts ( Rayalseema ) , which were handed over to the East India Company ." } ] }, { "value": "2,600", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3x200 , 4x500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Farakka Super Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Farakka_Super_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Farakka Super Thermal Power Plant is located at Nabarun in Murshidabad district in Indian state of West Bengal . The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC.The unit wise capacity and other details are as follows ." } ] }, { "value": "West Bengal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Bengal", "summary": "West Bengal ( /bɛnˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : Paschim Banga ) is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal . With over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) , it is India 's fourth-most populous state . West Bengal is the thirteenth-largest Indian state , with an area of 88,752 km2 ( 34,267 sq mi ) . Part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north . It also borders the Indian states of Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim , and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) the seventh-largest city in India , and center of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country . West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region , and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group is the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . The area 's early history featured a succession of Indian empires , internal squabbling , and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas ( kingdoms ) , while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period . The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires , including the Mauryans and Guptas . It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms ." } ] }, { "value": "2,100", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3x200 , 3x500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vindhyachal_Super_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "The Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station is located in Singrauli district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh . One of the coal-fired power stations of NTPC , it is the largest power station in India , and the 9th largest coal-fired power station in the world , with an installed capacity of 4,760 MW . The coal for the power plant is sourced from Nigahi mines , and the water is sourced from the discharge canal of Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Madhya Pradesh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh", "summary": "Madhya Pradesh ( MP ; /ˌmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ , Hindi : [ ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal , and the largest city is Indore , with Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Ujjain being the other major cities . Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state . The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the tenth-largest state economy in India with ₹8.09 lakh crore ( US $ 110 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹90,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "4,760", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6x210 , 7x500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional . Largest Thermal Power Station of India", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rihand Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rihand_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Rihand Super Thermal Power Project is located at Renukut , Sonebhadra in Sonbhadra district in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC Limited ." } ] }, { "value": "Uttar Pradesh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh", "summary": "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "3,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6x500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kahalgaon_Super_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station ( KhSTPP ) is located in Kahalgaon in Bhagalpur district of Bihar . The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC . The coal for the power plant is sourced from Rajmahal coalfield of Eastern Coalfields Limited . Source of water for the power plant is Ganga River ." } ] }, { "value": "Bihar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bihar", "summary": "Bihar ( /bɪˈhɑːr/ ; Hindi pronunciation : [ bɪˈɦaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a state in eastern India . It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory , with an area of 94,163 km2 ( 36,357 sq mi ) . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west , Nepal to the north , the northern part of West Bengal to the east , and with Jharkhand to the south . The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges , which flows from west to east . Three main cultural regions converge in the state : Magadh , Mithila , and Bhojpur . On 15 November 2000 , southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand . Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas , which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh . Additionally , almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 , giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state . In ancient and classical India , the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power , learning , and culture . From Magadha arose India 's first empire , the Maurya empire , as well as one of the world 's most widely adhered-to religions : Buddhism . Magadha empires , notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties , unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule . Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "2,340", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4x210 , 3x500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NTPC Dadri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NTPC_Dadri", "summary": "National Capital Power Station ( NCPS ) Or NTPC Dadri , is the power project to meet the power demand of National Capital Region ( India ) . It has a huge coal-fired thermal power plant and a gas-fired plant and has a small township located in Uttar Pradesh , India for its employees . It is located in Gautam Budh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh about 25 km from Ghaziabad and about 9 km from Dadri . It is nearly 48 km from New Delhi towards Hapur . The township has an area of about 500 acres over all . NTPC Dadri is a branch of National Thermal Power Corporation , which is a public sector now . It is about 20 km from Ghaziabad via Badalpur , Mahawar , Bamabawar , and Akilpur Jagir ." } ] }, { "value": "Uttar Pradesh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh", "summary": "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1,820", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4x210 , 2x490", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Talcher Super Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Talcher_Super_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Talcher Super Thermal Power Station or NTPC Talcher Kaniha located in Angul district of the Indian state of Odisha is the first mega power plant of India to have an installed generation capacity of 3000MW . The power plant is one of the coal-based power plants of NTPC . The coal for the power plant is sourced from Lingraj Block & Kaniha coal block of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd . Source of water for the power plant is from Samal Barrage Reservoir on Brahmani River . The plant supplies power to Indian states of Odisha , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Telangana as well as Bihar and West Bengal . The East South Interconnection of the Indian power grid starts from NTPC kaniha and ends at Kolar in Karnataka . This being a DC link is one of its kind in India as uptill now there are only 3 installed HVDC system present in India . The Southern grid is weakly interconnected to the National grid of India through the Talcher-Kolar HVDC system in the East ." } ] }, { "value": "Odisha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Odisha", "summary": "Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "3,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6x500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Feroze_Gandhi_Unchahar_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant is located at Unchahar in Raebareli district in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC Limited . In the year 1992 , Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board ( U.P.S.E.B . ) transferred Unchahar Thermal Power Station to NTPC Limited against payment overdue and later on renamed it to Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant by NTPC Limited ." } ] }, { "value": "Uttar Pradesh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh", "summary": "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1,550", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5x210 , 1×500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Talcher Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Talcher_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Talcher Thermal Power station is located in Talcher sub-division of Angul district in the Indian state of Odisha Pin.759101 . The power plant is one of the coal-based plants of NTPC . The coal for the power plant is sourced from Jagannath Mines of Mahanadi Coalfields Limited . Source of water for the plant is from Brahmani River . This power plant has been ranked among the best power plants in the country despite being the oldest plant in the state . It has consistently topped the charts in NTPC for the last 4 years and was also the nation 's top power plant ( by PLF ) in 2015-16 . On 23 November 2016 , TTPS achieved the highest ever power generation among all the power plants in the country in a single day at 104.13% PLF ." } ] }, { "value": "Odisha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Odisha", "summary": "Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "460", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2x110 , 4x60", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Simhadri Super Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Simhadri_Super_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant is a coal-fired power plant located in the outskirts of Visakhapatnam city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . The power plant is one of the coal fired power plants of NTPC , a Government of India enterprise . The coal for the power plant is sourced from Kalinga Block of Talcher Coal fields in Odisha . The plant is a national asset , and power generated is shared between multiple states , as the operator is national . Power generated by units 1 and 2 , making up for 1,000 MW , is dedicated to power distribution companies owned by the Government of Andhra Pradesh and Telengana . The remaining 1,000 MW , generated by units 3 and 4 , is allocated to the states of Odisha , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , A. P. , Telangana and pondicherry as per their shares as decided in PPA . NTPC Simhadri is a modern coal-fired power plant , and is a combination of four independent generation units , with common water and fuel sources , and common ash ponds . Each of the four units has a nameplate capacity of 500 MW . Units 1 and 2 were built in the first phase of development , and were commissioned in February 2002 and August 2004 , respectively , to meet urgent needs of power in the largely agrarian Coastal Andhra and North-Coastal Andhra regions . Units 3 and 4 were built in the second phase , and commissioned in March 2011 and March 2012 , respectively . Since the operator of this plant is a Government of India enterprise , and since the plant was built with central government funds , power generated by units 3 and 4 are sold to distribution companies based in neighbouring states of Odisha , Tamil Nadu , and Karnataka , over the National Grid , as power stocks . The allocations are decided between NTPC and the three states ' discoms ." } ] }, { "value": "Andhra Pradesh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh", "summary": "Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema ." } ] }, { "value": "2,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4x500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tanda Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tanda_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Tanda Thermal Power Station is located in Ambedkar Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC . The coal for the power plant is sourced from North Karnpura Coal Fields . Source of water for the power plant is from Tanda Pump Canal on Saryu River . In the year 2000 , Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board ( U.P.S.E.B . ) transferred Tanda Thermal Power Plant to NTPC Limited against payment overdue . After acquisition of this plant , because of the better maintenance by NTPC Limited , this power plant has crossed its Plant Load Factor ( P.L.F . ) to more than 100% ." } ] }, { "value": "Uttar Pradesh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh", "summary": "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1,760", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4x110 , 2×660", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4x110 MW Units functional , 2×660 MW Unit Under Construction", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Badarpur Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badarpur_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Badarpur Thermal Power Station was a Power Station located at Badarpur area in NCT Delhi . The power plant was one of the coal based power plants of NTPC . The National Power Training Institute ( NPTI ) for North India Region under Ministry of Power , Government of India was established at Badarpur in 1974 , within the Badarpur Thermal power plant ( BTPS ) complex . The power plant permanently shut down on 15 October 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "Delhi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Delhi", "summary": "Delhi ( English : /ˈdɛli/ ; Hindi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Punjabi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Urdu : [ ˈdeɦli ] Dēhlī ) , officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi ( NCT ) , is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi , the capital of India . It is bordered by the state of Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east . The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the 2011 census , Delhi 's city proper population was over 11 million , the second-highest in India after Mumbai , while the whole NCT 's population was about 16.8 million . Delhi 's urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundaries , and include the neighbouring satellite cities of Ghaziabad , Faridabad , Gurgaon and Noida in an area now called National Capital Region ( NCR ) and had an estimated 2016 population of over 26 million people , making it the world 's second-largest urban area according to the United Nations . As of 2016 [ update ] , recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the most or second-most productive metro area of India . Delhi is the second-wealthiest city in India after Mumbai and is home to 18 billionaires and 23,000 millionaires . Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index . Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India . Furthermore , it is considered one of the world 's most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration . Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BCE . Through most of its history , Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires , most notably the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire ." } ] }, { "value": "705", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2x210 , 3x95", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units retired", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sipat Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sipat_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Sipat Super Thermal Power Station or Rajiv Gandhi Super Thermal Power Station is located at Sipat in Bilaspur district in state of Chhattisgarh . The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC . The coal for the power plant is sourced from Dipika Mines of South Eastern Coalfields Limited . The project has an installed capacity of 2980 MW consisting of two stages , stage one which got commissioned late was of 3 units of 660 MW each involving super-critical boilers technology and stage two consisted of 2 units of 500 MW each . PM Manmohan Singh inaugurated the Sipat Thermal Power Plant on September 20 , 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Chhattisgarh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chhattisgarh", "summary": "Chhattisgarh ( Chhattīsgaṛh , Hindi pronunciation : [ /ˈtʃʰət̪ːisgəɽʱ/ ] , translation : Thirty-Six Forts ) is one of the 28 states of India , located in the centre-east of the country . It is the ninth-largest state in India , with an area of 135,192 km2 ( 52,198 sq mi ) . With a 2011 population of 25.5 million , Chhattisgarh is the 16th-most populated state in the country . A resource-rich state , it is a source of electricity and steel for the country , accounting for 15% of the total steel produced as well as large contributor of coal . Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India . The state was formed on 1 November 2000 by partitioning ten Chhattisgarhi and six Gondi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh . The capital city is Raipur . Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh in the northwest , Uttar Pradesh in the north , Jharkhand in northeast , Maharashtra in the southwest , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in the south , and Odisha in the southeast . Currently the state comprises 30 districts . The Gross State Domestic Product ( GSDP ) of Chhattisgarh is ₹3.63 lakh crore ( US $ 51 billion ) and the per capita GSDP ₹102,762 ( US $ 1,400 )" } ] }, { "value": "2,980", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2x500 , 3x660", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mauda Super Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mauda_Super_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Mauda Super Thermal Power Station or NTPC Mauda is located at Mauda a Tehsil in Ramtek subdivision of Nagpur district in Nagpur revenue Division in the Berar region in the state of Maharashtra , India . The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of National Thermal Power Corporation . 1000 MW Stage 1 was dedicated to nation by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 21 August 2014 . Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited ( BHEL ) is the EPC contractor ( EPCC ) for the power project ." } ] }, { "value": "Maharashtra", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maharashtra", "summary": "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ." } ] }, { "value": "2,320", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2x500 , 2x660", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Barh Super Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Barh_Super_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Barh Super Thermal Power Station or NTPC Barh is located in Barh in the Indian state of Bihar . NTPC Barh is located barely four kilometres east of the Barh sub-division on National Highway-31 in Patna district . The project has been named a mega power project , and is owned by Indian energy company National Thermal Power Corporation . The project has been contested as it is nearby Himalayan Range and needs stricter anti-pollution controls . The 1,320MW ( 2x660 MW ) Barh Stage-2 built by BHEL is operational while 1,980MW ( 3x660 MW ) Barh Stage-1 is being built by Russian firm Technopromexport ( TPE ) . Bihar 's share is 1183 MW from NTPC Barh ( 26% from stage 1 and 50% from stage 2 ) . The main power plant and the township is spread over an area of 1,186 acres . The legal possession of 1,186 acres of land has been acquired for setting up the main power plant and its township which includes 12 villages . The then PM , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , had laid the foundation stone of the main plant of stage-1 of NTPC Barh on March 6 , 1999 . The formal inauguration of its site office and laying of the foundation stone of the training centre at the plant site was done in September 2003 ." } ] }, { "value": "Bihar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bihar", "summary": "Bihar ( /bɪˈhɑːr/ ; Hindi pronunciation : [ bɪˈɦaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a state in eastern India . It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory , with an area of 94,163 km2 ( 36,357 sq mi ) . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west , Nepal to the north , the northern part of West Bengal to the east , and with Jharkhand to the south . The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges , which flows from west to east . Three main cultural regions converge in the state : Magadh , Mithila , and Bhojpur . On 15 November 2000 , southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand . Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas , which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh . Additionally , almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 , giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state . In ancient and classical India , the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power , learning , and culture . From Magadha arose India 's first empire , the Maurya empire , as well as one of the world 's most widely adhered-to religions : Buddhism . Magadha empires , notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties , unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule . Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "3,300", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3×660 , 2x660", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2x660 MW Functional , Three more units of 660 MW under construction", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kudgi Super Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kudgi_Super_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Kudgi Super Thermal Power Station is a power station located at Kudgi village of Basavana Bagewadi Taluq in Bijapur district , Karnataka in Indian state of Karnataka . This is one of the coal based thermal power plants of NTPC Limited . The coal for the plant will be derived from NTPC 's Pakhri Barwadih coal block in Jharkhand . The Construction Power required for stage-1 erection was drawn from M/s Hescom ( Hubli Electricity Supply Company ) through 2 no . of dedicated 33kV OH lines from Basavana Bagewadi and Mattihal substations of Hescom . The water source is from reservoir of Almatti Dam which is constructed on Krishna River ." } ] }, { "value": "Karnataka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Karnataka", "summary": "Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken ." } ] }, { "value": "2,400", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3x800", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All Units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NTPC Bongaigaon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NTPC_Bongaigaon", "summary": "National Thermal Power Station in Kokrajhar is under construction power project located at Salakati near Kokrajhar in Kokrajhar district in Indian state of Assam . The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC . The coal for the plant will be derived from Makum coal mines at Margherita , Assam and also from Eastern Coalfields Limited ( ECL ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Assam", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Assam", "summary": "Assam ( /ˈæsæm/ , Assamese : [ ɔxɔm ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northeastern India , situated south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys . Assam covers an area of 78,438 km2 ( 30,285 sq mi ) . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north ; Nagaland and Manipur to the east ; Meghalaya , Tripura , Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south ; and West Bengal to the west via the Siliguri Corridor , a 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India . Assam is known for Assam tea and Assam silk . The state was the first site for oil drilling in Asia . Assam is home to the one-horned Indian rhinoceros , along with the wild water buffalo , pygmy hog , tiger and various species of Asiatic birds , and provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant . The Assamese economy is aided by wildlife tourism to Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park , which are World Heritage Sites . Sal tree forests are found in the state which , as a result of abundant rainfall , look green all year round . Assam receives more rainfall than most parts of India ; this rain feeds the Brahmaputra River , whose tributaries and oxbow lakes provide the region with a hydro-geomorphic environment ." } ] }, { "value": "750", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3x250", "urls": [] }, { "value": "All Units functional", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "LARA Super Thermal Power Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/LARA_Super_Thermal_Power_Station", "summary": "Lara Super Thermal Power Station is under construction power project located at near village Lara , Taluk Pussore , Raigarh district in Indian state of Chhattisgarh.The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC . The coal requirement will be obtained from Talaipalli coal block Mand Raigarh Coalfield and water requirement will be sourced from Mahanadi River through Saradih Barrage ." } ] }, { "value": "Chhattisgarh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chhattisgarh", "summary": "Chhattisgarh ( Chhattīsgaṛh , Hindi pronunciation : [ /ˈtʃʰət̪ːisgəɽʱ/ ] , translation : Thirty-Six Forts ) is one of the 28 states of India , located in the centre-east of the country . It is the ninth-largest state in India , with an area of 135,192 km2 ( 52,198 sq mi ) . With a 2011 population of 25.5 million , Chhattisgarh is the 16th-most populated state in the country . A resource-rich state , it is a source of electricity and steel for the country , accounting for 15% of the total steel produced as well as large contributor of coal . Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India . The state was formed on 1 November 2000 by partitioning ten Chhattisgarhi and six Gondi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh . The capital city is Raipur . Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh in the northwest , Uttar Pradesh in the north , Jharkhand in northeast , Maharashtra in the southwest , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in the south , and Odisha in the southeast . Currently the state comprises 30 districts . The Gross State Domestic Product ( GSDP ) of Chhattisgarh is ₹3.63 lakh crore ( US $ 51 billion ) and the per capita GSDP ₹102,762 ( US $ 1,400 )" } ] }, { "value": "4,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2x800 , 3x800", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1x800 MW unit functional , 1x800 MW unit under construction", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "NTPC plants and their capacity -- Coal-based thermal power plants", "section_text": "", "uid": "NTPC_Limited_1", "intro": "NTPC Limited, formerly known as National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, is an Indian Public Sector Undertaking, engaged in the business of generation of electricity and allied activities. It is a company incorporated under the Companies Act 1956 and is promoted by the Government of India. The headquarters of the company is situated at New Delhi. NTPC's core business is generation and sale of electricity to state-owned power distribution companies and State Electricity Boards in India. The company also undertake consultancy and turnkey project contracts that involve engineering, project management, construction management and operation and management of power plants. The company has also ventured into oil and gas exploration and coal mining activities. It is the largest power company in India with an electric power generating capacity of 58,156 MW . Although the company has approx. 16% of the total national capacity it contributes to over 25% of total power generation due to its focus on operating its power plants at higher efficiency levels (approx. 80.2% against the national PLF rate of 64.5%).NTPC currently produces 25 billion units of electricity per month. NTPC currently operates 53 power stations (22 Coal, 7 combined cycle gas/liquid fuel, 2 Hydro, 1 Wind and 11 solar projects). Further, it has 9 coal and 1 gas station, owned by joint ventures or subsidiaries." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland", "title": "List of mountain passes in Switzerland", "header": [ "Name", "Canton ( s ) /Country", "From - To", "Elevation ( m )", "Type" ], "data": [ { "value": "Ächerli", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ächerli_Pass", "summary": "Ächerli Pass ( el . 1398 m. ) is a high mountain pass between the cantons of Obwalden and Nidwalden . It connects Kerns in the canton of Obwalden and Dallenwil in the canton of Nidwalden . The pass road has grades of up to 15 percent . From the road , peaks such as Pilatus , Rigi , Buochserhorn , Titlis , and Stanserhorn are visible ." } ] }, { "value": "Obwalden / Nidwalden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Obwalden", "summary": "The canton of Obwalden , also canton of Obwald ( German : Kanton Obwalden , [ ˈɔbˌvaldən ] ( listen ) ) is a canton of Switzerland . It is located in the centre of Switzerland . Its capital is Sarnen . The canton contains the geographical centre of Switzerland ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nidwalden", "summary": "The canton of Nidwalden , also canton of Nidwald ( German : Kanton Nidwalden , [ ˈnidˌvaldən ] ( listen ) ) is a canton of Switzerland . It is located in the centre of Switzerland . The population is 40,287 ( in 2007 ) of which 4,046 ( or 10% ) are foreigners . The capital is Stans ." } ] }, { "value": "Kerns OW - Dallenwil NW", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kerns_OW", "summary": "Kerns is a village in the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dallenwil_NW", "summary": "Dallenwil is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "1458", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aiguillon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Col_de_l'Aiguillon", "summary": "Col de l'Aiguillon ( el . 1293 m. ) is a Swiss pass in the Jura Mountains in the canton of Vaud . The pass connects L'Auberson and Baulmes . The road is 13.7 km long and has a maximum grade of 18 percent . The cliff between the Col de l'Aiguillon and the highest point in the neighboring mountains , the Aiguilles de Baulmes , is a popular climbing wall for mountaineers ." } ] }, { "value": "Vaud", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vaud", "summary": "The canton of Vaud ( /voʊ/ VOH , French : [ vo ] ; German : Waadt , pronounced [ vat ] ( listen ) or [ vaːt ] ) is the third largest of the Swiss cantons by population and fourth by size . It is located in Romandy , the French-speaking western part of the country ; and borders the canton of Neuchâtel to the north , the cantons of Fribourg and Bern to the east , Valais and Lake Geneva to the south , the canton of Geneva to the south-west and France ( Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté ) to the west . The capital and biggest city is Lausanne , officially designated Olympic Capital by the International Olympic Committee and hosts many international sports organizations . Other main cities are Yverdon-les-Bains and Montreux . As of 2018 the canton has a population of 799,145 ." } ] }, { "value": "Baulmes - L'Auberson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baulmes", "summary": "Baulmes is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland ." }, { "url": "/wiki/L'Auberson", "summary": "L'Auberson is a village in the municipality of Sainte-Croix in the Swiss canton of Vaud in the Jura Mountains . It lies at the west end of the road over the Col de l'Aiguillon . It is known for its music-box museum , the Musée Baud ." } ] }, { "value": "1293", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Agites", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Les_Agites", "summary": "Les Agites ( el . 1569 m. ) is a high mountain pass in the Alps in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland . It connects Yvorne and La Lécherette . The south side of the pass road lies in the Rhone valley . It passes through Corbeyrier and a 300-metre tunnel before reaching the summit . The tunnel is open to one-way traffic only , based on signs posted with allowable times of passage at both ends . The north side is substantially flatter , passing on the south shore of the Lac de l'Hongrin . This part of the road is open to private motorized vehicles only in summer . Near La Lécherette , the road meets the pass road that crosses the Col des Mosses ." } ] }, { "value": "Vaud", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vaud", "summary": "The canton of Vaud ( /voʊ/ VOH , French : [ vo ] ; German : Waadt , pronounced [ vat ] ( listen ) or [ vaːt ] ) is the third largest of the Swiss cantons by population and fourth by size . It is located in Romandy , the French-speaking western part of the country ; and borders the canton of Neuchâtel to the north , the cantons of Fribourg and Bern to the east , Valais and Lake Geneva to the south , the canton of Geneva to the south-west and France ( Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté ) to the west . The capital and biggest city is Lausanne , officially designated Olympic Capital by the International Olympic Committee and hosts many international sports organizations . Other main cities are Yverdon-les-Bains and Montreux . As of 2018 the canton has a population of 799,145 ." } ] }, { "value": "Yvorne - La Lécherette", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yvorne", "summary": "Yvorne is a municipality of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland , located in the district of Aigle ." } ] }, { "value": "1569", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Albis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Albis_Pass", "summary": "Albis Pass ( el . 791 m. ) is a mountain pass in the Albis range in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland . It connects Langnau am Albis with the small village of Türlen on the Türlersee and , further on , Aeugst , Hausen am Albis , Mettmenstetten and Rifferswil . The road over the Albis pass is served hourly during daylight hours by a bus connecting Hausen am Albis to the train station in Thalwil . Other passes in the same chain include Buechenegg , also with a small village at the top , and Schnabellücken , which is undeveloped except for a hiking trail ." } ] }, { "value": "Zurich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich", "summary": "The canton of Zürich ( German : Kanton Zürich ( help·info ) ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country . With a population of 1,520,968 ( as of 31 December 2018 ) , it is the most populated canton in the country . Its capital is the city of Zürich . The official language is German . The local Swiss German dialect , called Züritüütsch , is commonly spoken . In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut ." } ] }, { "value": "Langnau am Albis - Türlen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Langnau_am_Albis", "summary": "Langnau am Albis is a village in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "791", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Albula", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Albula_Pass", "summary": "Albula Pass ( Romansh : Pass d'Alvra or Pass da l'Alvra ( help·info ) , German : Albulapass ) ( el . 2315 m ) is a Swiss mountain pass in the canton of Graubünden . It lies in the Albula Alps , on the watershed between the Albula , tributary of the Rhine and the Ova d'Alvra , tributary of the Inn . The road from Thusis through Bergün leads to La Punt in the Inn Valley ( Engadin ) . East of the pass , on the Engadin side , is a lake named Albulasee ( 2,294 m ) which is 4.2 ha large ." } ] }, { "value": "Graubünden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Graubünden", "summary": "The canton of ( the ) Grisons , or canton of Graubünden , [ a ] is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland . It has international borders with Italy , Austria , and Liechtenstein . Its German name , Graubünden , translates as the Grey Leagues , referring to the canton 's origin in three local alliances , the League of God 's House , the Grey League , and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions . Grisons is the only officially trilingual canton and the only one where the Romansh language has official status . Swiss German , Italian , and Romansh are all native to the canton ." } ] }, { "value": "Filisur - La Punt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Filisur", "summary": "Filisur is an Alpine village and former municipality in the Albula Region in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland . The village sits on a hillside with a view to the west where the two rivers Albula/Alvra from the Albula Pass and Landwasser from Davos meet . On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Bergün/Bravuogn and Filisur merged into the new municipality of Bergün Filisur ." }, { "url": "/wiki/La_Punt", "summary": "La Punt - Chamues-ch ( [ lɐˌpʊntˈtɕamuə̯ʃtɕ ] ( help·info ) ; Italian and official name until 1943 : Ponte-Campovasto ) is a municipality in the Maloja Region in the Swiss canton of Graubünden ." } ] }, { "value": "2312", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alpe di Neggia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpe_di_Neggia", "summary": "Alpe di Neggia ( el . 1395 m. ) is a high mountain pass in the Swiss Alps in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland . It connects Vira and Indemini . The pass lies in the saddle between Monte Tamaro and Monte Gambarogno . The maximum grade of the pass road is 12 percent ." } ] }, { "value": "Ticino", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ticino", "summary": "The canton of Ticino ( /tɪˈtʃiːnoʊ/ ) , formally the Republic and Canton of Ticino , [ a ] is the southernmost canton of Switzerland . Ticino borders the canton of Uri to the north , the canton of Valais to the west ( through the Novena Pass ) , the canton of Graubünden to the northeast , Italy 's regions of Piedmont and Lombardy to the south and it surrounds the small Italian enclave of Campione d'Italia . Named after the river Ticino , it is the only canton where Italian is the sole official language and represents the bulk of the Italian-speaking area of Switzerland along with the southern parts of Graubünden . The land now occupied by the canton was annexed from Italian cities in the 15th century by various Swiss forces in the last transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy . In the Helvetic Republic , established 1798 , it was divided between the two new cantons of Bellinzona and Lugano . The creation of the Swiss Confederation in 1803 saw these two cantons combine to form the modern canton of Ticino ." } ] }, { "value": "Vira - Indemini", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vira_(Gambarogno)", "summary": "Vira is a former municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland . On 25 April 2010 , the former municipalities of Caviano , Contone , Gerra Gambarogno , Indemini , Magadino , Piazzogna , San Nazzaro , Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged in the new municipality of Gambarogno ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Indemini", "summary": "Indemini ( Italian pronunciation : [ inˈdeːmini ] ) is a former municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland . On 25 April 2010 , the former municipalities of Caviano , Contone , Gerra Gambarogno , Indemini , Magadino , Piazzogna , San Nazzaro , Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged into the new municipality of Gambarogno ." } ] }, { "value": "1395", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Balmberg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Balmberg_Pass", "summary": "Balmberg Pass ( elevation 1078 m ) is a high mountain pass in the Jura Mountains in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland . It connects Welschenrohr and Günsberg . The road is one of the steepest pass roads in Switzerland , with gradients of up to 25% . The road is not recommended for novice drivers , big , wide or long vehicles , buses , vans and trucks , caravans , or trailers . It is however , ideal for motorcycles . Oncoming traffic in the middle or on the wrong side of the road can sometimes be encountered , especially in the bends . During periods of snow or ice , the road is closed from the pass summit to Welschenrohr on the north side ." } ] }, { "value": "Solothurn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Solothurn_(canton)", "summary": "The canton of Solothurn or canton of Soleure ( German : Kanton Solothurn ) is a canton of Switzerland . It is located in the northwest of Switzerland . The capital is Solothurn ." } ] }, { "value": "Welschenrohr - Günsberg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Welschenrohr", "summary": "Welschenrohr ( French : Rosières ) is a municipality in the district of Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Günsberg", "summary": "Günsberg is a municipality in the district of Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "1078", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belchenflue", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belchenflue_Pass", "summary": "Belchenflue Pass ( el . 1055 m. ) is a mountain pass in the Jura Mountains between the cantons of Basel-Country and Solothurn . The pass is also called Bölchen by locals . The name came originally from Celtic from the sun god Belenus . The nearby peak of the same name ( el . 1099 m. ) was an important marker for the tribal calendar establishing the seasons . Along with the peak of the same name in Alsace ( Ballon d'Alsace ) , it allowed the establishment of the winter and summer solstice . As is the case with much of the Jura range , the cliffs are formed of hard oolithic limestone , which has been exposed as the softer stone above it has eroded . The pass forms the divide between the watershed of the Aare in the south and the Ergolz in the north . Both flow into the Rhine . To the east are the Challhöchi and Unterer Hauenstein passes ." } ] }, { "value": "Basel-Land / Solothurn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Basel-Landschaft", "summary": "The canton of Basel-Landschaft ( German : Kanton Basel-Landschaft ( help·info ) , pronounced [ ˈkɑnton ˌbaːzl̩ˈlantʃaft ] ; English : canton of Basel-Country ; French : canton de Bâle-Campagne , pronounced [ kɑ̃tɔ̃ də bɑl kɑ̃paɲ ] ; Italian : Cantone di Basilea Campagna , pronounced [ kanˈtone di baˈzileˈa kamˈpaɲɲa ] ; informally : Baselland , Baselbiet ) , is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland . The capital is Liestal . It shares borders with the Swiss cantons of Basel-Stadt , Solothurn , Jura and Aargau , and with the French région of Grand Est and the German state of Baden-Württemberg ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Solothurn_(canton)", "summary": "The canton of Solothurn or canton of Soleure ( German : Kanton Solothurn ) is a canton of Switzerland . It is located in the northwest of Switzerland . The capital is Solothurn ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1099", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Benkerjoch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Benkerjoch_Pass", "summary": "Benkerjoch Pass ( el . 674 m ) is a mountain pass in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland . It connects Küttigen and Oberhof . Until 1801 , the pass was the boundary between Austria and Switzerland . The current pass road was built in 1977 . A postal bus route runs over the pass to Aarau ." } ] }, { "value": "Aargau", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aargau", "summary": "The canton of Aargau ( German : Kanton Aargau [ ˈaːrɡaʊ ] ( listen ) ; sometimes Latinized as Argovia ; see also other names ) is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland . It is situated by the lower course of the Aare , which is why the canton is called Aar-gau ( meaning Aare province ) . It is one of the most densely populated regions of Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "Küttigen - Oberhof", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Küttigen", "summary": "Küttigen is a municipality in the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Oberhof,_Switzerland", "summary": "Oberhof is a municipality in the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "674", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bernina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bernina_Pass", "summary": "The Bernina Pass ( el . 2,328 m or 7,638 ft. ) ( Italian : Passo del Bernina ) is a high mountain pass in the Bernina Range of the Alps , in the canton of Graubünden ( Grisons ) in eastern Switzerland . It connects the famous resort town of St. Moritz in the Engadin valley with the Italian-speaking Val Poschiavo , which ends in the Italian town of Tirano in Valtellina . The pass lies a few kilometres east of Piz Bernina , and south of Val Minor . The Bernina Pass is crossed by road and rail , with a popular tourist train , the Bernina Express operating year-round between Chur and Tirano . The train crosses the pass west of the road at a slightly lower 2,253 metres ( 7,392 ft ) ( at Ospizio Bernina ) - it is the highest adhesion railway route in Europe . Lago Bianco , Lej Nair and Lej Pitschen are located on the pass ." } ] }, { "value": "Graubünden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Graubünden", "summary": "The canton of ( the ) Grisons , or canton of Graubünden , [ a ] is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland . It has international borders with Italy , Austria , and Liechtenstein . Its German name , Graubünden , translates as the Grey Leagues , referring to the canton 's origin in three local alliances , the League of God 's House , the Grey League , and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions . Grisons is the only officially trilingual canton and the only one where the Romansh language has official status . Swiss German , Italian , and Romansh are all native to the canton ." } ] }, { "value": "Samedan - Poschiavo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Samedan", "summary": "Samedan ( [ saˈmedən ] ( help·info ) ) is a town and municipality in the Maloja Region in the Swiss canton of Grisons ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Poschiavo", "summary": "Poschiavo ( Italian : Poschiavo , Lombard : Pusciaaf , German : Puschlav , Romansh : Puschlav ) is a municipality in the Bernina Region in the canton of Grisons in Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "2328", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bööler", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bööler_Pass", "summary": "Bööler Pass ( el . 611 m. ) is a mountain pass in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland . It connects Unterkulm and Schöftland ." } ] }, { "value": "Aargau", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aargau", "summary": "The canton of Aargau ( German : Kanton Aargau [ ˈaːrɡaʊ ] ( listen ) ; sometimes Latinized as Argovia ; see also other names ) is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland . It is situated by the lower course of the Aare , which is why the canton is called Aar-gau ( meaning Aare province ) . It is one of the most densely populated regions of Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "Unterkulm - Schöftland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Unterkulm", "summary": "Unterkulm is a municipality in the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Schöftland", "summary": "Schöftland is a municipality in the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "611", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bözberg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bözberg_Pass", "summary": "Bözberg Pass ( el . 569 m. ) is a mountain pass in the Jura Mountains in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland . It connects the Frick River valley and Brugg and is the shortest road between Basel and Zürich . Two tunnels have been dug under the pass , the Bözberg Rail Tunnel for the Federal Railway and the Bözberg Road Tunnel for the A-3 Autobahn ." } ] }, { "value": "Aargau", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aargau", "summary": "The canton of Aargau ( German : Kanton Aargau [ ˈaːrɡaʊ ] ( listen ) ; sometimes Latinized as Argovia ; see also other names ) is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland . It is situated by the lower course of the Aare , which is why the canton is called Aar-gau ( meaning Aare province ) . It is one of the most densely populated regions of Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "Brugg - Frick", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brugg,_Switzerland", "summary": "Brugg ( sometimes written as Brugg AG in order to distinguish it from other Bruggs ) is a Swiss municipality and a town in the canton of Aargau and is the seat of the district of the same name . The town is located at the confluence of the Aare , Reuss , and Limmat , with the Aare flowing through its medieval part . It is located approximately 16 kilometers ( 9.9 mi ) from the cantonal capital of Aarau ; 28 kilometers ( 17 mi ) from Zürich ; and about 45 kilometers ( 28 mi ) from Basel . Brugg is the Swiss German term for bridge ( German : Brücke ) . This is an allusion to the purpose of the medieval town 's establishment under the Habsburgs , as the town is located at the narrowest point on the Aare in the Swiss midlands . The Habsburgs oldest known residence is located in the neighborhood of Altenburg , which had previously been an independent community . Prior to their relocation to Austria , Brugg was the center of the Habsburgs ' territory . Between 1415 and Napoleons invasion in 1798 , Brugg was a subject territory of Bern . Since then it has belonged to the canton of Aargau . The town is the home of the Swiss Farmers Union and is the location of a campus of the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland . Brugg 's Vindonissa museum is listed as a heritage site of national significance . An engineer training unit of the Swiss army is also based in the town ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Frick,_Switzerland", "summary": "Frick is a municipality in the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "1007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brünig", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brünig_Pass", "summary": "The Brünig Pass , at an altitude of 1,008 m ( 3,307 ft ) , connects the Bernese Oberland and central Switzerland , linking Meiringen in the canton of Bern and Lungern in the canton of Obwalden . It is on the watershed between the upper reaches of the Aare , which flows through Lake Brienz and Lake Thun , and the Sarner Aa , which flows into Lake Lucerne . The pass is crossed by the Zentralbahn 's Brünig railway line , between Lucerne and Interlaken , and that line 's Brünig-Hasliberg station is situated in the pass . The pass is also crossed by the A8 motorway , between Lucerne and Spiez . Both rail and road crossings are normally kept open throughout the winter . The pass is the starting or finishing point of many hikes . Particularly popular is the route to or from the Brienzer Rothorn , which is accessible by rail at both ends . The pass is the subject of a watercolour painting by J. M. W. Turner , entitled The Brunig Pass , from Meiringen , and dating from c.1847-8 ." } ] }, { "value": "Bern / Obwalden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bern_(canton)", "summary": "The canton of Bern or Berne ( German : Kanton Bern ; French : canton de Berne ) is the second-largest of the 26 Swiss cantons by both surface area and population . Located in west-central Switzerland , it borders the canton of Jura and the canton of Solothurn to the north . To the west lie the canton of Neuchâtel , the canton of Fribourg and canton of Vaud . To the south lies the canton of Valais . East of the canton of Bern lie the cantons of Uri , Nidwalden , Obwalden , Lucerne and Aargau . The canton of Bern is bilingual and has a population ( as of 31 December 2018 ) of 1,034,977 . As of 2007 [ update ] , the population included 119,930 ( or 12.45% ) foreigners . The cantonal capital , also the federal city of Switzerland , is Bern . Other major cities are Thun and Biel/Bienne ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Obwalden", "summary": "The canton of Obwalden , also canton of Obwald ( German : Kanton Obwalden , [ ˈɔbˌvaldən ] ( listen ) ) is a canton of Switzerland . It is located in the centre of Switzerland . Its capital is Sarnen . The canton contains the geographical centre of Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "Meiringen BE - Lungern OW", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Meiringen_BE", "summary": "Meiringen is a municipality in the Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland . Besides the village of Meiringen , the municipality includes the settlements of Balm , Brünigen , Eisenbolgen , Hausen , Prasti , Sand , Stein , Unterbach , Unterheidon , Wylerli and Zaun . Meiringen is famous for the nearby Reichenbach Falls , a spectacular waterfall that was the setting for the final showdown between Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's fictional detective Sherlock Holmes and his nemesis Professor Moriarty . The village is also known for its claim to have been the place where the meringue was first created . The municipal coat of arms shows a black eagle in a yellow field . ( Or an Eagle displayed Sable crowned , beaked , langued and membered of the first . ) Formerly the coat of arms of the entire Oberhasli Talschaft , this design continues the imperial coat of arms ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Lungern_OW", "summary": "Lungern is a municipality in the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland . Lake Lungern is located within the municipality . Besides Lungern itself , the municipality includes the settlements of Bürglen , Kaiserstuhl and Obsee ." } ] }, { "value": "1008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Buechenegg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buechenegg_Pass", "summary": "Buechenegg Pass ( el . 786 m. ) is a mountain pass in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland . It connects Langnau am Albis and Tägerst ." } ] }, { "value": "Zürich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zurich_(canton)", "summary": "The canton of Zürich ( German : Kanton Zürich ( help·info ) ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country . With a population of 1,520,968 ( as of 31 December 2018 ) , it is the most populated canton in the country . Its capital is the city of Zürich . The official language is German . The local Swiss German dialect , called Züritüütsch , is commonly spoken . In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut ." } ] }, { "value": "Langnau am Albis - Tägerst", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Langnau_am_Albis", "summary": "Langnau am Albis is a village in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "786", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Challhöchi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Challhöchi_Pass", "summary": "Challhöchi Pass ( el . 747 m. ) is a mountain pass in the Jura Mountains on the border of the cantons of Basel-Country and Solothurn in Switzerland . The pass road links Eptingen and Ifenthal or Hägendorf ." } ] }, { "value": "Basel-Land", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Basel-Landschaft", "summary": "The canton of Basel-Landschaft ( German : Kanton Basel-Landschaft ( help·info ) , pronounced [ ˈkɑnton ˌbaːzl̩ˈlantʃaft ] ; English : canton of Basel-Country ; French : canton de Bâle-Campagne , pronounced [ kɑ̃tɔ̃ də bɑl kɑ̃paɲ ] ; Italian : Cantone di Basilea Campagna , pronounced [ kanˈtone di baˈzileˈa kamˈpaɲɲa ] ; informally : Baselland , Baselbiet ) , is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland . The capital is Liestal . It shares borders with the Swiss cantons of Basel-Stadt , Solothurn , Jura and Aargau , and with the French région of Grand Est and the German state of Baden-Württemberg ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "747", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Champex", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Champex_Pass", "summary": "Champex Pass ( French : Col de Champex ) ( el . 1470 m. ) is a high mountain pass in the Alps in the canton of Valais in Switzerland . It is near the village of Champex-Lac ." } ] }, { "value": "Valais", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valais", "summary": "The canton of Valais ( UK : /ˈvæleɪ/ VAL-ay , US : /væˈleɪ/ val-AY , French : [ valɛ ] ( listen ) ; German : ( Kanton ) Wallis [ ˈvalɪs ] ( listen ) ; Italian : ( Canton ) Vallese [ valˈleːze , -eːse ] ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland , situated in the southwestern part of the country , around the valley of the Rhône from its headwaters to Lake Geneva , separating the Pennine Alps from the Bernese Alps . The canton is simultaneously one of the driest regions of Switzerland in its central Rhône valley and among the wettest , having large amounts of snow and rain up on the highest peaks found in Switzerland . The canton of Valais is widely known for the Matterhorn and resort towns such as Crans-Montana , Saas Fee , Verbier and Zermatt . It is composed of 13 districts ( hence the 13 stars on the flag ) and its capital is Sion ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1470", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chasseral", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chasseral_Pass", "summary": "Chasseral Pass ( German : Gestler ) ( el . 1502 m. ) is a high mountain pass in the Jura Mountains , lying west of the Chasseral . The pass is located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Neuchâtel ( north side ) and Bern ( south side ) . It is traversed by a road connecting Saint-Imier and Nods , both located in the Bernese Jura . North-east of the pass is the Chasseral Ouest , the highest point of the canton of Neuchâtel . From the summit of the pass another road leads to the Chasseral hotel ( 1,548 m ) and summit of the Chasseral ( 1,607 m ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Bern", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canton_of_Bern", "summary": "The canton of Bern or Berne ( German : Kanton Bern ; French : canton de Berne ) is the second-largest of the 26 Swiss cantons by both surface area and population . Located in west-central Switzerland , it borders the canton of Jura and the canton of Solothurn to the north . To the west lie the canton of Neuchâtel , the canton of Fribourg and canton of Vaud . To the south lies the canton of Valais . East of the canton of Bern lie the cantons of Uri , Nidwalden , Obwalden , Lucerne and Aargau . The canton of Bern is bilingual and has a population ( as of 31 December 2018 ) of 1,034,977 . As of 2007 [ update ] , the population included 119,930 ( or 12.45% ) foreigners . The cantonal capital , also the federal city of Switzerland , is Bern . Other major cities are Thun and Biel/Bienne ." } ] }, { "value": "Nods BE - Saint-Imier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nods_BE", "summary": "Nods is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland , located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura ( Jura Bernois ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Saint-Imier", "summary": "Saint-Imier is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland . It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura ( Jura Bernois ) . The Observatoire Astronomique de Mont-Soleil is located above the village ." } ] }, { "value": "1502", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chatzenstrick", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chatzenstrick_Pass", "summary": "Chatzenstrick Pass ( el . 1053 m. ) is a mountain pass in the Alps in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland . It connects Einsiedeln and Altmatt and was a route of pilgrimage to the abbey at Einsiedeln ." } ] }, { "value": "Schwyz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Schwyz_(canton)", "summary": "The canton of Schwyz ( German : Kanton Schwyz [ ʃviːts ] ( listen ) ) is a canton in central Switzerland between the Alps in the south , Lake Lucerne to the west and Lake Zürich in the north , centered on and named after the town of Schwyz . It is one of the founding cantons of Switzerland ; Switzerland 's name is derived from the name of the canton , and the flag of Switzerland from its coat of arms . For the history of the name , see Schwyz . The Swiss Federal Charter is on display in Schwyz . Northeast of the town of Schwyz is the Einsiedeln Abbey ." } ] }, { "value": "Einsiedeln - Altmatt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Einsiedeln,_Switzerland", "summary": "Einsiedeln ( German pronunciation : [ ˈaɪnziːdl̩n ] ) is a municipality and district in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland known for its monastery , the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey , established in the 10th century ." } ] }, { "value": "1053", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chilchzimmersattel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chilchzimmersattel", "summary": "Chilchzimmersattel ( el . 991 m. ) is a mountain pass in the Jura Mountains in the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland . It connects Eptingen and Langenbruck . The pass road has a maximum grade of 7,35 percent . The pass is open all year round , even though it is not cleared after snowstorms . Numerous fortifications can be seen near the pass , dating from World War I and before ." } ] }, { "value": "Basel-Land", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Basel-Landschaft", "summary": "The canton of Basel-Landschaft ( German : Kanton Basel-Landschaft ( help·info ) , pronounced [ ˈkɑnton ˌbaːzl̩ˈlantʃaft ] ; English : canton of Basel-Country ; French : canton de Bâle-Campagne , pronounced [ kɑ̃tɔ̃ də bɑl kɑ̃paɲ ] ; Italian : Cantone di Basilea Campagna , pronounced [ kanˈtone di baˈzileˈa kamˈpaɲɲa ] ; informally : Baselland , Baselbiet ) , is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland . The capital is Liestal . It shares borders with the Swiss cantons of Basel-Stadt , Solothurn , Jura and Aargau , and with the French région of Grand Est and the German state of Baden-Württemberg ." } ] }, { "value": "Eptingen - Langenbruck", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eptingen", "summary": "Eptingen ( Basel German : Eptige ) is a municipality in the district of Waldenburg in the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Langenbruck", "summary": "Langenbruck is a municipality in the district of Waldenburg in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "991", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Croix", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Col_de_la_Croix_(Vaud)", "summary": "Col de la Croix is an Alpine pass ( 1778 m. ) in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland . It connects Bex and Villars-sur-Ollon with Les Diablerets ." } ] }, { "value": "Vaud", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vaud", "summary": "The canton of Vaud ( /voʊ/ VOH , French : [ vo ] ; German : Waadt , pronounced [ vat ] ( listen ) or [ vaːt ] ) is the third largest of the Swiss cantons by population and fourth by size . It is located in Romandy , the French-speaking western part of the country ; and borders the canton of Neuchâtel to the north , the cantons of Fribourg and Bern to the east , Valais and Lake Geneva to the south , the canton of Geneva to the south-west and France ( Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté ) to the west . The capital and biggest city is Lausanne , officially designated Olympic Capital by the International Olympic Committee and hosts many international sports organizations . Other main cities are Yverdon-les-Bains and Montreux . As of 2018 the canton has a population of 799,145 ." } ] }, { "value": "Bex - Les Diablerets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bex", "summary": "Bex ( German : Beis ) is a municipality in the canton of Vaud , Switzerland , located in the district of Aigle . It is a few miles south of its sister town municipality of Aigle ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Les_Diablerets", "summary": "Les Diablerets is a village and ski resort located in the municipality of Ormont-Dessus in the canton of Vaud , Switzerland . It is surrounded by the Diablerets Massif , its peak ( Sommet des Diablerets at 3,210 metres ( 10,530 ft ) ) is the highest point in western Switzerland . The village lies at an altitude of 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) on the north side of the massif of the Diablerets in the Swiss Alps . It can be accessed by train ( Chemin de fer Aigle-Sepey-Diablerets ) or by road from Aigle . The Col du Pillon ( 1,546 m ) on the east give access to the Bernese Oberland region and is the Glacier 3000 cable car lowest station . The resort has a ski school , hotels and a small town centre . Les Diablerets is known for its traditional mountain architecture ." } ] }, { "value": "1778", "urls": [] }, { "value": "road", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Pass roads", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland_0", "intro": "This is a list of mountain passes in Switzerland. They are generally situated in the Jura Mountains or in the Swiss Alps." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld", "title": "Jerry Seinfeld", "header": [ "Season", "Episode", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "Season 1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_1)", "summary": "Season one of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on July 5 , 1989 on NBC . Originally called The Seinfeld Chronicles , the series ' name was shortened to Seinfeld after the pilot to avoid confusion with another sitcom called The Marshall Chronicles . The season finale aired on June 21 , 1990 . Seasons 1 & 2 DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23 , 2004 , thirteen years after it had completed broadcast on television . In addition to every episode from the two seasons , the DVD release features bonus material , including deleted scenes , animatics , exclusive stand-up material , and commentaries . With only four episodes after the pilot , season one of Seinfeld is one of the smallest sitcom orders in television history ." } ] }, { "value": "The Seinfeld Chronicles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Seinfeld_Chronicles", "summary": "The Seinfeld Chronicles ( also known as Good News , Bad News or Pilot ) is the pilot episode of the American sitcom Seinfeld , which first aired on NBC on July 5 , 1989 . The first of the 180 Seinfeld episodes , the pilot was written by show creators Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld , and directed by Art Wolff . The episode revolves around a fictionalized version of Seinfeld , who is unsure about the romantic intentions of a woman he met , and frets about the meaning of her signals with his friend George ( Jason Alexander ) and neighbor Kessler ( Michael Richards , whose character would later be renamed Kramer ) . Though they had been asked to put together a 90-minute TV special , Seinfeld and David wrote a TV pilot as they felt their show about nothing concept would fit better in the shorter , more conventional half-hour format . The storyline , and the main characters , were inspired by real-life events and people . Though the NBC executives were unsure about the show , they , as Warren Littlefield would later state , all said , ah what the hell , let 's try a pilot on this thing and see what happens . The test audiences , however , reacted extremely negatively . Although NBC would still broadcast the episode to see how audiences and TV critics would react , the network had already decided not to pick up the show , as a result of the test results . Castle Rock Entertainment , which produced this pilot ( and the series proper ) , also had another pilot produced for NBC featuring actress Ann Jillian in her own eponymous series . After the poor reception of The Seinfeld Chronicles , the production company turned to Jillian 's series , which tested better and had earned a full-season order ; it would only last a single 13-episode season before being cancelled by the end of 1990 . When The Seinfeld Chronicles aired , it was watched by nearly 11% of American households , and received generally favorable reviews from critics , who reacted with disappointment that NBC did not order a first season . Convinced that the show had potential , and supported by the positive reviews , NBC executive Rick Ludwin managed to convince his superiors to order a four-episode first season ( the smallest order in US TV history ) , by offering a part of his personal budget in return ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Larry_David", "summary": "Lawrence Gene David ( born July 2 , 1947 ) is an American comedian , writer , actor , director , and television producer . He and Jerry Seinfeld created the television series Seinfeld , of which David was the head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons . David gained further recognition for the HBO series Curb Your Enthusiasm , which he created , in which he stars as a semi-fictionalized version of himself . David wrote or co-wrote every episode of the series since its pilot episode in 1999 . David 's work on Seinfeld won him two Primetime Emmy Awards in 1993 , for Outstanding Comedy Series and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Comedy Series . Formerly a stand-up comedian , David went into television comedy , writing and starring in ABC 's Fridays , as well as writing briefly for Saturday Night Live . David has received a total of 27 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , as well as three Golden Globe Award nominations . He was voted by fellow comedians and comedy insiders as the 23rd greatest comedy star ever in a 2004 British poll to select The Comedian 's Comedian and was awarded the Laurel Award for TV Writing Achievement by the Writers Guild of America in 2010 . Since 2015 , David has made multiple guest appearances as the 2016 and 2020 United States Presidential election candidate , Bernie Sanders on Saturday Night Live ." } ] }, { "value": "Season 1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_1)", "summary": "Season one of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on July 5 , 1989 on NBC . Originally called The Seinfeld Chronicles , the series ' name was shortened to Seinfeld after the pilot to avoid confusion with another sitcom called The Marshall Chronicles . The season finale aired on June 21 , 1990 . Seasons 1 & 2 DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23 , 2004 , thirteen years after it had completed broadcast on television . In addition to every episode from the two seasons , the DVD release features bonus material , including deleted scenes , animatics , exclusive stand-up material , and commentaries . With only four episodes after the pilot , season one of Seinfeld is one of the smallest sitcom orders in television history ." } ] }, { "value": "Male Unbonding", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Male_Unbonding", "summary": "Male Unbonding is the fourth episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld to be produced , and aired on June 14 , 1990 , as the fourth episode of the first season . In it , Jerry Seinfeld tries to avoid meeting an old childhood friend , Joel Horneck ( Kevin Dunn ) . Jerry 's neighbor , Kramer , conceptualizes a pizza place where you make your own pie . The episode was written by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld , and was the first filmed episode directed by Tom Cherones . This was the first episode produced with Elaine Benes ( Julia Louis-Dreyfus ) as a character . It also was the first episode to use Jonathan Wolff 's title music . This is the only Seinfeld episode whose title does not begin with the definite article The ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_1)", "summary": "Season one of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on July 5 , 1989 on NBC . Originally called The Seinfeld Chronicles , the series ' name was shortened to Seinfeld after the pilot to avoid confusion with another sitcom called The Marshall Chronicles . The season finale aired on June 21 , 1990 . Seasons 1 & 2 DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23 , 2004 , thirteen years after it had completed broadcast on television . In addition to every episode from the two seasons , the DVD release features bonus material , including deleted scenes , animatics , exclusive stand-up material , and commentaries . With only four episodes after the pilot , season one of Seinfeld is one of the smallest sitcom orders in television history ." } ] }, { "value": "The Stake Out", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Stake_Out_(Seinfeld)", "summary": "The Stake Out is the second episode produced of the first season of the NBC comedy Seinfeld . It aired as the second episode of the season on May 31 , 1990 . The episode was written by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David and directed by Tom Cherones . The narrative features Jerry Seinfeld agreeing to attend a birthday party with his ex-girlfriend Elaine Benes . During the party , Jerry tries to flirt with another woman , but fails to learn anything about her except her place of work . Jerry is reluctant to ask Elaine for the woman 's number because he does not talk to her about other women . Jerry 's father , Morty , suggests that he stake out the woman 's workplace and pretend to meet her accidentally , which Jerry does . The Stake Out is the first episode to feature Jerry 's parents . The episode was nominated for a Writers Guild Award in 1991 ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_1)", "summary": "Season one of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on July 5 , 1989 on NBC . Originally called The Seinfeld Chronicles , the series ' name was shortened to Seinfeld after the pilot to avoid confusion with another sitcom called The Marshall Chronicles . The season finale aired on June 21 , 1990 . Seasons 1 & 2 DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23 , 2004 , thirteen years after it had completed broadcast on television . In addition to every episode from the two seasons , the DVD release features bonus material , including deleted scenes , animatics , exclusive stand-up material , and commentaries . With only four episodes after the pilot , season one of Seinfeld is one of the smallest sitcom orders in television history ." } ] }, { "value": "The Stock Tip", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Stock_Tip_(Seinfeld_episode)", "summary": "The Stock Tip is the fifth episode of the first season of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld . It aired on June 21 , 1990 . In the episode , George Costanza ( Jason Alexander ) tells Jerry Seinfeld and Elaine Benes ( Julia Louis-Dreyfus ) that a friend of a friend of his has given him a stock tip , and he encourages them to invest with him . Jerry does so , but as soon as he does , the value of his stock falls . At the same time , Jerry takes his girlfriend on a trip to Vermont , which does not go as planned . The episode was written by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld , and was directed by Tom Cherones . It received ratings and praise good enough to commission a second season ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_2)", "summary": "Season two of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on January 23 , 1991 , on NBC . Because of the commencement of the first Gulf War , the second season 's premiere was postponed one week . The season comprised 12 episodes , and concluded its initial airing on June 26 , 1991 . It introduced a number of characters who played significant roles in later episodes , such as Jerry 's Uncle Leo and Jerry 's neighbor Newman . Filming of the show moved from Hollywood to Studio City , Los Angeles . One episode , The Bet , remained unfilmed , as it was considered too provocative by the network , as well as several cast and crew members . Two new writers joined the writing staff , Larry Charles and Peter Mehlman , who would continue to write for the show in later seasons . Even though season two started out with poor ratings , bringing the season to a two-month hiatus , the rest of the season was positively received by critics and was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards . A Seasons 1 and 2 DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23 , 2004 , 13 years after it completed broadcast on television . In addition to every episode from the two seasons , the DVD release features an episode from the third season that was held over , bonus material , including deleted scenes , inside looks , bloopers , and commentaries . Four million copies of the DVD were sold by the end of the year , making it one of the best-selling DVDs of all time . TV Guide ranked it as the sixth-greatest TV season ever made ." } ] }, { "value": "The Ex-Girlfriend", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Ex-Girlfriend", "summary": "The Ex-Girlfriend is the first episode of the sitcom Seinfeld 's second season , and is the show 's sixth episode overall . The episode first broadcast on NBC in the United States on January 23 , 1991 , after being postponed for one week due to the start of the First Gulf War . During the course of the show , George Costanza ( Jason Alexander ) breaks up with his girlfriend Marlene ( Tracy Kolis ) . Later , he remembers that he left some books in her apartment and persuades his friend Jerry ( Jerry Seinfeld ) , the show 's protagonist , to retrieve them . Jerry starts dating Marlene , but once she begins to annoy him as much as she did George , he finds himself unable to break up with her because she has a psycho-sexual hold on him . Co-written by the series ' co-creators Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld , the episode was inspired by one of Larry David 's personal experiences . Directed by Tom Cherones , The Ex-Girlfriend was the first episode of the show filmed at CBS Studio Center in Los Angeles , California ( and would stay there for the remainder of the show 's run ) , the previous season having been filmed at Desilu Cahuenga in Hollywood . The episode featured one new set , a chiropractor 's office ; the remaining sets had been used on the show earlier . The episode received a Nielsen rating of 10.9/17 and was positively received by critics ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_2)", "summary": "Season two of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on January 23 , 1991 , on NBC . Because of the commencement of the first Gulf War , the second season 's premiere was postponed one week . The season comprised 12 episodes , and concluded its initial airing on June 26 , 1991 . It introduced a number of characters who played significant roles in later episodes , such as Jerry 's Uncle Leo and Jerry 's neighbor Newman . Filming of the show moved from Hollywood to Studio City , Los Angeles . One episode , The Bet , remained unfilmed , as it was considered too provocative by the network , as well as several cast and crew members . Two new writers joined the writing staff , Larry Charles and Peter Mehlman , who would continue to write for the show in later seasons . Even though season two started out with poor ratings , bringing the season to a two-month hiatus , the rest of the season was positively received by critics and was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards . A Seasons 1 and 2 DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23 , 2004 , 13 years after it completed broadcast on television . In addition to every episode from the two seasons , the DVD release features an episode from the third season that was held over , bonus material , including deleted scenes , inside looks , bloopers , and commentaries . Four million copies of the DVD were sold by the end of the year , making it one of the best-selling DVDs of all time . TV Guide ranked it as the sixth-greatest TV season ever made ." } ] }, { "value": "The Pony Remark", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Pony_Remark", "summary": "The Pony Remark is the second episode of the second season of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld , and the seventh episode overall . The episode was written by series co-creators Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , based on a remark David made once . In this episode , Jerry , at a relative 's 50th-anniversary dinner , makes a remark about hating anybody who had a pony when they were a child . His remark upsets the female guest-of-honor , causing her to storm out in anger . When the woman dies shortly after the dinner , Jerry and his friends wonder if the pony remark had something to do with her death . The episode featured the first appearance of Jerry 's uncle Leo ( Len Lesser ) , who became a recurring character on the show . The episode also featured the first appearance of Barney Martin as Morty Seinfeld , replacing actor Phil Bruns , who had portrayed Morty in the season 1 episode The Stake Out . The Pony Remark aired on January 30 , 1991 , and gained a Nielsen rating of 10.7/16 . It gained positive responses from critics and The New York Times considers the episode a turning point for the show ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_2)", "summary": "Season two of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on January 23 , 1991 , on NBC . Because of the commencement of the first Gulf War , the second season 's premiere was postponed one week . The season comprised 12 episodes , and concluded its initial airing on June 26 , 1991 . It introduced a number of characters who played significant roles in later episodes , such as Jerry 's Uncle Leo and Jerry 's neighbor Newman . Filming of the show moved from Hollywood to Studio City , Los Angeles . One episode , The Bet , remained unfilmed , as it was considered too provocative by the network , as well as several cast and crew members . Two new writers joined the writing staff , Larry Charles and Peter Mehlman , who would continue to write for the show in later seasons . Even though season two started out with poor ratings , bringing the season to a two-month hiatus , the rest of the season was positively received by critics and was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards . A Seasons 1 and 2 DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23 , 2004 , 13 years after it completed broadcast on television . In addition to every episode from the two seasons , the DVD release features an episode from the third season that was held over , bonus material , including deleted scenes , inside looks , bloopers , and commentaries . Four million copies of the DVD were sold by the end of the year , making it one of the best-selling DVDs of all time . TV Guide ranked it as the sixth-greatest TV season ever made ." } ] }, { "value": "The Busboy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Busboy", "summary": "The Busboy is the 17th episode of Seinfeld to air , despite being the eighth produced . The episode was the 12th and final episode of the show 's second season . It aired on June 26 , 1991 ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_2)", "summary": "Season two of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on January 23 , 1991 , on NBC . Because of the commencement of the first Gulf War , the second season 's premiere was postponed one week . The season comprised 12 episodes , and concluded its initial airing on June 26 , 1991 . It introduced a number of characters who played significant roles in later episodes , such as Jerry 's Uncle Leo and Jerry 's neighbor Newman . Filming of the show moved from Hollywood to Studio City , Los Angeles . One episode , The Bet , remained unfilmed , as it was considered too provocative by the network , as well as several cast and crew members . Two new writers joined the writing staff , Larry Charles and Peter Mehlman , who would continue to write for the show in later seasons . Even though season two started out with poor ratings , bringing the season to a two-month hiatus , the rest of the season was positively received by critics and was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards . A Seasons 1 and 2 DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23 , 2004 , 13 years after it completed broadcast on television . In addition to every episode from the two seasons , the DVD release features an episode from the third season that was held over , bonus material , including deleted scenes , inside looks , bloopers , and commentaries . Four million copies of the DVD were sold by the end of the year , making it one of the best-selling DVDs of all time . TV Guide ranked it as the sixth-greatest TV season ever made ." } ] }, { "value": "The Jacket", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Jacket_(Seinfeld)", "summary": "The Jacket is the third episode of the second season of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld and the show 's eighth episode overall . In the episode , protagonist Jerry Seinfeld buys an expensive suede jacket and has dinner with the father of his ex-girlfriend Elaine Benes . Elaine 's father Alton ( Lawrence Tierney ) , a war veteran and writer , makes Jerry and his friend George Costanza ( Jason Alexander ) very uncomfortable . Elaine is delayed and Jerry and George are stuck with Alton waiting for her at the hotel . The episode was written by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld and was directed by Tom Cherones . Most of the episode 's storyline was based on one of David 's personal experiences . Elaine 's father , a published author , was inspired by Richard Yates , author of Revolutionary Road , who Larry David had met while dating his daughter . Tierney 's performance as Alton Benes was praised by the cast and crew . However , they were taken aback by his eccentric behavior . The majority of the episode was filmed on December 4 , 1990 . The Jacket premiered on American television on February 6 , 1991 , on NBC , it gained a Nielsen rating of 10.4/16 and was praised by critics ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_2)", "summary": "Season two of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on January 23 , 1991 , on NBC . Because of the commencement of the first Gulf War , the second season 's premiere was postponed one week . The season comprised 12 episodes , and concluded its initial airing on June 26 , 1991 . It introduced a number of characters who played significant roles in later episodes , such as Jerry 's Uncle Leo and Jerry 's neighbor Newman . Filming of the show moved from Hollywood to Studio City , Los Angeles . One episode , The Bet , remained unfilmed , as it was considered too provocative by the network , as well as several cast and crew members . Two new writers joined the writing staff , Larry Charles and Peter Mehlman , who would continue to write for the show in later seasons . Even though season two started out with poor ratings , bringing the season to a two-month hiatus , the rest of the season was positively received by critics and was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards . A Seasons 1 and 2 DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23 , 2004 , 13 years after it completed broadcast on television . In addition to every episode from the two seasons , the DVD release features an episode from the third season that was held over , bonus material , including deleted scenes , inside looks , bloopers , and commentaries . Four million copies of the DVD were sold by the end of the year , making it one of the best-selling DVDs of all time . TV Guide ranked it as the sixth-greatest TV season ever made ." } ] }, { "value": "The Chinese Restaurant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Chinese_Restaurant", "summary": "The Chinese Restaurant is the 11th episode of the sitcom Seinfeld 's second season on NBC , and is the show 's 16th episode overall . The episode revolves around protagonist Jerry ( Jerry Seinfeld ) and his friends Elaine Benes ( Julia Louis-Dreyfus ) and George Costanza ( Jason Alexander ) waiting for a table at a Chinese restaurant , on their way to see a one-night showing of a movie . George tries to use the phone that is constantly occupied and Jerry recognizes a woman , but he is unsure where he has seen her before . Co-written by the series ' creators Seinfeld and head writer Larry David , the episode is set in real time , without any scene-breaks . It was the first of two episodes in which Jerry 's neighbor Kramer ( Michael Richards ) did not appear ( the other being The Pen ) . Considered a bottle episode , NBC executives objected to its production and broadcast due to its lack of an involved storyline , thinking that audiences would be uninterested . It was not until David threatened to quit if the network forced any major changes upon the script that NBC allowed the episode to be produced , though the network postponed broadcast to the near end of season two . First broadcast in the United States on May 23 , 1991 , the episode gained a Nielsen rating of 11.7/21 . Television critics reacted positively to The Chinese Restaurant , which is widely considered as one of the show 's classic episodes . In 1998 , a South Florida Sun-Sentinel critic wrote that the episode , along with season four 's The Contest , broke new sitcom ground ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_2)", "summary": "Season two of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on January 23 , 1991 , on NBC . Because of the commencement of the first Gulf War , the second season 's premiere was postponed one week . The season comprised 12 episodes , and concluded its initial airing on June 26 , 1991 . It introduced a number of characters who played significant roles in later episodes , such as Jerry 's Uncle Leo and Jerry 's neighbor Newman . Filming of the show moved from Hollywood to Studio City , Los Angeles . One episode , The Bet , remained unfilmed , as it was considered too provocative by the network , as well as several cast and crew members . Two new writers joined the writing staff , Larry Charles and Peter Mehlman , who would continue to write for the show in later seasons . Even though season two started out with poor ratings , bringing the season to a two-month hiatus , the rest of the season was positively received by critics and was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards . A Seasons 1 and 2 DVD box set was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in the United States and Canada on November 23 , 2004 , 13 years after it completed broadcast on television . In addition to every episode from the two seasons , the DVD release features an episode from the third season that was held over , bonus material , including deleted scenes , inside looks , bloopers , and commentaries . Four million copies of the DVD were sold by the end of the year , making it one of the best-selling DVDs of all time . TV Guide ranked it as the sixth-greatest TV season ever made ." } ] }, { "value": "The Phone Message", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Phone_Message", "summary": "The Phone Message is the ninth episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld , and the fourth of the show 's second season . The episode concerns protagonist Jerry Seinfeld ( Jerry Seinfeld ) dating a woman who likes a commercial for cotton Dockers he dislikes . Meanwhile , his friend George Costanza ( Jason Alexander ) leaves an obnoxious message on the answering machine of his girlfriend , and goes to great lengths to prevent her from hearing it . Written by series co-creators Seinfeld and Larry David and directed by Tom Cherones , the episode was produced to replace a script by staff writer Larry Charles . Charles had written an episode called The Bet , revolving around Elaine Benes ( Julia Louis-Dreyfus ) buying a handgun . The script 's gun content was deemed too provocative and , in little time , Seinfeld and David wrote The Phone Message to fill the production void . Though the episode met with positive critical responses , its initial broadcast on February 13 , 1991 , was watched by an underwhelming audience of 13 million viewers , causing NBC to put the show on a two-month hiatus ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_3)", "summary": "Season three of Seinfeld , an American television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on September 18 , 1991 on NBC , a U.S. broadcast television network . It comprises 23 episodes and concluded its initial airing on May 6 , 1992 . The Tape , The Pen , and The Letter are some of the season 's episodes that were inspired by the writers ' own experiences . Co-creator Larry David admits that season three was a big turning point for the series in terms of how the show was made ; its where the writers started doing non linear storylines with episodes containing multiple stories . George was becoming a bigger liar , Elaine was becoming more quirky , and Kramer was becoming surer of himself throughout his crazy antics . This season received eight Emmy nominations and one Directors Guild of America Award . The DVD boxset for season three was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in Region 1 on November 23 , 2004 , twelve years after it had completed broadcast on television . It was also released in Region 2 on November 1 , 2004 and on October 18 , 2004 in Region 4 . As well as every episode from the season ( minus The Stranded which was produced for the second season ) , the DVD release features bonus material including deleted scenes , exclusive stand-up material , and commentaries ." } ] }, { "value": "The Stranded", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Stranded", "summary": "The Stranded is the 27th episode of the sitcom Seinfeld . It is the tenth episode of the show 's third season . It first aired on November 27 , 1991 . The episode was originally produced for Season 2 but was postponed because Larry David was dissatisfied with the episode ; it was therefore advertised as a lost episode . It was also released in the first and second season set instead of the third . The episode was written by Larry David , Jerry Seinfeld and Matt Goldman and was directed by Tom Cherones . Besides the usual cast , other actors in the episode include : Michael Chiklis , Bobbi Jo Lathan , Gwen Shepherd , and Marcia Firesten ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David and Matt Goldman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_4)", "summary": "Season four of Seinfeld , an American comedy television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on August 12 , 1992 , and concluded on May 20 , 1993 , on NBC ." } ] }, { "value": "The Shoes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Shoes_(Seinfeld)", "summary": "The Shoes is the 56th episode of the NBC television sitcom Seinfeld . It is the 16th episode for the fourth season , and first aired on February 4 , 1993 ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_5)", "summary": "Season five of Seinfeld , an American comedy television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on September 16 , 1993 , and concluded on May 19 , 1994 , on NBC ." } ] }, { "value": "The Sniffing Accountant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Sniffing_Accountant", "summary": "The Sniffing Accountant is the 68th episode of the sitcom Seinfeld , being the fourth episode of the series ' fifth season . It aired on NBC on Thursday , October 7 , 1993 . In the episode , George 's father gets him an interview as a brassiere salesman . Evidence points to Jerry 's accountant being a cocaine user . Jerry , Kramer and Newman set up a sting to find out the truth . Elaine 's new boyfriend is perfect except for his unwillingness to use exclamation points . The episode was written by creators of Seinfeld , Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld , and directed by Tom Cherones . To research for one of this episode 's recurring jokes where the characters feel others ' shirt sleeves between their thumb and forefinger , David did this himself , assessing the different kinds of fabric and the owners ' reactions . The episode received positive reviews from critics and received a 19.1/21 Nielsen rating ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_5)", "summary": "Season five of Seinfeld , an American comedy television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on September 16 , 1993 , and concluded on May 19 , 1994 , on NBC ." } ] }, { "value": "The Raincoats", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Raincoats_(Seinfeld)", "summary": "The Raincoats is a two-part episode of the American sitcom Seinfeld . It is the 82nd and 83rd episode . This was the 18th and 19th episode for the fifth season . The episode was first shown on NBC on April 28 , 1994 , and garnered an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series . The episode was written by Tom Gammill , Max Pross , Larry David , and Jerry Seinfeld and directed by Tom Cherones . The episode 's storylines include George trying to weasel his way out of a commitment to the Big Brother program , Elaine 's discomfort with her boyfriend 's friendliness , Morty scheming to sell boxes of raincoats he designed before he and Helen go on vacation , and Jerry and his girlfriend being caught making out at a theatrical showing of Schindler 's List ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David , Tom Gammill , and Max Pross", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tom_Gammill", "summary": "Thomas W. Gammill ( born May 19 , 1957 ) and Maxwell Pross are an American comedy writing team . Together they have written episodes for such successful shows as Seinfeld , The Critic , The Wonder Years , It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , and Monk . They have also worked as producers on The Simpsons and Futurama ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Max_Pross", "summary": "Thomas W. Gammill ( born May 19 , 1957 ) and Maxwell Pross are an American comedy writing team . Together they have written episodes for such successful shows as Seinfeld , The Critic , The Wonder Years , It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , and Monk . They have also worked as producers on The Simpsons and Futurama ." } ] }, { "value": "Season 5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_5)", "summary": "Season five of Seinfeld , an American comedy television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on September 16 , 1993 , and concluded on May 19 , 1994 , on NBC ." } ] }, { "value": "The Opposite", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Opposite", "summary": "The Opposite is the 86th episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld , which was also the 22nd episode of the fifth season . It aired on May 19 , 1994 . This was the first episode shot for Season 5 , but it was intended to be the season finale . This is the last episode Tom Cherones directed . Andy Ackerman would take over as the primary director the following season , and hold that role until the end of the show 's run ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David and Andy Cowan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 6", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_6)", "summary": "Season six of Seinfeld , an American comedy television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on September 22 , 1994 , and concluded on May 18 , 1995 , on NBC . Season six placed first in the Nielsen ratings , above Home Improvement and ER ." } ] }, { "value": "The Kiss Hello", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Kiss_Hello", "summary": "The Kiss Hello is the 103rd episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld . This was the 16th episode for the sixth season . It aired on February 16 , 1995 . Although this was the 103rd episode to air , the cast and crew of the series credit this as the 100th episode because it is the 100th episode created ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Season 7", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seinfeld_(season_7)", "summary": "Season seven of Seinfeld , an American comedy television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , began airing on September 21 , 1995 , and concluded on May 16 , 1996 , on NBC ." } ] }, { "value": "The Cadillac", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Cadillac_(Seinfeld)", "summary": "The Cadillac is an hour-long , two-part episode of NBC sitcom Seinfeld . It was the 124th and 125th episode and 14th and 15th episode for the seventh season . It aired on February 8 , 1996 . This was the last episode to be co-written by Jerry Seinfeld . In this episode , Jerry 's gift of a Cadillac for his parents causes political difficulties for Morty and triggers gold digger instincts in Elaine , Kramer takes revenge on his cable company by not being at home when they show up , and George becomes obsessed with the possibility of a date with Academy Award-winning actress Marisa Tomei ( who plays herself in the episode ) ." } ] }, { "value": "with Larry David", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Filmography -- Video games", "section_text": "Writing credits for Seinfeld The list below only includes episodes mainly written by Seinfeld , as he ( and Larry David in Seasons 1 through 7 ) rewrote the drafts for each episode .", "uid": "Jerry_Seinfeld_3", "intro": "Jerome Allen Seinfeld (/ˈsaɪnfɛld/ SYNE-feld; born April 29, 1954) is an American comedian, actor, writer, producer, and director. He is known for playing a semi-fictionalized version of himself in the sitcom Seinfeld, which he created and wrote with Larry David. The show aired on NBC from 1989 until 1998, becoming one of the most acclaimed and popular sitcoms of all time. As a stand-up comedian, Seinfeld specializes in observational comedy. In 2005, Comedy Central named Seinfeld the 12th Greatest Stand-up Comedian of All Time. Seinfeld produced, co-wrote and starred in the 2007 film Bee Movie. In 2010, he premiered a reality series called The Marriage Ref, which aired for two seasons on NBC. Seinfeld is the creator and host of the series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee on Netflix. He is married to author and philanthropist Jessica Seinfeld, with whom he has three children." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Church_Fathers", "title": "List of New Testament Church Fathers", "header": [ "Name", "Location", "DOD", "Language" ], "data": [ { "value": "Acacius", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Acacius_of_Caesarea", "summary": "Acacius of Caesarea in Greek Ἀκάκιος Mονόφθαλμος ( died 366 ) was a Christian bishop , the pupil and successor in the Palestinian see of Caesarea of Eusebius AD 340 , whose life he wrote . He is remembered chiefly for his bitter opposition to St. Cyril of Jerusalem and for the part he was afterwards enabled to play in the more acute stages of the Arian controversy . In the famous twenty-first oration of St. Gregory Nazianzen , the author speaks of him as being the tongue of the Arians ." } ] }, { "value": "Caesarea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caesarea", "summary": "Caesarea ( /ˌsɛzəˈriːə , ˌsɛsəˈriːə , ˌsiːzəˈriːə/ ) , named in Hebrew : קֵיסָרְיָה , Keysariya or Qesarya , often simplified to Keisarya , and Qaysaria , is a town in north-central Israel , which inherits its name and much of its territory from the ancient city of Caesarea Maritima ( Greek : Καισάρεια ) . Located midway between Tel Aviv and Haifa on the coastal plain near the city of Hadera , it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council . With a population of 5,170 , it is the only Israeli locality managed by a private organization , the Caesarea Development Corporation , and also one of the most populous localities not recognized as a local council . The ancient city of Caesarea Maritima was built by Herod the Great about 25-13 BCE as a major port . It served as an administrative center of Judaea Province of the Roman Empire , and later as the capital of the Byzantine Palaestina Prima province . During the Muslim conquest in the 7th century , it was the last city of the Holy Land to fall to the Arabs . The city degraded to a small village after the provincial capital was moved from here to Ramleh and had an Arab majority until Crusader conquest . Under the Crusaders it became once again a major port and a fortified city . It was diminished after the Mamluk conquest . In 1884 , Bosniak immigrants settled there establishing a small fishing village . In 1940 , kibbutz Sdot Yam was established next to the Bosniak village . In February 1948 , the Bosniak village was conquered by a Palmach unit commanded by Yitzhak Rabin , its people already having fled following an earlier attack by the Lehi paramilitary group ." } ] }, { "value": "366", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Adamantius", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adamantius_(Pseudo-Origen)", "summary": "Adamantius was a 4th-century Christian writer sometimes mistaken for Origen . He may have come from Asia Minor or Syria but very little is known of him . He wrote anti-Gnostic works in Greek ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexandria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexandria", "summary": "Alexandria ( /ˌælɪɡˈzændriə/ or /-ˈzɑːnd-/ ; Arabic : الإسكندرية al-ʾIskandariyya ; Egyptian Arabic : اسكندرية Eskendereyya ; Coptic : ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ Alexandria or ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ Rakote , Greek : Αλεξάνδρεια Alexandria ) is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic center . With a population of 5,200,000 , Alexandria is the largest city on the Mediterranean , the sixth-largest city in the Arab world and the ninth-largest in Africa . The city extends about 40 km ( 25 mi ) at the northern coast of Egypt along the Mediterranean Sea . Alexandria is a popular tourist destination , and also an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez . Alexandria was founded in c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great , king of Macedon and leader of the Greek League of Corinth , during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire . An Egyptian village named Rhacotis existed at the location and grew into the Egyptian quarter of Alexandria . Alexandria grew rapidly to become an important center of Hellenistic civilization and remained the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman and Byzantine Egypt for almost 1,000 years , until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641 , when a new capital was founded at Fustat ( later absorbed into Cairo ) . Hellenistic Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria ( Pharos ) , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ; its Great Library ( the largest in the ancient world ) ; and the Necropolis , one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages . Alexandria was the intellectual and cultural center of the ancient Mediterranean world for much of the Hellenistic age and late antiquity . It was at one time the largest city in the ancient world before being eventually overtaken by Rome . The city was a major center of early Christianity and was the center of the Patriarchate of Alexandria , which was one of the major centers of Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire . In the modern world , the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria both lay claim to this ancient heritage ." } ] }, { "value": "300", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Africanus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus", "summary": "Sextus Julius Africanus ( c. 160 - c. 240 ; Greek : Σέξτος Ἰούλιος ὁ Ἀφρικανός or ὁ Λίβυς ) was a Christian traveler and historian of the late second and early third centuries . He is important chiefly because of his influence on Eusebius , on all the later writers of Church history among the Church Fathers , and on the whole Greek school of chroniclers ." } ] }, { "value": "Jerusalem", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jerusalem", "summary": "Jerusalem [ note 2 ] is a city in the Middle East , located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea . It is one of the oldest cities in the world , and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions - Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim Jerusalem as their capital , as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power ; however , neither claim is widely recognized internationally . [ note 3 ] During its long history , Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice , besieged 23 times , captured and recaptured 44 times , and attacked 52 times . The part of Jerusalem called the City of David shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE , in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds . Jerusalem was named as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets , probably meaning City of Shalem after a Canaanite deity , during the Canaanite period ( 14th century BCE ) . During the Israelite period , significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 9th century BCE ( Iron Age II ) , and in the 8th century the city developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah . In 1538 , the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent . Today those walls define the Old City , which has been traditionally divided into four quarters - known since the early 19th century as the Armenian , Christian , Jewish , and Muslim Quarters . The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981 , and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger . Since 1860 Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City 's boundaries . In 2015 , Jerusalem had a population of some 850,000 residents , comprising approximately 200,000 secular Jewish Israelis , 350,000 Haredi Jews and 300,000 Palestinians ." } ] }, { "value": "240", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alexander", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria", "summary": "Alexander I of Alexandria , 19th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark . During his patriarchate , he dealt with a number of issues facing the Church in that day . These included the dating of Easter , the actions of Meletius of Lycopolis , and the issue of greatest substance , Arianism . He was the leader of the opposition to Arianism at the First Council of Nicaea . He also is remembered for being the mentor of the man who would be his successor , Athanasius of Alexandria , who would become one of the leading Church fathers ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexandria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexandria", "summary": "Alexandria ( /ˌælɪɡˈzændriə/ or /-ˈzɑːnd-/ ; Arabic : الإسكندرية al-ʾIskandariyya ; Egyptian Arabic : اسكندرية Eskendereyya ; Coptic : ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ Alexandria or ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ Rakote , Greek : Αλεξάνδρεια Alexandria ) is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic center . With a population of 5,200,000 , Alexandria is the largest city on the Mediterranean , the sixth-largest city in the Arab world and the ninth-largest in Africa . The city extends about 40 km ( 25 mi ) at the northern coast of Egypt along the Mediterranean Sea . Alexandria is a popular tourist destination , and also an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez . Alexandria was founded in c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great , king of Macedon and leader of the Greek League of Corinth , during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire . An Egyptian village named Rhacotis existed at the location and grew into the Egyptian quarter of Alexandria . Alexandria grew rapidly to become an important center of Hellenistic civilization and remained the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman and Byzantine Egypt for almost 1,000 years , until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641 , when a new capital was founded at Fustat ( later absorbed into Cairo ) . Hellenistic Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria ( Pharos ) , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ; its Great Library ( the largest in the ancient world ) ; and the Necropolis , one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages . Alexandria was the intellectual and cultural center of the ancient Mediterranean world for much of the Hellenistic age and late antiquity . It was at one time the largest city in the ancient world before being eventually overtaken by Rome . The city was a major center of early Christianity and was the center of the Patriarchate of Alexandria , which was one of the major centers of Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire . In the modern world , the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria both lay claim to this ancient heritage ." } ] }, { "value": "328", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ambrose", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ambrose", "summary": "Aurelius Ambrosius [ a ] ( c. 340-397 ) , better known in English as Ambrose ( /ˈæmbroʊz/ ) , an Archbishop of Milan , became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century . He served as the Roman governor of Liguria and Emilia , headquartered in Milan , before popular acclamation propelled him into becoming Bishop of Milan in 374 . Ambrose staunchly opposed Arianism . Western Christianity identified Ambrose as one of its four traditional Doctors of the Church , and as the patron saint of Milan . He had notable influence on Augustine of Hippo ( 354-430 ) . Tradition credits Ambrose with promoting antiphonal chant , a style of chanting in which one side of the choir responds alternately to the other , as well as with composing Veni redemptor gentium , an Advent hymn ." } ] }, { "value": "Milan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Milan", "summary": "Milan ( /mɪˈlæn/ , US also /mɪˈlɑːn/ , Italian : Milano [ miˈlaːno ] ( listen ) , Milanese : [ miˈlãː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northern Italy , capital of Lombardy , and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome . Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire , the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia . The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million while its metropolitan city has 3.23 million inhabitants . Its continuously built-up urban area , that stretches well beyond the boundaries of its administrative metropolitan city , is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants . The population within the wider Milan metropolitan area , also known as Greater Milan , is estimated at 8.2 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and the 4th largest in the EU . Milan is considered a leading alpha global city , with strengths in the field of the art , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's stock exchange ( Italian : Borsa Italiana ) , and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the second-largest economy among EU cities after Paris , and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the Four Motors for Europe . The city has been recognized as one of the world 's four fashion capitals thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11% of the national total enrolled students ." } ] }, { "value": "397", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Latin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ammonius", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas", "summary": "Ammonius Saccas ( /əˈmoʊniəs/ ; Greek : Ἀμμώνιος Σακκᾶς ; fl . 3rd century AD ) was an Egyptian philosopher from Alexandria who was often referred to as one of the founders of Neoplatonism . He is mainly known as the teacher of Plotinus , whom he taught for eleven years from 232 to 243 . He was undoubtedly the biggest influence on Plotinus in his development of Neoplatonism , although little is known about his own philosophical views . Later Christian writers stated that Ammonius was a Christian , but it is now generally assumed that there was a different Ammonius of Alexandria who wrote biblical texts ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexandria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexandria", "summary": "Alexandria ( /ˌælɪɡˈzændriə/ or /-ˈzɑːnd-/ ; Arabic : الإسكندرية al-ʾIskandariyya ; Egyptian Arabic : اسكندرية Eskendereyya ; Coptic : ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ Alexandria or ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ Rakote , Greek : Αλεξάνδρεια Alexandria ) is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic center . With a population of 5,200,000 , Alexandria is the largest city on the Mediterranean , the sixth-largest city in the Arab world and the ninth-largest in Africa . The city extends about 40 km ( 25 mi ) at the northern coast of Egypt along the Mediterranean Sea . Alexandria is a popular tourist destination , and also an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez . Alexandria was founded in c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great , king of Macedon and leader of the Greek League of Corinth , during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire . An Egyptian village named Rhacotis existed at the location and grew into the Egyptian quarter of Alexandria . Alexandria grew rapidly to become an important center of Hellenistic civilization and remained the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman and Byzantine Egypt for almost 1,000 years , until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641 , when a new capital was founded at Fustat ( later absorbed into Cairo ) . Hellenistic Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria ( Pharos ) , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ; its Great Library ( the largest in the ancient world ) ; and the Necropolis , one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages . Alexandria was the intellectual and cultural center of the ancient Mediterranean world for much of the Hellenistic age and late antiquity . It was at one time the largest city in the ancient world before being eventually overtaken by Rome . The city was a major center of early Christianity and was the center of the Patriarchate of Alexandria , which was one of the major centers of Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire . In the modern world , the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria both lay claim to this ancient heritage ." } ] }, { "value": "250 ( III )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ammonius", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ammonius_of_Alexandria_(Christian_philosopher)", "summary": "Ammonius of Alexandria ( /əˈmoʊniəs/ ; Greek : Ἀμμώνιος ) was a Christian philosopher who lived in the 3rd century . He is not to be confused with Ammonius Saccas , the Neoplatonist philosopher , also from Alexandria ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexandria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexandria", "summary": "Alexandria ( /ˌælɪɡˈzændriə/ or /-ˈzɑːnd-/ ; Arabic : الإسكندرية al-ʾIskandariyya ; Egyptian Arabic : اسكندرية Eskendereyya ; Coptic : ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ Alexandria or ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ Rakote , Greek : Αλεξάνδρεια Alexandria ) is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic center . With a population of 5,200,000 , Alexandria is the largest city on the Mediterranean , the sixth-largest city in the Arab world and the ninth-largest in Africa . The city extends about 40 km ( 25 mi ) at the northern coast of Egypt along the Mediterranean Sea . Alexandria is a popular tourist destination , and also an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez . Alexandria was founded in c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great , king of Macedon and leader of the Greek League of Corinth , during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire . An Egyptian village named Rhacotis existed at the location and grew into the Egyptian quarter of Alexandria . Alexandria grew rapidly to become an important center of Hellenistic civilization and remained the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman and Byzantine Egypt for almost 1,000 years , until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641 , when a new capital was founded at Fustat ( later absorbed into Cairo ) . Hellenistic Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria ( Pharos ) , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ; its Great Library ( the largest in the ancient world ) ; and the Necropolis , one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages . Alexandria was the intellectual and cultural center of the ancient Mediterranean world for much of the Hellenistic age and late antiquity . It was at one time the largest city in the ancient world before being eventually overtaken by Rome . The city was a major center of early Christianity and was the center of the Patriarchate of Alexandria , which was one of the major centers of Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire . In the modern world , the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria both lay claim to this ancient heritage ." } ] }, { "value": "450 ( V )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Amphilochius", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amphilochius_of_Iconium", "summary": "Amphilochius of Iconium ( Greek : Ἀµφιλόχιος Ἰκονίου ) was a Christian bishop of the fourth century , son of a Cappadocian family of distinction , born , perhaps at Caesarea , ca . 339/340 , died probably 394-403 . His father was an eminent lawyer , and his mother Livia remarkable for gentleness and wisdom . He is venerated as a saint on Nov. 22 . He was probably first cousin to Gregory of Nazianzus , and was brought up in the peculiarly religious atmosphere of the Christian aristocracy of his native province . He studied law in Antioch with Libanius , practised at Constantinople , but soon retired to lead a religious life in the vicinity of his friend and relative , the theologian of Nazianzus . He was soon drawn within the circle of influence around Basil of Caesarea , and seems to have been for a while a member of the Christian City of the Poor that Basil had built at Cæsarea . Early in 374 he was bishop of the important see of Iconium , probably placed there by Basil , whom he continued to aid in Cappadocian ecclesiastical affairs until Basil 's death ( 379 ) . Thenceforth he remained in close relations with Gregory of Nazianzus , and accompanied him to the Council of Constantinople ( 381 ) , where Jerome met and conversed with him ( De Vir . Ill. , c. 133 ) . In the history of theology he occupies a place of prominence for his defence of the divinity of the Holy Spirit against the Macedonians . It was to him that Basil dedicated his work On the Holy Spirit ." } ] }, { "value": "Iconium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Iconium", "summary": "Konya ( Turkish pronunciation : [ ˈkon.ja ] ) is a major city in south-western edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau and is the seventh-most-populous city in Turkey with a metropolitan population of over 2.1 million . Konya is an economically and industrially developed city and the capital of Konya Province . The Konya region has been inhabited since the 3rd millennium BC . Known as Iconium during classical antiquity , the city was ruled successively by the Phrygian , Persian , Hellenistic and Roman civilizations . In the 11th century the Seljuk Turks conquered the area from the Byzantines , and Konya then became the capital of the Sultanate of Rum . Under the Seljuks , the city reached the height of its wealth and influence . Following the demise of Rum , Konya came under the rule of the Karamanids , before being taken over by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century . After the Turkish War of Independence the city became part of the modern Republic of Turkey ." } ] }, { "value": "394", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anastasius", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anastasius_Sinaita", "summary": "Anastasius Sinaïta ( Anastasius of Sinai , died after 700 ) , also called Anastasios of Sinai , was a seventh-century Greek ecclesiastical writer , priest , monk , and abbot of Saint Catherine 's Monastery at Mount Sinai ." } ] }, { "value": "Sinai Peninsula", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula", "summary": "The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai ( now usually /ˈsaɪnaɪ/ SY-ny , also /ˈsaɪnɪaɪ/ SY-nih-eye and US : /ˈsaɪneɪaɪ/ SY-nay-eye ) is a peninsula in Egypt , and the only part of the country located in Asia . It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south , and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa . Sinai has a land area of about 60,000 km2 ( 23,000 sq mi ) ( 6 percent of Egypt 's total area ) and a population of approximately 600,000 people . Administratively , the vast majority of the area of the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates : the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate . Three other governorates span the Suez Canal , crossing into African Egypt : Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal , Ismailia Governorate in the center , and Port Said Governorate in the north . The peninsula acquired the name Sinai in modern times due to the assumption that a mountain near Saint Catherine 's Monastery is the Biblical Mount Sinai . Mount Sinai is one of the most religiously significant places in the Abrahamic faiths . The Sinai Peninsula has been a part of Egypt from the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt ( c. 3100 BC ) . This comes in stark contrast to the region north of it , the Levant ( present-day territories of Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Israel and Palestine ) , which , due largely to its strategic geopolitical location and cultural convergences , has historically been the center of conflict between Egypt and various states of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor . In periods of foreign occupation , the Sinai was , like the rest of Egypt , also occupied and controlled by foreign empires , in more recent history the Ottoman Empire ( 1517-1867 ) and the United Kingdom ( 1882-1956 ) . Israel invaded and occupied Sinai during the Suez Crisis ( known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression due to the simultaneous coordinated attack by the UK , France and Israel ) of 1956 , and during the Six-Day War of 1967 . On 6 October 1973 , Egypt launched the Yom Kippur War to retake the peninsula , which was unsuccessful ." } ] }, { "value": "750 ( VIII ? )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anastasius", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Antioch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Antioch", "summary": "Antioch on the Orontes ( /ˈænti.ɒk/ ; Ancient Greek : Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου , Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou ; also Syrian Antioch ) [ note 1 ] was an ancient Greek city on the eastern side of the Orontes River . Its ruins lie near the modern city of Antakya , Turkey , to which the ancient city lends its name . Antioch was founded near the end of the fourth century BC by Seleucus I Nicator , one of Alexander the Great 's generals . The city 's geographical , military , and economic location benefited its occupants , particularly such features as the spice trade , the Silk Road , and the Royal Road . It eventually rivaled Alexandria as the chief city of the Near East . The city was the capital of the Seleucid Empire until 63 B.C . when the Romans took control , making it the seat of the governor of the province of Syria . From the early 4th century , the city was the seat of the Count of the Orient , head of the regional administration of sixteen provinces . [ citation needed ] It was also the main center of Hellenistic Judaism at the end of the Second Temple period . Antioch was one of the most important cities in the eastern Mediterranean of Rome 's dominions . It covered almost 1,100 acres ( 4.5 km2 ) within the walls of which one quarter was mountain , leaving 750 acres ( 3.0 km2 ) about one-fifth the area of Rome within the Aurelian Walls . Antioch was called the cradle of Christianity as a result of its longevity and the pivotal role that it played in the emergence of both Hellenistic Judaism and early Christianity ." } ] }, { "value": "700", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrew", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andreas_of_Caesarea", "summary": "Andreas of Caesarea ( Greek : Ἀνδρέας Καισαρείας ; 563 - 637 ) was a Greek theological writer and bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia . Karl Krumbacher assigned him to the first half of the sixth century . He is variously placed by other scholars , from the fifth to the ninth century . However , today it is unquestionable that his life spanned the late sixth/early seventh centuries ." } ] }, { "value": "Caesarea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caesarea", "summary": "Caesarea ( /ˌsɛzəˈriːə , ˌsɛsəˈriːə , ˌsiːzəˈriːə/ ) , named in Hebrew : קֵיסָרְיָה , Keysariya or Qesarya , often simplified to Keisarya , and Qaysaria , is a town in north-central Israel , which inherits its name and much of its territory from the ancient city of Caesarea Maritima ( Greek : Καισάρεια ) . Located midway between Tel Aviv and Haifa on the coastal plain near the city of Hadera , it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council . With a population of 5,170 , it is the only Israeli locality managed by a private organization , the Caesarea Development Corporation , and also one of the most populous localities not recognized as a local council . The ancient city of Caesarea Maritima was built by Herod the Great about 25-13 BCE as a major port . It served as an administrative center of Judaea Province of the Roman Empire , and later as the capital of the Byzantine Palaestina Prima province . During the Muslim conquest in the 7th century , it was the last city of the Holy Land to fall to the Arabs . The city degraded to a small village after the provincial capital was moved from here to Ramleh and had an Arab majority until Crusader conquest . Under the Crusaders it became once again a major port and a fortified city . It was diminished after the Mamluk conquest . In 1884 , Bosniak immigrants settled there establishing a small fishing village . In 1940 , kibbutz Sdot Yam was established next to the Bosniak village . In February 1948 , the Bosniak village was conquered by a Palmach unit commanded by Yitzhak Rabin , its people already having fled following an earlier attack by the Lehi paramilitary group ." } ] }, { "value": "614", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrew", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrew_of_Crete", "summary": "Saint Andrew of Crete ( Greek : Ἀνδρέας Κρήτης , c. 650 - July 4 , 712 or 726 or 740 ) , also known as Andrew of Jerusalem , was an 8th-century bishop , theologian , homilist , and hymnographer . He is venerated as a saint by Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians ." } ] }, { "value": "Crete", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Crete", "summary": "Crete ( Greek : Κρήτη , Kríti [ 'kriti ] ; Ancient Greek : Κρήτη , Krḗtē ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands , the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea , after Sicily , Sardinia , Cyprus , and Corsica . It bounds the southern border of the Aegean sea . Crete lies approximately 160 km ( 99 mi ) south of the Greek mainland . It has an area of 8,336 km2 ( 3,219 sq mi ) and a coastline of 1,046 km ( 650 mi ) . Crete and a number of surrounding islands and islets constitute the region of Crete ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Κρήτης ) , the southernmost of the 13 top-level administrative units of Greece ; the region is the fifth most populous region of Greece . Its capital and largest city is Heraklion , located on the northern shore of the island . As of 2011 [ update ] , the region had a population of 623,065 . The Dodecanese are located to the northeast of Crete , while the Cyclades are situated to the north , separated by the Sea of Crete . The Peloponnese is to the region 's northwest . Humans have inhabited the island since at least 130,000 years ago , during the Paleolithic age . Crete was the centre of Europe 's first advanced civilization , the Minoans , from 2700 to 1420 BC ; the Minoan civilization was overrun by the Mycenaean civilization from mainland Greece . Later , Crete fell under Roman rule , and afterwards the Byzantine Empire , Andalusian Arabs , the Venetian Republic , and the Ottoman Empire successively ruled Crete ." } ] }, { "value": "740", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ansbert", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ansbert", "summary": "Saint Ansbert , called Ansbert of Rouen or sometimes Ansbert of Chaussy ( ? - c. 695 ) , is a saint from northern France . In the 7th century , he served the Christian Church as a monk and an abbot , and ultimately as the archbishop of the city of Rouen ." } ] }, { "value": "Rouen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rouen", "summary": "Rouen ( UK : /ˈruːɒ̃ , ˈruːɒn/ , US : /ruːˈɒ̃ , ruːˈɒn/ , French : [ ʁwɑ̃ ] ( listen ) or [ ʁuɑ̃ ] ) is a city on the River Seine in northern France . It is the capital of the region of Normandy . Formerly one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe , [ further explanation needed ] Rouen was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy during the Middle Ages . It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties , which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries . The population of the metropolitan area ( French : agglomération ) at the 2011 census was 655,013 , with the city proper having an estimated population of 111,557 . People from Rouen are known as Rouennais ." } ] }, { "value": "750 ( VIII )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Latin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anthony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua", "summary": "Saint Anthony of Padua ( Portuguese : Santo António de Pádua ; born Fernando Martins de Bulhões ; 15 August 1195 - 13 June 1231 ) , also known as Saint Anthony of Lisbon ( Portuguese : Santo António de Lisboa ) , was a Portuguese Catholic priest and friar of the Franciscan Order . He was born and raised by a wealthy family in Lisbon , Portugal , and died in Padua , Italy . Noted by his contemporaries for his powerful preaching , expert knowledge of scripture , and undying love and devotion to the poor and the sick , he was one of the most quickly canonized saints in church history . He was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church on 16 January 1946 . He is also the patron saint of lost things ." } ] }, { "value": "Padua", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Padua", "summary": "Padua ( /ˈpædjuə/ ; Italian : Padova [ ˈpaːdova ] ( listen ) ; Venetian : Pàdova ) is a city and comune in Veneto , northern Italy . Padua is on the river Bacchiglione , west of Venice . It is the capital of the province of Padua . It is also the economic and communications hub of the area . Padua 's population is 214,000 ( as of 2011 [ update ] ) . The city is sometimes included , with Venice ( Italian Venezia ) and Treviso , in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area ( PATREVE ) which has a population of around 2,600,000 . Padua stands on the Bacchiglione River , 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) west of Venice and 29 km ( 18 miles ) southeast of Vicenza . The Brenta River , which once ran through the city , still touches the northern districts . Its agricultural setting is the Venetian Plain ( Pianura Veneta ) . To the city 's south west lies the Euganaean Hills , praised by Lucan and Martial , Petrarch , Ugo Foscolo , and Shelley . It hosts the University of Padua , founded in 1222 , where later Galileo Galilei was a lecturer between 1592 and 1610 . The city is picturesque , with a dense network of arcaded streets opening into large communal piazze , and many bridges crossing the various branches of the Bacchiglione , which once surrounded the ancient walls like a moat ." } ] }, { "value": "1231", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Latin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Antiochus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Antiochus_of_Palestine", "summary": "Antiochus of Palestine , also known as Antiochus the Monk , was a 7th-century monk and an author of the Pandektes , a collection of moral sentences . The identification of Antiochus with the contemporary Antiochus Strategos , author of a narrative on the Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 , is disputed . The Greek original of the latter text is lost ; the work is preserved in Georgian and Arabic versions . Antiochus is believed to have been born near Ancyra ( now Ankara , Turkey ) . He lived first as a solitary , then became a monk and Abbot of the famous Lavra ( monastery ) of St. Saba near Jerusalem . He witnessed the Persian invasion of Palestine in 614 , and the massacre of forty-four of his companions by the Bedouins . In 619 , five years after the conquest of the Holy Land by Chosroes , Ancyra was taken and destroyed by the Persians , which compelled the monks of the neighbouring monastery of Attaline to leave their home , and to move from place to place . As they were , naturally , unable to carry many books with them , the Abbot Eustathius asked his friend Antiochus to compile an abridgment of Holy Scripture for their use , and also a short account of the martyrdom of the forty-four monks of St. Sabbas . In compliance with this request he wrote a work known as the Pandects of Holy Scripture ( in 130 chapters , mistaken by the Latin translator for as many homilies ) . It is a collection of moral sentences , drawn from Scripture and from early ecclesiastical writers . He also wrote an Exomologesis or prayer , in which he relates the miseries that had befallen Jerusalem since the Persian invasion , and begs the divine mercy to heal the Holy City 's many ills . These works seem to have been written in the period between the conquest of Palestine by Chosroes and its reconquest by the Emperor Heraclius in 628 ." } ] }, { "value": "Mar Saba", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mar_Saba", "summary": "The Holy Lavra of Saint Sabbas , known in Syriac as Mar Saba , is a Greek Orthodox monastery overlooking the Kidron Valley at a point halfway between the Old City of Jerusalem and the Dead Sea , within the Bethlehem Governorate of the West Bank . The monks of Mar Saba and those of subsidiary houses are known as Sabaites ." } ] }, { "value": "614", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aphraates", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aphrahat", "summary": "Aphrahat ( c. 280-c. 345 ; Syriac : ܐܦܪܗܛ Ap̄rahaṭ , Persian : فرهاد , Ancient Greek : Ἀφραάτης , and Latin Aphraates ) was a Syriac Christian author of the third century from Adiabene in the Asōristān ( Assyria ) province of the Sasanian Empire who composed a series of twenty-three expositions or homilies on points of Christian doctrine and practice . All his known works , the Demonstrations , come from later on in his life . He was an ascetic and celibate , and was almost definitely a son of the covenant ( an early Syriac form of communal monasticism ) . He may have been a bishop , and later Syriac tradition places him at the head of Mar Mattai monastery near Mosul in what is now Iraqi Kurdistan . He was a near contemporary to the slightly younger Ephrem the Syrian , but the latter lived within the sphere of the Roman Empire . Called the Persian Sage ( Syriac : ܚܟܝܡܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ , Ḥakkimā Pārsāyā ) , Aphrahat witnesses to the concerns of the early church beyond the eastern boundaries of the Roman Empire ." } ] }, { "value": "Assyria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Assyria", "summary": "Assyria ( /əˈsɪəriə/ ) , also called the Assyrian Empire , was a Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant that existed as a state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC ( in the form of the Assur city-state ) until its collapse between 612 BC and 609 BC - spanning the periods of the Early to Middle Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age . From the end of the seventh century BC ( when the Neo-Assyrian state fell ) to the mid-seventh century AD , it survived as a geopolitical entity , for the most part ruled by foreign powers such as the Parthian and early Sasanian Empires between the mid-second century BC and late third century AD , the final part of which period saw Mesopotamia become a major centre of Syriac Christianity and the birthplace of the Church of the East . A largely Semitic-speaking realm , Assyria was centred on the Tigris in Upper Mesopotamia . The Assyrians came to rule powerful empires in several periods . Making up a substantial part of the greater Mesopotamian cradle of civilization , which included Sumer , the Akkadian Empire , and Babylonia , Assyria reached the height of technological , scientific and cultural achievements for its time . At its peak , the Neo-Assyrian Empire of 911 to 609 BC stretched from eastern Libya and Cyprus in the East Mediterranean to Iran , and from present-day Armenia and Azerbaijan in the Transcaucasia to the Arabian Peninsula . The name Assyria originates with the Assyrian state 's original capital , the ancient city of Aššur , which dates to c. 2600 BC - originally one of a number of Akkadian-speaking city-states in Mesopotamia . In the 25th and 24th centuries BC , Assyrian kings were pastoral leaders . From the late 24th century BC , the Assyrians became subject to Sargon of Akkad , who united all the Akkadian- and Sumerian-speaking peoples of Mesopotamia under the Akkadian Empire , which lasted from c. 2334 BC to 2154 BC . After the Assyrian Empire fell from power , the greater remaining part of Assyria formed a geopolitical region and province of other empires , although between the mid-2nd century BC and late 3rd century AD a patchwork of small independent Assyrian kingdoms arose in the form of Assur , Adiabene , Osroene , Beth Nuhadra , Beth Garmai and Hatra . The region of Assyria fell under the successive control of the Median Empire of 678 to 549 BC , the Achaemenid Empire of 550 to 330 BC , the Macedonian Empire ( late 4th century BC ) , the Seleucid Empire of 312 to 63 BC , the Parthian Empire of 247 BC to 224 AD , the Roman Empire ( from 116 to 118 AD ) and the Sasanian Empire of 224 to 651 AD . The Arab Islamic conquest of the area in the mid-seventh century finally dissolved Assyria ( Assuristan ) as a single entity , after which the remnants of the Assyrian people ( by now Christians ) gradually became an ethnic , linguistic , cultural and religious minority in the Assyrian homeland , surviving there to this day as an indigenous people of the region ." } ] }, { "value": "367", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Syriac", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Syriac_language", "summary": "Syriac ( /ˈsɪriæk/ ; ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ [ a ] Leššānā Suryāyā ) , also known as Syrian/Syriac Aramaic , Syro-Aramaic or Classical Syriac , is a dialect of Middle Aramaic of the Northwest Semitic languages of the Afroasiatic family that is written in the Syriac alphabet , a derivation of the Aramaic alphabet . Having first appeared in the early first century CE in Edessa , classical Syriac became a major literary language throughout the Middle East from the 4th to the 8th centuries , preserved in a large body of Syriac literature . Indeed , Syriac literature comprises roughly 90% of the extant Aramaic literature . Syriac was once spoken across much of the Near East as well as Anatolia and Eastern Arabia . Syriac originated in Mesopotamia and eventually spread west of Iraq in which it became the lingua franca of the region during the Mesopotamian Neo-Assyrian period . The Old Aramaic language was adopted by the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 911-609 BC ) when the Assyrians conquered the various Syro-Hittite states to its west . The Achaemenid Empire ( 546-332 BC ) , which rose after the fall of the Assyrian Empire , also retained Old Aramaic as its official language , and Old Aramaic remained the lingua franca of the region . During the course of the third and fourth centuries AD , the inhabitants of the region began to embrace Christianity . Because of theological differences , Syriac-speaking Christians bifurcated during the 5th century into the Church of the East , or East Syrians under Sasanian rule , and the Syriac Orthodox , or West Syrians under the Byzantine empire . After this separation , the two groups developed distinct dialects differing primarily in the pronunciation and written symbolisation of vowels . The modern , and vastly spoken , Syriac varieties today include Assyrian Neo-Aramaic , Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Turoyo , among others , which , in turn , have their own subdialects as well . Along with Latin and Greek , Syriac became one of the three most important Christian languages in the early centuries of the Common Era ." } ] }, { "value": "Apollinaris", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Apollinaris_of_Laodicea", "summary": "Apollinaris the Younger , also known as Apollinaris of Laodicea , ( died 382 ) was a bishop of Laodicea in Syria . He is best known , however , as a noted opponent of Arianism . Apollinaris 's eagerness to emphasize the deity of Jesus and the unity of his person led him so far as to deny the existence of a rational human soul in Christ 's human nature . This view came to be called Apollinarism . It was condemned by the First Council of Constantinople in 381 ." } ] }, { "value": "Laodicea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Latakia", "summary": "Latakia ( Arabic : الْلَاذِقِيَّة al-Lādhiqīyah ; Syrian pronunciation : [ el.laːdˈʔɪjje , -laːðˈqɪjja ] ) is the principal port city of Syria , as well as the capital of the Latakia Governorate . Historically , it has also been known as Laodicea in Syria or Laodicea ad Mare . In addition to serving as a port , the city is a manufacturing center for surrounding agricultural towns and villages . According to the 2004 official census , the population of the city is 383,786 , Its population greatly increased as a result of the ongoing Syrian Civil War due to the influx of refugees from rebel and terrorist held areas . It is the 4th-largest city in Syria after Aleppo , Damascus and Homs , and it borders Tartus to the south , Hama to the east , and Idlib to the north while Cape Apostolos Andreas , the most north-eastern tip of Cyprus is about 68 miles ( 109 km ) away . Although the site has been inhabited since the 2nd millennium BC , the city was founded in the 4th century BC under the rule of the Seleucid empire . Latakia was subsequently ruled by the Romans , then the Ummayads and Abbasids in the 8th-10th centuries of the Christian era . Under their rule , the Byzantines frequently attacked the city , periodically recapturing it before losing it again to the Arabs , particularly the Fatimids . Afterward , Latakia was ruled successively by the Seljuk Turks , Crusaders , Ayyubids , Mamluks , and the Ottomans . Following World War I , Latakia was assigned to the French mandate of Syria , in which it served as the capital of the autonomous territory of the Alawites . This autonomous territory became the Alawite State in 1922 , proclaiming its independence a number of times until reintegrating into Syria in 1944 . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "380", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Apringius", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Apringius", "summary": "Apringius of Beja was a sixth-century Latin Church Father who wrote a commentary on the Book of Revelation . Only fragments of his commentary survive ." } ] }, { "value": "Beja", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beja_(Portugal)", "summary": "Beja ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈbɛʒɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a city and a municipality in the Alentejo region , Portugal . The population in 2011 was 35,854 , in an area of 1,146.44 km2 ( 442.64 sq mi ) . The city proper had a population of 21,658 in 2001 . The municipality is the capital of the Beja District . The present Mayor is Paulo Arsénio , elected by the Socialist Party with an absolute majority in the 2017 Portuguese Local Elections . The municipal holiday is Ascension Day . The Portuguese Air Force has an airbase in the area - the Air Base No . 11 ." } ] }, { "value": "551", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Latin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arethas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arethas_of_Caesarea", "summary": "Arethas of Caesarea ( Greek : Ἀρέθας ; born c. 860 AD ) was Archbishop of Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia ( modern Kayseri , Turkey ) early in the 10th century , and is considered one of the most scholarly theologians of the Greek Orthodox Church . The codices produced by him , containing his commentaries are credited with preserving many ancient texts , including those of Plato and Marcus Aurelius ' Meditations ." } ] }, { "value": "Caesarea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caesarea", "summary": "Caesarea ( /ˌsɛzəˈriːə , ˌsɛsəˈriːə , ˌsiːzəˈriːə/ ) , named in Hebrew : קֵיסָרְיָה , Keysariya or Qesarya , often simplified to Keisarya , and Qaysaria , is a town in north-central Israel , which inherits its name and much of its territory from the ancient city of Caesarea Maritima ( Greek : Καισάρεια ) . Located midway between Tel Aviv and Haifa on the coastal plain near the city of Hadera , it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council . With a population of 5,170 , it is the only Israeli locality managed by a private organization , the Caesarea Development Corporation , and also one of the most populous localities not recognized as a local council . The ancient city of Caesarea Maritima was built by Herod the Great about 25-13 BCE as a major port . It served as an administrative center of Judaea Province of the Roman Empire , and later as the capital of the Byzantine Palaestina Prima province . During the Muslim conquest in the 7th century , it was the last city of the Holy Land to fall to the Arabs . The city degraded to a small village after the provincial capital was moved from here to Ramleh and had an Arab majority until Crusader conquest . Under the Crusaders it became once again a major port and a fortified city . It was diminished after the Mamluk conquest . In 1884 , Bosniak immigrants settled there establishing a small fishing village . In 1940 , kibbutz Sdot Yam was established next to the Bosniak village . In February 1948 , the Bosniak village was conquered by a Palmach unit commanded by Yitzhak Rabin , its people already having fled following an earlier attack by the Lehi paramilitary group ." } ] }, { "value": "914", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aristides", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aristides_the_Athenian", "summary": "Aristides the Athenian ( also Saint Aristides or Marcianus Aristides ; Greek : Ἀριστείδης Μαρκιανός ) was a 2nd-century Christian Greek author who is primarily known as the author of the Apology of Aristides . His feast day is August 31 in Roman Catholicism and September 13 in Eastern Orthodoxy ." } ] }, { "value": "Athens", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athens", "summary": "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ." } ] }, { "value": "150 ( II )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greek", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Fathers", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_New_Testament_Church_Fathers_0", "intro": "The following list of New Testament Church Fathers provides an overview of an important part of the secondary source evidence for the text of the New Testament (NT). The NT was quoted by early Christian authors, like Ignatius of Antioch, called the Church Fathers, and also in anonymous works like the Didache. Some anonymous works have traditionally been misattributed to better-known authors, and are now known by the name of that author, but with the prefix pseudo (meaning false in Greek), for example Pseudo-Dionysius. The other most substantial component of secondary sources for the text of the NT is its early translations into other languages, like Latin. Translations of the NT are known as versions." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "title": "Yugoslavia at the 1967 Mediterranean Games", "header": [ "Medal", "Name", "Sport", "Event" ], "data": [ { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Snežana Hrepevnik", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Snežana_Hrepevnik", "summary": "Snežana Hrepevnik ( 13 November 1948 - 13 May 1981 ) was a Serbian high jumper who competed in the 1968 , 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics . She finished 14th at the 1968 Summer Olympics , 20th at the 1972 Summer Olympics and 12th at the 1976 Summer Olympics . She was born in Umka and died in Belgrade ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "High Jump", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 1967 Mediterranean Games were held in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Miljenko Rak", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miljenko_Rak", "summary": "Miljenko Rak ( born 1947 ) is a Croatian former long-jumper and fitness trainer . He has worked as the trainer for the Croatia national handball team , and with Olympic gold medal winning skier , Janica Kostelić , and football manager , Slaven Bilić . He is currently fitness coach in Dinamo Zagreb . Rak was the fitness coach for the Croatia national handball team that won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . Having studied for a degree is physical education at University of Novi Sad , competing for SFR Yugoslavia , as a long-jumper he took part in the 1967 Mediterranean Games in Tunis winning the gold medal with a jump of 7.53 metres ( 24 ft 8 in ) . Four years later in the 1971 Mediterranean Games he won the silver medal with a jump of 7.78 metres ( 25 ft 6 in ) , and in the 1979 Mediterranean Games in Split he won the bronze medal with a jump of 7.62 metres ( 25 ft 0 in ) . Rak worked as a coach in Osijek training athletes such as 800-metre runner , Slobodanka Čolović and long-jumper Siniša Ergotić . Rak started as a footballing fitness coach with Dinamo Zagreb joining Slaven Bilić with the Croatia national football team . He followed Bilić to work with Lokomotiv Moscow , Beşiktaş and West Ham United . He left West Ham along with Bilić 's other coaching staff when the manager was sacked on 6 November 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "Long Jump", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 1967 Mediterranean Games were held in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tomislav Šuker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tomislav_Šuker", "summary": "Tomislav Šuker ( born 26 April 1940 ) is a Croatian retired track and field athlete who competed for Yugoslavia . He won a gold medal in shot put at the 1967 Mediterranean Games . Tomislav Šuker also won the Yugoslavian championship in shot put twice , 1967 and 1968 . Tomislav Šuker is father of Davor Šuker , arguably the best Croatian footballer of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "Shot Put", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 1967 Mediterranean Games were held in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Miodrag Todosijević", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miodrag_Todosijević", "summary": "Miodrag Todosijević ( 14 September 1941 in Kraljevo - 11 November 1982 in Beograd ) was a Serbian high jumper who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "High Jump", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 1967 Mediterranean Games were held in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Basketball team Petar Skansi Krešimir Ćosić Vladimir Cvetković Aljoša Žorga Rato Tvrdić Zoran Maroević Kosta Grubor Damir Šolman Ljubodrag Simonović Nikola Plećaš Goran Brajković Momčilo Pazmanj", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_basketball_team", "summary": "The SFR Yugoslavian national basketball team ( Serbo-Croatian : Košarkaška reprezentacija Jugoslavije / Кошаркашка репрезентација Југославије ; Slovene : Jugoslovanska košarkarska reprezentanca ; Macedonian : Кошаркарска репрезентација на Југославија ) represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1943 until 1992 in international basketball matches and was controlled by the Basketball Federation of Yugoslavia ( KSJ ) . After World War II , the team steadily improved their rankings and came to be one of the dominant forces of world basketball in the 1970s and the 1980s , along with the United States and Soviet Union , capturing 5 Olympic medals and 8 World Cups , 13 medals in total , along with another 13 on continental level ( at EuroBaskets ) . After the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 , national teams of the successor countries , particularly Serbia and Montenegro/Serbia , continued the strong performance in international competitions . Ten FIBA Hall of Fame members emerged from the Yugoslavian national team : Krešimir Ćosić , Dražen Dalipagić , Ivo Daneu , Mirza Delibašić , Vlade Divac , Dragan Kićanović , Radivoj Korać , Toni Kukoč , Dražen Petrović and Zoran Slavnić ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Petar_Skansi", "summary": "Petar Skansi ( born 23 November 1943 ) is a retired Croatian professional basketball player and coach . During his playing career , he played for Jugoplastika and Maxmobili Pesaro . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . He was a member of the senior Yugoslav national basketball team squad that won the silver medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics . For his basketball achievements , he was awarded the Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport twice , in 1992 and 2003 . He also had a political stint as a deputy minister of sports in Croatia ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Krešimir_Ćosić", "summary": "Krešimir Krešo Ćosić ( Croatian pronunciation : [ krěʃimir t͡ɕɔ̌ːsit͡ɕ ] ; 26 November 1948 - 25 May 1995 ) was a Croatian professional basketball player and coach . He was a collegiate All-American at Brigham Young University . In 1996 , Ćosić became only the second international player ever elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . He was also an inaugural member of the FIBA Hall of Fame . The Croatian Basketball Cup , and KK Zadar 's home arena , are named after him . Ćosić was a notable church leader and missionary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , as well as the deputy ambassador of Croatia to the U.S. , in Washington , D.C ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Vladimir_Cvetković", "summary": "Vladimir Cvetković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Владимир Цветковић ; born 24 May 1941 ) is a Serbian former basketball player and sports administrator . He played with KK Crvena zvezda for 13 seasons . With Crvena zvezda he won 2 National Championships and 1 National Cup . He spent his whole career with KK Crvena zvezda ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Aljoša_Žorga", "summary": "Aljoša Žorga ( born 25 February 1947 ) is a former Slovenian basketball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1968 Summer Olympics . He was inducted into the Slovenian Athletes Hall of Fame , in 2012 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rato_Tvrdić", "summary": "Ratomir Rato Tvrdić ( born 14 September 1943 ) is a Croatian former professional basketball player ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zoran_Maroević", "summary": "Zoran Marojević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Зоран Маројевић , Croatian : Zoran Maroević ; 27 April 1942 - 24 April 2019 ) was a Serbian professional basketball player of Croat origin who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1968 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Damir_Šolman", "summary": "Damir Šolman ( born 7 September 1949 ) is a Croatian former professional basketball player ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ljubodrag_Simonović", "summary": "Ljubodrag Duci Simonović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Љубодраг Дуци Симоновић , pronounced [ ʎǔbodrag dǔtsi simǒːnoʋitɕ ] ) ; born 1 January 1949 ) is a Serbian philosopher , author and retired basketball player . He played with Red Star Belgrade , with which he won two National Championships , three National Cups and one FIBA European Cup Winners ' Cup . From 1976 to 1978 , he played for 1 . FC 01 Bamberg in the top-tier level German Basketball Bundesliga . Simonović played for the senior Yugoslav national basketball team that won the gold medal at the 1970 FIBA World Championship . He was also a three time FIBA European Selection . After earning a Magister degree in law from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law and a Doctorate in philosophy from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy , Simonović went on to become an accomplished author ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nikola_Plećaš", "summary": "Nikola Plećaš ( born January 10 , 1948 ) is a former Yugoslavian professional basketball player from Croatia . At a height of 1.88 m ( 6 ' 2 ) tall , and a weight of 86 kg ( 190 lbs . ) , he played at the point guard and shooting guard positions . He was considered to be one of the greatest European basketball players of the 1960s and 1970s . During his playing career , he was nicknamed Sveti Nikola . Plećaš is an ethnic Serb ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Goran_Brajković", "summary": "Goran Brajković ( 18 July 1978 - 28 June 2015 ) was a Croatian footballer . The midfielder last played for Opatija in Croatian Third Football League . He died on 28 June 2015 in a motorcycle accident in Matulji ." } ] }, { "value": "Basketball", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Basketball has been played consistently at the Mediterranean Games since the year 1951 for men and since the year 1987 for women . The Yugoslavia national basketball team was the most successful men 's team and the Croatian women 's national basketball team is the most successful team for women ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's tournament", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "The basketball tournament at the 1967 Mediterranean Games was held in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zvonimir Vujin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zvonimir_Vujin", "summary": "Zvonimir Zvonko Vujin ( 23 July 1943 - 8 December 2019 ) was a Serbian amateur boxer . He competed in the 1968 and 1972 Olympics for Yugoslavia and won bronze medals on both occasions . In 1967 he won a silver medal at the European championships and a gold at the Mediterranean Games . He died on 8 December 2019 in his hometown , Zrenjanin ." } ] }, { "value": "Boxing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Boxing is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "Lightweight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "N/A" } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Miroslav Cerar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miroslav_Cerar", "summary": "Miroslav Cerar ( Slovene pronunciation : [ ˈmíːrɔslaw ˈtsɛ̀ːrar ] , born 28 October 1939 ) was a Yugoslav gymnast and lawyer of Slovene ethnicity who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics . He also won three world and nine European championships . Domestically , Cerar won 13 national titles and was chosen eight times as Yugoslavias Athlete of the Year . He was awarded the Olympic Order in Silver by the International Olympic Committee . He was member of the Slovenian Olympic Academy , the Fair Play Commission of the Slovenian Olympic Committee , and the Executive Committee of the European Fair Play Movement ." } ] }, { "value": "Gymnastics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Gymnastics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been a sport in the program of the Mediterranean Games since its inception in 1951 . Two disciplines have been contested : Men 's and Women 's Artistic Gymnastics ( since 1951 ) , and Rhythmic Gymnastics ( since 2005 ) , exclusively for women ." } ] }, { "value": "Individual all-around", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Miroslav Cerar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miroslav_Cerar", "summary": "Miroslav Cerar ( Slovene pronunciation : [ ˈmíːrɔslaw ˈtsɛ̀ːrar ] , born 28 October 1939 ) was a Yugoslav gymnast and lawyer of Slovene ethnicity who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics . He also won three world and nine European championships . Domestically , Cerar won 13 national titles and was chosen eight times as Yugoslavias Athlete of the Year . He was awarded the Olympic Order in Silver by the International Olympic Committee . He was member of the Slovenian Olympic Academy , the Fair Play Commission of the Slovenian Olympic Committee , and the Executive Committee of the European Fair Play Movement ." } ] }, { "value": "Gymnastics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Gymnastics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been a sport in the program of the Mediterranean Games since its inception in 1951 . Two disciplines have been contested : Men 's and Women 's Artistic Gymnastics ( since 1951 ) , and Rhythmic Gymnastics ( since 2005 ) , exclusively for women ." } ] }, { "value": "Parallel bars", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Miroslav Cerar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miroslav_Cerar", "summary": "Miroslav Cerar ( Slovene pronunciation : [ ˈmíːrɔslaw ˈtsɛ̀ːrar ] , born 28 October 1939 ) was a Yugoslav gymnast and lawyer of Slovene ethnicity who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics . He also won three world and nine European championships . Domestically , Cerar won 13 national titles and was chosen eight times as Yugoslavias Athlete of the Year . He was awarded the Olympic Order in Silver by the International Olympic Committee . He was member of the Slovenian Olympic Academy , the Fair Play Commission of the Slovenian Olympic Committee , and the Executive Committee of the European Fair Play Movement ." } ] }, { "value": "Gymnastics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Gymnastics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been a sport in the program of the Mediterranean Games since its inception in 1951 . Two disciplines have been contested : Men 's and Women 's Artistic Gymnastics ( since 1951 ) , and Rhythmic Gymnastics ( since 2005 ) , exclusively for women ." } ] }, { "value": "Pommel horse", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Handball team Boris Kostić Zoran Živković Josip Milković Hrvoje Horvat Ivan Uremović Albin Vidović Branislav Pokrajac Petar Fajfrić Nebojša Popović Milorad Karalić Slobodan Koprivica Miroslav Klišanin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_handball_team", "summary": "The Yugoslavia national handball team was the national handball team of Yugoslavia . It was organized by the Handball Federation of Yugoslavia ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zoran_Živković_(handballer)", "summary": "Zoran Tuta Živković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Зоран Тута Живковић , born April 5 , 1945 in Niš , Serbia , DF Yugoslavia ) is a Serbian handball coach and former handball goalkeeper . He has played 82 times for the Yugoslav handball national team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hrvoje_Horvat", "summary": "Hrvoje Horvat ( born 22 May 1946 in Bjelovar , Croatia , Yugoslavia ) is a former Croatian handball coach and retired Croatian handball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics for SFR Yugoslavia ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Albin_Vidović", "summary": "Albin Vidović ( 11 February 1943 - 8 March 2018 ) was a Croatian handball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics . He was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal . He played one match ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Branislav_Pokrajac", "summary": "Branislav Pokrajac ( Serbian Cyrillic : Бранислав Покрајац ; 27 January 1947 - 5 April 2018 ) was a Serbian handball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics . He was born and died in Belgrade . In 1972 he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal at the Munich Games . He played all six matches and scored fifteen goals . Four years later he was a member of the Yugoslav team which finished fifth in the Olympic tournament . He played five matches and scored four goals . In October 2010 he started coaching for Sporting Clube de Portugal . [ citation needed ] Branislav Pokrajac died in Belgrade on 5 April 2018 , aged 71 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Petar_Fajfrić", "summary": "Petar Fajfrić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Петар Фајфрић , born 15 February 1942 in Berkasovo ) is a Yugoslav/Serbian former handball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics . He was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal at the Munich Games . He played five matches including the final and scored one goal ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nebojša_Popović", "summary": "Nebojša Popović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Небојша Поповић ; 8 February 1923 - 20 October 2001 ) was Serbian and Yugoslav basketball player , coach and administrator . He represented the Yugoslavia national basketball team internationally . He is the basketball legend of Red Star Belgrade . In 2007 , he was enshrined as a contributor in the FIBA Hall of Fame ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Milorad_Karalić", "summary": "Milorad Karalić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Милорад Каралић , born 7 January 1946 ) is a Serbian former handball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics . He was born in Ivanjska , Bosnia and Herzegovina , then Yugoslavia . In 1972 he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal at the Munich Games . He played all six matches and scored two goals . Four years later he was a member of the Yugoslav team which finished fifth in the Olympic tournament . He played all six matches and scored eleven goals ." } ] }, { "value": "Handball", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Handball_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Handball has been played consistently at the Mediterranean Games since the year 1967 for men except in 1971 and since the year 1979 for women except 1983 . The Yugoslavian national handball team is the most successful men 's team and the French women 's national handball team is the most successful team for women ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's tournament", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Handball_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "For this competition , the winning teams , in order , were Yugoslavia , Spain and Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nenad Kuridža", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Swimming is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "100m Butterfly", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "The swimming events of the 1967 Mediterranean Games were held in Tunis , Tunisia . It was a long course ( 50 metres ) event ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Volleyball team Zoran Petrović Mate Piljić Milovan Simić Miloš Grbić Nikola Miković Mladen Kos Vladimir Janković Adolf Urnaut Ljubomir Stojić Ljubomir Bojić Siniša Bakarac Miodrag Gvozdenović", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yugoslavia_men's_national_volleyball_team", "summary": "The Yugoslavia men 's national volleyball team was the national team of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Miodrag_Gvozdenović", "summary": "Miodrag Skale Gvozdenović ( Cyrillic : Миодраг Скале Гвозденовић ) ( born September 19 , 1945 ) is a former Montenegrin volleyball player , born in Nikšić . His career started in OK Sutjeska Nikšić . With OK Spartak Subotica was third in Champions Cup . He played over 300 games for national selection of Yugoslavia . With Yugoslavia , he won Bronze medal at the 1975 European Volleyball Championship held in Belgrade . He was , for sure , one of the best volleyball players of that time in the world . Now he is living and coaching in Subotica ( Serbia ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Volleyball", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Volleyball has been played consistently at the Mediterranean Games since the year 1959 for men and since the year 1975 for women . The Italy men 's national volleyball team are the most successful men 's team and also the Italy women 's national volleyball team is the most successful team for women ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's tournament", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "In the 1967 Mediterranean Games , one of the games played was volleyball . Yugoslavia won the men 's division ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Water polo team Karlo Stipanić Ivo Trumbić Ozren Bonačić Mirko Sandić Zoran Janković Vinko Rosić Đorđe Perišić Ronald Lopatni Radovan Miškov Uroš Marović Zdravko Hebl", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_water_polo_team", "summary": "Yugoslavia men 's national water polo team was the national water polo team that represented the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( 1920-1929 ) , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1929-1941 ) , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1946-1963 ) , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1963-1992 ) . They were one of strongest waterpolo teams in history of sport , having won 7 Olympic , 4 World Championship , 5 World Cup and 12 European Championship medals . For the later official water polo teams , see :" }, { "url": "/wiki/Karlo_Stipanić", "summary": "Karlo Stipanić ( born 8 December 1941 ) is a former Croatian water polo player , most notable for winning a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , and a gold medal in Mexico City in 1968 , with the Yugoslavian water polo team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ivo_Trumbić", "summary": "Ivo Trumbić ( born April 2 , 1935 in Split , Croatia ) is a former Croatian water polo player and Olympic medallist . He later went on to manage . Ivo Trumbić coached the Netherlands to a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ozren_Bonačić", "summary": "Ozren Bonačić ( born 5 January 1942 in Zagreb , Croatia ) is a former Croatian water polo player and Olympic medalist with the Yugoslavia men 's national water polo team . During his club career he played for HAVK Mladost , with which he won four European championship titles . Since 1978 he has been a water polo coach , and he also coached Mladost for many seasons , winning the European championship in 1996 . He was most recently the coach of Mladost in the 2008/09 season ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mirko_Sandić", "summary": "Mirko Sandić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Мирко Сандић ; 9 May 1942 - 24 December 2006 ) was a Serbian water polo player who led Yugoslav teams to a gold medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics and a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics . He also competed in the 1960 and 1972 Olympics where his teams placed fourth and fifth , respectively . In 1972 he was selected as the Olympic flag bearer for Yugoslavia . Between 1958 and 1974 Sandić played more than 235 matches for the Yugoslav national team contributing 250 goals . According to his friend and FINA President Ante Lambasa , Sandic learned to swim and started playing water polo at an early age in Makarska , the birth town of his mother where he spent his summers . However , it was not until age 16 that he began playing water polo for club Partizan , a member of the second division of the Yugoslav Water Polo League . As a member of this club Sandić played more than 1000 games and won 11 Yugoslav National Championships , 7 Yugoslav Cups and 5 European Cups , in 1964 , 1966 , 1967 , 1971 and 1975 . Sandić had a degree in foreign affairs . After retiring from competitions he coached national water polo teams in Singapore ( 1975-1980 ) , Malaysia ( 1976 ) and Egypt ( 1983-1987 ) , while serving as a commercial manager for Jat Airways in those countries . He also worked with the state teams of New South Wales ( 1977 ) and Queensland ( 1978 ) in Australia and with the Yugoslav clubs GOC ( 1980-1982 ) and Partizan ( 1980-1983 ) . In 1971 he was voted as the Yugoslav Sportsman of the Year , in 1972 received the Presidential Medal of Honor from Josip Broz Tito , and in 1997 an award from the International Olympic Committee for contribution to the Olympic movement . In 1987 he became a member of the Yugoslav National Olympic Committee , and from 1996 to 2003 served as the first president of the Serbian Water Polo Federation ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zoran_Janković_(water_polo)", "summary": "Zoran Janković ( January 8 , 1940 in Zenica , Kingdom of Yugoslavia - May 25 , 2002 in Belgrade , FR Yugoslavia ) was Yugoslavian water polo player notable for winning a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , and a gold medal in Mexico City in 1968 , with the Yugoslavian men 's water polo team . In his career , he played for the Mladost from Zagreb and Partizan from Belgrade ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Vinko_Rosić", "summary": "Vinko Rosić ( Serbian : Винко Росић ) ( May 22 , 1941 - June 9 , 2006 ) was a water polo player . As a member of Yugoslavia 's water polo team he won a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Đorđe_Perišić", "summary": "Đorđe Perišić ( Ђорђе Перишић ; also transliterated Djordje ; born 6 May 1941 in Kotor ) is a Montenegrin water polo player notable for winning a gold medal in Mexico City in 1968 , with the Yugoslavian water polo team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ronald_Lopatni", "summary": "Ronald Lopatni ( also spelled Lopatny ; born 19 September 1944 ) is a Croatian water polo player notable for winning a gold medal in Mexico City in 1968 , with the Yugoslavian water polo team . He was born in Zagreb ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Uroš_Marović", "summary": "Uroš Marović ( 4 July 1946 - 23 January 2014 ) was a Serbian water polo player notable for winning a gold medal in Mexico City in 1968 , with the Yugoslavian water polo team ." } ] }, { "value": "Water polo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Water polo has been played consistently at the Mediterranean Games since the year 1951 . The Italy men 's national water polo team is the most successful team among men , while for women it is the Spain women 's national water polo team that gain success with the first inaugural Edition in 2018 Mediterranean Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's tournament", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Water polo has been played consistently at the Mediterranean Games since the year 1951 . The Italy men 's national water polo team is the most successful team among men , while for women it is the Spain women 's national water polo team that gain success with the first inaugural Edition in 2018 Mediterranean Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stevan Horvat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stevan_Horvat", "summary": "Stevan Horvat ( 7 October 1932 - 28 May 2018 ) was a Serbian wrestler who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics , in the 1964 Summer Olympics , and in the 1968 Summer Olympics . He was born in Svetozar Miletić ." } ] }, { "value": "Wrestling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Wrestling is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been a sport in the program of the Mediterranean Games since its inception in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "Greco-Roman - 70kg", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Branislav Simić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Branislav_Simić", "summary": "Branislav Simić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Бранислав Симић ; born 21 March 1935 ) is a retired Greco-Roman wrestler from Serbia . He competed at the 1956 , 1964 and 1968 Olympics in the middleweight category ( −87 kg ) , and won a gold medal in 1964 and a bronze in 1968 ." } ] }, { "value": "Wrestling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Wrestling is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been a sport in the program of the Mediterranean Games since its inception in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "Greco-Roman - 87kg", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drago Žuntar", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "5.000m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 1967 Mediterranean Games were held in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marijan Gredelj", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "Discus throw", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 1967 Mediterranean Games were held in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Đurđa Fočić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Đurđa_Fočić", "summary": "Đurđa Fočić ( born 28 July 1948 ) is a Croatian athlete . She competed in the women 's pentathlon at the 1968 , 1972 and the 1976 Summer Olympics , representing Yugoslavia ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "80m Hurdles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 1967 Mediterranean Games were held in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Đurđa Fočić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Đurđa_Fočić", "summary": "Đurđa Fočić ( born 28 July 1948 ) is a Croatian athlete . She competed in the women 's pentathlon at the 1968 , 1972 and the 1976 Summer Olympics , representing Yugoslavia ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "High Jump", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 1967 Mediterranean Games were held in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Đurđa Fočić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Đurđa_Fočić", "summary": "Đurđa Fočić ( born 28 July 1948 ) is a Croatian athlete . She competed in the women 's pentathlon at the 1968 , 1972 and the 1976 Summer Olympics , representing Yugoslavia ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition . It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951 ." } ] }, { "value": "Long Jump", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games", "summary": "Athletics at the 1967 Mediterranean Games were held in Tunis , Tunisia ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Medalists", "section_text": "", "uid": "Yugoslavia_at_the_1967_Mediterranean_Games_0", "intro": "Yugoslavia competed at the 1967 Mediterranean Games held in Tunis, Tunisia." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_primates_in_video_games", "title": "List of fictional primates in video games", "header": [ "Character", "Species", "Origin", "Platform ( s )", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "Agent 9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monkey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monkey", "summary": "Monkey is a common name that may refer to groups or species of mammals , in part , the simians of infraorder Simiiformes . The term is applied descriptively to groups of primates , such as families of New World monkeys and Old World monkeys . Many monkey species are tree-dwelling ( arboreal ) , although there are species that live primarily on the ground , such as baboons . Most species are also active during the day ( diurnal ) . Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent , especially the Old World monkeys of Catarrhini . Simians and tarsiers emerged within haplorrhines some 60 million years ago . New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 million years ago . Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 million years ago . Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [ 35-32 million years ago ] , eosimiidea and sometimes even the Catarrhini group are also considered monkeys by primatologists . Lemurs , lorises , and galagos are not monkeys ; instead they are strepsirrhine primates . Like monkeys , tarsiers are haplorhine primates ; however , they are also not monkeys . Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini , so cladistically they are monkeys as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Spyro : Year of the Dragon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Spyro:_Year_of_the_Dragon", "summary": "Spyro : Year of the Dragon is a 2000 platform game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation . Year of the Dragon is the third installment in the Spyro series . The game was the last Spyro game Insomniac developed ; their next title would be Ratchet & Clank for the PlayStation 2 . It was released in North America and for PAL regions in October and November 2000 , respectively , but unlike the other two games , it was not given a Japanese release . Named after the animal of the Chinese zodiac , which was the symbol at the time of the game 's release , Year of the Dragon follows the titular purple dragon Spyro as he travels to the Forgotten Worlds after 150 magical dragon eggs are stolen from the land of the dragons by an evil sorceress . Players travel across thirty different worlds gathering gems and eggs . Year of the Dragon introduced new characters and minigames to the series , as well as offering improved graphics and music . Upon release , the game sold more than two million units in the United States and received critical acclaim . Reviewers noted the game built on the successful formula of its predecessors by adding new activities and expansive environments . Year of the Dragon was followed by the multiplatform title Spyro : Enter the Dragonfly , and was later re-released under the Greatest Hits label , and remastered as part of the Spyro Reignited Trilogy in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_(console)", "summary": "The PlayStation [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as PS and commonly known as the PS1 or its codename PSX ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released on 3 December 1994 in Japan , on 9 September 1995 in North America , on 29 September 1995 in Europe , and on 15 November 1995 in Australia , and was the first of the PlayStation lineup of video game consoles . As a fifth generation console , the PlayStation primarily competed with the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn . The PlayStation was the first computer entertainment platform to ship over 100 million units , which it had reached nine years after its initial launch . In July 2000 , a redesigned , slim version called the PS one was released , replacing the original grey console and named appropriately to avoid confusion with its successor , the PlayStation 2 . The PlayStation 2 , which is backwards compatible with the PlayStation 's DualShock controller and games , was announced in 1999 and launched in 2000 . The last PS one units were sold in late 2006 to early 2007 shortly after it was officially discontinued , for a total of 102 million units shipped since its launch eleven years earlier . Games for the PlayStation continued to sell until Sony ceased production of both the PlayStation and PlayStation games on 23 March 2006 - over eleven years after it had been released , and less than a year before the debut of the PlayStation 3 . On 19 September 2018 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation Classic to mark the 24th anniversary of the original console . The new console is a miniature recreation of the original PlayStation , preloaded with 20 titles released on the original console , and was released on 3 December 2018 , the exact date the console was released in Japan in 1994 ." } ] }, { "value": "A space monkey introduced as a brief playable character , who was trapped by the Sorceress . He has a laser and can eliminate rhynocs with ease", "urls": [] }, { "value": "AiAi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monkey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monkey", "summary": "Monkey is a common name that may refer to groups or species of mammals , in part , the simians of infraorder Simiiformes . The term is applied descriptively to groups of primates , such as families of New World monkeys and Old World monkeys . Many monkey species are tree-dwelling ( arboreal ) , although there are species that live primarily on the ground , such as baboons . Most species are also active during the day ( diurnal ) . Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent , especially the Old World monkeys of Catarrhini . Simians and tarsiers emerged within haplorrhines some 60 million years ago . New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 million years ago . Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 million years ago . Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [ 35-32 million years ago ] , eosimiidea and sometimes even the Catarrhini group are also considered monkeys by primatologists . Lemurs , lorises , and galagos are not monkeys ; instead they are strepsirrhine primates . Like monkeys , tarsiers are haplorhine primates ; however , they are also not monkeys . Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini , so cladistically they are monkeys as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Super Monkey Ball", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Super_Monkey_Ball_(video_game)", "summary": "Super Monkey Ball [ a ] is a 2001 platform party video game developed by Amusement Vision and published by Sega . The game debuted in Japan at the 2001 Amusement Operators Union trade show as Monkey Ball , [ b ] an arcade cabinet running on Sega 's NAOMI hardware and controlled with a distinctive banana-shaped analog stick . Due to the failure of Sega 's Dreamcast home console and the company 's subsequent restructuring , an enhanced port dubbed Super Monkey Ball was released as a launch title for the GameCube in late 2001 , garnering interest as Sega 's first game published for a Nintendo home console . Conceived by Amusement Vision head Toshihiro Nagoshi , Super Monkey Ball involves guiding a transparent ball containing one of four monkeys - AiAi , MeeMee , Baby , and GonGon - across a series of maze-like platforms . The player must reach the goal without falling off or letting the timer reach zero to advance to the next stage . There are also several multiplayer modes : independent minigames as well as extensions of the main single-player game . Super Monkey Ball received highly positive reviews from critics , who praised the simplicity and subtle depth of its control scheme as well as the new multiplayer modes not present in its arcade counterpart , although some felt its presentation was lacking . The game was commercially successful and remained one of Sega 's best-sellers in the United States for much of 2002 , eventually spawning a direct sequel , Super Monkey Ball 2 , and an entire Super Monkey Ball franchise ." } ] }, { "value": "GameCube", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GameCube", "summary": "The Nintendo GameCube [ b ] [ c ] ( commonly abbreviated as GameCube ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo in Japan and North America in 2001 and in the PAL territories in 2002 . The sixth-generation console is the successor to the Nintendo 64 . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft 's original Xbox . The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium . The discs are in the miniDVD format and the system was not designed to play full-sized DVDs or audio CDs , unlike its competitors , and focused on gaming instead . The console supports limited online gaming for a small number of games via a GameCube broadband or modem adapter and can connect to a Game Boy Advance with a link cable , which allows players to access exclusive in-game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller . The GameCube uses composite video cables to display games on the television ; however , there are differences in the two GameCube models . The models produced before May 2004 also have the ability to use digital component AV cables and progressive scan and a second serial port . The nameplate on the top of the console with the words Nintendo GameCube can be removed . This model is known as DOL-001 . The previously mentioned features were removed in GameCube consoles produced between 2004-2007 ; the later model was known as DOL-101 . The newer model has updated firmware that disables Action Replay cheats and cheat codes ( a newer version was developed to circumvent this ) and the disc-reading laser was improved in many ways , though it is not as durable ." } ] }, { "value": "Encased in transparent ball", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andross", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andross", "summary": "This is a list of characters from the Star Fox series of video games , listed in order of introduction . According to programmer Dylan Cuthbert , several names of animals were used in the names of the characters whenever the development team believed they , for those characters , [ sounded ] good ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Star Fox", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Star_Fox_(1993_video_game)", "summary": "Star Fox , [ a ] released as Starwing in Europe , is a 1993 rail shooter video game co-developed by Nintendo EAD and Argonaut Software and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . The first game in the Star Fox series , Star Fox follows Fox McCloud and the rest of the Star Fox team defending their homeworld of Corneria against the attacking forces of Andross . It ultimately sold over 4 million copies . Star Fox was Nintendo 's second 3D game after the release of X for the Game Boy in 1992 . However , it was Nintendo 's first game to use polygonal graphics . It accomplished this by being the first ever game to use the Super FX graphics acceleration coprocessor powered GSU-1 . The complex display of three-dimensional models with polygons was still new and uncommon in console video games , and the game was praised as a result . It was rebooted as Star Fox 64 on the Nintendo 64 in 1997 , which itself was remade as Star Fox 64 3D on the Nintendo 3DS in 2011 and reimagined as Star Fox Zero on the Wii U in 2016 . Nintendo re-released Star Fox worldwide in September 2017 as part of the Super NES Classic Edition , along with its previously unreleased sequel Star Fox 2 . In September 2019 , Star Fox was made available on the Nintendo Switch exclusively for subscribers of the Nintendo Switch Online service , along with 19 other SNES games ." } ] }, { "value": "SNES", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System", "summary": "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) , [ b ] also known as the Super NES [ c ] or Super Nintendo , [ d ] is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea , [ citation needed ] 1991 in North America , 1992 in Europe and Australasia ( Oceania ) , and 1993 in South America . In Japan , the system is called the Super Famicom ( SFC ) . [ e ] In South Korea , it is known as the Super Comboy [ f ] and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics . The system was released in Brazil on August 30 , 1993 , by Playtronic . Although each version is essentially the same , several forms of regional lockout prevent the different cartridges from being compatible with one another . The SNES is Nintendo 's second programmable home console , following the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other systems at the time . The system was designed to accommodate the ongoing development of a variety of enhancement chips integrated in game cartridges to be competitive into the next generation . The SNES was a global success , becoming the best-selling console of the 16-bit era after launching relatively late and facing intense competition from Sega 's Genesis console in North America and Europe . Overlapping the NES 's 61.9 million unit sales , the SNES remained popular well into the 32-bit era , with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was discontinued in 2003 . It continues to be popular among collectors and retro gamers , with new homebrew games and Nintendo 's emulated rereleases , such as on the Virtual Console , the Super NES Classic Edition , and Nintendo Switch Online ." } ] }, { "value": "The archenemy of the Star Fox team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrew Oikonny", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_Star_Fox_characters", "summary": "This is a list of characters from the Star Fox series of video games , listed in order of introduction . According to programmer Dylan Cuthbert , several names of animals were used in the names of the characters whenever the development team believed they , for those characters , [ sounded ] good ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Star Fox 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Star_Fox_64", "summary": "Star Fox 64 , [ a ] known in the PAL region as Lylat Wars , is a 3D scrolling shooter game themed around aircraft combat for the Nintendo 64 video game console . It is a reboot of the original Star Fox , and the only game in the Star Fox series to be released on the Nintendo 64 . An autostereoscopic remake , titled Star Fox 64 3D , was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2011 . Star Fox 64 was the first Nintendo 64 game to have included support for the Rumble Pak , with which it initially came bundled . The game has sold over 4 million copies since its release , making it one of the best-selling games on the system . The game received critical acclaim for its precise controls , multiplayer modes , voice acting and use of multiple gameplay paths . It has been deemed by many critics and gamers to be one of the greatest video games of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo_64", "summary": "The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "The nephew of Andross , and a member of Star Wolf , the rivals of the Star Fox team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Conga the Gorilla", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie", "summary": "Banjo-Kazooie is a platform video game developed by Rare and originally released for the Nintendo 64 console in 1998 . It is the first game in the Banjo-Kazooie series and follows the story of a bear , Banjo , and a bird , Kazooie , as they try to stop the plans of the witch Gruntilda , who intends to steal the beauty of Banjo 's younger sister , Tooty , for herself . The game features nine nonlinear worlds where the player must use Banjo and Kazooie 's wide range of abilities to gather items and progress through the story . It features challenges such as solving puzzles , jumping over obstacles , collecting items , and defeating opponents . Originally conceived as an adventure game named Dream for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Banjo-Kazooie was designed to appeal to players of all ages in a similar vein to Walt Disney Animation Studios films . The game was a critical and commercial success , selling nearly two million copies in the United States . It was praised for its detailed graphics , dynamic soundtrack , and intricate level design . In 1999 , it received two awards from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences : Console Action Game of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Art/Graphics . The game was remastered for the Xbox 360 in 2008 and included in the Rare Replay video game compilation for the Xbox One in 2015 . A sequel , Banjo-Tooie , was released in 2000 ." } ] }, { "value": "Gorilla", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gorilla", "summary": "Gorillas are ground-dwelling , predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Sub-Saharan Africa . The genus Gorilla is divided into two species : the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas ( both critically endangered ) , and either four or five subspecies . They are the largest living primates . The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans , from 95 to 99% depending on what is included , and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees and bonobos . Gorillas ' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in Sub-Saharan Africa . Although their range covers a small percentage of Sub-Saharan Africa , gorillas cover a wide range of elevations . The mountain gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes , ranging in altitude from 2,200 to 4,300 metres ( 7,200 to 14,100 ft ) . Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level , with western lowland gorillas living in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda ." } ] }, { "value": "Banjo-Kazooie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie", "summary": "Banjo-Kazooie is a platform video game developed by Rare and originally released for the Nintendo 64 console in 1998 . It is the first game in the Banjo-Kazooie series and follows the story of a bear , Banjo , and a bird , Kazooie , as they try to stop the plans of the witch Gruntilda , who intends to steal the beauty of Banjo 's younger sister , Tooty , for herself . The game features nine nonlinear worlds where the player must use Banjo and Kazooie 's wide range of abilities to gather items and progress through the story . It features challenges such as solving puzzles , jumping over obstacles , collecting items , and defeating opponents . Originally conceived as an adventure game named Dream for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Banjo-Kazooie was designed to appeal to players of all ages in a similar vein to Walt Disney Animation Studios films . The game was a critical and commercial success , selling nearly two million copies in the United States . It was praised for its detailed graphics , dynamic soundtrack , and intricate level design . In 1999 , it received two awards from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences : Console Action Game of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Art/Graphics . The game was remastered for the Xbox 360 in 2008 and included in the Rare Replay video game compilation for the Xbox One in 2015 . A sequel , Banjo-Tooie , was released in 2000 ." } ] }, { "value": "N64 · Xbox Live Arcade", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo_64", "summary": "The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade", "summary": "Xbox Live Arcade ( XBLA ) is a digital video game download service available through the Xbox Games Store , Microsoft 's digital distribution network for the Xbox 360 . It focuses on smaller downloadable games from both major publishers and independent game developers . Titles range from classic console and arcade video games , to new games designed from the ground up for the service . Games available through the XBLA service range from $ 5-20 in price , and as of October 2016 , there have been 719 Xbox Live Arcade titles released for the Xbox 360 . Prior to the Xbox 360 , Xbox Live Arcade was the name for an online distribution network on the original Xbox , which was replaced by the Xbox Live Marketplace ." } ] }, { "value": "A giant gorilla who first appears in Mumbo 's Mountain", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Diddy Kong", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Diddy_Kong", "summary": "Diddy Kong ( Japanese : ディディーコング , Hepburn : Didī Kongu ) is a fictional character who appears in games belonging to the Donkey Kong and Mario video game franchises , debuting in the 1994 Donkey Kong series game , Donkey Kong Country . He is a young monkey who lives on Donkey Kong Island in the Kongo Jungle , and is identified by his red hat with the Nintendo logo on it , and his red shirt with stars on it . Diddy Kong is Donkey Kong 's sidekick , best friend , and is described as his nephew wannabe in the Donkey Kong 64 manual . He has a girlfriend named Dixie Kong . He was originally created by Donkey Kong Country developer Rare as an updated version of Donkey Kong Jr. , but he was renamed , due to Nintendo 's response . Diddy Kong has made some appearances in the Donkey Kong series , appearing in every Donkey Kong Country game and Donkey Kong Land game , notably as the lead character in Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest with his girlfriend , Dixie Kong , as his sidekick . He received a spin-off called Diddy Kong Racing , and more recently appeared as co-star to Donkey Kong in Donkey Kong Country Returns and Donkey Kong Country : Tropical Freeze . Through his relationship with Donkey Kong , Diddy Kong has become a prominent character in the Mario franchise . He has also become a playable character in the Super Smash Bros. series . Outside video games , Diddy Kong appeared in the TV show Donkey Kong Country , where he is played by Andrew Sabiston . Since appearing in Donkey Kong Country , Diddy has received mostly positive reception , one strong enough to create a fan following , resulting in Diddy getting his own spin-off . He has been featured in several pieces of merchandise , including plush toys , candies , and two Amiibo figures ." } ] }, { "value": "Tailed-Chimpanzee", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Donkey Kong Country", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country", "summary": "Donkey Kong Country [ α ] is a 1994 platform game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , as part of the Donkey Kong franchise created by Shigeru Miyamoto . The game centers on the duo of Donkey Kong and his nephew Diddy Kong , who are on a quest to recover their stolen banana hoard from King K. Rool and his henchmen Kremlings . Development began shortly after Rare founders , brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , ran experiments with a Silicon Graphics ( SGI ) workstation to render 3D sprites . Nintendo became interested in Rare 's work and acquired 49% of the company , leading to the production of a game for the SNES using Alias and SGI technology . The Stamper brothers expressed interest in creating a standalone Donkey Kong game and assembled a team of 12 developers to work on the game over 18 months . Donkey Kong Country is the first Donkey Kong game that was not produced or directed by the franchise 's creator Shigeru Miyamoto , though he was involved with the project . Following an aggressive marketing campaign , Donkey Kong Country received critical acclaim and sold more than nine million copies worldwide , making it the third best-selling SNES game and has been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time . It was ported to the Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance consoles , and was made available for Nintendo 's Virtual Console . Donkey Kong Country is the first game in the Donkey Kong Country series and was followed by two sequels on the SNES : Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest in 1995 , and Donkey Kong Country 3 : Dixie Kong 's Double Trouble ! in 1996 . In 2017 , the game was released as a part of the Super NES Classic Edition ." } ] }, { "value": "SNES · GBC · GBA · Wii", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System", "summary": "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) , [ b ] also known as the Super NES [ c ] or Super Nintendo , [ d ] is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea , [ citation needed ] 1991 in North America , 1992 in Europe and Australasia ( Oceania ) , and 1993 in South America . In Japan , the system is called the Super Famicom ( SFC ) . [ e ] In South Korea , it is known as the Super Comboy [ f ] and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics . The system was released in Brazil on August 30 , 1993 , by Playtronic . Although each version is essentially the same , several forms of regional lockout prevent the different cartridges from being compatible with one another . The SNES is Nintendo 's second programmable home console , following the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other systems at the time . The system was designed to accommodate the ongoing development of a variety of enhancement chips integrated in game cartridges to be competitive into the next generation . The SNES was a global success , becoming the best-selling console of the 16-bit era after launching relatively late and facing intense competition from Sega 's Genesis console in North America and Europe . Overlapping the NES 's 61.9 million unit sales , the SNES remained popular well into the 32-bit era , with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was discontinued in 2003 . It continues to be popular among collectors and retro gamers , with new homebrew games and Nintendo 's emulated rereleases , such as on the Virtual Console , the Super NES Classic Edition , and Nintendo Switch Online ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Game_Boy_Color", "summary": "The Game Boy Color [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBC ) is a handheld game console manufactured by Nintendo , which was released in Japan on October 21 , 1998 , and later released in November of the same year to international markets . It is the successor to the original Game Boy and is part of the Game Boy family . The GBC features a color screen rather than monochrome , but it is not backlit . It is slightly thicker and taller and features a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket , its immediate predecessor in the Game Boy line . As with the original Game Boy , it has a custom 8-bit processor made by Sharp that is considered a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80 . The spelling of the system 's name , Game Boy Color , remains consistent throughout the world , with its American English spelling of color . The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles . The GBC 's primary competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds , Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan , though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin . SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color , respectively , but this did little to change Nintendo 's sales dominance . With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997 , the Game Boy Color 's only competitor in the United States was its predecessor , the Game Boy , until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was released in August 1999 . The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color combined have sold 118.69 million units worldwide making it the third-best-selling system of all time , It was discontinued on March 23 , 2003 , shortly after the release of the Game Boy Advance SP . Its best-selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver , which shipped 23 million units worldwide ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance", "summary": "The Game Boy Advance [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBA ) is a 32-bit handheld game console developed , manufactured and marketed by Nintendo as the successor to the Game Boy Color . It was released in Japan on March 21 , 2001 , in North America on June 11 , 2001 , in Australia and Europe on June 22 , 2001 , and in mainland China on June 8 , 2004 as iQue Game Boy Advance . The GBA is part of the sixth generation of video game consoles . The original model did not have an illuminated screen ; Nintendo addressed that with the release of a redesigned model with a frontlit screen , the Game Boy Advance SP , in 2003 . A newer revision of the aforementioned redesign was released in 2005 , which included a backlit screen . The final redesign , the Game Boy Micro , was released in 2005 . As of June 30 , 2010 , the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.51 million units worldwide . Its successor , the Nintendo DS , was released in November 2004 and is also compatible with Game Boy Advance software ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Virtual_Console", "summary": "Virtual Console ( バーチャルコンソール , Bācharu Konsōru ) , also abbreviated as VC , is a line of downloadable video games ( mostly unaltered ) for Nintendo 's Wii and Wii U home video game consoles and the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console . The Virtual Console lineup consists of titles originally released on past home and handheld consoles . These titles are run in their original forms through software emulation ( excluding GBA titles on 3DS ) , and can be purchased from the Wii Shop Channel or Nintendo eShop for between 500 and 1200 Wii Points ( Wii ) , US $ 2.99 and US $ 6.99 ( 3DS ) and US $ 4.99 and US $ 9.99 ( Wii U ) depending on system , rarity , and/or demand . Virtual Console 's library of past games currently consists of titles originating from the Nintendo Entertainment System , Super NES , Game Boy , Game Boy Color , Nintendo 64 , Game Boy Advance , and Nintendo DS , as well as Sega 's Master System and Genesis/Mega Drive , NEC 's TurboGrafx-16 , and SNK 's Neo Geo AES . The service for the Wii also included games for platforms that were known only in select regions , such as the Commodore 64 ( Europe and North America ) and MSX ( Japan ) , as well as Virtual Console Arcade , which allowed players to download video arcade games . Virtual Console titles have been downloaded over ten million times . The sale of past games through the Virtual Console is one of Nintendo 's reasons for opposing software piracy of old console games ." } ] }, { "value": "Donkey King 's sidekick", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dixie Kong", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dixie_Kong", "summary": "A list of notable fictional characters from Nintendo 's Donkey Kong video game franchise . This list only recognizes characters who have appeared multiple times - including in remakes and cameo appearances in other games ." } ] }, { "value": "Chimpanzee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Common_chimpanzee", "summary": "The chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) , also known as the common chimpanzee , robust chimpanzee , or simply chimp , is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa . It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed subspecies . The chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo ( sometimes called the pygmy chimpanzee ) are classified in the genus Pan . Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that Pan is a sister taxon to the human lineage and is humans ' closest living relative . The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair , but has a bare face , fingers , toes , palms of the hands , and soles of the feet . It is larger and more robust than the bonobo , weighing 40-60 kg ( 88-132 lb ) for males and 27-50 kg ( 60-110 lb ) for females and standing 100 to 140 cm ( 3.3 to 4.6 ft ) . Its gestation period is eight months . The infant is weaned at about three years old , but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several years more . The chimpanzee lives in groups that range in size from 15 to 150 members , although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day . The species lives in a strict male-dominated hierarchy , where disputes are generally settled without the need for violence . Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools , modifying sticks , rocks , grass and leaves and using them for hunting and acquiring honey , termites , ants , nuts and water . The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear small mammals ." } ] }, { "value": "Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_2:_Diddy's_Kong_Quest", "summary": "Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest is a platform video game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . It was released on 21 November 1995 in North America , and in December 1995 in Europe and Japan . It is the second installment of the Donkey Kong Country series and serves as a direct sequel to Donkey Kong Country . It was re-released for the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) in 2004 . The game was made available for download on the Wii 's Virtual Console in 2007 , and the Wii U 's Virtual Console in 2015 . It was followed by a sequel , Donkey Kong Country 3 : Dixie Kong 's Double Trouble ! , in 1996 . The story revolves around Diddy Kong and his girlfriend , Dixie Kong , who try to rescue Donkey Kong after he is abducted by King K. Rool . The game is set on Crocodile Isle , with eight worlds of varying environments , totaling 52 levels . The game utilises the same Silicon Graphics ( SGI ) technology from the original , which features the use of pre-rendered 3D imagery . Diddy 's Kong Quest received critical acclaim , being widely regarded as one of the greatest 2D platformers ever made . Praise was directed at its graphics , gameplay , and soundtrack . It was the second best-selling game of 1995 , the sixth best-selling game on the SNES , and the highest selling SNES title to not be packaged with the system ." } ] }, { "value": "SNES · GBA · Wii", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System", "summary": "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) , [ b ] also known as the Super NES [ c ] or Super Nintendo , [ d ] is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea , [ citation needed ] 1991 in North America , 1992 in Europe and Australasia ( Oceania ) , and 1993 in South America . In Japan , the system is called the Super Famicom ( SFC ) . [ e ] In South Korea , it is known as the Super Comboy [ f ] and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics . The system was released in Brazil on August 30 , 1993 , by Playtronic . Although each version is essentially the same , several forms of regional lockout prevent the different cartridges from being compatible with one another . The SNES is Nintendo 's second programmable home console , following the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other systems at the time . The system was designed to accommodate the ongoing development of a variety of enhancement chips integrated in game cartridges to be competitive into the next generation . The SNES was a global success , becoming the best-selling console of the 16-bit era after launching relatively late and facing intense competition from Sega 's Genesis console in North America and Europe . Overlapping the NES 's 61.9 million unit sales , the SNES remained popular well into the 32-bit era , with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was discontinued in 2003 . It continues to be popular among collectors and retro gamers , with new homebrew games and Nintendo 's emulated rereleases , such as on the Virtual Console , the Super NES Classic Edition , and Nintendo Switch Online ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance", "summary": "The Game Boy Advance [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBA ) is a 32-bit handheld game console developed , manufactured and marketed by Nintendo as the successor to the Game Boy Color . It was released in Japan on March 21 , 2001 , in North America on June 11 , 2001 , in Australia and Europe on June 22 , 2001 , and in mainland China on June 8 , 2004 as iQue Game Boy Advance . The GBA is part of the sixth generation of video game consoles . The original model did not have an illuminated screen ; Nintendo addressed that with the release of a redesigned model with a frontlit screen , the Game Boy Advance SP , in 2003 . A newer revision of the aforementioned redesign was released in 2005 , which included a backlit screen . The final redesign , the Game Boy Micro , was released in 2005 . As of June 30 , 2010 , the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.51 million units worldwide . Its successor , the Nintendo DS , was released in November 2004 and is also compatible with Game Boy Advance software ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Virtual_Console", "summary": "Virtual Console ( バーチャルコンソール , Bācharu Konsōru ) , also abbreviated as VC , is a line of downloadable video games ( mostly unaltered ) for Nintendo 's Wii and Wii U home video game consoles and the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console . The Virtual Console lineup consists of titles originally released on past home and handheld consoles . These titles are run in their original forms through software emulation ( excluding GBA titles on 3DS ) , and can be purchased from the Wii Shop Channel or Nintendo eShop for between 500 and 1200 Wii Points ( Wii ) , US $ 2.99 and US $ 6.99 ( 3DS ) and US $ 4.99 and US $ 9.99 ( Wii U ) depending on system , rarity , and/or demand . Virtual Console 's library of past games currently consists of titles originating from the Nintendo Entertainment System , Super NES , Game Boy , Game Boy Color , Nintendo 64 , Game Boy Advance , and Nintendo DS , as well as Sega 's Master System and Genesis/Mega Drive , NEC 's TurboGrafx-16 , and SNK 's Neo Geo AES . The service for the Wii also included games for platforms that were known only in select regions , such as the Commodore 64 ( Europe and North America ) and MSX ( Japan ) , as well as Virtual Console Arcade , which allowed players to download video arcade games . Virtual Console titles have been downloaded over ten million times . The sale of past games through the Virtual Console is one of Nintendo 's reasons for opposing software piracy of old console games ." } ] }, { "value": "Diddy Kong 's girlfriend", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Donkey Kong", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(character)", "summary": "Donkey Kong or DK is a fictional character who appears in games belonging to the Donkey Kong and Mario video game franchises . He is a gorilla and Mario 's friendly rival . A popular character , DK has appeared in many video games , along with his friend Diddy Kong . Donkey Kong appeared as Mario 's first opponent in the game bearing the ape 's name , Nintendo 's popular 1981 arcade game , Donkey Kong . Since then he has starred in his own series of games , starting with sequels of the arcade game and , later , 1994 's Donkey Kong Country for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . He remains an important character in the Mario series , such as the Mario Kart games . DK debuted at the same time as Mario , and he still appears with the plumber on occasion , appearing as a playable character in the Mario Kart and Super Smash Bros. series , and is the primary antagonist in the Mario vs. Donkey Kong games that started in 2004 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ape", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Donkey Kong", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(video_game)", "summary": "Donkey Kong [ b ] is an arcade game released by Nintendo in 1981 . An early example of the platform game genre , the gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main character across a series of platforms while dodging and jumping over obstacles . In the game , Mario ( originally named Mr. Video and then Jumpman ) must rescue a damsel in distress named Pauline ( originally named Lady ) , from a giant ape named Donkey Kong . The hero and ape later became two of Nintendo 's most popular and recognizable characters . Donkey Kong is one of the most important games from the golden age of arcade video games as well as one of the most popular and greatest arcade games of all time . The game was the latest in a series of efforts by Nintendo to break into the North American market . Hiroshi Yamauchi , Nintendo 's president at the time , assigned the project to a first-time video game designer named Shigeru Miyamoto . Drawing from a wide range of inspirations , including Popeye , Beauty and the Beast , and King Kong , Miyamoto developed the scenario and designed the game alongside Nintendo 's chief engineer , Gunpei Yokoi . The two men broke new ground by using graphics as a means of characterization , including cutscenes to advance the game 's plot and integrating multiple stages into the gameplay . Although Nintendo 's American staff was initially apprehensive , Donkey Kong succeeded commercially and critically in North America and Japan . Nintendo licensed the game to Coleco , who developed home console versions for numerous platforms . Other companies cloned Nintendo 's hit and avoided royalties altogether ." } ] }, { "value": "Arcade · Atari 2600 · Amstrad CPC · Apple II · Atari 7800 · Atari 8-bit · C64 · ColecoVision · GBA · Intellivision · MSX , NES · 3DS · MS-DOS · TI-99/4A · TRS-80 · VIC-20 · Wii · ZX Spectrum", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arcade_Game", "summary": "An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Atari_2600", "summary": "The Atari 2600 , originally branded as the Atari Video Computer System or Atari VCS for short until November 1982 , is a home video game console from Atari , Inc . Released on September 11 , 1977 , it is credited with popularizing the use of microprocessor-based hardware and games stored on ROM cartridges ( a format first used with the Fairchild Channel F in 1976 ) instead of dedicated hardware with games physically built into the unit . The 2600 was bundled with two joystick controllers , a conjoined pair of paddle controllers , and a game cartridge : initially Combat , and later Pac-Man . The Atari VCS launched with nine simple , low-resolution games in 2 KiB cartridges . The system found its killer app with its version of Taito 's Space Invaders in 1980 and became widely successful , leading to the creation of Activision and other third-party game developers as well as competition from home console manufacturers Mattel and Coleco . By the end of its primary lifecycle in 1983-84 , games for the 2600 were using more than four times the ROM of the launch titles with significantly more advanced visuals and gameplay than the system was designed for , such as Pitfall ! and its scrolling sequel Pitfall II : Lost Caverns . Atari invested heavily in two games for the 2600 , Pac-Man and E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial , that became commercial failures and contributed to the video game crash of 1983 which ended the market relevance of the 2600 . Warner sold off the home console division of Atari to Commodore CEO Jack Tramiel . In 1986 , the new Atari Corporation under Tramiel released a lower-cost version of the 2600 and the backwards-compatible Atari 7800 , but these were not enough to turn things around , and ultimately it was Nintendo that led the recovery of the industry . Atari finally ended production of the Atari 2600 on January 1 , 1992 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Amstrad_CPC", "summary": "The Amstrad CPC ( short for Colour Personal Computer ) is a series of 8-bit home computers produced by Amstrad between 1984 and 1990 . It was designed to compete in the mid-1980s home computer market dominated by the Commodore 64 and the Sinclair ZX Spectrum , where it successfully established itself primarily in the United Kingdom , France , Spain , and the German-speaking parts of Europe . The series spawned a total of six distinct models : The CPC464 , CPC664 , and CPC6128 were highly successful competitors in the European home computer market . The later 464plus and 6128plus , intended to prolong the system 's lifecycle with hardware updates , were considerably less successful , as was the attempt to repackage the plus hardware into a game console as the GX4000 . The CPC models ' hardware is based on the Zilog Z80A CPU , complemented with either 64 or 128 KB of RAM . Their computer-in-a-keyboard design prominently features an integrated storage device , either a compact cassette deck or 3 inch floppy disk drive . The main units were only sold bundled with either a colour , green-screen or monochrome monitor that doubles as the main unit 's power supply . Additionally , a wide range of first and third party hardware extensions such as external disk drives , printers , and memory extensions , was available . The CPC series was pitched against other home computers primarily used to play video games and enjoyed a strong supply of game software . The comparatively low price for a complete computer system with dedicated monitor , its high resolution monochrome text and graphic capabilities and the possibility to run CP/M software also rendered the system attractive for business users , which was reflected by a wide selection of application software . During its lifetime , the CPC series sold approximately three million units ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Apple_II", "summary": "The Apple II ( stylized as apple ] [ ) is an 8-bit home computer and one of the world 's first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products , designed primarily by Steve Wozniak ( Steve Jobs oversaw the development of the Apple II 's foam-molded plastic case and Rod Holt developed the switching power supply ) . It was introduced by Jobs and Wozniak at the 1977 West Coast Computer Faire and was the first consumer product sold by Apple Computer , Inc . It is the first model in a series of computers which were produced until Apple IIe production ceased in November 1993 . The Apple II marks Apple 's first launch of a personal computer aimed at a consumer market - branded toward American households rather than businessmen or computer hobbyists ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Atari_7800", "summary": "The Atari 7800 ProSystem , or simply the Atari 7800 , is a home video game console officially released by the Atari Corporation in 1986 . It is almost fully backward-compatible with the Atari 2600 , the first console to have backward compatibility without the use of additional modules . It was considered affordable at a price of US $ 140 ( equivalent to $ 327 in 2019 ) . The 7800 has significantly improved graphics hardware over the 2600 , but uses the same audio chip . It also shipped with a different model of joystick from the 2600-standard CX40 . The 1986 launch is sometimes referred to as a re-release or relaunch because the Atari 7800 had originally been announced on May 21 , 1984 , to replace Atari Inc. 's Atari 5200 , but a general release was shelved due to the sale of the company ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Atari_8-bit", "summary": "The Atari 8-bit family is a series of 8-bit home computers introduced by Atari , Inc. in 1979 and manufactured until 1992 . All of the machines in the family are technically similar and differ primarily in packaging . They are based on the MOS Technology 6502 CPU running at 1.79 MHz , [ a ] and were the first home computers designed with custom co-processor chips . This architecture enabled graphics and sound capabilities more advanced than most contemporary machines , and gaming on the platform was a major draw . The first-person space combat simulator Star Raiders is considered the platform 's killer app . The systems launched with a series of plug and play peripherals that used the Atari SIO serial bus system , an early analog of USB . [ b ] To meet stringent FCC requirements , much of the circuitry of the original machines is enclosed in a cast aluminum block , which made them physically robust but expensive to produce . The 400 and 800 were replaced by the XL series in 1983 , then-after the company was sold and reestablished as Atari Corporation-the XE models in 1985 . The XL and XE are lighter in construction and less expensive to build , while also having Atari BASIC built-in and reducing the number of joystick ports from 4 to 2 . The 130XE , released in 1985 , increased the memory to 128K of bank-switched RAM . The Atari 8-bit computer line sold two million units during its major production run between late 1979 and mid-1985 . They were not only sold through dedicated computer retailers , but department stores such as Sears , using an in-store demo to attract customers ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Commodore_64", "summary": "The Commodore 64 , also known as the C64 or the CBM 64 , is an 8-bit home computer introduced in January 1982 by Commodore International ( first shown at the Consumer Electronics Show , in Las Vegas , January 7-10 , 1982 ) . It has been listed in the Guinness World Records as the highest-selling single computer model of all time , with independent estimates placing the number sold between 10 and 17 million units . Volume production started in early 1982 , marketing in August for US $ 595 ( equivalent to $ 1,576 in 2019 ) . Preceded by the Commodore VIC-20 and Commodore PET , the C64 took its name from its 64 kilobytes ( 65,536 bytes ) of RAM . With support for multicolor sprites and a custom chip for waveform generation , the C64 could create superior visuals and audio compared to systems without such custom hardware . The C64 dominated the low-end computer market for most of the 1980s . For a substantial period ( 1983-1986 ) , the C64 had between 30% and 40% share of the US market and two million units sold per year , outselling IBM PC compatibles , Apple computers , and the Atari 8-bit family of computers . Sam Tramiel , a later Atari president and the son of Commodore 's founder , said in a 1989 interview , When I was at Commodore we were building 400,000 C64s a month for a couple of years . In the UK market , the C64 faced competition from the BBC Micro and the ZX Spectrum , but the C64 was still one of the two most popular computers in the UK . Part of the Commodore 64 's success was its sale in regular retail stores instead of only electronics or computer hobbyist specialty stores . Commodore produced many of its parts in-house to control costs , including custom integrated circuit chips from MOS Technology . It has been compared to the Ford Model T automobile for its role in bringing a new technology to middle-class households via creative and affordable mass-production ." }, { "url": "/wiki/ColecoVision", "summary": "The ColecoVision is Coleco Industries ' second-generation home video-game console that was released in August 1982 . The ColecoVision offered a closer experience to more powerful arcade game systems , compared to competitors such as the Atari 2600 and Atari 5200 , along with the means to expand the system 's basic hardware . The initial catalog of twelve games included Nintendo 's Donkey Kong as the pack-in cartridge , Sega 's Zaxxon , and some lesser known arcade titles that found a larger audience on the console , such as Lady Bug , Cosmic Avenger , and Venture . Approximately 145 titles in total were published as ROM cartridges for the system between 1982 and 1984 . Coleco released a series of hardware add-ons and special controllers to expand the capabilities of the console . The ColecoVision was discontinued in 1985 when Coleco withdrew from the video game market ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance", "summary": "The Game Boy Advance [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBA ) is a 32-bit handheld game console developed , manufactured and marketed by Nintendo as the successor to the Game Boy Color . It was released in Japan on March 21 , 2001 , in North America on June 11 , 2001 , in Australia and Europe on June 22 , 2001 , and in mainland China on June 8 , 2004 as iQue Game Boy Advance . The GBA is part of the sixth generation of video game consoles . The original model did not have an illuminated screen ; Nintendo addressed that with the release of a redesigned model with a frontlit screen , the Game Boy Advance SP , in 2003 . A newer revision of the aforementioned redesign was released in 2005 , which included a backlit screen . The final redesign , the Game Boy Micro , was released in 2005 . As of June 30 , 2010 , the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.51 million units worldwide . Its successor , the Nintendo DS , was released in November 2004 and is also compatible with Game Boy Advance software ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Intellivision", "summary": "The Intellivision is a home video game console released by Mattel Electronics in 1979 . The name Intellivision is a portmanteau of intelligent television . Development of the console began in 1977 , the same year as the introduction of its main competitor , the Atari 2600 . In 1984 Mattel sold their video game assets to a former Mattel Electronics executive and investors that would become INTV Corporation . Games development started in 1978 and continued until 1990 when the Intellivision was discontinued . From 1980 to 1983 over 3 million Intellivision units were sold . In 2009 , video game website IGN named the Intellivision the No . 14 greatest video game console of all time . It remained Mattel 's only video game console until the release of the HyperScan in 2006 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/MSX", "summary": "MSX is a standardized home computer architecture , announced by Microsoft and ASCII on June 16 , 1983 . It was conceived and marketed by Kazuhiko Nishi , then vice-president at Microsoft and director at ASCII Corporation . Nishi conceived the project as an attempt to create unified standards among various home computing system manufacturers of the period , in the same fashion as the VHS standard for home video tape machines . MSX systems were popular in Japan and several other countries . It is difficult to determine how many MSX computers were sold worldwide , but eventually 5 million MSX-based units were sold in Japan alone . Despite Microsoft 's involvement , few MSX-based machines were released in the United States . Before the great success of Nintendo 's Family Computer , MSX was the platform for which major Japanese game studios such as Konami and Hudson Soft produced video games . The Metal Gear series , for example , was first written for MSX hardware ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System", "summary": "The Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) is an 8-bit third-generation home video game console produced , released , and marketed by Nintendo . It is a remodelled export version of the company 's Family Computer [ a ] ( FC ) platform in Japan , commonly known as the Famicom [ b ] , which was launched on July 15 , 1983 . The NES was launched in a test market of New York City on October 18 , 1985 , followed by Los Angeles as a second test market in February 1986 , followed by Chicago and San Francisco , then other top 12 American markets , followed by a full launch across North America and some countries in Europe in September 1986 , followed by Australia and other countries in Europe in 1987 . Brazil saw only unlicensed clones until the official local release in 1993 . The console 's South Korean release was packaged as the Hyundai Comboy [ c ] and distributed by Hyundai Electronics ( now SK Hynix ) . As one of the best-selling gaming consoles of its time , the NES helped revitalize the US video game industry following the video game crash of 1983 . With the NES , Nintendo introduced a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers , authorizing them to produce and distribute games for Nintendo 's platform . It had been preceded by Nintendo 's first home video game console , the Color TV-Game , and was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo_3DS", "summary": "The Nintendo 3DS [ a ] is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo . It is capable of displaying stereoscopic 3D effects without the use of 3D glasses or additional accessories . Nintendo announced the console in March 2010 and officially unveiled it at E3 2010 on June 15 . The console succeeds the Nintendo DS , featuring backward compatibility with older Nintendo DS video games . Its primary competitor was Sony 's PlayStation Vita . The handheld offers new features such as the StreetPass and SpotPass tag modes , powered by Nintendo Network ; augmented reality , using its 3D cameras ; and Virtual Console , which allows owners to download and play games originally released on older video game systems . It is also pre-loaded with various applications including an online distribution store called Nintendo eShop ; a social networking service called Miiverse ( shut down in 2017 ) ; an Internet Browser ; the Netflix , Hulu Plus and YouTube streaming video services ; Nintendo Video ; a messaging application called Swapnote ( known as Nintendo Letter Box in Europe and Australia ) ; and Mii Maker . The Nintendo 3DS was released in Japan on February 26 , 2011 , and worldwide beginning in March 2011 . Less than six months later on July 28 , 2011 , Nintendo announced a significant price reduction from US $ 249 to US $ 169 amid disappointing launch sales . The company offered ten free Nintendo Entertainment System games and ten free Game Boy Advance games from the Nintendo eShop to consumers who bought the system at the original launch price . This strategy was considered a major success , and the console went on to become one of Nintendo 's most successful handheld consoles in the first two years of its release . As of December 31 , 2019 [ update ] , the Nintendo 3DS family of systems combined have sold 75.71 million units ." }, { "url": "/wiki/PC_Booter", "summary": "A self-booting disk , sometimes shortened to self-booter or booter , is a floppy disk for home or personal computers that loads directly into a standalone application when the system is turned on , bypassing the standard operating system . This was common in the late 1970s to early 1990s , with video games being the type of application most commonly distributed using this technique . The term PC booter is also used , primarily in reference to self-booting software for IBM PC compatibles . The term PC booter was not contemporary to when self-booting games were being released and was introduced later ." }, { "url": "/wiki/TI-99/4A", "summary": "The Texas Instruments TI-99/4A is a home computer released in June 1981 in the United States . It is an enhanced version of the less successful TI-99/4 which was released in late 1979 . The TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A are the first 16-bit home computers , using the Texas Instruments TMS9900 16-bit CPU . Both models include hardware support for sprites , using TI 's own chips , and multi-channel sound , making them some of the first home computers to include such custom coprocessors , alongside the Atari 8-bit family also introduced in 1979 . The TI-99/4A remained mostly the same as its predecessor , with the major changes being a full-travel keyboard to replace the calculator-style keys , an improved graphics chip with support for bitmap modes , and a cleaner method of adding expansion cards . The price was also half of the original model . Texas Instruments supported the 4A with a line of peripherals , including a speech synthesizer , and a Peripheral Expansion System box to contain hardware add-ons . While the TI-99/4A 's specifications look impressive on paper , architectural issues keep it from reaching the performance it appears capable of . The system failed to catch on with third party developers , with the majority of games and other software created and sold by TI . A price war with Commodore 's VIC-20 resulted in 99-4/A prices dropping below US $ 100 . Despite the increased user base created from selling large numbers of systems and peripherals at heavy discounts , after a US $ 330 million loss in the third quarter of 1983 Texas Instruments announced the discontinuation of the TI-99/4A in October of 1983 , and stopped production in March of 1984 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/TRS-80", "summary": "The TRS-80 Micro Computer System ( TRS-80 , later renamed the Model I to distinguish it from successors ) is a desktop microcomputer launched in 1977 and sold by Tandy Corporation through their RadioShack stores . The name is an abbreviation of Tandy/RadioShack , Z80 microprocessor . It is one of the earliest mass-produced and mass-marketed retail home computers . The TRS-80 has a full-stroke QWERTY keyboard , the Zilog Z80 processor ( rather than the more common Intel 8080 ) , 4 KB DRAM standard memory ( when many 8-bit computers shipped with only 1 KB RAM ) , small size and desk footprint , floating-point BASIC language interpreter in ROM , 64-character per line video monitor , and a starting price of US $ 600 ( equivalent to US $ 2500 in 2019 ) . A cassette tape drive for program storage was included in the original base package , but it proved slow and fiddly in practice . While the software environment was stable and capable , the fiddly program load/save process combined with keyboard bounce issues and a troublesome expansion interface contributed to the Model I 's widespread reputation as something fun to tinker with for computer enthusiasts , but not well suited to serious use . As with many small computers of the era , it lacked full support for the ASCII character set , e.g . no lowercase letters , which also hampered business adoption . An extensive line of upgrades and add-on hardware peripherals for the TRS-80 was developed and marketed by Tandy/RadioShack . The basic system can be expanded with up to 48 KB of RAM ( in 16 KB increments ) , and up to four floppy disk drives and/or hard disk drives . Tandy/RadioShack provided full-service support including upgrade , repair , and training services in their thousands of stores worldwide . By 1979 , the TRS-80 had the largest selection of software in the microcomputer market ." }, { "url": "/wiki/VIC-20", "summary": "The VIC-20 ( in Germany , VC-20 , in Japan , VIC-1001 ) is an 8-bit home computer that was sold by Commodore Business Machines . The VIC-20 was announced in 1980 , roughly three years after Commodore 's first personal computer , the PET . The VIC-20 was the first computer of any description to sell one million units . It was described as one of the first anti-spectatorial , non-esoteric computers by design.no longer relegated to hobbyist/enthusiasts or those with money , the computer Commodore developed was the computer of the future . The VIC-20 was called VC-20 in Germany because the pronunciation of VIC with a German accent sounds like a German expletive . The term VC was marketed as though it was an abbreviation of VolksComputer ( people 's computer , similar to Volkswagen and Volksempfänger ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Virtual_Console", "summary": "Virtual Console ( バーチャルコンソール , Bācharu Konsōru ) , also abbreviated as VC , is a line of downloadable video games ( mostly unaltered ) for Nintendo 's Wii and Wii U home video game consoles and the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console . The Virtual Console lineup consists of titles originally released on past home and handheld consoles . These titles are run in their original forms through software emulation ( excluding GBA titles on 3DS ) , and can be purchased from the Wii Shop Channel or Nintendo eShop for between 500 and 1200 Wii Points ( Wii ) , US $ 2.99 and US $ 6.99 ( 3DS ) and US $ 4.99 and US $ 9.99 ( Wii U ) depending on system , rarity , and/or demand . Virtual Console 's library of past games currently consists of titles originating from the Nintendo Entertainment System , Super NES , Game Boy , Game Boy Color , Nintendo 64 , Game Boy Advance , and Nintendo DS , as well as Sega 's Master System and Genesis/Mega Drive , NEC 's TurboGrafx-16 , and SNK 's Neo Geo AES . The service for the Wii also included games for platforms that were known only in select regions , such as the Commodore 64 ( Europe and North America ) and MSX ( Japan ) , as well as Virtual Console Arcade , which allowed players to download video arcade games . Virtual Console titles have been downloaded over ten million times . The sale of past games through the Virtual Console is one of Nintendo 's reasons for opposing software piracy of old console games ." }, { "url": "/wiki/ZX_Spectrum", "summary": "The ZX Spectrum ( UK : /zɛd ɛks/ ) is an 8-bit personal home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research . Referred to during development as the ZX81 Colour and ZX82 , it was launched as the ZX Spectrum by Sinclair to highlight the machine 's colour display , compared with the black and white display of its predecessor , the ZX81 . The Spectrum was released as eight different models , ranging from the entry level with 16 KB RAM released in 1982 to the ZX Spectrum +3 with 128 KB RAM and built in floppy disk drive in 1987 ; together they sold over 5 million units worldwide ( not counting clones ) . The Spectrum was among the first mainstream-audience home computers in the UK , similar in significance to the Commodore 64 in the US . The introduction of the ZX Spectrum led to a boom in companies producing software and hardware for the machine , the effects of which are still seen . Some credit it as the machine which launched the UK IT industry . Licensing deals and clones followed , and earned Clive Sinclair a knighthood for services to British industry . The Commodore 64 , Dragon 32 , Oric-1 , Oric Atmos , BBC Micro and later the Amstrad CPC range were rivals to the Spectrum in the UK market during the early 1980s . While the machine was officially discontinued in 1992 , new software titles continue to be released - over 40 were released in 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Donkey Kong Jr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_Donkey_Kong_characters", "summary": "A list of notable fictional characters from Nintendo 's Donkey Kong video game franchise . This list only recognizes characters who have appeared multiple times - including in remakes and cameo appearances in other games ." } ] }, { "value": "Gorilla", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Donkey Kong Jr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Jr.", "summary": "Donkey Kong II : Donkey Kong Jr. [ a ] is a 1982 platform game that was released by Nintendo . It is the sequel to Donkey Kong , which featured Mario as the hero and Donkey Kong Junior 's father as the villain ; the roles are reversed here . It first appeared in arcades , and , over the course of the 1980s , was released for a variety of home platforms . The game 's title is written out as Donkey Kong Junior in the North American arcade version and various ports to non-Nintendo systems . The game was principally designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and one of his coworkers . Miyamoto also created the graphics for the title along with Yoshio Sakamoto . As with its predecessor , the music for the game was composed by Yukio Kaneoka ." } ] }, { "value": "Arcade · Atari 2600 · Atari 7800 · Atari 8-bit · ColecoVision · GBA · Intellivision · NES · 3DS · Wii", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arcade_Game", "summary": "An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Atari_2600", "summary": "The Atari 2600 , originally branded as the Atari Video Computer System or Atari VCS for short until November 1982 , is a home video game console from Atari , Inc . Released on September 11 , 1977 , it is credited with popularizing the use of microprocessor-based hardware and games stored on ROM cartridges ( a format first used with the Fairchild Channel F in 1976 ) instead of dedicated hardware with games physically built into the unit . The 2600 was bundled with two joystick controllers , a conjoined pair of paddle controllers , and a game cartridge : initially Combat , and later Pac-Man . The Atari VCS launched with nine simple , low-resolution games in 2 KiB cartridges . The system found its killer app with its version of Taito 's Space Invaders in 1980 and became widely successful , leading to the creation of Activision and other third-party game developers as well as competition from home console manufacturers Mattel and Coleco . By the end of its primary lifecycle in 1983-84 , games for the 2600 were using more than four times the ROM of the launch titles with significantly more advanced visuals and gameplay than the system was designed for , such as Pitfall ! and its scrolling sequel Pitfall II : Lost Caverns . Atari invested heavily in two games for the 2600 , Pac-Man and E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial , that became commercial failures and contributed to the video game crash of 1983 which ended the market relevance of the 2600 . Warner sold off the home console division of Atari to Commodore CEO Jack Tramiel . In 1986 , the new Atari Corporation under Tramiel released a lower-cost version of the 2600 and the backwards-compatible Atari 7800 , but these were not enough to turn things around , and ultimately it was Nintendo that led the recovery of the industry . Atari finally ended production of the Atari 2600 on January 1 , 1992 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Atari_7800", "summary": "The Atari 7800 ProSystem , or simply the Atari 7800 , is a home video game console officially released by the Atari Corporation in 1986 . It is almost fully backward-compatible with the Atari 2600 , the first console to have backward compatibility without the use of additional modules . It was considered affordable at a price of US $ 140 ( equivalent to $ 327 in 2019 ) . The 7800 has significantly improved graphics hardware over the 2600 , but uses the same audio chip . It also shipped with a different model of joystick from the 2600-standard CX40 . The 1986 launch is sometimes referred to as a re-release or relaunch because the Atari 7800 had originally been announced on May 21 , 1984 , to replace Atari Inc. 's Atari 5200 , but a general release was shelved due to the sale of the company ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Atari_8-bit", "summary": "The Atari 8-bit family is a series of 8-bit home computers introduced by Atari , Inc. in 1979 and manufactured until 1992 . All of the machines in the family are technically similar and differ primarily in packaging . They are based on the MOS Technology 6502 CPU running at 1.79 MHz , [ a ] and were the first home computers designed with custom co-processor chips . This architecture enabled graphics and sound capabilities more advanced than most contemporary machines , and gaming on the platform was a major draw . The first-person space combat simulator Star Raiders is considered the platform 's killer app . The systems launched with a series of plug and play peripherals that used the Atari SIO serial bus system , an early analog of USB . [ b ] To meet stringent FCC requirements , much of the circuitry of the original machines is enclosed in a cast aluminum block , which made them physically robust but expensive to produce . The 400 and 800 were replaced by the XL series in 1983 , then-after the company was sold and reestablished as Atari Corporation-the XE models in 1985 . The XL and XE are lighter in construction and less expensive to build , while also having Atari BASIC built-in and reducing the number of joystick ports from 4 to 2 . The 130XE , released in 1985 , increased the memory to 128K of bank-switched RAM . The Atari 8-bit computer line sold two million units during its major production run between late 1979 and mid-1985 . They were not only sold through dedicated computer retailers , but department stores such as Sears , using an in-store demo to attract customers ." }, { "url": "/wiki/ColecoVision", "summary": "The ColecoVision is Coleco Industries ' second-generation home video-game console that was released in August 1982 . The ColecoVision offered a closer experience to more powerful arcade game systems , compared to competitors such as the Atari 2600 and Atari 5200 , along with the means to expand the system 's basic hardware . The initial catalog of twelve games included Nintendo 's Donkey Kong as the pack-in cartridge , Sega 's Zaxxon , and some lesser known arcade titles that found a larger audience on the console , such as Lady Bug , Cosmic Avenger , and Venture . Approximately 145 titles in total were published as ROM cartridges for the system between 1982 and 1984 . Coleco released a series of hardware add-ons and special controllers to expand the capabilities of the console . The ColecoVision was discontinued in 1985 when Coleco withdrew from the video game market ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance", "summary": "The Game Boy Advance [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBA ) is a 32-bit handheld game console developed , manufactured and marketed by Nintendo as the successor to the Game Boy Color . It was released in Japan on March 21 , 2001 , in North America on June 11 , 2001 , in Australia and Europe on June 22 , 2001 , and in mainland China on June 8 , 2004 as iQue Game Boy Advance . The GBA is part of the sixth generation of video game consoles . The original model did not have an illuminated screen ; Nintendo addressed that with the release of a redesigned model with a frontlit screen , the Game Boy Advance SP , in 2003 . A newer revision of the aforementioned redesign was released in 2005 , which included a backlit screen . The final redesign , the Game Boy Micro , was released in 2005 . As of June 30 , 2010 , the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.51 million units worldwide . Its successor , the Nintendo DS , was released in November 2004 and is also compatible with Game Boy Advance software ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Intellivision", "summary": "The Intellivision is a home video game console released by Mattel Electronics in 1979 . The name Intellivision is a portmanteau of intelligent television . Development of the console began in 1977 , the same year as the introduction of its main competitor , the Atari 2600 . In 1984 Mattel sold their video game assets to a former Mattel Electronics executive and investors that would become INTV Corporation . Games development started in 1978 and continued until 1990 when the Intellivision was discontinued . From 1980 to 1983 over 3 million Intellivision units were sold . In 2009 , video game website IGN named the Intellivision the No . 14 greatest video game console of all time . It remained Mattel 's only video game console until the release of the HyperScan in 2006 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System", "summary": "The Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) is an 8-bit third-generation home video game console produced , released , and marketed by Nintendo . It is a remodelled export version of the company 's Family Computer [ a ] ( FC ) platform in Japan , commonly known as the Famicom [ b ] , which was launched on July 15 , 1983 . The NES was launched in a test market of New York City on October 18 , 1985 , followed by Los Angeles as a second test market in February 1986 , followed by Chicago and San Francisco , then other top 12 American markets , followed by a full launch across North America and some countries in Europe in September 1986 , followed by Australia and other countries in Europe in 1987 . Brazil saw only unlicensed clones until the official local release in 1993 . The console 's South Korean release was packaged as the Hyundai Comboy [ c ] and distributed by Hyundai Electronics ( now SK Hynix ) . As one of the best-selling gaming consoles of its time , the NES helped revitalize the US video game industry following the video game crash of 1983 . With the NES , Nintendo introduced a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers , authorizing them to produce and distribute games for Nintendo 's platform . It had been preceded by Nintendo 's first home video game console , the Color TV-Game , and was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo_3DS", "summary": "The Nintendo 3DS [ a ] is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo . It is capable of displaying stereoscopic 3D effects without the use of 3D glasses or additional accessories . Nintendo announced the console in March 2010 and officially unveiled it at E3 2010 on June 15 . The console succeeds the Nintendo DS , featuring backward compatibility with older Nintendo DS video games . Its primary competitor was Sony 's PlayStation Vita . The handheld offers new features such as the StreetPass and SpotPass tag modes , powered by Nintendo Network ; augmented reality , using its 3D cameras ; and Virtual Console , which allows owners to download and play games originally released on older video game systems . It is also pre-loaded with various applications including an online distribution store called Nintendo eShop ; a social networking service called Miiverse ( shut down in 2017 ) ; an Internet Browser ; the Netflix , Hulu Plus and YouTube streaming video services ; Nintendo Video ; a messaging application called Swapnote ( known as Nintendo Letter Box in Europe and Australia ) ; and Mii Maker . The Nintendo 3DS was released in Japan on February 26 , 2011 , and worldwide beginning in March 2011 . Less than six months later on July 28 , 2011 , Nintendo announced a significant price reduction from US $ 249 to US $ 169 amid disappointing launch sales . The company offered ten free Nintendo Entertainment System games and ten free Game Boy Advance games from the Nintendo eShop to consumers who bought the system at the original launch price . This strategy was considered a major success , and the console went on to become one of Nintendo 's most successful handheld consoles in the first two years of its release . As of December 31 , 2019 [ update ] , the Nintendo 3DS family of systems combined have sold 75.71 million units ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Virtual_Console", "summary": "Virtual Console ( バーチャルコンソール , Bācharu Konsōru ) , also abbreviated as VC , is a line of downloadable video games ( mostly unaltered ) for Nintendo 's Wii and Wii U home video game consoles and the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console . The Virtual Console lineup consists of titles originally released on past home and handheld consoles . These titles are run in their original forms through software emulation ( excluding GBA titles on 3DS ) , and can be purchased from the Wii Shop Channel or Nintendo eShop for between 500 and 1200 Wii Points ( Wii ) , US $ 2.99 and US $ 6.99 ( 3DS ) and US $ 4.99 and US $ 9.99 ( Wii U ) depending on system , rarity , and/or demand . Virtual Console 's library of past games currently consists of titles originating from the Nintendo Entertainment System , Super NES , Game Boy , Game Boy Color , Nintendo 64 , Game Boy Advance , and Nintendo DS , as well as Sega 's Master System and Genesis/Mega Drive , NEC 's TurboGrafx-16 , and SNK 's Neo Geo AES . The service for the Wii also included games for platforms that were known only in select regions , such as the Commodore 64 ( Europe and North America ) and MSX ( Japan ) , as well as Virtual Console Arcade , which allowed players to download video arcade games . Virtual Console titles have been downloaded over ten million times . The sale of past games through the Virtual Console is one of Nintendo 's reasons for opposing software piracy of old console games ." } ] }, { "value": "Donkey Kong 's son", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gorilla", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gekido", "summary": "Gekido ( released as Gekido : Urban Fighters in PAL regions ) is a beat 'em up video game for the PlayStation console , created by Italian studio NAPS Team . The game uses a fast paced beat 'em up system , with many bosses and a colorful design in terms of graphics . The game features the music of Fatboy Slim and Apartment 26 . Marvel comic book artist Joe Madureira also contributed . Versions of Gekido were also planned for the Game Boy Color and N-Gage but were never released . NAPS team released the prototype of the Game Boy Color game on February 13 , 2017· It was later followed by a GBA sequel called Gekido Advance : Kintaro 's Revenge , which was re-released for the Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows in 2018 . A second sequel had been announced , entitled Gekido : The Dark Angel for the PlayStation Portable but was cancelled ." } ] }, { "value": "Gorilla", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gekido", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gekido", "summary": "Gekido ( released as Gekido : Urban Fighters in PAL regions ) is a beat 'em up video game for the PlayStation console , created by Italian studio NAPS Team . The game uses a fast paced beat 'em up system , with many bosses and a colorful design in terms of graphics . The game features the music of Fatboy Slim and Apartment 26 . Marvel comic book artist Joe Madureira also contributed . Versions of Gekido were also planned for the Game Boy Color and N-Gage but were never released . NAPS team released the prototype of the Game Boy Color game on February 13 , 2017· It was later followed by a GBA sequel called Gekido Advance : Kintaro 's Revenge , which was re-released for the Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows in 2018 . A second sequel had been announced , entitled Gekido : The Dark Angel for the PlayStation Portable but was cancelled ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation · Game Boy Color", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_(console)", "summary": "The PlayStation [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as PS and commonly known as the PS1 or its codename PSX ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released on 3 December 1994 in Japan , on 9 September 1995 in North America , on 29 September 1995 in Europe , and on 15 November 1995 in Australia , and was the first of the PlayStation lineup of video game consoles . As a fifth generation console , the PlayStation primarily competed with the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn . The PlayStation was the first computer entertainment platform to ship over 100 million units , which it had reached nine years after its initial launch . In July 2000 , a redesigned , slim version called the PS one was released , replacing the original grey console and named appropriately to avoid confusion with its successor , the PlayStation 2 . The PlayStation 2 , which is backwards compatible with the PlayStation 's DualShock controller and games , was announced in 1999 and launched in 2000 . The last PS one units were sold in late 2006 to early 2007 shortly after it was officially discontinued , for a total of 102 million units shipped since its launch eleven years earlier . Games for the PlayStation continued to sell until Sony ceased production of both the PlayStation and PlayStation games on 23 March 2006 - over eleven years after it had been released , and less than a year before the debut of the PlayStation 3 . On 19 September 2018 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation Classic to mark the 24th anniversary of the original console . The new console is a miniature recreation of the original PlayStation , preloaded with 20 titles released on the original console , and was released on 3 December 2018 , the exact date the console was released in Japan in 1994 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Game_Boy_Color", "summary": "The Game Boy Color [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBC ) is a handheld game console manufactured by Nintendo , which was released in Japan on October 21 , 1998 , and later released in November of the same year to international markets . It is the successor to the original Game Boy and is part of the Game Boy family . The GBC features a color screen rather than monochrome , but it is not backlit . It is slightly thicker and taller and features a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket , its immediate predecessor in the Game Boy line . As with the original Game Boy , it has a custom 8-bit processor made by Sharp that is considered a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80 . The spelling of the system 's name , Game Boy Color , remains consistent throughout the world , with its American English spelling of color . The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles . The GBC 's primary competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds , Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan , though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin . SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color , respectively , but this did little to change Nintendo 's sales dominance . With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997 , the Game Boy Color 's only competitor in the United States was its predecessor , the Game Boy , until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was released in August 1999 . The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color combined have sold 118.69 million units worldwide making it the third-best-selling system of all time , It was discontinued on March 23 , 2003 , shortly after the release of the Game Boy Advance SP . Its best-selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver , which shipped 23 million units worldwide ." } ] }, { "value": "An unlockable character", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Specter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_Ape_Escape_characters", "summary": "Ape Escape [ a ] is a series of video games developed primarily by SCE Japan Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment , starting with Ape Escape for PlayStation in 1999 . The series often incorporates ape-related humour , unique gameplay , and a wide variety of pop culture references ; it is also notable for being the first game to make the DualShock or Dual Analog controller mandatory ." } ] }, { "value": "Monkey", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ape Escape", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ape_Escape_(video_game)", "summary": "Ape Escape [ a ] is a platform video game , developed by SCE Japan Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was released for the PlayStation in May 1999 in North America , and June 1999 in Japan . The first in the Ape Escape series , the game tells the story of an ape named Specter who gains enhanced intelligence and a malevolent streak through the use of an experimental helmet . Specter produces an army of apes , which he sends through time in an attempt to rewrite history . Spike , the player character , sets out to capture the apes with the aid of special gadgets . Ape Escape is played from a third-person perspective . Players use a variety of gadgets to pursue and capture the apes , traversing across several environments . The game 's controls are heavily centred around the analog sticks , being the first game to require the use of the PlayStation 's DualShock . Development of Ape Escape lasted over two years , and was generally focused on adapting to the use of the controller , which was a significant challenge for the development team . Ape Escape was met with critical acclaim from critics , with praise particularly directed at the innovative use of the dual analog controls , as well as the graphics and music ; the voice acting received minor criticism . The game is widely considered to be one of the greatest on the PlayStation console , and received several re-releases . The game also spawned numerous sequels and spin-offs , beginning with Ape Escape 2 in 2001 ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation · PlayStation Portable", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_(console)", "summary": "The PlayStation [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as PS and commonly known as the PS1 or its codename PSX ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released on 3 December 1994 in Japan , on 9 September 1995 in North America , on 29 September 1995 in Europe , and on 15 November 1995 in Australia , and was the first of the PlayStation lineup of video game consoles . As a fifth generation console , the PlayStation primarily competed with the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn . The PlayStation was the first computer entertainment platform to ship over 100 million units , which it had reached nine years after its initial launch . In July 2000 , a redesigned , slim version called the PS one was released , replacing the original grey console and named appropriately to avoid confusion with its successor , the PlayStation 2 . The PlayStation 2 , which is backwards compatible with the PlayStation 's DualShock controller and games , was announced in 1999 and launched in 2000 . The last PS one units were sold in late 2006 to early 2007 shortly after it was officially discontinued , for a total of 102 million units shipped since its launch eleven years earlier . Games for the PlayStation continued to sell until Sony ceased production of both the PlayStation and PlayStation games on 23 March 2006 - over eleven years after it had been released , and less than a year before the debut of the PlayStation 3 . On 19 September 2018 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation Classic to mark the 24th anniversary of the original console . The new console is a miniature recreation of the original PlayStation , preloaded with 20 titles released on the original console , and was released on 3 December 2018 , the exact date the console was released in Japan in 1994 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_Portable", "summary": "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Rules over lesser apes known as Piposaru", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ukiki", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monkey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monkey", "summary": "Monkey is a common name that may refer to groups or species of mammals , in part , the simians of infraorder Simiiformes . The term is applied descriptively to groups of primates , such as families of New World monkeys and Old World monkeys . Many monkey species are tree-dwelling ( arboreal ) , although there are species that live primarily on the ground , such as baboons . Most species are also active during the day ( diurnal ) . Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent , especially the Old World monkeys of Catarrhini . Simians and tarsiers emerged within haplorrhines some 60 million years ago . New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 million years ago . Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 million years ago . Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [ 35-32 million years ago ] , eosimiidea and sometimes even the Catarrhini group are also considered monkeys by primatologists . Lemurs , lorises , and galagos are not monkeys ; instead they are strepsirrhine primates . Like monkeys , tarsiers are haplorhine primates ; however , they are also not monkeys . Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini , so cladistically they are monkeys as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Super Mario 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Super_Mario_64", "summary": "Super Mario 64 [ a ] is a 1996 platform video game for the Nintendo 64 and the first in the Super Mario series to feature three-dimensional ( 3D ) gameplay . As Mario , the player explores Princess Peach 's castle and must rescue her from Bowser . Super Mario 64 features open-world playability , degrees of freedom through all three axes in space , and relatively large areas which are composed primarily of true 3D polygons as opposed to only two-dimensional ( 2D ) sprites . It emphasizes exploration within vast worlds , which require the player to complete various missions in addition to the occasional linear obstacle courses ( as in traditional platform games ) . It preserves many gameplay elements and characters of earlier Mario games as well as the visual style . Producer/director and Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto conceived a 3D Mario game during the production of Star Fox ( 1993 ) . Super Mario 64 's development , handled by Nintendo EAD , lasted approximately three years ; one was spent on designing while the next two on direct work . The visuals were created using the Nichimen N-World toolkit and Miyamoto aimed to include more details than earlier games . The score was composed by Koji Kondo . A multiplayer mode featuring Luigi as a playable character was planned but cut . Along with Pilotwings 64 , Super Mario 64 was one of the launch games for Nintendo 64 . Nintendo released it in Japan on June 23 , 1996 , and later in North America , Europe , and Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "Nintendo 64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nintendo_64", "summary": "The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "Steals Mario 's hat", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Winston", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Winston_(Overwatch)", "summary": "Winston is a player character appearing in the 2016 video game Overwatch , a Blizzard Entertainment developed first-person shooter and its related media . Winston is one of the more prominent characters used by Blizzard in Overwatch media outside of the video game ; the character made an appearance in the game 's cinematic trailer and is the focus of an animated short released by Blizzard . The character is a genetically engineered gorilla that was part of a larger group of genetically engineered gorillas that was used by the in-universe Horizon Lunar Colony to test the effects of prolonged habitation in space ." } ] }, { "value": "Gorilla", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gorilla", "summary": "Gorillas are ground-dwelling , predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Sub-Saharan Africa . The genus Gorilla is divided into two species : the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas ( both critically endangered ) , and either four or five subspecies . They are the largest living primates . The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans , from 95 to 99% depending on what is included , and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees and bonobos . Gorillas ' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in Sub-Saharan Africa . Although their range covers a small percentage of Sub-Saharan Africa , gorillas cover a wide range of elevations . The mountain gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes , ranging in altitude from 2,200 to 4,300 metres ( 7,200 to 14,100 ft ) . Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level , with western lowland gorillas living in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda ." } ] }, { "value": "Overwatch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Overwatch_(video_game)", "summary": "Overwatch is a team-based multiplayer first-person shooter developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment . Described as a hero shooter , Overwatch assigns players into two teams of six , with each player selecting from a roster of over 30 characters , known as heroes , each with a unique style of play that is divided into three general roles that fit their purpose . Players on a team work together to secure and defend control points on a map or escort a payload across the map in a limited amount of time . Players gain cosmetic rewards that do not affect gameplay , such as character skins and victory poses , as they play the game . The game was initially launched with only casual play , but a competitive ranked mode , various 'arcade ' game modes , and a player-customizable server browser were added after release . Additionally , Blizzard has added new characters , maps , and game modes post-release , all free of charge , with the only additional cost to players being optional loot boxes to earn cosmetic items . It was released for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Windows in May 2016 , and Nintendo Switch in October 2019 . Overwatch is Blizzard 's fourth major franchise and came about following the 2014 cancellation of the ambitious massively multiplayer online role-playing game Titan . A portion of the Titan team came up with the concept of Overwatch , based on the success of team-based first-person shooters like Team Fortress 2 and the popularity of multiplayer online battle arena games , creating a hero-based shooter that emphasized teamwork . Some elements of Overwatch borrow assets and concepts from the canceled Titan project . After establishing the narrative of an optimistic near-future Earth setting after a global crisis , the developers aimed to create a diverse cast of heroes that spanned genders and ethnicities as part of this setting . Significant time is spent adjusting the balance of the characters , making sure that new players would still be able to have fun while skilled players would present each other with a challenge ." } ] }, { "value": "PC · PlayStation 4 · Xbox One", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PC_game", "summary": "A PC game , also known as a computer game or personal computer game , is a type of video game played on a personal computer rather than a video game console or arcade machine . Its defining characteristics include : more diverse and user-determined gaming hardware and software ; and generally greater capacity in input , processing , video and audio output . The uncoordinated nature of the PC game market , and now its lack of physical media , make precisely assessing its size difficult . Home computer games became popular following the video game crash of 1983 , leading to the era of the bedroom coder . In the 1990s , PC games lost mass-market traction to console games , before enjoying a resurgence in the mid-2000s through digital distribution . Newzoo reports that the PC gaming sector is the third-largest category ( and estimated in decline ) across all platforms as of 2016 [ update ] , with the console sector second-largest , and mobile/smartphone gaming sector biggest . 2.2 billion video gamers generate US $ 101.1 billion in revenue , excluding hardware costs . Digital game revenues will account for $ 94.4 billion or 87% of the global market . Mobile is the most lucrative segment , with smartphone and tablet gaming growing 19% year on year to $ 46.1 billion , claiming 42% of the market . In 2020 , mobile gaming will represent just more than half of the total games market . [ . ] China expected to generate $ 27.5 billion , or one-quarter of all revenues in 2017 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Xbox_One", "summary": "The Xbox One is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Microsoft . Announced in May 2013 , it is the successor to Xbox 360 and the third console in the Xbox series of video game consoles . It was first released in North America , parts of Europe , Australia , and South America in November 2013 , and in Japan , China , and other European countries in September 2014 . It is the first Xbox game console to be released in China , specifically in the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone . Microsoft marketed the device as an all-in-one entertainment system , hence the name 'Xbox One ' . The Xbox One mainly competes against Sony 's PlayStation 4 and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from its predecessor 's PowerPC-based architecture , the Xbox One marks a shift back to the x86 architecture used in the original Xbox ; it features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built around the x86-64 instruction set . Xbox One 's controller was redesigned over the Xbox 360 's , with a redesigned body , D-pad , and triggers capable of delivering directional haptic feedback . The console places an increased emphasis on cloud computing , as well as social networking features , and the ability to record and share video clips or screenshots from gameplay , or live-stream directly to streaming services such as Mixer and Twitch . Games can also be played off-console via a local area network on supported Windows 10 devices . The console can play Blu-ray Disc , and overlay live television programming from an existing set-top box or a digital tuner for digital terrestrial television with an enhanced program guide . The console optionally included a redesigned Kinect sensor , marketed as the Kinect 2.0 , providing improved motion tracking and voice recognition ." } ] }, { "value": "A Gorilla with superior intelligence", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wukong", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/League_of_Legends", "summary": "League of Legends ( LoL ) is a multiplayer online battle arena video game developed and published by Riot Games for Microsoft Windows and macOS . Inspired by the Warcraft III : The Frozen Throne mod Defense of the Ancients , the game follows a freemium model and is supported by microtransactions . In League of Legends , players assume the role of a champion with unique abilities and battle against a team of other player- or computer-controlled champions . The goal is usually to destroy the opposing team 's Nexus , a structure that lies at the heart of a base protected by defensive structures , although other distinct game modes exist as well with varying objectives , rules , and maps . Each League of Legends match is discrete , with all champions starting off relatively weak but increasing in strength by accumulating items and experience over the course of the game . Champions span a variety of roles and blend a variety of fantasy tropes , such as sword and sorcery , steampunk , and Lovecraftian horror . Although the discrete nature of each match prohibits an overarching narrative in-game , the various champions make up a large and ever-evolving fictional universe developed by Riot Games through short stories , comics , cinematics , and books . Riot Games was founded by Brandon Ryze Beck and Marc Tryndamere Merill , former business students and roommates at the University of Southern California , in Los Angeles in September of 2006 . Citing a dissatisfaction with their post-college careers and the business practices of contemporary video game developers , they decided to create their own company dedicated to making free-to-play games that constantly evolved and developed through player feedback . Beck and Merill recruited Defense of the Ancients veteran Steve Guinsoo Feak , as well as several other experienced developers , to help them build and refine the game that would later become League of Legends . Development , originally under the name Onslaught , was difficult , owing to technical limitations and Beck and Merill 's conflicting visions with many publishers at the time . They eventually partnered with Chinese conglomerate Tencent , which now fully owns the game and a majority share of the company 's stock ." } ] }, { "value": "Monkey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monkey", "summary": "Monkey is a common name that may refer to groups or species of mammals , in part , the simians of infraorder Simiiformes . The term is applied descriptively to groups of primates , such as families of New World monkeys and Old World monkeys . Many monkey species are tree-dwelling ( arboreal ) , although there are species that live primarily on the ground , such as baboons . Most species are also active during the day ( diurnal ) . Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent , especially the Old World monkeys of Catarrhini . Simians and tarsiers emerged within haplorrhines some 60 million years ago . New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 million years ago . Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 million years ago . Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [ 35-32 million years ago ] , eosimiidea and sometimes even the Catarrhini group are also considered monkeys by primatologists . Lemurs , lorises , and galagos are not monkeys ; instead they are strepsirrhine primates . Like monkeys , tarsiers are haplorhine primates ; however , they are also not monkeys . Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini , so cladistically they are monkeys as well ." } ] }, { "value": "League of Legends", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/League_of_Legends", "summary": "League of Legends ( LoL ) is a multiplayer online battle arena video game developed and published by Riot Games for Microsoft Windows and macOS . Inspired by the Warcraft III : The Frozen Throne mod Defense of the Ancients , the game follows a freemium model and is supported by microtransactions . In League of Legends , players assume the role of a champion with unique abilities and battle against a team of other player- or computer-controlled champions . The goal is usually to destroy the opposing team 's Nexus , a structure that lies at the heart of a base protected by defensive structures , although other distinct game modes exist as well with varying objectives , rules , and maps . Each League of Legends match is discrete , with all champions starting off relatively weak but increasing in strength by accumulating items and experience over the course of the game . Champions span a variety of roles and blend a variety of fantasy tropes , such as sword and sorcery , steampunk , and Lovecraftian horror . Although the discrete nature of each match prohibits an overarching narrative in-game , the various champions make up a large and ever-evolving fictional universe developed by Riot Games through short stories , comics , cinematics , and books . Riot Games was founded by Brandon Ryze Beck and Marc Tryndamere Merill , former business students and roommates at the University of Southern California , in Los Angeles in September of 2006 . Citing a dissatisfaction with their post-college careers and the business practices of contemporary video game developers , they decided to create their own company dedicated to making free-to-play games that constantly evolved and developed through player feedback . Beck and Merill recruited Defense of the Ancients veteran Steve Guinsoo Feak , as well as several other experienced developers , to help them build and refine the game that would later become League of Legends . Development , originally under the name Onslaught , was difficult , owing to technical limitations and Beck and Merill 's conflicting visions with many publishers at the time . They eventually partnered with Chinese conglomerate Tencent , which now fully owns the game and a majority share of the company 's stock ." } ] }, { "value": "PC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Personal_computer", "summary": "A personal computer ( PC ) is a multi-purpose computer whose size , capabilities , and price make it feasible for individual use . Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user , rather than by a computer expert or technician . Unlike large costly minicomputers and mainframes , time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers . Institutional or corporate computer owners in the 1960s had to write their own programs to do any useful work with the machines . While personal computer users may develop their own applications , usually these systems run commercial software , free-of-charge software ( freeware ) , which is most often proprietary , or free and open-source software , which is provided in ready-to-run , or binary , form . Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or operating system manufacturers . Many personal computer users no longer need to write their own programs to make any use of a personal computer , although end-user programming is still feasible . This contrasts with mobile systems , where software is often only available through a manufacturer-supported channel , and end-user program development may be discouraged by lack of support by the manufacturer . Since the early 1990s , Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware dominated much of the personal computer market , first with MS-DOS and then with Microsoft Windows . Alternatives to Microsoft 's Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry . These include Apple 's macOS and free and open-source Unix-like operating systems . The advent of personal computers and the concurrent Digital Revolution have significantly affected the lives of people in all countries ." } ] }, { "value": "A playable champion inspired by Sun Wukong , the main character in the Chinese epic Journey to the West", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sun_Wukong", "summary": "The Monkey King , known as Sun Wukong in Chinese , is a legendary figure best known as one of the main characters in the 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West ( 西游记/西遊記 ) and many later stories and adaptations . The Monkey King 's origins predate the novel and can be traced back to the Song dynasty . In the novel , he is a monkey born from a stone who acquires supernatural powers through Taoist practices . After rebelling against heaven and being imprisoned under a mountain by the Buddha , he later accompanies the monk Tang Sanzang on a journey to retrieve Buddhist sutras from the West ( India ) where Buddha and his followers reside . The Monkey King possesses immense strength ; he is able to support the pressing weight of two celestial mountains on his shoulders while running with the speed of a meteor . He is also extremely fast , able to travel 108,000 li ( 54,000 kilometres ( 34,000 mi ) ) in one somersault . Sun also knows the 72 Earthly transformations , which allow him to transform into various animals and objects . Sun Wukong is a skilled fighter , capable of defeating the best warriors of heaven . His hair possesses magical properties , capable of summoning clones of the Monkey King himself , and/or into various weapons , animals , and other objects . He has demonstrated partial weather manipulation abilities as well , and can stop people in place with fixing magic ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Journey_to_the_West", "summary": "Journey to the West ( Chinese : 西遊記 ; pinyin : Xī Yóu Jì ) is a Chinese novel published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en . It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature . Arthur Waley 's popular abridged translation , Monkey , is well known in English-speaking countries . The novel is an extended account of the legendary pilgrimage of the Tang dynasty Buddhist monk Xuanzang who traveled to the Western Regions , that is , Central Asia and India , to obtain Buddhist sacred texts ( sūtras ) and returned after many trials and much suffering . It retains the broad outline of Xuanzang 's own account , Great Tang Records on the Western Regions , but the Ming dynasty novel adds elements from folk tales and the author 's invention , that is , that Gautama Buddha gave this task to the monk ( referred to as Tang Sanzang in the novel ) and provided him with three protectors who agree to help him as an atonement for their sins . These disciples are Sun Wukong , Zhu Bajie and Sha Wujing , together with a dragon prince who acts as Tang Sanzang 's steed , a white horse . Journey to the West has strong roots in Chinese folk religion , Chinese mythology , Confucianist , Taoist and Buddhist philosophy , and the pantheon of Taoist immortals and Buddhist bodhisattvas are still reflective of some Chinese religious attitudes today . Enduringly popular , the tale is at once a comic adventure story , a humorous satire of Chinese bureaucracy , a spring of spiritual insight , and an extended allegory in which the group of pilgrims journeys towards enlightenment by the power and virtue of cooperation ." } ] }, { "value": "Wukong", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monkey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monkey", "summary": "Monkey is a common name that may refer to groups or species of mammals , in part , the simians of infraorder Simiiformes . The term is applied descriptively to groups of primates , such as families of New World monkeys and Old World monkeys . Many monkey species are tree-dwelling ( arboreal ) , although there are species that live primarily on the ground , such as baboons . Most species are also active during the day ( diurnal ) . Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent , especially the Old World monkeys of Catarrhini . Simians and tarsiers emerged within haplorrhines some 60 million years ago . New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 million years ago . Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 million years ago . Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [ 35-32 million years ago ] , eosimiidea and sometimes even the Catarrhini group are also considered monkeys by primatologists . Lemurs , lorises , and galagos are not monkeys ; instead they are strepsirrhine primates . Like monkeys , tarsiers are haplorhine primates ; however , they are also not monkeys . Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini , so cladistically they are monkeys as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Warframe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Warframe", "summary": "Warframe is a free-to-play action role playing third-person shooter multiplayer online game developed and published by Digital Extremes . Originally released for Windows personal computers in March 2013 following a beta period , it was ported to the PlayStation 4 in November 2013 , the Xbox One in September 2014 , and the Nintendo Switch in November 2018 . In Warframe , players control members of the Tenno , a race of ancient warriors who have awoken from centuries of cryosleep far into Earth 's future to find themselves at war in the planetary system with different factions . The Tenno use their powered Warframes along with a variety of weapons and abilities to complete missions . While many of the game 's missions use procedurally-generated levels , newer updates have included large open world areas similar to other massively multiplayer online games as well as some story-specific missions with fixed level design . The game includes elements of shooting and melee games , parkour , and role-playing to allow players to advance their Tenno with improved gear . The game includes both player versus environment and player versus player elements . It is supported by microtransactions , which lets players purchase in-game items using real money , but also offers the option to earn them at no cost through grinding . The concepts for Warframe originated in 2000 , when Digital Extremes began work on a new game titled Dark Sector . At the time , the company had been successful in supporting other developers and publishers , and wanted to develop their own game in-house . The game suffered several delays and was eventually released in 2008 , having used some of the initial framework but far different from the original plan . By 2012 , in the wake of the success of free-to-play games , the developers took their earlier Dark Sector ideas and art assets and incorporated them into a new project , their self-published Warframe ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Xbox_One", "summary": "The Xbox One is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Microsoft . Announced in May 2013 , it is the successor to Xbox 360 and the third console in the Xbox series of video game consoles . It was first released in North America , parts of Europe , Australia , and South America in November 2013 , and in Japan , China , and other European countries in September 2014 . It is the first Xbox game console to be released in China , specifically in the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone . Microsoft marketed the device as an all-in-one entertainment system , hence the name 'Xbox One ' . The Xbox One mainly competes against Sony 's PlayStation 4 and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from its predecessor 's PowerPC-based architecture , the Xbox One marks a shift back to the x86 architecture used in the original Xbox ; it features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built around the x86-64 instruction set . Xbox One 's controller was redesigned over the Xbox 360 's , with a redesigned body , D-pad , and triggers capable of delivering directional haptic feedback . The console places an increased emphasis on cloud computing , as well as social networking features , and the ability to record and share video clips or screenshots from gameplay , or live-stream directly to streaming services such as Mixer and Twitch . Games can also be played off-console via a local area network on supported Windows 10 devices . The console can play Blu-ray Disc , and overlay live television programming from an existing set-top box or a digital tuner for digital terrestrial television with an enhanced program guide . The console optionally included a redesigned Kinect sensor , marketed as the Kinect 2.0 , providing improved motion tracking and voice recognition ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Personal_computer", "summary": "A personal computer ( PC ) is a multi-purpose computer whose size , capabilities , and price make it feasible for individual use . Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user , rather than by a computer expert or technician . Unlike large costly minicomputers and mainframes , time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers . Institutional or corporate computer owners in the 1960s had to write their own programs to do any useful work with the machines . While personal computer users may develop their own applications , usually these systems run commercial software , free-of-charge software ( freeware ) , which is most often proprietary , or free and open-source software , which is provided in ready-to-run , or binary , form . Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or operating system manufacturers . Many personal computer users no longer need to write their own programs to make any use of a personal computer , although end-user programming is still feasible . This contrasts with mobile systems , where software is often only available through a manufacturer-supported channel , and end-user program development may be discouraged by lack of support by the manufacturer . Since the early 1990s , Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware dominated much of the personal computer market , first with MS-DOS and then with Microsoft Windows . Alternatives to Microsoft 's Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry . These include Apple 's macOS and free and open-source Unix-like operating systems . The advent of personal computers and the concurrent Digital Revolution have significantly affected the lives of people in all countries ." } ] }, { "value": "A robotic Warframe inspired by Sun Wukong , the main character in the Chinese epic Journey to the West", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sun_Wukong", "summary": "The Monkey King , known as Sun Wukong in Chinese , is a legendary figure best known as one of the main characters in the 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West ( 西游记/西遊記 ) and many later stories and adaptations . The Monkey King 's origins predate the novel and can be traced back to the Song dynasty . In the novel , he is a monkey born from a stone who acquires supernatural powers through Taoist practices . After rebelling against heaven and being imprisoned under a mountain by the Buddha , he later accompanies the monk Tang Sanzang on a journey to retrieve Buddhist sutras from the West ( India ) where Buddha and his followers reside . The Monkey King possesses immense strength ; he is able to support the pressing weight of two celestial mountains on his shoulders while running with the speed of a meteor . He is also extremely fast , able to travel 108,000 li ( 54,000 kilometres ( 34,000 mi ) ) in one somersault . Sun also knows the 72 Earthly transformations , which allow him to transform into various animals and objects . Sun Wukong is a skilled fighter , capable of defeating the best warriors of heaven . His hair possesses magical properties , capable of summoning clones of the Monkey King himself , and/or into various weapons , animals , and other objects . He has demonstrated partial weather manipulation abilities as well , and can stop people in place with fixing magic ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Journey_to_the_West", "summary": "Journey to the West ( Chinese : 西遊記 ; pinyin : Xī Yóu Jì ) is a Chinese novel published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en . It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature . Arthur Waley 's popular abridged translation , Monkey , is well known in English-speaking countries . The novel is an extended account of the legendary pilgrimage of the Tang dynasty Buddhist monk Xuanzang who traveled to the Western Regions , that is , Central Asia and India , to obtain Buddhist sacred texts ( sūtras ) and returned after many trials and much suffering . It retains the broad outline of Xuanzang 's own account , Great Tang Records on the Western Regions , but the Ming dynasty novel adds elements from folk tales and the author 's invention , that is , that Gautama Buddha gave this task to the monk ( referred to as Tang Sanzang in the novel ) and provided him with three protectors who agree to help him as an atonement for their sins . These disciples are Sun Wukong , Zhu Bajie and Sha Wujing , together with a dragon prince who acts as Tang Sanzang 's steed , a white horse . Journey to the West has strong roots in Chinese folk religion , Chinese mythology , Confucianist , Taoist and Buddhist philosophy , and the pantheon of Taoist immortals and Buddhist bodhisattvas are still reflective of some Chinese religious attitudes today . Enduringly popular , the tale is at once a comic adventure story , a humorous satire of Chinese bureaucracy , a spring of spiritual insight , and an extended allegory in which the group of pilgrims journeys towards enlightenment by the power and virtue of cooperation ." } ] }, { "value": "Toki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "summary": "Toki [ a ] is a 1989 shoot 'em up platformer arcade game , or a run and gun developed and published in Japan by TAD Corporation and published in North America by Fabtek . It was designed by Akira Sakuma and features elements of tongue-in-cheek humor combined with the action . The player takes control of an enchanted ape who must battle hordes of jungle monsters with energy balls from his mouth . The ultimate goal is to destroy the evil wizard who cast a spell on the title protagonist ; thereby transforming him from an ape back into a human , and rescuing the kidnapped princess . The game was ported to several video game consoles and home computers ." } ] }, { "value": "Geeshergam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Toki : Going Ape Split", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "summary": "Toki [ a ] is a 1989 shoot 'em up platformer arcade game , or a run and gun developed and published in Japan by TAD Corporation and published in North America by Fabtek . It was designed by Akira Sakuma and features elements of tongue-in-cheek humor combined with the action . The player takes control of an enchanted ape who must battle hordes of jungle monsters with energy balls from his mouth . The ultimate goal is to destroy the evil wizard who cast a spell on the title protagonist ; thereby transforming him from an ape back into a human , and rescuing the kidnapped princess . The game was ported to several video game consoles and home computers ." } ] }, { "value": "Arcade", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arcade_game", "summary": "An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry ." } ] }, { "value": "A human that is transformed into an enchanted ape who must battle hordes of enemies to save a princess", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "This is a list of fictional primates in video games and this list is a subsidiary to the list of fictional primates .", "uid": "List_of_fictional_primates_in_video_games_0", "intro": "This is a list of fictional primates in video games and this list is a subsidiary to the list of fictional primates." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians", "title": "List of ancient Egyptians", "header": [ "Name", "Main Title", "Dynasty", "Date", "Comment" ], "data": [ { "value": "Raemka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Raemka", "summary": "Raemka ( Raemkai , Remkuy ) was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 5th dynasty . He was buried in tomb 80 in Saqqara and was possibly a son of Pharaoh Menkauhor Kaiu and Queen Meresankh IV ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. 24th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Possibly a son of Pharaoh Menkauhor Kaiu . Raemka was buried in Saqqara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pharaoh", "summary": "Pharaoh is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty ( c. 3150 BCE ) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE , although the actual term Pharaoh was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until Merneptah , c. 1200 BCE . In the early dynasty , ancient Egyptian kings used to have up to three titles , the Horus , the Sedge and Bee ( nswt-bjtj ) name , and the Two Ladies ( nbtj ) name . The Golden Horus and nomen and prenomen titles were later added . In Egyptian society , religion was central to everyday life . One of the roles of the pharaoh was as an intermediary between the gods and the people . The pharaoh thus deputised for the gods ; his role was both as civil and religious administrator . He owned all of the land in Egypt , enacted laws , collected taxes , and defended Egypt from invaders as the commander-in-chief of the army . Religiously , the pharaoh officiated over religious ceremonies and chose the sites of new temples . He was responsible for maintaining Maat ( mꜣꜥt ) , or cosmic order , balance , and justice , and part of this included going to war when necessary to defend the country or attacking others when it was believed that this would contribute to Maat , such as to obtain resources . During the early days prior to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt , the Deshret or the Red Crown , was a representation of the kingdom of Lower Egypt , while the Hedjet , the White Crown , was worn by the kings of the kingdom of Upper Egypt . After the unification of both kingdoms into one united Egypt , the Pschent , the combination of both the red and white crowns was the official crown of kings . With time new headdresses were introduced during different dynasties like the Khat , Nemes , Atef , Hemhem crown , and Khepresh ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu", "summary": "Menkauhor Kaiu ( also known as Ikauhor and in Greek as Mencherês , Μεγχερῆς ) was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Old Kingdom period . He was the seventh ruler of the Fifth Dynasty at the end of the 25th century BC or early in the 24th century BC ( circa 2399-2390 BC ) . Menkauhor ruled for possibly eight or nine years , following king Nyuserre Ini , and was succeeded in turn by Djedkare Isesi . Although Menkauhor is well attested by historical sources , few artifacts from his reign have survived . Consequently , his familial relation to his predecessor and successor is unclear , and no offspring of his have been identified . Khentkaus III may have been Menkauhor 's mother , as indicated by evidence discovered in her tomb in 2015 . Beyond the construction of monuments , the only known activity dated to Menkauhor 's reign is an expedition to the copper and turquoise mines in Sinai . Menkauhor ordered the construction of a sun temple , called the Akhet-Ra , meaning The Horizon of Ra . The last ever to be built , this sun temple , known from inscriptions found in the tombs of its priests , is yet to be located . Menkauhor was buried in a small pyramid in Saqqara , which the Ancient Egyptians named Netjer-Isut Menkauhor , The Divine Places of Menkauhor . Known today as the Headless Pyramid , the ruin had been lost under shifting sands until its rediscovery in 2008 . The figure of Menkauhor was at the centre of a long lasting funerary cult until the end of the Old Kingdom period , with at least seven agricultural domains producing goods for the necessary offerings ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Saqqara", "summary": "Saqqara ( Arabic : سقارة , Egyptian Arabic pronunciation : [ sɑʔˈʔɑːɾɑ ] ) , also spelled Sakkara or Saccara in English /səˈkɑːrə/ , is a vast , ancient burial ground in Egypt , serving as the necropolis for the Ancient Egyptian capital , Memphis . Saqqara features numerous pyramids , including the world-famous Step pyramid of Djoser , sometimes referred to as the Step Tomb due to its rectangular base , as well as a number of mastabas ( Arabic word meaning 'bench ' ) . Located some 30 km ( 19 mi ) south of modern-day Cairo , Saqqara covers an area of around 7 by 1.5 km ( 4.35 by 0.93 mi ) . At Saqqara , the oldest complete stone building complex known in history was built ; Djoser 's step pyramid , built during the Third Dynasty . Another 16 Egyptian kings built pyramids at Saqqara , which are now in various states of preservation or dilapidation . High officials added private funeral monuments to this necropolis during the entire pharaonic period . It remained an important complex for non-royal burials and cult ceremonies for more than 3,000 years , well into Ptolemaic and Roman times . North of the area known as Saqqara lies Abusir , and south lies Dahshur . The area running from Giza to Dahshur has been used as a necropolis by the inhabitants of Memphis at different times , and it was designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 . Some scholars believe that the name Saqqara is not derived from the ancient Egyptian funerary deity , Sokar , but supposedly , from a local Berber Tribe called Beni Saqqar ." } ] }, { "value": "Raherka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Raherka_and_Meresankh", "summary": "Raherka and Meresankh ( Raherka : Ra = the Sun god and Meresankh : she loves life ) is a group statue of an ancient Egyptian couple of the 4th dynasty or 5th dynasty ." } ] }, { "value": "Chief of Scribes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4th - 5th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. 24th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Raherka was an official known mainly from the pair statue with his wife : The statue of Raherka and Meresankh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Raherka_and_Meresankh", "summary": "Raherka and Meresankh ( Raherka : Ra = the Sun god and Meresankh : she loves life ) is a group statue of an ancient Egyptian couple of the 4th dynasty or 5th dynasty ." } ] }, { "value": "Rahotep", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rahotep", "summary": "Sekhemrewahkhau Rahotep was an Egyptian pharaoh who reigned during the Second Intermediate Period , when Egypt was ruled by multiple kings . The egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker believe that Rahotep was the first king of the 17th Dynasty ." } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. early-16th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Also known as Sekhenrewahkhaw Rahotep . He reigned during the Second Intermediate Period , when Egypt was ruled by a number of kings at the same time", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period", "summary": "The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time , between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom . The concept of a Second Intermediate Period was coined in 1942 by German Egyptologist Hanns Stock . It is best known as the period when the Hyksos people of West Asia made their appearance in Egypt and whose reign comprised the 15th dynasty founded by Salitis ." } ] }, { "value": "Rahotep", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prince_Rahotep", "summary": "This is an article about an Egyptian prince . See also Rahotep , for the pharaoh of the same name ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. 26th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "He was probably a son of pharaoh Sneferu and his first wife , although his father could have been Huni . Statues of Rahotep and his wife Nofret were found in his mastaba in Meidum", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sneferu", "summary": "Sneferu ( snfr-wj He has perfected me , from Ḥr-nb-mꜣꜥt-snfr-wj Horus , Lord of Maat , has perfected me , also read Snefru or Snofru ) , well known under his Hellenized name Soris ( Koinē Greek : Σῶρις by Manetho ) , was the founding pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom . Estimates of his reign vary , with for instance The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt suggesting a reign from around 2613 to 2589 BC , a reign of 24 years , while Rolf Krauss suggests a 30-year reign , and Rainer Stadelmann a 48-year reign . He built at least three pyramids that survive to this day and introduced major innovations in the design and construction of pyramids ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Huni", "summary": "Huni ( original reading unknown ) was an ancient Egyptian king and the last pharaoh of the 3rd dynasty during the Old Kingdom period . Following the Turin king list , he is commonly credited with a reign of 24 years , ending c. 2600 BC . Huni 's chronological position as the last king of the third dynasty is seen as fairly certain , but there is still some uncertainty on the succession order of rulers at the end of the 3rd dynasty . It is also unclear under which Hellenized name the ancient historian Manetho could have listed him in his historical writing Aegyptiacae . Most possibly he is to be identified with the Hellenized name Aches , as Winfried Barta proposes . Many Egyptologists believe that Huni was the father and direct predecessor of king Sneferu , but this is questioned by other scholars . Huni is seen by scholars as a confusing figure in Egyptian history , because he was long remembered in Egyptian traditions , but only very few documents , objects or monuments have endured ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nofret", "summary": "Nofret was a woman who lived in Ancient Egypt during the 4th dynasty of Egypt . Nefert means beautiful . Nofret is alternatively known as Nefert or Neferet ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mastaba", "summary": "A mastaba ( /ˈmæstəbə/ , /ˈmɑːstɑːbɑː/ or /mɑːˈstɑːbɑː/ ) or pr-djt ( meaning house of eternity or eternal house in Ancient Egyptian ) is a type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed , rectangular structure with inward sloping sides , constructed out of mudbricks . These edifices marked the burial sites of many eminent Egyptians during Egypt 's Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom . In the Old Kingdom epoch , local kings began to be buried in pyramids instead of in mastabas , although non-royal use of mastabas continued for over a thousand years . Egyptologists call these tombs mastaba , from the Arabic word مصطبة ( maṣṭaba ) stone bench ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Meidum", "summary": "Meidum , Maydum or Maidum ( Arabic : ميدوم ) is an archaeological site in Lower Egypt . It contains a large pyramid and several mud-brick mastabas . The pyramid was Egypt 's first straight-sided one , but it partially collapsed in ancient times . The area is located around 62 miles ( 100 km ) south of modern Cairo ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses I Menpehtyre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_I", "summary": "Menpehtyre Ramesses I ( or Ramses ) was the founding pharaoh of ancient Egypt 's 19th dynasty . The dates for his short reign are not completely known but the time-line of late 1292-1290 BC is frequently cited as well as 1295-1294 BC . While Ramesses I was the founder of the 19th dynasty , his brief reign mainly serves to mark the transition between the reign of Horemheb , who had stabilized Egypt in the late 18th dynasty , and the rule of the powerful pharaohs of his own dynasty , in particular his son Seti I , and grandson Ramesses II , who would bring Egypt to the height of its imperial power ." } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. late-14th to early 13th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The founding pharaoh of Egypt 's 19th dynasty ( reigned c. 1292 BC - c. 1290 BC ) . Originally called Paramessu , Ramesses I was born into a noble military family from the Nile delta region . Horemheb , the last pharaoh of the 18th dynasty , appointed him as his Vizier , and later , as his heir", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Horemheb", "summary": "Horemheb ( sometimes spelled Horemhab or Haremhab and meaning Horus is in Jubilation ) was the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt . He ruled for 14 years somewhere between 1319 BC and 1292 BC . He had no relation to the preceding royal family other than by marriage to Mutnedjmet , who is disputed to have been the daughter of his predecessor Ay ; he is believed to have been of common birth . Before he became pharaoh , Horemheb was the commander in chief of the army under the reigns of Tutankhamun and Ay . After his accession to the throne , he reformed the Egyptian state and it was under his reign that official action against the preceding Amarna rulers began . Due to this , he is considered the man who restabilized his country after the troublesome and divisive Amarna Period . Horemheb demolished monuments of Akhenaten , reusing their remains in his own building projects , and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay . Horemheb presumably had no surviving sons , as he appointed his vizier Paramesse as his successor , who would assume the throne as Ramesses I ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)", "summary": "The vizier ( /vɪˈzɪər/ or /ˈvɪzɪər/ ) was the highest official in ancient Egypt to serve the pharaoh ( king ) during the Old , Middle , and New Kingdoms . Vizier is the generally accepted rendering of ancient Egyptian tjati , tjaty etc. , among Egyptologists . The Instruction of Rekhmire ( Installation of the Vizier ) , a New Kingdom text , defines many of the duties of the tjaty , and lays down codes of behavior . The viziers were often appointed by the pharaoh . During the 4th Dynasty and early 5th Dynasty , viziers were exclusively drawn from the royal family ; from the period around the reign of Neferirkare Kakai onwards , they were chosen according to loyalty and talent or inherited the position from their fathers ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses II the Great", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_II", "summary": "Ramesses II /ˈræməsiːz , ˈræmsiːz , ˈræmziːz/ ( variously also spelt Rameses or Ramses ( Ancient Egyptian : rꜥ-ms-sw Ra is the one who bore him > Koinē Greek : Ῥαμέσσης , romanized : Rhaméssēs ) ; c. 1303 BC - July or August 1213 ; reigned 1279-1213 BC ) , also known as Ramesses the Great , was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt . He is often regarded as the greatest , most celebrated , and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom . His successors and later Egyptians called him the Great Ancestor . He is known as Ozymandias in Greek sources ( Koinē Greek : Οσυμανδύας Osymandýas ) , from the first part of Ramesses ' regnal name , Usermaatre Setepenre , The Maat of Ra is powerful , Chosen of Ra . Ramesses II led several military expeditions into the Levant , reasserting Egyptian control over Canaan . He also led expeditions to the south , into Nubia , commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wali and Gerf Hussein . The early part of his reign was focused on building cities , temples , and monuments . He established the city of Pi-Ramesses in the Nile Delta as his new capital and used it as the main base for his campaigns in Syria . At fourteen , he was appointed prince regent by his father , Seti I . He is believed to have taken the throne in his late teens and is known to have ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BC . Manetho attributes Ramesses II a reign of 66 years and 2 months ; most Egyptologists today believe he assumed the throne on 31 May 1279 BC , based on his known accession date of III Season of the Harvest , day 27 . Estimates of his age at death vary ; 90 or 91 is considered most likely ." } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "reigned c. 1279 BC - c. 1213 BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "He is regarded as Ancient Egypt 's greatest and most powerful pharaoh . Ramesses II led successful expeditions north into Canaan , Lebanon and Syria and south into Nubia . He focused on building cities , temples and monuments and established the city of Pi-Ramesses in the Nile Delta as his new capital", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pi-Ramesses", "summary": "Pi-Ramesses ( /pɪərɑːmɛs/ ; Ancient Egyptian : Per-Ra-mes ( i ) -su , meaning House of Ramesses ) was the new capital built by the Nineteenth Dynasty Pharaoh Ramesses II ( 1279-1213 BC ) at Qantir , near the old site of Avaris . The city had served as a summer palace under Seti I ( c. 1290-1279 BC ) , and may have been founded by Ramesses I ( c. 1292-1290 BC ) while he served under Horemheb ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses III Usimare", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_III", "summary": "Usermaatre Ramesses III ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt . He is thought to have reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last great monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt . His long reign saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power , linked to a series of invasions and internal economic problems that also plagued pharaohs before him . He has also been described as warrior Pharaoh due to his strong military strategies . He led the way by defeating the invaders known as the Sea People , who had caused destruction in other civilizations and empires . He was able to save Egypt from collapsing at the time when many other empires fell during the Late Bronze Age ; however , the damage of the invasions took a toll on Egypt . Ramesses III was the son of Setnakhte and Queen Tiy-Merenese . He was assassinated in the Harem conspiracy led by one of his secondary wives , Tiye , her son Pentawer , and a group of high officials ." } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "reigned c. 1186 BC - c. 1155 BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The last great New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt . He was the son of Setnakhte and Queen Tiy-Merenese . During his long reign , Egypt was beset by foreign invaders ( including the Sea Peoples and the Libyans )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Setnakhte", "summary": "Userkhaure-setepenre Setnakhte ( or Setnakht , Sethnakht ) was the first pharaoh ( 1189 BC-1186 BC ) of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt and the father of Ramesses III ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tiy-Merenese", "summary": "Tiy-merenese , Teye-Merenaset , Tiye-Mereniset ( Tiy , Beloved of Isis ) was the Great Royal Wife of pharaoh Setnakhte and mother of Ramesses III of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt . She is the only known wife of Setnakhte . She was depicted together with her husband on a stela in Abydos . A priest named Meresyotef is shown adoring Setnakhte and Tiy-Merenese and their son Ramesses III is shown making offerings . Tiye-Merenese also appears on blocks found in Abydos which were reused in other buildings ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses IV Heqamaatre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_IV", "summary": "Heqamaatre Ramesses IV ( also written Ramses or Rameses ) was the third pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt . His name prior to assuming the crown was Amonhirkhopshef . He was the fifth son of Ramesses III and was appointed to the position of crown prince by the twenty-second year of his father 's reign when all four of his elder brothers predeceased him . His promotion to crown prince :" } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. mid-12th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "he reigned c. 1155 BC - c. 1149 BC . A son of Ramesses III , he initiated a substantial building program including an enlargement of the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak . Also known as Amonhirkhopshef", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_III", "summary": "Usermaatre Ramesses III ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt . He is thought to have reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last great monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt . His long reign saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power , linked to a series of invasions and internal economic problems that also plagued pharaohs before him . He has also been described as warrior Pharaoh due to his strong military strategies . He led the way by defeating the invaders known as the Sea People , who had caused destruction in other civilizations and empires . He was able to save Egypt from collapsing at the time when many other empires fell during the Late Bronze Age ; however , the damage of the invasions took a toll on Egypt . Ramesses III was the son of Setnakhte and Queen Tiy-Merenese . He was assassinated in the Harem conspiracy led by one of his secondary wives , Tiye , her son Pentawer , and a group of high officials ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Khonsu", "summary": "Khonsu ( Ancient Egyptian : ḫnsw ; also transliterated Chonsu , Khensu , Khons , Chons or Khonshu ) is the Ancient Egyptian god of the Moon . His name means traveller , and this may relate to the perceived nightly travel of the Moon across the sky . Along with Thoth he marked the passage of time . Khonsu was instrumental in the creation of new life in all living creatures . At Thebes he formed part of a family triad ( the Theban Triad ) with Mut as his mother and Amun his father ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses V Usermare Sekhepenre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_V", "summary": "Usermaatre Sekheperenre Ramesses V ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) was the fourth pharaoh of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt and was the son of Ramesses IV and Queen Duatentopet ." } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. mid-12th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The son of Ramesses IV and Queen Duatentopet . During his reign the power of the priesthood of Amun continued to grow , controlling the state 's finances and much of the temple land in the country at the expense of the pharaohs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_IV", "summary": "Heqamaatre Ramesses IV ( also written Ramses or Rameses ) was the third pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt . His name prior to assuming the crown was Amonhirkhopshef . He was the fifth son of Ramesses III and was appointed to the position of crown prince by the twenty-second year of his father 's reign when all four of his elder brothers predeceased him . His promotion to crown prince :" }, { "url": "/wiki/Duatentopet", "summary": "Duatentopet or Tentopet was an Ancient Egyptian queen of the 20th dynasty , the wife of Pharaoh Ramesses IV , and mother of Ramesses V. Even though the identity of Ramesses IV 's wife has not been clearly stated in history , she is considered the most likely candidate by virtue of the titles she was given and which were found listed in her tomb ( QV74 ) . In the Karnak temple complex , an Adoratrix named Tentopet is shown with Ramesses III in the Temple of Khonsu . It is thought likely that Tentopet and Queen Duatentopet were the same person , and that she was a daughter of Ramesses III . This would make her a sister , or a half-sister , of her husband . Her steward Amenhotep was buried in Theban tomb TT346 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Amun", "summary": "Amun ( also Amon , Ammon , Amen ; Greek Ἄμμων Ámmōn , Ἅμμων Hámmōn ) was a major ancient Egyptian deity who appears as a member of the Hermopolitan Ogdoad . Amun was attested from the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amaunet . With the 11th dynasty ( c. 21st century BC ) , Amun rose to the position of patron deity of Thebes by replacing Montu . After the rebellion of Thebes against the Hyksos and with the rule of Ahmose I ( 16th century BC ) , Amun acquired national importance , expressed in his fusion with the Sun god , Ra , as Amun-Ra or Amun-Re . Amun-Ra retained chief importance in the Egyptian pantheon throughout the New Kingdom ( with the exception of the Atenist heresy under Akhenaten ) . Amun-Ra in this period ( 16th to 11th centuries BC ) held the position of transcendental , self-created creator deity par excellence ; he was the champion of the poor or troubled and central to personal piety . His position as King of Gods developed to the point of virtual monotheism where other gods became manifestations of him . With Osiris , Amun-Ra is the most widely recorded of the Egyptian gods . As the chief deity of the Egyptian Empire , Amun-Ra also came to be worshipped outside Egypt , according to the testimony of ancient Greek historiographers in Libya and Nubia . As Zeus Ammon , he came to be identified with Zeus in Greece ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses VI", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_VI", "summary": "Ramesses VI Nebmaatre-Meryamun ( sometimes written Ramses or Rameses , also known under his princely name of Amenherkhepshef C [ note 1 ] ) was the fifth pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt . He reigned for about eight years in the mid-to-late 12th century BC and was a son of Ramesses III and queen Iset Ta-Hemdjert . As a prince , he was known as Ramesses Amunherkhepeshef and held the titles of royal scribe and cavalry general . He was succeeded by his son , Ramesses VII Itamun , whom he had fathered with queen Nubkhesbed . After the death of the ruling pharaoh , Ramesses V , who was the son of Ramesses VI 's older brother , Ramesses IV , Ramesses VI ascended the throne . In the first two years after his coronation , Ramesses VI stopped frequent raids by Libyan or Egyptian marauders in Upper Egypt and buried his predecessor in what is now an unknown tomb of the Theban necropolis . Ramesses VI usurped KV9 , a tomb in the Valley of the Kings planned by and for Ramesses V , and had it enlarged and redecorated for himself . The craftsmen 's huts near the entrance of KV9 covered up the entrance to Tutankhamun 's tomb , saving it from a wave of tomb robberies that occurred within 20 years of Ramesses VI 's death . Ramesses VI may have planned and made six more tombs in the Valley of the Queens , none which are known today . Egypt lost control of its last strongholds in Canaan around the time of Ramesses VI 's reign . Though Egyptian occupation in Nubia continued , the loss of the Asiatic territories strained Egypt 's weakening economy and increased prices . With construction projects increasingly hard to fund , Ramesses VI usurped the monuments of his forefathers by engraving his cartouches over theirs ." } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. mid-12th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A son of Ramesses III and Iset Ta-Hemdjert . Egypt 's political and economic decline continued during his reign . At Thebes , the power of the chief priests of Amun continued to grow at the expense of the pharaohs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_III", "summary": "Usermaatre Ramesses III ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt . He is thought to have reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last great monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt . His long reign saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power , linked to a series of invasions and internal economic problems that also plagued pharaohs before him . He has also been described as warrior Pharaoh due to his strong military strategies . He led the way by defeating the invaders known as the Sea People , who had caused destruction in other civilizations and empires . He was able to save Egypt from collapsing at the time when many other empires fell during the Late Bronze Age ; however , the damage of the invasions took a toll on Egypt . Ramesses III was the son of Setnakhte and Queen Tiy-Merenese . He was assassinated in the Harem conspiracy led by one of his secondary wives , Tiye , her son Pentawer , and a group of high officials ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Iset_Ta-Hemdjert", "summary": "Iset Ta-Hemdjert or Isis Ta-Hemdjert , simply called Isis in her tomb , was an Ancient Egyptian queen of the twentieth dynasty ; the Great Royal Wife of Ramesses III and the Royal Mother of Ramesses VI . She was probably of Asian origin ; her mother 's name Hemdjert ( or Habadjilat or Hebnerdjent ) is not an Egyptian name but a Syrian one . One of her children are known to us , Ramesses VI , who succeeded his nephew Ramesses V , the short-lived son of Ramesses IV . Other than Ramesses V , the grandchildren of Iset Ta-Hemdjert include Ramesses VII , the God 's Wife of Amun Iset , and princes Amunherkhopsef and Panebenkemyt ; these are all the children of Ramesses VI . Ramesses IV was once thought to be this queen 's own son too until it was revealed in a recent 2010 Journal of Egyptian Archaeology article that Queen Tyti was most likely to be this king 's mother from copies of fragments of the tomb robbery papyri that Anthony Harris made revealing that she was Ramesses III 's own wife plus the fact that she is known to have been a king 's mother . Apart from the Great Royal Wife designation , she also held the titles of God 's Wife , and , during the reign of her sons , King 's Mother . She is shown on a statue of Ramesses III in the Mut temple at Karnak . She was still alive during the reign of Ramesses VI , when her granddaughter Iset became God 's Wife of Amun ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses VII Usermaatre Meryamun Setepenre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_VII", "summary": "Usermaatre Setepenre Meryamun Ramesses VII ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) was the sixth pharaoh of the 20th dynasty of Ancient Egypt . He reigned from about 1136 to 1129 BC and was the son of Ramesses VI . Other dates for his reign are 1138-1131 BC . The Turin Accounting Papyrus 1907+1908 is dated to Year 7 III Shemu day 26 of his reign and has been reconstructed to show that 11 full years passed from Year 5 of Ramesses VI to Year 7 of his reign ." } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. mid-12th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A son of Ramesses VI", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_VI", "summary": "Ramesses VI Nebmaatre-Meryamun ( sometimes written Ramses or Rameses , also known under his princely name of Amenherkhepshef C [ note 1 ] ) was the fifth pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt . He reigned for about eight years in the mid-to-late 12th century BC and was a son of Ramesses III and queen Iset Ta-Hemdjert . As a prince , he was known as Ramesses Amunherkhepeshef and held the titles of royal scribe and cavalry general . He was succeeded by his son , Ramesses VII Itamun , whom he had fathered with queen Nubkhesbed . After the death of the ruling pharaoh , Ramesses V , who was the son of Ramesses VI 's older brother , Ramesses IV , Ramesses VI ascended the throne . In the first two years after his coronation , Ramesses VI stopped frequent raids by Libyan or Egyptian marauders in Upper Egypt and buried his predecessor in what is now an unknown tomb of the Theban necropolis . Ramesses VI usurped KV9 , a tomb in the Valley of the Kings planned by and for Ramesses V , and had it enlarged and redecorated for himself . The craftsmen 's huts near the entrance of KV9 covered up the entrance to Tutankhamun 's tomb , saving it from a wave of tomb robberies that occurred within 20 years of Ramesses VI 's death . Ramesses VI may have planned and made six more tombs in the Valley of the Queens , none which are known today . Egypt lost control of its last strongholds in Canaan around the time of Ramesses VI 's reign . Though Egyptian occupation in Nubia continued , the loss of the Asiatic territories strained Egypt 's weakening economy and increased prices . With construction projects increasingly hard to fund , Ramesses VI usurped the monuments of his forefathers by engraving his cartouches over theirs ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses VIII Usermare Akhenamun", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_VIII", "summary": "Usermare Akhenamun Ramesses VIII ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) or Ramesses Sethherkhepshef Meryamun ( 'Set is his Strength , beloved of Amun ' ) ( reigned 1130-1129 BC , or 1130 BC ) , was the seventh Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt and was one of the last surviving sons of Ramesses III ." } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. mid-12th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "One of the last surviving sons of Ramesses III . Also known as Ramesses Sethherkhepshef Meryamun", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_III", "summary": "Usermaatre Ramesses III ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt . He is thought to have reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last great monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt . His long reign saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power , linked to a series of invasions and internal economic problems that also plagued pharaohs before him . He has also been described as warrior Pharaoh due to his strong military strategies . He led the way by defeating the invaders known as the Sea People , who had caused destruction in other civilizations and empires . He was able to save Egypt from collapsing at the time when many other empires fell during the Late Bronze Age ; however , the damage of the invasions took a toll on Egypt . Ramesses III was the son of Setnakhte and Queen Tiy-Merenese . He was assassinated in the Harem conspiracy led by one of his secondary wives , Tiye , her son Pentawer , and a group of high officials ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses IX", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_IX", "summary": "Neferkare Ramesses IX ( also written Ramses ) ( originally named Amon-her-khepshef Khaemwaset ) ( ruled 1129 - 1111 BC ) was the eighth pharaoh of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt . He was the third longest serving king of this Dynasty after Ramesses III and Ramesses XI . He is now believed to have assumed the throne on I Akhet day 21 based on evidence presented by Jürgen von Beckerath in a 1984 GM article . According to Papyrus Turin 1932+1939 , Ramesses IX enjoyed a reign of 18 years and 4 months and died in his 19th Year in the first month of Peret between day 17 and 27 . His throne name , Neferkare Setepenre , means Beautiful Is The Soul of Re , Chosen of Re . Ramesses IX is believed to be the son of Mentuherkhepeshef , a son of Ramesses III since Montuherkhopshef 's wife , the lady Takhat bears the prominent title of King 's Mother on the walls of tomb KV10 which she usurped and reused in the late 20th dynasty ; no other 20th dynasty king is known to have had a mother with this name . Ramesses IX was , therefore , probably a grandson of Ramesses III ." } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. late-12th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The son of Montuherkhopshef and grandson of Ramesses III . He reigned c. 1129 BC - c. 1111 BC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montuherkhopshef_(son_of_Ramesses_III)", "summary": "Montuherkhopshef or Montuhirkhopshef was a Prince of the 20th Dynasty of Egypt and one of the sons of Ramesses III and Iset Ta-Hemdjert . He was thus a brother of Ramesses IV , Ramesses VI , Ramesses VIII and an uncle of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII . He was the First Charioteer of His Majesty , and married the lady Takhat who bears the prominent title of King 's Mother . This development supports the hypothesis that they are most probably the parents of king Ramesses IX since no other Ramesside king had a mother by this name , also , Ramesses IX had a son named Montuherkhepeshef . Montuherkhepeshef is shown in the procession of princes in the Medinet Habu temple of Ramesses III . He is likely to be identical with the Prince Montuherkhepeshef buried in the tomb KV13 in the Valley of the Kings Since Montuherkhopshef never became Pharaoh unlike his brothers and nephews , his date of death can be placed prior to Year 22 of Ramesses III ( 1164 BC ) since his brother Ramesses IV is known to have been designated as Egypt 's crown prince in this year ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_III", "summary": "Usermaatre Ramesses III ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt . He is thought to have reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last great monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt . His long reign saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power , linked to a series of invasions and internal economic problems that also plagued pharaohs before him . He has also been described as warrior Pharaoh due to his strong military strategies . He led the way by defeating the invaders known as the Sea People , who had caused destruction in other civilizations and empires . He was able to save Egypt from collapsing at the time when many other empires fell during the Late Bronze Age ; however , the damage of the invasions took a toll on Egypt . Ramesses III was the son of Setnakhte and Queen Tiy-Merenese . He was assassinated in the Harem conspiracy led by one of his secondary wives , Tiye , her son Pentawer , and a group of high officials ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses X Khepermare", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_X", "summary": "Khepermaatre Ramesses X ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) ( ruled c. 1111 BC - 1107 BC ) was the ninth pharaoh of the 20th dynasty of Ancient Egypt . His birth name was Amonhirkhepeshef . His prenomen or throne name , Khepermaatre , means The Justice of Re Abides . His accession day fell on 1 prt 27 ( first month of the Winter season , day 27 ) . His highest attested regnal year is year 3 . The highest attested date in his reign is either year 3 , second month of the Inundation season , day 2 or possibly year 3 , month 4 ( no day given ) . Since Ramesses XI came to the throne on 3 šmw 20 ( third month of the Summer season , day 20 ) , it automatically follows that Ramesses X must have lived into an as yet unattested regnal year 4 . The theory put forward on astronomical grounds by Richard Parker that Ramesses X may have reigned for 9 years , has since been abandoned . Likewise , the suggested ascription of Theban graffito 1860a to a hypothetical year 8 of Ramesses X is no longer supported . The English Egyptologist Aidan Dodson once wrote in a 2004 book :" } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. late-12th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A pharaoh of the 20th dynasty of Egypt ( reigned c. 1111 BC - c. 1107 BC ) . He was possibly a son of Ramesses IX and husband of Queen Tyti , but this is unproven", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_IX", "summary": "Neferkare Ramesses IX ( also written Ramses ) ( originally named Amon-her-khepshef Khaemwaset ) ( ruled 1129 - 1111 BC ) was the eighth pharaoh of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt . He was the third longest serving king of this Dynasty after Ramesses III and Ramesses XI . He is now believed to have assumed the throne on I Akhet day 21 based on evidence presented by Jürgen von Beckerath in a 1984 GM article . According to Papyrus Turin 1932+1939 , Ramesses IX enjoyed a reign of 18 years and 4 months and died in his 19th Year in the first month of Peret between day 17 and 27 . His throne name , Neferkare Setepenre , means Beautiful Is The Soul of Re , Chosen of Re . Ramesses IX is believed to be the son of Mentuherkhepeshef , a son of Ramesses III since Montuherkhopshef 's wife , the lady Takhat bears the prominent title of King 's Mother on the walls of tomb KV10 which she usurped and reused in the late 20th dynasty ; no other 20th dynasty king is known to have had a mother with this name . Ramesses IX was , therefore , probably a grandson of Ramesses III ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tyti", "summary": "It was once uncertain which pharaoh was her husband , but he can now be identified as Ramesses III based on new evidence published in the 2010 issue of the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology ( JEA ) . Her titles shown that she was the daughter , sister , wife and mother of kings . In the past some thought she was married to Ramesses X , and that both she and her husband were the children of Ramesses IX , and their son was Ramesses XI . But another theory by Jehon Grist placed her earlier in the 20th dynasty and identifies her as a daughter-wife of Ramesses III and the mother of Ramesses IV , based on the similarities in style of her tomb and those of princes who lived during this period . However , judging from the age of their child this would mean that Ramesses married his daughter before he ascended the throne , and father-daughter marriages occurred only between pharaohs and their daughters . Tyti is depicted with a type of crown that is , according to one theory , an attribute of princess-queens ( 19th dynasty princess-queen Nebettawy was shown with this crown and 18th dynasty Sitamun wore an earlier version of it ) . Now , however , new scholarly research printed in the 2010 issue of JEA clearly establishes that Queen Tyti was in fact Ramesses III 's wife based on certain copies of parts of the tomb robbery papyri ( or Papyrus BM EA 10052 ) - made by Anthony Harris - which discloses confessions made by Egyptian tomb robbers who broke into Tyti 's tomb and emptied it of its jewellery . Tyti is named as a queen of pharaoh Ramesses III which means that she was most likely king Ramesses IV 's own mother since Ramesses VI is known to be the son of another queen of Ramesses III named Iset Ta-Hemdjert . Even the Egyptologist Aidan Dodson who doubted Grist 's theory on the identity of Tyti 's royal husband now accepts this new evidence since it comes from newly deciphered notes of this tomb robbery papyrus made by Anthony Harris . Given her place as the wife of Ramesses III , Leblanc has conjectured that Tyti is the mother of Khaemwaset , Amenherkhepshef and Ramesses-Meryamen . This is based on similarities with regard to their decorative programs ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses XI", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_XI", "summary": "Menmaatre Ramesses XI ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) reigned from 1107 BC to 1078 BC or 1077 BC and was the tenth and final pharaoh of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt and as such , was the last king of the New Kingdom period . He ruled Egypt for at least 29 years although some Egyptologists think he could have ruled for as long as 30 . The latter figure would be up to 2 years beyond this king 's highest known date of Year 10 of the Whm Mswt era or Year 28 of his reign . One scholar , Ad Thijs , has suggested that Ramesses XI could even have reigned as long as 33 years . It is believed that Ramesses ruled into his Year 29 since a graffito records that the general and High Priest of Amun Piankh returned to Thebes from Nubia on III Shemu day 23 - or just 3 days into what would have been the start of Ramesses XI 's 29th regnal year . Piankh is known to have campaigned in Nubia during Year 28 of Ramesses XI 's reign ( or Year 10 of the Whm Mswt ) and would have returned home to Egypt in the following year ." } ] }, { "value": "Pharaoh", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "reigned c. 1107 BC - c. 1078 BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The last king of the 20th dynasty of Egypt . He was probably the son of Ramesses X and Queen Tyti . Ramesses XI 's reign saw the continuing disintegration of the Egyptian state . By late in his reign , he was forced to share power with the High Priest of Amun , Herihor , who controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt , and Smendes , who as governor , controlled Lower Egypt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_X", "summary": "Khepermaatre Ramesses X ( also written Ramses and Rameses ) ( ruled c. 1111 BC - 1107 BC ) was the ninth pharaoh of the 20th dynasty of Ancient Egypt . His birth name was Amonhirkhepeshef . His prenomen or throne name , Khepermaatre , means The Justice of Re Abides . His accession day fell on 1 prt 27 ( first month of the Winter season , day 27 ) . His highest attested regnal year is year 3 . The highest attested date in his reign is either year 3 , second month of the Inundation season , day 2 or possibly year 3 , month 4 ( no day given ) . Since Ramesses XI came to the throne on 3 šmw 20 ( third month of the Summer season , day 20 ) , it automatically follows that Ramesses X must have lived into an as yet unattested regnal year 4 . The theory put forward on astronomical grounds by Richard Parker that Ramesses X may have reigned for 9 years , has since been abandoned . Likewise , the suggested ascription of Theban graffito 1860a to a hypothetical year 8 of Ramesses X is no longer supported . The English Egyptologist Aidan Dodson once wrote in a 2004 book :" }, { "url": "/wiki/Tyti", "summary": "It was once uncertain which pharaoh was her husband , but he can now be identified as Ramesses III based on new evidence published in the 2010 issue of the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology ( JEA ) . Her titles shown that she was the daughter , sister , wife and mother of kings . In the past some thought she was married to Ramesses X , and that both she and her husband were the children of Ramesses IX , and their son was Ramesses XI . But another theory by Jehon Grist placed her earlier in the 20th dynasty and identifies her as a daughter-wife of Ramesses III and the mother of Ramesses IV , based on the similarities in style of her tomb and those of princes who lived during this period . However , judging from the age of their child this would mean that Ramesses married his daughter before he ascended the throne , and father-daughter marriages occurred only between pharaohs and their daughters . Tyti is depicted with a type of crown that is , according to one theory , an attribute of princess-queens ( 19th dynasty princess-queen Nebettawy was shown with this crown and 18th dynasty Sitamun wore an earlier version of it ) . Now , however , new scholarly research printed in the 2010 issue of JEA clearly establishes that Queen Tyti was in fact Ramesses III 's wife based on certain copies of parts of the tomb robbery papyri ( or Papyrus BM EA 10052 ) - made by Anthony Harris - which discloses confessions made by Egyptian tomb robbers who broke into Tyti 's tomb and emptied it of its jewellery . Tyti is named as a queen of pharaoh Ramesses III which means that she was most likely king Ramesses IV 's own mother since Ramesses VI is known to be the son of another queen of Ramesses III named Iset Ta-Hemdjert . Even the Egyptologist Aidan Dodson who doubted Grist 's theory on the identity of Tyti 's royal husband now accepts this new evidence since it comes from newly deciphered notes of this tomb robbery papyrus made by Anthony Harris . Given her place as the wife of Ramesses III , Leblanc has conjectured that Tyti is the mother of Khaemwaset , Amenherkhepshef and Ramesses-Meryamen . This is based on similarities with regard to their decorative programs ." }, { "url": "/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun", "summary": "The High Priest of Amun or First Prophet of Amun ( ḥm nṯr tpj n jmn ) was the highest-ranking priest in the priesthood of the ancient Egyptian god Amun . The first high priests of Amun appear in the New Kingdom of Egypt , at the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Herihor", "summary": "Herihor was an Egyptian army officer and High Priest of Amun at Thebes ( 1080 BC to 1074 BC ) during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses XI ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Smendes", "summary": "Hedjkheperre Setepenre Smendes was the founder of the Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt and succeeded to the throne after burying Ramesses XI in Lower Egypt - territory which he controlled . His Egyptian nomen or birth name was actually Nesbanebdjed meaning He of the Ram , Lord of Mendes , [ citation needed ] but it was translated into Greek as Smendes by later classical writers such as Josephus and Sextus Africanus . While Smendes ' precise origins remain a mystery , he is thought to have been a powerful governor in Lower Egypt during the Renaissance era of Ramesses XI and his base of power was Tanis . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_(prince)", "summary": "Ramesses ( sometimes referred as Ramesses B ) was an Ancient Egyptian crown prince during the 19th Dynasty ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. mid-13th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The eldest son of Pharaoh Ramesses II and Queen Isetnofret . He was the heir to the Egyptian throne but pre-deceased his father", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_II", "summary": "Ramesses II /ˈræməsiːz , ˈræmsiːz , ˈræmziːz/ ( variously also spelt Rameses or Ramses ( Ancient Egyptian : rꜥ-ms-sw Ra is the one who bore him > Koinē Greek : Ῥαμέσσης , romanized : Rhaméssēs ) ; c. 1303 BC - July or August 1213 ; reigned 1279-1213 BC ) , also known as Ramesses the Great , was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt . He is often regarded as the greatest , most celebrated , and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom . His successors and later Egyptians called him the Great Ancestor . He is known as Ozymandias in Greek sources ( Koinē Greek : Οσυμανδύας Osymandýas ) , from the first part of Ramesses ' regnal name , Usermaatre Setepenre , The Maat of Ra is powerful , Chosen of Ra . Ramesses II led several military expeditions into the Levant , reasserting Egyptian control over Canaan . He also led expeditions to the south , into Nubia , commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wali and Gerf Hussein . The early part of his reign was focused on building cities , temples , and monuments . He established the city of Pi-Ramesses in the Nile Delta as his new capital and used it as the main base for his campaigns in Syria . At fourteen , he was appointed prince regent by his father , Seti I . He is believed to have taken the throne in his late teens and is known to have ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BC . Manetho attributes Ramesses II a reign of 66 years and 2 months ; most Egyptologists today believe he assumed the throne on 31 May 1279 BC , based on his known accession date of III Season of the Harvest , day 27 . Estimates of his age at death vary ; 90 or 91 is considered most likely ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Isetnofret", "summary": "Isetnofret ( or Isis-nofret or Isitnofret ) ( Ancient Egyptian : the beautiful Isis ) was one of the Great Royal Wives of Pharaoh Ramesses II and was the mother of his heir , Merneptah . She was one of the most prominent of the royal wives , along with Nefertari , and was the chief queen after Nefertari 's death ( around the 24th year of the pharaoh 's reign ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramesses-Meryamun-Nebweben", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses-Meryamun-Nebweben", "summary": "Ramesses-Meryamun-Nebweben was an Ancient Egyptian prince , a son of Pharaoh Ramesses II . Since he is not shown or mentioned anywhere among the children of Ramesses , he is likely to have been one of the youngest of Ramesses ' sons . He is known to us only from the inscriptions of his coffins . The identity of his mother is unknown . He spent his life in the Mer-wer harem , and was buried nearby after his death in his 30s . His body was found , and it is apparent that he had a deformed spine and was hunchbacked . It is likely that because of his deformity it was difficult to find an adequate coffin for him . He was buried in an unused outer coffin of his great-grandfather , which Ramesses I had had made when he was still a vizier . Although the inner coffin was also altered for Ramesses-Meryamun-Nebweben 's burial , and the inscriptions were changed to his name instead of that of his great-grandfather , only the outer coffin was used , and the inner one was found by archeologists in a pit in Medinet Habu . Unlike several of his brothers , whose name also includes the name Ramesses , in his name Ramesses Meryamun was enclosed in a cartouche , making it explicit that it is not used in its literal meaning ( Born of Rê , Beloved of Amun ) but refers to the pharaoh . Nebweben means lord of sunshine , the meaning of the prince 's name is thus Pharaoh Ramesses is the Lord of Sunshine . Such names , glorifying the pharaoh , are often found as names taken by high officials , but are relatively rare as given names within the royal family during the New Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. mid-13th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A son of pharaoh Ramesses II", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_II", "summary": "Ramesses II /ˈræməsiːz , ˈræmsiːz , ˈræmziːz/ ( variously also spelt Rameses or Ramses ( Ancient Egyptian : rꜥ-ms-sw Ra is the one who bore him > Koinē Greek : Ῥαμέσσης , romanized : Rhaméssēs ) ; c. 1303 BC - July or August 1213 ; reigned 1279-1213 BC ) , also known as Ramesses the Great , was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt . He is often regarded as the greatest , most celebrated , and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom . His successors and later Egyptians called him the Great Ancestor . He is known as Ozymandias in Greek sources ( Koinē Greek : Οσυμανδύας Osymandýas ) , from the first part of Ramesses ' regnal name , Usermaatre Setepenre , The Maat of Ra is powerful , Chosen of Ra . Ramesses II led several military expeditions into the Levant , reasserting Egyptian control over Canaan . He also led expeditions to the south , into Nubia , commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wali and Gerf Hussein . The early part of his reign was focused on building cities , temples , and monuments . He established the city of Pi-Ramesses in the Nile Delta as his new capital and used it as the main base for his campaigns in Syria . At fourteen , he was appointed prince regent by his father , Seti I . He is believed to have taken the throne in his late teens and is known to have ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BC . Manetho attributes Ramesses II a reign of 66 years and 2 months ; most Egyptologists today believe he assumed the throne on 31 May 1279 BC , based on his known accession date of III Season of the Harvest , day 27 . Estimates of his age at death vary ; 90 or 91 is considered most likely ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramessesnakht", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramessesnakht", "summary": "Ramessesnakht was High Priest of Amun during many years in the 20th Dynasty . He was appointed as the High Priest at Thebes under Ramesses IV . He served in office until the reign of Ramesses IX . It was during Ramessesnakht 's tenure that the power and importance of the Amun priesthood grew over Egypt while the Pharaoh 's power began to noticeably decline ." } ] }, { "value": "High Priest of Amun", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. mid-12th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Appointed as the High Priest of Amun at Thebes under pharaoh Ramesses IV . He held this office until the reign of Ramesses IX . It was during Ramessesnakht 's tenure that the power and importance of the Amun priesthood grew while the pharaoh 's power began to noticeably decline", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun", "summary": "The High Priest of Amun or First Prophet of Amun ( ḥm nṯr tpj n jmn ) was the highest-ranking priest in the priesthood of the ancient Egyptian god Amun . The first high priests of Amun appear in the New Kingdom of Egypt , at the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ramesses_IV", "summary": "Heqamaatre Ramesses IV ( also written Ramses or Rameses ) was the third pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt . His name prior to assuming the crown was Amonhirkhopshef . He was the fifth son of Ramesses III and was appointed to the position of crown prince by the twenty-second year of his father 's reign when all four of his elder brothers predeceased him . His promotion to crown prince :" } ] }, { "value": "Ramose", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramose_(prince)", "summary": "Ramose was an ancient Egyptian prince of the eighteenth dynasty ; probably the son of Pharaoh Ahmose I . He is depicted in the 20th dynasty tomb of Inherthaui ( TT359 ) among the Lords of the West with several of his family members and a few important pharaohs ( among the depicted are ( Amenhotep I , Ahmose I , Ahhotep , Ahmose Meritamon , Ahmose Sitamun , Siamun , Ahmose Henuttamehu , Ahmose Tumerisy , Ahmose Nebetta , Ahmose Sipair , Ahmose Nefertari , Ramesses I , Mentuhotep II , Amenhotep II , Seqenenre Tao II , Ramesses IV , Thutmose I ) . A statue of his is owned by the University of Liverpool ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. late-16th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Probably the son of Pharaoh Ahmose I", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ahmose_I", "summary": "Ahmose I ( Ancient Egyptian : jꜥḥ ms ( j.w ) , reconstructed /ʔaʀaħ'ma : sjə/ ( MK ) , Egyptological pronunciation Ahmose , sometimes written as Amosis or Aahmes , meaning Iah ( the Moon ) is born ) was a pharaoh and founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt . He was a member of the Theban royal house , the son of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and brother of the last pharaoh of the Seventeenth dynasty , Kamose . During the reign of his father or grandfather , Thebes rebelled against the Hyksos , the rulers of Lower Egypt . When he was seven years old , his father was killed , and he was about ten when his brother died of unknown causes after reigning only three years . Ahmose I assumed the throne after the death of his brother , and upon coronation became known as nb-pḥtj-rꜥ The Lord of Strength is Ra . During his reign , Ahmose completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the Nile Delta , restored Theban rule over the whole of Egypt and successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan . He then reorganized the administration of the country , reopened quarries , mines and trade routes and began massive construction projects of a type that had not been undertaken since the time of the Middle Kingdom . This building program culminated in the construction of the last pyramid built by native Egyptian rulers . Ahmose 's reign laid the foundations for the New Kingdom , under which Egyptian power reached its peak . His reign is usually dated to the mid-16th century BC ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramose", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramose_(TT55)", "summary": "The Ancient Egyptian noble , Ramose was Vizier under both Amenhotep III and Akhenaten . He was in office in the last decade of Amenhotep 's III reign and at the beginning of the reign of the latter king . Ramose appears on jar labels found in the palace of king Amenhotep III at Malkata . Here appears also the vizier Amenhotep-Huy . Both viziers are also shown side by side in the temple of Soleb . In the New Kingdom the office of the vizier was divided in a northern vizier and a southern one . It is not entirely clear whether Ramose was the southern or northern one . Ramose was born into an influential family . His father was the mayor of Memphis Heby , in office at the beginning of Amenhotep 's III reign . The brother of Ramose was the high steward of Memphis Amenhotep ( Huy ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Vizier", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18th dynasty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fl . c. mid-14th century BC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A noble man , Governor of Thebes and vizier under pharaohs Amenhotep III and Akhenaten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amenhotep_III", "summary": "Amenhotep III ( Hellenized as Amenophis III ; Egyptian Amāna-Ḥātpa ; meaning Amun is Satisfied ) , also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent , was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty . According to different authors , he ruled Egypt from June 1386 to 1349 BC , or from June 1388 BC to December 1351 BC/1350 BC , after his father Thutmose IV died . Amenhotep III was Thutmose 's son by a minor wife , Mutemwiya . His reign was a period of unprecedented prosperity and splendour , when Egypt reached the peak of its artistic and international power . When he died in the 38th or 39th year of his reign , his son initially ruled as Amenhotep IV , but then changed his own royal name to Akhenaten ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Akhenaten", "summary": "Akhenaten ( /ˌækəˈnɑːtən/ ; also spelled Echnaton , Akhenaton , Ikhnaton , and Khuenaten ; meaning Effective for Aten ) , known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV ( sometimes given its Greek form , Amenophis IV , and meaning Amun Is Satisfied ) , was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty , who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC . He is noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten ( notably instead of Amun , the temples of which he destroyed , the name of whom he rubbed off and the priests of whom he left without resources ) , which is sometimes described as monolatristic , henotheistic , or even quasi-monotheistic . An early inscription likens the Aten to the sun as compared to stars , and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god , giving the solar deity a status above mere gods . Akhenaten tried to shift his culture from Egypt 's traditional religion , but the shifts were not widely accepted . After his death , his monuments were dismantled and hidden , his statues were destroyed , and his name excluded from the king lists . Traditional religious practice was gradually restored , and when some dozen years later rulers without clear rights of succession from the 18th Dynasty founded a new dynasty , they discredited Akhenaten and his immediate successors , referring to Akhenaten himself as the enemy or that criminal in archival records . The stele of Merneptah values Amun who is represented giving the cemetery of victory to him , and is written on the back of a stele of Akhenaten stolen from one of his temples in Karnak . He was all but lost from history until the discovery during the 19th century of the site of Akhetaten , the city he built and designed for the worship of Aten , at Amarna . Early excavations at Amarna by Flinders Petrie sparked interest in the enigmatic pharaoh , and a mummy found in the tomb KV55 , which was unearthed in 1907 in a dig led by Edward R. Ayrton , is likely that of Akhenaten . DNA analysis has determined that the man buried in KV55 is the father of King Tutankhamun , but its identification as Akhenaten has been questioned . Modern interest in Akhenaten and his queen Nefertiti comes partly from his connection with Tutankhamun ( even though Tutankhamun 's mother was not Nefertiti , but a woman named by archaeologists The Younger Lady ) , partly from the unique style and high quality of the pictorial arts he patronized , and partly from ongoing interest in the religion he attempted to establish ." } ] } ], "section_title": "R", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_ancient_Egyptians_15", "intro": "This is a list of ancient Egyptian people who have articles on Wikipedia. The list covers key ancient Egyptian individuals from the start of the first dynasty until the end of the ancient Egyptian nation when the Ptolemaic Dynasty ended and Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Note that the dates given are approximate. The list presented below is based on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. A - \nB - \nC - \nD - \nE - \nF - \nG - \nH - \nI - \nJ - \nK - \nL - \nM - \nN - \nO - \nP - \nQ - \nR - \nS - \nT - \nU - \nV - \nW - \nX - \nY - \nZ" }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_passenger_trains_of_the_United_States_(S–Z)", "title": "List of named passenger trains of the United States (S–Z)", "header": [ "Train Name", "Railroad", "Train Endpoints in a typical [ year ]", "Operated" ], "data": [ { "value": "Umpachanee", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Haven", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York,_New_Haven_and_Hartford", "summary": "The New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad ( reporting mark NH ) , commonly known as the New Haven , was a railroad that operated in the New England region of the United States from 1872 to 1968 , dominating the region 's rail traffic for the first half of the 20th century . Beginning in the 1890s and accelerating in 1903 , New York banker J. P. Morgan sought to monopolize New England transportation by arranging the NH 's acquisition of 50 companies , including other railroads and steamship lines , and building a network of electrified trolley lines that provided interurban transportation for all of southern New England . By 1912 , the New Haven operated more than 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) of track , with 120,000 employees , and practically monopolized traffic in a wide swath from Boston to New York City . This quest for monopoly angered Progressive Era reformers , alienated public opinion , resulted in high prices for acquisitions , and increased construction costs . Debt soared from $ 14 million in 1903 to $ 242 million in 1913 , while the advent of automobiles , trucks and buses reduced railroad profits . Also in 1913 , the federal government filed an antitrust lawsuit that forced the NH to divest its trolley systems . The line became bankrupt in 1935 , was reorganized and reduced in scope , went bankrupt again in 1961 , and in 1969 was merged with the Penn Central system , formed a year earlier by the merger of the New York Central Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad ; Already a poorly conceived merger , Penn Central proceeded to go bankrupt in 1970 , becoming the largest bankruptcy in the U.S. until the Enron Corporation superseded it in 2001 . The remnants of the system now comprise Metro-North Railroad 's New Haven Line , ( parts of ) Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor , Shore Line East , parts of the MBTA , and numerous freight operators such as CSX and the Providence and Worcester Railroad . The majority of the system is now owned publicly by the states of Connecticut , Rhode Island , and Massachusetts ." } ] }, { "value": "New York , New York - Pittsfield , Massachusetts [ 1955 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_City", "summary": "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts", "summary": "Pittsfield is the largest city and the county seat of Berkshire County , Massachusetts , United States . It is the principal city of the Pittsfield , Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Berkshire County . The population was 44,737 at the 2010 census . Although the population has declined in recent decades , Pittsfield remains the fourth largest municipality in western Massachusetts , behind only Springfield , Holyoke , and Chicopee . In 2006 , Forbes ranked Pittsfield as number 61 in its list of Best Small Places for Business . In 2008 , Country Home magazine ranked Pittsfield as # 24 in a listing of green cities east of the Mississippi . In 2009 , the City of Pittsfield was chosen to receive a 2009 Commonwealth Award , Massachusetts ' highest award in the arts , humanities , and sciences . In 2010 , the Financial Times proclaimed Pittsfield the Brooklyn of the Berkshires in an article covering its recent renaissance . In 2012 , the city was listed among the 10 best places for single people to retire in the U.S. by U.S. News , due to the high number of single older residents and higher likelihood of finding companionship or a partner . In 2017 , the Arts Vibrancy Index compiled by the National Center for Arts Research ranked Pittsfield and Berkshire County as the No . 1 medium-sized community in the nation for the arts ." } ] }, { "value": "1955-1960", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Union", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pennsylvania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad", "summary": "The Pennsylvania Railroad ( reporting mark PRR , legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company , also known as the Pennsy ) was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and was headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was so named because it was established in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . By 1882 , the Pennsylvania Railroad had become the largest railroad ( by traffic and revenue ) , the largest transportation enterprise , and the largest corporation in the world . Its budget was second only to the U.S. government . The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history : it paid out annual dividends to shareholders for more than 100 consecutive years . Over the years , it acquired , merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies . At the end of 1926 , it operated 11,640.66 miles ( 18,733.83 kilometers ) of rail line ; [ notes 1 ] in the 1920s , it carried nearly three times the traffic as other railroads of comparable length , such as the Union Pacific and Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe railroads . Its only formidable rival was the New York Central ( NYC ) , which carried around three-quarters of the Pennsy 's ton-miles . In 1968 , the Pennsylvania Railroad absorbed its rival New York Central Railroad and the railroad eventually went by the name of Penn Central Transportation Company , or Penn Central for short , the railroad filed for bankruptcy within two years . : Chapter 1 Bankruptcy continued and on April 1 , 1976 , the railroad gave up its railroad assets , along with the assets of several other failing northeastern railroads , to a new railroad named Consolidated Rail Corporation , or Conrail for short . Conrail was itself purchased and split up in 1999 with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) , including nearly all of the remaining former Pennsylvania Railroad . US passenger carrier Amtrak received the electrified segment of the Main Line east of Harrisburg ." } ] }, { "value": "Chicago , Illinois - Cincinnati , Ohio & Louisville , Kentucky branch via Indianapolis , Indiana [ 1950 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago", "summary": "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Illinois", "summary": "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio", "summary": "Cincinnati ( /ˌsɪnsɪˈnæti/ SIN-sih-NAT-ee ) is a major city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and is the government seat of Hamilton County . Settled in 1788 , the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers , the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky . The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area , the fastest growing economic power in the Midwestern United States based on increase of economic output , which had a population of 2,190,209 as of the 2018 census estimates . This makes it Ohio 's largest metropolitan area and the nation 's 29th-largest . With a city population estimated at 302,605 , Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 65th in the United States . Cincinnati is also within a day 's drive of 49.70% of the United States populace , the most of any city in the United States . In the 19th century , Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the middle of the country . Throughout much of the 19th century , it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population , surpassed only by New Orleans and the older , established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard , as well as being the sixth-biggest city for a period spanning 1840 until 1860 . Cincinnati was the first city founded after the American Revolution , as well as the first major inland city in the country . Cincinnati developed with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period . However , it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants , who founded many of the city 's cultural institutions . By the end of the 19th century , with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping , trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati 's growth slowed considerably ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky", "summary": "Louisville ( US : /ˈluːəvəl/ ( listen ) LOO-ə-vəl , /ˈluːivɪl/ ( listen ) LOO-ee-vil , /ˈlʊvəl/ ( listen ) LUUV-əl , UK : /ˈluːivɪl/ ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 29th most-populous city in the United States . [ d ] It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class , the other being Lexington , the state 's second-largest city . [ e ] Louisville is the historical seat and , since 2003 , the nominal seat of Jefferson County , on the Indiana border . Named after King Louis XVI of France , Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark , making it one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachians . With nearby Falls of the Ohio as the only major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico , the settlement first grew as a portage site . It was the founding city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad , which grew into a 6,000-mile ( 9,700 km ) system across 13 states . Today , the city is known as the home of legendary boxer Muhammad Ali , the Kentucky Derby , Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) , the University of Louisville and its Cardinals , Louisville Slugger baseball bats , and three of Kentucky 's six Fortune 500 companies : Humana , Kindred Healthcare , and Yum ! Brands . Muhammad Ali International Airport , Louisville 's main commercial airport , hosts UPS 's worldwide hub . Since 2003 , Louisville 's borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County , after a city-county merger . The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government , abbreviated to Louisville Metro . Despite the merger and renaming , the term Jefferson County continues to be used in some contexts in reference to Louisville Metro , particularly including the incorporated cities outside the balance which make up Louisville proper ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana", "summary": "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ." } ] }, { "value": "1933-1960", "urls": [] }, { "value": "United States Fast Mail", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pennsylvania , Southern Railway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad", "summary": "The Pennsylvania Railroad ( reporting mark PRR , legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company , also known as the Pennsy ) was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and was headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was so named because it was established in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . By 1882 , the Pennsylvania Railroad had become the largest railroad ( by traffic and revenue ) , the largest transportation enterprise , and the largest corporation in the world . Its budget was second only to the U.S. government . The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history : it paid out annual dividends to shareholders for more than 100 consecutive years . Over the years , it acquired , merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies . At the end of 1926 , it operated 11,640.66 miles ( 18,733.83 kilometers ) of rail line ; [ notes 1 ] in the 1920s , it carried nearly three times the traffic as other railroads of comparable length , such as the Union Pacific and Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe railroads . Its only formidable rival was the New York Central ( NYC ) , which carried around three-quarters of the Pennsy 's ton-miles . In 1968 , the Pennsylvania Railroad absorbed its rival New York Central Railroad and the railroad eventually went by the name of Penn Central Transportation Company , or Penn Central for short , the railroad filed for bankruptcy within two years . : Chapter 1 Bankruptcy continued and on April 1 , 1976 , the railroad gave up its railroad assets , along with the assets of several other failing northeastern railroads , to a new railroad named Consolidated Rail Corporation , or Conrail for short . Conrail was itself purchased and split up in 1999 with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) , including nearly all of the remaining former Pennsylvania Railroad . US passenger carrier Amtrak received the electrified segment of the Main Line east of Harrisburg ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Southern_Railway_(U.S.)", "summary": "The Southern Railway ( reporting mark SOU ) ( also known as Southern Railway Company and now known as the current incarnation of the Norfolk Southern Railway ) is a name of a class 1 railroad that was based in the Southern United States . The railroad is the product of nearly 150 predecessor lines that were combined , reorganized and recombined beginning in the 1830s , formally becoming the Southern Railway in 1894 . At the end of 1971 , the Southern operated 6,026 miles ( 9,698 km ) of railroad , not including its Class I subsidiaries Alabama Great Southern ( 528 miles or 850 km ) Central Of Georgia ( 1729 miles ) Savannah & Atlanta ( 167 miles ) Cincinnati , New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway ( 415 miles ) Georgia Southern & Florida ( 454 miles ) and twelve Class II subsidiaries . That year , the Southern itself reported 26111 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 110 million passenger-miles ; Alabama Great Southern reported 3854 and 11 , Central Of Georgia 3595 and 17 , Savannah & Atlanta 140 and 0 , Cincinnati , New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway 4906 and 0.3 , and Georgia Southern & Florida 1431 and 0.3 . The railroad joined forces with the Norfolk and Western Railway ( N & W ) in 1982 to form the Norfolk Southern Corporation . The Norfolk Southern Corporation was created in response to the creation of the CSX Corporation ( its rail system was later transformed to CSX Transportation in 1986 ) . Southern and N & W continued as operating companies of Norfolk Southern until 1982 , when Norfolk Southern merged nearly all of N & W 's operations into Southern to form the Norfolk Southern Railway . The railroad has used that name since , though N & W continued to exist on paper until 1982 ." } ] }, { "value": "New York , New York - New Orleans , Louisiana [ 1918 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_City", "summary": "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana", "summary": "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ." } ] }, { "value": "1893-1919 ; 1923-1932", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Upstate Special", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New York Central", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_Central", "summary": "The New York Central Railroad ( reporting mark NYC ) was a railroad primarily operating in the Great Lakes and Mid Atlantic regions of the United States . The railroad primarily connected greater New York and Boston in the east with Chicago and St. Louis in the Midwest along with the intermediate cities of Albany , Buffalo , Cleveland , Cincinnati , and Detroit . New York Central was headquartered in New York City 's New York Central Building , adjacent to its largest station , Grand Central Terminal . The railroad was established in 1853 , consolidating several existing railroad companies . In 1968 the NYC merged with its former rival , the Pennsylvania Railroad , to form Penn Central . Penn Central went bankrupt in 1970 and merged into Conrail in 1976 . Conrail was broken up in 1998 , and portions of its system were transferred to CSX and Norfolk Southern Railway , with CSX acquiring most of the old New York Central trackage . Extensive trackage existed in the states of New York , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Massachusetts and West Virginia plus additional trackage in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec . At the end of 1925 , the NYC operated 11,584 miles ( 18,643 km ) of road and 26,395 miles ( 42,479 km ) of track ; at the end of 1967 the mileages were 9,696 miles ( 15,604 km ) and 18,454 miles ( 29,699 km ) ." } ] }, { "value": "New York , New York - Utica , New York [ 1952 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_City", "summary": "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Utica,_New_York", "summary": "Utica ( /ˈjuːtɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the Mohawk Valley and the county seat of Oneida County , New York , United States . The tenth-most-populous city in New York , its population was 62,235 in the 2010 U.S. census . Located on the Mohawk River at the foot of the Adirondack Mountains , Utica is approximately 95 miles ( 153 kilometers ) northwest of Albany , 55 mi ( 89 km ) east of Syracuse and 240 mi ( 386 km ) northwest of New York City . Utica and the nearby city of Rome anchor the Utica-Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area , which comprises all of Oneida and Herkimer counties . Formerly a river settlement inhabited by the Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy , Utica attracted European-American settlers from New England during and after the American Revolution . In the 19th century , immigrants strengthened its position as a layover city between Albany and Syracuse on the Erie and Chenango Canals and the New York Central Railroad . During the 19th and 20th centuries , the city 's infrastructure contributed to its success as a manufacturing center and defined its role as a worldwide hub for the textile industry . Utica 's 20th-century political corruption and organized crime gave it the nickname Sin City . Like other Rust Belt cities , Utica underwent an economic downturn beginning in the mid-20th century . The downturn consisted of industrial decline due to globalization and the closure of textile mills , population loss caused by the relocation of jobs and businesses to suburbs and to Syracuse , and poverty associated with socioeconomic stress and a depressed tax base . With its low cost of living , the city has become a melting pot for refugees from war-torn countries around the world , encouraging growth for its colleges and universities , cultural institutions and economy ." } ] }, { "value": "1925-1931 ; 1935-1957", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Utah and California Express", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Denver_and_Rio_Grande_Western_Railroad", "summary": "The Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad ( reporting mark DRGW ) , often shortened to Rio Grande , D & RG or D & RGW , formerly the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad , was an American Class I railroad company . The railroad started as a 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow-gauge line running south from Denver , Colorado in 1870 . It served mainly as a transcontinental bridge line between Denver , and Salt Lake City , Utah . The Rio Grande was also a major origin of coal and mineral traffic . The Rio Grande was the epitome of mountain railroading , with a motto of Through the Rockies , not around them and later Main line through the Rockies , both referring to the Rocky Mountains . The D & RGW operated the highest mainline rail line in the United States , over the 10,240 feet ( 3,120 m ) Tennessee Pass in Colorado , and the famed routes through the Moffat Tunnel and the Royal Gorge . At its height in the mid-1880s , the D & RG had the largest narrow-gauge railroad network in North America with 2,783 miles ( 4,479 km ) of track interconnecting the states of Colorado , New Mexico , and Utah . Known for its independence , the D & RGW operated the Rio Grande Zephyr until its discontinuation in 1983 . This was the last private intercity passenger train in the United States until Brightline ( now Virgin Trains USA ) began service in Florida in 2018 . In 1988 , the Rio Grande 's parent corporation , Rio Grande Industries , purchased Southern Pacific Transportation Company , and as the result of a merger , the larger Southern Pacific Railroad name was chosen for identity . The Rio Grande operated as a separate division of the Southern Pacific , until that company was acquired by the Union Pacific Railroad . Today , most former D & RGW main lines are owned and operated by the Union Pacific while several branch lines are now operated as heritage railways by various companies ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver , Colorado - Ogden , Utah [ 1906 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Denver,_Colorado", "summary": "Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ogden,_Utah", "summary": "Ogden /ˈɒɡdən/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County , Utah , United States , approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Salt Lake City . The population was 87,325 in 2018 , according to the US Census Bureau , making it Utah 's 7th largest city . The city served as a major railway hub through much of its history , and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce . Ogden is also known for its many historic buildings , proximity to the Wasatch Mountains , and as the location of Weber State University . Ogden is a principal city of the Ogden-Clearfield , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , which includes all of Weber , Morgan , Davis , and Box Elder counties . The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159 . In 2010 , Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family . Ogden has had a sister city relationship to Hof ( Germany ) since 1954 ." } ] }, { "value": "1900 ; 1906-1910", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Utah Express", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Union Pacific", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Union_Pacific", "summary": "The Union Pacific Railroad ( reporting marks UP , UPP , UPY ) , legally Union Pacific Railroad Company and simply Union Pacific , is a freight-hauling railroad that operates 8,300 locomotives over 32,200 miles ( 51,800 km ) routes in 23 U.S. states west of Chicago and New Orleans . The Union Pacific Railroad system is the second largest in the United States after BNSF and is one of the world 's largest transportation companies . The Union Pacific Railroad is the principal operating company of the Union Pacific Corporation , both headquartered in Omaha , Nebraska . Founded in 1862 , the original Union Pacific Rail Road was part of the First Transcontinental Railroad project , later known as the Overland Route . The railroad was absorbed by the Union Pacific Railway in 1880 , which was absorbed by the Union Pacific Railroad in 1897 . Over the next century , UP absorbed the Missouri Pacific Railroad , the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company , the Western Pacific Railroad , the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad and the Chicago , Rock Island and Pacific Railroad . In 1998 , the Union Pacific merged with Southern Pacific Transportation Company , itself a giant system that was absorbed by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad maintaining the Southern Pacific name . Today , Union Pacific and its chief competitor , BNSF Railway , the nation 's largest freight railroad by volume , have a duopoly on transcontinental freight rail lines in the western United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Salt Lake City , Utah - Boise , Idaho [ 1930 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah", "summary": "Salt Lake City ( often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah , as well as the seat of Salt Lake County , the most populous county in Utah . With an estimated population of 200,591 in 2018 , the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , which has a population of 1,222,540 ( 2018 estimate ) . Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area , a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along a 120-mile ( 190 km ) segment of the Wasatch Front , comprising a population of 2,606,548 ( as of 2018 estimates ) . It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin . The world headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) is located in Salt Lake City . The city was founded in 1847 by followers of the church , led by Brigham Young , who were seeking to escape persecution that they had experienced while living farther east . The Mormon pioneers , as they would come to be known , entered an arid valley and immediately began building , planning , and extending an extensive irrigation network which could feed the population and foster future growth . Salt Lake City 's street grid system is based on a standard compass grid plan , with the Salt Lake Temple at the origin . Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake , the city was named Great Salt Lake City . In 1868 , the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature dropped the word Great from the city 's name . Immigration of international members of the church , mining booms , and the construction of the first transcontinental railroad initially brought economic growth , and the city was nicknamed the Crossroads of the West . It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway , the first transcontinental highway , in 1913 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Boise,_Idaho", "summary": "Boise ( /ˈbɔɪsi/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Idaho , and is the county seat of Ada County . Located on the Boise River in southwestern Idaho , it is 41 miles ( 66 km ) east of the Oregon border , and 110 miles ( 177 km ) north of the Nevada border . The downtown area 's elevation is 2,704 feet ( 824 m ) above sea level . Its estimated population in 2018 was 228,790 ." } ] }, { "value": "1911-1913 ; 1919-1931 ; 1936-1946", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Utah Parks Special", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Union Pacific", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Union_Pacific", "summary": "The Union Pacific Railroad ( reporting marks UP , UPP , UPY ) , legally Union Pacific Railroad Company and simply Union Pacific , is a freight-hauling railroad that operates 8,300 locomotives over 32,200 miles ( 51,800 km ) routes in 23 U.S. states west of Chicago and New Orleans . The Union Pacific Railroad system is the second largest in the United States after BNSF and is one of the world 's largest transportation companies . The Union Pacific Railroad is the principal operating company of the Union Pacific Corporation , both headquartered in Omaha , Nebraska . Founded in 1862 , the original Union Pacific Rail Road was part of the First Transcontinental Railroad project , later known as the Overland Route . The railroad was absorbed by the Union Pacific Railway in 1880 , which was absorbed by the Union Pacific Railroad in 1897 . Over the next century , UP absorbed the Missouri Pacific Railroad , the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company , the Western Pacific Railroad , the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad and the Chicago , Rock Island and Pacific Railroad . In 1998 , the Union Pacific merged with Southern Pacific Transportation Company , itself a giant system that was absorbed by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad maintaining the Southern Pacific name . Today , Union Pacific and its chief competitor , BNSF Railway , the nation 's largest freight railroad by volume , have a duopoly on transcontinental freight rail lines in the western United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Salt Lake City , Utah - Cedar City , Utah [ 1930 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah", "summary": "Salt Lake City ( often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah , as well as the seat of Salt Lake County , the most populous county in Utah . With an estimated population of 200,591 in 2018 , the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , which has a population of 1,222,540 ( 2018 estimate ) . Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area , a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along a 120-mile ( 190 km ) segment of the Wasatch Front , comprising a population of 2,606,548 ( as of 2018 estimates ) . It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin . The world headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) is located in Salt Lake City . The city was founded in 1847 by followers of the church , led by Brigham Young , who were seeking to escape persecution that they had experienced while living farther east . The Mormon pioneers , as they would come to be known , entered an arid valley and immediately began building , planning , and extending an extensive irrigation network which could feed the population and foster future growth . Salt Lake City 's street grid system is based on a standard compass grid plan , with the Salt Lake Temple at the origin . Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake , the city was named Great Salt Lake City . In 1868 , the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature dropped the word Great from the city 's name . Immigration of international members of the church , mining booms , and the construction of the first transcontinental railroad initially brought economic growth , and the city was nicknamed the Crossroads of the West . It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway , the first transcontinental highway , in 1913 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cedar_City,_Utah", "summary": "Cedar City is the largest city in Iron County , Utah , United States . It is located 250 miles ( 400 km ) south of Salt Lake City , and 170 miles ( 270 km ) north of Las Vegas on Interstate 15 . It is the home of Southern Utah University , the Utah Shakespeare Festival , the Utah Summer Games , the Neil Simon Theatre Festival , and other events . As of the 2010 census the city had a population of 28,857 , up from 20,257 in 2000 . As of 2018 the estimated population was 33,055 ." } ] }, { "value": "1927-1932 ; 1954-1960", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Utahn", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Union Pacific", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Union_Pacific", "summary": "The Union Pacific Railroad ( reporting marks UP , UPP , UPY ) , legally Union Pacific Railroad Company and simply Union Pacific , is a freight-hauling railroad that operates 8,300 locomotives over 32,200 miles ( 51,800 km ) routes in 23 U.S. states west of Chicago and New Orleans . The Union Pacific Railroad system is the second largest in the United States after BNSF and is one of the world 's largest transportation companies . The Union Pacific Railroad is the principal operating company of the Union Pacific Corporation , both headquartered in Omaha , Nebraska . Founded in 1862 , the original Union Pacific Rail Road was part of the First Transcontinental Railroad project , later known as the Overland Route . The railroad was absorbed by the Union Pacific Railway in 1880 , which was absorbed by the Union Pacific Railroad in 1897 . Over the next century , UP absorbed the Missouri Pacific Railroad , the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company , the Western Pacific Railroad , the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad and the Chicago , Rock Island and Pacific Railroad . In 1998 , the Union Pacific merged with Southern Pacific Transportation Company , itself a giant system that was absorbed by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad maintaining the Southern Pacific name . Today , Union Pacific and its chief competitor , BNSF Railway , the nation 's largest freight railroad by volume , have a duopoly on transcontinental freight rail lines in the western United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Los Angeles , California - Cheyenne , Wyoming [ 1947 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California", "summary": "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cheyenne,_Wyoming", "summary": "Cheyenne ( /ʃaɪˈæn/ shy-AN or /ʃaɪˈɛn/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Wyoming and the county seat of Laramie County . It is the principal city of the Cheyenne , Wyoming , Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Laramie County . The population was 59,466 at the 2010 census . Cheyenne is the northern terminus of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front , which extends southward to Albuquerque , New Mexico and includes the fast-growing Front Range Urban Corridor . Cheyenne is situated on Crow Creek and Dry Creek . The Cheyenne metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 91,738 , making it the 354th-most populous metropolitan area in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "1947-1951", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ute", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colorado Midland Railway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colorado_Midland_Railway", "summary": "The Colorado Midland Railway ( reporting mark CM ) , incorporated in 1883 , was the first standard gauge railroad built over the Continental Divide in Colorado . It ran from Colorado Springs to Leadville and through the divide at Hagerman Pass to Glenwood Springs and Grand Junction ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver , Colorado - Grand Junction , Colorado ( with through cars to California ) [ 1903 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Denver,_Colorado", "summary": "Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Grand_Junction,_Colorado", "summary": "Grand Junction is a home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Mesa County , Colorado , United States . The city has a council-manager form of government , and is the most populous municipality in all of western Colorado . Grand Junction is 247 miles ( 398 km ) west-southwest of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 58,566 . Grand Junction is the 15th most populous city in the state of Colorado and the most populous city on the Colorado Western Slope . It is a major commercial and transportation hub within the large area between the Green River and the Continental Divide . It is the principal city of the Grand Junction Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a population of 146,723 in 2010 census . The city is along the Colorado River , at its confluence with the Gunnison River , which comes in from the south . Grand refers to the historical Grand River ; it was renamed the Upper Colorado River in 1921 . Junction refers to the confluence of the Colorado and Gunnison rivers . Grand Junction has been nicknamed River City . It is near the midpoint of a 30-mile ( 48 km ) arcing valley , known as the Grand Valley ; since the late 19th century it has been a major fruit-growing region ." } ] }, { "value": "1900-1908", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vacationer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vacationer_(ACL_train)", "summary": "The Vacationer was a seasonal passenger train operated by Amtrak between New York City and Miami , Florida . The Vacationer , like its predecessor the Florida Special , was designed to supplement regular Northeast - Florida service during the winter months . It made its final run on March 31 , 1974 . The Florida Special dated back to 1888 ; the Vacationer originated in 1938 ." } ] }, { "value": "Pennsylvania , Richmond , Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad , Atlantic Coast Line Railroad , Florida East Coast Railway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad", "summary": "The Pennsylvania Railroad ( reporting mark PRR , legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company , also known as the Pennsy ) was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and was headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was so named because it was established in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . By 1882 , the Pennsylvania Railroad had become the largest railroad ( by traffic and revenue ) , the largest transportation enterprise , and the largest corporation in the world . Its budget was second only to the U.S. government . The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history : it paid out annual dividends to shareholders for more than 100 consecutive years . Over the years , it acquired , merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies . At the end of 1926 , it operated 11,640.66 miles ( 18,733.83 kilometers ) of rail line ; [ notes 1 ] in the 1920s , it carried nearly three times the traffic as other railroads of comparable length , such as the Union Pacific and Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe railroads . Its only formidable rival was the New York Central ( NYC ) , which carried around three-quarters of the Pennsy 's ton-miles . In 1968 , the Pennsylvania Railroad absorbed its rival New York Central Railroad and the railroad eventually went by the name of Penn Central Transportation Company , or Penn Central for short , the railroad filed for bankruptcy within two years . : Chapter 1 Bankruptcy continued and on April 1 , 1976 , the railroad gave up its railroad assets , along with the assets of several other failing northeastern railroads , to a new railroad named Consolidated Rail Corporation , or Conrail for short . Conrail was itself purchased and split up in 1999 with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) , including nearly all of the remaining former Pennsylvania Railroad . US passenger carrier Amtrak received the electrified segment of the Main Line east of Harrisburg ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Richmond,_Fredericksburg_and_Potomac_Railroad", "summary": "The Richmond , Fredericksburg , and Potomac Railroad ( reporting mark RFP ) was a railroad connecting Richmond , Virginia , to Washington , D.C . The track is now the RF & P Subdivision of the CSX Transportation system ; the original corporation is no longer a railroad company . The RF & P was a bridge line , with a slogan of Linking North & South , on a system that stretched about 113 miles . Until around 1965 RF & P originated less than 5% of its freight tonnage , probably less than any other Class I railroad . For much of its existence the RF & P connected with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway , the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Seaboard Air Line Railroad at Richmond . At Alexandria and through trackage rights to Union Station in Washington , D.C. , connections were made with the Pennsylvania Railroad , Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Southern Railway . It connected to the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad at Potomac Yard and interchanged with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway at Doswell . It and the former Conrail properties are the only CSX lines to have cab signal requirements on their entire system ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad", "summary": "The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad ( reporting mark ACL ) is a former U. S. Class I railroad from 1900 until 1967 , when it merged with long-time rival Seaboard Air Line Railroad to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad . Much of the original ACL network has been part of CSX Transportation since 1986 . The Atlantic Coast Line served the Southeast , with a concentration of lines in Florida . Numerous named passenger trains were operated by the railroad for Florida-bound tourists , with the Atlantic Coast Line contributing significantly to Florida 's economic development in the first half of the 20th century . At the end of 1925 , ACL operated 4,924 miles of road , not including its flock of subsidiaries ; after some merging , mileage at the end of 1960 was 5,570 not including A & WP , CN & L , East Carolina , Georgia , Rockingham , and V & CS . In 1960 , ACL reported 10,623 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 490 million passenger-miles . [ citation needed ]" }, { "url": "/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway", "summary": "The Florida East Coast Railway ( reporting mark FEC ) is a Class II railroad operating in the U.S. state of Florida , currently owned by Grupo México . The FEC was historically a Class I railroad owned by Florida East Coast Industries ( FECI ) from 2000 to 2016 , FOXX Holdings between 1983 and 2000 , and the St. Joseph Paper Company prior to 1983 . Built primarily in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century , the FEC was a project of Standard Oil principal Henry Flagler . He originally visited Florida with his first wife , Mary ; they sought assistance with the health issues she faced . A key strategist who worked closely with John D. Rockefeller building the Standard Oil Trust , Flagler noted both great potential and a lack of services during his stay at St. Augustine . He subsequently began what amounted to his second career , developing resorts , industries , and communities all along Florida 's shores abutting the Atlantic Ocean . The FEC is possibly best known for building the railroad to Key West , completed in 1912 . When the FEC 's line from the mainland to Key West was heavily damaged by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 , the State of Florida purchased the remaining right-of-way and bridges south of Dade County , and they were rebuilt into road bridges for vehicle traffic and became known as the Overseas Highway . However , a greater and lasting Flagler legacy was the developments along Florida 's eastern coast . During the Great Depression , control was purchased by heirs of the du Pont family . After 30 years of fragile financial condition , the FEC , under leadership of a new president , Ed Ball , took on the labor unions . Ball claimed the company could not afford the same costs as larger Class 1 railroads and needed to invest saved funds in its infrastructure , the condition of which was fast becoming a safety issue ." } ] }, { "value": "New York , New York - Miami , Florida [ 1940 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_City", "summary": "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Miami,_Florida", "summary": "Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies ." } ] }, { "value": "1938-1942 ; 1946-1955", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago and North Western Railway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago_and_North_Western_Railway", "summary": "The Chicago and North Western Transportation Company ( reporting mark CNW ) was a Class I railroad in the Midwestern United States . It was also known as the North Western . The railroad operated more than 5,000 miles ( 8,000 km ) of track as of the turn of the 20th century , and over 12,000 miles ( 19,000 km ) of track in seven states before retrenchment in the late 1970s . Until 1972 , when the employees purchased the company , it was named the Chicago and North Western Railway ( or Chicago and North Western Railway Company ) . The C & NW became one of the longest railroads in the United States as a result of mergers with other railroads , such as the Chicago Great Western Railway , Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway and others . By 1995 , track sales and abandonment had reduced the total mileage to about 5,000 . The majority of the abandoned and sold lines were lightly trafficked branches in Iowa , Illinois , Minnesota , South Dakota and Wisconsin . Large line sales , such as those that resulted in the Dakota , Minnesota and Eastern Railroad , further helped reduce the railroad to a mainline core with several regional feeders and branches . Union Pacific ( UP ) purchased the company in April 1995 and integrated it with its own operation ." } ] }, { "value": "Chicago , Illinois - Green Bay , Wisconsin [ 1936 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago", "summary": "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Illinois", "summary": "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin", "summary": "Green Bay is a city in and the county seat of Brown County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin , at the head of Green Bay , a sub-basin of Lake Michigan , at the mouth of the Fox River . It is 581 feet ( 177 m ) above sea level and 112 miles ( 180 km ) north of Milwaukee . The population was 104,057 at the 2010 census . Green Bay is the third-largest city in the state of Wisconsin , after Milwaukee and Madison , and the third-largest city on Lake Michigan 's west shore , after Chicago and Milwaukee . Green Bay is home to the National Football League 's Green Bay Packers . Green Bay is the principal city of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area , which covers Brown , Kewaunee , and Oconto counties ; the MSA had a combined population of 306,241 at the 2010 census . Green Bay is an industrial city with several meatpacking plants , paper mills , and a port on Green Bay , an arm of Lake Michigan known locally as the Bay of Green Bay . Green Bay hosts the Neville Public Museum , with exhibitions of art , history , and science ; the Children 's Museum ; and the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay ." } ] }, { "value": "1936-1941", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley 400", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago and North Western Railway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago_and_North_Western_Railway", "summary": "The Chicago and North Western Transportation Company ( reporting mark CNW ) was a Class I railroad in the Midwestern United States . It was also known as the North Western . The railroad operated more than 5,000 miles ( 8,000 km ) of track as of the turn of the 20th century , and over 12,000 miles ( 19,000 km ) of track in seven states before retrenchment in the late 1970s . Until 1972 , when the employees purchased the company , it was named the Chicago and North Western Railway ( or Chicago and North Western Railway Company ) . The C & NW became one of the longest railroads in the United States as a result of mergers with other railroads , such as the Chicago Great Western Railway , Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway and others . By 1995 , track sales and abandonment had reduced the total mileage to about 5,000 . The majority of the abandoned and sold lines were lightly trafficked branches in Iowa , Illinois , Minnesota , South Dakota and Wisconsin . Large line sales , such as those that resulted in the Dakota , Minnesota and Eastern Railroad , further helped reduce the railroad to a mainline core with several regional feeders and branches . Union Pacific ( UP ) purchased the company in April 1995 and integrated it with its own operation ." } ] }, { "value": "Chicago , Illinois - Green Bay , Wisconsin [ 1945 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago", "summary": "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Illinois", "summary": "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin", "summary": "Green Bay is a city in and the county seat of Brown County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin , at the head of Green Bay , a sub-basin of Lake Michigan , at the mouth of the Fox River . It is 581 feet ( 177 m ) above sea level and 112 miles ( 180 km ) north of Milwaukee . The population was 104,057 at the 2010 census . Green Bay is the third-largest city in the state of Wisconsin , after Milwaukee and Madison , and the third-largest city on Lake Michigan 's west shore , after Chicago and Milwaukee . Green Bay is home to the National Football League 's Green Bay Packers . Green Bay is the principal city of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area , which covers Brown , Kewaunee , and Oconto counties ; the MSA had a combined population of 306,241 at the 2010 census . Green Bay is an industrial city with several meatpacking plants , paper mills , and a port on Green Bay , an arm of Lake Michigan known locally as the Bay of Green Bay . Green Bay hosts the Neville Public Museum , with exhibitions of art , history , and science ; the Children 's Museum ; and the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay ." } ] }, { "value": "1942-1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley Eagle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valley_Eagle", "summary": "The Valley Eagle was a named streamliner passenger train of the Missouri Pacific Railroad that began in 1948 . It ran from Houston , Texas 's Union Station to Brownsville , Texas at the Mexico-United States border and a second section to Corpus Christi . It first carried the numbers # 11 south and # 12 northbound and in later years carried the number of # 321 south and # 322 heading north ." } ] }, { "value": "Missouri Pacific", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Missouri_Pacific", "summary": "The Missouri Pacific Railroad ( reporting mark MP ) , commonly abbreviated as MoPac and nicknamed The Mop , was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River . MoPac was a Class I railroad growing from dozens of predecessors and mergers , including the St. Louis , Iron Mountain and Southern Railway ( SLIMS ) , Texas and Pacific Railway ( TP ) , Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad ( C & EI ) , St. Louis , Brownsville and Mexico Railway ( SLBM ) , Kansas , Oklahoma and Gulf Railway ( KO & G ) , Midland Valley Railroad ( MV ) , San Antonio , Uvalde and Gulf Railroad ( SAU & G ) , Gulf Coast Lines ( GC ) , International-Great Northern Railroad ( IGN ) , Kansas , Nebraska & Dakota Railroad , New Orleans , Texas and Mexico Railway ( NOTM ) , Missouri-Illinois Railroad ( MI ) , as well as the small Central Branch Railway ( an early predecessor of MP in Kansas and south central Nebraska ) , and joint ventures such as the Alton and Southern Railroad ( AS ) . In 1967 , the railroad operated 9,041 miles of road and 13,318 miles of track , not including DK & S , NO & LC , T & P and its subsidiaries , C & EI and Missouri-Illinois . Union Pacific Corporation , the parent company of the Union Pacific Railroad , agreed to buy the Missouri Pacific Railroad on January 8 , 1980 . Lawsuits filed by competing railroads delayed approval of the merger until September 13 , 1982 . After the Supreme Court denied a trial to the Southern Pacific , the merger took effect on December 22 , 1982 . However , due to outstanding bonds of the Missouri Pacific , its full merger into the Union Pacific Railroad did not become official until January 1 , 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "Brownsville , Texas - Corpus Christi , Texas - Houston , Texas [ 1948 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas", "summary": "Brownsville ( /ˈbraʊnzˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cameron County in the U.S. state of Texas . It is located on the western Gulf Coast in South Texas , adjacent to the border with Matamoros , Mexico . The city covers 81.528 square miles ( 211.157 km2 ) and has a population of 183,299 as of 2017 . It is the 131st-largest city in the United States and 16th-largest in Texas . It is part of the Brownsville-Matamoros conurbation . The city is known for its year-round subtropical climate , deep-water seaport and Hispanic culture . The city was founded in 1848 by American entrepreneur Charles Stillman after he developed a successful river boat company nearby . It was named after Major Jacob Brown , who fought and died while serving as a U.S. Army soldier during the Mexican-American War ( 1846-48 ) . As the city is the seat of government for the county of Cameron , the city and county government are major employers . Other primary employers fall within the service , trade and manufacturing industries , including a growing aerospace and space transportation sector . It operates international trading through the Port of Brownsville . The city experienced a population increase in the early 1900s when steel production flourished ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas", "summary": "Corpus Christi ( /ˌkɔːrpəs ˈkrɪsti/ ; Latin : Body of Christ ) , colloquially Corpus , is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U.S. state of Texas . The county seat of Nueces County , it also extends into Aransas , Kleberg , and San Patricio Counties . It is 130 miles southeast of San Antonio . Its political boundaries encompass Nueces Bay and Corpus Christi Bay . Its zoned boundaries include small land parcels or water inlets of three neighboring counties . The city 's population was estimated to be 326,554 in 2018 , making it the eighth-most populous city in Texas . The Corpus Christi metropolitan area had an estimated population of 442,600 . It is also the hub of the six-county Corpus Christi-Kingsville-Alice Combined Statistical area , with a 2013 estimated population of 516,793 . The Port of Corpus Christi is the fifth-largest in the United States . The region is served by the Corpus Christi International Airport . The city 's name means body of Christ in Latin . The name was given to the settlement and surrounding bay by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda in 1519 , as he discovered the lush semitropical bay on the Catholic feast day of Corpus Christi ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Houston,_Texas", "summary": "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1948-1962", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley Express", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New York Central", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_Central", "summary": "The New York Central Railroad ( reporting mark NYC ) was a railroad primarily operating in the Great Lakes and Mid Atlantic regions of the United States . The railroad primarily connected greater New York and Boston in the east with Chicago and St. Louis in the Midwest along with the intermediate cities of Albany , Buffalo , Cleveland , Cincinnati , and Detroit . New York Central was headquartered in New York City 's New York Central Building , adjacent to its largest station , Grand Central Terminal . The railroad was established in 1853 , consolidating several existing railroad companies . In 1968 the NYC merged with its former rival , the Pennsylvania Railroad , to form Penn Central . Penn Central went bankrupt in 1970 and merged into Conrail in 1976 . Conrail was broken up in 1998 , and portions of its system were transferred to CSX and Norfolk Southern Railway , with CSX acquiring most of the old New York Central trackage . Extensive trackage existed in the states of New York , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Massachusetts and West Virginia plus additional trackage in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec . At the end of 1925 , the NYC operated 11,584 miles ( 18,643 km ) of road and 26,395 miles ( 42,479 km ) of track ; at the end of 1967 the mileages were 9,696 miles ( 15,604 km ) and 18,454 miles ( 29,699 km ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Chicago , Illinois - Detroit , Michigan [ 1947 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago", "summary": "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Illinois", "summary": "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Detroit", "summary": "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Michigan", "summary": "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ." } ] }, { "value": "1943-1948", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley Express", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Southern Pacific", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad", "summary": "The Southern Pacific ( reporting mark SP ) ( or Espee from the railroad initials- SP ) was an American Class I railroad network that existed from 1865 to 1996 and operated in the Western United States . The system was operated by various companies under the names Southern Pacific Railroad , Southern Pacific Company and Southern Pacific Transportation Company . The original Southern Pacific began in 1865 as a land holding company . The last incarnation of the Southern Pacific , the Southern Pacific Transportation Company , was founded in 1969 and assumed control of the Southern Pacific system . The Southern Pacific Transportation Company was acquired in 1995 by the Union Pacific Corporation and merged with their Union Pacific Railroad . The Southern Pacific legacy founded hospitals in San Francisco , Tucson , and elsewhere [ where ? ] . In the 1970s , it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone . This telecommunications network became part of Sprint , a company whose name came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony ." } ] }, { "value": "San Francisco , California - Los Angeles , California [ 1910 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Francisco,_California", "summary": "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California", "summary": "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ." } ] }, { "value": "1907-1917", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley Express", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Haven , Boston and Maine , Central Vermont Railway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York,_New_Haven_and_Hartford", "summary": "The New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad ( reporting mark NH ) , commonly known as the New Haven , was a railroad that operated in the New England region of the United States from 1872 to 1968 , dominating the region 's rail traffic for the first half of the 20th century . Beginning in the 1890s and accelerating in 1903 , New York banker J. P. Morgan sought to monopolize New England transportation by arranging the NH 's acquisition of 50 companies , including other railroads and steamship lines , and building a network of electrified trolley lines that provided interurban transportation for all of southern New England . By 1912 , the New Haven operated more than 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) of track , with 120,000 employees , and practically monopolized traffic in a wide swath from Boston to New York City . This quest for monopoly angered Progressive Era reformers , alienated public opinion , resulted in high prices for acquisitions , and increased construction costs . Debt soared from $ 14 million in 1903 to $ 242 million in 1913 , while the advent of automobiles , trucks and buses reduced railroad profits . Also in 1913 , the federal government filed an antitrust lawsuit that forced the NH to divest its trolley systems . The line became bankrupt in 1935 , was reorganized and reduced in scope , went bankrupt again in 1961 , and in 1969 was merged with the Penn Central system , formed a year earlier by the merger of the New York Central Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad ; Already a poorly conceived merger , Penn Central proceeded to go bankrupt in 1970 , becoming the largest bankruptcy in the U.S. until the Enron Corporation superseded it in 2001 . The remnants of the system now comprise Metro-North Railroad 's New Haven Line , ( parts of ) Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor , Shore Line East , parts of the MBTA , and numerous freight operators such as CSX and the Providence and Worcester Railroad . The majority of the system is now owned publicly by the states of Connecticut , Rhode Island , and Massachusetts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Corporation", "summary": "The Boston and Maine Corporation ( reporting mark BM ) , known as the Boston and Maine Railroad ( B & M ) , was a U.S. Class I railroad in northern New England . It became part of what is now the Pan Am Railways network in 1983 . At the end of 1970 , B & M operated 1,515 route-miles ( 2,438 km ) on 2,481 miles ( 3,993 km ) of track , not including Springfield Terminal . That year it reported 2,744 million ton-miles of revenue freight and 92 million passenger-miles ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Central_Vermont_Railway", "summary": "The Central Vermont Railway ( reporting mark CV ) was a railroad that operated in the U.S. states of Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New York , and Vermont , as well as the Canadian province of Quebec . It connected Montreal , Quebec , with New London , Connecticut , using a route along the shores of Lake Champlain , through the Green Mountains and along the Connecticut River valley , as well as Montreal to Boston , Massachusetts , through a connection with the Boston and Maine Railroad at White River Junction , Vermont ." } ] }, { "value": "New York , New York - White River Junction , Vermont [ 1948 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_City", "summary": "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/White_River_Junction,_Vermont", "summary": "White River Junction is an unincorporated village and census-designated place ( CDP ) in the town of Hartford in Windsor County , Vermont , United States . The population was 2,286 at the 2010 census , making it the largest community within the town of Hartford . The village includes the White River Junction Historic District , a historic district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and whose boundaries were increased in 2002 . The historic district reflects urban architecture of the area from the late 19th century and early 20th century . The district is bounded by the Central Vermont railroad tracks , Gates Street , and South Main Street . It includes at least 29 contributing and non-contributing buildings . Notable buildings include the Coolidge Hotel , the First National Bank building , a U.S. Post Office building , and the White River Junction Fire House , showing examples of Greek Revival , Colonial Revival , Richardsonian Romanesque , Italianate and Romanesque architecture ." } ] }, { "value": "1948-1957", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley Flyer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valley_Flyer", "summary": "The Valley Flyer was a short-lived named passenger train of the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway . The all-heavyweight , semi-streamlined train ran between Bakersfield and Oakland , California ( through California 's San Joaquin Valley , hence the name ) during the 1939-1940 Golden Gate International Exposition on Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay . Motive power was two Baldwin-built 1300 class 4-6-2 Pacific locomotives refurbished and decorated for the train . It was the Santa Fe 's first attempt at streamlining older steam power . The locomotives had metal skirting along the sides , painted aluminum ( as were the nose and smokestack ) with red and yellow stripes , these being outlined by black pinstripes ; the tenders were similarly decorated . A yellow Circle and Cross emblem backed by red wings was emblazoned across the front of the locomotive above the pilot deck , and on each side of the tender , which also featured a red wing . The air-conditioned rolling stock was painted aluminum with red and yellow stripes along their sills , bordered with black pinstripes ( somewhat like Santa Fe 's passenger diesel locomotives ) . Stripes on the combine unit split into two sets , with one set sweeping up to align with those on the locomotive tenders . Window shades were painted matte aluminum . The sides of the passenger cars bore SANTA FE in black , extra extended Railroad Roman letters . The design of the Valley Flyer 's drumhead was inspired by that of its counterpart , the Golden Gate . The first run was on June 11 , 1939 ." } ] }, { "value": "Santa Fe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway", "summary": "The Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway ( reporting mark ATSF ) , often referred to as the Santa Fe or AT & SF , was one of the larger railroads in the United States , named after the cities and towns of Atchison , Topeka , and Santa Fe . Chartered in February 1859 , the railroad reached the Kansas-Colorado border in 1873 and Pueblo , Colorado , in 1876 . To create a demand for its services , the railroad set up real estate offices and sold farmland from the land grants that it was awarded by Congress . Despite the namesake , its mainline did not directly serve Santa Fe , due to the mountainous terrain , the metropolitan city of Albuquerque instead served New Mexico and the Santa Fe area . The Santa Fe was a pioneer in intermodal freight transport , an enterprise that ( at one time or another ) included a tugboat fleet and an airline , the short-lived Santa Fe Skyway . Its bus line extended passenger transportation to areas not accessible by rail , and ferryboats on the San Francisco Bay allowed travelers to complete their westward journeys to the Pacific Ocean . The AT & SF was the subject of a popular song , Harry Warren and Johnny Mercer 's On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe , written for the film , The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) . The railroad officially ceased operations on December 31 , 1996 , when it merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway ." } ] }, { "value": "Oakland , California - Bakersfield , California", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oakland,_California", "summary": "Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County , California , United States . A major West Coast port city , Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , the third largest city overall in the San Francisco Bay Area , the eighth most populated city in California , and the 45th largest city in the United States . With a population of 428,827 as of 2018 [ update ] , it serves as a trade center for the San Francisco Bay Area ; its Port of Oakland is the busiest port in the San Francisco Bay , the entirety of Northern California , and the fifth busiest in the United States of America . An act to incorporate the city was passed on May 4 , 1852 , and incorporation was later approved on March 25 , 1854 , which officially made Oakland a city . Oakland is a charter city . Oakland 's territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie , oak woodland , and north coastal scrub . Its land served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco . Oakland 's fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region . In the late 1860s , Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland , enlarging the city 's population , increasing its housing stock , and improving its infrastructure . It continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port , shipyards , and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Bakersfield,_California", "summary": "Bakersfield is a charter city in Kern County , California , United States . It is the county seat and largest city of Kern County . The city covers about 151 sq mi ( 390 km2 ) near the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley and the Central Valley region . Bakersfield 's population is around 380,000 , making it the 52nd-most populous city in the United States of America and the 9th-most populous city in California . The Bakersfield-Delano Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Kern County , had a 2010 census population of 839,631 , making it the 62nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States . The more built-up portion of the metro area that includes Bakersfield and areas immediately around the city , such as East Bakersfield , Oildale and Rosedale , has a population of about 520,000 . Bakersfield is a significant hub for both agriculture and energy production . Kern County is the most productive oil-producing county and the fourth-most productive agricultural county ( by value ) in the United States . Industries in and around Bakersfield include natural gas and other energy extraction , mining , petroleum refining , distribution , food processing , and corporate regional offices . The city is also the birthplace of the country music genre known as the Bakersfield sound ." } ] }, { "value": "1939-1942", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley Flyer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Southern Pacific", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad", "summary": "The Southern Pacific ( reporting mark SP ) ( or Espee from the railroad initials- SP ) was an American Class I railroad network that existed from 1865 to 1996 and operated in the Western United States . The system was operated by various companies under the names Southern Pacific Railroad , Southern Pacific Company and Southern Pacific Transportation Company . The original Southern Pacific began in 1865 as a land holding company . The last incarnation of the Southern Pacific , the Southern Pacific Transportation Company , was founded in 1969 and assumed control of the Southern Pacific system . The Southern Pacific Transportation Company was acquired in 1995 by the Union Pacific Corporation and merged with their Union Pacific Railroad . The Southern Pacific legacy founded hospitals in San Francisco , Tucson , and elsewhere [ where ? ] . In the 1970s , it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone . This telecommunications network became part of Sprint , a company whose name came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony ." } ] }, { "value": "Oakland , California - Fresno , California [ 1921 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oakland,_California", "summary": "Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County , California , United States . A major West Coast port city , Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , the third largest city overall in the San Francisco Bay Area , the eighth most populated city in California , and the 45th largest city in the United States . With a population of 428,827 as of 2018 [ update ] , it serves as a trade center for the San Francisco Bay Area ; its Port of Oakland is the busiest port in the San Francisco Bay , the entirety of Northern California , and the fifth busiest in the United States of America . An act to incorporate the city was passed on May 4 , 1852 , and incorporation was later approved on March 25 , 1854 , which officially made Oakland a city . Oakland is a charter city . Oakland 's territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie , oak woodland , and north coastal scrub . Its land served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco . Oakland 's fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region . In the late 1860s , Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland , enlarging the city 's population , increasing its housing stock , and improving its infrastructure . It continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port , shipyards , and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Fresno,_California", "summary": "Fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh ; Spanish for ash tree ) is a city in and the county seat of Fresno County , California , United States . It covers about 112 square miles ( 290 km2 ) in the center of the San Joaquin Valley , the southern portion of California 's Central Valley . Named for the abundant ash trees lining the San Joaquin River , Fresno was founded in 1872 as a railway station of the Central Pacific Railroad before it was incorporated in 1885 . The city has since become an economic hub of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley , with much of the surrounding areas in the Metropolitan Fresno region predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production . The population of Fresno grew from 134,000 in 1960 to 428,000 in 2000 . With a census-estimated 2018 population of 530,093 , Fresno is the fifth-most populous city in California , the most populous inland city in California , and the 34th-most populous city in the nation . Fresno is near the geographical center of California . It lies approximately 220 miles ( 350 km ) north of Los Angeles , 170 miles ( 270 km ) south of the state capital , Sacramento , and 185 miles ( 300 km ) southeast of San Francisco . Yosemite National Park is about 60 miles ( 100 km ) to the north , Kings Canyon National Park is 60 miles ( 100 km ) to the east , and Sequoia National Park is 75 miles ( 120 km ) to the southeast ." } ] }, { "value": "1921-1927", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley Forge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valley_Forge_(train)", "summary": "Amtrak 's 195-mile ( 314 km ) Keystone Service provides frequent regional passenger train service between the Harrisburg Transportation Center in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania and 30th Street Station in Philadelphia , running along the Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line ( Keystone Corridor ) . Most trains continue along the Northeast Corridor ( NEC ) to Pennsylvania Station in New York . Travel time between Harrisburg and New York is approximately 3 hours and 30 minutes , including 1 hour and 45 minutes to travel between Harrisburg and Philadelphia . There are also several express trains which cut both journey times by approximately 15 minutes . A few portions of the route consist of high-speed rail , where it reaches its max speed of 125 mph ( 201 km/h ) , making it one of the three high-speed rail services operated by Amtrak , and one of the four high-speed rail services in the United States . It is Amtrak 's fifth-busiest route , and the railroad 's third-busiest in the NEC . In fiscal year 2016 , the service carried 1.47 million passengers , an increase of 7.9% over FY2015 . Total revenue in FY2016 was $ 41,123,787 , an increase of 7.5% over FY2015 . The route is primarily funded by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation ( PennDOT ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Amtrak", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amtrak", "summary": "The National Railroad Passenger Corporation , doing business as Amtrak ( reporting marks AMTK , AMTZ ) , is a passenger railroad service that provides medium and long-distance intercity service in the contiguous United States and to nine Canadian cities . Founded in 1971 as a quasi-public corporation to operate many U.S. passenger rail services , it receives a combination of state and federal subsidies but is managed as a for-profit organization . Amtrak 's headquarters is located one block west of Union Station in Washington , D.C. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces , operating more than 300 trains daily over 21,400 miles ( 34,000 km ) of track . Amtrak owns approximately 623 miles of this track and operates an additional 132 miles of track . Some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph ( 240 km/h ) . In fiscal year 2018 , Amtrak served 31.7 million passengers and had $ 3.4 billion in revenue , while employing more than 20,000 people . Nearly 87,000 passengers ride more than 300 Amtrak trains on a daily basis . Nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas ; 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles ( 645 km ) . The name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak , the latter itself a sensational spelling of track ." } ] }, { "value": "New York , New York - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania [ 1989 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_City", "summary": "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Harrisburg ( /ˈhærɪsbɜːrɡ/ HARR-iss-burg ; Pennsylvania German : Harrisbarrig ) [ citation needed ] is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States , and the county seat of Dauphin County . With a population of 49,229 , it is the 15th largest city in the Commonwealth . It lies on the east bank of the Susquehanna River , 107 miles ( 172 km ) west of Philadelphia . Harrisburg is the anchor of the Susquehanna Valley metropolitan area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 574,659 , making it the fourth most populous in Pennsylvania and 96th most populous in the United States . Harrisburg played a notable role in American history during the Westward Migration , the American Civil War , and the Industrial Revolution . During part of the 19th century , the building of the Pennsylvania Canal and later the Pennsylvania Railroad allowed Harrisburg to become one of the most industrialized cities in the Northeastern United States . The U.S. Navy ship USS Harrisburg , which served from 1918 to 1919 at the end of World War I , was named in honor of the city . In the mid-to-late 20th century , the city 's economic fortunes fluctuated with its major industries consisting of government , heavy manufacturing , agriculture , and food services ( nearby Hershey is home of the chocolate maker , located just 10 miles ( 16 km ) east ) . The Pennsylvania Farm Show , the largest free indoor agriculture exposition in the United States , was first held in Harrisburg in 1917 and has been held there every early-to-mid January since then . Harrisburg also hosts an annual outdoor sports show , the largest of its kind in North America , an auto show , which features a large static display of new as well as classic cars and is renowned nationwide , and Motorama , a two-day event consisting of a car show , motocross racing , remote control car racing , and more . Harrisburg is also known for the Three Mile Island accident , which occurred on March 28 , 1979 , near Middletown . In 2010 Forbes rated Harrisburg as the second best place in the U.S. to raise a family ." } ] }, { "value": "1971-1990", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley Special", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pennsylvania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad", "summary": "The Pennsylvania Railroad ( reporting mark PRR , legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company , also known as the Pennsy ) was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and was headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was so named because it was established in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . By 1882 , the Pennsylvania Railroad had become the largest railroad ( by traffic and revenue ) , the largest transportation enterprise , and the largest corporation in the world . Its budget was second only to the U.S. government . The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history : it paid out annual dividends to shareholders for more than 100 consecutive years . Over the years , it acquired , merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies . At the end of 1926 , it operated 11,640.66 miles ( 18,733.83 kilometers ) of rail line ; [ notes 1 ] in the 1920s , it carried nearly three times the traffic as other railroads of comparable length , such as the Union Pacific and Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe railroads . Its only formidable rival was the New York Central ( NYC ) , which carried around three-quarters of the Pennsy 's ton-miles . In 1968 , the Pennsylvania Railroad absorbed its rival New York Central Railroad and the railroad eventually went by the name of Penn Central Transportation Company , or Penn Central for short , the railroad filed for bankruptcy within two years . : Chapter 1 Bankruptcy continued and on April 1 , 1976 , the railroad gave up its railroad assets , along with the assets of several other failing northeastern railroads , to a new railroad named Consolidated Rail Corporation , or Conrail for short . Conrail was itself purchased and split up in 1999 with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) , including nearly all of the remaining former Pennsylvania Railroad . US passenger carrier Amtrak received the electrified segment of the Main Line east of Harrisburg ." } ] }, { "value": "Chicago , Illinois - Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania [ 1948 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois", "summary": "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania", "summary": "Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries ." } ] }, { "value": "1936-1940 ; 1947-1949", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "U , V", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_named_passenger_trains_of_the_United_States_(S-Z)_2", "intro": "N/A" }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Student_Sport_Federation", "title": "Quebec Student Sport Federation", "header": [ "Institution", "Nickname", "Location ( Quebec )" ], "data": [ { "value": "Cégep de l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cégep_de_l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue", "summary": "Cégep de l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue is a public college-level institute of education ( CEGEP ) with its main campus located in Rouyn-Noranda , Quebec , Canada . The CEGEP has two additional campuses , in Amos and Val-d'Or . It was founded in 1967 , and 2,500 students are currently enrolled . Programs are offered in mining and forestry , as well as social , technical , industrial and communications professions ." } ] }, { "value": "Gaillards ( mens ) Astrelles ( womens )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rouyn-Noranda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rouyn-Noranda", "summary": "Rouyn-Noranda ( 2011 population 41,012 ) is a city on Osisko Lake in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of Quebec , Canada . The city of Rouyn-Noranda is a coextensive with a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec of the same name . Their geographical code is 86 ." } ] }, { "value": "Collège Ahuntsic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collège_Ahuntsic", "summary": "Collège Ahuntsic is a Francophone public college situated in the Ahuntsic-Cartierville borough of Montreal , Quebec , Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "Indiens", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montreal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montreal", "summary": "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ." } ] }, { "value": "Collège d'Alma", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collège_d'Alma", "summary": "Collège d'Alma is a Cégep ( public educational institution ) in Alma , Quebec , Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "Jeannois", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alma", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alma,_Quebec", "summary": "Alma ( 2011 Town population : 30,904 ; CA Population 33,018 ; UA Population 26,016 ) is a town in the Canadian province of Quebec ." } ] }, { "value": "Collège André-Grasset", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collège_André-Grasset", "summary": "Collège André-Grasset is a private college in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It is located near the Quebec Autoroute 40 and the Crémazie metro station . The college was founded in 1927 by the priests at St. Sulpice of Montreal and named after priest André Grasset . The school was built at the request of the Archbishop of Montreal . In 1975 , the school opened a gym , and a multipurpose room was inaugurated in 1990 . Since 2003 , the college offers technical training courses at the Institute Grasset . The school 's president is Isabelle Foisy and its director is Patrick Caron ." } ] }, { "value": "Phénix", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montreal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montreal", "summary": "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ." } ] }, { "value": "Cégep André-Laurendeau", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cégep_André-Laurendeau", "summary": "The Cégep André-Laurendeau is a public French-language college located at 1111 Lapierre Street in Montreal ( LaSalle ) , Quebec , Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "Boomerang", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montreal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montreal", "summary": "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ." } ] }, { "value": "Cégep de Baie-Comeau", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cégep_de_Baie-Comeau", "summary": "Cégep de Baie-Comeau is a CEGEP in Baie-Comeau , Quebec , Canada . Cégep de Baie-Comeau , a pre-university and technical college , is affiliated with ACCC , and CCAA ." } ] }, { "value": "Trappeurs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Baie-Comeau", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baie-Comeau", "summary": "Baie-Comeau ( [ be.kɔ.mo ] ; 2016 city population 21,536 ; CA population 27,692 ) is a city located approximately 420 kilometres ( 260 mi ) north-east of Quebec City in the Côte-Nord region of the province of Quebec , Canada . It is located on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River near the mouth of the Manicouagan River , and is the seat of Manicouagan Regional County Municipality . There are two urban area population centres within the city limits : Baie-Comeau proper , with a population of 9,610 , and Hauterive , with a population of 11,549 , as of the 2016 Canadian Census . The city is named after the adjacent Comeau Bay , which is named in honour of Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau , a Québécois naturalist . Former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney is a native of the town ." } ] }, { "value": "Cégep Beauce-Appalaches", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cégep_Beauce-Appalaches", "summary": "Cégep Beauce-Appalaches is a CEGEP in Saint-Georges , Quebec , Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "Condors", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Saint-Georges", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Saint-Georges,_Quebec", "summary": "Saint-Georges is a city in the province of Quebec . It is the seat of Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality , part of the Chaudière-Appalaches region . The population was 31,173 as of the Canada 2011 Census . Route 173 runs through Saint-Georges Est ( where it is known as Boulevard Lacroix ) and heads south to the border with Maine , USA . The name of the parish and of the city , Saint-Georges , is in homage to George Pozer , the fourth seigneur of Aubert-Gallion . The Beauce-Etchemin School Board ( Commission scolaire de la Beauce-Etchemin ) has its headquarters on 118th Street . Saint-Georges is home to the Cégep Beauce-Appalaches . In 2002 , it amalgamated with Saint-Georges-Est ( pop . 4,110 ) , Aubert-Gallion ( pop . 2,444 ) and Saint-Jean-de-la-Lande ( pop . 786 ) . It is home to one of the few inflatable dams , introduced to raise the water level of the Chaudière River for water-based activities and to make the riverside more attractive ." } ] }, { "value": "Collège de Bois-de-Boulogne", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collège_de_Bois-de-Boulogne", "summary": "The Collège Bois-de-Boulogne is a public pre-university and vocational college ( CEGEP ) located on Bois de Boulogne Street in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It has an enrollment of approximately 2,700 students in 7 pre-university and technical programmes and 4400 participants in adult education and corporate programmes . The staff consists of over 450 people ." } ] }, { "value": "Cavaliers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montreal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montreal", "summary": "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ." } ] }, { "value": "Centre d'études collégiales Matapédien", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alizé", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Amqui", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amqui", "summary": "Amqui ( /ɒmkwiː/ ) is a town in eastern Quebec , Canada , at the base of the Gaspé peninsula in Bas-Saint-Laurent . Located at the confluence of the Humqui and Matapédia Rivers , it is the seat of La Matapédia Regional County Municipality . The main access road is Quebec Route 132 ." } ] }, { "value": "Centre d'études collégiales de Montmagny", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Combattants", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montmagny", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montmagny,_Quebec", "summary": "Montmagny ( French pronunciation : ​ [ mɔ̃maɲi ] ) is a city in the Montmagny Regional County Municipality within the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec . It is the county seat and had a population , as of the Canada 2011 Census , of 11,491 . The city is on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River , east of Quebec City , and was founded more than 350 years ago . It is Canada 's Snow Goose Capital , and festivals include the International Accordion Festival in September and the Festival of the Snow Geese in October . The city was named after Charles de Montmagny , the first to have the title of governor of New France . ( Samuel de Champlain was commander in chief . ) Montmagny was the county seat of the former Montmagny County ." } ] }, { "value": "Champlain College Lennoxville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Champlain_College_Lennoxville", "summary": "Champlain College Lennoxville is the Champlain Regional College campus serving the Eastern Townships ( Estrie ) . The campus is located in the borough of Lennoxville , of Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada . Like the other campuses of Champlain Regional College , the Lennoxville campus is an English-language public post-secondary institution . Champlain College Lennoxville shares a campus with its neighbour , Bishop 's University ." } ] }, { "value": "Cougars", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lennoxville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lennoxville,_Quebec", "summary": "Lennoxville is an arrondissement , or borough , of the city of Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada . Lennoxville is located at the confluence of the St. Francis and Massawippi Rivers approximately five kilometres south of downtown Sherbrooke . Lennoxville had previously existed as an independent city until Jan. 1 , 2002 , when the city of Lennoxville , along with several other formerly independent towns and cities in the region , were merged with the city of Sherbrooke . A demerger referendum held on June 20 , 2004 failed to attract the required majority of votes to reestablish Lennoxville as an independent city ." } ] }, { "value": "Champlain College Saint-Lambert", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Champlain_College_Saint-Lambert", "summary": "Champlain College Saint-Lambert is a public College in Saint-Lambert , Quebec , Canada . It is a campus of Champlain Regional College , and primarily serves the South Shore of Montreal . Like the other campuses of Champlain Regional College , the Saint-Lambert campus is an English-language public post-secondary institution that offers both pre-university and career programs ." } ] }, { "value": "Cavaliers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Saint-Lambert", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Saint-Lambert,_Quebec", "summary": "Saint-Lambert is a city ( French : ville ) in southwestern Quebec , Canada , located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River , opposite Montreal . It is part of the Urban agglomeration of Longueuil of the Montérégie administrative region . It was home to 21,861 people according to the Canada 2016 Census . Saint-Lambert is divided into two main sections : the original city of Saint-Lambert and the Préville neighbourhood . The original city of Saint-Lambert ( as it existed prior to 1969 ) is located from the Country Club of Montreal golf course to the border of the Le Vieux-Longueuil borough . It includes the city 's downtown , known as The Village . On the other side of the Country Club of Montreal is the former city of Préville , which merged with Saint-Lambert in 1969 . It extends to the borders of the city of Brossard and the Longueuil borough of Greenfield Park . Saint-Lambert was named for the early French Canadian hunter Lambert Closse ." } ] }, { "value": "Champlain College St. Lawrence", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Champlain_College_St._Lawrence", "summary": "St. Lawrence College is a campus belonging to Champlain Regional College . The campus is in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada , and is the only English-language Cégep to serve the region ." } ] }, { "value": "Lions", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quebec City", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quebec_City", "summary": "Quebec City ( /kwɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) or /kəˈbɛk/ ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ; French : Ville de Québec , Western Abnaki : Kephek ) , officially Québec , is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2016 the city has a population of 531,902 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296 . It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada . The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin [ note 1 ] word meaning where the river narrows , because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608 , and adopted the Algonquin name . Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America . The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the Historic District of Old Québec . The city 's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec , an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence . The National Assembly of Quebec ( provincial legislature ) , the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec ) , and the Musée de la civilisation ( Museum of Civilization ) are found within or near Vieux-Québec ." } ] }, { "value": "Cégep de Chicoutimi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cégep_de_Chicoutimi", "summary": "The Cégep de Chicoutimi is a post-secondary institution in the province of Quebec , Canada . It is located in the Chicoutimi borough of the City of Saguenay . It is one of four CEGEPs in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region . The Cégep de Chicoutimi has approximately 3,000 students and 600 employees . In addition to providing educational training , it also serves as a social and cultural complex with community services such as a physical training centre ." } ] }, { "value": "Couguars", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Saguenay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec", "summary": "Saguenay ( /ˈsæɡəneɪ , ˌsæɡəˈneɪ/ SAG-ə-nay , -⁠NAY , French : [ saɡnɛ ] , locally [ -ne ] ) is a city in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec , Canada , on the Saguenay River , about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) north of Quebec City by overland route . It is about 126 kilometres ( 78 mi ) upriver and northwest of Tadoussac , located at the confluence with the St. Lawrence River . It was formed in 2002 by merging the cities of Chicoutimi and Jonquière and the town of La Baie . Chicoutimi was founded by the French in 1676 . The city of Saguenay constitutes a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) ; its geographical code is 941 . Together with the regional county municipality of Le Fjord-du-Saguenay , it forms the census division ( CD ) of Le Saguenay-et-son-Fjord ( 94 ) . The mayor of Saguenay is Josée Néron . Prior to its use as the name of the city , the term the Saguenay or ( less commonly ) Saguenay Valley had already been used for the whole Saguenay River region ( see Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean ) . Saguenay is the seat of the judicial district of Chicoutimi . The city is divided into three boroughs : Chicoutimi ( which includes the former city of Chicoutimi , as well as Laterrière and Tremblay township ) , Jonquière ( which includes the former city of Jonquière , Lac-Kénogami , and Shipshaw ) and La Baie ( which corresponds to the former city of La Baie ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Cégep de Drummondville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cégep_de_Drummondville", "summary": "Cégep de Drummondville is a CEGEP in Drummondville , Quebec , Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "Voltigeurs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drummondville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Drummondville", "summary": "Drummondville is a city in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec , located east of Montreal on the Saint-François River . The population as of the Canada 2016 Census was 68,601 . The mayor of Drummondville is Alexandre Cusson . Drummondville is the seat of Drummond Regional County Municipality , and of the judicial district of Drummond ." } ] }, { "value": "Collège Édouard-Montpetit", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collège_Édouard-Montpetit", "summary": "Cégep Édouard-Montpetit is a public Francophone college in Longueuil , Quebec , Canada . Approximately 7,300 ( fall 2016 ) students ( as much in the Continuing Education programs ) are enrolled in the 2 campuses , the main one located in Longueuil and the École nationale d'aérotechnique in St-Hubert campuses . It is affiliated with the ACCC , and CCAA ." } ] }, { "value": "Lynx", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Longueuil", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Longueuil", "summary": "Longueuil ( /lɒŋˈɡeɪl/ ; French : [ lɔ̃ɡœj ] ) is a city in the province of Quebec , Canada . It is the seat of the Montérégie administrative region and the central city of the urban agglomeration of Longueuil . It sits on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River directly across from Montreal . The population as of the Canada 2016 Census totalled 239,700 , making it Montreal 's second largest suburb , the fifth most populous city in Quebec and twentieth largest in Canada . Charles Le Moyne founded Longueuil as a seigneurie in 1657 . It would become a parish in 1845 , a village in 1848 , a town in 1874 and a city in 1920 . Between 1961 and 2002 , Longueuil 's borders grew three times , as it was amalgamated with surrounding municipalities ; there was a strong de-amalgamation in 2006 ( see 2000-2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec ) . Longueuil is a residential , commercial and industrial city . It incorporates some urban features , but is essentially a suburb . Longueuil can be classified as a commuter town as a large portion of its residents commute to work in Montreal . Most buildings are single-family homes constructed in the post-war period . The city consists of three boroughs : Le Vieux-Longueuil , Saint-Hubert and Greenfield Park ." } ] }, { "value": "Cégep François-Xavier-Garneau", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Élans", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quebec City", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quebec_City", "summary": "Quebec City ( /kwɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) or /kəˈbɛk/ ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ; French : Ville de Québec , Western Abnaki : Kephek ) , officially Québec , is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2016 the city has a population of 531,902 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296 . It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada . The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin [ note 1 ] word meaning where the river narrows , because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608 , and adopted the Algonquin name . Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America . The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the Historic District of Old Québec . The city 's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec , an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence . The National Assembly of Quebec ( provincial legislature ) , the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec ) , and the Musée de la civilisation ( Museum of Civilization ) are found within or near Vieux-Québec ." } ] }, { "value": "Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cégep_de_la_Gaspésie_et_des_Îles", "summary": "Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles is a bilingual english and french college of general and vocational education ( known by the French acronym CEGEP ) , with an English section , in Gaspé , Quebec , Canada . The CEGEP is affiliated with the ACCC , and CCAA ." } ] }, { "value": "Bleu Marin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gaspé", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gaspé,_Quebec", "summary": "Gaspé is a city at the tip of the Gaspé Peninsula in the Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine region of eastern Quebec in Canada . Gaspé is located about 650 km ( 400 mi ) northeast of Quebec City , and 350 km ( 220 mi ) east of Rimouski . As of the 2011 Canadian Census , the city had a total population of 15,163 . In addition to the city , Gaspé 's territory includes the communities of Cap-aux-Os , Cap-des-Rosiers , Douglastown , Haldimand , Jersey Cove , L'Anse-à-Fugère , L'Anse-à-Valleau , L'Anse-au-Griffon , Penouille , Petit-Cap , Petite-Rivière-au-Renard , Pointe-Jaune , Rivière-au-Renard , Rivière-Morris , Sandy Beach , Saint-Majorique , Saint-Maurice-de-l'Échouerie , Wakeham , and York Centre . The city 's territory occupies 1,440 km2 ( 560 sq mi ) and borders the sea and the St. Lawrence River for some 130 km ( 81 mi ) . French is the first language learnt by most of Gaspé 's population where nearly 90% of the population is French Canadian . Gaspé is where Jacques Cartier took possession of New France ( now part of Canada ) in the name of François I of France on July 24 , 1534 ." } ] }, { "value": "Collège Gérald-Godin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cégep_Gérald-Godin", "summary": "Cégep Gérald-Godin is a French-language public college located in Sainte-Geneviève , Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It is the first and only French-language public college on the West Island of Montreal . It is located on Gouin Boulevard overlooking the Rivière des Prairies . Its building , designed in 1932 by Lucien Parent , was formerly a novitiate of the Congregation of Holy Cross . It is named after poet and separatist politician Gérald Godin ." } ] }, { "value": "Gladiateurs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montreal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montreal", "summary": "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ." } ] }, { "value": "Cégep de Granby Haute-Yamaska", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cégep_de_Granby_Haute-Yamaska", "summary": "The Cégep of Granby is part of Quebec 's CEGEP junior college network . It is located in the city of Granby . Almost 1800 students attend classes there full-time ." } ] }, { "value": "Inouk", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Granby", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Granby,_Quebec", "summary": "Granby is a town in southwestern Quebec , located east of Montreal . The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 63,433 . Granby is the seat of La Haute-Yamaska Regional County Municipality . It is the fourth most populated town in Montérégie after Longueuil , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , and Brossard . The town is named after John Manners , Marquess of Granby ; today it is most famous for the Granby Zoo and its landmark fountain of lake Boivin ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Member schools -- CCAA member schools", "section_text": "", "uid": "Quebec_Student_Sport_Federation_2", "intro": "The Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ; literal translation: Quebec Student Sports Network) is the current name for the organisation formerly known as the Quebec Student Sports Federation (QSSF) in English. RSEQ is the governing body of primary and secondary school, collegiate and university sport in Quebec. It also serves as a regional membership association for Canadian universities which assists in co-ordinating competition between their university level athletic programs and providing contact information, schedules, results, and releases about those programs and events to the public and the media. This is similar to what would be called a college athletic conference in the United States. The RSEQ, which covers Quebec, is one of four such bodies that are members of the country's governing body for university athletics, U Sports. The other three regional associations coordinating university-level sports in Canada are Ontario University Athletics (OUA), Atlantic University Sport (AUS), and the Canada West Universities Athletic Association (CW). The RSEQ was initially known as the Quebec Universities Athletic Association (QUAA) when it was founded in 1971 with the reformulations of three university athletic associations spanning the universities of Ontario and Quebec. After the merger between the university, collegiate and high school governing bodies in 1989, the amalgamated association was named to the QSSF and then renamed RSEQ in November 2010. As with all of Canada's provincial high school athletics associations, the RSEQ is an affiliate member of the United States-based National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS)." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Sigma_Kappa_brothers", "title": "List of Phi Sigma Kappa brothers", "header": [ "Name", "Original chapter", "Notability" ], "data": [ { "value": "Daniel Brandenstein", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daniel_Brandenstein", "summary": "Daniel Charles Brandenstein ( born January 17 , 1943 ) is the Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of United Space Alliance . He is a former Naval Aviator , test pilot and NASA astronaut , who flew four Space Shuttle missions ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigma Zeta ( Wisconsin-River Falls ) 1965", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–River_Falls", "summary": "The University of Wisconsin-River Falls ( UW-River Falls or UWRF ) is a public university in River Falls , Wisconsin . It is part of the University of Wisconsin System . The 226-acre ( 91 ha ) campus is situated on the Kinnickinnic River in the St. Croix River Valley . The university has 32 major buildings and two laboratory farms , with a total of 440 acres ( 178 ha ) of land . In 2013-2014 , UWRF had an enrollment of 6,061 students in more than 40 undergraduate and graduate programs . UWRF is a member of the American Council of Education Internationalization Laboratory and provides several global studies and study abroad programs . The university also hosts the St. Croix Institute for Sustainable Community Development ." } ] }, { "value": "Retired Captain , U.S.N . ; Former Chief of the NASA Astronaut Office ; Veteran of four space shuttle missions", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/U.S.N.", "summary": "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ." }, { "url": "/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps", "summary": "The NASA Astronaut Corps is a unit of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) that selects , trains , and provides astronauts as crew members for U.S. and international space missions . It is based at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Space_shuttle", "summary": "The Space Shuttle is a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system that was operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) as part of the Space Shuttle program . Its official program name was Space Transportation System ( STS ) , taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development . The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 . In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled , five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 , launched from the Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) in Florida . Operational missions launched numerous satellites , interplanetary probes , and the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) ; conducted science experiments in orbit ; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station . The Shuttle fleet 's total mission time was 1322 days , 19 hours , 21 minutes and 23 seconds . Shuttle components include the Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) with three clustered Rocketdyne RS-25 main engines , a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters ( SRBs ) , and the expendable external tank ( ET ) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen . The Space Shuttle was launched vertically , like a conventional rocket , with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV 's three main engines , which were fueled from the ET . The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit , and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion , which used the orbiter 's two Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) engines . At the conclusion of the mission , the orbiter fired its OMS to deorbit and reenter the atmosphere . The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing , usually to the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center , Florida or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base , California . After landing at Edwards , the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft , a specially modified Boeing 747 ." } ] }, { "value": "Major Watt Espy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/M._Watt_Espy", "summary": "Major Watt Espy , Jr. ( March 2 , 1933 - August 13 , 2009 ) was a researcher and expert on capital punishment in the United States . Espy , a resident of Headland , Alabama , attended the University of Alabama where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity . Even in college he had garnered a reputation as an engaging speaker , serving as toastmaster for the 30th anniversary banquet of the chapter , held in 1955 . He graduated in 1957 . Espy was an author , with John Ortiz Smykla , of The Espy Files , a database of executions carried out in the United States and preceding territories from 1608 , which is the most complete source of data on the issue , identifying 15,487 people put to death . He began his research in the 1970s when he was a salesman , working with everything from cemetery plots to security systems . While making calls he 'd stop at a prison or courthouse for information . He became a full-time researcher in 1977 . Espy became a death penalty opponent due to his concerns about racial bias , innocence and lack of deterrence . Espy served as a citizen witness to exactly one execution - that of John Louis Evans in the Alabama electric chair on April 22 , 1983 . Espy died aged 76 on August 13 , 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "Omicron Deuteron ( Alabama ) , 1957", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Alabama", "summary": "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ." } ] }, { "value": "Researcher and historian on Capital Punishment in America , co-author with John Ortiz Smykla of The Espy Files , a database of executions carried out in the United States and preceding territories from 1608 . This database is the most complete source of data on the issue , identifying 15,487 people put to death", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States", "summary": "Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States , currently used by 29 states , the federal government , and the military . Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies . The United States is the only developed Western nation that applies the death penalty regularly . It is one of 54 countries worldwide applying it , and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution , which has since been adopted by five other countries . The Philippines has since abolished executions , and Guatemala has done so for civil offenses , leaving the United States as one of four countries to still use this method ( along with China , Thailand , and Vietnam ) . There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977 . In 1972 , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia , reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment . Subsequently , a majority of states passed new death penalty statutes , and the court affirmed the legality of capital punishment in the 1976 case Gregg v. Georgia . Since then , more than 7,800 defendants have been sentenced to death ; of these , more than 1,500 have been executed . A total of 165 who were sentenced to death in the modern era were exonerated before their execution . As of December 17 , 2019 , 2,656 are still on death row . The death penalty for federal crimes was reinstated in July 2019 after a 16-year hiatus ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "John Fabian", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_M._Fabian", "summary": "John McCreary Fabian ( born January 28 , 1939 ) is a former NASA astronaut , Air Force officer , and director who flew two Space Shuttle missions and on the development of the Shuttle 's robotic arm . He later led the Air Force 's space operations ." } ] }, { "value": "Chi Deuteron ( Washington State ) 1961", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Washington_State_University", "summary": "Washington State University ( Washington State , WSU , or Wazzu ) is a public research university in Pullman , Washington . Founded in 1890 , WSU is one of the oldest land-grant universities in the American West . With an undergraduate enrollment of 24,470 and a total enrollment of 29,686 , it is the second largest institution for higher education in Washington state behind the University of Washington . The WSU Pullman campus is perched upon a hill , characterized by open spaces , views , deep green conifers , and a restrained red brick and basalt material palette - materials originally found on site . The university is nestled within the rolling topography of the Palouse in rural eastern Washington and remains intimately connected to the town , the region , and the landscape in which it sits . The university also operates campuses across Washington known as WSU Spokane , WSU Tri-Cities , and WSU Vancouver , all founded in 1989 . In 2012 , WSU launched an Internet-based Global Campus , which includes its online degree program , WSU Online . In 2015 , WSU expanded to a sixth campus , known as WSU Everett . These campuses award primarily bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Freshmen and sophomores were first admitted to the Vancouver campus in 2006 and to the Tri-Cities campus in 2007 . Enrollment for the four campuses and WSU Online exceeds 29,686 students . This includes 1,751 international students ." } ] }, { "value": "Former NASA Astronaut ; Veteran of two space shuttle missions", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NASA", "summary": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Astronaut", "summary": "An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . Although generally reserved for professional space travelers , the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space , including scientists , politicians , journalists and tourists . Until 2002 , astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments , either by the military or by civilian space agencies . With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004 , a new category of astronaut was created : the commercial astronaut ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Space_shuttle", "summary": "The Space Shuttle is a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system that was operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) as part of the Space Shuttle program . Its official program name was Space Transportation System ( STS ) , taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development . The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 . In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled , five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 , launched from the Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) in Florida . Operational missions launched numerous satellites , interplanetary probes , and the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) ; conducted science experiments in orbit ; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station . The Shuttle fleet 's total mission time was 1322 days , 19 hours , 21 minutes and 23 seconds . Shuttle components include the Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) with three clustered Rocketdyne RS-25 main engines , a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters ( SRBs ) , and the expendable external tank ( ET ) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen . The Space Shuttle was launched vertically , like a conventional rocket , with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV 's three main engines , which were fueled from the ET . The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit , and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion , which used the orbiter 's two Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) engines . At the conclusion of the mission , the orbiter fired its OMS to deorbit and reenter the atmosphere . The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing , usually to the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center , Florida or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base , California . After landing at Edwards , the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft , a specially modified Boeing 747 ." } ] }, { "value": "Richard F. Gordon , Jr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon,_Jr.", "summary": "Richard Francis Gordon Jr. ( October 5 , 1929 - November 6 , 2017 ) was an American naval officer and aviator , chemist , test pilot , and NASA astronaut , and an American football executive . He was one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon , as the command module pilot of the 1969 Apollo 12 mission which orbited the Moon 45 times . Prior to his lunar flight Gordon had flown in space as the pilot of the 1966 Gemini 11 mission ." } ] }, { "value": "Lambda Deuteron ( Washington ) 1951", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Washington_University", "summary": "Washington University in St. Louis ( WashU , or WUSTL ) is a private research university in Greater St. Louis with its main campus mostly in unincorporated St. Louis County , Missouri and Clayton , Missouri , its West Campus in Clayton , its North Campus in the West End neighborhood of St. Louis , Missouri , and its Medical Campus in the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis , Missouri . Founded in 1853 , and named after George Washington , the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries . As of 2017 , 24 Nobel laureates in economics , physiology and medicine , chemistry , and physics have been affiliated with Washington University , nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university . Washington University is made up of seven graduate and undergraduate schools that encompass a broad range of academic fields . To prevent confusion over its location , the Board of Trustees added the phrase in St. Louis in 1976 ." } ] }, { "value": "Retired Captain , U.S.N . ; NASA Astronaut , missions : Gemini 11 & Apollo 12", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NASA", "summary": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Astronaut", "summary": "An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . Although generally reserved for professional space travelers , the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space , including scientists , politicians , journalists and tourists . Until 2002 , astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments , either by the military or by civilian space agencies . With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004 , a new category of astronaut was created : the commercial astronaut ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Gemini_11", "summary": "Gemini 11 ( officially Gemini XI ) was the ninth crewed spaceflight mission of NASA 's Project Gemini , which flew from September 12 to 15 , 1966 . It was the 17th crewed American flight and the 25th spaceflight to that time ( includes X-15 flights over 100 kilometers ( 54 nmi ) ) . Astronauts Charles Pete Conrad Jr. and Richard F. Gordon Jr. performed the first-ever direct-ascent ( first orbit ) rendezvous with an Agena Target Vehicle , docking with it 1 hour 34 minutes after launch ; used the Agena rocket engine to achieve a world-record high-apogee Earth orbit ; and created a small amount of artificial gravity by spinning the two spacecraft connected by a tether . Gordon also performed two extra-vehicular activities for a total of 2 hours 41 minutes ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Apollo_12", "summary": "Apollo 12 was the sixth crewed flight in the United States Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon . It was launched on November 14 , 1969 , from the Kennedy Space Center , Florida , four months after Apollo 11 . Commander Charles Pete Conrad and Apollo Lunar Module Pilot Alan L. Bean performed just over one day and seven hours of lunar surface activity while Command Module Pilot Richard F. Gordon remained in lunar orbit . The landing site for the mission was located in the southeastern portion of the Ocean of Storms . On November 19 Conrad and Bean achieved a precise landing at their expected location within walking distance of the site of the Surveyor 3 robotic probe , which had landed on April 20 , 1967 . They carried the first color television camera to the lunar surface on an Apollo flight , but transmission was lost after Bean accidentally pointed the camera at the Sun and the camera 's sensor was destroyed . On one of two moonwalks they visited Surveyor 3 and removed some parts for return to Earth . Lunar Module Intrepid lifted off from the Moon on November 20 and docked with the command module , which then , after completing its 45th lunar orbit , traveled back to Earth . The Apollo 12 mission ended on November 24 with a successful splashdown ." } ] }, { "value": "Leonard J . Grant", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lambda ( George Washington ) 1950", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_Washington_University", "summary": "George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries ." } ] }, { "value": "Retired Vice-President , National Geographic Society", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/National_Geographic_Society", "summary": "The National Geographic Society ( NGS ) , headquartered in Washington , D.C. , United States , is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational organizations in the world . Founded in 1888 , its interests include geography , archaeology , and natural science , the promotion of environmental and historical conservation , and the study of world culture and history . The National Geographic Society 's logo is a yellow portrait frame - rectangular in shape - which appears on the margins surrounding the front covers of its magazines and as its television channel logo . Through National Geographic Partners ( a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company ) , the Society operates the magazine , TV channels , a website , worldwide events , and other media operations ." } ] }, { "value": "Milton Harris", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Milton_Harris_(scientist)", "summary": "Milton Harris ( March 21 , 1906 - September 12 , 1991 ) was a scientist who founded the Harris Research Laboratories and , for six years , chaired the Board of Directors of the American Chemical Society ." } ] }, { "value": "Theta Deuteron ( Oregon State ) 1926", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oregon_State_University", "summary": "Oregon State University ( OSU ) is a public flagship research university in Corvallis , Oregon . The university offers more than 200 undergraduate degree programs along with a variety of graduate and doctoral degrees . With a student enrollment approaching 32,000 , it is Oregon 's largest university . More than 230,000 students have graduated from OSU since its founding . The Carnegie Foundation designates Oregon State University as a Community Engagement university and classifies it as a doctoral university with a status of Highest research activity . OSU is one of 73 land-grant universities in the United States . The school is also a sea-grant , space-grant , and sun-grant institution , making it one of only four U.S. institutions to obtain all four designations . ( University of Hawaii at Manoa , Cornell University and Pennsylvania State University are the only others with similar designation . ) OSU received $ 441 million in research funding for the 2017 fiscal year ." } ] }, { "value": "President , American Institute of Chemists , former vice-president for Research and Development , the Gillette Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/American_Institute_of_Chemists", "summary": "The American Institute of Chemists ( AIC ) is an organization founded in 1923 with the goal of advancing the chemistry profession in the United States . The institute is known for its yearly awards recognizing contributions of individuals in this field of work . The American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal , given since 1926 , is the institute 's highest award and is awarded annually to a person who has promoted activity of service to the science or profession of chemist or chemical engineer in the United States of America . The Chemical Pioneer Award , first given in 1966 , recognizes chemists or chemical engineers who have made outstanding contributions to advances in chemistry or the chemical profession . Former Presidents of the Institute include Gustav Egloff who served from 1942 to 1946 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Gillette_(brand)", "summary": "Gillette is an American brand of safety razors and other personal care products including shaving supplies , owned by the multi-national corporation Procter & Gamble ( P & G ) . Based in Boston , Massachusetts , United States , it was owned by The Gillette Company , a supplier of products under various brands until that company merged into P & G in 2005 . The Gillette Company was founded by King C. Gillette in 1901 as a safety razor manufacturer . Under the leadership of Colman M. Mockler Jr. as CEO from 1975 to 1991 , the company was the target of multiple takeover attempts , from Ronald Perelman and Coniston Partners . In January 2005 , Procter & Gamble announced plans to merge with the Gillette Company . The Gillette Company 's assets were incorporated into a P & G unit known internally as Global Gillette . In July 2007 , Global Gillette was dissolved and incorporated into Procter & Gamble 's other two main divisions , Procter & Gamble Beauty and Procter & Gamble Household Care . Gillette 's brands and products were divided between the two accordingly . The Gillette R & D center in Boston , Massachusetts , and the Gillette South Boston Manufacturing Center ( known as Gillette World Shaving Headquarters ) , still exist as functional working locations under the Procter & Gamble-owned Gillette brand name . Gillette 's subsidiaries Braun and Oral-B , among others , have also been retained by P & G ." } ] }, { "value": "Dr. Paul H. Jeserich", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Delta Deuteron ( Michigan ) , 1914", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Michigan", "summary": "The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals ." } ] }, { "value": "President of the American Dental Association , 1959 . Dean of University of Michigan School of Dentistry , 1950-62", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/American_Dental_Association", "summary": "The American Dental Association ( ADA ) is an American professional association established in 1859 which has more than 161,000 members . Based in the American Dental Association Building in the Near North Side of Chicago , the ADA is the world 's largest and oldest national dental association and promotes good oral health to the public while representing the dental profession . The ADA publishes a monthly journal of dental related articles named the Journal of the American Dental Association ." }, { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Dentistry", "summary": "The University of Michigan School of Dentistry is the dental school of the University of Michigan , located in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Established in 1875 , the School of Dentistry engages in oral and craniofacial health care education , research , patient care and community service . It is currently the number one ranked dental school in the U.S. and fifth in the world according to two independent rankings . The University of Michigan was the first state university in the world and the second university in the United States to offer education in dentistry . ( Harvard was the first ) . The University of Michigan was also the first to provide graduate-level dentistry education . Four of its faculty members have been elected president of the American Dental Association . The Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry is housed within the School of Dentistry ." } ] }, { "value": "J. Walter Larkin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tau ( Dartmouth ) 1924", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dartmouth_College", "summary": "Dartmouth College ( /ˈdɑːrtməθ/ DART-məth ) is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover , New Hampshire , United States . Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock , it is the ninth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Although founded as a school to educate Native Americans in Christian theology and the English way of life , Dartmouth primarily trained Congregationalist ministers throughout its early history before it gradually secularized , emerging at the turn of the 20th century from relative obscurity into national prominence . Following a liberal arts curriculum , the university provides undergraduate instruction in 40 academic departments and interdisciplinary programs including 57 majors in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering , and enables students to design specialized concentrations or engage in dual degree programs . Dartmouth comprises five constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Geisel School of Medicine , the Thayer School of Engineering , the Tuck School of Business , and the Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies . The university also has affiliations with the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , the Rockefeller Institute for Public Policy , and the Hopkins Center for the Arts . With a student enrollment of about 6,400 , Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League . Undergraduate admissions are highly competitive , with an acceptance rate of 7.9% for the Class of 2023 . Situated on a terrace above the Connecticut River , Dartmouth 's 269-acre main campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England . The university functions on a quarter system , operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms . Dartmouth is known for its undergraduate focus , strong Greek culture , and wide array of enduring campus traditions . Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I. Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings , and has been cited as a leading university for undergraduate teaching and research by U.S. News & World Report ." } ] }, { "value": "President , Osteopathic College of Ophthalmology , 1959", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charles C. Price", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Phi ( Swarthmore ) 1934", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swarthmore_College", "summary": "Swarthmore College ( /ˈswɔːrθmɔːr/ , locally [ swɑθ- ] ) is a private liberal arts college in Swarthmore , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1864 , with its first classes being held in 1869 , Swarthmore was one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States . It was established to be a college .under the care of Friends , at which an education may be obtained equal to that of the best institutions of learning in our country . By 1906 , Swarthmore had dropped its religious affiliation and became officially non-sectarian . Swarthmore is a member of the Tri-College Consortium along with Bryn Mawr and Haverford College , a cooperative academic arrangement between the three schools . Swarthmore is also affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania through the Quaker Consortium , which allows for students to cross-register for classes at all four institutions . Swarthmore offers over 600 courses a year in more than 40 areas of study , including an ABET accredited engineering program which culminates with a Bachelor of Science in engineering . Swarthmore has a variety of sporting teams with a total of 22 Division III Varsity Intercollegiate Sports Teams and competes in the Centennial Conference , a group of private colleges in Pennsylvania and Maryland . Despite the school 's small size , Swarthmore alumni have attained prominence in a broad range of fields . Graduates include five Nobel Prize winners ( as of 2016 , the third-highest number of Nobel Prize winners per graduate in the U.S. ) , 11 MacArthur Foundation fellows , 30 Rhodes Scholars , 27 Truman Scholars , 10 Marshall Scholars , 201 Fulbright Grantees , and many noteworthy figures in law , art , science , academia , business , politics , and other fields ." } ] }, { "value": "Chairman of the Board , Swarthmore College , winner of the 1974 American Chemical Society Award for Creative Invention of polyether polyurethane rubber , President , World Federalist Educational Fund", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/American_Chemical_Society", "summary": "The American Chemical Society ( ACS ) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry . Founded in 1876 at New York University , the ACS currently has nearly 157,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry , chemical engineering , and related fields . It is the world 's largest scientific society by membership . The ACS is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Its headquarters are located in Washington , D.C. , and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus , Ohio . The ACS is a leading source of scientific information through its peer-reviewed scientific journals , national conferences , and the Chemical Abstracts Service . Its publications division produces over 60 scholarly journals including the prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society , as well as the weekly trade magazine Chemical & Engineering News . The ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions . The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service , a provider of chemical databases worldwide . The organization also publishes textbooks , administers several national chemistry awards , provides grants for scientific research , and supports various educational and outreach activities ." } ] }, { "value": "Harry Steenbock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harry_Steenbock", "summary": "Harry Steenbock ( August 16 , 1886 , Charlestown , Wisconsin - December 25 , 1967 , Madison , Wisconsin ) was a Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . Steenbock graduated from Wisconsin in 1916 , where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity ." } ] }, { "value": "Zeta Deuteron ( Wisconsin ) 1916", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Madison", "summary": "The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country ." } ] }, { "value": "Professor of Biochemistry at Wisconsin . Invented the process of irradiation with ultraviolet light , to increase the amount of Vitamin D in foods and other organic materials . Most notably used in milk . Credited with elimination of the disease of Rickets in the U.S. by 1945 . Steenbock Memorial Library is named in his honor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rickets", "summary": "Rickets is a condition that results in weak or soft bones in children . Symptoms include bowed legs , stunted growth , bone pain , large forehead , and trouble sleeping . Complications may include bone fractures , muscle spasms , an abnormally curved spine , or intellectual disability . The most common cause of rickets is a vitamin D deficiency . This can result from eating a diet without enough vitamin D , dark skin , too little sun exposure , exclusive breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation , celiac disease , and certain genetic conditions . Other factors may include not enough calcium or phosphorus . The underlying mechanism involves insufficient calcification of the growth plate . Diagnosis is generally based on blood tests finding a low calcium , low phosphorus , and a high alkaline phosphatase together with X-rays . Prevention for exclusively breastfed babies is vitamin D supplements . Otherwise , treatment depends on the underlying cause . If due to a lack of vitamin D , treatment is usually with vitamin D and calcium . This generally results in improvements within a few weeks ." }, { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Madison", "summary": "The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Phi_Sigma_Kappa_brothers_1", "intro": "This is a list of notable brothers of Phi Sigma Kappa men's collegiate fraternity, including those who were members of Phi Sigma Epsilon prior to the 1985 merger. See Talk page to review guidelines for inclusion." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_NFL_Draft", "title": "1978 NFL Draft", "header": [ "Original NFL team", "Player", "Pos", "College", "Conf" ], "data": [ { "value": "Chicago Bears", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Chicago_Bears_season", "summary": "The 1978 season was the Chicago Bears ' 59th in the National Football League , and their second under head coach Neill Armstrong . The team failed to improve on their 9-5 record from 1977 to finish at 7-9 , and failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 1976 ." } ] }, { "value": "Mike Morgan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mike_Morgan_(running_back)", "summary": "Mike Morgan is a former running back in the National Football League . He played with the Chicago Bears during the 1978 NFL season ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Wisconsin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the 1977 Big Ten Conference football season ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference", "summary": "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ." } ] }, { "value": "Dallas Cowboys", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Dallas_Cowboys_season", "summary": "The 1978 Dallas Cowboys season was their 19th in the NFL . For the third consecutive season , the Cowboys finished in first place in the NFC East . The Cowboys scored 384 points , which ranked first in the NFC , while the defense only gave up 208 points . Twice , the Cowboys appeared on Monday Night Football . The Cowboys became the first franchise to appear in five Super Bowls . With their loss to Pittsburgh in Super Bowl XIII , they also became the first team to lose a Super Bowl after having won it the previous year ." } ] }, { "value": "Dave Kraayeveld", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dave_Kraayeveld", "summary": "David Ray Kraayeveld ( born October 26 , 1955 ) is a former American football . He played professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Seattle Seahawks in 1978 as a defensive end and defensive tackle . Kraayeveld played at the college football at Milton College and the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater ." } ] }, { "value": "DE", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defensive_end", "summary": "Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played ." } ] }, { "value": "Milton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Milton_Wildcats_football", "summary": "The Milton Wildcats football program presented Milton College in college football . Milton fielded its first football team in 1899 and its last in 1981 before the school closed in 1982 . No teams were fielded from 1904 to 1915 and from 1943 to 1945 . During this time the college produced seven All-Americans and nine conference titles , in 1935 , 1956 , 1961 , 1964 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1980 , and 1981 . The Wildcats played in 419 games during this time with a record of 194-207-18 . The program was a member of the Illini-Badger Football Conference from 1975 to 1982 . Milton 's final head coach was Rudy Gaddini , who helmed the team from 1970 to 1981 , compiling a record of 61-42-5 . Two of Gaddini 's players at Milton , Dave Kraayeveld and Dave Krieg , went on to play professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) ." } ] }, { "value": "IBFC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Illini-Badger_Football_Conference", "summary": "The Illini-Badger Football Conference ( IBFC ) was an athletic conference with the NCAA 's Division III . Member teams were located in Illinois and Wisconsin . As the name indicates , member teams only competed in football . They participated in other athletic conferences in other sports . The conference 's last season was in 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dallas Cowboys", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Dallas_Cowboys_season", "summary": "The 1978 Dallas Cowboys season was their 19th in the NFL . For the third consecutive season , the Cowboys finished in first place in the NFC East . The Cowboys scored 384 points , which ranked first in the NFC , while the defense only gave up 208 points . Twice , the Cowboys appeared on Monday Night Football . The Cowboys became the first franchise to appear in five Super Bowls . With their loss to Pittsburgh in Super Bowl XIII , they also became the first team to lose a Super Bowl after having won it the previous year ." } ] }, { "value": "Robert Steele", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Steele_(American_football)", "summary": "Robert Hugh Steele ( born August 2 , 1956 ) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and Minnesota Vikings . He played college football at the University of North Alabama ." } ] }, { "value": "WR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wide_receiver", "summary": "A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist ." } ] }, { "value": "North Alabama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Alabama_Lions_football", "summary": "The North Alabama Lions football team represents the University of North Alabama ( UNA ) in the NCAA Division I Atlantic Sun Conference for all sports except football , where they compete as a member of the Atlantic Sun-affiliated Big South Conference . UNA plays its home games at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence , Alabama . They are currently coached by Chris Willis . UNA was a member of Division II from 1972 to 2017 . The Lions are distinguished as the only team to win three consecutive football national championships in NCAA Division II . UNA 's 27 consecutive weeks at No . 1 in the Division II polls also comprise the longest stretch of consecutive No . 1 rankings in football in NCAA history on any level . UNA was the last Division II team to beat a Division I-A ( FBS ) team , defeating Southwestern Louisiana ( now Louisiana ) on October 11 , 1997 . In 2016 , UNA won their fourth consecutive Gulf South Conference championship - a conference record ." } ] }, { "value": "Gulf South", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gulf_South_Conference", "summary": "The Gulf South Conference ( GSC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level which operates in the Southeastern United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Detroit Lions", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Detroit_Lions_season", "summary": "The 1978 Detroit Lions season was the franchise 's 49th season in the National Football League . Under new head coach and former NFL player Monte Clark , the Lions continue to struggle with mediocrity finishing in third place again with a less than stellar record of 7-9 . This season would also be the swan song for starting quarterback Greg Landry 's stellar ten-year career in Detroit , as in the offseason was shipped to the Baltimore Colts for a 1979 fourth round pick ( # 88-Ulysses Norris ) , a 1979 fifth round pick ( # 131-Walt Brown ) , and a 1980 third round pick ( # 62-Mike Friede ) , in a rebuilding process begun by head coach Monte Clark ." } ] }, { "value": "Ken Callicutt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ken_Callicutt", "summary": "Kenneth Byron Callicutt ( born August 20 , 1955 ) is a former American football running back in the National Football League who played for the Detroit Lions . He played college football for the Clemson Tigers ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Clemson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_Clemson_Tigers_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Clemson University in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season . In its first season under head coach Charley Pell , the team compiled an 8-3-1 record ( 4-1-1 against conference opponents ) , finished second in the ACC , lost to Pittsburgh in the 1977 Gator Bowl , was ranked No . 19 in the final AP Poll , and outscored opponents by a total of 228 to 163 . The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson , South Carolina . Steve Fuller , Steve Godfrey , and Randy Scott were the team captains . The team 's statistical leaders included Steve Fuller with 1,497 passing yards , Warren Ratchford with 616 rushing yards , Jerry Butler with 760 receiving yards , and Lester Brown with 54 points ( 9 touchdowns ) ." } ] }, { "value": "ACC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference", "summary": "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ." } ] }, { "value": "Green Bay Packers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "summary": "The 1978 Green Bay Packers season was their 60th season overall and their 58th season in the National Football League . The club posted an 8-7-1 record under coach Bart Starr , earning them a second-place finish in the NFC Central division . This marked the first season the Packers were above .500 since 1972 . The Packers got off to a 6-1 start . However , most of the wins came against weaker teams , and once the scheduled toughened up the Packers struggled winning only one and tying one of their next six games . After a big win in Tampa Bay over the Buccaneers , the 8-5-1 Packers still had a shot at a NFC Central Title . However , the team would lose both of their final games , closing out with a 31-14 loss to the Los Angeles Rams and at 8-7-1 finished in a first place tie . The Packers lost the tie breaker to the Minnesota Vikings , by tying ( 10 - 10 ) and losing to the Vikings ( 7 - 21 ) and missed the playoffs ." } ] }, { "value": "Paul Coffman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paul_Coffman", "summary": "Paul Randolph Coffman ( born March 29 , 1956 ) is a former professional American football player who played tight end for ten seasons for the Green Bay Packers , Kansas City Chiefs , and Minnesota Vikings in the National Football League . After attending high school in Chase , Kansas , he walked on to Kansas State University where he played tight end for four years . After completing college Coffman became an undrafted free agent and joined the Green Bay Packers ." } ] }, { "value": "TE", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tight_end", "summary": "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ." } ] }, { "value": "Kansas State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1977 NCAA Division I football season . The team 's head football coach was Ellis Rainsberger . 1977 would turn out to be the last season with Rainsberger at the helm , as he was replaced with Jim Dickey in 1978 . The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium . 1977 saw the Wildcats finish with a record of 2-9 , and a dismal 0-7 record in Big Eight Conference play ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Eight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference", "summary": "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ." } ] }, { "value": "Green Bay Packers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "summary": "The 1978 Green Bay Packers season was their 60th season overall and their 58th season in the National Football League . The club posted an 8-7-1 record under coach Bart Starr , earning them a second-place finish in the NFC Central division . This marked the first season the Packers were above .500 since 1972 . The Packers got off to a 6-1 start . However , most of the wins came against weaker teams , and once the scheduled toughened up the Packers struggled winning only one and tying one of their next six games . After a big win in Tampa Bay over the Buccaneers , the 8-5-1 Packers still had a shot at a NFC Central Title . However , the team would lose both of their final games , closing out with a 31-14 loss to the Los Angeles Rams and at 8-7-1 finished in a first place tie . The Packers lost the tie breaker to the Minnesota Vikings , by tying ( 10 - 10 ) and losing to the Vikings ( 7 - 21 ) and missed the playoffs ." } ] }, { "value": "Walt Landers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Walt_Landers", "summary": "Walt Landers is a former running back in the National Football League ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Clark Atlanta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_Panthers_football", "summary": "The Clark Atlanta Panthers are the athletic teams that represent Clark Atlanta University , located in Atlanta , Georgia , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports . The Panthers compete as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for all ten varsity sports ." } ] }, { "value": "SIAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference consisting mostly of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , with all but one member located in the Southern United States . Formed in 1913 , the SIAC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes in Division II . Only three charter members are still part of the conference - Clark Atlanta University ( formerly Clark College ) , Tuskegee University , and Morehouse ( which briefly left before returning ) . Before 2014 , all members had been southern HBCUs , but two of the SIAC 's three newest members include its only non-HBCU , Spring Hill College ( joined in 2014 ) , and its only member outside the South , Central State University of Ohio ( joined in 2015 ) . The newest member , Savannah State University , returned to the SIAC in 2019 after a nearly 20-year absence . The U.S. Army 's 24th Infantry Division teams competed as members of the SIAC from 1930 until 1935 . The SIAC leads all NCAA Division II conferences in football attendance ." } ] }, { "value": "Green Bay Packers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "summary": "The 1978 Green Bay Packers season was their 60th season overall and their 58th season in the National Football League . The club posted an 8-7-1 record under coach Bart Starr , earning them a second-place finish in the NFC Central division . This marked the first season the Packers were above .500 since 1972 . The Packers got off to a 6-1 start . However , most of the wins came against weaker teams , and once the scheduled toughened up the Packers struggled winning only one and tying one of their next six games . After a big win in Tampa Bay over the Buccaneers , the 8-5-1 Packers still had a shot at a NFC Central Title . However , the team would lose both of their final games , closing out with a 31-14 loss to the Los Angeles Rams and at 8-7-1 finished in a first place tie . The Packers lost the tie breaker to the Minnesota Vikings , by tying ( 10 - 10 ) and losing to the Vikings ( 7 - 21 ) and missed the playoffs ." } ] }, { "value": "Paul Rudzinski", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paul_Rudzinski", "summary": "Paul Rudzinski is a former linebacker in the National Football League . He played three seasons with the Green Bay Packers ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "Michigan State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 1977 Big Ten Conference football season ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference", "summary": "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ." } ] }, { "value": "Houston Oilers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Houston_Oilers_season", "summary": "The 1978 Houston Oilers season was the franchise 's 19th overall and the 9th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Led by Rookie RB Earl Campbell , who won both the Offensive Rookie of the Year , and Offensive Player of the Year , who rushed for 1,450 yards , the Oilers made the playoffs with a 10-6 record , qualifying in the newly created 5th Wild Card spot . The franchise scored 283 points while the defense gave up 298 points . Their record of 10 wins and 6 losses resulted in a second-place finish in the AFC Central Division . In the playoffs , the Oilers would stun the Miami Dolphins , 17-9 , in the two teams first playoff meeting , then defeated the New England Patriots 31-14 in New England to advance to their first ever AFC Championship game , but in that game , they would score a mere 5 points in a 34-5 blowout loss to the eventual champion Steelers ." } ] }, { "value": "Warren Moon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Warren_Moon", "summary": "Harold Warren Moon ( born November 18 , 1956 ) is a former American and Canadian football quarterback who played professionally for 23 seasons . He spent the majority of his career with the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Moon also played for the Minnesota Vikings , Seattle Seahawks , and Kansas City Chiefs in the NFL . Moon also served as a broadcaster for the Seahawks . Moon began his professional career with the Eskimos in 1978 , after going unselected in the NFL Draft . His success during his six seasons in the CFL led him to the NFL in 1984 with the Oilers . Over his 17 NFL seasons , Moon was named to nine Pro Bowls and made seven playoff appearances . Following ten seasons with the Oilers , he had brief multiple-year stints with the Vikings , Seahawks , and Chiefs before retiring at age 44 . At the time of his retirement , Moon held several all-time professional gridiron football passing records . He was less successful in the NFL postseason , never advancing beyond the division round of the playoffs , although he won five Grey Cups in the CFL . Moon was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 , becoming the first African-American quarterback and the first undrafted quarterback to receive the honor ." } ] }, { "value": "QB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." } ] }, { "value": "Washington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_Washington_Huskies_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington in the 1977 NCAA Division I football season as a member of the Pacific-8 Conference ( Pac-8 ) . The Huskies were led by third-year head coach Don James and played their home games at Husky Stadium in Seattle . They finished the regular season at 7-4 overall , were champions of the Pac-8 at 6-1 , and earned a trip to the Rose Bowl on January 2 . The Huskies were fourteen-point underdogs to # 4 Michigan , but upset the Wolverines 27-20 ." } ] }, { "value": "Pac-8", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pac-12_Conference", "summary": "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ." } ] }, { "value": "Houston Oilers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Houston_Oilers_season", "summary": "The 1978 Houston Oilers season was the franchise 's 19th overall and the 9th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Led by Rookie RB Earl Campbell , who won both the Offensive Rookie of the Year , and Offensive Player of the Year , who rushed for 1,450 yards , the Oilers made the playoffs with a 10-6 record , qualifying in the newly created 5th Wild Card spot . The franchise scored 283 points while the defense gave up 298 points . Their record of 10 wins and 6 losses resulted in a second-place finish in the AFC Central Division . In the playoffs , the Oilers would stun the Miami Dolphins , 17-9 , in the two teams first playoff meeting , then defeated the New England Patriots 31-14 in New England to advance to their first ever AFC Championship game , but in that game , they would score a mere 5 points in a 34-5 blowout loss to the eventual champion Steelers ." } ] }, { "value": "Guido Merkens", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guido_Merkens", "summary": "Guido Albert Merkens , Jr. ( born August 14 , 1955 in San Antonio , Texas ) is a former professional American football player who played quarterback , running back , wide receiver , punter and defensive back for ten seasons for the Houston Oilers , New Orleans Saints and Philadelphia Eagles of the NFL . Merkens was a 1973 graduate of Edison High School in San Antonio , then played both quarterback and defensive back for Sam Houston State University . His versatility became a hallmark of his professional career . In his first two seasons in the NFL , he was primarily a punt return specialist . During his tenure with the Saints , he served as the third-string quarterback , holder for field goals and special teams player ; with occasional time as a wide receiver , punter or safety . His penchant for being the emergency backup for all of the aforementioned positions earned him the reputation of a jack of all trades . Merkens ' father , Guido Sr. , served as founding pastor of Concordia Lutheran Church in San Antonio and was a vice-president of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod . In 2007 , the Houston Chronicle reported that Merkens was working as the general manager of a CarMax dealership in the city ." } ] }, { "value": "QB / WR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wide_receiver", "summary": "A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist ." } ] }, { "value": "Sam Houston State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_Bearkats_football", "summary": "The Sam Houston State Bearkats football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Sam Houston State University located in the U.S. state of Texas . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Southland Conference . Sam Houston 's first football team was fielded in 1912 . The team plays its home games at the 12,593 seat Bowers Stadium in Huntsville , Texas . On January 23 , 2014 , K. C. Keeler was named the 15th head coach in Sam Houston State program history ." } ] }, { "value": "Lone Star", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference", "summary": "The Lone Star Conference ( LSC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level . Member institutions are located in the southwestern United States , with schools in Texas , Oklahoma , New Mexico , and Arkansas . The conference was formed in 1931 when five schools withdrew from the old Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association . Charter members included East Texas State ( now Texas A & M-Commerce ) , North Texas State ( now University of North Texas ) , Sam Houston State , Southwest Texas State ( now Texas State ) , and Stephen F. Austin . Among the five charter members , only Texas A & M-Commerce remains in Division II and in the conference - the other four charter members moved up to Division I ( in football , North Texas and Texas State compete in NCAA Division I FBS , while Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston compete in NCAA Division I FCS ) . The Lone Star Conference operates from the same headquarters complex in the Dallas suburb of Richardson as the American Southwest Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Los Angeles Rams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Los_Angeles_Rams_season", "summary": "The 1978 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 41st year with the National Football League and the 33rd season in Los Angeles . The Rams won their sixth-straight division title and appeared in the NFC Championship game , only to get shutout by the Dallas Cowboys 0-28 ." } ] }, { "value": "Preston Dennard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Preston_Dennard", "summary": "Preston Jackson Dennard ( born November 28 , 1955 , in Cordele , Georgia ) is a former professional American football wide receiver in the NFL for the Los Angeles Rams , Buffalo Bills and Green Bay Packers . He played college football at the University of New Mexico ." } ] }, { "value": "WR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wide_receiver", "summary": "A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist ." } ] }, { "value": "New Mexico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_New_Mexico_Lobos_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 New Mexico Lobos football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Mexico in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season . In their fourth season under head coach Bill Mondt , the Lobos compiled a 5-7 record ( 2-5 against WAC opponents ) and were outscored by a total of 319 to 272 . Preston Dennard , Jake Gonzales , Smokey Turman , and Marion Chapman were the team captains . The team 's statistical leaders included Noel Mazzone with 1,085 passing yards , Mike Williams with 1,096 rushing yards , Preston Dennard with 341 receiving yards , and Jim Haynes with 43 points scored ." } ] }, { "value": "WAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ." } ] }, { "value": "Los Angeles Rams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Los_Angeles_Rams_season", "summary": "The 1978 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 41st year with the National Football League and the 33rd season in Los Angeles . The Rams won their sixth-straight division title and appeared in the NFC Championship game , only to get shutout by the Dallas Cowboys 0-28 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dwayne O'Steen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dwayne_O'Steen", "summary": "Dwayne O'Steen ( December 20 , 1954 - September 21 , 2001 ) was an American football player who played seven seasons as a cornerback in the National Football League . He was a part of the Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XV winning team . O'Steen died in 2001 of an apparent heart attack ." } ] }, { "value": "CB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cornerback", "summary": "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ." } ] }, { "value": "San Jose State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_San_Jose_State_Spartans_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State University during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association . [ note 1 ] The team was led by second year head coach Lynn Stiles . They played home games at Spartan Stadium in San Jose , California . The Spartans finished the season with a record of four wins and seven losses ( 4-7 , 2-2 PCAA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "PCAA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_West_Conference", "summary": "The Big West Conference ( BWC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference whose member institutions participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The conference was originally formed in 1969 as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) , and in 1988 was renamed the Big West Conference . The conference stopped sponsoring college football after the 2000 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Los Angeles Rams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Los_Angeles_Rams_season", "summary": "The 1978 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 41st year with the National Football League and the 33rd season in Los Angeles . The Rams won their sixth-straight division title and appeared in the NFC Championship game , only to get shutout by the Dallas Cowboys 0-28 ." } ] }, { "value": "Doug Smith", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Doug_Smith_(offensive_lineman)", "summary": "Carl Douglas Smith ( born November 25 , 1956 ) is a former professional American football player who played the positions of center and offensive guard for the Los Angeles Rams from the 1978 season through the 1991 season . Smith attended Bowling Green State University , in Bowling Green , Ohio , and graduated from Northland High School in Columbus on June 9 , 1974 ." } ] }, { "value": "C / G", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)", "summary": "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)", "summary": "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ." } ] }, { "value": "Bowling Green", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_Bowling_Green_Falcons_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season . In their first season under head coach Denny Stolz , the Falcons compiled a 5-7 record ( 4-3 against MAC opponents ) , finished in a tie for fourth place in the MAC , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 296 to 275 . The team 's statistical leaders included Mark Miller with 2,103 passing yards , Dan Saleet with 572 rushing yards , and Jeff Groth with 693 receiving yards ." } ] }, { "value": "MAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mid-American_Conference", "summary": "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ." } ] }, { "value": "Minnesota Vikings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Minnesota_Vikings_season", "summary": "The 1978 season was the Minnesota Vikings ' 18th in the National Football League . The Vikings finished with an 8-7-1 record , and finished in first place in the NFC Central division , despite having a regular season point differential of −12 . The team appeared in the playoffs for the 10th time in 11 years ; as in each of their previous playoff seasons , this one ended with a loss . Following the season , longtime quarterback Fran Tarkenton retired ." } ] }, { "value": "Kevin Miller", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kevin_Miller_(American_football)", "summary": "Kevin Von Miller ( born March 21 , 1955 ) is a former American football wide receiver who played three seasons with the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League . He played college football at the University of Louisville and attended Weir High School in Weirton , West Virginia . He has also been a member of the Birmingham Stallions of the United States Football League . Miller led the Minnesota Vikings in punt and kick return yardage in 1978 ." } ] }, { "value": "WR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wide_receiver", "summary": "A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist ." } ] }, { "value": "Louisville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_football", "summary": "The Louisville Cardinals football team represents the University of Louisville in the sport of American football . The Cardinals compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind . ( D-I )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "New England Patriots", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_New_England_Patriots_season", "summary": "The 1978 New England Patriots season was the franchise 's 9th season in the National Football League and 19th overall . They finished the season with a record of eleven wins and five losses , tied for first in the AFC East , and had the tiebreaker over the Miami Dolphins ; it was the Patriots ' second division title , and the first since 1963 , the fourth year of the AFL . New England set a then NFL record in 1978 for most rushing yards in a single season , with 3,165 yards on the ground . They had four players who rushed for more than 500 yards each : running back Sam Bam Cunningham , 768 ; running back Andy Johnson , 675 ; running back Horace Ivory , 693 ; and quarterback Steve Grogan , 539 . The team also picked up an NFL-record 181 rushing first-downs ." } ] }, { "value": "Nick Lowery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nick_Lowery", "summary": "Dominic Gerald Lowery ( born May 27 , 1956 ) , nicknamed Nick the Kick , is a former American football placekicker for the New England Patriots ( 1978 ) , the Kansas City Chiefs ( 1980-1993 ) , and New York Jets ( 1994-1996 ) . Lowery was selected to the Pro Bowl three times and when he retired was ranked first in field goal percentage and also had the most field goals in NFL history . As of 2018 [ update ] he was 16th on the National Football League 's list of all-time scoring leaders , and is the Chiefs ' all-time leading scorer , with 1,466 points in his 14 seasons with the club . Nick grew up in Washington , D.C. and attended St. Albans School where he was a star football player . He attended Dartmouth College . He has an M.P.A from Harvard 's Kennedy School of Government , the first pro athlete to graduate from there . In 2009 Lowery was inducted into the Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame ." } ] }, { "value": "K", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Placekicker", "summary": "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Dartmouth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_football", "summary": "The Dartmouth Big Green football team represents Dartmouth College in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) college football competition as a member of the Ivy League . The team possesses a storied tradition that includes a national championship , and holds a record 19 Ivy League Football Championships with 11 College Football Hall of Fame inductees . After Dartmouth formally entered the Ivy League in 1956 , head coach Bob Blackman led the 1962 team to the program 's first undefeated season since the 1925 national championship team . Blackman also had his first All-American player in Donald McKinnon , class of 1963 , who anchored a strong defense that allowed only six points in its first five games ." } ] }, { "value": "Ivy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ivy_League", "summary": "The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times ." } ] }, { "value": "New York Jets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_New_York_Jets_season", "summary": "The 1978 New York Jets season was the nineteenth season for the franchise and the ninth in the National Football League . It began with the team trying to improve upon its 3-11 record from each of the previous three seasons under head coach Walt Michaels . Following an opening-game upset over the Miami Dolphins at Shea Stadium , the Jets stayed in contention for most of the season before finishing with an 8-8 record , with Matt Robinson starting most of the season at quarterback ." } ] }, { "value": "Mark Iwanowski", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mark_Iwanowski", "summary": "Mark David Iwanowski ( born September 8 , 1955 ) is a former American football tight end who played for the New York Jets of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at University of Pennsylvania ." } ] }, { "value": "TE", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tight_end", "summary": "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ." } ] }, { "value": "Penn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_Penn_Quakers_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1977 NCAA Division I football season ." } ] }, { "value": "Ivy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ivy_League", "summary": "The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times ." } ] }, { "value": "Oakland Raiders", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Oakland_Raiders_season", "summary": "The 1978 Oakland Raiders season was the team 's 19th season . During a pre-season game , Jack Tatum paralyzed New England Patriots wide receiver Darryl Stingley from the chest down while making a hit . 1978 would prove to be an up and down year for the silver and black . The Raiders were plagued by one of quarterback Kenny Stabler 's worst seasons , tossing 16 TD 's , while throwing 30 interceptions . The running game also fell off from seasons past . Even the great wide receiver Cliff Branch , only caught one touchdown . The season started off with a 14 to 6 loss in Denver . The Raiders would rally to a 5 - 3 start , then climbed to 8 - 4 . After a last minute loss to the Seattle Seahawks 17 - 16 , a team beat the Raiders twice in the same season for the first time since 1965 . Then the Broncos completed their sweep of the Raiders with a 21 - 6 victory in Oakland , followed by a 23 - 6 defeat in Miami . A meaningless 27 - 20 victory over the Minnesota Vikings kept the Raiders consecutive seasons with a winning record streak alive . This was head coach John Madden 's last season as head coach of the team ." } ] }, { "value": "Booker Russell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Booker_Russell", "summary": "Booker Taylor Russell ( February 28 , 1956 - March 9 , 2000 ) was an American football running back in the National Football League who played for the Oakland Raiders , San Diego Chargers , and Philadelphia Eagles . He played college football for the Texas State Bobcats . He also played in the USFL for the Philadelphia Stars . He was charged with murdering his wife in 1985 ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Texas State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Texas_State_Bobcats_football", "summary": "The Texas State Bobcats football program is an NCAA Division I-FBS college football team that represents Texas State University . They currently play in the Sun Belt Conference . The program began in 1904 and has an overall winning record . The program has a total of fourteen conference titles , nine of them being outright conference titles . Home games are played at Bobcat Stadium in San Marcos , Texas . Given that the school has grown to become the fifth-largest university in Texas , and one of the 75 largest universities in the United States , it has now taken its football program to the Football Bowl Subdivision of NCAA football . The team became a member of the FBS Western Athletic Conference in 2012 . After only one season in the WAC , Texas State moved to the Sun Belt Conference . Texas State joined the league in July 2013 and began conference play for the 2013-14 academic year ." } ] }, { "value": "Lone Star", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference", "summary": "The Lone Star Conference ( LSC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level . Member institutions are located in the southwestern United States , with schools in Texas , Oklahoma , New Mexico , and Arkansas . The conference was formed in 1931 when five schools withdrew from the old Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association . Charter members included East Texas State ( now Texas A & M-Commerce ) , North Texas State ( now University of North Texas ) , Sam Houston State , Southwest Texas State ( now Texas State ) , and Stephen F. Austin . Among the five charter members , only Texas A & M-Commerce remains in Division II and in the conference - the other four charter members moved up to Division I ( in football , North Texas and Texas State compete in NCAA Division I FBS , while Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston compete in NCAA Division I FCS ) . The Lone Star Conference operates from the same headquarters complex in the Dallas suburb of Richardson as the American Southwest Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Philadelphia Eagles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "summary": "The 1978 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise 's 46th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) The Eagles reached the postseason for the first time in eighteen years , which ended the longest postseason drought in the franchise 's history and one of the longest in the history of the NFL ." } ] }, { "value": "Ken Clarke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ken_Clarke_(American_football)", "summary": "Kenneth Maurice Clarke ( born August 28 , 1956 in Savannah , Georgia ) is a former professional American football defensive tackle who played fourteen seasons in the National Football League . He played in Super Bowl XV for the Philadelphia Eagles . Clarke played college football at Syracuse University ." } ] }, { "value": "DT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defensive_tackle", "summary": "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ." } ] }, { "value": "Syracuse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_Syracuse_Orangemen_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season . The team was led by fourth-year head coach Frank Maloney and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse , New York . The team finished 6-5 and was not invited to a bowl game ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Seattle Seahawks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Seattle_Seahawks_season", "summary": "The 1978 Seattle Seahawks season was the team 's third season in the National Football League . The Seahawks won nine games , giving the franchise its first winning season . Coach Jack Patera won the National Football League Coach of the Year Award at seasons end . Led by the third ranked offense , the team had some achievements . David Sims led the AFC in total touchdowns ( TDs ) - 15 , including 14 rushing - and the team had 28 rushing TDs , number two in the league . Steve Largent made his first Pro Bowl with 71 receptions and 8 TDs . Quarterback Jim Zorn earned his sole All-Pro honor of his career by making the second team . The defense , however , lagged far behind ranking 26th . Season highlights included defeating the Oakland Raiders twice and a last-second win over the Minnesota Vikings . Also a memorable game was a 20-17 loss in overtime to the Denver Broncos . Following an interception of a Jim Zorn pass off of a deflection , in overtime , the Broncos drove to the 1 yard line , but could not punch it in for a TD . Jim Turner missed an 18-yard field goal attempt , but the Seahawks were penalized for having 12 men on the field and the Broncos made the second kick ." } ] }, { "value": "Kerry Justin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kerry_Justin", "summary": "Kerry August Justin ( born May 3 , 1955 in New Orleans , Louisiana ) was a cornerback for the Seattle Seahawks ( 1978-83 and 1986-87 ) . He played college football at Oregon State University . He also played for the New Jersey Generals of the USFL in 1984 and 1985 . In 8 seasons , he had 7 interceptions returned for 31 yards and 3 blocked punts which remains a team record ." } ] }, { "value": "CB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cornerback", "summary": "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ." } ] }, { "value": "Oregon State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific-8 Conference ( Pac-8 ) during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season . In their second season under head coach Craig Fertig , the Beavers compiled a 2-9 record ( 0-7 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in last place in the Pac-8 , and were outscored by their opponents , 303 to 173 . The team played its home games at Parker Stadium in Corvallis , Oregon ." } ] }, { "value": "Pac-8", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pac-12_Conference", "summary": "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ." } ] }, { "value": "Washington Redskins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978_Washington_Redskins_season", "summary": "The 1978 Washington Redskins season was the franchise 's 47th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) and their 42nd in Washington , D.C . The team failed to improve on their 9-5 record from 1977 and finished 8-8 . This was Jack Pardee 's first season as Head Coach . Despite winning their first six straight , the Redskins finished by going 2-8 and missing the playoffs . Their fate was sealed with a five-game losing streak to end the season . For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season ." } ] }, { "value": "J.T . Smith", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/J.T._Smith_(football_player)", "summary": "John Thomas J. T. Smith ( born October 29 , 1955 ) is a former professional American football player who played in the National Football League from 1978 to 1990 . A 6 ' 2 , 185-lb . undrafted wide receiver and punt returner from the University of North Texas , Smith played for the Washington Redskins , the Kansas City Chiefs , and the St.Louis/Phoenix Cardinals . His best year as a professional came during the strike shortened 1987 season for the Cardinals when he led the NFL with 91 receptions for 1,117 yards . On May 17 , 2011 , Smith was named the interim head coach of the Iowa Barnstormers in the Arena Football League . He remained the head coach until the conclusion of the season ." } ] }, { "value": "WR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wide_receiver", "summary": "A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist ." } ] }, { "value": "North Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977_North_Texas_Mean_Green_football_team", "summary": "The 1977 North Texas State Mean Green football team represented North Texas State University - now known as the University of North Texas - during the 1977 NCAA Division I-A football season . In its fifth season under head coach Hayden Fry , the team compiled a 10-1 record . The team played its home games at Fouts Field in Denton , Texas ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Notable undrafted players", "section_text": "† = Pro Bowler [ 5 ] ‡ = Hall of Famer [ 9 ]", "uid": "1978_NFL_Draft_0", "intro": "The 1978 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held May 2-3, 1978, at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers had the first pick in the 1978 draft, by virtue of their 2-12 record in 1977. Tampa Bay traded the pick to the Oilers, for tight end Jimmie Giles and the Oilers' first- and second-round picks in the 1978 draft, and their third- and fifth-round picks in 1979. Leon White, who was drafted in the third round, went on to have an extensive professional wrestling career as Big Van Vader." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_men's_basketball", "title": "Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball", "header": [ "Player", "Years", "Rebounds" ], "data": [ { "value": "Alan Henderson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alan_Henderson", "summary": "Alan Lybrooks Henderson ( born December 2 , 1972 ) is an American former professional basketball player of the NBA . He stands 6 ' 9 ( 2.06 m ) tall . Born in Morgantown , West Virginia , Henderson attended Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School in Indianapolis , Indiana . They lost the state championship game his senior year to Glenn Robinson 's Gary Roosevelt squad . In 1994 , he was a part of the US men 's basketball team for the Goodwill Games ." } ] }, { "value": "1991-1995", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,091", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Walt Bellamy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Walt_Bellamy", "summary": "Walter Jones Bellamy ( July 24 , 1939 - November 2 , 2013 ) was an American professional basketball player . A four-time NBA All-Star , he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ." } ] }, { "value": "1958-1961", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,087", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kent Benson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kent_Benson", "summary": "Michael Kent Benson ( born December 27 , 1954 ) is a retired American collegiate and professional basketball player . Benson was a two time All-American at Indiana University , winning the 1976 Helms Foundation Player of the Year and helping lead the Hoosiers to the 1976 NCAA championship with a perfect 32-0 record , with Benson being named the 1976 NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player . Benson was the No . 1 overall pick of the 1977 NBA draft by the Milwaukee Bucks , playing 11 seasons in the NBA for Milwaukee ( 1977-1980 ) , the Detroit Pistons ( 1980-1986 ) , Utah Jazz ( 1986-1987 ) and Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1988 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1973-1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,031", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Archie Dees", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Archie_Dees", "summary": "Archie William Dees ( February 22 , 1936 - April 4 , 2016 ) was an American professional basketball player . Dees was the No . 2 overall pick in the 1958 NBA draft from Indiana University ;" } ] }, { "value": "1955-1958", "urls": [] }, { "value": "914", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Steve Downing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Steve_Downing", "summary": "Steve Downing ( born September 9 , 1950 ) is an American retired basketball player . A 6 ' 8 center , Downing , along with teammate George McGinnis , led Indianapolis Washington High School to a 31-0 record and a state championship in 1969 . He went on to star at Indiana University , and won the Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball award in 1973 as the best player in the Big Ten Conference . Notable performances included the program 's first triple-double : 28 points , 17 rebounds and 10 blocks in an 88-79 win over Michigan at the IU Fieldhouse on February 23 , 1971 ; and 47 points and 25 rebounds in a 90-89 double-overtime victory over Kentucky on December 11 , 1971 . Downing later played one season for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association . He averaged 2.4 points per game in his professional career and won an NBA Championship ring in 1974 . Currently Downing is the athletic director at Marian University in Indianapolis ." } ] }, { "value": "1970-1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "889", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ray Tolbert", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ray_Tolbert", "summary": "Raymond Lee Ray Tolbert ( born September 10 , 1958 ) is a retired American professional basketball player who was selected by the New Jersey Nets in the first round ( 18th overall ) of the 1981 NBA draft . A 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) power forward from Indiana University , Tolbert played in five NBA seasons for six different teams . He played for the Nets , Seattle SuperSonics , Detroit Pistons , New York Knicks , Los Angeles Lakers and Atlanta Hawks . During the senior year of his collegiate career in 1981 , starters Tolbert , Landon Turner , Isiah Thomas , Randy Wittman , and Ted Kitchel led Indiana to its fourth NCAA championship and Coach Bob Knight 's second . In his NBA career , he played in 261 games and scored a total of 928 points . He later became the coach of the ABA 's Anderson Champions . He currently resides in Fishers , Indiana where he is the Varsity Assistant at Fishers High School ." } ] }, { "value": "1977-1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "874", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Don Schlundt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Don_Schlundt", "summary": "Don Schlundt ( March 15 , 1933 - October 10 , 1985 ) was an American college basketball player . He was born in St. Joseph County , Indiana , to Martin and Anna ( née Bodtke ) Schlundt . He died in Indianapolis ." } ] }, { "value": "1951-1955", "urls": [] }, { "value": "860", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eric Anderson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eric_Anderson_(basketball)", "summary": "Eric Walfred Anderson ( May 26 , 1970 - December 9 , 2018 ) was an American basketball player . He is best known for his college career at Indiana University and played two seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for the New York Knicks ." } ] }, { "value": "1988-1992", "urls": [] }, { "value": "825", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Christian Watford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Christian_Watford", "summary": "Christian Ramon Watford ( born April 28 , 1991 ) is an American professional basketball player . He played college basketball for Indiana University ." } ] }, { "value": "2009-2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "776", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Juwan Morgan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Juwan_Morgan", "summary": "Juwan Morgan ( born April 17 , 1997 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Indiana Hoosiers ." } ] }, { "value": "2015-2019", "urls": [] }, { "value": "757", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Career leaders", "section_text": "Updated through 2018–19 season Points [ 56 ] Player Years Points Calbert Cheaney 1989–1993 2,613 Steve Alford 1983–1987 2,438 Don Schlundt 1951–1955 2,192 A.J . Guyton 1996–2000 2,100 Mike Woodson 1976–1980 2,061 Yogi Ferrell 2012–2016 1,986 Alan Henderson 1991–1995 1,979 Damon Bailey 1990–1994 1,741 Kent Benson 1973–1977 1,740 Christian Watford 2009–2013 1,730", "uid": "Indiana_Hoosiers_men's_basketball_4", "intro": "The Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team represents Indiana University Bloomington in NCAA Division I college basketball and competes in the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers play on Branch McCracken Court at Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall in Bloomington, Indiana on the Indiana University Bloomington campus. Indiana has won five NCAA Championships in men's basketball (1940, 1953, 1976, 1981, 1987) - the first two under coach Branch McCracken and the latter three under Bob Knight. Indiana's 1976 squad remains the last undefeated NCAA men's basketball champion. The Hoosiers are tied for sixth in NCAA Tournament appearances (39), seventh in NCAA Tournament victories (66), tied for eighth in Final Four appearances (8), and 11th in overall victories. The Hoosiers have won 22 Big Ten Conference Championships and have the best winning percentage in conference games at nearly 60 percent. No team has had more All-Big Ten selections than the Hoosiers with 53. The Hoosiers also rank seventh in all-time AP poll appearances (560) and sixth in the number of weeks spent ranked No. 1 (54). Every four-year men's basketball letterman since 1973 has earned a trip to the NCAA basketball tournament. Additionally, every four-year player since 1950 has played on a nationally ranked squad at Indiana. The Hoosiers are among the most storied programs in the history of college basketball." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Cup", "title": "FAI Cup", "header": [ "Season", "Winner", "Score", "Runner-up", "Venue", "Attendance" ], "data": [ { "value": "1921-22", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1921–22_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1921-22 was the first ever edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 14 January 1922 and concluded on 8 April with the final replay held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ A ] of 10,000 people watched St James 's Gate complete the League and Cup Double by defeating Shamrock Rovers in a fixture marred by violence . The winning goal was scored by John Jack Kelly ." } ] }, { "value": "St. James 's Gate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._James's_Gate_F.C.", "summary": "St James 's Gate Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Drimnagh/Crumlin , Dublin . They played in the League of Ireland between 1921-22 and 1943-44 and again from 1990-91 until 1995-96 . Gate were the inaugural winners of both the League of Ireland and the FAI Cup . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as Fordsons , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , Gate had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the St James 's Gate Brewery , the home of Guinness . Their senior men 's team currently play in the Leinster Senior League ." } ] }, { "value": "1 - 1 / 1 - 0 ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Replay_(sports)", "summary": "A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Shamrock Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park / Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "15,000 / 10,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1922-23", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1922–23_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1922-23 [ A ] was the second edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 6 January 1923 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 14,000 people watched Belfast side Alton United of the Falls League defeat Shelbourne 1-0 . The Falls League 's affiliation to the FAI , [ C ] rather than the IFA , allowed the club to compete in the cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Alton United", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alton_United_F.C.", "summary": "Alton United F.C . is a defunct Irish football club who were based in Belfast , Northern Ireland and played in the Falls District League . During their time in the Falls District League , Alton United played their home matches in the Falls Road area of Belfast at Shauns Park and also at Celtic Park , the home ground of Belfast Celtic , on the Donegall Road in West Belfast . The Falls League was affiliated to the Dublin-based Football Association of Ireland , which had been formed in 1921 as a breakaway from the Belfast-based Irish Football Association . The Falls Road was a largely Roman Catholic Nationalist area , and some football fans there regarded the IFA as a Unionist-dominated body . Belfast Celtic , the best Catholic-supported club , had withdrawn from the Irish League in 1920 , during the instability of the Irish War of Independence , and many of its players turned out for Falls League sides , including Alton United . The high point of Alton United 's existence came when they played Shelbourne in the 1923 Irish Free State Cup Final at Dalymount Park . United were heavy underdogs going into the game and bookies had stopped taken bets on Shelbourne to win the game . United surprisingly beat Shelbourne 1-0 with the single goal scored by Andy McSherry . In late 1923 , the FAI was admitted to FIFA on condition that it confine its operation to the Irish Free State . Thus , the Falls League was disaffiliated . In 1924 , Belfast Celtic re-entered the Irish League , and the Falls League faded ." } ] }, { "value": "1 - 0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shelbourne", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C.", "summary": "Shelbourne Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Shíol Bhroin ) is an Irish association football club based in Drumcondra , Dublin , who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Shelbourne were founded in Dublin in 1895 . In 1904 the club joined the Irish Football League , which was then an all Ireland competition , before becoming founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 . Shelbourne have won the league 13 times and are one of three clubs to have won both the IFA Cup and the FAI Cup . They play their home matches at Tolka Park , in the Dublin suburb of Drumcondra . The club colours are primarily red and white , with home jerseys being predominantly red . Shels is the club 's most common nickname , an abbreviation of Shelbourne . In the 2004/05 European season , Shelbourne became the first Irish club to reach the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League . Their performances in European competition and former striker Jason Byrne being capped for the Republic of Ireland whilst with the club , gained Shelbourne international exposure . The club lost their Premier Division licence for the 2007 season due to the club 's debt situation . Although the club was saved , since then , Shelbourne have mainly played in the second tier of the League of Ireland ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "14,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1923-24", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1923–24_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1923-24 [ A ] was the third edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 5 January 1924 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 18,000 people watched Dinny Hannon secure Athlone Town 's sole FAI Cup title by defeating Cork side Fordsons ." } ] }, { "value": "Athlone Town", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athlone_Town_F.C.", "summary": "Athlone Town Association Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Bhaile Áth Luain ) is an Irish football club from Athlone who are playing in the League of Ireland . The club is the oldest in the League as it was founded in 1887 . First elected to the League of Ireland in 1922 , they play their home matches in Lissywollen their new stadium which opened in 2007 . The club 's colours are blue and black . Away kits vary from year to year although orange and black has been worn most recently ." } ] }, { "value": "1 - 0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fordsons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cork_F.C.", "summary": "Cork Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Cork . They were founded as Fords F.C . and later became known as Fordsons F.C . They played in the League of Ireland between 1924-25 and 1937-38 . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as St James 's Gate , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , the club had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the Ford Motor Company , a major employer in the city at the time . In 1930 , however , Ford ended its association with the club and they were renamed Cork . The club folded in 1938 and were replaced in the League of Ireland by a new club , Cork City ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "18,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1924-25", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1924–25_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1924-25 [ A ] was the fourth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 3 January 1925 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 23,000 people packed the stadium to capacity as record holders Shamrock Rovers defeated Ringsend rivals Shelbourne to claim their first title ." } ] }, { "value": "Shamrock Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ." } ] }, { "value": "2 - 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shelbourne", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C.", "summary": "Shelbourne Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Shíol Bhroin ) is an Irish association football club based in Drumcondra , Dublin , who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Shelbourne were founded in Dublin in 1895 . In 1904 the club joined the Irish Football League , which was then an all Ireland competition , before becoming founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 . Shelbourne have won the league 13 times and are one of three clubs to have won both the IFA Cup and the FAI Cup . They play their home matches at Tolka Park , in the Dublin suburb of Drumcondra . The club colours are primarily red and white , with home jerseys being predominantly red . Shels is the club 's most common nickname , an abbreviation of Shelbourne . In the 2004/05 European season , Shelbourne became the first Irish club to reach the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League . Their performances in European competition and former striker Jason Byrne being capped for the Republic of Ireland whilst with the club , gained Shelbourne international exposure . The club lost their Premier Division licence for the 2007 season due to the club 's debt situation . Although the club was saved , since then , Shelbourne have mainly played in the second tier of the League of Ireland ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "23,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1925-26", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1925–26_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1925-26 [ A ] was the fifth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 9 January 1926 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 25,000 [ C ] people watched inspirational goalkeeper Bill O'Hagan guide Fordsons to their first and only FAI Cup title by defeating the defending champions Shamrock Rovers ." } ] }, { "value": "Fordsons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cork_F.C.", "summary": "Cork Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Cork . They were founded as Fords F.C . and later became known as Fordsons F.C . They played in the League of Ireland between 1924-25 and 1937-38 . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as St James 's Gate , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , the club had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the Ford Motor Company , a major employer in the city at the time . In 1930 , however , Ford ended its association with the club and they were renamed Cork . The club folded in 1938 and were replaced in the League of Ireland by a new club , Cork City ." } ] }, { "value": "3 - 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shamrock Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1926-27", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1926–27_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1926-27 [ A ] was the sixth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 8 January 1927 and concluded on 9 April with the final replay held at Shelbourne Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 10,000 people watched Leinster Senior League side Drumcondra defeat Brideville in the first final to be decided in extra time . Drumcondra completed a cup double having already won the FAI Intermediate Cup" } ] }, { "value": "Drumcondra", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Drumcondra_F.C.", "summary": "Drumcondra Football Club is an Irish association football club based in the Clonturk district of Drumcondra , Dublin . Their senior team play in the Leinster Senior League Senior Division . Drumcondra also field teams in the Amateur Football League , the North Dublin Schoolboys/Girls League and the Dublin & District Schoolboys League . In 1926-27 Drumcondra were the inaugural winners of the FAI Intermediate Cup and in the same season they also won the FAI Cup . They subsequently played in the League of Ireland from 1928-29 until 1971-72 . During this time they won five League of Ireland titles and a further four FAI Cups . In 1972 they merged with their Northside , Dublin neighbours , Home Farm . The new club was briefly known as Home Farm-Drumcondra . The modern club was reformed in 2008 following the merger of Drumcondra A.F.C . and Drumcondra Athletic ." } ] }, { "value": "1 - 1 / 1 - 0 ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Replay_(sports)", "summary": "A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Brideville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brideville_FC", "summary": "Brideville Football Club was an Irish association football club , originally based in The Liberties , Dublin . They were active during the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s , playing in both the League of Ireland and the Leinster Senior League . They were the first ever winners of the FAI Junior Cup and also played in two FAI Cup finals ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park / Shelbourne Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shelbourne_Park", "summary": "Shelbourne Park is a greyhound racing stadium in the south Dublin inner city suburb of Ringsend ." } ] }, { "value": "25,000 / 10,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1927-28", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1927–28_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1927-28 [ A ] was the seventh edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 7 January 1928 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 25,000 people watched amateur side Bohemians defeat defending champions Drumcondra to secure a quadruple of trophies ." } ] }, { "value": "Bohemians", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bohemian_F.C.", "summary": "Bohemian Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Bóithéamaigh ) , more commonly referred to as Bohemians or Bohs , is a semi-professional football club from Dublin , Ireland . Bohemians compete in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland , and are the oldest League of Ireland club in continuous existence . Bohs are the third most successful club in League of Ireland football history , having won the League of Ireland title 11 times , the FAI Cup 7 times , the League of Ireland Shield 6 times and the League of Ireland Cup 3 times . Prior to the establishment of the Football Association of Ireland and League of Ireland , Bohemians competed in the Irish Football League and Irish Cup , which were at the time all-Ireland competitions . During that period they won the Irish Cup once and finished runners up 5 times . They share the record for most wins in European competition with archrivals Shamrock Rovers and hold the record for Leinster Senior Cup wins with 32 cups claimed . Bohemians were founded on 6 September 1890 in the Phoenix Park Gate Lodge beside the North Circular Road entrance and played its first games in the Park 's Polo Grounds . They were one of the founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 , after their withdrawal from the Irish Football League . They established themselves as a major force within the first 15 years of the League of Ireland , winning 5 league titles , 2 FAI Cups and 4 Shields , but struggled for decades after that , largely due to their strict amateur status , going 34 seasons without winning a major trophy . Bohemians dropped their amateur ethos in 1969 and proceeded to win 2 League titles , 2 FAI Cups and 2 League cups during the 1970s . They suffered a further decline throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s before claiming League and Cup doubles in 2001 and 2008 , alongside the 2003 and most recently 2009 title wins . Bohemians play their home matches at Dalymount park in the Northside neighbourhood of Phibsborough ." } ] }, { "value": "2 - 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drumcondra", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Drumcondra_F.C.", "summary": "Drumcondra Football Club is an Irish association football club based in the Clonturk district of Drumcondra , Dublin . Their senior team play in the Leinster Senior League Senior Division . Drumcondra also field teams in the Amateur Football League , the North Dublin Schoolboys/Girls League and the Dublin & District Schoolboys League . In 1926-27 Drumcondra were the inaugural winners of the FAI Intermediate Cup and in the same season they also won the FAI Cup . They subsequently played in the League of Ireland from 1928-29 until 1971-72 . During this time they won five League of Ireland titles and a further four FAI Cups . In 1972 they merged with their Northside , Dublin neighbours , Home Farm . The new club was briefly known as Home Farm-Drumcondra . The modern club was reformed in 2008 following the merger of Drumcondra A.F.C . and Drumcondra Athletic ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1928-29", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1928–29_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1928-29 [ A ] was the eighth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 5 January 1929 and concluded on 6 April with the final replay held at Shelbourne Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of approximately 15,000 people watched Shamrock Rovers win the first of five FAI Cup titles in a row by defeating holders Bohemians ." } ] }, { "value": "Shamrock Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ." } ] }, { "value": "0 - 0 / 3 - 0 ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Replay_(sports)", "summary": "A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Bohemians", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bohemian_F.C.", "summary": "Bohemian Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Bóithéamaigh ) , more commonly referred to as Bohemians or Bohs , is a semi-professional football club from Dublin , Ireland . Bohemians compete in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland , and are the oldest League of Ireland club in continuous existence . Bohs are the third most successful club in League of Ireland football history , having won the League of Ireland title 11 times , the FAI Cup 7 times , the League of Ireland Shield 6 times and the League of Ireland Cup 3 times . Prior to the establishment of the Football Association of Ireland and League of Ireland , Bohemians competed in the Irish Football League and Irish Cup , which were at the time all-Ireland competitions . During that period they won the Irish Cup once and finished runners up 5 times . They share the record for most wins in European competition with archrivals Shamrock Rovers and hold the record for Leinster Senior Cup wins with 32 cups claimed . Bohemians were founded on 6 September 1890 in the Phoenix Park Gate Lodge beside the North Circular Road entrance and played its first games in the Park 's Polo Grounds . They were one of the founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 , after their withdrawal from the Irish Football League . They established themselves as a major force within the first 15 years of the League of Ireland , winning 5 league titles , 2 FAI Cups and 4 Shields , but struggled for decades after that , largely due to their strict amateur status , going 34 seasons without winning a major trophy . Bohemians dropped their amateur ethos in 1969 and proceeded to win 2 League titles , 2 FAI Cups and 2 League cups during the 1970s . They suffered a further decline throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s before claiming League and Cup doubles in 2001 and 2008 , alongside the 2003 and most recently 2009 title wins . Bohemians play their home matches at Dalymount park in the Northside neighbourhood of Phibsborough ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park / Shelbourne Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shelbourne_Park", "summary": "Shelbourne Park is a greyhound racing stadium in the south Dublin inner city suburb of Ringsend ." } ] }, { "value": "22,000 / 15,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1929-30", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1929–30_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1929-30 [ A ] was the ninth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 4 January 1930 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 17,000 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim the second of five FAI Cup titles in a row by defeating Brideville with a controversial late goal ." } ] }, { "value": "Shamrock Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ." } ] }, { "value": "1 - 0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brideville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brideville_FC", "summary": "Brideville Football Club was an Irish association football club , originally based in The Liberties , Dublin . They were active during the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s , playing in both the League of Ireland and the Leinster Senior League . They were the first ever winners of the FAI Junior Cup and also played in two FAI Cup finals ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "17,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1930-31", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1930–31_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1930-31 [ A ] was the tenth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 28 December 1930 and concluded on 9 May 1931 with the final replay held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 10,000 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim the third of five FAI Cup titles in a row by defeating Dundalk ." } ] }, { "value": "Shamrock Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ." } ] }, { "value": "1 - 1 / 1 - 0 ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Replay_(sports)", "summary": "A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Dundalk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dundalk_F.C.", "summary": "Dundalk Football Club ( /dʌnˈdɔːk/ ; Irish : Cumann Peile Dhún Dealgan ) is a professional association football club in Dundalk , Ireland . Dundalk compete in the League of Ireland Premier Division , the top tier of Irish football , and are the reigning League Champions and League of Ireland Cup holders , having won both in 2019 . Founded in 1903 as the works-team of the Great Northern Railway company , they played in junior competition until they joined the Leinster Senior League in 1922 . After four seasons in that division , they were elected to the Free State League , which later became the League of Ireland , in 1926 . In 1932-33 they became the first club from outside Dublin to win the league title , and have won at least one league title or FAI Cup in every decade since . They are now the second most successful club in the League 's history , and the most successful in the Premier Division era . In 1936 they moved from their original home at the Athletic Grounds in the town centre to their present ground , Oriel Park . The team has played in white shirts since 1927 , and adopted the present colours of white shirts with black shorts in 1940 . The club 's crest was also adopted in 1927 and is based on the town 's old Corporation Arms . Dundalk made their European debut as League Champions in the 1963-64 European Cup , and became the first Irish side to win an away match in Europe the same season . In the 1979-80 European Cup they reached the last 16 , which was their best European performance until 2016 . That season they reached the group stage of the 2016-17 Europa League , and became the first team from Ireland to both win points and win a match at that level of European competition ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park / Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "20,000 / 10,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1931-32", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1931–32_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1931-32 [ A ] was the eleventh edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 27 December 1931 and concluded on 17 April 1932 with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 32,000 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim the fourth of five FAI Cup titles in a row by defeating Dolphin ." } ] }, { "value": "Shamrock Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ." } ] }, { "value": "1 - 0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dolphin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dolphin_F.C._(Dublin)", "summary": "Dolphin Football Club was an Irish association football club , originally based in the Dublin suburb of Dolphin 's Barn . They played in the League of Ireland between 1930-31 and 1936-37 . In 1934-35 they were League of Ireland champions . After St James 's Gate , Shamrock Rovers , Bohemians , Shelbourne and Dundalk , Dolphin became the sixth club to win the League of Ireland title . In 1931-32 and 1932-33 Dolphin played in two successive FAI Cup finals , losing both games to Shamrock Rovers . Between 1930 and 1931 and 1932-33 Dolphin also played in three successive Leinster Senior Cup finals , winning the cup in 1931-32 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "32,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1932-33", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1932–33_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1932-33 [ A ] was the twelfth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 26 December 1932 and concluded on 26 March 1933 with the final replay held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 18,000 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim their fifth FAI Cup title in a row by defeating Dolphin ." } ] }, { "value": "Shamrock Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ." } ] }, { "value": "3 - 3 / 3 - 0 ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Replay_(sports)", "summary": "A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Dolphin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dolphin_F.C._(Dublin)", "summary": "Dolphin Football Club was an Irish association football club , originally based in the Dublin suburb of Dolphin 's Barn . They played in the League of Ireland between 1930-31 and 1936-37 . In 1934-35 they were League of Ireland champions . After St James 's Gate , Shamrock Rovers , Bohemians , Shelbourne and Dundalk , Dolphin became the sixth club to win the League of Ireland title . In 1931-32 and 1932-33 Dolphin played in two successive FAI Cup finals , losing both games to Shamrock Rovers . Between 1930 and 1931 and 1932-33 Dolphin also played in three successive Leinster Senior Cup finals , winning the cup in 1931-32 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park / Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "22,000 / 18,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1933-34", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1933–34_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1933-34 [ A ] was the thirteenth awarding of Ireland 's premier cup competition prize , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 13 January 1934 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 21,000 people watched Cork claim their sole FAI Cup title by defeating inaugural winners , St James 's Gate ." } ] }, { "value": "Cork", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cork_F.C.", "summary": "Cork Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Cork . They were founded as Fords F.C . and later became known as Fordsons F.C . They played in the League of Ireland between 1924-25 and 1937-38 . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as St James 's Gate , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , the club had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the Ford Motor Company , a major employer in the city at the time . In 1930 , however , Ford ended its association with the club and they were renamed Cork . The club folded in 1938 and were replaced in the League of Ireland by a new club , Cork City ." } ] }, { "value": "2 - 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. James 's Gate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._James's_Gate_F.C.", "summary": "St James 's Gate Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Drimnagh/Crumlin , Dublin . They played in the League of Ireland between 1921-22 and 1943-44 and again from 1990-91 until 1995-96 . Gate were the inaugural winners of both the League of Ireland and the FAI Cup . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as Fordsons , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , Gate had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the St James 's Gate Brewery , the home of Guinness . Their senior men 's team currently play in the Leinster Senior League ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "21,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1934-35", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1934–35_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1934-35 [ A ] was the fourteenth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 13 January 1935 and concluded on 14 April with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 22,000 people watched Bohemians defeat Dundalk in a high-scoring finale ." } ] }, { "value": "Bohemians", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bohemian_F.C.", "summary": "Bohemian Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Bóithéamaigh ) , more commonly referred to as Bohemians or Bohs , is a semi-professional football club from Dublin , Ireland . Bohemians compete in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland , and are the oldest League of Ireland club in continuous existence . Bohs are the third most successful club in League of Ireland football history , having won the League of Ireland title 11 times , the FAI Cup 7 times , the League of Ireland Shield 6 times and the League of Ireland Cup 3 times . Prior to the establishment of the Football Association of Ireland and League of Ireland , Bohemians competed in the Irish Football League and Irish Cup , which were at the time all-Ireland competitions . During that period they won the Irish Cup once and finished runners up 5 times . They share the record for most wins in European competition with archrivals Shamrock Rovers and hold the record for Leinster Senior Cup wins with 32 cups claimed . Bohemians were founded on 6 September 1890 in the Phoenix Park Gate Lodge beside the North Circular Road entrance and played its first games in the Park 's Polo Grounds . They were one of the founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 , after their withdrawal from the Irish Football League . They established themselves as a major force within the first 15 years of the League of Ireland , winning 5 league titles , 2 FAI Cups and 4 Shields , but struggled for decades after that , largely due to their strict amateur status , going 34 seasons without winning a major trophy . Bohemians dropped their amateur ethos in 1969 and proceeded to win 2 League titles , 2 FAI Cups and 2 League cups during the 1970s . They suffered a further decline throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s before claiming League and Cup doubles in 2001 and 2008 , alongside the 2003 and most recently 2009 title wins . Bohemians play their home matches at Dalymount park in the Northside neighbourhood of Phibsborough ." } ] }, { "value": "4 - 3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dundalk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dundalk_F.C.", "summary": "Dundalk Football Club ( /dʌnˈdɔːk/ ; Irish : Cumann Peile Dhún Dealgan ) is a professional association football club in Dundalk , Ireland . Dundalk compete in the League of Ireland Premier Division , the top tier of Irish football , and are the reigning League Champions and League of Ireland Cup holders , having won both in 2019 . Founded in 1903 as the works-team of the Great Northern Railway company , they played in junior competition until they joined the Leinster Senior League in 1922 . After four seasons in that division , they were elected to the Free State League , which later became the League of Ireland , in 1926 . In 1932-33 they became the first club from outside Dublin to win the league title , and have won at least one league title or FAI Cup in every decade since . They are now the second most successful club in the League 's history , and the most successful in the Premier Division era . In 1936 they moved from their original home at the Athletic Grounds in the town centre to their present ground , Oriel Park . The team has played in white shirts since 1927 , and adopted the present colours of white shirts with black shorts in 1940 . The club 's crest was also adopted in 1927 and is based on the town 's old Corporation Arms . Dundalk made their European debut as League Champions in the 1963-64 European Cup , and became the first Irish side to win an away match in Europe the same season . In the 1979-80 European Cup they reached the last 16 , which was their best European performance until 2016 . That season they reached the group stage of the 2016-17 Europa League , and became the first team from Ireland to both win points and win a match at that level of European competition ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "22,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1935-36", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1935–36_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1935-36 [ A ] was the fifteenth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 1 January 1936 and concluded on 19 April with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 30,946 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim their seventh title by defeating Cork ." } ] }, { "value": "Shamrock Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ." } ] }, { "value": "2 - 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cork", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cork_F.C.", "summary": "Cork Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Cork . They were founded as Fords F.C . and later became known as Fordsons F.C . They played in the League of Ireland between 1924-25 and 1937-38 . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as St James 's Gate , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , the club had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the Ford Motor Company , a major employer in the city at the time . In 1930 , however , Ford ended its association with the club and they were renamed Cork . The club folded in 1938 and were replaced in the League of Ireland by a new club , Cork City ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "30,946", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1936-37", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1936–37_FAI_Cup", "summary": "The FAI Cup 1936-37 [ A ] was the sixteenth awarding of Ireland 's premier cup competition prize , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 9 January 1937 and concluded on 18 April with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 24,000 people watched Waterford , captained by Tom Arrigan , claim their first FAI Cup title by defeating St James 's Gate ." } ] }, { "value": "Waterford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Waterford_United_F.C.", "summary": "Waterford Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Phort Láirge ) is an Irish association football club based in Waterford . The club finished top of the 2017 League of Ireland First Division , winning promotion to the 2018 League of Ireland Premier Division . The club was founded and elected to the league in 1930 . Originally the club was based at the greyhound stadium known as Kilcohan Park , but has now moved to the Waterford Regional Sports Centre ." } ] }, { "value": "2 - 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. James 's Gate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._James's_Gate_F.C.", "summary": "St James 's Gate Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Drimnagh/Crumlin , Dublin . They played in the League of Ireland between 1921-22 and 1943-44 and again from 1990-91 until 1995-96 . Gate were the inaugural winners of both the League of Ireland and the FAI Cup . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as Fordsons , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , Gate had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the St James 's Gate Brewery , the home of Guinness . Their senior men 's team currently play in the Leinster Senior League ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "24,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1937-38", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. James 's Gate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._James's_Gate_F.C.", "summary": "St James 's Gate Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Drimnagh/Crumlin , Dublin . They played in the League of Ireland between 1921-22 and 1943-44 and again from 1990-91 until 1995-96 . Gate were the inaugural winners of both the League of Ireland and the FAI Cup . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as Fordsons , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , Gate had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the St James 's Gate Brewery , the home of Guinness . Their senior men 's team currently play in the Leinster Senior League ." } ] }, { "value": "2 - 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dundalk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dundalk_F.C.", "summary": "Dundalk Football Club ( /dʌnˈdɔːk/ ; Irish : Cumann Peile Dhún Dealgan ) is a professional association football club in Dundalk , Ireland . Dundalk compete in the League of Ireland Premier Division , the top tier of Irish football , and are the reigning League Champions and League of Ireland Cup holders , having won both in 2019 . Founded in 1903 as the works-team of the Great Northern Railway company , they played in junior competition until they joined the Leinster Senior League in 1922 . After four seasons in that division , they were elected to the Free State League , which later became the League of Ireland , in 1926 . In 1932-33 they became the first club from outside Dublin to win the league title , and have won at least one league title or FAI Cup in every decade since . They are now the second most successful club in the League 's history , and the most successful in the Premier Division era . In 1936 they moved from their original home at the Athletic Grounds in the town centre to their present ground , Oriel Park . The team has played in white shirts since 1927 , and adopted the present colours of white shirts with black shorts in 1940 . The club 's crest was also adopted in 1927 and is based on the town 's old Corporation Arms . Dundalk made their European debut as League Champions in the 1963-64 European Cup , and became the first Irish side to win an away match in Europe the same season . In the 1979-80 European Cup they reached the last 16 , which was their best European performance until 2016 . That season they reached the group stage of the 2016-17 Europa League , and became the first team from Ireland to both win points and win a match at that level of European competition ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "30,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1938-39", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shelbourne", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C.", "summary": "Shelbourne Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Shíol Bhroin ) is an Irish association football club based in Drumcondra , Dublin , who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Shelbourne were founded in Dublin in 1895 . In 1904 the club joined the Irish Football League , which was then an all Ireland competition , before becoming founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 . Shelbourne have won the league 13 times and are one of three clubs to have won both the IFA Cup and the FAI Cup . They play their home matches at Tolka Park , in the Dublin suburb of Drumcondra . The club colours are primarily red and white , with home jerseys being predominantly red . Shels is the club 's most common nickname , an abbreviation of Shelbourne . In the 2004/05 European season , Shelbourne became the first Irish club to reach the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League . Their performances in European competition and former striker Jason Byrne being capped for the Republic of Ireland whilst with the club , gained Shelbourne international exposure . The club lost their Premier Division licence for the 2007 season due to the club 's debt situation . Although the club was saved , since then , Shelbourne have mainly played in the second tier of the League of Ireland ." } ] }, { "value": "1 - 1 / 1 - 0 ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Replay_(sports)", "summary": "A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Sligo Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Sligo Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí Shligigh ) is a professional Irish football club playing in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland . The club was founded in 1928 and have been in the League of Ireland since 1934 . The club is a co-operative venture , owned by the people of Sligo . Rovers have played at The Showgrounds since their inception . They recently won a third FAI Cup in four years and in the season previous to this recent cup win became the 2012 Premier Division Champions , winning the league with two games to spare . In total they have won three Leagues , five FAI Cups , two League cups ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park / Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "30,000 / 25,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1939-40", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shamrock Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ." } ] }, { "value": "3 - 0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sligo Rovers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C.", "summary": "Sligo Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí Shligigh ) is a professional Irish football club playing in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland . The club was founded in 1928 and have been in the League of Ireland since 1934 . The club is a co-operative venture , owned by the people of Sligo . Rovers have played at The Showgrounds since their inception . They recently won a third FAI Cup in four years and in the season previous to this recent cup win became the 2012 Premier Division Champions , winning the league with two games to spare . In total they have won three Leagues , five FAI Cups , two League cups ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "38,509", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1940-41", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cork United", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cork_United_F.C._(1940)", "summary": "Cork United Football Club was a League of Ireland club based in Cork from 1940 until 1948 ." } ] }, { "value": "2 - 2 / 3 - 1 ( R )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Replay_(sports)", "summary": "A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Waterford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Waterford_F.C.", "summary": "Waterford Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Phort Láirge ) is an Irish association football club based in Waterford . The club finished top of the 2017 League of Ireland First Division , winning promotion to the 2018 League of Ireland Premier Division . The club was founded and elected to the league in 1930 . Originally the club was based at the greyhound stadium known as Kilcohan Park , but has now moved to the Waterford Regional Sports Centre ." } ] }, { "value": "Dalymount Park / Dalymount Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dalymount_Park", "summary": "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ." } ] }, { "value": "30,132 / 13,057", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "FAI Cup Finals", "section_text": "", "uid": "FAI_Cup_0", "intro": "The Football Association of Ireland Senior Challenge Cup (FAI Cup), known as the Extra.ie FAI Cup for sponsorship reasons, is a knock-out association football competition contested annually by teams from the Republic of Ireland (as well as Derry City from Northern Ireland). Organised by the FAI (Football Association of Ireland), the competition is currently sponsored by Extra.ie. It was known as the Free State Cup from 1923 to 1936. Shamrock Rovers hold the record of most wins with 25. As of November 2019, the current holders are Shamrock Rovers" }