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{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Afghanistan", "title": "List of mosques in Afghanistan", "header": [ "Name", "Province", "City", "Year", "Remarks" ], "data": [ { "value": "Abdul Rahman Mosque", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Mosque", "summary": "The Abdul Rahman Mosque ( Dari : مسجد عبدالرحمان ; Pashto : د عبدالرحمان جومات ) , also known as the Grand Mosque of Kabul , is one of the largest mosques in Afghanistan . It is located in one of Kabul 's central commercial areas called Deh Afghanan , near the Pashtunistan Square , Zarnegar Park , and across the once popular Plaza Hotel . The building is three stories high , built on 3.5 acres of land . One floor of the building is dedicated to women only . The mosque is named after an influential Afghan businessman named Hajji Abdul Rahman who has died but his sons continued the project . Construction of the mosque began in 2001 by Hajji Abdur Rahman but was delayed for several years due to red tape . The mosque has the capacity to serve 10,000 people at a time . There is also a madrasa inside the mosque and a library containing 150,000 books . The major work on the mosque was completed in late 2009 but the official inauguration took place in July 2012 which was attended by the former Afghan President Hamid Karzai and many other high-ranking officials . The building of the mosque is said to have been initially designed by Afghan architect Mir Hafizullah Hashimi . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Kabul Province", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kabul_Province", "summary": "Kābul ( Pashto : کابل , romanized : Kābəl , Persian : کابل , romanized : Kābul ) , situated in the east of the country , is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan . The capital of the province is Kabul city , which is also Afghanistan 's capital . The population of the Kabul Province is nearly 4 million people as of 2012 , of which almost 80 percent live in the urban areas . The current governor of the province is Muhammad Yaqub Haidari ." } ] }, { "value": "Kabul", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kabul", "summary": "Kabul ( Persian : کابل , romanized : Kābol , Pashto : کابل , romanized : Kābəl ) is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan , located in the eastern section of the country . It is also a municipality , forming part of the greater Kabul Province , and divided into 22 districts . According to estimates in 2019 , the population of Kabul is 4.114 million , which includes all the major ethnic groups of Afghanistan . Afghanistan 's only city with a population of over 1 million , Kabul serves as its political , cultural and economical center . Rapid urbanization had made Kabul the world 's 75th largest city . Kabul is located high up in a narrow valley between the Hindu Kush mountains , with an elevation of 1,790 metres ( 5,873 ft ) making it one of the highest capitals in the world . The city is said to be over 3,500 years old , mentioned since at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire . Located at crossroads in Asia - roughly halfway between Istanbul in the west and Hanoi in the east - it is in a strategic location along the trade routes of South and Central Asia , and a key location of the ancient Silk Road . It has been part of the Achaemenids followed by the Seleucids , Mauryans , Kushans , Kabul Shahis , Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Khwarazmians , Qarlughids , Khaljis , Timurids , Mughals , and Hotaks , until finally becoming part of the Durrani Empire ( also known as the Afghan Empire ) in 1747 . Kabul became the capital of Afghanistan in 1776 , during the reign of Timur Shah Durrani , the son of Ahmad Shah Durrani . In the early 19th century , the British occupied the city , but after establishing foreign relations , they were compelled to withdraw all forces from Afghanistan . The city was occupied by the Soviets in 1979 but they too abandoned it after the 1988 Geneva Accords were signed ." } ] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Largest mosque in Afghanistan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Friday Mosque of Kandahar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Cloak", "summary": "The Shrine of the Cloak ( Pashto : خرقه شريفه Kherqa Sharīfa ) is located adjacent to the main mosque in Kandahar , Afghanistan . It contains the Kherqa , a cloak believed to have been worn by the Islamic prophet Muhammad during the famous Night Journey in 621 CE . It is said to be one of the holiest sites in Islam , and even considered by some as the heart of Afghanistan . The building 's exteriors are of green marble from Lashkargah , with tiled surfaces and gilded archways . The cloak itself is locked away inside the mosque and is rarely seen . It has been guarded by the same family for over 250 years . Its guardians have traditionally only shown the cloak to recognized leaders of Afghanistan , although in times of great crisis such as natural disasters , it has been publicly displayed as a means of reassurance . The cloak was given to Amir Ahmad Shah Durrani ( regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan ) by Amir Murad Beg of Bukhara ( in modern Uzbekistan ) in 1768 in order to solidify a treaty between the two leaders . An alternate account states that when Ahmad Shah had traveled to Bukhara , he saw the cloak of Muhammad . He then decided to take the artifact with him to Kandahar , and asked whether he could borrow the cloak from its keepers . They , worrying that he might try to remove it from Bukhara , told him it could not be taken from the city . Ahmad Shah then is said to have pointed to a heavy stela of stone firmly planted in the ground , saying that he would never take the cloak far from the stone ." } ] }, { "value": "Kandahar Province", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kandahar_Province", "summary": "Kandahār ( Pashto : کندھار ; Persian : قندهار , Qandahār ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan , located in the southern part of the country next to Pakistan . It is surrounded by Helmand in the west , Uruzgan in the north and Zabul Province in the east . Its capital is the city of Kandahar , which is located on the Arghandab River . The greater region surrounding the province is called Loy Kandahar . The province contains about 18 districts , over 1,000 villages , and approximately 1,368,100 people , which is mostly tribal and a rural society . The main inhabitants of Kandahar province are the native ethnic Pashtuns , although smaller communities of Tajiks , Hazaras , Uzbeks and Baloch are also found in parts of the city of Kandahar . The current governor of the province is Humayoon Azizi ." } ] }, { "value": "Kandahar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kandahar", "summary": "Kandahar ( /ˈkɑːnðəˌhɑːr/ ) or Qandahar ( Pashto : کندهار ; Dari : قندهار ; known in older literature as Candahar ) is a city located in Afghanistan , with a population of about 614,118 . Kandahar is located in the south of the country on the Arghandab River , at an elevation of 1,010 m ( 3,310 ft ) . It is the capital of Kandahar Province , and also the center of the larger cultural region called Loy Kandahar . In 1709 , Mirwais Hotak made the region an independent kingdom and turned Kandahar into the capital of the Hotak dynasty . In 1747 , Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the Durrani dynasty , made Kandahar the capital of the Afghan Empire . Kandahar is one of the most culturally significant cities of the Pashtuns and has been their traditional seat of power for more than 300 years . It is a major trading center for sheep , wool , cotton , silk , felt , food grains , fresh and dried fruit , and tobacco . The region produces fine fruits , especially pomegranates and grapes , and the city has plants for canning , drying , and packing fruit , and is a major source of marijuana and hashish en route to Tajikistan . The region around Kandahar is one of the oldest known human settlements . A major fortified city existed at the site of Kandahar , probably as early as c. 1000-750 BCE , and it became an important outpost of the Achaemenid ( Persian ) Empire in the 6th century BCE . Alexander the Great had laid-out the foundation of what is now Old Kandahar in the 4th century BC and gave it the Ancient Greek name Αλεξάνδρεια Aραχωσίας ( Alexandria of Arachosia ) . Many empires have long fought over the city due to its strategic location along the trade routes of southern , central and western Asia ." } ] }, { "value": "1750", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Houses the cloak of the Islamic prophet Muhammad", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Muhammad", "summary": "Muhammad [ n 1 ] ( Arabic : مُحَمَّد , pronounced [ muħammad ] ; [ n 2 ] c. 570 CE - 8 June 632 CE ) was an Arab religious , social , and political leader and the founder of Islam . According to Islamic doctrine , he was a prophet , sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previously by Adam , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam , though some modern denominations diverge from this belief . [ n 3 ] Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity , with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief . He is referred to by many appellations , including Messenger of Allah , The Prophet Muhammad , Allah 's Apostle , Last Prophet of Islam , and others ; there are also many variant spellings of Muhammad , such as Mohamet , Mahamad , Muhamad , and many others . Born approximately 570 CE ( Year of the Elephant ) in the Arabian city of Mecca , Muhammad was orphaned at the age of six . He was raised under the care of his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib , and upon his death , by his uncle Abu Talib . In later years , he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer . When he was 40 , Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave , and receiving his first revelation from God . Three years later , in 610 , Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly , proclaiming that God is One , that complete submission ( islām ) to God is the right way of life ( dīn ) , and that he was a prophet and messenger of God , similar to the other prophets in Islam . The followers of Muhammad were initially few in number , and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists . He sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615 to shield them from prosecution , before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina ( then known as Yathrib ) in 622 ." } ] }, { "value": "Omar Al-Farooq Mosque", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kandahar Province", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kandahar", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Built on the site that was a popular cinema of Kandahar . [ 1 ]", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Great Mosque of Herat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Herat", "summary": "The Great Mosque of Herat ( Persian : مسجد جامع هرات , Masjid-i Jāmi-i Herāt ) or Jami Masjid of Herat , is a mosque in the city of Herat , in the Herat Province of north-western Afghanistan . It was built by the Ghurids , under the rule of the Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Ghori , who laid its foundation in 1200 CE , and later extended by several rulers as Herat changed rulers down the centuries from the Timurids to the Safavids , Mughals and then the Uzbeks , all of whom supported the mosque . Though many of the glazed tiles have been replaced during subsequent periods , the Friday Mosque in Herat was given its present form during the closing years of the fifteenth century . Apart from numerous small neighborhood mosques for daily prayer , most communities in the Islamic world have a larger mosque , a congregational mosque for Friday services with a sermon . The Jama Masjid was not always the largest mosque in Herat ; a much larger complex the Mosque and Madressa of Gawhar Shad , also built by the Timurids , was located in the northern part of the city . However , those architectural monuments were dynamited by officers of the British Indian Army in 1885 , to prevent its use as a fortress if a Russian army tried to invade India ." } ] }, { "value": "Herat Province", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Herat_Province", "summary": "Herat ( Pashto/Dari : هرات ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan , located in the western part of the country . Together with Badghis , Farah , and Ghor provinces , it makes up the north-western region of Afghanistan . Its primary city and administrative capital is Herat City . The province of Herat is divided into about 17 districts and contains over 1,000 villages . It has a population of about 1,780,000 , making it the second most populated province in Afghanistan behind Kabul Province . The population is multi-ethnic but largely Persian-speaking . The province of Herat shares a border with Iran in the west and Turkmenistan in the north , making it an important trading region . The Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline ( TAPI ) is expected to pass through Herat from Turkmenistan to Pakistan and India in the south . The province has two airports , one is the Herat International Airport in the capital of Herat and the other is at the Shindand Air Base , which is one of the largest military bases in Afghanistan . The Salma Dam which is fed by the Hari River is also located in this province ." } ] }, { "value": "Herat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Herat", "summary": "Herāt ( /hɛˈrɑːt/ ; Persian/Pashto : هرات ) is the third-largest city of Afghanistan . It has a population of about 436,300 , and serves as the capital of Herat Province , situated in the fertile valley of the Hari River in the western part of the country . It is linked with Kandahar , Kabul , and Mazar-i-Sharif via Highway 1 or the ring road . It is further linked to the city of Mashhad in neighboring Iran through the border town of Islam Qala , and to Mary in Turkmenistan to the north through the border town of Torghundi . Herat dates back to Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine . The city has a number of historic sites , including the Herat Citadel and the Musalla Complex . During the Middle Ages Herat became one of the important cities of Khorasan , as it was known as the Pearl of Khorasan . It has been governed by various Afghan rulers since the early 18th century . In 1717 , the city was invaded by the Hotaki forces until they were expelled by the Afsharids in 1729 . After Nader Shah 's death and Ahmad Shah Durrani 's rise to power in 1747 , Herat became part of Afghanistan . It witnessed some political disturbances and military invasions during the early half of the 19th century but the 1857 Treaty of Paris ended hostilities of the Anglo-Persian War . Herat lies on the ancient trade routes of the Middle East , Central and South Asia , and today is a regional hub in western Afghanistan ." } ] }, { "value": "1446", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The mosque was the city 's first congregational mosque , built on the former site of two smaller Zoroastrian Fire temples destroyed by earthquake and fire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fire_temple", "summary": "A fire temple in Zoroastrianism is the place of worship for Zoroastrians , often called dar-e mehr ( Persian ) or agiyari ( Gujarati ) . In the Zoroastrian religion , fire ( see atar ) , together with clean water ( see aban ) , are agents of ritual purity . Clean , white ash for the purification ceremonies [ is ] regarded as the basis of ritual life , which are essentially the rites proper to the tending of a domestic fire , for the temple [ fire ] is that of the hearth fire raised to a new solemnity . For , one who sacrifices unto fire with fuel in his hand . , is given happiness . As of 2019 [ update ] , there were 167 fire temples in the world , of which 45 were in Mumbai , 105 in the rest of India , and 17 in other countries . There is a religious custom in India of not allowing Zoroastrian women to enter the Fire Temple and the Tower of Silence if they marry a non-Zoroastrian person . This custom has been challenged before the Supreme Court of India after a Zoroastrian woman was denied entry into Zoroastrian institutions ." } ] }, { "value": "Shrine of Ali", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shrine_of_Ali", "summary": "The Blue Mosque is a mosque located in the center of Mazar-i-Sharif , Afghanistan . The Seljuq dynasty sultan Ahmed Sanjar built the first known shrine at this location . It was destroyed or hidden under earthen embankment during the invasion of Genghis Khan in around 1220 . In the 15th century , Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Mirza built the current Blue Mosque here . It is by far the most important landmark in Mazar-i-Sharif and it is believed that the name of city ( Noble Shrine , Grave of Hazrat-i-Ali { Sharif } originates from this shrine . A site plan of the location made in the 1910s shows that there had earlier been a smaller walled precinct in the mosque , which was razed to create parklands later , although the portals to this precinct still remain as gateways for the shrine . Tombs of varying dimensions were added for a number of Afghan political and religious leaders over the years , which has led to the development of its current irregular dimensions . These include the square domed tomb of Amir Dost Muhammad , Wazir Akbar Khan and a similar structure for Amir Sher Ali and his family . According to a local legend here has been buried Ali who reportedly was brought here by a white camel in order to save his remains from the desecration by his enemies . Most Muslims though consider that Ali is buried in Imam Ali Mosque , Najaf in Iraq . Alternatively , the personage buried in the shrine may have predated Islam . Identifying the shrine with Ali could likely be a myth to ensure the tomb would be protected and honored by the Islamic establishment ." } ] }, { "value": "Balkh Province", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Balkh_Province", "summary": "Balkh ( Pashto and Persian : بلخ , Balx ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan , located in the north of the country . It is divided into 15 districts and has a population of about 1,245,100 , which is multi-ethnic and mostly a Persian-speaking society . The city of Mazar-i-Sharif serves as the capital of the province . The Mazar-e Sharif International Airport and Camp Marmal sit on the eastern edge of Mazar-i-Sharif . The name of the province is derived from the ancient city of Balkh , near the modern town . The city of Mazar-e-Sharif has been an important stop on the trade routes from the Far East to the Middle East , the Mediterranean and Europe . Home to the famous blue mosque , it was once destroyed by Genghis Khan but later rebuilt by Timur . The city of Balkh and the area of Balkh Province was considered a part of various historical regions in history including Ariana and Greater Khorasan . It serves today as Afghanistan 's second but main gateway to Central Asia , the other being Sherkhan Bandar in the Kunduz Province ." } ] }, { "value": "Mazar-i-Sharif", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif", "summary": "Mazār-i-Sharīf ( Dari and Pashto : مزار شریف ; [ mæˈzɒːre ʃæˈriːf ] ) , also called Mazār-e Sharīf , or just Mazar , is the fourth-largest city of Afghanistan , with a 2015 UN-Habitat population estimate 427,600 . It is the capital of Balkh province and is linked by highways with Kunduz in the east , Kabul in the southeast , Herat in the west and Termez in Uzbekistan in the north . It is about 55 km ( 34 mi ) from the Uzbek border . The city also serves as one of the many tourist attractions because of its famous shrines as well as the Islamic and Hellenistic archeological sites . The ancient city of Balkh is also nearby . The name Mazar-i-Sharif means Tomb of the Prince , a reference to the large , blue-tiled sanctuary and mosque in the center of the city known as the Shrine of Ali or the Blue Mosque . Some people believe that the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib , the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , is at this mosque in Mazar-i-Sharif , after Ali 's remains were transferred to Mazar-i-Sharif as per request of Ja'far as-Sadiq . [ citation needed ] This is however rejected by other Muslims , as the majority believe he is buried in Najaf , Iraq . The region around Mazar-i-Sharif has been historically part of Greater Khorasan and was controlled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Ilkhanates , Timurids , and Khanate of Bukhara until the mid-18th century when it became part of the Durrani Empire after a friendship treaty was signed between emirs Murad Beg and Ahmad Shah Durrani . Mazar-i-Sharif is also known for the famous Afghan song Bia ke berem ba Mazar ( Come let 's go to Mazar ) by Sarban . Mazar-i-Sharif is the regional hub of northern Afghanistan , located in close proximity to both Uzbekistan and Tajikistan . It is also home to an international airport ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Also known as the Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sakhi Shrine ( Ziarat-e Sakhi )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sakhi_Shrine", "summary": "Sakhi Shah-e Mardan Shrine or Ziyarat-e Sakhi ( Dari : زیارت سخی ) , is a shrine and mosque located in the Karte Sakhi area of Kabul , Afghanistan . It is associated with the place to which the cloak of the Prophet Muhammad was brought and with a visit from Ali , the son-in-law and cousin of Prophet Muhammad , who would become the fourth Caliph and first of the Twelve Imams . The shrine is located at the foot of the Asmayi Hill , now better known as Television Hill . To its north and west is the Sakhi Cemetery . It is believed that the shrine marks the spot where the cloak of Prophet Muhammad was kept on its way to its present location in the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar . The cloak is said to have been woven by Muhammad himself with the help of his daughter Fatima , her husband , and Muhammad 's cousin , Ali , and their sons , Hasan and Husayn . Before Muhammad died , he bequeathed his cloak to Uwais al-Qarani , telling Ali and Umar that Uwais should be given the cloak on his death . After the Prophet 's death , Uwais took the cloak to the Cave of Hira on Jabal al-Nour , where Muhammad received his first revelation . It is believed to have remained in the cave until it was taken to Baghdad by Shaykh al-Uliya Qutba al-Atqiya . Timur would later seize it and take to his capital of Samarqand , where is would stay until 1076/1665-66 . The cloak was then taken to India , from where it was taken to Balkh , in the west of today 's Afghanistan , by the then governor of the city , Mir Yar Beg . He built a fort in Juzgun , Badakhshan , to house the garment securely ." } ] }, { "value": "Kabul Province", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kabul_Province", "summary": "Kābul ( Pashto : کابل , romanized : Kābəl , Persian : کابل , romanized : Kābul ) , situated in the east of the country , is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan . The capital of the province is Kabul city , which is also Afghanistan 's capital . The population of the Kabul Province is nearly 4 million people as of 2012 , of which almost 80 percent live in the urban areas . The current governor of the province is Muhammad Yaqub Haidari ." } ] }, { "value": "Kabul", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kabul", "summary": "Kabul ( Persian : کابل , romanized : Kābol , Pashto : کابل , romanized : Kābəl ) is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan , located in the eastern section of the country . It is also a municipality , forming part of the greater Kabul Province , and divided into 22 districts . According to estimates in 2019 , the population of Kabul is 4.114 million , which includes all the major ethnic groups of Afghanistan . Afghanistan 's only city with a population of over 1 million , Kabul serves as its political , cultural and economical center . Rapid urbanization had made Kabul the world 's 75th largest city . Kabul is located high up in a narrow valley between the Hindu Kush mountains , with an elevation of 1,790 metres ( 5,873 ft ) making it one of the highest capitals in the world . The city is said to be over 3,500 years old , mentioned since at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire . Located at crossroads in Asia - roughly halfway between Istanbul in the west and Hanoi in the east - it is in a strategic location along the trade routes of South and Central Asia , and a key location of the ancient Silk Road . It has been part of the Achaemenids followed by the Seleucids , Mauryans , Kushans , Kabul Shahis , Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Khwarazmians , Qarlughids , Khaljis , Timurids , Mughals , and Hotaks , until finally becoming part of the Durrani Empire ( also known as the Afghan Empire ) in 1747 . Kabul became the capital of Afghanistan in 1776 , during the reign of Timur Shah Durrani , the son of Ahmad Shah Durrani . In the early 19th century , the British occupied the city , but after establishing foreign relations , they were compelled to withdraw all forces from Afghanistan . The city was occupied by the Soviets in 1979 but they too abandoned it after the 1988 Geneva Accords were signed ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Also known as Karte Sakhi Shrine", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mosque of Jalalabad", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nangarhar Province", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nangarhar_Province", "summary": "Nangarhār ( Pashto : ننګر هار , Dari : ننگرهار , Urdu : ننگرهار ) also called Nangrahar or Ningrahar , is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan , located in the eastern part of the country . It is divided into twenty-two districts and has a population of about 1,436,000 . The city of Jalalabad is the capital of Nangarhar province ." } ] }, { "value": "Jalalabad", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jalalabad", "summary": "Jalālābād /dʒəˈlæləˌbæd/ , or Dzalalabad , ( Urdu : جلال آباد ) is a city in eastern Afghanistan . It is the capital of Nangarhar Province . Jalalabad is located at the junction of the Kabul River and the Kunar River . It is linked by an approximately 150-kilometre ( 95 mi ) highway with Kabul to the west , and a 130-kilometre ( 80 mi ) highway with the Pakistani city of Peshawar to the east . Jalalabad has a population of 356,274 ( 2015 estimate ) , making it one of the five largest cities of Afghanistan . Jalalabad is a leading center of social and trade activity because of its proximity with the Torkham border crossing , 65 km ( 40 mi ) away . Major industries include papermaking , as well as agricultural products including oranges , lemon , rice , and sugarcane due to its warm climate . It has six districts and a total land area of 12,796 hectares ( 31,620 acres ) . The total number of dwellings in this city is 39,586 ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lashkargah Mosque", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lashkargah_Mosque", "summary": "Lashkargah Mosque ( Pashto : د لښکرګاه جومات ) is a mosque in the city of Lashkargah , in Helmand province of south-western Afghanistan ." } ] }, { "value": "Helmand Province", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Helmand_Province", "summary": "Helmand ( /ˈhɛlmənd/ HEL-mənd ; Pashto/Dari : اهلاً ايها القارئ ) , also known as Hillmand or Helman and , in ancient times , as Hermand and Hethumand , is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan , in the south of the country . It is the largest province by area , covering 58,584 square kilometres ( 20,000 sq mi ) area . The province contains 13 districts , encompassing over 1,000 villages , and roughly 1,442,500 settled people . Lashkar Gah serves as the provincial capital . Helmand was part of the Greater Kandahar region until made into a separate province by the Afghan government in the 20th century . The province has a domestic airport ( Bost Airport ) , in the city of Lashkar Gah and heavily used by NATO-led forces . The British Camp Bastion and U.S. Camp Leatherneck is a short distance southwest of Lashkar Gah . The Helmand River flows through the mainly desert region of the province , providing water used for irrigation . The Kajaki Dam , which is one of Afghanistan 's major reservoirs , is located in the Kajaki district . Helmand is believed to be one of the world 's largest opium-producing regions , responsible for around 42% of the world 's total production . This is believed to be more than the whole of Burma , which is the second largest producing nation after Afghanistan . The region also produces tobacco , sugar beets , cotton , sesame , wheat , mung beans , maize , nuts , sunflowers , onions , potato , tomato , cauliflower , peanut , apricot , grape , and melon ." } ] }, { "value": "Lashkar Gah", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lashkar_Gah", "summary": "Lashkargāh ( Pashto : لښکرګاه ; Persian : لشکرگاه ) , historically called Bost or Boost ( بست، بوست ) , is a city in southwestern Afghanistan and the capital of Helmand Province . It is located in Lashkargah District , where the Arghandab River merges into the Helmand River . The city has a population of 201,546 as of 2006 . Lashkargah is linked by major roads with Kandahar to the east , Zaranj on the border with Iran to the west , and Farah and Herat to the north-west . It is mostly very arid and desolate . However , farming does exist around the Helmand and Arghandab rivers . Bost Airport is located on the east bank of the Helmand River , five miles north of the junction of the Helmand and Argahandab rivers ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Khost Mosque", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Khost_Mosque", "summary": "The Great Mosque of Khost or simply the Khost Mosque is the largest mosque in the city of Khost , in eastern Afghanistan . It can hold up to 2,000 worshipers during any prayer . It is important to note that the city of Khost has a number of other smaller mosques , which are also reported in the news as Khost mosques ." } ] }, { "value": "Khost Province", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Khost_Province", "summary": "Khost ( Pashto : خوست , Persian : خوست ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan , located in the eastern part of the country . To the east , Khost Province is bordered by Waziristan and Kurram in Pakistan . Khost Province used to be part of Paktia Province in the past , and the larger region surrounding Khost is still called Loya Paktia ( Greater Paktia ) . The city of Khost serves as the capital of Khost province . The population of the province is around 546,800 , which is mostly a tribal society . Khost Airport serves the province for domestic flights to Afghanistan 's capital , Kabul ." } ] }, { "value": "Khost", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Khost", "summary": "Khōst ( Pashto : خوست , or Khēst خېست ) is the capital city of Khost Province , Afghanistan . It is the largest city in the southeastern part of the country , and also the largest in the region of Loya Paktia . To the south and east of Khost lie Waziristan and Kurram in Pakistan . Khost is the home of Shaikh Zayed University . Khost Airport serves the city as well as the larger region surrounding the city ." } ] }, { "value": "2000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Amir Ali Shernway Mosque", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jowzjan Province", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jowzjan_Province", "summary": "Jowzjan , sometimes spelled as Jawzjan or Jozjan ( Persian : ولایت جوزجان , Pashto : جوزجان ولايت ) , is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan , located in the north of the country bordering neighboring Turkmenistan . The province is divided into 11 districts and contains hundreds of villages . It has a population of about 512,100 , which is multi-ethnic and mostly agriculturalists . Sheberghan is the capital of Jozjan province ." } ] }, { "value": "Sheberghan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sheberghan", "summary": "Sheberghān or Shaburghān ( Uzbek , Pashto , Persian : شبرغان ) , also spelled Shebirghan and Shibarghan , is the capital city of the Jowzjan Province in northern Afghanistan . The city of Sheberghan has a population of 175,599 . It has four districts and a total land area of 7,335 hectares . The total number of dwellings in Sheberghān is 19,511 ." } ] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Built by Turkey [ 2 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Turkey", "summary": "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_mosques_in_Afghanistan_0", "intro": "The following is an incomplete list of large mosques in Afghanistan:" }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Kyalami_Superbike_World_Championship_round", "title": "1999 Kyalami Superbike World Championship round", "header": [ "No", "Rider", "Team", "Motorcycle" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Carl Fogarty", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carl_Fogarty", "summary": "Carl George Fogarty , MBE ( born 1 July 1965 ) , often known as Foggy , is one of the most successful World Superbike racers of all time . He also holds the second highest number of race wins at 59 . He is the son of former motorcycle racer George Fogarty . Retired from racing since 2000 , Fogarty is renowned for his high corner speed riding style , combined with an aggressive competitiveness , which brought him 59 victories and four World Superbike Championships ( 1994 , 1995 , 1998 and 1999 ) . His greatest success came with the factory Ducati team . He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 1998 New Year Honours , and helped to develop the Petronas FP1 racing motorcycle campaigned in the early 2000s . He won the 14th series of I 'm a Celebrity.Get Me Out of Here ! in 2014 and was crowned 'King of the Jungle ' ." } ] }, { "value": "Ducati Performance", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ducati 996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ducati_996", "summary": "The Ducati 996 is a Ducati sport bike motorcycle made from 1999 to 2002 , based upon the earlier 916 ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Akira Yanagawa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Akira_Yanagawa", "summary": "Akira Yanagawa ( 柳川 明 , Yanagawa Akira , born 15 July 1971 ) is a motorcycle road racer from Japan . He won three World Superbike Championship races and finished on the podium on 20 further occasions ." } ] }, { "value": "Kawasaki Racing Team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kawasaki ZX-7RR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kawasaki_ZX-7R_and_7RR", "summary": "The Kawasaki Ninja ZX-7R was a motorcycle in the Ninja sport bike series from the Japanese manufacturer Kawasaki produced from 1989 until 2003 . It remained largely unchanged through its production . Kawasaki used inverted forks starting in 1991 , added ram air using a single tube , and in 1996 , twin tube ram air and Tokico six piston brakes and fully adjustable suspension . From 1989 through 1995 in the US market , Kawasaki called the ZXR-750 and ZXR-750R the ZX-7 and ZX-7R respectively . Starting from 1996 Kawasaki dropped the ZXR name worldwide and the former ZXR-750 was now ZX-7R and the limited edition homologation special ZXR-750R/ZX-7R started in 1991 was now ZX-7RR ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colin Edwards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colin_Edwards", "summary": "Colin Edwards II ( born February 27 , 1974 ) nicknamed the Texas Tornado , is an American former professional motorcycle racer who retired half-way through the 2014 season , but continues in the sport as a factory test rider . He is a two-time World Superbike champion and competed in the MotoGP class from 2003 to 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Castrol Honda", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Honda RC45", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Honda_RC45", "summary": "The Honda RVF750R RC45 was a fully faired racing motorcycle created for homologation purposes for the Superbike World Championship by Honda Racing Corporation . The RVF750R was the successor to the VFR750R RC30 ( not to be confused with the sport touring VFR750F ) . Like its predecessor , the RVF750R featured a DOHC liquid-cooled V4 4-stroke engine and a single-sided swingarm with gear driven cams , but unlike the RC30 it utilized electronic fuel injection , in a setup very similar to the production 1992 NR750 . The US spec engine had a 749.2cc capacity and was rated at 101 horsepower ; the European version was rated at 118 horsepower . A simple rewire modification to the PGM-FI box increased power in the US engine up to the 118 hp . It was manufactured from 1994 until 1995 and sold in limited numbers ( the United States receiving the model for its first year only ) , followed by the VTR1000R SP-1 RC51 in 2000 . Unlike the VFR750R RC30 and VFR750F from which the engine was originally derived the gear drive for the cams was moved from the centre of the engine in between the cylinders to the one side allowing a slightly narrower engine ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gregorio Lavilla", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gregorio_Lavilla", "summary": "Gregorio Lavilla ( born 29 September 1974 ) is a Spanish former professional motorcycle road racer . He has raced in MotoGP ( full-time in 250s , and part-time in 500s and MotoGP itself ) , the Superbike World Championship , and the British Superbike Championship , taking the British crown in 2005 . For 2008 he raced in WSB for the Ventaxia Honda team , finishing the championship in 12th place . He raced in four rounds of the 2009 WSB series with the Guandalini Racing Ducati team ." } ] }, { "value": "Kawasaki Racing Team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kawasaki ZX-7RR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kawasaki_ZX-7R_and_7RR", "summary": "The Kawasaki Ninja ZX-7R was a motorcycle in the Ninja sport bike series from the Japanese manufacturer Kawasaki produced from 1989 until 2003 . It remained largely unchanged through its production . Kawasaki used inverted forks starting in 1991 , added ram air using a single tube , and in 1996 , twin tube ram air and Tokico six piston brakes and fully adjustable suspension . From 1989 through 1995 in the US market , Kawasaki called the ZXR-750 and ZXR-750R the ZX-7 and ZX-7R respectively . Starting from 1996 Kawasaki dropped the ZXR name worldwide and the former ZXR-750 was now ZX-7R and the limited edition homologation special ZXR-750R/ZX-7R started in 1991 was now ZX-7RR ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pierfrancesco Chili", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pierfrancesco_Chili", "summary": "Pierfrancesco 'Frankie ' Chili , ( born 20 June 1964 in Bologna , Italy ) is a motorcycle racer who has raced in the Superbike World Championship and the 250cc and 500cc classes in Grand Prix . In World Superbike he had a record number of starts , as well as 10 poles and 17 wins . He retired at the end of the 2006 season . Chili also won the 125cc European Championship in 1985" } ] }, { "value": "Suzuki Alstare F.S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Suzuki GSX-R750", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R750", "summary": "Suzuki GSX-R750 is a family of 750 cc sports motorcycles from Suzuki 's GSX-R series of motorcycles . Looking like a Suzuki Endurance racer , it can be considered to be the first affordable , modern racer-replica suitable for road use . It was introduced at the Cologne Motorcycle Show in October 1984 ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Peter Goddard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peter_Goddard_(motorcycle_racer)", "summary": "Peter Goddard ( born 28 June 1964 ) was a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer . He resides in Wollongong , New South Wales , Australia . Riding motorcycles since the age of 5 , Goddard started his racing career on dirt tracks before making his debut on road circuits at Oran Park Raceway in 1984 . He has won many prestigious events and is an icon in today 's motorcycling world for what he has done ." } ] }, { "value": "Aprilia Rac.De Cecco", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aprilia RSV1000", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aprilia_RSV_Mille", "summary": "The Aprilia RSV Mille was a sport motorcycle manufactured by Aprilia from 1998 to 2003 . It was offered in three versions , RSV Mille , RSV Mille R , and RSV Mille SP . The first RSV Mille ( ME ) was made from 1998 to 2000 , the updated RSV Mille ( RP ) from 2001 to 2002 and the last update was made in 2003 . With a 998 cc 60-degree V-twin engine built by the Austrian company Rotax , the RSV Mille was the first large displacement motorcycle made by Aprilia that up to then had made up to 250cc engines . This same engine was used unmodified in the Tuono and in slightly modified form in the SL1000 Falco . The Mille featured a type of slipper clutch , which worked by using a vacuum on a closed throttle from the inlet manifold to give the effect of slipper clutch , but only on a closed throttle ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Troy Corser", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Troy_Corser", "summary": "Troy Gordon Corser ( born 27 November 1971 ) is an Australian former professional motorcycle road racer . He competed in the Superbike World Championship from 1992 to 2011 except for the 1997 season when he competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing . Corser won the Superbike World championship in 1996 and 2005 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ducati Performance", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ducati 996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ducati_996", "summary": "The Ducati 996 is a Ducati sport bike motorcycle made from 1999 to 2002 , based upon the earlier 916 ." } ] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Igor Jerman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kawasaki Bertocchi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kawasaki ZX-7RR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kawasaki_ZX-7R_and_7RR", "summary": "The Kawasaki Ninja ZX-7R was a motorcycle in the Ninja sport bike series from the Japanese manufacturer Kawasaki produced from 1989 until 2003 . It remained largely unchanged through its production . Kawasaki used inverted forks starting in 1991 , added ram air using a single tube , and in 1996 , twin tube ram air and Tokico six piston brakes and fully adjustable suspension . From 1989 through 1995 in the US market , Kawasaki called the ZXR-750 and ZXR-750R the ZX-7 and ZX-7R respectively . Starting from 1996 Kawasaki dropped the ZXR name worldwide and the former ZXR-750 was now ZX-7R and the limited edition homologation special ZXR-750R/ZX-7R started in 1991 was now ZX-7RR ." } ] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andreas Meklau", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andreas_Meklau", "summary": "Andreas Meklau ( born 7 June 1967 in Bruck an der Mur ) is an Austrian motorcycle racer . He competed in the Superbike World Championship for over ten years . He won one race at the Österreichring in 1993 ." } ] }, { "value": "Remus Racing Austria", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ducati 996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ducati_996", "summary": "The Ducati 996 is a Ducati sport bike motorcycle made from 1999 to 2002 , based upon the earlier 916 ." } ] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Carlos Macias", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Capill France Racing", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ducati 916", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ducati_916", "summary": "The Ducati 916 is a fully faired sport bike made by Ducati from 1994 to 1998 . [ a ] Featuring a 916 cc ( 56 cu in ) fuel injected , 4-valve , desmo , liquid-cooled , 90° V-twin engine in atrellis frame with a single-sided swingarm and USD forks , the 916 is frequently cited as one of the most beautiful motorcycles ever ." } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lucio Pedercini", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lucio_Pedercini", "summary": "Lucio Pedercini ( born September 22 , 1972 ) is an Italian former professional Grand Prix motorcycle racer and current motorcycle racing team owner ." } ] }, { "value": "Team Pedercini", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Team_Pedercini", "summary": "Team Pedercini is an Italian motorcycle racing team , currently competing in the Superbike World Championship and FIM Superstock 1000 Championship with Kawasaki ZX-10R motorcycles ." } ] }, { "value": "Ducati 916", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ducati_916", "summary": "The Ducati 916 is a fully faired sport bike made by Ducati from 1994 to 1998 . [ a ] Featuring a 916 cc ( 56 cu in ) fuel injected , 4-valve , desmo , liquid-cooled , 90° V-twin engine in atrellis frame with a single-sided swingarm and USD forks , the 916 is frequently cited as one of the most beautiful motorcycles ever ." } ] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Doriano Romboni", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Doriano_Romboni", "summary": "Doriano Romboni ( 8 December 1968 in Lerici , Italy - 30 November 2013 in Latina , Italy ) was an Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer ." } ] }, { "value": "R & D Racing Team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ducati 996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ducati_996", "summary": "The Ducati 996 is a Ducati sport bike motorcycle made from 1999 to 2002 , based upon the earlier 916 ." } ] }, { "value": "21", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Katsuaki Fujiwara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Katsuaki_Fujiwara", "summary": "Katsuaki Fujiwara ( born 27 March 1975 in Shimonoseki , Yamaguchi Prefecture , Japan ) is a former professional motorcycle racer . He last competed in the Asia Road Race Championship in the SS600 class aboard a Kawasaki ZX-6R , where he was champion in 2011 and runner-up behind Ryuichi Kiyonari in 2012 and 2013 behind Azlan Shah Kamaruzaman . He is mostly known for his time spent in the Supersport World Championship , a championship he gained his best result of second overall in 2002 . He has also raced in the Superbike World Championship , and in the All Japan Road Race Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "Suzuki Alstare F.S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Suzuki GSX-R750", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R750", "summary": "Suzuki GSX-R750 is a family of 750 cc sports motorcycles from Suzuki 's GSX-R series of motorcycles . Looking like a Suzuki Endurance racer , it can be considered to be the first affordable , modern racer-replica suitable for road use . It was introduced at the Cologne Motorcycle Show in October 1984 ." } ] }, { "value": "22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vittoriano Guareschi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vittoriano_Guareschi", "summary": "Vittoriano Guareschi ( born 19 June 1971 in Parma , Italy ) is a former professional motorcycle road racer and team manager ." } ] }, { "value": "Yamaha WSBK Team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yamaha R7", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yamaha_YZF-R7", "summary": "The Yamaha YZF-R7 or OW-02 is a race homologation motorcycle made by Yamaha in limited production run of only 500 units . It was designed to compete in the Superbike World Championship and Suzuka 8 Hours endurance races . It has a 749 cc ( 45.7 cu in ) , DOHC 20-valve ( 5 valves per cylinder ) inline-four engine producing 106 hp ( 79.0 kW ) on the base model for 32k US Dollars . But Yamaha also produced two race kits for the R7 the first for 914.25 US Dollars made 135 hp ( 100.7 kW ) when the other , unused bank of fuel injectors is activated and a pipe and ECU update . The second race kit for 12,190.00 US Dollars unleashed 162 hp ( 120.8 kW ) . The R7 was built for racing 'out of the box ' , implied by the chassis , which was derived from information and geometry from the YZR500 machines of the period . The R7 was specified with Öhlins suspension components and with titanium valves , titanium conrods , a shortened Deltabox II frame and dry weight of just 189 kg ( 416 lb ) . The intentions of the R7 were further underlined , with its designation of OW-02 and the lack of any pillion/passenger provision . The ECU came pre-programmed with racing maps for fuel and ignition , which were unlocked when the ECU detected that the race kit 's wiring harness had been installed . Super Streetbikes magazine ranked the R7 eighth in its list , The 10 Most Exotic Bikes Ever , noting its extraordinary $ 32,000 price and top-spec Öhlins race suspension and running gear and that the bike , looked utterly amazing : genuine two-wheeled sex , but said it was ironic that in spite of being the most exotic R-series bike ever , it actually turned out to be a bit of a lemon . The problem was that the bike as sold was hobbled , at only 100 hp , and that small teams could not afford the thousands of dollars of racing upgrades necessary to make the R7 competitive , and when they did , the crankshafts failed . For the sake of simplicity and cost savings , Yamaha had chosen to detune the engines for bikes imported into all countries to meet the German market 's maximum horsepower regulation , partially because whatever level it was detuned to was irrelevant , given that virtually every buyer intended to modify the bike from street-legal form in order to race ." } ] }, { "value": "23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jiří Mrkývka", "urls": [] }, { "value": "JM SBK Team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ducati 916", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ducati_916", "summary": "The Ducati 916 is a fully faired sport bike made by Ducati from 1994 to 1998 . [ a ] Featuring a 916 cc ( 56 cu in ) fuel injected , 4-valve , desmo , liquid-cooled , 90° V-twin engine in atrellis frame with a single-sided swingarm and USD forks , the 916 is frequently cited as one of the most beautiful motorcycles ever ." } ] }, { "value": "24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vladimír Karban", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Karban Racing Team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Suzuki GSX-R750", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R750", "summary": "Suzuki GSX-R750 is a family of 750 cc sports motorcycles from Suzuki 's GSX-R series of motorcycles . Looking like a Suzuki Endurance racer , it can be considered to be the first affordable , modern racer-replica suitable for road use . It was introduced at the Cologne Motorcycle Show in October 1984 ." } ] }, { "value": "26", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jean-Pierre Jeandat", "urls": [] }, { "value": "White Endurance", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Honda RC45", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Honda_RC45", "summary": "The Honda RVF750R RC45 was a fully faired racing motorcycle created for homologation purposes for the Superbike World Championship by Honda Racing Corporation . The RVF750R was the successor to the VFR750R RC30 ( not to be confused with the sport touring VFR750F ) . Like its predecessor , the RVF750R featured a DOHC liquid-cooled V4 4-stroke engine and a single-sided swingarm with gear driven cams , but unlike the RC30 it utilized electronic fuel injection , in a setup very similar to the production 1992 NR750 . The US spec engine had a 749.2cc capacity and was rated at 101 horsepower ; the European version was rated at 118 horsepower . A simple rewire modification to the PGM-FI box increased power in the US engine up to the 118 hp . It was manufactured from 1994 until 1995 and sold in limited numbers ( the United States receiving the model for its first year only ) , followed by the VTR1000R SP-1 RC51 in 2000 . Unlike the VFR750R RC30 and VFR750F from which the engine was originally derived the gear drive for the cams was moved from the centre of the engine in between the cylinders to the one side allowing a slightly narrower engine ." } ] }, { "value": "33", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert Ulm", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kawasaki Bertocchi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kawasaki ZX-7RR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kawasaki_ZX-7R_and_7RR", "summary": "The Kawasaki Ninja ZX-7R was a motorcycle in the Ninja sport bike series from the Japanese manufacturer Kawasaki produced from 1989 until 2003 . It remained largely unchanged through its production . Kawasaki used inverted forks starting in 1991 , added ram air using a single tube , and in 1996 , twin tube ram air and Tokico six piston brakes and fully adjustable suspension . From 1989 through 1995 in the US market , Kawasaki called the ZXR-750 and ZXR-750R the ZX-7 and ZX-7R respectively . Starting from 1996 Kawasaki dropped the ZXR name worldwide and the former ZXR-750 was now ZX-7R and the limited edition homologation special ZXR-750R/ZX-7R started in 1991 was now ZX-7RR ." } ] }, { "value": "38", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lance Isaacs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Team Ducati NCR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ducati 996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ducati_996", "summary": "The Ducati 996 is a Ducati sport bike motorcycle made from 1999 to 2002 , based upon the earlier 916 ." } ] }, { "value": "39", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alessandro Gramigni", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alessandro_Gramigni", "summary": "Alessandro Gramigni ( born 29 December 1968 in Florence , Italy ) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer . He was the 1992 F.I.M . 125cc world champion . After a succession of good results as an amateur , Gramigni made his Grand Prix debut in 1990 riding an Aprilia in the 125cc Class , ending the season in ninth position . He won his first race at the 1991 Czechoslovakian Grand Prix and finished the season ranked seventh in the championship with 90 points . In 1992 , he edged out Italian Fausto Gresini to win the 125cc world championship , with wins in Malaysia and Hungary . Gramigni moved up to the 250cc class in next season , first with the Gilera team before switching back to Aprilia . It was a disappointing season , as he scored only 2 points . He competed two more seasons in the 250 class , 1994 with the Aprilia , and in 1995 with Honda . After a two-year sabbatical , he entered one race in the 500cc class at the 1997 Malaysian Grand Prix before ending his Grand Prix career . He turned his attention to the Superbike World Championship from 1998 to 2001 and then in 2003 and 2005 . In 2004 he won the Italian Superbike Championship with the Yamaha Team 391 Racing team ." } ] }, { "value": "Team Valli Moto", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yamaha R7", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yamaha_YZF-R7", "summary": "The Yamaha YZF-R7 or OW-02 is a race homologation motorcycle made by Yamaha in limited production run of only 500 units . It was designed to compete in the Superbike World Championship and Suzuka 8 Hours endurance races . It has a 749 cc ( 45.7 cu in ) , DOHC 20-valve ( 5 valves per cylinder ) inline-four engine producing 106 hp ( 79.0 kW ) on the base model for 32k US Dollars . But Yamaha also produced two race kits for the R7 the first for 914.25 US Dollars made 135 hp ( 100.7 kW ) when the other , unused bank of fuel injectors is activated and a pipe and ECU update . The second race kit for 12,190.00 US Dollars unleashed 162 hp ( 120.8 kW ) . The R7 was built for racing 'out of the box ' , implied by the chassis , which was derived from information and geometry from the YZR500 machines of the period . The R7 was specified with Öhlins suspension components and with titanium valves , titanium conrods , a shortened Deltabox II frame and dry weight of just 189 kg ( 416 lb ) . The intentions of the R7 were further underlined , with its designation of OW-02 and the lack of any pillion/passenger provision . The ECU came pre-programmed with racing maps for fuel and ignition , which were unlocked when the ECU detected that the race kit 's wiring harness had been installed . Super Streetbikes magazine ranked the R7 eighth in its list , The 10 Most Exotic Bikes Ever , noting its extraordinary $ 32,000 price and top-spec Öhlins race suspension and running gear and that the bike , looked utterly amazing : genuine two-wheeled sex , but said it was ironic that in spite of being the most exotic R-series bike ever , it actually turned out to be a bit of a lemon . The problem was that the bike as sold was hobbled , at only 100 hp , and that small teams could not afford the thousands of dollars of racing upgrades necessary to make the R7 competitive , and when they did , the crankshafts failed . For the sake of simplicity and cost savings , Yamaha had chosen to detune the engines for bikes imported into all countries to meet the German market 's maximum horsepower regulation , partially because whatever level it was detuned to was irrelevant , given that virtually every buyer intended to modify the bike from street-legal form in order to race ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Superbike -- Entry list", "section_text": "", "uid": "1999_Kyalami_Superbike_World_Championship_round_0", "intro": "The 1999 Kyalami Superbike World Championship round was the opening round of the 1999 Superbike World Championship season and the 1999 Supersport World Championship season. It took place on the weekend of 26-28 March 1999 at the 4.26km Kyalami Circuit in South Africa. The round was marred by the death of Brett MacLeod after a crash in the Supersport race." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Player_of_the_Year", "title": "List of ECAC Hockey Player of the Year", "header": [ "Year", "Winner", "Position", "School" ], "data": [ { "value": "1961-62", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1961–62_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1961-62 NCAA men 's ice hockey season began in November 1961 and concluded with the 1962 NCAA Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 17 , 1962 at the Utica Memorial Auditorium in Utica , New York . This was the 15th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 67th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . This was the premier season for ECAC Hockey which began as a conglomerate of 28 eastern schools among which 8 teams were selected by a committee to participate in a postseason tournament that would determine which university ( s ) would receive bids to the NCAA tournament . Due to the sheer number of schools and the lack of any scheduling criteria the teams played a vastly unbalanced schedule . As a result , the regular season standings were effectively immaterial in determining the conference tournament participants and the committee based their selections on which teams they felt were the best representatives . Despite already being in the Tri-State League Clarkson , Rensselaer and St. Lawrence were also founding members of ECAC Hockey and played concurrently in both conferences until the Tri-State League folded in 1972 . This was the first season for Minnesota-Duluth as a university sponsored program ." } ] }, { "value": "Ron Ryan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ron_Ryan", "summary": "Ronald Ryan ( born July 11 , 1938 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey coach and executive ." } ] }, { "value": "Right wing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing ." } ] }, { "value": "Colby", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colby_Mules", "summary": "The Colby Mules ( formerly known as the White Mules ) are the varsity and club athletic teams of Colby College , a liberal arts college located in Waterville , Maine . Colby 's varsity teams compete in the New England Small College Athletic Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division III . The College offers 32 varsity teams , plus club sports , intramural sports called I-play ." } ] }, { "value": "1962-63", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1962–63_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1962-63 NCAA men 's ice hockey season began in November 1962 and concluded with the 1963 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 16 , 1963 at the McHugh Forum in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . This was the 16th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 68th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ." } ] }, { "value": "Bob Brinkworth", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving ." } ] }, { "value": "Rensselaer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RPI_Engineers_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The RPI Engineers men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ( RPI ) . The Engineers are a member of ECAC Hockey ( ECACH ) . They play at the Houston Field House in Troy , New York ." } ] }, { "value": "1963-64", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1963–64_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1963-64 NCAA men 's ice hockey season began in November 1963 and concluded with the 1964 NCAA Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 21 , 1964 at the University of Denver Arena in Denver , Colorado . This was the 17th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 69th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . This was the final year where no distinction in classification was made for NCAA ice hockey . The following year saw 14 members of the ECAC drop down to a new College Division to separate teams on a more equal financial footing . While some would resurface at the D-I level in later years most would remain in the lower-tier leagues . This was the first season of play for both Wisconsin and Ohio State as university sponsored clubs . While both were members of the Big Ten Conference they did not play the other three member schools and thus did not qualify for the informal ice hockey conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Bob Brinkworth", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving ." } ] }, { "value": "Rensselaer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RPI_Engineers_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The RPI Engineers men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ( RPI ) . The Engineers are a member of ECAC Hockey ( ECACH ) . They play at the Houston Field House in Troy , New York ." } ] }, { "value": "1964-65", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1964–65_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1964-65 NCAA University Division men 's ice hockey season began in November 1964 and concluded with the 1965 NCAA University Division Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 20 , 1965 at the Meehan Auditorium in Providence , Rhode Island . This was the 18th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 70th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . The ECAC conference was nearly halved before the season , going from 29 teams the previous year down to 15 . This happened due to the creation of a lower-tier division for the schools that could n't afford or were n't willing to compete with the wealthier universities . The lower tier would go through several changes over the years but continues to operate as the Division III level as well as the lone remaining Division II conference , Northeast-10 . ( as of 2016 )" } ] }, { "value": "John Cunniff", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Cunniff", "summary": "John Paul Cunniff ( July 9 , 1944 - May 10 , 2002 ) was an American NHL hockey coach and former professional player who appeared in 65 World Hockey Association regular season games between 1972 and 1976 . Cunniff was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2003 ." } ] }, { "value": "Left wing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Boston College Eagles are a Division I college hockey program that represent Boston College in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . The team has competed in Hockey East since 1984 , having previously played in the ECAC . The Eagles have won five national championships , the most recent coming in 2012 . Home games have been played at Kelley Rink at Conte Forum , named after coach John Snooks Kelley , since 1988 , having previously played at McHugh Forum . The Eagles are coached by former Eagles forward Jerry York , who has won the most games of any head coach in NCAA hockey history , having surpassed Ron Mason 's 924th win on December 29 , 2012 . York is an alumnus of Boston College , a member of the class of 1967 ." } ] }, { "value": "1965-66", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1965–66_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1965-66 NCAA University Division men 's ice hockey season began in November 1965 and concluded with the 1966 NCAA University Division Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 19 , 1966 , at the Williams Arena in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the 19th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 71st year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . Minnesota-Duluth joined the WCHA beginning with this season . Pennsylvania promoted their club program to varsity status and began playing as an independent ." } ] }, { "value": "Terry Yurkiewicz", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Goaltender", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goaltender", "summary": "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ." } ] }, { "value": "Clarkson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Clarkson University . The Golden Knights have been a member of ECAC Hockey since 1962 , and play their home games at Cheel Arena in Potsdam , New York . Although it is said [ by whom ? ] that the first Clarkson hockey game was played in 1916 against the Hogansburg Indians , they were established as a hockey club in 1921 , under the tutelage of head coach Gordon Croskery , and led by captain Bill Johnson . The Knights won their opening encounter against Alexandria Bay , 6-4 , and finished the year with a 2-1 record , their first of 72 winning seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "1966-67", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1966–67_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1966-67 NCAA University Division men 's ice hockey season began in November 1966 and concluded with the 1967 NCAA University Division Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 18 , 1967 at the Onondaga County War Memorial in Syracuse , New York . This was the 20th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 72nd year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . New Hampshire returned to a partial University Division schedule but still qualified for the lower-tier ECAC playoffs for this and the following season . They would become a full-time top division program for the 1968-69 season . Cornell 's win was the first by an eastern team since 1954 ending the 12-year dominance of the WCHA . On June 7 1967 , Al Karlander became the first NCAA player to be selected in an NHL Draft ." } ] }, { "value": "Doug Ferguson", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving ." } ] }, { "value": "Cornell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Cornell Big Red men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Cornell University . Cornell competes in the ECAC Hockey conference and plays its home games at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York . Six of the eight Ivy League schools sponsor men 's hockey and all six teams play in the twelve-team ECAC . The Ivy League crowns a champion based on the results of the games played between its members during the ECAC season . Cornell has won the ECAC Championship a record 12 times and has won the Ivy League Title 23 times , second to Harvard 's 25 . The 1970 Cornell Hockey team , coached by Ned Harkness was the first ( and currently only team ) in NCAA hockey history to win a national title while being undefeated and untied with a perfect 29-0-0 record . The Big Red 's archrival is the Harvard Crimson . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ." } ] }, { "value": "1967-68", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967–68_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1967-68 NCAA University Division men 's ice hockey season began in November 1967 and concluded with the 1968 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 16 , 1968 , at the Duluth Arena Auditorium in Duluth , Minnesota . This was the 21st season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 73rd year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . Pennsylvania joined ECAC Hockey beginning with this season ." } ] }, { "value": "Wayne Small", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :" } ] }, { "value": "Brown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brown_Bears_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Brown Bears men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Brown University . The Bears are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Meehan Auditorium in Providence , Rhode Island ." } ] }, { "value": "1968-69", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968–69_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1968-69 NCAA University Division men 's ice hockey season began in November 1968 and concluded with the 1969 NCAA University Division Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 15 , 1969 at the Broadmoor World Arena in Colorado Springs , Colorado . This was the 22nd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 74th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . Wisconsin was admitted into the WCHA beginning with this season . Because they now played each of the other three Big Ten teams they were included into the informal conference standings . Air Force and Notre Dame both begin to sponsor their ice hockey programs . Both teams start as independents ." } ] }, { "value": "Ken Dryden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ken_Dryden", "summary": "Kenneth Wayne Dryden , PC OC , ( born August 8 , 1947 ) is a Canadian politician , lawyer , businessman , author , and former National Hockey League ( NHL ) goaltender . He is an officer of the Order of Canada and a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame . Dryden was a Liberal Member of Parliament from 2004 to 2011 , and served as a cabinet minister from 2004 to 2006 . In 2017 , Dryden was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history . He received the Order of Hockey in Canada in 2020 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goaltender", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goaltender", "summary": "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ." } ] }, { "value": "Cornell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Cornell Big Red men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Cornell University . Cornell competes in the ECAC Hockey conference and plays its home games at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York . Six of the eight Ivy League schools sponsor men 's hockey and all six teams play in the twelve-team ECAC . The Ivy League crowns a champion based on the results of the games played between its members during the ECAC season . Cornell has won the ECAC Championship a record 12 times and has won the Ivy League Title 23 times , second to Harvard 's 25 . The 1970 Cornell Hockey team , coached by Ned Harkness was the first ( and currently only team ) in NCAA hockey history to win a national title while being undefeated and untied with a perfect 29-0-0 record . The Big Red 's archrival is the Harvard Crimson . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ." } ] }, { "value": "1969-70", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1969–70_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1969-70 NCAA University Division men 's ice hockey season began in November 1969 and concluded with the 1970 NCAA University Division Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 21 , 1970 , at the Olympic Arena in Lake Placid , New York . This was the 23rd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 75th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . In 1969 the NCAA changed their bylaws to permit freshman to play on the Varsity team . Beginning with this season universities were permitted to not only have first-year students play for their teams but to also have said players earn letters for four seasons rather than the previous limit of three . As a consequence the WCHA offered both a Sophomore-of-the-Year and Freshman-of-the-Year awards with the previous being formally retired following the campaign . Cornell finished the 1969-70 season with an undefeated record of 24-0 , only the second flawless campaign in the modern history of Division I ice hockey . The previous unblemished season ( Clarkson in 1955-56 ) , however , came with a caveat as 8 Golden Knight players were 4-year seniors ( a violation of NCAA regulations at the time ) . As a result , the Clarkson team declined to play in the NCAA tournament . Cornell 's undefeated team had no such issues and was able to compete in , and win , both their conference tournament and the NCAA tournament to become the first and thus far only undefeated NCAA champion ( as of 2016 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Tim Sheehy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Timothy_Sheehy_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "Timothy Kane Tim Sheehy ( born September 3 , 1948 in Fort Frances , Ontario and raised in nearby International Falls , Minnesota ) is a retired ice hockey player . Sheehy played Minnesota high school hockey for International Falls before joining the Boston College men 's ice hockey team . Sheehy , who has dual citizenship , also played for Team USA at the 1969 and 1971 Ice Hockey World Championship as well as the 1972 US Olympic hockey team that won the Silver Medal at the 1972 Winter Olympic Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Boston College Eagles are a Division I college hockey program that represent Boston College in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . The team has competed in Hockey East since 1984 , having previously played in the ECAC . The Eagles have won five national championships , the most recent coming in 2012 . Home games have been played at Kelley Rink at Conte Forum , named after coach John Snooks Kelley , since 1988 , having previously played at McHugh Forum . The Eagles are coached by former Eagles forward Jerry York , who has won the most games of any head coach in NCAA hockey history , having surpassed Ron Mason 's 924th win on December 29 , 2012 . York is an alumnus of Boston College , a member of the class of 1967 ." } ] }, { "value": "1970-71", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1970–71_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1970-71 NCAA University Division men 's ice hockey season began in November 1970 and concluded with the 1971 NCAA University Division Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 20 , 1971 at the Onondaga War Memorial in Syracuse , New York . This was the 24th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 76th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . Saint Louis begins to sponsor their ice hockey program as an independent ." } ] }, { "value": "Bruce Bullock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bruce_Bullock", "summary": "Bruce John Bullock ( born May 9 , 1949 in Toronto , Ontario ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who spent parts of three seasons in the National Hockey League in the 1970s with the Vancouver Canucks . Playing for Clarkson University , Bullock was one of the most decorated college goaltenders of his era . He was named to the NCAA First Team All-American in goal in both 1970 and 1971 ( succeeding Hall of Famer Ken Dryden , who took the honor from 1967-69 ) , and was named ECAC Player of the Year in 1971 . He also led Clarkson to the 1970 NCAA title game , where they lost to Cornell . Following his college career , Bullock was signed by the Vancouver Canucks during training camp , and assigned to their farm team , the Rochester Americans . He was then loaned to the Chicago Black Hawks ' farm team in Dallas . When a position became available at the Canucks ' other farm team , the Seattle Totems , he was assigned there where he completed his rookie pro season . He caught a break in 1972-73 , when an injury to Canuck starter Dunc Wilson forced his recall from the minors . He appeared in 13 games for Vancouver , posting a 3-8-3 record with a 4.79 GAA , until his season ended due to a broken finger , requiring surgery . Bullock spent another four seasons in Vancouver 's organization , but never saw substantial NHL action , partially due to hand injuries . He made one start for the club in the 1974-75 campaign , and another appearance in 1976-77 . During his minor league career he helped the Seattle Totems upset the USSR national team in an exhibition game , and was instrumental in helping the Tulsa Oilers win the Adams Cup in 1975-76 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goaltender", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goaltender", "summary": "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ." } ] }, { "value": "Clarkson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Clarkson University . The Golden Knights have been a member of ECAC Hockey since 1962 , and play their home games at Cheel Arena in Potsdam , New York . Although it is said [ by whom ? ] that the first Clarkson hockey game was played in 1916 against the Hogansburg Indians , they were established as a hockey club in 1921 , under the tutelage of head coach Gordon Croskery , and led by captain Bill Johnson . The Knights won their opening encounter against Alexandria Bay , 6-4 , and finished the year with a 2-1 record , their first of 72 winning seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "1971-72", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1971–72_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1971-72 NCAA University Division men 's ice hockey season began in November 1971 and concluded with the 1972 NCAA University Division Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 18 , 1972 at the Boston Garden in Boston , Massachusetts . This was the 25th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 77th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . This was the first year of play for the CCHA with former independents Ohio State and Saint Louis being joined by new programs from Bowling Green and Ohio . Notre Dame joined the WCHA . For the final time the ICAC awarded a trophy to the league champion ." } ] }, { "value": "Bob Brown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bob_Brown_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "Robert Bob Brown ( born December 18 , 1950 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . He played parts of two WHA seasons for the Philadelphia Blazers , New York Raiders , New York Golden Blades and Jersey Knights . Brown was drafted in the sixth round of the 1970 NHL Amateur Draft by the Montreal Canadiens . As a youth , Brown played in the 1963 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Scarboro Lions minor ice hockey team ." } ] }, { "value": "Defenceman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defenceman", "summary": "Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Boston University Terriers mens ice hockey program is one of the most storied teams in NCAA Division I hockey , playing its first ever game in 1918 and winning five national championships , while making twenty-two appearances in the Frozen Four . BU has won twelve major conference tournament championships as well as 30 titles in the historic Beanpot tournament featuring the four major Boston collegiate hockey teams . BU played in the Eastern College Athletic Conference ( ECAC ) from 1961 to 1984 , winning five tournament championships ; and has since competed in the Hockey East Association , winning seven tournament titles . Mens ice hockey is the most popular sport at Boston University and has a large fan base on campus and among BU alumni nationwide ." } ] }, { "value": "1972-73", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1972–73_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1972-73 NCAA University Division men 's ice hockey season began in November 1972 and concluded with the 1973 NCAA University Division Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 17 , 1973 at the Boston Garden in Boston , Massachusetts . This was the 26th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 78th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . After the season Denver 's participation in the NCAA tournament was vacated due to violations of NCAA regulations . After the season Army was classified as a Division II squad as part of the NCAA 's numerical classification system . Lake Superior State began to sponsor their ice hockey program and the team was promptly admitted into the CCHA ." } ] }, { "value": "Tom Mellor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tom_Mellor", "summary": "Thomas Robert Mellor ( born January 27 , 1950 ) is a retired American professional ice hockey defenseman ." } ] }, { "value": "Defenceman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defenceman", "summary": "Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Boston College Eagles are a Division I college hockey program that represent Boston College in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . The team has competed in Hockey East since 1984 , having previously played in the ECAC . The Eagles have won five national championships , the most recent coming in 2012 . Home games have been played at Kelley Rink at Conte Forum , named after coach John Snooks Kelley , since 1988 , having previously played at McHugh Forum . The Eagles are coached by former Eagles forward Jerry York , who has won the most games of any head coach in NCAA hockey history , having surpassed Ron Mason 's 924th win on December 29 , 2012 . York is an alumnus of Boston College , a member of the class of 1967 ." } ] }, { "value": "1973-74", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1973–74_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1973-74 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1973 and concluded with the 1974 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 16 , 1974 at the Boston Garden in Boston , Massachusetts . This was the 27th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 79th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . In the summer of 1973 the NCAA changed the classifications of the tiers in each of their sponsored sports . The University- and College-divisions were done away with and replaced by numerical designations making this the first official Division I season . The NIT held a competing ice hockey tournament for the first time . The tournament included NAIA champion Lake Superior State , ECAC 2 champion Vermont and two NCAA Division I schools ( Minnesota-Duluth and Saint Louis ) . Minnesota-Duluth won the championship but the tournament was not renewed for a second season ." } ] }, { "value": "Randy Roth", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :" } ] }, { "value": "Harvard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Harvard Crimson men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Harvard University . The Crimson are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Bright Hockey Center in Boston , Massachusetts . The Crimson hockey team is one of the oldest college ice hockey teams in the United States , having played their first game on January 19 , 1898 , in a 0-6 loss to Brown . The Crimson 's archrival is the Cornell Big Red . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ." } ] }, { "value": "1974-75", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1974–75_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1974-75 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1974 and concluded with the 1975 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 15 , 1975 at the St. Louis Arena in St. Louis , Missouri . This was the 28th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 80th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ." } ] }, { "value": "Ron Wilson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ron_Wilson_(ice_hockey,_born_1955)", "summary": "Ronald Lawrence Wilson ( born May 28 , 1955 ) is a Canadian-born American former professional ice hockey player and head coach . In his coaching career in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , he has coached the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , Washington Capitals , San Jose Sharks and Toronto Maple Leafs . He also was head coach of the United States men 's national ice hockey team at the 1998 and 2010 Winter Olympics . Wilson holds dual citizenship of the United States and Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "Defenceman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defenceman", "summary": "Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward ." } ] }, { "value": "Providence", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Providence_Friars_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Providence Friars men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Providence College . The Friars are a member of Hockey East . The skating Friars are currently coached by Nate Leaman has been the head coach of the skating Friars since 2011 , leading them to a national championship in 2015 . They play at the 3,030-seat Schneider Arena in Providence , Rhode Island ." } ] }, { "value": "1975-76", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1975–76_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1975-76 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1975 and concluded with the 1976 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 27 , 1976 at the University of Denver Arena in Denver , Colorado . This was the 29th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 81st year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ." } ] }, { "value": "Peter Brown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peter_Brown_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "Peter Brown ( born May 21 , 1954 ) is a retired American professional ice hockey defenseman . He was selected by the Atlanta Flames in the 7th round ( 118th overall ) of the 1974 NHL Entry Draft , and was also selected by the New England Whalers in the 3rd round ( 43rd overall ) of the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft . In January 1979 , the Toledo Goaldiggers traded Brown to the Fort Wayne Komets in exchange for goaltender Norm LaPointe ." } ] }, { "value": "Defenceman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defenceman", "summary": "Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Boston University Terriers mens ice hockey program is one of the most storied teams in NCAA Division I hockey , playing its first ever game in 1918 and winning five national championships , while making twenty-two appearances in the Frozen Four . BU has won twelve major conference tournament championships as well as 30 titles in the historic Beanpot tournament featuring the four major Boston collegiate hockey teams . BU played in the Eastern College Athletic Conference ( ECAC ) from 1961 to 1984 , winning five tournament championships ; and has since competed in the Hockey East Association , winning seven tournament titles . Mens ice hockey is the most popular sport at Boston University and has a large fan base on campus and among BU alumni nationwide ." } ] }, { "value": "1976-77", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1976–77_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1976-77 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1976 and concluded with the 1977 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 26 , 1977 at the Olympia Stadium in Detroit , Michigan . This was the 30th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 82nd year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ." } ] }, { "value": "Dave Taylor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dave_Taylor_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "David Andrew Taylor ( born December 4 , 1955 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with the Los Angeles Kings from 1977 to 1994 . Following his playing career , he served as the Kings ' general manager from 1997 to 2006 , and currently serves as Vice President of Hockey Operations with the NHL 's St. Louis Blues ." } ] }, { "value": "Right wing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing ." } ] }, { "value": "Clarkson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Clarkson University . The Golden Knights have been a member of ECAC Hockey since 1962 , and play their home games at Cheel Arena in Potsdam , New York . Although it is said [ by whom ? ] that the first Clarkson hockey game was played in 1916 against the Hogansburg Indians , they were established as a hockey club in 1921 , under the tutelage of head coach Gordon Croskery , and led by captain Bill Johnson . The Knights won their opening encounter against Alexandria Bay , 6-4 , and finished the year with a 2-1 record , their first of 72 winning seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "1977-78", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1977–78_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1977-78 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1977 and concluded with the 1978 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 25 , 1978 at the Providence Civic Center in Providence , Rhode Island . This was the 31st season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 83rd year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ." } ] }, { "value": "Lance Nethery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lance_Nethery", "summary": "Lance Nethery ( born June 28 , 1957 ) is a former professional ice hockey centre and coach , and current executive ." } ] }, { "value": "Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving ." } ] }, { "value": "Cornell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Cornell Big Red men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Cornell University . Cornell competes in the ECAC Hockey conference and plays its home games at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York . Six of the eight Ivy League schools sponsor men 's hockey and all six teams play in the twelve-team ECAC . The Ivy League crowns a champion based on the results of the games played between its members during the ECAC season . Cornell has won the ECAC Championship a record 12 times and has won the Ivy League Title 23 times , second to Harvard 's 25 . The 1970 Cornell Hockey team , coached by Ned Harkness was the first ( and currently only team ) in NCAA hockey history to win a national title while being undefeated and untied with a perfect 29-0-0 record . The Big Red 's archrival is the Harvard Crimson . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ." } ] }, { "value": "1978-79", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1978–79_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1978-79 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1978 and concluded with the 1979 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 24 , 1979 at the Olympia Stadium in Detroit , Michigan . This was the 32nd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 84th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ." } ] }, { "value": "Ralph Cox", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ralph_Cox", "summary": "Ralph Cox ( born February 27 , 1957 ) is a retired American professional ice hockey player . He was selected by the Boston Bruins in the 7th round ( 122nd overall ) of the 1977 NHL Entry Draft . Cox played his high school hockey at Archbishop Williams High School in Braintree , Massachusetts , USA and is one of the best players in program history . Cox then played NCAA hockey with the New Hampshire Wildcats men 's ice hockey team . He was NCAA First-Team All-Conference in 1978-79 and ECAC Hockey Player of the Year in 1979 . Cox was the team 's leading goal-scorer for three consecutive years and is the only University of New Hampshire player to ever score 40 goals in two different seasons . He was the last player cut from the famed 1980 Mens Olympic Hockey Team that won the gold medal at Lake Placid . Cox was inducted into the New Hampshire Athletics Hall of Fame in 1986 . He then joined the Pittsburgh Penguins as a scout . He won two Stanley Cup rings ( in 1991 and 1992 ) . His name was engraved on the Stanley Cup in 1992 , something reserved usually for players ." } ] }, { "value": "Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving ." } ] }, { "value": "New Hampshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The New Hampshire Wildcats men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents the University of New Hampshire . The Wildcats are a member of Hockey East . They play at the Whittemore Center Arena in Durham , New Hampshire ." } ] }, { "value": "1979-80", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1979–80_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1979-80 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1979 and concluded with the 1980 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 29 , 1980 at the Providence Civic Center in Providence , Rhode Island . This was the 33rd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 85th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ." } ] }, { "value": "Craig Homola", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)", "summary": "The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving ." } ] }, { "value": "Vermont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vermont_Catamounts_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Vermont Catamounts men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents the University of Vermont . The Catamounts are a member of Hockey East , joining in 2005 after competing in ECAC Hockey from 1974-2005 . They play home games at Gutterson Fieldhouse in Burlington , Vermont . Vermont has appeared in the NCAA Men 's Hockey Championship five times since making the move to Division I in 1974-75 including trips to the Frozen Four in 1996 and 2009 . Prior to moving to Division I , UVM competed in ECAC Division II , where it won back-to-back ECAC Division II titles in 1972-73 and 1973-74 . Since 1990 , the Catamounts have hosted what is now known as the Catamount Cup tournament , winning the title five times ." } ] }, { "value": "1980-81", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1980–81_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "summary": "The 1980-81 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1980 and concluded with the 1981 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 28 , 1981 at the Duluth Arena in Duluth , Minnesota . This was the 34th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 86th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . For the first time the Hobey Baker Award was conferred after the conclusion of the regular season . After the season four teams from the WCHA left to join the CCHA . As a result of dividing the four Big Ten schools that had previously been in the WCHA the Big Ten stopped declaring a conference ice hockey champion until the formation of a separate conference in 2013-14 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ed Small", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Defenceman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defenceman", "summary": "Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward ." } ] }, { "value": "Clarkson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men's_ice_hockey", "summary": "The Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Clarkson University . The Golden Knights have been a member of ECAC Hockey since 1962 , and play their home games at Cheel Arena in Potsdam , New York . Although it is said [ by whom ? ] that the first Clarkson hockey game was played in 1916 against the Hogansburg Indians , they were established as a hockey club in 1921 , under the tutelage of head coach Gordon Croskery , and led by captain Bill Johnson . The Knights won their opening encounter against Alexandria Bay , 6-4 , and finished the year with a 2-1 record , their first of 72 winning seasons ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Player_of_the_Year_0", "intro": "The ECAC Hockey Player of the Year is an annual award given out at the conclusion of the ECAC Hockey regular season to the best player in the conference as voted by the coaches of each ECAC team. The Player of the Year was first awarded in 1962 and every year thereafter. Four players (Bob Brinkworth, Scott Fusco, Chase Polacek and Jimmy Vesey) have received the award two separate times, each doing so in consecutive years. The award has been split twice in its history, 2002-03 and 2013-14." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Zulu_War_Victoria_Cross_recipients", "title": "List of Zulu War Victoria Cross recipients", "header": [ "Name", "Unit", "Date of action", "Place of action" ], "data": [ { "value": "William Allan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_Wilson_Allen", "summary": "William Wilson Allen , VC ( circa 1843 - 12 March 1890 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross ( VC ) for his actions at the Battle of Rorke 's Drift in January 1879 , the highest and most prestigious award for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces ." } ] }, { "value": "024 24th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers", "summary": "The South Wales Borderers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for 280 years . It first came into existence , as the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1689 . Based at Brecon , the regiment recruited from the border counties of Monmouthshire , Herefordshire and Brecknockshire , but was not called the South Wales Borderers until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in a great many conflicts , including the American Revolutionary War , various conflicts in India , the Zulu War , Second Boer War , and World War I and World War II . In 1969 the regiment was amalgamated with the Welch Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-02-22 22-23 January 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Rorke 's Drift , Natal Colony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke's_Drift", "summary": "The Battle of Rorke 's Drift , also known as the Defence of Rorke 's Drift , was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War . The successful defence of the mission station of Rorke 's Drift , under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead , followed Britain 's defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and continued into the following day . Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke 's Drift came very close to defeating the much smaller garrison , but were repelled . Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders , along with a number of other decorations and honours ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natal_Colony", "summary": "The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa . It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia , and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa , as one of its provinces . It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa . It was originally only about half the size of the present province , with the north-eastern boundaries being formed by the Tugela and Buffalo rivers beyond which lay the independent Kingdom of Zululand ( kwaZulu in the Zulu language ) . Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban , and eventually , the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure . A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony . The British established a sugar cane industry in the 1860s . Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations , so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India . As a result of the importation of Indian labourers , Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside India ." } ] }, { "value": "William Beresford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lord_William_Beresford", "summary": "Lieutenant-Colonel Lord William Leslie de la Poer Beresford VC KCIE ( 20 July 1847 - 30 December 1900 ) was an Irish soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces ." } ] }, { "value": "009 9th Lancers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/9th_Lancers", "summary": "The 9th Queen 's Royal Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army , first raised in 1715 . It saw service for three centuries , including the First and Second World Wars . The regiment survived the immediate post-war reduction in forces , but was amalgamated with the 12th Royal Lancers to form the 9th/12th Royal Lancers in 1960 ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-07-03 3 July 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "White Umfolozi River ( near Ulundi ) , Zululand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/White_Umfolozi_River", "summary": "The White Umfolozi River originates just west of Vryheid , KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa and has a confluence with the Black Umfolozi River at 28°20′58″S 31°58′46″E / 28.34944°S 31.97944°E / -28.34944 ; 31.97944 to form the Umfolozi River , which flows eastward towards the Indian Ocean ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ulundi", "summary": "Ulundi , also known as Mahlabathini is a town in the Zululand District Municipality . At one time the capital of Zulu Kingdom in South Africa and later the capital of the Bantustan of KwaZulu , Ulundi now lies in KwaZulu-Natal Province ( of which , from 1994 to 2004 , it alternated with Pietermaritzburg as the provincial capital ) . The town now includes Ulundi Airport , a three-star hotel , and some museums amongst its sights . In the 2001 Census , the population of the town was recorded as 18,420 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom", "summary": "The Kingdom of Zulu ( /zuːluː/ , Zulu : WamaZulu ) , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north . The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa . In 1879 , the British Empire invaded , beginning the Anglo-Zulu War . After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January , the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July in the Battle of Ulundi . The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Anthony Booth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anthony_Clarke_Booth", "summary": "Anthony Clarke Booth VC ( 21 April 1846 - 8 December 1899 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Born in Carrington , Nottingham , he was 32 years old , and a sergeant in the 80th Regiment of Foot ( Staffordshire Volunteers ) ( later The South Staffordshire Regiment ) , British Army in the Battle of Intombe during the Zulu War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC ." } ] }, { "value": "080 80th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/80th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Staffordshire_Volunteers)", "summary": "The 80th Regiment of Foot ( Staffordshire Volunteers ) was an infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1793 . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 38th ( 1st Staffordshire ) Regiment of Foot to form the South Staffordshire Regiment in 1881 . Its lineage is continued today by the 3rd Battalion , Mercian Regiment ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-03-12 12 March 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Intombe , Transvaal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Intombe", "summary": "The Battle of Intombe ( also Intombi or Intombi River Drift ) was a small action fought on 12 March 1879 , between Zulu forces and British soldiers defending a supply convoy ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Transvaal_Colony", "summary": "The Transvaal Colony ( Afrikaans pronunciation : [ ˈtransfɑːl ] ) was the name used to refer to the Transvaal region during the period of direct British rule and military occupation between the end of the Second Boer War in 1902 when the South African Republic was dissolved , and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910 . The physical borders of the Transvaal Colony were not identical to the defeated South African Republic ( which had existed from 1856 to 1902 ) , but was larger . In 1910 the entire territory became the Transvaal Province of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Gonville Bromhead", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gonville_Bromhead", "summary": "Major Gonville Bromhead [ note 1 ] VC ( 29 August 1845 - 9 February 1891 ) was a British Army officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British armed forces . He received the medal for his part in the defence of Rorke 's Drift in January 1879 , in which a small British garrison of 139 soldiers successfully repulsed an assault by some 4,000 Zulu warriors . Bromhead was portrayed by Michael Caine in the film Zulu , which depicted the battle . Born into a notable military family , Bromhead was brought up in Thurlby , Lincolnshire . He entered the 24th Regiment of Foot as an ensign in 1867 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1871 . Bromhead 's battalion was deployed to southern Africa in 1878 and subsequently served in the Ninth Cape Frontier War and the Anglo-Zulu War . He spent most of the remainder of his career in south Asia , where he was promoted to major in 1883 and saw service in the Third Anglo-Burmese War . He died in 1891 in Allahabad , India , at the age of 45 ." } ] }, { "value": "024 24th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers", "summary": "The South Wales Borderers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for 280 years . It first came into existence , as the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1689 . Based at Brecon , the regiment recruited from the border counties of Monmouthshire , Herefordshire and Brecknockshire , but was not called the South Wales Borderers until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in a great many conflicts , including the American Revolutionary War , various conflicts in India , the Zulu War , Second Boer War , and World War I and World War II . In 1969 the regiment was amalgamated with the Welch Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-02-22 22-23 January 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Rorke 's Drift , Natal Colony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke's_Drift", "summary": "The Battle of Rorke 's Drift , also known as the Defence of Rorke 's Drift , was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War . The successful defence of the mission station of Rorke 's Drift , under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead , followed Britain 's defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and continued into the following day . Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke 's Drift came very close to defeating the much smaller garrison , but were repelled . Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders , along with a number of other decorations and honours ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natal_Colony", "summary": "The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa . It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia , and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa , as one of its provinces . It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa . It was originally only about half the size of the present province , with the north-eastern boundaries being formed by the Tugela and Buffalo rivers beyond which lay the independent Kingdom of Zululand ( kwaZulu in the Zulu language ) . Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban , and eventually , the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure . A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony . The British established a sugar cane industry in the 1860s . Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations , so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India . As a result of the importation of Indian labourers , Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside India ." } ] }, { "value": "Edward Browne", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edward_Stevenson_Browne", "summary": "Brigadier General Edward Stevenson Browne , VC , CB ( 23 December 1852 - 16 July 1907 ) was a British Army officer , and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces ." } ] }, { "value": "024 24th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers", "summary": "The South Wales Borderers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for 280 years . It first came into existence , as the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1689 . Based at Brecon , the regiment recruited from the border counties of Monmouthshire , Herefordshire and Brecknockshire , but was not called the South Wales Borderers until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in a great many conflicts , including the American Revolutionary War , various conflicts in India , the Zulu War , Second Boer War , and World War I and World War II . In 1969 the regiment was amalgamated with the Welch Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-03-28 28 March 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Kambula , Zululand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Kambula", "summary": "The Battle of Kambula took place on 29 March 1879 , during the Anglo-Zulu War , when a Zulu Army attacked the British camp at Kambula , having routed the mounted element of the British force at the Battle of Hlobane the day before . The battle was a decisive defeat and the Zulu lost their belief in victory . The war ended after the Battle of Ulundi on 4 July 1879 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom", "summary": "The Kingdom of Zulu ( /zuːluː/ , Zulu : WamaZulu ) , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north . The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa . In 1879 , the British Empire invaded , beginning the Anglo-Zulu War . After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January , the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July in the Battle of Ulundi . The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Redvers Buller", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Redvers_Buller", "summary": "General Sir Redvers Henry Buller , VC , GCB , GCMG ( 7 December 1839 - 2 June 1908 ) was a British Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He served as Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa during the early months of the Second Boer War and subsequently commanded the army in Natal until his return to England in November 1900 ." } ] }, { "value": "060 60th Rifles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/King's_Royal_Rifle_Corps", "summary": "The King 's Royal Rifle Corps was an infantry rifle regiment of the British Army that was originally raised in British North America as the Royal American Regiment during the phase of the Seven Years ' War in North America known as 'The French and Indian War . ' Subsequently numbered the 60th Regiment of Foot , the regiment served for more than 200 years throughout the British Empire . In 1958 , the regiment joined the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry and the Rifle Brigade in the Green Jackets Brigade and in 1966 the three regiments were formally amalgamated to become the Royal Green Jackets . The KRRC became the 2nd Battalion , Royal Green Jackets . On the disbandment of the 1st Battalion , Royal Green Jackets in 1992 , the RGJ 's KRRC battalion was redesignated as the 1st Battalion , Royal Green Jackets , eventually becoming 2nd Battalion , The Rifles in 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-03-28 28 March 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Hlobane , Zululand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Hlobane", "summary": "The Battle of Hlobane ( 28 March 1879 ) took place at Hlobane , near the modern town of Vryheid in KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom", "summary": "The Kingdom of Zulu ( /zuːluː/ , Zulu : WamaZulu ) , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north . The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa . In 1879 , the British Empire invaded , beginning the Anglo-Zulu War . After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January , the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July in the Battle of Ulundi . The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "John Chard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Rouse_Merriott_Chard", "summary": "Colonel John Rouse Merriott Chard VC ( 21 December 1847 - 1 November 1897 ) was a British Army officer who received the Victoria Cross , the highest military decoration for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British armed forces . He earned the decoration for his role in the defence of Rorke 's Drift in January 1879 where he commanded a small British garrison of 139 soldiers that successfully repulsed an assault by some 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The battle was recreated in the film Zulu in which Chard was portrayed by Stanley Baker . Born near Plymouth , Chard attended the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich and was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in July 1868 . He was involved with the construction of fortifications in the Bermuda Garrison ( three years ) and at Malta ( two years ) before he was deployed to southern Africa at the start of the Anglo-Zulu War . At the end of the war he returned to a hero 's welcome in England and was invited to an audience with Queen Victoria . After a series of overseas postings he took up his final position in Perth , Scotland . He retired from the army as a colonel in 1897 after he was diagnosed with terminal cancer and died at his brother 's home in Somerset later that year ." } ] }, { "value": "Royal Engineers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Royal_Engineers", "summary": "The Corps of Royal Engineers , usually just called the Royal Engineers ( RE ) , and commonly known as the Sappers , is a corps of the British Army . It provides military engineering and other technical support to the British Armed Forces and is headed by the Chief Royal Engineer . The Regimental Headquarters and the Royal School of Military Engineering are in Chatham in Kent , England . The corps is divided into several regiments , barracked at various places in the United Kingdom and around the world ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-02-22 22-23 January 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Rorke 's Drift , Natal Colony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke's_Drift", "summary": "The Battle of Rorke 's Drift , also known as the Defence of Rorke 's Drift , was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War . The successful defence of the mission station of Rorke 's Drift , under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead , followed Britain 's defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and continued into the following day . Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke 's Drift came very close to defeating the much smaller garrison , but were repelled . Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders , along with a number of other decorations and honours ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natal_Colony", "summary": "The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa . It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia , and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa , as one of its provinces . It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa . It was originally only about half the size of the present province , with the north-eastern boundaries being formed by the Tugela and Buffalo rivers beyond which lay the independent Kingdom of Zululand ( kwaZulu in the Zulu language ) . Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban , and eventually , the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure . A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony . The British established a sugar cane industry in the 1860s . Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations , so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India . As a result of the importation of Indian labourers , Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside India ." } ] }, { "value": "Nevill Coghill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nevill_Josiah_Aylmer_Coghill", "summary": "Nevill Josiah Aylmer Coghill VC ( 25 January 1852 - 22 January 1879 ) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces ." } ] }, { "value": "024 24th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers", "summary": "The South Wales Borderers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for 280 years . It first came into existence , as the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1689 . Based at Brecon , the regiment recruited from the border counties of Monmouthshire , Herefordshire and Brecknockshire , but was not called the South Wales Borderers until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in a great many conflicts , including the American Revolutionary War , various conflicts in India , the Zulu War , Second Boer War , and World War I and World War II . In 1969 the regiment was amalgamated with the Welch Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-01-22 22 January 1879*", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Isandlwana , Zululand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana", "summary": "The Battle of Isandlwana ( alternative spelling : Isandhlwana ) on 22 January 1879 was the first major encounter in the Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom . Eleven days after the British commenced their invasion of Zululand in South Africa , a Zulu force of some 20,000 warriors attacked a portion of the British main column consisting of about 1,800 British , colonial and native troops and perhaps 400 civilians . The Zulus were equipped mainly with the traditional assegai iron spears and cow-hide shields , but also had a number of muskets and old rifles . The British and colonial troops were armed with the modern Martini-Henry breechloading rifle and two 7-pounder ( 3-inch , 76 mm ) mountain guns deployed as field guns , as well as a Hale rocket battery . Despite a vast disadvantage in weapons technology , the Zulus ultimately overwhelmed the British , killing over 1,300 troops , including all those out on the forward firing line . The Zulu army suffered anywhere from 1,000 to 2,500 killed . The battle was a decisive victory for the Zulus and caused the defeat of the first British invasion of Zululand . The British Army had suffered its worst defeat against an indigenous foe with vastly inferior military technology . Isandlwana resulted in the British taking a much more aggressive approach in the Anglo-Zulu War , leading to a heavily reinforced second invasion and the destruction of King Cetshwayo 's hopes of a negotiated peace ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom", "summary": "The Kingdom of Zulu ( /zuːluː/ , Zulu : WamaZulu ) , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north . The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa . In 1879 , the British Empire invaded , beginning the Anglo-Zulu War . After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January , the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July in the Battle of Ulundi . The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "James Dalton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Langley_Dalton", "summary": "James Langley Dalton VC ( 1833 - 7 January 1887 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces for service at the Battle of Rorke 's Drift during the Anglo-Zulu War ." } ] }, { "value": "Commissariat Department Commissariat and Transport Department", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps", "summary": "The Royal Army Service Corps ( RASC ) was a corps of the British Army responsible for land , coastal and lake transport , air despatch , barracks administration , the Army Fire Service , staffing headquarters ' units , supply of food , water , fuel and domestic materials such as clothing , furniture and stationery and the supply of technical and military equipment . In 1965 its functions were divided between other Corps ( RCT and RAOC ) and the RASC ceased to exist ; subsequently , in 1993 , they in their turn ( with some functions of the Royal Engineers ) became the Forming Corps of the Royal Logistic Corps ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-02-22 22-23 January 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Rorke 's Drift , Natal Colony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke's_Drift", "summary": "The Battle of Rorke 's Drift , also known as the Defence of Rorke 's Drift , was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War . The successful defence of the mission station of Rorke 's Drift , under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead , followed Britain 's defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and continued into the following day . Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke 's Drift came very close to defeating the much smaller garrison , but were repelled . Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders , along with a number of other decorations and honours ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natal_Colony", "summary": "The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa . It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia , and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa , as one of its provinces . It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa . It was originally only about half the size of the present province , with the north-eastern boundaries being formed by the Tugela and Buffalo rivers beyond which lay the independent Kingdom of Zululand ( kwaZulu in the Zulu language ) . Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban , and eventually , the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure . A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony . The British established a sugar cane industry in the 1860s . Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations , so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India . As a result of the importation of Indian labourers , Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside India ." } ] }, { "value": "Henry D'Arcy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Cecil_Dudgeon_D'arcy", "summary": "Henry Cecil Dudgeon D'Arcy VC ( 11 August 1850 - 1881 ) was a New Zealand-born recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He won the VC on 3 July 1879 at Ulundi in South Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War when he was 28 years old , and a captain in the Frontier Light Horse ." } ] }, { "value": "Frontier Light Horse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frontier_Light_Horse", "summary": "The Frontier Light Horse , a mounted unit of 200 volunteers , was raised at King William 's Town , Eastern Cape Colony in 1877 by Lieutenant Frederick Carrington . It is often referred to as the Cape Frontier Light Horse and served under Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Burmester Pulleine ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-07-03 3 July 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "White Umfolozi River ( near Ulundi ) , Zululand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/White_Umfolozi_River", "summary": "The White Umfolozi River originates just west of Vryheid , KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa and has a confluence with the Black Umfolozi River at 28°20′58″S 31°58′46″E / 28.34944°S 31.97944°E / -28.34944 ; 31.97944 to form the Umfolozi River , which flows eastward towards the Indian Ocean ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ulundi", "summary": "Ulundi , also known as Mahlabathini is a town in the Zululand District Municipality . At one time the capital of Zulu Kingdom in South Africa and later the capital of the Bantustan of KwaZulu , Ulundi now lies in KwaZulu-Natal Province ( of which , from 1994 to 2004 , it alternated with Pietermaritzburg as the provincial capital ) . The town now includes Ulundi Airport , a three-star hotel , and some museums amongst its sights . In the 2001 Census , the population of the town was recorded as 18,420 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom", "summary": "The Kingdom of Zulu ( /zuːluː/ , Zulu : WamaZulu ) , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north . The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa . In 1879 , the British Empire invaded , beginning the Anglo-Zulu War . After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January , the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July in the Battle of Ulundi . The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Edmund Fowler", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edmund_John_Fowler", "summary": "Edmund John Fowler VC ( 1861 - 26 March 1926 ) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Born in County Waterford , he later achieved the rank of Colour-Sergeant . He died in Colchester , Essex , on 26 March 1926 ." } ] }, { "value": "026 90th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/90th_Regiment_of_Foot", "summary": "The 90th Perthshire Light Infantry was a Scottish light infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1794 . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 26th ( Cameronian ) Regiment of Foot to form the Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) in 1881 ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-03-28 28 March 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Hlobane , Zululand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Hlobane", "summary": "The Battle of Hlobane ( 28 March 1879 ) took place at Hlobane , near the modern town of Vryheid in KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom", "summary": "The Kingdom of Zulu ( /zuːluː/ , Zulu : WamaZulu ) , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north . The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa . In 1879 , the British Empire invaded , beginning the Anglo-Zulu War . After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January , the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July in the Battle of Ulundi . The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Frederick Hitch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frederick_Hitch", "summary": "Frederick Hitch , VC ( 29 November 1856 - 6 January 1913 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross for his actions at the Battle of Rorke 's Drift , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces ." } ] }, { "value": "024 24th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers", "summary": "The South Wales Borderers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for 280 years . It first came into existence , as the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1689 . Based at Brecon , the regiment recruited from the border counties of Monmouthshire , Herefordshire and Brecknockshire , but was not called the South Wales Borderers until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in a great many conflicts , including the American Revolutionary War , various conflicts in India , the Zulu War , Second Boer War , and World War I and World War II . In 1969 the regiment was amalgamated with the Welch Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-02-22 22-23 January 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Rorke 's Drift , Natal Colony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke's_Drift", "summary": "The Battle of Rorke 's Drift , also known as the Defence of Rorke 's Drift , was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War . The successful defence of the mission station of Rorke 's Drift , under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead , followed Britain 's defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and continued into the following day . Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke 's Drift came very close to defeating the much smaller garrison , but were repelled . Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders , along with a number of other decorations and honours ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natal_Colony", "summary": "The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa . It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia , and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa , as one of its provinces . It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa . It was originally only about half the size of the present province , with the north-eastern boundaries being formed by the Tugela and Buffalo rivers beyond which lay the independent Kingdom of Zululand ( kwaZulu in the Zulu language ) . Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban , and eventually , the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure . A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony . The British established a sugar cane industry in the 1860s . Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations , so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India . As a result of the importation of Indian labourers , Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside India ." } ] }, { "value": "Alfred Hook", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Henry_Hook", "summary": "Alfred Henry Harry Hook VC ( 6 August 1850 - 12 March 1905 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces , for his actions at the Battle of Rorke 's Drift ." } ] }, { "value": "024 24th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers", "summary": "The South Wales Borderers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for 280 years . It first came into existence , as the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1689 . Based at Brecon , the regiment recruited from the border counties of Monmouthshire , Herefordshire and Brecknockshire , but was not called the South Wales Borderers until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in a great many conflicts , including the American Revolutionary War , various conflicts in India , the Zulu War , Second Boer War , and World War I and World War II . In 1969 the regiment was amalgamated with the Welch Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-02-22 22-23 January 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Rorke 's Drift , Natal Colony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke's_Drift", "summary": "The Battle of Rorke 's Drift , also known as the Defence of Rorke 's Drift , was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War . The successful defence of the mission station of Rorke 's Drift , under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead , followed Britain 's defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and continued into the following day . Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke 's Drift came very close to defeating the much smaller garrison , but were repelled . Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders , along with a number of other decorations and honours ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natal_Colony", "summary": "The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa . It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia , and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa , as one of its provinces . It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa . It was originally only about half the size of the present province , with the north-eastern boundaries being formed by the Tugela and Buffalo rivers beyond which lay the independent Kingdom of Zululand ( kwaZulu in the Zulu language ) . Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban , and eventually , the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure . A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony . The British established a sugar cane industry in the 1860s . Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations , so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India . As a result of the importation of Indian labourers , Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside India ." } ] }, { "value": "Robert Jones", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Jones_(VC)", "summary": "Robert Jones VC ( 19 August 1857 - 6 September 1898 ) was a Welsh recipient of the Victoria Cross for his actions at the Battle of Rorke 's Drift in January 1879 , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Jones was born at Penrhos , near Clytha , between Raglan and Abergavenny in Monmouthshire , Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "024 24th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers", "summary": "The South Wales Borderers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for 280 years . It first came into existence , as the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1689 . Based at Brecon , the regiment recruited from the border counties of Monmouthshire , Herefordshire and Brecknockshire , but was not called the South Wales Borderers until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in a great many conflicts , including the American Revolutionary War , various conflicts in India , the Zulu War , Second Boer War , and World War I and World War II . In 1969 the regiment was amalgamated with the Welch Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-02-22 22-23 January 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Rorke 's Drift , Natal Colony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke's_Drift", "summary": "The Battle of Rorke 's Drift , also known as the Defence of Rorke 's Drift , was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War . The successful defence of the mission station of Rorke 's Drift , under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead , followed Britain 's defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and continued into the following day . Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke 's Drift came very close to defeating the much smaller garrison , but were repelled . Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders , along with a number of other decorations and honours ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natal_Colony", "summary": "The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa . It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia , and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa , as one of its provinces . It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa . It was originally only about half the size of the present province , with the north-eastern boundaries being formed by the Tugela and Buffalo rivers beyond which lay the independent Kingdom of Zululand ( kwaZulu in the Zulu language ) . Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban , and eventually , the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure . A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony . The British established a sugar cane industry in the 1860s . Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations , so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India . As a result of the importation of Indian labourers , Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside India ." } ] }, { "value": "William Jones", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_Jones_(VC)", "summary": "William Jones VC ( 1839 - 15 April 1913 ) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross for his action at the Battle of Rorke 's Drift in January 1879 , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces ." } ] }, { "value": "024 24th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers", "summary": "The South Wales Borderers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for 280 years . It first came into existence , as the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1689 . Based at Brecon , the regiment recruited from the border counties of Monmouthshire , Herefordshire and Brecknockshire , but was not called the South Wales Borderers until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in a great many conflicts , including the American Revolutionary War , various conflicts in India , the Zulu War , Second Boer War , and World War I and World War II . In 1969 the regiment was amalgamated with the Welch Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-02-22 22-23 January 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Rorke 's Drift , Natal Colony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke's_Drift", "summary": "The Battle of Rorke 's Drift , also known as the Defence of Rorke 's Drift , was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War . The successful defence of the mission station of Rorke 's Drift , under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead , followed Britain 's defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and continued into the following day . Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke 's Drift came very close to defeating the much smaller garrison , but were repelled . Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders , along with a number of other decorations and honours ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natal_Colony", "summary": "The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa . It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia , and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa , as one of its provinces . It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa . It was originally only about half the size of the present province , with the north-eastern boundaries being formed by the Tugela and Buffalo rivers beyond which lay the independent Kingdom of Zululand ( kwaZulu in the Zulu language ) . Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban , and eventually , the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure . A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony . The British established a sugar cane industry in the 1860s . Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations , so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India . As a result of the importation of Indian labourers , Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside India ." } ] }, { "value": "William Leet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_Knox_Leet", "summary": "William Knox-Leet VC CB ( 3 November 1833 in Dalkey , County Dublin - 29 June 1898 ) , was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Leet was 45 years old , and a Major in the 1st Bn. , 13th Regiment of Foot ( later The Somerset Light Infantry ( Prince Albert 's ) ) , British Army during the Anglo-Zulu War when the following deed took place on 28 March 1879 at Battle of Hlobane , Zululand , South Africa for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross :" } ] }, { "value": "013 13th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Somerset_Light_Infantry", "summary": "The Somerset Light Infantry ( Prince Albert 's ) was a light infantry infantry regiment of the British Army , which served under various titles from 1685 to 1959 . In 1959 , the regiment was amalgamated with the Duke of Cornwall 's Light Infantry to form the Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry which was again amalgamated , in 1968 , with the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry , the King 's Shropshire Light Infantry and the Durham Light Infantry to form The Light Infantry . In 2007 , however , The Light Infantry was amalgamated further with the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment , the Royal Gloucestershire , Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment and the Royal Green Jackets to form The Rifles ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-03-28 28 March 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Hlobane , Zululand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Hlobane", "summary": "The Battle of Hlobane ( 28 March 1879 ) took place at Hlobane , near the modern town of Vryheid in KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom", "summary": "The Kingdom of Zulu ( /zuːluː/ , Zulu : WamaZulu ) , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north . The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa . In 1879 , the British Empire invaded , beginning the Anglo-Zulu War . After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January , the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July in the Battle of Ulundi . The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Henry Lysons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Lysons", "summary": "Colonel Henry Lysons VC CB ( 30 July 1858 - 24 July 1907 ) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces ." } ] }, { "value": "026 90th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/90th_Regiment_of_Foot", "summary": "The 90th Perthshire Light Infantry was a Scottish light infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1794 . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 26th ( Cameronian ) Regiment of Foot to form the Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) in 1881 ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-03-28 28 March 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Hlobane , Zululand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Hlobane", "summary": "The Battle of Hlobane ( 28 March 1879 ) took place at Hlobane , near the modern town of Vryheid in KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom", "summary": "The Kingdom of Zulu ( /zuːluː/ , Zulu : WamaZulu ) , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north . The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa . In 1879 , the British Empire invaded , beginning the Anglo-Zulu War . After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January , the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July in the Battle of Ulundi . The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Teignmouth Melvill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Teignmouth_Melvill", "summary": "Teignmouth Melvill VC ( 8 September 1842 - 22 January 1879 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces ." } ] }, { "value": "024 24th Regiment of Foot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers", "summary": "The South Wales Borderers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for 280 years . It first came into existence , as the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1689 . Based at Brecon , the regiment recruited from the border counties of Monmouthshire , Herefordshire and Brecknockshire , but was not called the South Wales Borderers until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in a great many conflicts , including the American Revolutionary War , various conflicts in India , the Zulu War , Second Boer War , and World War I and World War II . In 1969 the regiment was amalgamated with the Welch Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Wales ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-01-22 22 January 1879*", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Isandlwana , Zululand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana", "summary": "The Battle of Isandlwana ( alternative spelling : Isandhlwana ) on 22 January 1879 was the first major encounter in the Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom . Eleven days after the British commenced their invasion of Zululand in South Africa , a Zulu force of some 20,000 warriors attacked a portion of the British main column consisting of about 1,800 British , colonial and native troops and perhaps 400 civilians . The Zulus were equipped mainly with the traditional assegai iron spears and cow-hide shields , but also had a number of muskets and old rifles . The British and colonial troops were armed with the modern Martini-Henry breechloading rifle and two 7-pounder ( 3-inch , 76 mm ) mountain guns deployed as field guns , as well as a Hale rocket battery . Despite a vast disadvantage in weapons technology , the Zulus ultimately overwhelmed the British , killing over 1,300 troops , including all those out on the forward firing line . The Zulu army suffered anywhere from 1,000 to 2,500 killed . The battle was a decisive victory for the Zulus and caused the defeat of the first British invasion of Zululand . The British Army had suffered its worst defeat against an indigenous foe with vastly inferior military technology . Isandlwana resulted in the British taking a much more aggressive approach in the Anglo-Zulu War , leading to a heavily reinforced second invasion and the destruction of King Cetshwayo 's hopes of a negotiated peace ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom", "summary": "The Kingdom of Zulu ( /zuːluː/ , Zulu : WamaZulu ) , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north . The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa . In 1879 , the British Empire invaded , beginning the Anglo-Zulu War . After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January , the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July in the Battle of Ulundi . The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Edmund O'Toole", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edmund_O'Toole", "summary": "Edmond Joseph O'Toole VC was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces ." } ] }, { "value": "Frontier Light Horse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frontier_Light_Horse", "summary": "The Frontier Light Horse , a mounted unit of 200 volunteers , was raised at King William 's Town , Eastern Cape Colony in 1877 by Lieutenant Frederick Carrington . It is often referred to as the Cape Frontier Light Horse and served under Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Burmester Pulleine ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-07-03 3 July 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "White Umfolozi River ( near Ulundi ) , Zululand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/White_Umfolozi_River", "summary": "The White Umfolozi River originates just west of Vryheid , KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa and has a confluence with the Black Umfolozi River at 28°20′58″S 31°58′46″E / 28.34944°S 31.97944°E / -28.34944 ; 31.97944 to form the Umfolozi River , which flows eastward towards the Indian Ocean ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ulundi", "summary": "Ulundi , also known as Mahlabathini is a town in the Zululand District Municipality . At one time the capital of Zulu Kingdom in South Africa and later the capital of the Bantustan of KwaZulu , Ulundi now lies in KwaZulu-Natal Province ( of which , from 1994 to 2004 , it alternated with Pietermaritzburg as the provincial capital ) . The town now includes Ulundi Airport , a three-star hotel , and some museums amongst its sights . In the 2001 Census , the population of the town was recorded as 18,420 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom", "summary": "The Kingdom of Zulu ( /zuːluː/ , Zulu : WamaZulu ) , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north . The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa . In 1879 , the British Empire invaded , beginning the Anglo-Zulu War . After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January , the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July in the Battle of Ulundi . The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "James Reynolds", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Henry_Reynolds", "summary": "Lieutenant-Colonel James Henry Reynolds VC ( 3 February 1844 - 4 March 1932 ) , born Kingstown ( Dún Laoghaire ) , County Dublin , was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross for his actions at the Battle of Rorke 's Drift , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was educated at Castleknock College and Trinity College , Dublin ." } ] }, { "value": "Army Medical Department Army Medical Department", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps", "summary": "The Royal Army Medical Corps ( RAMC ) is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families , in war and in peace . The RAMC , the Royal Army Veterinary Corps , the Royal Army Dental Corps and Queen Alexandra 's Royal Army Nursing Corps form the Army Medical Services ." } ] }, { "value": "1879-02-22 22-23 January 1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Battle of Rorke 's Drift , Natal Colony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke's_Drift", "summary": "The Battle of Rorke 's Drift , also known as the Defence of Rorke 's Drift , was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War . The successful defence of the mission station of Rorke 's Drift , under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead , followed Britain 's defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and continued into the following day . Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke 's Drift came very close to defeating the much smaller garrison , but were repelled . Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders , along with a number of other decorations and honours ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natal_Colony", "summary": "The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa . It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia , and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa , as one of its provinces . It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa . It was originally only about half the size of the present province , with the north-eastern boundaries being formed by the Tugela and Buffalo rivers beyond which lay the independent Kingdom of Zululand ( kwaZulu in the Zulu language ) . Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban , and eventually , the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure . A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony . The British established a sugar cane industry in the 1860s . Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations , so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India . As a result of the importation of Indian labourers , Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside India ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Recipients", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Zulu_War_Victoria_Cross_recipients_0", "intro": "The Victoria Cross (VC) was awarded to 23 members of the British Armed Forces and colonial forces for actions performed during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. The Victoria Cross is a military decoration awarded for valour in the face of the enemy to members of the armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories. The VC was introduced in Great Britain on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War, and takes precedence over all other orders, decorations and medals. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command. The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857, when Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in Hyde Park. The Anglo-Zulu War (also known as the Zulu War) was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom (Zululand; part of modern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa). Although British and colonial forces under General Lord Chelmsford entered Zululand unopposed, on 11 January 1879, the Zulu army soon inflicted a heavy defeat on them at the Battle of Isandlwana, in which more than 1,300 British and colonial forces were killed. Immediately after the battle, Zulu troops moved onto the small garrison at Rorke's Drift. Here, just over 150 British and colonial soldiers defended the outpost against 4,000 Zulu warriors. The action was later made famous by the film Zulu. The defence of Rorke's Drift is considered by historians as a masterly defensive action and an example of heroism against overwhelming numbers. Eleven VC recipients received their awards for deeds performed during the defence of the small garrison - one of the largest number awarded for a single action, and the largest number (7) awarded to a single unit (the 2nd/24th Foot) for a single action." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sponsored_sports_venues", "title": "List of sponsored sports venues", "header": [ "Name", "Location", "Type" ], "data": [ { "value": "Allianz Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Barnet_Copthall", "summary": "Barnet Copthall is a leisure complex on the Hendon-Mill Hill borders in London NW4 . The complex houses a local authority-owned swimming pool and gymnasium facilities , a golf-driving range with 9 hole pitch and putt run by Metro Golf , and a stadium , Allianz Park , used primarily for rugby and athletics . The stadium is the home of rugby union Premiership side Saracens ." } ] }, { "value": "Hendon , London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hendon", "summary": "Hendon is a London urban area in the Borough of Barnet , 7 miles ( 11 km ) northwest of Charing Cross , between the A41 , A406 and the M1 motorway . Hendon was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex and has been part of Greater London since 1965 . It used to be the home for the London Aerodrome which later became RAF Hendon . From 1972 the site of the RAF station was gradually handed over to the RAF Museum London . Hendon had a population of 52,972 in 2011 which includes the West Hendon and Colindale wards ." } ] }, { "value": "Rugby union and athletics stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kia Oval", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Oval", "summary": "The Oval , known for sponsorship reasons as the Kia Oval , is an international cricket ground in Kennington , in the London Borough of Lambeth , in south London . The Oval has been the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club since it was opened in 1845 . It was the first ground in England to host international Test cricket in September 1880 . The final Test match of the English season is traditionally played there . In addition to cricket , The Oval has hosted a number of other historically significant sporting events . In 1870 , it staged England 's first international football match , versus Scotland . It hosted the first FA Cup final in 1872 , as well as those between 1874 and 1892 . In 1876 , it held both the England v. Wales and England v. Scotland rugby international matches and , in 1877 , rugby 's first varsity match . It also hosted the final of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy ." } ] }, { "value": "Kennington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kennington", "summary": "Kennington is a district in south London , England . It is mainly within the London Borough of Lambeth , running along the boundary with the London Borough of Southwark , a boundary which can be discerned from the early medieval period between the Lambeth and St George 's parishes of those boroughs respectively . It is located 1.4 miles ( 2.3 km ) south of Charing Cross in Inner London and is identified as a local centre in the London Plan . It was a royal manor in the parish of St Mary , Lambeth in the county of Surrey and was the administrative centre of the parish from 1853 . Proximity to central London was key to the development of the area as a residential suburb and it was incorporated into the metropolitan area of London in 1855 . Kennington is the location of three significant London landmarks : the Oval cricket ground , the Imperial War Museum , and Kennington Park . Its population at the United Kingdom Census 2011 was 15,106 . Kennington is served by Kennington Police Station ." } ] }, { "value": "Cricket stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Banks 's Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Banks's_Stadium", "summary": "Bescot Stadium , also known as the Banks 's Stadium for sponsorship purposes , is a football stadium in Walsall , England , and the current home ground of Walsall Football Club . It was built in 1989-90 , by GMI Construction , with a reported build cost of £4.5m . The stadium replaced the club 's previous ground , Fellows Park , which was located a quarter of a mile away and was the club 's home for 94 years ." } ] }, { "value": "Walsall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Walsall", "summary": "Walsall ( /ˈwɔːlsɔːl/ ( listen ) or /ˈwɒlsɔːl/ ) is a market town and administrative centre in the county of West Midlands , England . Historically part of Staffordshire , it is located 8 miles ( 13 km ) north-west of Birmingham , 6 miles ( 10 km ) east of Wolverhampton and 9 miles ( 14 km ) from Lichfield . Walsall is the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Walsall . At the 2011 census , the town 's built-up area had a population of 67,594 , with the wider borough having a population of 269,323 . Neighbouring settlements in the borough include Darlaston , Brownhills , Pelsall , Willenhall , Bloxwich and Aldridge ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "American Express Community Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Falmer_Stadium", "summary": "Falmer Stadium , known for sponsorship purposes as the American Express Community Stadium , or colloquially as the Amex , is a football stadium in the village of Falmer , in the City of Brighton and Hove , Sussex , that serves as the home of Brighton & Hove Albion F.C . The stadium was handed over from the developers to the club on 31 May 2011 . The first competitive game played at the stadium was the 2010-11 season final of the Sussex Senior Cup between Brighton and Eastbourne Borough on 16 July 2011 . The first league game was against Doncaster Rovers , who were also the opponents in the last game played at Brighton 's former stadium , the Goldstone Ground , 14 years earlier . Falmer Stadium hosted Premier League football for the first time in August 2017 , following Albion 's promotion at the end of the 2016-17 season . The stadium was designed to allow hosting for other sports and events . It hosted some matches from the 2015 Rugby World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Falmer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Falmer", "summary": "Falmer is a small village and civil parish in the Lewes District of East Sussex , England , lying between Brighton and Lewes , approximately five miles ( 8 km ) north-east of the former . It is also the site of Brighton & Hove Albion 's Falmer Stadium . Falmer village is divided by the A27 road . North of the dual carriageway are a few houses and a pub , with a footbridge linking to the southern part of the village , where a large pond is encircled by cottages and the parish church , dedicated to St. Lawrence . The two halves of the village are also linked by a road bridge just outside this circle of houses . The village pond , home to a population of ducks and geese , accounts for the name of the village : Old English for 'fallow ( pale-coloured ) pond ' ( though the reason for this precise choice of colour-term is unclear nowadays ) . Campuses of the University of Sussex and the University of Brighton are nearby , as is The Keep - East Sussex County Council 's new archive and record office , which opened in 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Balfour Webnet Darlington Arena", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Darlington_Arena", "summary": "The Northern Echo Arena is a rugby union and former football stadium , located in Darlington , County Durham . The arena was opened in the summer of 2003 , as the new home ground of Darlington F.C. , following the decision to leave their previous ground , Feethams , after the 2002-03 season . With a seating capacity of 25,000 , the arena rarely attracted large crowds , with the usual attendance being around 2,000 . The cost of the arena caused the club to go into administration three times . Eventually , the club decided to leave the arena after nine years following the 2011-12 season . In December 2012 , after rumours that the arena could be closed down and be replaced with different reported purposes , rugby union team , Darlington Mowden Park RFC purchased the arena for £2 million ; the owner of the club later stated that he believed that the arena could lead to much more success for the club ." } ] }, { "value": "Darlington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Darlington", "summary": "Darlington is a large market town in County Durham , in North East England . With a population of 105,564 in 2011 , the town lies on the River Skerne , a tributary of the River Tees . The town is administered as part of the Borough of Darlington . The town owes much of its development to the influence of local Quaker families in the Georgian and Victorian era , and who provided much of the finance and vision in creating the Stockton and Darlington Railway , the world 's first steam locomotive powered , permanent passenger railway . The town is often colloquially referred to as 'Darlo ' ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bargain Booze Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Witton_Albion_F.C.", "summary": "Witton Albion F.C . are a football club based in Northwich , England . They were founded in 1887 . They have won the Cheshire Senior Cup 11 times since 1902 . Their most recent success in this competition was in 2006 , when they defeated Stalybridge Celtic in the final . They have also reached the FA Cup Second Round on at least three occasions . The club will play in the Northern Premier League Division One North ( eighth tier of the English football league system ) in the 2015-16 season . The club 's ground was for many years in the centre of the town , just behind the library . In 1989 , they moved a couple of miles to Chapel Street in nearby Wincham . Sainsbury 's Supermarket now occupies the old Central Ground site . Witton 's current home , Wincham Park , holds in excess of 4,500 and is equipped with floodlights , segregation , a club shop and a museum . There used to be a fierce local rivalry with Northwich Victoria ." } ] }, { "value": "Northwich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northwich", "summary": "Northwich is a town and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , England . It lies in the heart of the Cheshire Plain , at the confluence of the rivers Weaver and Dane . The town is about 18 miles ( 29 km ) east of Chester , 15 miles ( 24 km ) south of Warrington , 19 miles ( 31 km ) south of Manchester and 12 miles ( 19 km ) south of Manchester Airport . The population of the civil parish was 19,924 in 2011 and for the wider built-up area ( which also covers parts of several other civil parishes ) was 47,421 . Northwich was named as one of the best places to live in the United Kingdom by The Sunday Times in 2014 . The area around Northwich has been exploited for its salt pans since Roman times , when the settlement was known as Condate . The town has been severely affected by salt mining , and subsidence has historically been a significant problem . Mine stabilisation work was completed in 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Coral Windows Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valley_Parade", "summary": "Valley Parade , known as the Utilita Energy Stadium for sponsorship reasons , is an all-seater football stadium in Bradford , West Yorkshire , England . Built in 1886 , it was the home of Manningham Rugby Football Club until 1903 , when they changed code from rugby football to association football and became Bradford City . It has been Bradford City 's home since , although it is now owned by former chairman Gordon Gibb 's pension fund . It has also been home to Bradford ( Park Avenue ) for one season , and Bradford Bulls rugby league side for two seasons , as well as host to a number of England youth team fixtures . Football architect Archibald Leitch was commissioned to redevelop the ground when Bradford City were promoted to the First Division in 1908 . The stadium underwent few changes until the fatal fire on 11 May 1985 , when 56 supporters were killed and at least 265 were injured . It underwent a £2.6 million redevelopment and was re-opened in December 1986 . The ground underwent significant changes in the 1990s , and early 2000s , and now has a capacity of 25,136 . The record attendance of 39,146 was set in 1911 for an FA Cup tie against Burnley , making it the oldest surviving attendance record at a Football League ground in the country . The highest attendance at Valley Parade , as it is now , was against Reading in the 2015 FA Cup Quarter-finals ." } ] }, { "value": "Bradford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bradford", "summary": "Bradford /ˈbrædfərd/ ( listen ) is a city in West Yorkshire , England , in the foothills of the Pennines , 8.6 miles ( 14 km ) west of Leeds , and 16 miles ( 26 km ) north-west of Wakefield . Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847 , and received its charter as a city in 1897 . Following local government reform in 1974 , city status was bestowed upon the City of Bradford metropolitan borough . Bradford forms part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area , which in 2001 had a population of 1.5 million and is the fourth largest in the United Kingdom . Bradford itself has a population of 529,870 , which makes it the seventh-largest city in the United Kingdom and the third-largest city in Yorkshire and the Humber after Leeds and Sheffield . Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire , Bradford rose to prominence in the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture , particularly wool . It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution , and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements , rapidly becoming the wool capital of the world . The area 's access to a supply of coal , iron ore and soft water facilitated the growth of Bradford 's manufacturing base , which , as textile manufacture grew , led to an explosion in population and was a stimulus to civic investment ; Bradford has a large amount of listed Victorian architecture including the grand Italianate City Hall . The textile sector in Bradford fell into decline from the mid-20th century . Bradford has since emerged as a tourist destination , becoming the first UNESCO City of Film with attractions such as the National Science and Media Museum , Bradford City Park , the Alhambra theatre and Cartwright Hall . Bradford has faced similar challenges to the rest of post-industrial Northern England , including deindustrialisation , social unrest and economic deprivation ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bright Finance Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Coach_and_Horses_Ground", "summary": "Sheffield Football Club is an English football club from Sheffield , South Yorkshire , although now based in Dronfield , Derbyshire . They currently compete in the Northern Premier League Division One South East . Founded in 1857 , the club is officially recognised as the oldest existing club now playing football in the world . Sheffield FC initially played games under the Sheffield Rules and did not officially adopt the FA rules until 1878 . The club competes in the Rules derby with near neighbours Hallam . In 2004 they were given the FIFA Order of Merit - an award given to only one other club : Real Madrid - and in 2007 they were inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame , to commemorate their 150th anniversary . On the pitch , the club 's finest hour came in 1904 when they won the FA Amateur Cup , a competition conceived after a suggestion by Sheffield . They also finished as runners up of the FA Vase in 1977 ." } ] }, { "value": "Sheffield", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sheffield", "summary": "Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire , England . Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire , its name derives from the River Sheaf , which runs through the city . With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire , the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base . The population of the City of Sheffield is 582,506 ( mid-2018 est . ) and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the Core Cities Group . Sheffield is the third-largest English district by population . The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000 . The city is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines , and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries , the Loxley , the Porter Brook , the Rivelin and the Sheaf . Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield 's entire area is green space , and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park . There are more than 250 parks , woodlands and gardens in the city , which is estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees . Sheffield played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution , with many significant inventions and technologies developed in the city . In the 19th century , the city saw a huge expansion of its traditional cutlery trade , when stainless steel and crucible steel were developed locally , fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bet 365 Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Britannia_Stadium", "summary": "The bet365 Stadium is an all-seater football stadium in Stoke-on-Trent , Staffordshire , England and the home of EFL Championship club Stoke City . The stadium was previously called the Britannia Stadium but was renamed on 1 June 2016 when the club entered into a new stadium-naming-rights agreement with its parent company , bet365 . It has a capacity of 30,089 following the completion of expansion works in 2017 . The stadium was built in 1998 at a cost of £14.8 million as a replacement for the Victoria Ground . Former player Sir Stanley Matthews ' ashes were buried beneath the centre circle of the pitch following his death in February 2000 ; he had officially opened the stadium on 30 August 1997 . In European competitions it is known as the Stoke ground due to UEFA regulations on sponsorships ." } ] }, { "value": "Stoke-on-Trent", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent", "summary": "Stoke-on-Trent ( often abbreviated to Stoke ) is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire , England , with an area of 36 square miles ( 93 km2 ) . Together with the neighbouring boroughs of Newcastle-under-Lyme and Staffordshire Moorlands , it is part of North Staffordshire . In 2016 , the city had a population of 261,302 . Stoke is polycentric , having been formed by the federation of six towns in 1910 . It took its name from Stoke-upon-Trent where the main centre of government and the principal railway station in the district were located . Hanley is the primary commercial centre . The other four towns are Burslem , Tunstall , Longton , and Fenton . Stoke-on-Trent is the home of the pottery industry in England and is commonly known as the Potteries , with the local residents known as Potters . Formerly a primarily industrial conurbation , it is now a centre for service industries and distribution centres ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "EBB Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Recreation_Ground_(Aldershot)", "summary": "The Recreation Ground is a football ground in Aldershot . Games have been played there since 1927 when Aldershot ( later reformed as Aldershot Town ) was founded . The ground hosted League football between 1932 and 1992 when Aldershot were members of the football league . Its current tenants Aldershot Town have used the ground since forming in 1992 and the ground has once again hosted league football between 2008 and 2013 . The ground currently has a capacity of 7,100 , though the record attendance at the ground is 19,138 , recorded when Aldershot played Carlisle United on 28 January 1970 in an FA Cup replay . The ground is affectionately known as 'The Rec ' though for sponsorship reasons its official name has been The EBB Stadium at The Recreation Ground ." } ] }, { "value": "Aldershot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aldershot", "summary": "Aldershot ( /ˈɔːldərʃɒt/ ) is a town in the Rushmoor district of Hampshire , England . It lies on heathland in the extreme northeast corner of the county , about 31.8 mi ( 51.2 km ) southwest of London . The area is administered by Rushmoor Borough Council . The town has a population of 36,321 , while the Aldershot Urban Area , a loose conurbation ( which also includes other towns such as Camberley , Farnborough , and Farnham ) has a population of 243,344 , making it the thirtieth-largest urban area in the UK . Aldershot is known as the Home of the British Army , a connection which led to its rapid growth from a small village to a Victorian town . Aldershot is twinned with Sulechów in Poland , Meudon in France and Oberursel in Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Cherry Red Records Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kingsmeadow", "summary": "Kingsmeadow ( known as the Cherry Red Records Stadium for sponsorship purposes ) is an association football stadium in the area of Norbiton , Kingston upon Thames , London , which is used for the home matches of AFC Wimbledon and Chelsea Women . Until 22 April 2017 it was the home of Kingstonian . It has a capacity of 4,850 with 2,265 seats ." } ] }, { "value": "Kingston upon Thames", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames", "summary": "Kingston upon Thames ( spelled with hyphens until 1965 and sometimes abbreviated to Kingston ) , is a town , former manor , ecclesiastical parish and borough now within Greater London , England , formerly within the county of Surrey . It is situated on the River Thames , about 33 feet ( 10 m ) above sea level and 10 miles ( 16 km ) south-west of Charing Cross ( deemed the geographical centre of London ) . It is notable as the ancient market town in which Saxon kings were crowned and today is the administrative centre of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames and is identified as a major metropolitan centre in the London Plan . The large historic parish of Kingston became absorbed in modern times into the Municipal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames , reformed in 1835 and from 1893 has been the location of Surrey County Hall , extraterritorially in terms of local government administration . [ clarification needed ] Since 1965 Kingston has been a part of Greater London . Today most of the town centre is part of the KT1 postcode area , but some areas north of Kingston railway station are within KT2 . The United Kingdom Census 2011 recorded the population of the town ( comprising the four wards of Canbury , Grove , Norbiton and Tudor ) as 43,013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "DW Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/DW_Stadium", "summary": "The DW Stadium is a stadium in Pemberton , near Wigan , within the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan , Greater Manchester , England . The ground is owned and managed by Wigan Football Company Limited , which is 85% owned by Wigan Athletic and 15% owned by Wigan local authority . It is used by Wigan Athletic football club and Wigan Warriors rugby league club , the rugby league club having a 50 years lease on tenancy to play games at the stadium . Built and opened in 1999 , it is named after its main sponsor , DW Sports Fitness . In UEFA matches , it is called Wigan Athletic Stadium due to UEFA regulations on sponsorship . The stadium architect was Alfred McAlpine . Wigan Athletic and Wigan Warriors moved into it from their long-term homes of Springfield Park and Central Park respectively . International rugby league matches have also taken place at the venue . Its current capacity is 25,133 - seated in four single-tier stands - and its record attendance was on 11 May 2008 when 25,133 people watched Wigan Athletic play Manchester United in the final match of the 2007-08 Premier League season ." } ] }, { "value": "Wigan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wigan", "summary": "Wigan ( /ˈwɪɡən/ WIG-ən ) is a town in Greater Manchester , England , on the River Douglas , 10 miles ( 16 km ) south-west of Bolton , 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of Warrington and 17 miles ( 27.4 km ) west-northwest of Manchester . Wigan is the largest settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan and is its administrative centre . The town has a population of 103,608 , whilst the wider borough has a population of 318,100 . Historically in Lancashire , Wigan during classical antiquity was in the territory of the Brigantes , an ancient Celtic tribe that ruled much of what is now northern England . The Brigantes were subjugated in the Roman conquest of Britain during the 1st century , and it is asserted that the Roman settlement of Coccium was established where Wigan lies . Wigan is believed to have been incorporated as a borough in 1246 following the issue of a charter by King Henry III of England . At the end of the Middle Ages , it was one of four boroughs in Lancashire established by Royal charter . During the Industrial Revolution Wigan experienced dramatic economic expansion and a rapid rise in population . Although porcelain manufacture and clock making had been major industries , Wigan became known as a major mill town and coal mining district . A coal mine was recorded in 1450 and at its peak , there were 1,000 pit shafts within 5 miles ( 8 km ) of the town centre . Mining was so extensive that a town councillor remarked that a coal mine in the backyard was not uncommon in Wigan . Coal mining ceased during the latter part of the 20th century ." } ] }, { "value": "Football and rugby league stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Echo Arena Liverpool", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Echo_Arena_Liverpool", "summary": "The M & S Bank Arena ( previously Echo Arena ) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the city centre of Liverpool , England . The venue hosts live music , comedy performances and sporting events , and forms part of Liverpool event campus - an interconnected arena , exhibition and convention centre . The venue serves a regional population of 2.5 million people and over 6.6 million across England 's North West ." } ] }, { "value": "Liverpool", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Liverpool", "summary": "Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside , England . As of 2018 , the population is approximately 494,814 . Liverpool is the ninth-largest English district by population , and the largest in Merseyside and the Liverpool City Region . It lies within the United Kingdom 's sixth-most populous urban area . Liverpool 's metropolitan area is the fifth-largest in the United Kingdom , with a population of 2.24 million . Liverpool is on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary , and historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the southwest of the county of Lancashire in North West England . It became a borough in 1207 and a city in 1880 . In 1889 , it became a county borough independent of Lancashire . Its growth as a major port was paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution . Along with handling general cargo , freight , and raw materials such as coal and cotton , the city merchants were involved in the Atlantic slave trade . In the 19th century , it was a major port of departure for English and Irish emigrants to North America . Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line , and was the port of registry of the ocean liners RMS Titanic , RMS Lusitania , RMS Queen Mary , and RMS Olympic ." } ] }, { "value": "Multi-purpose indoor arena", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emirates Riverside", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Riverside_Ground", "summary": "The Riverside Ground , known for sponsorship reasons as the Emirates Riverside , is a cricket venue in Chester-le-Street , County Durham , England . It is home to Durham County Cricket Club , and has also hosted several international matches ." } ] }, { "value": "Chester-le-Street , County Durham", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chester-le-Street", "summary": "Chester-le-Street ( /ˈtʃɛstərlistriːt/ ) is a town in County Durham , England . Its history goes back to the building of a Roman fort called Concangis . This Roman fort is the Chester ( from the Latin castra ) of the town 's name ; the Street refers to the paved Roman road that ran north-south through the town , and which is now called Front Street . Chester-le-Street is located 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of Newcastle upon Tyne and 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of Sunderland on the River Wear . The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert remained for 112 years before being transferred to Durham Cathedral , and the site of the first translation of the Gospels into English , Aldred writing the Old English gloss between the lines of the Lindisfarne Gospels there . A market town , the town holds markets Tuesdays , Fridays and Saturdays . From 1894 until 2009 the town had its own local government district . Originally from 1894 , this was the Chester-le-Street Rural District , which covered the town and several outlying villages . In 1909 the inner part of the Rural District was separated out to form the new Chester-le-Street Urban District Council , which covered the town as it was at that time . By 1974 , however , the town of Chester-le-Street had expanded far beyond the boundary of the Urban District and during that year 's Local Government reorganisation , the Urban District was amalgamated with parts of the remaining Rural District to form the new Chester-le-Street District . The Chester-le-Street District Council was abolished in 2009 when County Durham became a unitary authority as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England , a move that was controversial at the time ." }, { "url": "/wiki/County_Durham", "summary": "County Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ , locally /ˈdɜrəm/ listen ) [ note 1 ] is a county in North East England . The county town is Durham , a cathedral city . County Durham can refer to the modern ceremonial county , the smaller area of a unitary authority , or the historic county with different boundaries . The largest settlement in the ceremonial county is Darlington , closely followed by Hartlepool , Billingham and Stockton-on-Tees . It borders Tyne and Wear to the north east , Northumberland to the north , Cumbria to the west and North Yorkshire to the south . The area of the unitary authority , Durham County Council , does not include Darlington , Hartlepool or Stockton-on-Tees . The historic county 's boundaries stretch between the rivers Tyne and Tees , thus including places such as Gateshead , Jarrow , South Shields and Sunderland , but do not include the part of the modern county south of the Tees . During the Middle Ages , the county was an ecclesiastical centre , due largely to the presence of St Cuthbert 's shrine in Durham Cathedral , and the extensive powers granted to the Bishop of Durham as ruler of the County Palatine of Durham . The county has a mixture of mining , farming and heavy railway heritage , with the latter especially noteworthy in the southeast of the county , in Darlington , Shildon and Stockton . It is an area of regeneration and promoted as a tourist destination ; in the centre of the city of Durham , Durham Castle and Durham Cathedral are UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites ." } ] }, { "value": "Cricket stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emirates Old Trafford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emirates_Old_Trafford", "summary": "Old Trafford is a cricket ground in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England . It opened in 1857 as the home of Manchester Cricket Club and has been the home of Lancashire County Cricket Club since 1864 . From 2013 onwards it has been known as Emirates Old Trafford due to a sponsorship deal with the Emirates airline . Old Trafford is England 's second oldest Test venue after The Oval and hosted the first Ashes Test in England in July 1884 . The venue has hosted the Cricket World Cup five times ( 1975 , 1979 , 1983 , 1999 and 2019 ) . Old Trafford holds the record for both most World Cup matches hosted ( 17 ) and most semi-finals hosted ( 5 ) . In 1956 , the first 10-wicket haul in a single innings was achieved by England bowler Jim Laker who achieved bowling figures of 19 wickets for 90 runs - a bowling record which is unmatched in Test and first-class cricket . In the 1993 Ashes Test at Old Trafford , leg-spinner Shane Warne bowled Mike Gatting with the Ball of the Century . Despite its rich cricket history , the venue was perceived as dilapidated and lost test status in 2009 . Extensive redevelopment of the ground to increase capacity and modernise facilities commenced soon after in an effort to safeguard international cricket at the venue . The development entailed the restoration of the pavilion and creation of The Point , a £12 million stand overlooking the pitch . The pitch at Old Trafford has historically been the quickest in England , but will take spin later in the game ." } ] }, { "value": "Manchester", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manchester", "summary": "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ." } ] }, { "value": "Cricket stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emirates Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emirates_Stadium", "summary": "The Emirates Stadium ( known as Ashburton Grove prior to sponsorship , and as Arsenal Stadium for UEFA competitions ) is a football stadium in Holloway , London , England , and the home of Arsenal . With a capacity of 60,704 it is the fourth-largest football stadium in England after Wembley Stadium , Old Trafford and Tottenham Hotspur Stadium . In 1997 , Arsenal explored the possibility of relocating to a new stadium , having been denied planning permission by Islington Council to expand its home stadium , Highbury . After considering various options ( including purchasing Wembley Stadium ) , the club bought an industrial and waste disposal estate in Ashburton Grove in 2000 . A year later , they received the council 's approval to build a stadium on the site ; manager Arsène Wenger described this as the biggest decision in Arsenal 's history since the board appointed Herbert Chapman . Relocation began in 2002 , but financial difficulties delayed work until February 2004 . Emirates was later announced as the main sponsor for the stadium . The entire stadium project was completed in 2006 at a cost of £390 million . The club 's former stadium was redeveloped as Highbury Square , an apartment complex . The stadium has undergone a process of Arsenalisation since 2009 with the aim of restoring Arsenal 's heritage and history . The stadium has hosted international fixtures and music concerts ." } ] }, { "value": "Holloway , London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Holloway,_London", "summary": "Holloway is an inner-city district of the London Borough of Islington , 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) north of Charing Cross , which follows the line of the Holloway Road ( A1 ) . At the centre of Holloway is the Nag 's Head commercial area which sits between the more residential Upper Holloway and Lower Holloway neighbourhoods . Holloway has a multicultural population . It is the home of Arsenal F.C . It was home to the largest women 's prison in Europe , Holloway Prison , until 2016 . Holloway is in the historic county of Middlesex ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Etihad Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Etihad_Stadium_(Manchester)", "summary": "The City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester , England , currently known as the Etihad Stadium for sponsorship reasons , is the home of Manchester City and , with a domestic football capacity of 55,097 , the sixth-largest in the Premier League and tenth-largest in the United Kingdom . Built to host the 2002 Commonwealth Games , the stadium has since staged the 2008 UEFA Cup Final , England football internationals , rugby league matches , a boxing world title fight , the England rugby union team 's last match of the 2015 Rugby World Cup and summer music concerts during the football off-season . The stadium , originally proposed as an athletics arena in Manchester 's bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics , was converted after the 2002 Commonwealth Games from a 38,000 capacity arena to a 48,000 seat football stadium at a cost to the city council of £22 million and to Manchester City of £20 million . Manchester City F.C . agreed to lease the stadium from Manchester City Council and moved there from Maine Road in the summer of 2003 . The stadium was built by Laing Construction at a cost of £112 million and was designed and engineered by ArupSport , whose design incorporated a cable-stayed roof structure which is separated from the main stadium bowl and suspended entirely by twelve exterior masts and attached cables . The stadium design has received much praise and many accolades , including an award from the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2004 for its innovative inclusive building design and a special award in 2003 from the Institution of Structural Engineers for its unique structural design . In August 2015 , a 7,000 seat third tier on the South Stand was completed , in time for the start of the 2015-16 football season . The expansion was designed to be in keeping with the existing roof design ." } ] }, { "value": "Manchester", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manchester", "summary": "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ." } ] }, { "value": "Football Stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Exacta Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Deva_Stadium", "summary": "The Deva Stadium ( also known as The 1885 Arena for sponsorship purposes ) is an association football stadium in Chester , England , that is the home of Chester F.C. , the effective successor club to the liquidated Chester City . The name Deva comes from the original Roman name for the fort Deva Victrix , which became the city of Chester . The Deva Stadium opened in 1992 , two years after the closure of Chester City 's Sealand Road stadium ; in the intervening two seasons the club had played at Macclesfield Town 's Moss Rose stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "Chester", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chester", "summary": "Chester is a walled city in Cheshire , England , on the River Dee , close to the border with Wales . With a population of 79,645 in 2011 , it is the most populous settlement of Cheshire West and Chester , which had a population of 329,608 in 2011 , and serves as the unitary authority 's administrative headquarters . Chester is the second-largest settlement in Cheshire after Warrington . Chester was founded as a castrum or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix in the reign of the Emperor Vespasian in 79 AD . One of the main army camps in Roman Britain , Deva later became a major civilian settlement . In 689 , King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia , which later became Chester 's first cathedral , and the Saxons extended and strengthened the walls to protect the city against the Danes . Chester was one of the last cities in England to fall to the Normans . William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a castle , to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border . Chester was granted city status in 1541 . Chester is one of the best-preserved walled cities in Britain . It has a number of medieval buildings , but many of the black-and-white buildings within the city centre are Victorian restorations , originating from the Black-and-white Revival movement . Apart from a 100-metre ( 330 ft ) section , the Grade I listed walls are almost complete ." } ] }, { "value": "Football stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Galpharm Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Galpharm_Stadium", "summary": "Kirklees Stadium ( currently known due to sponsorship as the John Smith 's Stadium ) is a multi-use stadium in Huddersfield in West Yorkshire , England . Since 1994 , it has been the home ground of football club Huddersfield Town and rugby league side Huddersfield Giants , both of whom moved from Leeds Road . The stadium was a venue at the Rugby League World Cup in 1995 , 2000 and 2013 , in addition to the 1999 Rugby World Cup . It is owned by both clubs , as well as Kirklees Council . Its naming rights have passed from constructors Alfred McAlpine to pharmaceutical company Galpharm International in 2004 , then to John Smith 's Brewery eight years later ." } ] }, { "value": "Huddersfield", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Huddersfield", "summary": "Huddersfield is a large market town in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire , England . It has a population of 162,949 at the 2011 census . It lies 14 miles ( 23 km ) southwest of Leeds , west of Wakefield and north of Sheffield . As well as 24 miles ( 39 km ) northeast of Manchester . It is the administrative centre of the wider metropolitan borough of Kirklees . Along with neighbouring towns Dewsbury and Batley . Huddersfield is near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme . Within the historic county boundaries of the West Riding of Yorkshire , it is the largest urban area in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees and the administrative centre of the borough . The town is known for its role in the Industrial Revolution , and for being the birthplaces of rugby league , Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson , and the film star James Mason . Huddersfield is home to rugby league team Huddersfield Giants , founded in 1895 , who play in the Super League , and Championship football team Huddersfield Town A.F.C. , founded in 1908 . The town is home to the University of Huddersfield and the sixth form colleges Greenhead College , Kirklees College and Huddersfield New College . Huddersfield is a town of Victorian architecture ." } ] }, { "value": "Football and rugby league stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Genting Arena", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Genting_Arena", "summary": "The Resorts World Arena is a multipurpose indoor arena located at the National Exhibition Centre ( NEC ) in Solihull , England . It has a capacity of 15,685 seats . The venue was built as the seventh hall of the NEC complex . After 18 months of construction , the arena opened as the Birmingham International Arena in December 1980 with a concert by Queen . In 2019 , Resorts World Arena had the 5th highest ticket sales of an arena venue in the United Kingdom . The Ticket Factory is the official box office for the Resorts World Arena ." } ] }, { "value": "Birmingham", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham", "summary": "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ." } ] }, { "value": "Multi-purpose indoor arena", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Present naming rights -- United Kingdom", "section_text": "Each outdoor stadium is listed by the sports or football codes that primarily use it . `` Football '' here refers to association football . Many stadiums are occasionally used to host matches in codes other than their primary ones .", "uid": "List_of_sports_venues_with_sole_naming_rights_36", "intro": "The following is a list of sports venues with sole naming rights:" }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venues_of_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "title": "Venues of the 1984 Winter Olympics", "header": [ "Venue", "Sports", "Capacity" ], "data": [ { "value": "Bjelašnica", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bjelašnica", "summary": "Bjelašnica ( pronounced [ bjělaːʃnit͡sa ] ) is a mountain in central Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is found directly to the southwest of Sarajevo , bordering Mt . Igman . Bjelašnica 's tallest peak , by which the whole mountain group got its name , rises to an elevation of 2067 meters ( 6782 feet ) . Other notable peaks are Krvavac ( 2061 m ) , Mali Vlahinja ( 2055 m ) , and Hranisava ( 1964 m ) . The Bjelašnica range is bordered by the Rakitnica in the south , the Neretva in the west , Mt Igman in the north-east and Mt Ivan in the north-west . Only at 20 minutes distance of Sarajevo , it is a popular tourist attraction for hiking and skiing . Bjelašnica has been , in certain areas , the site of extensive combat during the 1992-'95 Siege of Sarajevo and particular areas pose a high mine risk . There are numerous trails set up and maintained by local mountain clubs that lead to the bald peaks higher up . The mountain is also popular with mountain bikers and has become recently a frequent base for paragliders ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine skiing ( men )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Alpine Skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics consisted of six alpine skiing events , held 13-19 February in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia . The men 's races were at Bjelašnica and the women 's at Jahorina . Due to weather delays ( a blizzard ) , both downhill races were postponed several days and run after the giant slalom races . This was the first Winter Olympics since 1936 which did not also serve as the world championships for alpine skiing . It was the last Olympic program with just six events for alpine skiing ; ten events were held in 1988 with the return of the combined event and the addition of Super G. Banned from competition at these Olympics by the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) were top World Cup racers Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden and Hanni Wenzel of Liechtenstein , both double gold medalists at the 1980 Winter Olympics and leading the World Cup in 1984 . They had accepted promotional payments directly , rather than through their national ski federations . Also absent was Marc Girardelli , who had not yet gained his citizenship from Luxembourg and was not allowed to compete for his native Austria ." } ] }, { "value": "Not listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Igman , Malo Polje", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Igman", "summary": "Igman ( pronounced [ îɡman ] ) is a mountain plateau in central Bosnia and Herzegovina . Geologically , Igman is part of the Dinaric Alps and formed largely of secondary and tertiary sedimentary rock , mostly Limestone . It is located southwest of Sarajevo , bordering the Bjelašnica range in the south and west , Hadžići and Ilidža in the north , and the river Željeznica in the east . Igman 's highest point , Crni vrh , west of the Malo Polje road , at an altitude of 1,510 metres ( 4,954 feet ) , the homonym highest elevation on the east side of this road reaches an elevation of 1,502 metres ( 4,928 feet ) . Most of Igman is covered with mixed forest with local pastures ( f.i . : Veliko Polje : Large Field , Malo Polje : Small Field ) . Igman was the location of the lowest recorded temperature in the region , −43 °C ( −45 °F ) . Igman has been the site of extensive combat during the 1992-95 Siege of Sarajevo and certain areas , in particular the surroundings of former front lines , feature a high mine risk ." } ] }, { "value": "Nordic combined ( ski jumping ) , Ski jumping", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Nordic combined at the 1984 Winter Olympics , consisted of one event , held from 11 February to 12 February . The ski jumping portion took place at Igman Olympic Jumps , while the cross-country portion took place at Igman ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1984 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 12 February to 18 February , taking place at Igman Olympic Jumps ." } ] }, { "value": "Not listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Igman , Veliko Polje", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Igman", "summary": "Igman ( pronounced [ îɡman ] ) is a mountain plateau in central Bosnia and Herzegovina . Geologically , Igman is part of the Dinaric Alps and formed largely of secondary and tertiary sedimentary rock , mostly Limestone . It is located southwest of Sarajevo , bordering the Bjelašnica range in the south and west , Hadžići and Ilidža in the north , and the river Željeznica in the east . Igman 's highest point , Crni vrh , west of the Malo Polje road , at an altitude of 1,510 metres ( 4,954 feet ) , the homonym highest elevation on the east side of this road reaches an elevation of 1,502 metres ( 4,928 feet ) . Most of Igman is covered with mixed forest with local pastures ( f.i . : Veliko Polje : Large Field , Malo Polje : Small Field ) . Igman was the location of the lowest recorded temperature in the region , −43 °C ( −45 °F ) . Igman has been the site of extensive combat during the 1992-95 Siege of Sarajevo and certain areas , in particular the surroundings of former front lines , feature a high mine risk ." } ] }, { "value": "Biathlon , Cross-country skiing , Nordic combined ( Cross-country skiing )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Biathlon at the 1984 Winter Olympics consisted of three biathlon events . They were held at the Igman - Veliko Polje . The events began on 11 February and ended on 17 February 1984 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1984 Winter Olympics eight cross-country skiing events - four each for men and women - were contested . The competitions were held from Thursday , 9 February , to Sunday , 19 February 1984 . The women 's 20 km debuted at these games ." } ] }, { "value": "Not listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jahorina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jahorina_ski_resort", "summary": "Jahorina ski resort ( Serbian : Ски центар Јахорина , romanized : Ski centar Jahorina ) , officially named Olympic Center Jahorina , is a mountain resort and the largest and most popular winter tourism resort in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The ski resort is situated on the slopes of Jahorina mountain in Dinaric Alps . It is located 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the municipality of Pale in the Republika Srpska entity and 30 km ( 19 mi ) from the Sarajevo International Airport . The Jahorina ski resort hosted alpine skiing competitions during the 1984 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine skiing ( women )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Not listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Koševo Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asim_Ferhatović_Hase_Stadium", "summary": "Koševo City Stadium ( Bosnian : Gradski stadion Koševo / Градски стадион Кошево , also Koševo Olympic Stadium or Asim Ferhatović - Hase ( Stadion Asim Ferhatović Hase / Стадион Асим Ферхатовић Хасе ) is a multi-purpose stadium located in the Koševo neighborhood of Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina . Stadium is opened by the city , and leased on longterm basis by FK Sarajevo . The club proposed the new name for its sporting and football events , in honor to its former footballer and club 's legend , Asim Ferhatović - Hase . It hosted the opening ceremony of the 1984 Winter Olympics . Currently , it is home to football club FK Sarajevo and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team ." } ] }, { "value": "Opening ceremonies", "urls": [] }, { "value": "50,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Skenderija II Hall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Skenderija", "summary": "Skenderija is a cultural , sports and trade center located in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the area of 70,000 square meters there are multipurpose halls where various sports , cultural and trade events are organized throughout the year , as well as a modern shopping center Privredni grad with numerous shops , restaurants , coffee confectionery and similar . Skenderija consists of several venues which include : Dom Mladih , Ars Aevi and Mirza Delibašić Hall ." } ] }, { "value": "Ice hockey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The men 's ice hockey tournament at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , was the 15th Olympic Championship . The Soviet Union won its sixth gold medal . Games were held mostly in the arena portion of the Olympic Hall Zetra , with some played in the arena portion of the Skenderija Olympic Hall . The IIHF did not run a championship in Olympic years at this time . Nations that did not participate in the Sarejevo Olympics were invited to compete in the Thayer Tutt Trophy ." } ] }, { "value": "15,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Trebević Bobsleigh and Luge Track", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sarajevo_Olympic_Bobsleigh_and_Luge_Track", "summary": "Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is a bobsleigh and luge track situated on Trebević mountain overlooking the City of Sarajevo , built for the 1984 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Bobsleigh , Luge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Bobsleigh at the 1984 Winter Olympics was held at the Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track on the mountain of Trebević between February 10-18 , 1984 . This was the first time that Yugoslavia entered bobsleigh teams , and did so as hosts . Chinese Taipei and Soviet Union also entered bob teams for the first time . The two events also saw the Swede , Carl-Erik Eriksson compete in the Games for the sixth time and the age of 53 . The German Democratic Republic dominated events and won Gold & Silver in both disciplines , with Wolfgang Hoppe and Dietmar Schauerhammer winning Golds in both events ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Luge_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Luge at the 1984 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track . The competition took place between February 9 and February 12 , 1984 ." } ] }, { "value": "4,000 ( luge ) 7,500 ( bobsleigh )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zetra Ice Hall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olympic_Hall_Juan_Antonio_Samaranch", "summary": "The Juan Antonio Samaranch Olympic Hall ( Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian : Olimpijska dvorana Juan Antonio Samaranch / Олимпијска дворана Хуан Антонио Самаран ; formerly Zetra Olympic Hall ) is an indoor multi-purpose arena in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina . Named in honor of Juan Antonio Samaranch in 2010 after his death , it was used for various sporting events at the 1984 Winter Olympics , and as the main venue of the 2019 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "Closing ceremonies , Figure skating , Ice hockey ( final )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Figure skating at the 1984 Winter Olympics took place at the Zetra Olympic Hall in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia . Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean won gold for Great Britain , receiving twelve perfect scores ( 6.0 ) for artistic impression in the free dance segment of the ice dance competition , a feat that was never matched ." } ] }, { "value": "15,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zetra Ice Rink", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zetra_Ice_Rink", "summary": "The Zetra Ice Rink or Zetra Stadium ( Bosnian : Olimpijska Dvorana Zetra ) is an outdoor venue located in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina . Constructed between 1981 and 1982 , it hosted the speed skating events for the 1984 Winter Olympics . This venue is located near the Olympic Hall Juan Antonio Samaranch , formerly known as the Zetra Ice Rink ." } ] }, { "value": "Speed skating", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Speed skating at the 1984 Winter Olympics was held from 9 to 18 February . Nine events were contested at Zetra Ice Rink ." } ] }, { "value": "Not listed", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Venues", "section_text": "", "uid": "Venues_of_the_1984_Winter_Olympics_0", "intro": "For the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), a total of nine sports venues were used. The idea for the Games came around from a 1968 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development study on promoting winter tourism in Yugoslavia. After Sarajevo was awarded the 1984 Games in 1978, venue construction and renovation took place between 1979 and 1983. Weather postponed the men's downhill alpine skiing event three times before it was finally run. The men's cross-country skiing 30 km event was run during a blizzard. After the games, all but one of the venues were damaged during the Bosnian War and the Siege of Sarajevo. After the war, Zetra Ice Hall was rebuilt and is in use as of 2010." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Seattle_Mariners_season", "title": "2008 Seattle Mariners season", "header": [ "Round ( Pick )", "Name", "Position", "School" ], "data": [ { "value": "1 ( 20 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Joshua Fields", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Josh_Fields_(pitcher)", "summary": "Joshua David Fields ( born August 19 , 1985 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Houston Astros and Los Angeles Dodgers ." } ] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Right-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "University of Georgia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Georgia", "summary": "The University of Georgia ( UGA or Georgia ) is a public research university with its main campus in Athens , Georgia . Founded in 1785 , it is one of the oldest public universities in the United States . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity , and as having more selective undergraduate admissions , its most selective admissions category , while the ACT Assessment Student Report places UGA admissions in the Highly Selective category , the highest classification . In keeping with the teaching portion of its motto , the university has a student-to-faculty ratio of 17 students per faculty member , and 46 percent of its classes have fewer than 20 students . In its 2020 rankings , U.S. News & World Report ranked the university tied for 50th among all U.S. public and private national universities and 16th among all public ones . In addition to the main campuses in Athens with their approximately 470 buildings , the university has two smaller campuses located in Tifton and Griffin . The university has two satellite campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville . The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state . The total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres ( 168.10 km2 ) . The university also owns a residential education and research center in Washington , DC , as well as three international residential and research centers located at Oxford University in Oxford , England , at Cortona , Italy , and at Monteverde , Costa Rica . Student life includes more than 700 student organizations . The University of Georgia 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Georgia Bulldogs nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2 ( 20 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dennis Raben", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "University of Miami", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Miami", "summary": "The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , UMiami , U of M or The U ) is a private research university in Coral Gables , Florida . As of 2019 [ update ] , the university enrolls 17,811 students in 12 separate colleges/schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County . The university offers 132 undergraduate , 148 master 's , and 67 doctoral degree programs , of which 63 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 16,000 full- and part-time faculty and staff , UM is a top 10 employer in Miami-Dade County . UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $ 358.9 million in sponsored research grants in FY 2019 . UM offers a large library system with over 3.9 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and a radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 ." } ] }, { "value": "3 ( 98 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aaron Pribanic", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Right-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "University of Nebraska", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Nebraska", "summary": "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ." } ] }, { "value": "4 ( 132 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Steven Hensley", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Right-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Elon University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elon_University", "summary": "Elon University is a private university in Elon , North Carolina . Founded in 1889 as Elon College , Elon is organized into six schools , most of which offer bachelor 's degrees and several of which offer master 's degrees or professional doctorate degrees . Located in North Carolina 's Piedmont region , Elon is situated on a 656-acre suburban campus between the cities of Greensboro and Raleigh . Fewer than twenty percent of Elon 's undergraduates are native to the state of North Carolina . Elon 's intercollegiate athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association ." } ] }, { "value": "5 ( 162 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brett Lorin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Right-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Long Beach State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Long_Beach_State_University", "summary": "California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB , Long Beach State , Cal State Long Beach , LBSU , or The Beach ) is a public university in Long Beach , California . The 322-acre campus is the third largest of the 23-school California State University system ( CSU ) and one of the largest universities in the state of California by enrollment , its student body numbering 37,776 for the Fall 2016 semester . The university continues to receive record numbers of applicants ; for Fall 2018 , it received 102,879 undergraduate applications - the most of any CSU campus . The school has a 28% acceptance rate . In 2017 , 17,650 out of 63,048 applicants were admitted making Cal State Long Beach a highly competitive school to get into . As of Fall 2014 , the school had 2,283 total faculty , with 36.7 percent of those faculty on the tenure track . With 5,286 graduate students , the university enrolls one of the largest graduate student populations across the CSU system and in the state of California . The university is located in the Los Altos neighborhood of Long Beach at the southeastern coastal tip of Los Angeles County , less than one mile from the border with Orange County . The university offers 82 different Bachelor 's degrees , 65 types of Master 's degrees , and four Doctoral degrees . Long Beach State is one of the West Coast 's top universities in terms of student body racial diversity , being named the 5th most diverse university in the West by U.S. News & World Report . It is also home to one of the largest publicly funded art schools in the United States . The university currently operates with one of the lowest student tuition rate in the country , at $ 6,420 per year for full-time students with California residence ." } ] }, { "value": "6 ( 192 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jarrett Burgess", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "Florida Christian School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florida_Christian_School", "summary": "Florida Christian School is a private , non-denominational Christian school in Olympia Heights , in unincorporated Miami-Dade County , Florida . The school offers co-ed classes from preschool through high school . Current enrollment exceeds 1,000 students . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "7 ( 222 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nate Tenbrink", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Third baseman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Third_baseman", "summary": "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ." } ] }, { "value": "Kansas State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kansas_State_University", "summary": "Kansas State University ( KSU ) , commonly shortened to Kansas State or K-State , is a public research university with its main campus in Manhattan , Kansas . It was opened as the state 's land-grant college in 1863 and was the first public institution of higher learning in the state of Kansas . It had a record high enrollment of 24,766 students for the Fall 2014 semester . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Kansas State 's academic offerings are administered through nine colleges , including the College of Veterinary Medicine and the College of Technology and Aviation in Salina . Graduate degrees offered include 65 master 's degree programs and 45 doctoral degrees . Branch campuses are in Salina and Olathe . The Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus in Salina is home to the College of Technology and Aviation . The Olathe Innovation Campus has a focus on graduate work in research bioenergy , animal health , plant science and food safety and security ." } ] }, { "value": "8 ( 252 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bobby LaFromboise", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Left-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Left-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "University of New Mexico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico", "summary": "The University of New Mexico ( UNM ; Spanish : Universidad de Nuevo México ) is a public research university in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Founded in 1889 , UNM offers bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and professional degree programs . The Albuquerque campus encompasses over 600 acres ( 2.4 km² ) , and there are branch campuses in Gallup , Los Alamos , Rio Rancho , Taos , and Los Lunas.Coordinates : 35°05′02″N 106°37′07″W / 35.08389°N 106.61861°W / 35.08389 ; -106.61861 UNM is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . UNM 's NCAA Division I program ( FBS for football ) offers 16 varsity sports . The teams are known as the Lobos , who compete in the Mountain West Conference . Two human mascots , referred to as Louie Lobo and Lucy Lobo , rouse crowds at New Mexico athletic events . The official school colors are cherry and silver . The Lobos have won national championships in skiing and cross country running ." } ] }, { "value": "9 ( 282 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "William Morrison", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Right-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Western Michigan University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Western_Michigan_University", "summary": "Western Michigan University ( WMU ) is a public research university in Kalamazoo , Michigan , United States . The university was established in 1903 by Dwight B. Waldo . Its enrollment , as of the Fall 2016 semester , was 23,252 . WMU 's aviation program is ranked as one of the top 5 aviation programs offered in the United States . WMU is the site of the annual International Congress on Medieval Studies . The university 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and are known as the Western Michigan Broncos . They compete in the Mid-American Conference for most sports . WMU is ranked 1176th in the 2018 US News & World Report global universities ranking ." } ] }, { "value": "10 ( 312 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nate Newman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Right-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Pepperdine University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pepperdine_University", "summary": "Pepperdine University is a private research university affiliated with the Churches of Christ and has its main campus near Malibu , California . Founded by entrepreneur George Pepperdine in South Los Angeles in 1937 , the school expanded to Malibu in 1972 . Courses are now taught at a main Malibu campus , six graduate campuses in southern California , a center in Washington , DC , and at international campuses in Argentina , China , England , Germany , Italy , and Switzerland . The university is composed of one undergraduate school ( Seaver College ) and four graduate schools : the School of Law , the Graduate School of Education and Psychology , the Graziadio Business School , and the School of Public Policy ." } ] }, { "value": "11 ( 342 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Matt Jensen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second basemen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Second_basemen", "summary": "In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Clovis East High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clovis_East_High_School", "summary": "Clovis East High School is a four-year public high school of Clovis Unified School District located in Clovis , California , United States . It is home to the Timberwolves . It was built in 2000 . It was named a California Distinguished School in 2007 , and was named a Blue Ribbon School in 2008 ." } ] }, { "value": "12 ( 372 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kenn Kasparek", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kenn_Kasparek", "summary": "Kenn Anthony Kasparek ( born ( 1985-09-23 ) September 23 , 1985 in Houston , Texas ) is a professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent ." } ] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Right-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "University of Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Texas", "summary": "The University of Texas at Austin ( UT Austin ) is a public research university in Austin , Texas . It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . The University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929 , becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected . The institution has the nation 's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment , with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff . A Public Ivy , it is a major center for academic research , with research expenditures exceeding $ 615 million for the 2016-2017 school year . The university houses seven museums and seventeen libraries , including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and the Blanton Museum of Art , and operates various auxiliary research facilities , such as the J. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory . Among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , the Wolf Prize , the Primetime Emmy Award , the Abel Prize , the Turing Award , and the National Medal of Science , as well as many other awards . As of October 2019 , 12 Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners and two Fields medalists have been affiliated with the school as alumni , faculty members or researchers . Student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference . Its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university . The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I National Football Championships , six NCAA Division I National Baseball Championships , thirteen NCAA Division I National Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships , and has claimed more titles in men 's and women 's sports than any other school in the Big 12 since the league was founded in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "13 ( 402 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ryan Royster", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "University of California , Davis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis", "summary": "The University of California , Davis ( UC Davis ) , is a public research university and land-grant university adjacent to Davis , California . It is part of the University of California system and has the third-largest enrollment in the system after UCLA and UC Berkeley . The institution was founded as a branch in 1905 and became its own separate entity in 1959 . It has been labeled one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . The university is classified as a comprehensive doctoral research university with a medical program , and very high research activity . The UC Davis faculty includes 23 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 30 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , 17 members of the American Law Institute , 14 members of the Institute of Medicine , and 14 members of the National Academy of Engineering . Among other honors , university faculty , alumni , and researchers have won the Nobel Peace Prize , Presidential Medal of Freedom , Pulitzer Prize , MacArthur Fellowship , National Medal of Science , Blue Planet Prize , Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers , and World Food Prize . Founded as primarily an agricultural campus , the university has expanded over the past century to include graduate and professional programs in medicine ( which includes the UC Davis Medical Center ) , law , veterinary medicine , education , nursing , and business management , in addition to 90 research programs offered by UC Davis Graduate Studies . The UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine is the largest in the United States and has been ranked first in the world for five consecutive years ( 2015-19 ) . UC Davis offers certificates and courses , including online classes , for adults and non-traditional learners through its Division of Continuing and Professional Education . The UC Davis Aggies athletic teams compete in the NCAA Division I level , primarily in the Big West Conference as well as the Big Sky Conference ( football only ) and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation . In its first year of full Division I status , 11 UC Davis teams qualified for NCAA post-season competition ." } ] }, { "value": "14 ( 432 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luke Burnett", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Right-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Louisiana Tech University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University", "summary": "Louisiana Tech University , colloquially referred to as Louisiana Tech , La . Tech , or simply Tech is a public research university in Ruston , Louisiana . It is a space grant college , member of the Southeastern Universities Research Association , member of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities , and Carnegie Doctoral University with high research activity ( R2 ) . It is a member of the University of Louisiana System . Louisiana Tech conducts research with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) , the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the Department of Defense ( DoD ) , and the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) . Louisiana Tech is one of fewer than 50 comprehensive research universities in the nation and the only university in Louisiana to be designated as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education and Research and a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education and Research by the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and the United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) . Also , the FAA named Louisiana Tech to the National Center of Excellence for Unmanned Aircraft Systems . The university is known for its engineering and science programs . Louisiana Tech opened as the Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana in 1894 during the Second Industrial Revolution . The original mission of the college was for the education of students in the arts and sciences for the purpose of developing an industrial economy in post-Reconstruction Louisiana . Four years later in 1898 , the state constitution changed the school 's name to Louisiana Industrial Institute . In 1921 , the college changed its name to Louisiana Polytechnic Institute to reflect its development as a larger institute of technology ." } ] }, { "value": "15 ( 462 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jacob Shaffer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "Northern Kentucky University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northern_Kentucky_University", "summary": "Northern Kentucky University is a public university in Highland Heights , Kentucky . It is primarily an undergraduate institution , having for example a liberal arts program , but also features graduate programs . Total enrollment exceeds 14,000 students , with over 12,000 undergraduate students and nearly 2,000 graduate students . Northern Kentucky University is the third largest university , behind the University of Cincinnati and Miami University , of Greater Cincinnati 's four large universities and the youngest of Kentucky 's eight , although it joined the state system before the University of Louisville . Notable among the university 's programs are the Salmon P. Chase College of Law and the College of Informatics , founded in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "16 ( 492 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bennett Billingsley", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second baseman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Second_baseman", "summary": "In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Lenoir Community College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lenoir_Community_College", "summary": "Lenoir Community College ( LCC ) is a public community college in Lenoir County , North Carolina . LCC 's main campus is located in the city of Kinston in Lenoir County and it has satellite institutions in Greene and Jones counties . LCC serves approximately 3,500 curriculum students and 12,500 extension students annually ." } ] }, { "value": "17 ( 422 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Dennhardt", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Right-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Don Bosco Preparatory High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Don_Bosco_Preparatory_High_School", "summary": "Don Bosco Preparatory High School ( Don Bosco Prep ) is a private , all-boys Roman Catholic high school from ninth through twelfth grades . Founded in 1915 as a boarding school for Polish boys , by the Salesians of Don Bosco , a religious community of priests and brothers , the school is situated on a 35-acre ( 14 ha ) campus in Ramsey , in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States . The school is operated under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark . Located in northern New Jersey , approximately 2 mi ( 3 km ) from the New Jersey - New York border , the school draws students from a wide geographical region , including Bergen , Passaic , Morris , Essex and Sussex counties in New Jersey as well as surrounding counties in New York . As of the 2013-14 school year , the school had an enrollment of 871 students and 60.9 classroom teachers ( on a full-time equivalent basis ) , for a student-teacher ratio of 14.3:1 . The school 's student body was 86.1% White , 5.7% Hispanic , 5.7% Black and 2.4% Asian ." } ] }, { "value": "18 ( 552 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Travis Howell", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Catcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Catcher", "summary": "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ." } ] }, { "value": "Long Beach State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Long_Beach_State_University", "summary": "California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB , Long Beach State , Cal State Long Beach , LBSU , or The Beach ) is a public university in Long Beach , California . The 322-acre campus is the third largest of the 23-school California State University system ( CSU ) and one of the largest universities in the state of California by enrollment , its student body numbering 37,776 for the Fall 2016 semester . The university continues to receive record numbers of applicants ; for Fall 2018 , it received 102,879 undergraduate applications - the most of any CSU campus . The school has a 28% acceptance rate . In 2017 , 17,650 out of 63,048 applicants were admitted making Cal State Long Beach a highly competitive school to get into . As of Fall 2014 , the school had 2,283 total faculty , with 36.7 percent of those faculty on the tenure track . With 5,286 graduate students , the university enrolls one of the largest graduate student populations across the CSU system and in the state of California . The university is located in the Los Altos neighborhood of Long Beach at the southeastern coastal tip of Los Angeles County , less than one mile from the border with Orange County . The university offers 82 different Bachelor 's degrees , 65 types of Master 's degrees , and four Doctoral degrees . Long Beach State is one of the West Coast 's top universities in terms of student body racial diversity , being named the 5th most diverse university in the West by U.S. News & World Report . It is also home to one of the largest publicly funded art schools in the United States . The university currently operates with one of the lowest student tuition rate in the country , at $ 6,420 per year for full-time students with California residence ." } ] }, { "value": "19 ( 582 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Taylor Lewis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Right-handed pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Right-handed", "summary": "In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Yavapai College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yavapai_College", "summary": "Yavapai College is a community college located in Yavapai County , Arizona . The main campus is in Prescott , with locations in Clarkdale , Prescott Valley , Chino Valley , and Sedona ." } ] }, { "value": "20 ( 612 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Frederick Bello", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shortstop", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shortstop", "summary": "Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base ." } ] }, { "value": "Cerro Coso Community College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cerro_Coso_Community_College", "summary": "Cerro Coso Community College is a community college in the Eastern Sierra region of Southern California . It was established in 1973 as a separate college within the Kern Community College District . The college offers traditional and online courses and two-year degrees . The college serves an area of approximately 18,000-square-miles . Cerro Coso has five instructional sites : Eastern Sierra Center Bishop & Mammoth , Indian Wells Valley , Kern River Valley , and South Kern . The college also has an Incarcerated Student Education Program in two locations , the California City Correctional Facility and Tehachapi California Correctional Institution ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Major League Baseball Draft -- Table", "section_text": "", "uid": "2008_Seattle_Mariners_season_3", "intro": "The 2008 Seattle Mariners season was the 32nd Major League Baseball season in the team's history. Coming off the heels of the previous 2007 season, in which the M's finished with their first winning record since 2003, the team was widely expected to once again compete for the American League West division championship. The team was bolstered by some major roster additions during the previous offseason, most notably starting pitchers Érik Bédard and Carlos Silva. However, by the end of May, it became apparent that the team had gone back to its losing ways of the 2004-06 seasons. Despite their losing ways, they won their first and last game of the season. Their longest winning-streak of the season is 4 games after a Cleveland sweep at the end of August and a 12-6 win against the Texas Rangers on the first day of September. However, standing at 57-87, their longest losing-streak of the season is 12 games, 11 on the road, 1 at home, after being swept by the L.A. Angels, Kansas City Royals, Oakland Athletics, and suffering a loss at the last homestand opener against the L.A. Angels. On September 23, the Mariners became the first club to spend $100 million in payroll and lose 100 games. The team finished the season with a 61-101 (.377) record, last in the West for the 4th time in 5 years, and second worst in the majors. With the team underperforming and underachieving, a number of people who had become scapegoats for the team's underperformance were dismissed during the season, most notably general manager Bill Bavasi, field manager John McLaren, first baseman Richie Sexson, and designated hitter José Vidro." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films", "title": "List of highest-grossing Indian films", "header": [ "Rank", "Film", "Year", "Director", "Studio ( s )", "Worldwide gross" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Amazon Obhijaan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amazon_Obhijaan", "summary": "Amazon Obhijaan ( lit . The Amazon expedition ) is a 2017 Indian Bengali-language action-adventure film written and directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee and produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni under the banner of Shree Venkatesh Films . Starring Dev in the lead role of Shankar , it is the sequel to 2013 film Chander Pahar and the second installment of Chander Pahar film franchise . The film revolves around Shankar , an adventurer who along with a lady and her father , travels the Amazon in search of the City of Gold , El dorado . Amazon Obhijaan happens to be the 100th film of the production house . The highest grossing Bengali film ever , it was released theatrically on 22 December 2017 . On 5 January 2018 , the film was dubbed and released in five languages : Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , Odia and Assamese . It is also the first Bengali film to release theatrically in United Kingdom on 12 January 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kamaleswar Mukherjee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kamaleswar_Mukherjee", "summary": "Kamaleswar Mukherjee is a Bengali film director and ad maker . He directed Chander Pahar ( 2013 ) and Meghe Dhaka Tara ( 2013 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Shree Venkatesh Films", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shree_Venkatesh_Films", "summary": "SVF Entertainment Pvt . Ltd. is an Indian media and entertainment company headquartered in Kolkata , West Bengal Founded by Shrikant Mohta . Apart from producing and distributing Bengali films , SVF also distributes Bollywood and Hollywood films in Eastern India . The other divisions of the company include Exhibition , TV Content Production , Digital Cinema , Music , New Media and IPR syndication . SVF was in Anandabazar Patrika 's powerlist for 2008 and 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "₹ 48.63 crore ( US $ 6.8 million )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chander Pahar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chander_Pahar_(film)", "summary": "Chander Pahar ( released as Mountains of the Moon in the United States ) is a 2013 Indian Bengali-language action-adventure film based on Chander Pahar by Bengali novelist Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay , directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee and produced by Mahendra Soni and Shrikant Mohta under the banner of their production house Shree Venkatesh Films . It features Bengali actor Dev in the lead role as Shankar . This is the first collaboration between Dev and Mukherjee , the latter having made only two films before : Uro Chithi and Meghe Dhaka Tara . Shooting commenced on 20 April 2013 . The film released on 20 December 2013 . The trailer was released at the Nicco park at 5 pm , on the occasion of Children 's Day on 14 November 2013 . This is the first Indian film to be extensively shot in South Africa . Chander Pahar is the most successful film in Bengali cinema . Critics consider it Dev 's most memorable and recognizable work . It is the first installment of Chander Pahar film franchise and was followed by Amazon Obhijaan in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kamaleswar Mukherjee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kamaleswar_Mukherjee", "summary": "Kamaleswar Mukherjee is a Bengali film director and ad maker . He directed Chander Pahar ( 2013 ) and Meghe Dhaka Tara ( 2013 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Shree Venkatesh Films", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shree_Venkatesh_Films", "summary": "SVF Entertainment Pvt . Ltd. is an Indian media and entertainment company headquartered in Kolkata , West Bengal Founded by Shrikant Mohta . Apart from producing and distributing Bengali films , SVF also distributes Bollywood and Hollywood films in Eastern India . The other divisions of the company include Exhibition , TV Content Production , Digital Cinema , Music , New Media and IPR syndication . SVF was in Anandabazar Patrika 's powerlist for 2008 and 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "₹ 15 crore ( US $ 2.1 million )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Boss 2 : Back to Rule", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boss_2:_Back_to_Rule", "summary": "Boss 2 : Back to Rule is a 2017 India-Bangladesh joint production Bengali action crime thriller film directed by Baba Yadav . It is a sequel to his 2013 film , Boss : Born to Rule and the second installment of the Boss film series . The film features Jeet , Subhasree Ganguly and Nusraat Faria in the leading roles . Jeet Gannguli composed the music for the film . The film was released in West Bengal on 23 June and in Bangladesh on 26 June 2017 and in rest of India on 30 June 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Baba Yadav", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baba_Yadav", "summary": "Baba Yadav is Bengali and Bollywood film choreographer and director ." } ] }, { "value": "Jeetz Fireworks Walzen Media Works Jaaz Multimedia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jeet_(actor)", "summary": "Jeet ( born Jeetendra Madnani ) is an Indian actor , producer and television presenter who predominantly works in Bengali cinema . Jeet started his modeling career in 1993 . His first acting assignment was Bishabriksha ( 1994-95 ) , a Bengali TV series directed by Bishnu Palchaudhuri . He made his big screen debut with Chandu ( 2001 ) a Telugu film . His first success came in 2002 , opposite Priyanka Trivedi , through Sathi , a highly successful romantic drama , directed by Haranath Chakraborty , for which he won the Bengal Film Journalists ' Association - Most Promising Actor Award and Anandalok Awards for Best Actor . In the same year , he acted in the Bengali remake of Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar . This initial success was followed by other critical and commercial successes , including Nater Guru , Sangee , Bandhan and Yuddho . In 2005 , he acted alongside Koel Mallick in Nater Guru , which released to critical and commercial success and fetched him his second Anandalok Award for Best Actor . This success was short-lived as Jeet starred in some commercial failures , including Saathihara , Priyotoma and Ghatak but this failure was short-lived as Jeet starred in Jor , which became a box office hit . 2010 proved to be a commercially successful year for Jeet as he starred in Wanted and Dui Prithibi , both of which were critically and commercially successful ventures ; the latter being the highest grosser of 2010 , according to a study conducted by FICCI & Deloitte . In 2013 , he appeared in the crime thriller Boss : Born to Rule , which was Jeet 's first pan-India release . The film proved to be one of the biggest hits of 2013 , grossing ₹67.5 million ( US $ 950,000 ) and also earned him his first Filmfare Awards East nomination ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jaaz_Multimedia", "summary": "Jaaz Multimedia is a film production and distribution house in Bangladesh ." } ] }, { "value": "₹ 10.50 crore ( US $ 1.5 million )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nabab", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nabab", "summary": "Nabab is a 2017 film directed by Joydip Mukherjee and stars Bangladeshi star Shakib Khan . The film is a Bangladesh-India joint venture produced by Abdul Aziz and Himanshu Dhanuka under the banner of Jaaz Multimedia and Eskay Movies . The story revolves around an intelligence agent from Bangladesh ( Shakib Khan ) tasked with a secret operation in West Bengal , India . The film also stars Subhasrhee Ganguly as Khan 's love interest and features Sabyasachi Chakrabarty , Amit Hasan , Aparajita Adhya , Kharaj Mukherjee and Arindam Saha in supporting roles . The soundtrack album and background score of the film was composed by Savvy Gupta and Akassh . The film was released on 26 June 2017 on the occasion of Eid in Bangladesh and released in India on 28 July 2017 . The film marks the second collaboration of Shakib Khan with Joydip Mukherjee after success of Shikari ( 2016 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Joydip Mukherjee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joydip_Mukherjee", "summary": "Joydip Mukherjee or Joydeep Mukherjee is an Indian film director , actor and writer primarily associated with Bengali language films ." } ] }, { "value": "Jaaz Multimedia , Eskay Movies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jaaz_Multimedia", "summary": "Jaaz Multimedia is a film production and distribution house in Bangladesh ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Eskay_Movies", "summary": "Eskay Movies is an Indian media and entertainment company which started in 1988 by Ashok Dhanuka and Himanshu Dhanuka . The expanded Eskay Movies into becoming one of the biggest media and entertainment houses in eastern India . In the film industry , Eskay Movies has following divisions : Production , Distribution , Exhibition , Digital Cinema and Music and Online Store . The production house is headquartered in Kolkata , West Bengal and prominently produces Bengali language films . Digital movie distribution firm United Mediaworks ( UMW ) has expanded its operations into Bangladesh by distributing and co-producing films with Bangladeshi companies , such as Jaaz Multimedia . Under the new partnership , United Mediaworks will provide its digital cinema production and distribution technology to over 256 screens in Bangladesh . With this expansion , UMW claims to have a distribution chain present across 550 screens in both India and Bangladesh ." } ] }, { "value": "₹ 9.10 crore ( US $ 1.3 million )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rangbaaz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rangbaaz_(2013_film)", "summary": "An auto driver ( Kushal Chakraborty ) , sees Lucky Bhai ( Rahul Dev ) murder a journalist . The auto driver manages to capture Lucky Bhai & his henchman , and hold them until the Police arrive . Afterwards , the auto driver returns home to his wife and son , Raj . Unfortunately , Lucky Bhai & his henchmen break into their house that night . The auto driver is killed and his wife is severely injured . Raj survives uninjured . Raj 's mother is in a critical condition but he & his uncle do n't have enough money to pay for her operation . The local mafia leader 's son has committed murder and offers Raj a deal . In order to pay for his mother 's surgery , Raj has to go to prison for the crime . Twelve years later , Raj is released from prison . When he meets his uncle again , he finds out that his mother has died . Raj also falls in love with Madhurima who lives with her father ( Rajatava Dutta ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Raja Chanda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Raja_Chanda", "summary": "Raja Chanda is an Indian film director who concentrates into Bengali language film and commercial ad films . He is one of the leading ad film makers in Kolkata and has made 450+ ad films . His filmworks include Challenge 2 , Le Halua Le , Rangbaaz and Target : The Final Mission . He is one of the leading film directors in the Kolkata film industry ." } ] }, { "value": "Surinder Films", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Surinder_Films", "summary": "Surinder Films ( SF ) is an Indian media company . SF has produced prime-time television shows for Star Jalsa , Zee Bangla , Sun Bangla , Rupashi Bangla and Mahuaa Bangla . Their previous shows include Ekhane Aakash Neel , Khushi , Dhonni Meye , and Ghore Pherar Gaan ." } ] }, { "value": "₹ 9 crore ( US $ 1.3 million )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Praktan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Praktan", "summary": "Praktan ( প্রাক্তন meaning Former ) is a 2016 Indian Bengali film directed by Shiboprosad Mukherjee and Nandita Roy . The film starred award-winning actor Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta . The film released to a huge reception on 27 May 2016 worldwide . It also received the International Film Business Award 2016 for becoming the Highest Grossing Movie of the Year - Bengal alongside films like Kabaali , Sultan , Sairat and Action Hero Biju , at Indywood Film Carnival at Ramoji Film City . Praktan is also remade in Bollywood with the name Jalebi . The music is released by Amara Muzik ." } ] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shiboprosad_Mukherjee", "summary": "Shiboprosad Mukherjee ( pronounced [ ʃiboprosad̪ mukʰärdʒi ] , Bengali : pronunciation ( help·info ) , born 20 May 1974 ) is an Indian Bengali filmmaker , writer and actor . He , collaborating with Nandita Roy , debuted with their film Icche , which garnered both critical acclaim as well as commercial success . The director duo is known for making socially relevant films which are also entertaining to the viewers . They have also directed some of the popular most new age Bengali films like Praktan , Bela Seshe , Icche , Muktodhara , Accident , Alik Sukh and Ramdhanu , which were critically acclaimed as well as enjoyed commercial success . He also serves as a partner at Windows Productions . His film , Praktan , bagged multiple National Awards ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nandita_Roy", "summary": "Nandita Roy ( born April 3 , 1955 ) is an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter . She made her directorial debut with the film Icche ( 2011 ) along with her co-director Shiboprosad Mukherjee . The two have also directed Accident , Muktodhara , Alik Sukh , Ramdhanu , Bela Seshe , Haami , Praktan and Posto ( film ) . She has been a part of several projects and has worked with many renowned directors ." } ] }, { "value": "Windows", "urls": [] }, { "value": "₹ 8.5 crore ( US $ 1.2 million )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Khoka 420", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Khoka_420", "summary": "Khoka 420 is a Bengali romantic comedy film directed by Rajib Biswas . The film stars Dev , Subhashree Ganguly , Nusrat Jahan , Tapas Paul , Rajatava Dutta and others . The film is a remake of the 2010 Telugu film Brindavanam starring N. T. Rama Rao Jr. , Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Kajal Agarwal . The film was dubbed into Hindi as Mere Ustas 420 ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rajiv Kumar Biswas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rajiv_Kumar_Biswas", "summary": "Rajiv Kumar Biswas also known as Rajib Biswas or Rajiv Kumar is an Indian film director who works in Bengali films ." } ] }, { "value": "Eskay Movies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eskay_Movies", "summary": "Eskay Movies is an Indian media and entertainment company which started in 1988 by Ashok Dhanuka and Himanshu Dhanuka . The expanded Eskay Movies into becoming one of the biggest media and entertainment houses in eastern India . In the film industry , Eskay Movies has following divisions : Production , Distribution , Exhibition , Digital Cinema and Music and Online Store . The production house is headquartered in Kolkata , West Bengal and prominently produces Bengali language films . Digital movie distribution firm United Mediaworks ( UMW ) has expanded its operations into Bangladesh by distributing and co-producing films with Bangladeshi companies , such as Jaaz Multimedia . Under the new partnership , United Mediaworks will provide its digital cinema production and distribution technology to over 256 screens in Bangladesh . With this expansion , UMW claims to have a distribution chain present across 550 screens in both India and Bangladesh ." } ] }, { "value": "₹ 8 crore ( US $ 1.1 million )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Posto", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Posto_(film)", "summary": "Posto ( Here , a name for the child character of film . Meaning : Poppy Seeds ) is a 2017 Bengali film directed by Shiboprosad Mukherjee and Nandita Roy . The film features Jisshu Sengupta and Mimi Chakraborty . The film was released on 12 May 2017 in 100 theatres across West Bengal , India and overseas ( United States , Canada , Japan , Dubai , United Kingdom , Netherlands ) on the same day . The film received critical acclaim as it portrayed the relationships in a very subtle way . The storyline is similar to the English film Kramer Vs. Kramer ." } ] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shiboprosad_Mukherjee", "summary": "Shiboprosad Mukherjee ( pronounced [ ʃiboprosad̪ mukʰärdʒi ] , Bengali : pronunciation ( help·info ) , born 20 May 1974 ) is an Indian Bengali filmmaker , writer and actor . He , collaborating with Nandita Roy , debuted with their film Icche , which garnered both critical acclaim as well as commercial success . The director duo is known for making socially relevant films which are also entertaining to the viewers . They have also directed some of the popular most new age Bengali films like Praktan , Bela Seshe , Icche , Muktodhara , Accident , Alik Sukh and Ramdhanu , which were critically acclaimed as well as enjoyed commercial success . He also serves as a partner at Windows Productions . His film , Praktan , bagged multiple National Awards ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nandita_Roy", "summary": "Nandita Roy ( born April 3 , 1955 ) is an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter . She made her directorial debut with the film Icche ( 2011 ) along with her co-director Shiboprosad Mukherjee . The two have also directed Accident , Muktodhara , Alik Sukh , Ramdhanu , Bela Seshe , Haami , Praktan and Posto ( film ) . She has been a part of several projects and has worked with many renowned directors ." } ] }, { "value": "Windows", "urls": [] }, { "value": "₹ 8 crore ( US $ 1.1 million )", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Highest-grossing films by language -- Bengali", "section_text": "Main article : List of highest-grossing Bengali films Bengali cinema is the Bengali language film industry centered in the Tollygunge neighborhood of Kolkata , West Bengal . It has been known by the nickname Tollywood , a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood , since 1932 .", "uid": "List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films_worldwide_1", "intro": "This is a ranking of the highest grossing Indian films which includes films from various languages based on the conservative global box office estimates as reported by reputable sources. There is no official tracking of domestic box office figures within India, and Indian sites publishing data are frequently pressured to increase their domestic box office estimates. Indian films have been screened in markets around the world since the early 20th century. As of 2003, there are markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. During the first decade of the 21st century, there was a steady rise in the ticket price, a tripling in the number of theaters and an increase in the number of prints of a film being released, which led to a large increase in the box office collections. The majority of highest-grossing Indian films are Bollywood (Hindi) films. As of 2014, Bollywood represents 43% of the net box office revenue in India, while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36%, and other regional industries constitute 21%. See List of highest-grossing films in India for domestic gross figures and List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets for overseas gross figures." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_council_camps_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)", "title": "List of council camps (Boy Scouts of America)", "header": [ "Camp name", "Council", "Location", "Status", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "Camp Aquila ( formerly Camp Mauwehu )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Connecticut Yankee Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Candlewood Lake , Sherman , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Candlewood_Lake", "summary": "Candlewood Lake is a manmade lake located in Fairfield and Litchfield counties of western Connecticut , in the northeastern United States . At 8.4 square miles ( 22 km2 ) , it is the largest lake in Connecticut . The lake is bordered by five towns : Brookfield , Danbury , New Fairfield , New Milford , and Sherman . Some of the most expensive real estate in Connecticut is located on the shores of the lake , in the towns of Brookfield , New Fairfield , New Milford , and Sherman ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sherman,_Connecticut", "summary": "Sherman is the northernmost and least populous town of Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 3,581 at the 2010 census . The town was formed in 1802 from the northern part of New Fairfield . It is named for Roger Sherman , the only person who signed all four founding documents of the United States of America . He also had a cobblers shop in the north end of town which has been reconstructed behind the Northrup House in the center of town . Sherman has been named Best Small Town in Connecticut three times by Connecticut Magazine . The Appalachian Trail goes through the northern end of Sherman . Part of Squantz Pond is in the town . Sherman has one area on the National Register of Historic Places : the Sherman Historic District , bounded roughly by the intersection of Old Greenswood Road and Route 37 , northeast past the intersection of Route 37 East and Route 39 North and Sawmill Road . The district was added to the National Register on August 31 , 1991 . Sherman is the only town in Fairfield County in the 860 area code ; the remainder of the county is served by the area code 203/area code 475 overlay ." } ] }, { "value": "Closed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Located on Candlewood Lake in Sherman , CT. , the camp was sold in 1982 along with Camp Toquam in Goshen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Camp Cochipianee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Camp_Cochipianee", "summary": "The headquarters of the Connecticut Rivers Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in East Hartford , Connecticut . The present council was formed as the result of the merger between the Indian Trails Council of Norwich , Connecticut and Long Rivers Council of Hartford , Connecticut . Now it is the largest council in the state with a youth membership of over 17,000 and a volunteer base of nearly 10,000 adults , serving for over half of the state . The council 's camps include the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation in Ashford , Camp Mattatuck in Plymouth and Camp Workcoeman in New Hartford . See Boy Scout Camps in Connecticut , past and present below for more information on the individual camps . The council 's Order of the Arrow Lodge is the Tschitani Lodge # 10 ." } ] }, { "value": "Bristol Area Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Goshen , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goshen,_Connecticut", "summary": "Goshen is a town in Litchfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 2,976 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Closed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The camp was founded in 1928 by the Bristol Area Council and was sold after the New Britain Area Council and the Bristol Area Council were merged in 1972", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Camp Irving", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Camp_Irving", "summary": "Housatonic Council is a regional organization of the Boy Scouts of America covering several towns adjoining the Housatonic River in South-Central Connecticut . The council originated from the Derby Council , voting to organize as a first class council at its annual meeting on January 25 , 1923 . The council had jurisdiction over Scouting in Ansonia , Shelton and Seymour in addition to Derby , with the town of Oxford incorporated into the council at a later date . It has been headquartered in Derby , Connecticut since its founding . The Housatonic Council owns and operates Edmund D. Strang Scout Reservation in Goshen , Connecticut . Paugassett Lodge , of the Order of the Arrow , serves this council ." } ] }, { "value": "Housatonic Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shelton , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shelton,_Connecticut", "summary": "Shelton is a city in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 39,559 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Closed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The camp was located in Shelton in the Birchbank area along the Housatonic River . It was closed in 1945 and the buildings were razed in 1948", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Camp Mattatuck", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Camp_Mattatuck", "summary": "The headquarters of the Connecticut Rivers Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in East Hartford , Connecticut . The present council was formed as the result of the merger between the Indian Trails Council of Norwich , Connecticut and Long Rivers Council of Hartford , Connecticut . Now it is the largest council in the state with a youth membership of over 17,000 and a volunteer base of nearly 10,000 adults , serving for over half of the state . The council 's camps include the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation in Ashford , Camp Mattatuck in Plymouth and Camp Workcoeman in New Hartford . See Boy Scout Camps in Connecticut , past and present below for more information on the individual camps . The council 's Order of the Arrow Lodge is the Tschitani Lodge # 10 ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Rivers Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Plymouth , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Plymouth,_Connecticut", "summary": "Plymouth is a town in Litchfield County , Connecticut , United States . It is named after Plymouth , Devon , England . The population was 12,243 at the 2010 census , up from 11,634 at the 2000 census . The town of Plymouth includes the villages of Plymouth Center , Terryville and Pequabuck ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mattatuck Council purchased 170 acres in 1938 and the camp opened the following year", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Camp Nahaco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Camp_Nahaco", "summary": "The headquarters of the Connecticut Rivers Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in East Hartford , Connecticut . The present council was formed as the result of the merger between the Indian Trails Council of Norwich , Connecticut and Long Rivers Council of Hartford , Connecticut . Now it is the largest council in the state with a youth membership of over 17,000 and a volunteer base of nearly 10,000 adults , serving for over half of the state . The council 's camps include the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation in Ashford , Camp Mattatuck in Plymouth and Camp Workcoeman in New Hartford . See Boy Scout Camps in Connecticut , past and present below for more information on the individual camps . The council 's Order of the Arrow Lodge is the Tschitani Lodge # 10 ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Rivers Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Woodstock , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Woodstock,_Connecticut", "summary": "Woodstock is a town in Windham County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 7,964 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Sold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Previously called Camp Keemosabee , the camp was purchased by the towns of Woodstock and Eastford on March 3 , 2003 . The 120 acre site is now permanently protected from development and the Boy Scouts still have use of the property", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Camp Pioneer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Long Rivers Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Hartford , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Hartford,_Connecticut", "summary": "New Hartford is a town in Litchfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 6,970 at the 2010 census , up from 6,088 at the 2000 census . The town center is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the New Hartford Center census-designated place ( CDP ) . The town is mainly a rural community consisting of farms , homes , and parks . Brodie Park and Ski Sundown are located in New Hartford ." } ] }, { "value": "Closed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Located on the shores of West Hill Pond , adjacent to Camp Sequassen , it was sold in 1985 and has since been developed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Camp Pomperaug", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Camp_Pomperaug", "summary": "The Connecticut Yankee Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in Milford , Connecticut . It is council # 072 and serves 37 towns and cities in Connecticut , located in Fairfield County , New Haven County , and parts of Hartford County . The present council was formed in 1998 by the merger of Quinnipiac Council ( # 74 ) and Fairfield County Council ( # 68 ) . Owaneco Lodge is the Order of the Arrow lodge that serves this council ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Yankee Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Union , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Union,_Connecticut", "summary": "Union is a town located in the northeastern part of Tolland County , Connecticut , United States and is part of the Quinebaug and Shetucket Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor . The population was 854 at the 2010 census , making it the least populous town and municipality in Connecticut . Union includes the village of Mashapaug located in the Eastern Uplands at the Massachusetts state line . Also , Union is located 33 miles ( 53 kilometers ) northeast of the state capital , Hartford and 67 mi ( 108 km ) southwest of Boston as well as 153 mi ( 246 km ) northeast of New York City ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "For a time the camp was leased to the Ct Burn Foundation as a summer camp for children with severe burns ; however , it has since been changed back into a Scout camp", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Camp Sequassen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Camp_Sequassen", "summary": "The Connecticut Yankee Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in Milford , Connecticut . It is council # 072 and serves 37 towns and cities in Connecticut , located in Fairfield County , New Haven County , and parts of Hartford County . The present council was formed in 1998 by the merger of Quinnipiac Council ( # 74 ) and Fairfield County Council ( # 68 ) . Owaneco Lodge is the Order of the Arrow lodge that serves this council ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Yankee Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Hartford , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Hartford,_Connecticut", "summary": "New Hartford is a town in Litchfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 6,970 at the 2010 census , up from 6,088 at the 2000 census . The town center is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the New Hartford Center census-designated place ( CDP ) . The town is mainly a rural community consisting of farms , homes , and parks . Brodie Park and Ski Sundown are located in New Hartford ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Located at 791 West Hill Road in New Hartford , Connecticut", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Camp Toquam", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Camp_Toquam", "summary": "The Connecticut Yankee Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in Milford , Connecticut . It is council # 072 and serves 37 towns and cities in Connecticut , located in Fairfield County , New Haven County , and parts of Hartford County . The present council was formed in 1998 by the merger of Quinnipiac Council ( # 74 ) and Fairfield County Council ( # 68 ) . Owaneco Lodge is the Order of the Arrow lodge that serves this council ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Yankee Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Goshen , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goshen,_Connecticut", "summary": "Goshen is a town in Litchfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 2,976 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Closed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The camp was sold in 1982 along with Camp Aquila in Sherman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Camp Workcoeman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Camp_Workcoeman", "summary": "The headquarters of the Connecticut Rivers Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in East Hartford , Connecticut . The present council was formed as the result of the merger between the Indian Trails Council of Norwich , Connecticut and Long Rivers Council of Hartford , Connecticut . Now it is the largest council in the state with a youth membership of over 17,000 and a volunteer base of nearly 10,000 adults , serving for over half of the state . The council 's camps include the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation in Ashford , Camp Mattatuck in Plymouth and Camp Workcoeman in New Hartford . See Boy Scout Camps in Connecticut , past and present below for more information on the individual camps . The council 's Order of the Arrow Lodge is the Tschitani Lodge # 10 ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Rivers Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Hartford , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Hartford,_Connecticut", "summary": "New Hartford is a town in Litchfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 6,970 at the 2010 census , up from 6,088 at the 2000 census . The town center is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the New Hartford Center census-designated place ( CDP ) . The town is mainly a rural community consisting of farms , homes , and parks . Brodie Park and Ski Sundown are located in New Hartford ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Established in 1924 and located on the shore of West Hill Pond", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Deer Lake Scout Reservation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Deer_Lake_Scout_Reservation", "summary": "The Connecticut Yankee Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in Milford , Connecticut . It is council # 072 and serves 37 towns and cities in Connecticut , located in Fairfield County , New Haven County , and parts of Hartford County . The present council was formed in 1998 by the merger of Quinnipiac Council ( # 74 ) and Fairfield County Council ( # 68 ) . Owaneco Lodge is the Order of the Arrow lodge that serves this council ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Yankee Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Deer Lake , Killingworth , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Deer_Lake_(Connecticut)", "summary": "Deer Lake is a dammed lake in Killingworth , Connecticut , United States . It is the site of the BSA camp Deer Lake Scout Reservation , operated by the Connecticut Yankee Council ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Killingworth,_Connecticut", "summary": "Killingworth is a town in Middlesex County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 6,455 as of July 1 , 2015 [ update ] ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "It was originally owned by Central Connecticut Council until the merger with Quinnipiac Council . It is currently being upgraded to run the Connecticut Yankee Council 's Cub Scout Summer Resident Camp", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Edmund D. Strang Scout Reservation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edmund_D._Strang_Scout_Reservation", "summary": "Housatonic Council is a regional organization of the Boy Scouts of America covering several towns adjoining the Housatonic River in South-Central Connecticut . The council originated from the Derby Council , voting to organize as a first class council at its annual meeting on January 25 , 1923 . The council had jurisdiction over Scouting in Ansonia , Shelton and Seymour in addition to Derby , with the town of Oxford incorporated into the council at a later date . It has been headquartered in Derby , Connecticut since its founding . The Housatonic Council owns and operates Edmund D. Strang Scout Reservation in Goshen , Connecticut . Paugassett Lodge , of the Order of the Arrow , serves this council ." } ] }, { "value": "Housatonic Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Goshen , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goshen,_Connecticut", "summary": "Goshen is a town in Litchfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 2,976 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Formally called Housatonic Scout Reservation", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ernest Thompson Seton Scout Reservation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ernest_Thompson_Seton_Scout_Reservation", "summary": "The Greenwich Council of the Boy Scouts of America was founded in 1912 . Its headquarters resides at 63 Mason Street in Greenwich , Connecticut ." } ] }, { "value": "Greenwich Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greenwich , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut", "summary": "Greenwich ( /ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ ) is a town in southwestern Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a total population of 61,171 , with a census-estimated increase of 62,574 in 2018 . The largest town on Connecticut 's Gold Coast , Greenwich is home to many hedge funds and other financial service firms . Greenwich is a principal community of the Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk-Danbury metropolitan statistical area , which comprises all of Fairfield County . Greenwich is the southernmost and westernmost municipality in Connecticut as well as in the six-state region of New England . CNN/Money and Money magazine ranked Greenwich 12th on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States in 2005 . The town is named after Greenwich , a royal borough of London in the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A 249-acre camp located off 363 Riversville Road in Greenwich", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Frederick Sprague Barbour Scout Reservation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frederick_Sprague_Barbour_Scout_Reservation", "summary": "The headquarters of the Connecticut Rivers Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in East Hartford , Connecticut . The present council was formed as the result of the merger between the Indian Trails Council of Norwich , Connecticut and Long Rivers Council of Hartford , Connecticut . Now it is the largest council in the state with a youth membership of over 17,000 and a volunteer base of nearly 10,000 adults , serving for over half of the state . The council 's camps include the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation in Ashford , Camp Mattatuck in Plymouth and Camp Workcoeman in New Hartford . See Boy Scout Camps in Connecticut , past and present below for more information on the individual camps . The council 's Order of the Arrow Lodge is the Tschitani Lodge # 10 ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Rivers Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Norfolk , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norfolk,_Connecticut", "summary": "Norfolk ( locally /ˈnɔːrfɔːrk/ ) is a town in Litchfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 1,709 at the 2010 census . The urban center of the town is the Norfolk census-designated place , with a population of 553 at the 2010 census . Norfolk is perhaps best known as the site of the Yale Summer School of Music - Norfolk Chamber Music Festival , which hosts an annual chamber music concert series in the Music Shed , a performance hall located on the Ellen Battell Stoeckel estate to the west of the village green . Norfolk has important examples of regional architecture , notably the Village Hall ( now Infinity Hall , a shingled 1880s Arts-and-Crafts confection , with an opera house upstairs and storefronts at street level ) ; the Norfolk Library ( a shingle-style structure , designed by George Keller , ca 1888/1889 ) ; and over thirty buildings , in a wide variety of styles , designed by Alfredo S. G. Taylor ( of the New York firm Taylor & Levi ) in the four decades before the Second World War ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "106-acre wilderness camp", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John Sherman Hoyt Scout Reservation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Sherman_Hoyt_Scout_Reservation", "summary": "The Connecticut Yankee Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in Milford , Connecticut . It is council # 072 and serves 37 towns and cities in Connecticut , located in Fairfield County , New Haven County , and parts of Hartford County . The present council was formed in 1998 by the merger of Quinnipiac Council ( # 74 ) and Fairfield County Council ( # 68 ) . Owaneco Lodge is the Order of the Arrow lodge that serves this council ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Yankee Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Redding , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Redding,_Connecticut", "summary": "Redding is a town in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 9,158 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The 174 acre reservation was donated to the Alfred W. Dater Council by Alice B. Sanford in 1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/June_Norcross_Webster_Scout_Reservation", "summary": "The headquarters of the Connecticut Rivers Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in East Hartford , Connecticut . The present council was formed as the result of the merger between the Indian Trails Council of Norwich , Connecticut and Long Rivers Council of Hartford , Connecticut . Now it is the largest council in the state with a youth membership of over 17,000 and a volunteer base of nearly 10,000 adults , serving for over half of the state . The council 's camps include the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation in Ashford , Camp Mattatuck in Plymouth and Camp Workcoeman in New Hartford . See Boy Scout Camps in Connecticut , past and present below for more information on the individual camps . The council 's Order of the Arrow Lodge is the Tschitani Lodge # 10 ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Rivers Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ashford , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ashford,_Connecticut", "summary": "Ashford is a town in Windham County , Connecticut , United States . It is part of the Connecticut Quiet Corner . The population was 4,317 at the 2010 census . It was founded in 1714 . Eastford was a part of Ashford until 1847 , when the former split off to organize its own town . For this reason North Ashford is located in northeast Eastford . Ashford is home to the largest boy scout camp in Connecticut , the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation ; to Paul Newman 's Hole in the Wall Gang Camp for children with cancer and other serious illness ; to the Salvation Army CONNRI Lodge and Conference Center ; and to the Evangelical Christian Center , a retreat , camp and conference center ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Originally opened as Camp Ashford on June 28 , 1964 , today the reservation occupies 1,200 acres ( 4.9 km2 ) of land", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lake of Isles Scout Reservation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lake_of_Isles_Scout_Reservation", "summary": "The headquarters of the Connecticut Rivers Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in East Hartford , Connecticut . The present council was formed as the result of the merger between the Indian Trails Council of Norwich , Connecticut and Long Rivers Council of Hartford , Connecticut . Now it is the largest council in the state with a youth membership of over 17,000 and a volunteer base of nearly 10,000 adults , serving for over half of the state . The council 's camps include the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation in Ashford , Camp Mattatuck in Plymouth and Camp Workcoeman in New Hartford . See Boy Scout Camps in Connecticut , past and present below for more information on the individual camps . The council 's Order of the Arrow Lodge is the Tschitani Lodge # 10 ." } ] }, { "value": "Long Rivers Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "North Stonington , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Stonington,_Connecticut", "summary": "North Stonington is a town in New London County , Connecticut which was split off from Stonington in 1724 . The population was 5,297 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Closed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "This reservation included Camp Apache , Camp Pequot , and Camp Cherokee . With the construction of the Mashantucket Pequot Casino in 1991-1992 , the camp 's surroundings had been changed enough that the Long Rivers Council decided to sell the property to the Native American tribe in 1992 . The Mashantucket nation has since converted the land into a golf course", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mark Greer Scout Reservation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mark_Greer_Scout_Reservation", "summary": "The headquarters of the Connecticut Rivers Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in East Hartford , Connecticut . The present council was formed as the result of the merger between the Indian Trails Council of Norwich , Connecticut and Long Rivers Council of Hartford , Connecticut . Now it is the largest council in the state with a youth membership of over 17,000 and a volunteer base of nearly 10,000 adults , serving for over half of the state . The council 's camps include the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation in Ashford , Camp Mattatuck in Plymouth and Camp Workcoeman in New Hartford . See Boy Scout Camps in Connecticut , past and present below for more information on the individual camps . The council 's Order of the Arrow Lodge is the Tschitani Lodge # 10 ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Rivers Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bozrah , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bozrah,_Connecticut", "summary": "Bozrah is a town in New London County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 2,627 at the 2010 census . Bozrah contains three villages : Fitchville , the town center ; Leffingwell , a crossroads on Route 82 ; and Gilman , a mill village along Fitchville Road ." } ] }, { "value": "Sold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "It is home to Camp Tadma , a Cub Scout summer resident camp and Camp Wakenah , a Cub Scout day camp previously located on Gardner Lake in Salem . The reservation was known almost exclusively as Camp Tadma until 2004 . Camp Tadma was closed in 2013 , much to the sorrow of the staff and dedicated Scout troops who had grown to love the camp . The camp was sold in 2014 and is now owned by a church", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wah Wah Tay See", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wah_Wah_Tay_See", "summary": "The Connecticut Yankee Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in Milford , Connecticut . It is council # 072 and serves 37 towns and cities in Connecticut , located in Fairfield County , New Haven County , and parts of Hartford County . The present council was formed in 1998 by the merger of Quinnipiac Council ( # 74 ) and Fairfield County Council ( # 68 ) . Owaneco Lodge is the Order of the Arrow lodge that serves this council ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut Yankee Council", "urls": [] }, { "value": "North Haven , CT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Haven,_Connecticut", "summary": "North Haven is a town in New Haven County , Connecticut on the outskirts of New Haven , Connecticut . As of the 2010 census , it had a population of 24,093 . North Haven is home of the Quinnipiac University School of Health Sciences , the School of Nursing , School of Law , School of Education , and School of Medicine on Bassett Road . North Haven has easy access to Interstate 91 and the Wilbur Cross Parkway ( Route 15 ) . It is near Sleeping Giant State Park and less than 10 miles ( 16 km ) from downtown New Haven and Yale University . In July 2007 , Money magazine ranked North Haven as the eighty-sixth best place to live in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Active", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Within the 50 US states -- Connecticut", "section_text": "Further information : Scouting in Connecticut", "uid": "Local_council_camps_of_the_Boy_Scouts_of_America_6", "intro": "There are hundreds of local council camps of the Boy Scouts of America operated by the Boy Scouts of America. Some of these include:" }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana", "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana", "header": [ "", "Name on the Register", "Date listed", "Location", "City or town" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Carnegie Public Library", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carnegie_Public_Library_(Havre,_Montana)", "summary": "The Carnegie Public Library in Havre , Montana is a historic Carnegie library built in 1914 which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . It is in the Classical revival style . It was also known as the Havre Public Library and later as the Old Carnegie Library . In 2017 it is a former library building and is occupied by the Old Library Gallery . Hopes for obtaining Carnegie funds for a library were expressed in the Milk River Eagle newspaper by 1901 . A first library in Havre was started by 50 women who formed a Women 's Club and subscribed for twenty-five cents per month . A room in the Havre Security State Bank was used to lend out its initial 200 donated books . The library moved to the Havre City Hall by 1906 . The Havre Plaindealer newspaper noted that Glasgow , Montana , fifty miles away , successfully built a Carnegie library in 1908 . By 1911 the women 's club and others had lobbied for local tax funding to support a librarian , and the Havre Library Board lobbied the City Council to purchase land at 4th Avenue and 5th Street to build a library . ( Having land and demonstrating community support/ability to maintain a library were requirement for Carnegie funding . ) In 1913 , $ 12,000 funding for construction was approved by Carnegie , and the building was built within a year ." } ] }, { "value": "July 24 , 1986 ( # 86001934 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "447 4th Ave. 48°32′57″N 109°40′35″W / 48.549167°N 109.676389°W / 48.549167 ; -109.676389 ( Carnegie Public Library )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Havre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havre,_Montana", "summary": "Havre ( /ˈhævər/ HAV-ər ) is the county seat and largest city in Hill County , Montana , in the United States . Havre is nicknamed the crown jewel of the Hi-Line . It is said to be named after the city of Le Havre in France . As of the 2010 census the population was 9,310 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 9,715 ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "H. Earl Clack House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/H._Earl_Clack_House", "summary": "The H. Earl Clack House is a historic house located at 532 Second Avenue in Havre , Montana . It is locally significant as a very good example of a classically-inspired Georgian Revival dwelling . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 24 , 1985 ." } ] }, { "value": "October 24 , 1985 ( # 85003385 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "532 2nd Ave. 48°32′54″N 109°40′48″W / 48.548333°N 109.680000°W / 48.548333 ; -109.680000 ( H. Earl Clack House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Havre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havre,_Montana", "summary": "Havre ( /ˈhævər/ HAV-ər ) is the county seat and largest city in Hill County , Montana , in the United States . Havre is nicknamed the crown jewel of the Hi-Line . It is said to be named after the city of Le Havre in France . As of the 2010 census the population was 9,310 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 9,715 ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fort Assinniboine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fort_Assinniboine", "summary": "Fort Assinniboine was a United States Army fort located in present-day north central Montana ( historically within the military Department of Dakota ) . It was built in 1879 and operated by the Army through 1911 . The 10th Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers , made up of African-American soldiers , were among the units making up the garrison at the fort . Determining that this fort was no longer needed after the end of the Indian Wars , the US Army closed and abandoned it . In 1916 Congress authorized a reservation for the Rocky Boy 's Band of Chippewa , who were landless . It became known as Rocky Boy 's Indian Reservation , named after the chief who had sought the reservation . A portion of the fort was ceded in 1916 for use as a reservation ; the land extended in both Hill and Chouteau counties . This was intended for landless Chippewa who had been pushed west out of their traditional territory . In the event , landless Cree and Metis , refugees from Canada , also settled at the reservation ." } ] }, { "value": "May 31 , 1989 ( # 89000040 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "County Route 82nd Ave. West , 0.5 miles southeast of U.S. Route 87 48°29′59″N 109°47′39″W / 48.499722°N 109.794167°W / 48.499722 ; -109.794167 ( Fort Assinniboine )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/U.S._Route_87", "summary": "U.S. Highway 87 ( US 87 ) is a north-south United States highway ( though it is signed east-west in New Mexico ) that runs for 1,998 miles ( 3,215 km ) from northern Montana to southern Texas . Most of the portion from Billings , Montana , to Raton , New Mexico , is co-signed along Interstates 90 and 25 . It is also co-signed along the majority of Interstate 27 in Texas . As of 2004 , the highway 's northern terminus is Havre , Montana , at U.S. Highway 2 . Its southern terminus is Port Lavaca , Texas ." } ] }, { "value": "Havre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havre,_Montana", "summary": "Havre ( /ˈhævər/ HAV-ər ) is the county seat and largest city in Hill County , Montana , in the United States . Havre is nicknamed the crown jewel of the Hi-Line . It is said to be named after the city of Le Havre in France . As of the 2010 census the population was 9,310 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 9,715 ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Havre Residential Historic District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havre_Residential_Historic_District", "summary": "The Havre Residential Historic District is a site on the National Register of Historic Places encompassing 36 blocks in Havre , Montana . The Havre Residential Historic District represents Havre 's economic growth and social change from 1895 to the 1940s . Located primarily at the district 's northwestern edge , turn-of-the-century homes of the social and business elite are large residences built in Queen Anne/Colonial Revival and Neo-Colonial styles . Their owners fortunes were made from providing supplies and services to soldiers at nearby Fort Assinniboine , homesteaders , and Great Northern Railway employees . As a railroad division point , Havre became home to white-collar workers who built smaller homes in the district . By 1907 , the Craftsman bungalow was the preferred housing style . These smaller , one- or one-and-a-half-story dwellings reflect the security of the middle class in Montana during the first decades of the twentieth century . Havre 's establishment as Hill County seat in 1912 coincided with the Progressive political movement that sought clean cities with suitable housing for all . Between 1913 and 1917 , the Home Builders Investment Company - created by local Progressives - built more than 100 homes . Post World War I depression dampened construction in the district , but late-1920s railroad expansion caused a housing boom . Homes subsequently built here during the Great Depression utilized lower-cost materials and simpler designs ." } ] }, { "value": "October 5 , 1989 ( # 89001630 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roughly bounded by 3rd St. , 7th Ave. , 11th St. , 5th Ave. , 10th St. , 3rd Ave. , 7th St. , and 1st Ave. 48°32′48″N 109°40′38″W / 48.546667°N 109.677222°W / 48.546667 ; -109.677222 ( Havre Residential Historic District )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Havre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havre,_Montana", "summary": "Havre ( /ˈhævər/ HAV-ər ) is the county seat and largest city in Hill County , Montana , in the United States . Havre is nicknamed the crown jewel of the Hi-Line . It is said to be named after the city of Le Havre in France . As of the 2010 census the population was 9,310 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 9,715 ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Heltne Oil Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Heltne_Oil_Company", "summary": "The Heltne Oil Company is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located in Havre , Montana . It was added to the Register on August 16 , 1984 . It was built in 1939 by the Northwest Refining Company of Cut Bank , Montana and was leased by Danfield Heltne ; the business stayed in the Heltne family through the date of NRHP application . The building is described in its NRHP nomination as an outstanding example of the transitional period of gas station design between the more ornate styling of the early 1930s and the porcelain-enameled oblong box so dominant after the war . It has two-toned decorative brickwork , which , together with ornamental pilasters blend nicely with the more modern and functional aspects of the design . Large windows to display company products and accessories together with more spacious enclosed service bays reflect the changes taking place in the service station industry during the late 1930s . It was deemed significant for its association with automobile travel along US 2 from the late 1930s through the early post-war era , as well as for its architecture ." } ] }, { "value": "August 16 , 1994 ( # 94000865 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "140 1st St. 48°33′14″N 109°40′44″W / 48.553889°N 109.678889°W / 48.553889 ; -109.678889 ( Heltne Oil Company )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Havre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havre,_Montana", "summary": "Havre ( /ˈhævər/ HAV-ər ) is the county seat and largest city in Hill County , Montana , in the United States . Havre is nicknamed the crown jewel of the Hi-Line . It is said to be named after the city of Le Havre in France . As of the 2010 census the population was 9,310 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 9,715 ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kiwanis Meeting Hall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kiwanis_Meeting_Hall", "summary": "The Kiwanis Meeting Hall , also known as Kiwanis Chapel , is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located near Havre , Montana . It was added to the Register on March 31 , 2010 . The Kiwanis Meeting Hall is within Kiwanis Camp , located in Beaver Creek Park , the largest county-owned park in Montana ." } ] }, { "value": "March 31 , 2010 ( # 10000133 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17863 Beaver Creek Rd . 48°17′32″N 109°39′51″W / 48.292222°N 109.664167°W / 48.292222 ; -109.664167 ( Kiwanis Meeting Hall )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Havre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havre,_Montana", "summary": "Havre ( /ˈhævər/ HAV-ər ) is the county seat and largest city in Hill County , Montana , in the United States . Havre is nicknamed the crown jewel of the Hi-Line . It is said to be named after the city of Le Havre in France . As of the 2010 census the population was 9,310 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 9,715 ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Too Close for Comfort Site ( 24HL101 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Too_Close_for_Comfort_Site", "summary": "The Too Close for Comfort Site is an archaeological site located in Havre , Montana , United States . The area was used as a buffalo jump . The site , also known as Wahkpa Chu'gn has yielded artifacts from three Native American groups . Between 2000-1500 years ago , the site was inhabited by the Besent peoples , followed about 200-300 years later by the Avonlea peoples for a brief period of time , and lastly by the Saddle Butte peoples who were using the site until about 600 years ago . Wahkpa Chu'gn was discovered in 1962 by John Brumley , followed by further excavations in the 1960s and 1970s by the Montana State Archaeological Society and the Milk River Archaeological Society . John Brumley took over the excavations in the late 1970s , and in 1992 he and his wife began managing the site as an extremely experiential non-sterile archaeological site . The site is open to the public , operated by the H. Earl Clack Memorial Museum . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 12 , 1974 ." } ] }, { "value": "December 30 , 1974 ( # 74001098 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Behind the Wahkpa Chu'gn Meat Market on U.S. Route 2 48°33′40″N 109°42′55″W / 48.561111°N 109.715278°W / 48.561111 ; -109.715278 ( Too Close for Comfort Site ( 24HL101 ) )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/U.S._Route_2", "summary": "U.S. Route 2 or U.S. Highway 2 ( US 2 ) is an east-west U.S. Highway spanning 2,571 miles ( 4,138 km ) across the northern continental United States . US 2 consists of two segments connected by various roadways in southern Canada . Unlike some routes , which are disconnected into segments because of encroaching Interstate Highways , the two portions of US 2 were designed to be separate in the original 1926 highway plan . The western segment of US 2 has its western terminus at an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I-5 ) and State Route 529 ( Maple Street ) in Everett , Washington , and its eastern terminus at I-75 in St. Ignace , Michigan . The eastern segment of US 2 has its western terminus at US 11 in Rouses Point , New York and its eastern terminus at I-95 in Houlton , Maine . As its number indicates , it is the northernmost east-west U.S. Route in the country . It is the lowest primary-numbered east-west U.S. Route , whose numbers otherwise end in zero , and was so numbered to avoid a US 0 . Sections of US 2 in New England were once New England Route 15 , part of the New England road marking system ." } ] }, { "value": "Havre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havre,_Montana", "summary": "Havre ( /ˈhævər/ HAV-ər ) is the county seat and largest city in Hill County , Montana , in the United States . Havre is nicknamed the crown jewel of the Hi-Line . It is said to be named after the city of Le Havre in France . As of the 2010 census the population was 9,310 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 9,715 ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US Post Office and Courthouse-Havre Main", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_and_Courthouse–Havre_Main", "summary": "The U.S. Post Office and Courthouse-Havre Main , located in Havre , Montana , was designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under James A. Wetmore in Classical Revival style and was built in 1932 . Also known as Havre Post Office and Courthouse or Havre Main Post Office , it served historically as a courthouse and as a post office . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . As of 2015 , it was purchased by a local family to be their place of residence and is undergoing extensive restoration . Its construction in 1932 was a major local happening , symbolizing assistance of the national government to the local area during the Depression ." } ] }, { "value": "March 14 , 1986 ( # 86000682 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "306 3rd Ave. 48°33′05″N 109°40′42″W / 48.551389°N 109.678333°W / 48.551389 ; -109.678333 ( US Post Office and Courthouse-Havre Main )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Havre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havre,_Montana", "summary": "Havre ( /ˈhævər/ HAV-ər ) is the county seat and largest city in Hill County , Montana , in the United States . Havre is nicknamed the crown jewel of the Hi-Line . It is said to be named after the city of Le Havre in France . As of the 2010 census the population was 9,310 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 9,715 ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Young-Almas House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Young-Almas_House", "summary": "The Young-Almas House is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located in Havre , Montana . It was designed by local architect Frank Bossuot , following photos taken by Mr. Young of a plantation house in Cuba . It was built in 1914 with masonry and terra cotta roofing by contractor Chris Fuglevand . It has also been known as Eliason Funeral Home , which was housed in an addition . It was added to the Register on October 14 , 1980 . It is a stucco building in the Spanish Revival style ." } ] }, { "value": "October 14 , 1980 ( # 80002421 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "419 4th Ave. 48°32′59″N 109°40′35″W / 48.549722°N 109.676389°W / 48.549722 ; -109.676389 ( Young-Almas House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Havre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Havre,_Montana", "summary": "Havre ( /ˈhævər/ HAV-ər ) is the county seat and largest city in Hill County , Montana , in the United States . Havre is nicknamed the crown jewel of the Hi-Line . It is said to be named after the city of Le Havre in France . As of the 2010 census the population was 9,310 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 9,715 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Hill County", "section_text": "", "uid": "National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana_8", "intro": "This is a list of properties and historic districts in Montana that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The state's more than 1,100 listings are distributed across all of its 56 counties. The locations of National Register properties and districts (at least for all showing latitude and longitude coordinates below), may be seen in an online map by clicking on Map of all coordinates." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Stan", "title": "Sebastian Stan", "header": [ "Year", "Award", "Category", "Nominated work", "Result" ], "data": [ { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critics ' Choice Television Award", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critics'_Choice_Television_Award", "summary": "The Critics ' Choice Television Awards are accolades that are presented annually by the Broadcast Television Journalists Association ( BTJA ) ( US ) . They were established in 2011 , and the first ceremony was held on June 20 , 2011 , and streamed live on VH1.com . The fourth ceremony was televised live , for the first time in award history , on 19 June 2014 on The CW . In October 2014 , the A & E Network was granted exclusive rights to broadcast the television and film awards in 2015 and 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Political Animals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Political_Animals_(miniseries)", "summary": "Political Animals is a six-episode American comedy-drama miniseries created by Greg Berlanti . The series aired in the United States on USA Network from July 15 through August 19 , 2012 . Sigourney Weaver portrays Elaine Barrish , a divorced former First Lady and Governor of Illinois , as well as the current Secretary of State . Weaver and the show 's production team acknowledge that the lead character has some similarities to Hillary Clinton . They say that the premise of the show is very much about all families who have been in the White House , the price they 've paid for being there and the fact that those same families will often try or continue to try to get back into the White House again . While it was speculated that the miniseries would lead into a full season , on November 2 , 2012 , USA Network announced their decision to stick with their initial plan of producing it as a miniseries ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold Derby Award", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gold_Derby_Award", "summary": "The Gold Derby Awards ( or Gold Derby TV and Film Awards ) are awards given by the website Goldderby.com ( Gold Derby ) for television and film . The awards began in 2003 . Owned by Jay Penske since 2015 , it is a brand of the Penske Media Corporation . For the television awards , the competition is open to programs released or aired during the calendar year , usually before the Primetime Emmy Awards . Winners are selected entirely by a written balloting of active members ." } ] }, { "value": "TV Movie/Mini Supporting Actor", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Political Animals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Political_Animals_(miniseries)", "summary": "Political Animals is a six-episode American comedy-drama miniseries created by Greg Berlanti . The series aired in the United States on USA Network from July 15 through August 19 , 2012 . Sigourney Weaver portrays Elaine Barrish , a divorced former First Lady and Governor of Illinois , as well as the current Secretary of State . Weaver and the show 's production team acknowledge that the lead character has some similarities to Hillary Clinton . They say that the premise of the show is very much about all families who have been in the White House , the price they 've paid for being there and the fact that those same families will often try or continue to try to get back into the White House again . While it was speculated that the miniseries would lead into a full season , on November 2 , 2012 , USA Network announced their decision to stick with their initial plan of producing it as a miniseries ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Online Film & Television Association Award", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Political Animals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Political_Animals_(miniseries)", "summary": "Political Animals is a six-episode American comedy-drama miniseries created by Greg Berlanti . The series aired in the United States on USA Network from July 15 through August 19 , 2012 . Sigourney Weaver portrays Elaine Barrish , a divorced former First Lady and Governor of Illinois , as well as the current Secretary of State . Weaver and the show 's production team acknowledge that the lead character has some similarities to Hillary Clinton . They say that the premise of the show is very much about all families who have been in the White House , the price they 've paid for being there and the fact that those same families will often try or continue to try to get back into the White House again . While it was speculated that the miniseries would lead into a full season , on November 2 , 2012 , USA Network announced their decision to stick with their initial plan of producing it as a miniseries ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MTV Movie Award", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/MTV_Movie_Award", "summary": "The MTV Movie & TV Awards ( formerly known as the MTV Movie Awards ) is a film and television awards show presented annually on MTV . The nominees are decided by producers and executives at MTV . Winners are decided online by the general public . Presently , voting is done through MTV 's official website through a Movie & TV Awards voting website . The 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards took place on May 7 , 2017 , and featured the first time men and women competing jointly in the acting categories . Winners are presented with the golden popcorn statue , made by New York firm , Society Awards ." } ] }, { "value": "Best Fight ( shared with Chris Evans )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/MTV_Movie_Award_for_Best_Fight", "summary": "The MTV Movie Award for Best Fight is an award presented to actors and characters for quality fight scenes in films at the MTV Movie Awards , a ceremony established in 1992 . Honors in several categories are awarded by MTV at the annual ceremonies , and are chosen by public vote . The MTV Movie Award for Best Fight was first presented in 1996 to Adam Sandler and Bob Barker for their fight in Happy Gilmore . Uma Thurman won the award in 2004 and 2005 for her fights against Chiaki Kuriyama and Daryl Hannah in Kill Bill : Volume 1 and Volume 2 , respectively . In 2008 and 2009 , Cam Gigandet was presented with the honor for his fights in Never Back Down and Twilight . Robert Pattinson has also won the award twice , for his appearances in The Twilight Saga films : Twilight in 2009 , and The Twilight Saga : Eclipse in 2011 . Jackie Chan has won the Best Fight honor once from four nominations . Jet Li and Chris Tucker have each received three nominations , and Brad Pitt and Hugh Jackman have each been nominated twice ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chris_Evans_(actor)", "summary": "Christopher Robert Evans ( born June 13 , 1981 ) is an American actor . He first gained attention in 2005 as the Marvel Comics character Human Torch in Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) and its 2007 sequel and later gained further worldwide attention for his portrayal of Steve Rogers / Captain America in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , appearing in eleven films including four cameos . His work in the latter film series established him as one of the highest-paid actors in the world . Evans began his career on the 2000 television series Opposite Sex . Besides his superhero films , he has appeared in such films as Not Another Teen Movie ( 2001 ) , Sunshine ( 2007 ) , Scott Pilgrim vs. the World ( 2010 ) , Snowpiercer ( 2013 ) , Gifted ( 2017 ) , and Knives Out ( 2019 ) . In 2014 , he made his directorial debut with the drama film Before We Go , in which he also starred . In 2018 , Evans made his Broadway debut in a production of Lobby Hero ." } ] }, { "value": "Captain America : The Winter Soldier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Captain_America:_The_Winter_Soldier", "summary": "Captain America : The Winter Soldier is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger and the ninth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , with a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely . It stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , alongside Scarlett Johansson , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Cobie Smulders , Frank Grillo , Emily VanCamp , Hayley Atwell , Robert Redford , and Samuel L. Jackson . In Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Captain America , Black Widow , and Falcon join forces to uncover a conspiracy within S.H.I.E.L.D . while facing a mysterious assassin known as the Winter Soldier . A major influence in The Winter Soldier was conspiracy fiction from the 1970s such as Three Days of the Condor , with the script also drawing from the Winter Soldier story arc written by Ed Brubaker . The script was written in 2011 . The Russo brothers entered negotiations to direct in June 2012 . Casting began the following month . Principal photography began in April 2013 in Los Angeles , California , before moving to Washington , D.C. , and Cleveland , Ohio . The directors used practical effects and intense stunt work , but also 2,500 visual effects shots by six companies ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Teen Choice Award", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award", "summary": "The Teen Choice Awards is an annual awards show that airs on the Fox television network . The awards honor the year 's biggest achievements in music , film , sports , television , fashion , social media , and more , voted by viewers living in the United States , aged 13 and over , through various social media sites ; primarily Instagram , Twitter , Snapchat , and YouTube ." } ] }, { "value": "Choice Movie Chemistry", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Captain America : Civil War", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Captain_America:_Civil_War", "summary": "Captain America : Civil War is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger and 2014 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and the thirteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , with a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely , and stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , alongside an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr. , Scarlett Johansson , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Don Cheadle , Jeremy Renner , Chadwick Boseman , Paul Bettany , Elizabeth Olsen , Paul Rudd , Emily VanCamp , Tom Holland , Frank Grillo , William Hurt , and Daniel Brühl . In Captain America : Civil War , disagreement over international oversight of the Avengers fractures them into opposing factions - one led by Steve Rogers and the other by Tony Stark . Development of Civil War began in late 2013 when Markus and McFeely began writing the screenplay , which borrows concepts from the 2006 comic book storyline Civil War , while also focusing on story and character elements from the previous Captain America films to conclude the trilogy . Following positive reactions to test screenings of The Winter Soldier , the Russo brothers were brought back to direct in early 2014 . The film 's title and premise were revealed in October 2014 , along with Downey 's casting ; additional cast members joined in the following months . Principal photography began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and continued in the Metro Atlanta area before concluding in Germany in August 2015 , with the film being the first to use IMAX 's digital 2D cameras ( for the film 's central airport fight sequence ) . Visual effects were provided by nearly 20 different studios during the post-production process . Captain America : Civil War held its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 12 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on May 6 , 2016 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $ 1.1 billion worldwide , and garnering praise for the performances ( particularly Evans and Downey ) , action , screenplay , and themes . It became the highest-grossing film of 2016 and the twelfth-highest-grossing film of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kids ' Choice Award", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kids'_Choice_Award", "summary": "The Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards ( also known as the KCAs or Kids ' Choice ) is an annual American children 's awards ceremony show that is produced by Nickelodeon . Usually held on a Saturday night in late March or early April , the show honors the year 's biggest television , movie , and music acts as voted by viewers worldwide of Nickelodeon networks . Winners receive a hollow orange blimp figurine , a logo outline for much of the network 's 1984-2009 era , which also functions as a kaleidoscope . The show features numerous celebrity guests and musical acts . Since 2002 , slime stunts have been incorporated into the show . The KCAs also host live entertainment . It has also been known to overwhelmingly cover people with the network 's trademark green slime . The series SpongeBob SquarePants has won the most KCA awards , with sixteen overall through the series ' run . Individually , Selena Gomez has won the most trophies with eleven , followed by Will Smith ( 10 ) and Adam Sandler ( 9 ) . Whoopi Goldberg is the only person to have won a Kids ' Choice Award , along with the mainstream EGOT combination of an Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony . Rosie O'Donnell has hosted the show most times ( 8 ) , followed by Jack Black ( 3 ) , and John Cena ( 2 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "# SQUAD", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Captain America : Civil War", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Captain_America:_Civil_War", "summary": "Captain America : Civil War is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger and 2014 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and the thirteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , with a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely , and stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , alongside an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr. , Scarlett Johansson , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Don Cheadle , Jeremy Renner , Chadwick Boseman , Paul Bettany , Elizabeth Olsen , Paul Rudd , Emily VanCamp , Tom Holland , Frank Grillo , William Hurt , and Daniel Brühl . In Captain America : Civil War , disagreement over international oversight of the Avengers fractures them into opposing factions - one led by Steve Rogers and the other by Tony Stark . Development of Civil War began in late 2013 when Markus and McFeely began writing the screenplay , which borrows concepts from the 2006 comic book storyline Civil War , while also focusing on story and character elements from the previous Captain America films to conclude the trilogy . Following positive reactions to test screenings of The Winter Soldier , the Russo brothers were brought back to direct in early 2014 . The film 's title and premise were revealed in October 2014 , along with Downey 's casting ; additional cast members joined in the following months . Principal photography began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and continued in the Metro Atlanta area before concluding in Germany in August 2015 , with the film being the first to use IMAX 's digital 2D cameras ( for the film 's central airport fight sequence ) . Visual effects were provided by nearly 20 different studios during the post-production process . Captain America : Civil War held its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 12 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on May 6 , 2016 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $ 1.1 billion worldwide , and garnering praise for the performances ( particularly Evans and Downey ) , action , screenplay , and themes . It became the highest-grossing film of 2016 and the twelfth-highest-grossing film of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hollywood Film Award", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hollywood_Film_Award", "summary": "The Hollywood Film Awards are an American motion picture award ceremony held annually since 1997 , usually in October or November . The gala ceremony takes place at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills , California . The 2014 ceremony , broadcast by CBS , was the first to be shown on television . The 2016 ceremony , celebrating its 20th anniversary , took place on November 6 , and was hosted by James Corden ." } ] }, { "value": "Ensemble of the Year", "urls": [] }, { "value": "I , Tonya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/I,_Tonya", "summary": "I , Tonya is a 2017 American biographical comedy-drama film directed by Craig Gillespie and written by Steven Rogers . It follows the life of figure skater Tonya Harding and her connection to the 1994 attack on her rival Nancy Kerrigan . The film states that it is based on contradictory and true interviews with Tonya Harding and her ex-husband Jeff Gillooly , suggesting they are unreliable narrators . It features darkly comedic interviews with the characters in mockumentary-style , set in the modern day , and breaks the fourth wall . Margot Robbie ( who also co-produced ) stars as Harding , Sebastian Stan plays Harding 's husband Jeff Gillooly , and Allison Janney plays Harding 's mother LaVona Golden . Julianne Nicholson , Caitlin Carver , Paul Walter Hauser , and Bobby Cannavale also star . Loosely based on actual events , the movie depicts Harding as a victim , ignoring the evidence that implicated her criminally , as well as other criticism of her actions . I , Tonya premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on December 8 , 2017 , and grossed $ 53.9 million worldwide on an $ 11 million budget . It received positive reviews , with praise for Robbie and Janney 's performances . At the 90th Academy Awards , Janney won for Best Supporting Actress , while the film also earned nominations for Best Actress for Robbie and Best Film Editing . It earned three nominations at the 75th Golden Globe Awards , winning Best Supporting Actress for Janney , and at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards , it won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for Janney and was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role ( Robbie ) . At the 71st British Academy Film Awards , the film earned five nominations , winning Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Janney ." } ] }, { "value": "Won", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Florida Film Critics Circle Award", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florida_Film_Critics_Circle_Award", "summary": "The Florida Film Critics Circle ( FFCC ) is a film critic organization founded in 1996 . The FFCC comprises 30 film critics from Florida-based print and online publications . At the end of each year , the FFCC members vote on the Florida Film Critics Circle Awards for outstanding achievements in films released that year . The organization also awards the Pauline Kael Breakout Award , named after film critic Pauline Kael , and the Golden Orange Award for Outstanding Contribution to Film . The FFCC membership includes film critics from Miami Herald , Miami New Times , Sun-Sentinel , Folio Weekly , Bloody Disgusting , WJNO Radio , WTVT , The Daytona Beach News-Journal , and Tampa Bay Times ." } ] }, { "value": "Best Ensemble", "urls": [] }, { "value": "I , Tonya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/I,_Tonya", "summary": "I , Tonya is a 2017 American biographical comedy-drama film directed by Craig Gillespie and written by Steven Rogers . It follows the life of figure skater Tonya Harding and her connection to the 1994 attack on her rival Nancy Kerrigan . The film states that it is based on contradictory and true interviews with Tonya Harding and her ex-husband Jeff Gillooly , suggesting they are unreliable narrators . It features darkly comedic interviews with the characters in mockumentary-style , set in the modern day , and breaks the fourth wall . Margot Robbie ( who also co-produced ) stars as Harding , Sebastian Stan plays Harding 's husband Jeff Gillooly , and Allison Janney plays Harding 's mother LaVona Golden . Julianne Nicholson , Caitlin Carver , Paul Walter Hauser , and Bobby Cannavale also star . Loosely based on actual events , the movie depicts Harding as a victim , ignoring the evidence that implicated her criminally , as well as other criticism of her actions . I , Tonya premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on December 8 , 2017 , and grossed $ 53.9 million worldwide on an $ 11 million budget . It received positive reviews , with praise for Robbie and Janney 's performances . At the 90th Academy Awards , Janney won for Best Supporting Actress , while the film also earned nominations for Best Actress for Robbie and Best Film Editing . It earned three nominations at the 75th Golden Globe Awards , winning Best Supporting Actress for Janney , and at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards , it won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for Janney and was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role ( Robbie ) . At the 71st British Academy Film Awards , the film earned five nominations , winning Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Janney ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Indiana Film Journalists Association Award", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Best Supporting Actor", "urls": [] }, { "value": "I , Tonya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/I,_Tonya", "summary": "I , Tonya is a 2017 American biographical comedy-drama film directed by Craig Gillespie and written by Steven Rogers . It follows the life of figure skater Tonya Harding and her connection to the 1994 attack on her rival Nancy Kerrigan . The film states that it is based on contradictory and true interviews with Tonya Harding and her ex-husband Jeff Gillooly , suggesting they are unreliable narrators . It features darkly comedic interviews with the characters in mockumentary-style , set in the modern day , and breaks the fourth wall . Margot Robbie ( who also co-produced ) stars as Harding , Sebastian Stan plays Harding 's husband Jeff Gillooly , and Allison Janney plays Harding 's mother LaVona Golden . Julianne Nicholson , Caitlin Carver , Paul Walter Hauser , and Bobby Cannavale also star . Loosely based on actual events , the movie depicts Harding as a victim , ignoring the evidence that implicated her criminally , as well as other criticism of her actions . I , Tonya premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on December 8 , 2017 , and grossed $ 53.9 million worldwide on an $ 11 million budget . It received positive reviews , with praise for Robbie and Janney 's performances . At the 90th Academy Awards , Janney won for Best Supporting Actress , while the film also earned nominations for Best Actress for Robbie and Best Film Editing . It earned three nominations at the 75th Golden Globe Awards , winning Best Supporting Actress for Janney , and at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards , it won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for Janney and was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role ( Robbie ) . At the 71st British Academy Film Awards , the film earned five nominations , winning Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Janney ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Awards and nominations", "section_text": "", "uid": "Sebastian_Stan_2", "intro": "Sebastian Stan (born August 13, 1982) is a Romanian-American actor. On television, he has played Carter Baizen in Gossip Girl, Prince Jack Benjamin in Kings, Jefferson in Once Upon a Time, and T.J. Hammond in Political Animals. The latter earned him a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries. Stan gained wide recognition for his role as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, beginning with 2011's Captain America: The First Avenger and later also in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Ant-Man (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). In 2015, he co-starred in Jonathan Demme's comedy-drama Ricki and the Flash and Ridley Scott's science fiction film The Martian. In 2017, he portrayed Jeff Gillooly in the biopic I, Tonya." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction", "title": "List of languages by time of extinction", "header": [ "Date", "Language", "Language family", "Region" ], "data": [ { "value": "early 2nd millennium BCE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sumerian", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sumerian_language", "summary": "Sumerian ( 𒅴𒂠 EME.G̃IR15 native tongue ) is the language of ancient Sumer and a language isolate that was spoken in Mesopotamia ( modern-day Iraq ) and in Syria . During the 3rd millennium BC , an intimate cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians and the Semitic-speaking Akkadians , which included widespread bilingualism . The influence of Sumerian and the East Semitic language Akkadian on each other is evident in all areas , from lexical borrowing on a substantial scale , to syntactic , morphological , and phonological convergence . This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium BC as a Sprachbund . Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language around 2000 BC ( the exact dating being subject to debate ) , but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred , ceremonial , literary and scientific language in Akkadian-speaking Mesopotamian states such as Assyria and Babylonia until the 1st century AD . Thereafter it was likely forgotten until the 19th century , when Assyriologists began deciphering the cuneiform inscriptions and excavated tablets left by these speakers ." } ] }, { "value": "isolate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Language_isolate", "summary": "A language isolate , in the absolute sense , is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical ( or genetic ) relationship with other languages , one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language . Language isolates are in effect language families consisting of a single language . Commonly cited examples include Ainu , Basque , Sumerian , Elamite , and Vedda , though in each case a minority of linguists claim to have demonstrated a relationship with other languages . Some sources use the term language isolate to indicate a branch of a larger family with only one surviving member . For instance , Albanian , Armenian and Greek are commonly called Indo-European isolates . While part of the Indo-European family , they do not belong to any established branch ( such as the Romance , Indo-Iranian , Celtic , Slavic or Germanic branches ) , but instead form independent branches . Similarly , within the Romance languages , Sardinian is a relative isolate . However , without a qualifier , isolate is understood to mean having no demonstrable genetic relationship to any other known language . Some languages once seen as isolates may be reclassified as small families . This happened with Japanese ( now included in the Japonic family along with Ryukyuan languages such as Okinawan ) and Korean in Koreanic languages with Jeju language . The Etruscan language of Italy has long been considered an isolate , but some have proposed that it is related to the so-called Tyrsenian languages , an extinct family of closely related ancient languages proposed by Helmut Rix in 1998 , including the Rhaetian language , formerly spoken in the central Alps , and the Lemnian language , formerly spoken on the Greek island of Lemnos . Language isolates may be seen as a special case of unclassified languages that remain unclassified even after extensive efforts ." } ] }, { "value": "Mesopotamia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mesopotamia", "summary": "Mesopotamia ( Greek : Μεσοποταμία ) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris-Euphrates river system , in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent , in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq , Kuwait , the eastern parts of Syria , Southeastern Turkey , and regions along the Turkish-Syrian and Iran-Iraq borders . The Sumerians and Akkadians ( including Assyrians and Babylonians ) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history ( c. 3100 BC ) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC , when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire . It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC , and after his death , it became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire . Around 150 BC , Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthian Empire . Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians , with western parts of Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control . In AD 226 , the eastern regions of Mesopotamia fell to the Sassanid Persians . The division of Mesopotamia between Roman ( Byzantine from AD 395 ) and Sassanid Empires lasted until the 7th century Muslim conquest of Persia of the Sasanian Empire and Muslim conquest of the Levant from Byzantines . A number of primarily neo-Assyrian and Christian native Mesopotamian states existed between the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD , including Adiabene , Osroene , and Hatra . Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC . It has been identified as having inspired some of the most important developments in human history , including the invention of the wheel , the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script , mathematics , astronomy and agriculture ." } ] }, { "value": "2nd millennium BCE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eblaite", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eblaite_language", "summary": "Eblaite /ˈɛblə.aɪt/ ( also known as Eblan ISO 639-3 ) , or Paleo Syrian , is an extinct Semitic language which was used during the third millennium BCE by the populations of Northern Syria . It was named after the ancient city of Ebla , in modern western Syria . Variants of the language were also spoken in Mari and Nagar . According to Cyrus H. Gordon , although scribes might have spoken it sometimes , Eblaite was probably not spoken much , being rather a written lingua franca with East and West Semitic features ." } ] }, { "value": "Semitic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Semitic_languages", "summary": "The Semitic languages , previously also named Syro-Arabian languages , are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family originating in the Middle East that are spoken by more than 330 million people across much of Western Asia , North Africa and the Horn of Africa , as well as in often large immigrant and expatriate communities in North America , Europe and Australasia . The terminology was first used in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen School of History , who derived the name from Shem , one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis . The most widely spoken Semitic languages today are ( numbers given are for native speakers only ) Arabic ( 300 million ) , Amharic ( ~65 million ) , Tigrinya ( 7 million ) , Hebrew ( ~5 million native/L1 speakers ) , Tigre ( ~1.05 million ) , Aramaic ( 575,000 to 1 million largely Assyrian fluent speakers ) and Maltese ( 483,000 speakers ) . Semitic languages occur in written form from a very early historical date , with East Semitic Akkadian and Eblaite texts ( written in a script adapted from Sumerian cuneiform ) appearing from the 30th century BCE and the 25th century BCE in Mesopotamia and the northern Levant respectively . The only earlier attested languages are Sumerian , Elamite ( 2800 BCE to 550 BCE ) ( both language isolates ) , Egyptian and unclassified Lullubi from the 30th century BCE . Most scripts used to write Semitic languages are abjads - a type of alphabetic script that omits some or all of the vowels , which is feasible for these languages because the consonants in the Semitic languages are the primary carriers of meaning . Among them are the Ugaritic , Phoenician , Aramaic , Hebrew , Syriac , Arabic , and South Arabian alphabets . The Ge'ez script , used for writing the Semitic languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea , is technically an abugida - a modified abjad in which vowels are notated using diacritic marks added to the consonants at all times , in contrast with other Semitic languages which indicate diacritics based on need or for introductory purposes . Maltese is the only Semitic language written in the Latin script and the only Semitic language to be an official language of the European Union . The Semitic languages are notable for their nonconcatenative morphology . That is , word roots are not themselves syllables or words , but instead are isolated sets of consonants ( usually three , making a so-called triliteral root ) . Words are composed out of roots not so much by adding prefixes or suffixes , but rather by filling in the vowels between the root consonants ( although prefixes and suffixes are often added as well ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Syria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Syria", "summary": "Syria ( Arabic : سوريا , romanized : Sūriyā ) , officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( Arabic : الجمهورية العربية السورية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordering Lebanon to the southwest , the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , Iraq to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . A country of fertile plains , high mountains , and deserts , Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups , including Syrian Arabs , Kurds , Turkemens , Assyrians , Armenians , Circassians , Mandeans and Greeks . Religious groups include Sunnis , Christians , Alawites , Druze , Isma'ilis , Mandeans , Shiites , Salafis , Yazidis , and Jews . Arabs are the largest ethnic group , and Sunnis the largest religious group . Syria is a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses Ba'athism . It is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement ; it was suspended from the Arab League in November 2011 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean . The name Syria historically referred to a wider region , broadly synonymous with the Levant , and known in Arabic as al-Sham . The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires , including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC . Aleppo and the capital city Damascus are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . In the Islamic era , Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt . The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman and a brief period French mandate , and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces . It gained de jure independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 , when Republic of Syria became a founding member of the United Nations , an act which legally ended the former French Mandate - although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946 ." } ] }, { "value": "ca . 1100 BCE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hittite", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hittite_language", "summary": "Hittite ( natively 𒉈𒅆𒇷 nešili [ in the language ] of Neša ) , also known as Nesite and Neshite , was an Indo-European language that was spoken by the Hittites , a people of Bronze Age Anatolia who created an empire , centred on Hattusa , as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia . The language , now long extinct , is attested in cuneiform , in records dating from the 16th ( Anitta text ) to the 13th centuries BCE , with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an Old Assyrian context from as early as the 20th century BCE . By the Late Bronze Age , Hittite had started losing ground to its close relative Luwian . It appears that in the 13th century BCE , Luwian was the most-widely spoken language in the Hittite capital , Hattusa . After the collapse of the Hittite Empire during the more general Late Bronze Age collapse , Luwian emerged in the Early Iron Age as the main language of the so-called Syro-Hittite states , in southwestern Anatolia and northern Syria . Hittite is the earliest-attested of the Indo-European languages and is the best-known of the Anatolian languages ." } ] }, { "value": "Anatolian", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anatolian_languages", "summary": "The Anatolian languages are an extinct family of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Asia Minor ( ancient Anatolia ) , the best attested of them being the Hittite language . Undiscovered until the late 19th and 20th centuries , they are considered the earliest group of languages to branch off from the Indo-European family . Once discovered , the presence of laryngeal consonants ḫ and ḫḫ in Hittite and Luwian provided support for the laryngeal theory of Proto-Indo-European linguistics . While Hittite attestation ends after the Bronze Age , hieroglyphic Luwian survived until the conquest of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms by Assyria , and the alphabetic Anatolian languages are fragmentarily attested until the early first millennium AD , eventually succumbing to the Hellenization of Asia Minor ." } ] }, { "value": "Anatolia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anatolia", "summary": "Anatolia ( from Greek : Ἀνατολή , Anatolḗ , east or [ sun ] rise ; Turkish : Anadolu ) , also known as Asia Minor ( Medieval and Modern Greek : Μικρά Ἀσία , Mikrá Asía , small Asia ; Turkish : Küçük Asya ) , Asian Turkey , the Anatolian peninsula or the Anatolian plateau , is a large peninsula in West Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent . It makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey . The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , the Armenian Highlands to the east and the Aegean Sea to the west . The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the Balkan peninsula of Europe . The eastern border of Anatolia is traditionally held to be a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea , bounded by the Armenian Highland to the east and Mesopotamia to the southeast . Thus , traditionally Anatolia is the territory that comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey . Today , Anatolia is also often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey , which comprises almost the entire country ; its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be Turkey 's eastern border . By some definitions , the Armenian Highlands lies beyond the boundary of the Anatolian plateau . The official name of this inland region is the Eastern Anatolia Region . The ancient inhabitants of Anatolia spoke the now-extinct Anatolian languages , which were largely replaced by the Greek language starting from classical antiquity and during the Hellenistic , Roman and Byzantine periods . Major Anatolian languages included Hittite , Luwian , and Lydian , among other more poorly attested relatives . The Turkification of Anatolia began under the Seljuk Empire in the late 11th century and continued under the Ottoman Empire between the late 13th and early 20th centuries ." } ] }, { "value": "after 1170 BCE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ugaritic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ugaritic", "summary": "Ugaritic ( /ˌuːɡəˈrɪtɪk , ˌjuː-/ ) is an extinct Northwest Semitic language , possibly a western dialect of the Amorite language , known through the Ugaritic texts discovered by French archaeologists in 1929 . It is known almost only in the Ugarit texts found in the ruined city of Ugarit ( modern Ras Shamra , Syria ) . It has been used by scholars of the Hebrew Bible to clarify Biblical Hebrew texts and has revealed ways in which the cultures of ancient Israel and Judah found parallels in the neighboring cultures . Ugaritic has been called the greatest literary discovery from antiquity since the deciphering of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform ." } ] }, { "value": "Semitic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Semitic_languages", "summary": "The Semitic languages , previously also named Syro-Arabian languages , are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family originating in the Middle East that are spoken by more than 330 million people across much of Western Asia , North Africa and the Horn of Africa , as well as in often large immigrant and expatriate communities in North America , Europe and Australasia . The terminology was first used in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen School of History , who derived the name from Shem , one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis . The most widely spoken Semitic languages today are ( numbers given are for native speakers only ) Arabic ( 300 million ) , Amharic ( ~65 million ) , Tigrinya ( 7 million ) , Hebrew ( ~5 million native/L1 speakers ) , Tigre ( ~1.05 million ) , Aramaic ( 575,000 to 1 million largely Assyrian fluent speakers ) and Maltese ( 483,000 speakers ) . Semitic languages occur in written form from a very early historical date , with East Semitic Akkadian and Eblaite texts ( written in a script adapted from Sumerian cuneiform ) appearing from the 30th century BCE and the 25th century BCE in Mesopotamia and the northern Levant respectively . The only earlier attested languages are Sumerian , Elamite ( 2800 BCE to 550 BCE ) ( both language isolates ) , Egyptian and unclassified Lullubi from the 30th century BCE . Most scripts used to write Semitic languages are abjads - a type of alphabetic script that omits some or all of the vowels , which is feasible for these languages because the consonants in the Semitic languages are the primary carriers of meaning . Among them are the Ugaritic , Phoenician , Aramaic , Hebrew , Syriac , Arabic , and South Arabian alphabets . The Ge'ez script , used for writing the Semitic languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea , is technically an abugida - a modified abjad in which vowels are notated using diacritic marks added to the consonants at all times , in contrast with other Semitic languages which indicate diacritics based on need or for introductory purposes . Maltese is the only Semitic language written in the Latin script and the only Semitic language to be an official language of the European Union . The Semitic languages are notable for their nonconcatenative morphology . That is , word roots are not themselves syllables or words , but instead are isolated sets of consonants ( usually three , making a so-called triliteral root ) . Words are composed out of roots not so much by adding prefixes or suffixes , but rather by filling in the vowels between the root consonants ( although prefixes and suffixes are often added as well ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Syria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Syria", "summary": "Syria ( Arabic : سوريا , romanized : Sūriyā ) , officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( Arabic : الجمهورية العربية السورية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordering Lebanon to the southwest , the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , Iraq to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . A country of fertile plains , high mountains , and deserts , Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups , including Syrian Arabs , Kurds , Turkemens , Assyrians , Armenians , Circassians , Mandeans and Greeks . Religious groups include Sunnis , Christians , Alawites , Druze , Isma'ilis , Mandeans , Shiites , Salafis , Yazidis , and Jews . Arabs are the largest ethnic group , and Sunnis the largest religious group . Syria is a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses Ba'athism . It is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement ; it was suspended from the Arab League in November 2011 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean . The name Syria historically referred to a wider region , broadly synonymous with the Levant , and known in Arabic as al-Sham . The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires , including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC . Aleppo and the capital city Damascus are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . In the Islamic era , Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt . The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman and a brief period French mandate , and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces . It gained de jure independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 , when Republic of Syria became a founding member of the United Nations , an act which legally ended the former French Mandate - although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946 ." } ] }, { "value": "ca . 1200 BCE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hurrian", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hurrian_language", "summary": "Hurrian is an extinct Hurro-Urartian language spoken by the Hurrians ( Khurrites ) , a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly vanished by 1000 BC . Hurrian was the language of the Mitanni kingdom in northern Mesopotamia and was likely spoken at least initially in Hurrian settlements in modern-day Syria . It is generally believed that the speakers of this language originally came from the Armenian Highlands and spread over southeast Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC ." } ] }, { "value": "Hurro-Urartian", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages", "summary": "The Hurro-Urartian languages are an extinct language family of the Ancient Near East , comprising only two known languages : Hurrian and Urartian ." } ] }, { "value": "Anatolia ; Syria ; Mesopotamia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anatolia", "summary": "Anatolia ( from Greek : Ἀνατολή , Anatolḗ , east or [ sun ] rise ; Turkish : Anadolu ) , also known as Asia Minor ( Medieval and Modern Greek : Μικρά Ἀσία , Mikrá Asía , small Asia ; Turkish : Küçük Asya ) , Asian Turkey , the Anatolian peninsula or the Anatolian plateau , is a large peninsula in West Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent . It makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey . The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , the Armenian Highlands to the east and the Aegean Sea to the west . The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the Balkan peninsula of Europe . The eastern border of Anatolia is traditionally held to be a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea , bounded by the Armenian Highland to the east and Mesopotamia to the southeast . Thus , traditionally Anatolia is the territory that comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey . Today , Anatolia is also often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey , which comprises almost the entire country ; its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be Turkey 's eastern border . By some definitions , the Armenian Highlands lies beyond the boundary of the Anatolian plateau . The official name of this inland region is the Eastern Anatolia Region . The ancient inhabitants of Anatolia spoke the now-extinct Anatolian languages , which were largely replaced by the Greek language starting from classical antiquity and during the Hellenistic , Roman and Byzantine periods . Major Anatolian languages included Hittite , Luwian , and Lydian , among other more poorly attested relatives . The Turkification of Anatolia began under the Seljuk Empire in the late 11th century and continued under the Ottoman Empire between the late 13th and early 20th centuries ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Syria", "summary": "Syria ( Arabic : سوريا , romanized : Sūriyā ) , officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( Arabic : الجمهورية العربية السورية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordering Lebanon to the southwest , the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , Iraq to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . A country of fertile plains , high mountains , and deserts , Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups , including Syrian Arabs , Kurds , Turkemens , Assyrians , Armenians , Circassians , Mandeans and Greeks . Religious groups include Sunnis , Christians , Alawites , Druze , Isma'ilis , Mandeans , Shiites , Salafis , Yazidis , and Jews . Arabs are the largest ethnic group , and Sunnis the largest religious group . Syria is a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses Ba'athism . It is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement ; it was suspended from the Arab League in November 2011 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean . The name Syria historically referred to a wider region , broadly synonymous with the Levant , and known in Arabic as al-Sham . The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires , including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC . Aleppo and the capital city Damascus are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . In the Islamic era , Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt . The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman and a brief period French mandate , and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces . It gained de jure independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 , when Republic of Syria became a founding member of the United Nations , an act which legally ended the former French Mandate - although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mesopotamia", "summary": "Mesopotamia ( Greek : Μεσοποταμία ) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris-Euphrates river system , in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent , in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq , Kuwait , the eastern parts of Syria , Southeastern Turkey , and regions along the Turkish-Syrian and Iran-Iraq borders . The Sumerians and Akkadians ( including Assyrians and Babylonians ) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history ( c. 3100 BC ) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC , when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire . It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC , and after his death , it became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire . Around 150 BC , Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthian Empire . Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians , with western parts of Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control . In AD 226 , the eastern regions of Mesopotamia fell to the Sassanid Persians . The division of Mesopotamia between Roman ( Byzantine from AD 395 ) and Sassanid Empires lasted until the 7th century Muslim conquest of Persia of the Sasanian Empire and Muslim conquest of the Levant from Byzantines . A number of primarily neo-Assyrian and Christian native Mesopotamian states existed between the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD , including Adiabene , Osroene , and Hatra . Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC . It has been identified as having inspired some of the most important developments in human history , including the invention of the wheel , the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script , mathematics , astronomy and agriculture ." } ] }, { "value": "ca . 1300 BCE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Palaic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Palaic_language", "summary": "Palaic is an extinct Indo-European language , attested in cuneiform tablets in Bronze Age Hattusa , the capital of the Hittites . Its name in Hittite is palaumnili , or of the people of Pala ; Pala was probably to the northwest of the Hittite core area , so in the northwest of present mainland Turkey . That region was overrun by the Kaskas in the 15th century BC , and the language likely went out of daily use at that time . [ citation needed ] The entire corpus of Palaic spans only CTH 751-754 in Emmanuel Laroche 's catalog of Hittite texts ; in addition Hittite texts elsewhere cite passages in Palaic in reference to the god Zaparwa ( Hittite Ziparwa ) , the leading God of the land of Pala . In particular , CTH 750 , a festival in Hittite for Ziparwa and associated deities , includes passages stating , The Old Woman speaks the words of the bread in Palaic , or alternately the words of the meal , though no Palaic passages are quoted . The Palaic-language texts are all from a religious context , with ritual and mythological content . In addition to Zaparwa , the Palaumnili-speakers worshipped a sky god Tiyaz ( Luwian Tiwaz ) . Palaic is a fairly typical specimen of Indo-European . Old Hittite has the genitive singular suffix -as circa 1600 BC ( compare Proto-Indo-European *-os ) ; where Cuneiform Luwian instead uses the -ssa adjectival suffix . Palaic , on the northern border of both , like later Hieroglyphic Luwian has both an -as genitive and an -asa adjectival suffix . Palaic also shows the same gender distinction as seen in Hittite , i.e . animate vs. inanimate ; and has similar pronoun forms ." } ] }, { "value": "Anatolian", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anatolian_languages", "summary": "The Anatolian languages are an extinct family of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Asia Minor ( ancient Anatolia ) , the best attested of them being the Hittite language . Undiscovered until the late 19th and 20th centuries , they are considered the earliest group of languages to branch off from the Indo-European family . Once discovered , the presence of laryngeal consonants ḫ and ḫḫ in Hittite and Luwian provided support for the laryngeal theory of Proto-Indo-European linguistics . While Hittite attestation ends after the Bronze Age , hieroglyphic Luwian survived until the conquest of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms by Assyria , and the alphabetic Anatolian languages are fragmentarily attested until the early first millennium AD , eventually succumbing to the Hellenization of Asia Minor ." } ] }, { "value": "northwest Anatolia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anatolia", "summary": "Anatolia ( from Greek : Ἀνατολή , Anatolḗ , east or [ sun ] rise ; Turkish : Anadolu ) , also known as Asia Minor ( Medieval and Modern Greek : Μικρά Ἀσία , Mikrá Asía , small Asia ; Turkish : Küçük Asya ) , Asian Turkey , the Anatolian peninsula or the Anatolian plateau , is a large peninsula in West Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent . It makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey . The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , the Armenian Highlands to the east and the Aegean Sea to the west . The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the Balkan peninsula of Europe . The eastern border of Anatolia is traditionally held to be a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea , bounded by the Armenian Highland to the east and Mesopotamia to the southeast . Thus , traditionally Anatolia is the territory that comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey . Today , Anatolia is also often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey , which comprises almost the entire country ; its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be Turkey 's eastern border . By some definitions , the Armenian Highlands lies beyond the boundary of the Anatolian plateau . The official name of this inland region is the Eastern Anatolia Region . The ancient inhabitants of Anatolia spoke the now-extinct Anatolian languages , which were largely replaced by the Greek language starting from classical antiquity and during the Hellenistic , Roman and Byzantine periods . Major Anatolian languages included Hittite , Luwian , and Lydian , among other more poorly attested relatives . The Turkification of Anatolia began under the Seljuk Empire in the late 11th century and continued under the Ottoman Empire between the late 13th and early 20th centuries ." } ] }, { "value": "ca . 1500 BCE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hattic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hattic_language", "summary": "Hattic ( Hattian ) was a non-Indo-European agglutinative language spoken by the Hattians in Asia Minor between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC . Scholars call the language Hattic to distinguish it from Hittite , the Indo-European language of the Hittite Empire . The form Hittite in English originally comes from Biblical Heth , quite possibly connected to common Assyrian and Egyptian designations of Land of the Hatti ( Khatti ) west of the Euphrates . It is unknown what the native speakers of hattili called their own language . The heartland of the oldest attested language of Anatolia , before the arrival of Hittite-speakers , ranged from Hattusa , then called Hattus , northward to Nerik . Other cities mentioned in Hattic include Tuhumiyara and Tissaruliya . Hittite-speakers conquered Hattus from Kanesh to its south in the 18th century BC . They eventually absorbed or replaced the Hattic-speakers ( Hattians ) [ citation needed ] but retained the name Hatti for the region ." } ] }, { "value": "isolate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Language_isolate", "summary": "A language isolate , in the absolute sense , is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical ( or genetic ) relationship with other languages , one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language . Language isolates are in effect language families consisting of a single language . Commonly cited examples include Ainu , Basque , Sumerian , Elamite , and Vedda , though in each case a minority of linguists claim to have demonstrated a relationship with other languages . Some sources use the term language isolate to indicate a branch of a larger family with only one surviving member . For instance , Albanian , Armenian and Greek are commonly called Indo-European isolates . While part of the Indo-European family , they do not belong to any established branch ( such as the Romance , Indo-Iranian , Celtic , Slavic or Germanic branches ) , but instead form independent branches . Similarly , within the Romance languages , Sardinian is a relative isolate . However , without a qualifier , isolate is understood to mean having no demonstrable genetic relationship to any other known language . Some languages once seen as isolates may be reclassified as small families . This happened with Japanese ( now included in the Japonic family along with Ryukyuan languages such as Okinawan ) and Korean in Koreanic languages with Jeju language . The Etruscan language of Italy has long been considered an isolate , but some have proposed that it is related to the so-called Tyrsenian languages , an extinct family of closely related ancient languages proposed by Helmut Rix in 1998 , including the Rhaetian language , formerly spoken in the central Alps , and the Lemnian language , formerly spoken on the Greek island of Lemnos . Language isolates may be seen as a special case of unclassified languages that remain unclassified even after extensive efforts ." } ] }, { "value": "Anatolia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anatolia", "summary": "Anatolia ( from Greek : Ἀνατολή , Anatolḗ , east or [ sun ] rise ; Turkish : Anadolu ) , also known as Asia Minor ( Medieval and Modern Greek : Μικρά Ἀσία , Mikrá Asía , small Asia ; Turkish : Küçük Asya ) , Asian Turkey , the Anatolian peninsula or the Anatolian plateau , is a large peninsula in West Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent . It makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey . The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , the Armenian Highlands to the east and the Aegean Sea to the west . The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the Balkan peninsula of Europe . The eastern border of Anatolia is traditionally held to be a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea , bounded by the Armenian Highland to the east and Mesopotamia to the southeast . Thus , traditionally Anatolia is the territory that comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey . Today , Anatolia is also often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey , which comprises almost the entire country ; its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be Turkey 's eastern border . By some definitions , the Armenian Highlands lies beyond the boundary of the Anatolian plateau . The official name of this inland region is the Eastern Anatolia Region . The ancient inhabitants of Anatolia spoke the now-extinct Anatolian languages , which were largely replaced by the Greek language starting from classical antiquity and during the Hellenistic , Roman and Byzantine periods . Major Anatolian languages included Hittite , Luwian , and Lydian , among other more poorly attested relatives . The Turkification of Anatolia began under the Seljuk Empire in the late 11th century and continued under the Ottoman Empire between the late 13th and early 20th centuries ." } ] }, { "value": "ca . 1550-1050 BCE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cypro-Minoan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary", "summary": "The Cypro-Minoan syllabary ( CM ) is an undeciphered syllabary used on the island of Cyprus during the late Bronze Age ( ca . 1550-1050 BC ) . The term Cypro-Minoan was coined by Arthur Evans in 1909 based on its visual similarity to Linear A on Minoan Crete , from which CM is thought to be derived . Approximately 250 objects - such as clay balls , cylinders , and tablets and votive stands - which bear Cypro-Minoan inscriptions , have been found . Discoveries have been made at various sites around Cyprus , as well as in the ancient city of Ugarit on the Syrian coast ." } ] }, { "value": "unclassified", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Unclassified_language", "summary": "An unclassified language is a language whose genetic affiliation to other languages has not been established . Languages can be unclassified for a variety of reasons , mostly due to a lack of reliable data but sometimes due to the confounding influence of language contact , if different layers of its vocabulary or morphology point in different directions and it is not clear which represents the ancestral form of the language . Some poorly known extinct languages , such as Gutian and Cacán , are simply unclassifiable , and it is unlikely the situation will ever change . A supposedly unclassified language may turn out not to be a language at all , or even a distinct dialect , but merely a family , tribal or village name , or an alternative name for a people or language that is classified . If a language 's genetic relationship has not been established after significant documentation of the language and comparison with other languages and families , as in the case of Basque in Europe , it is considered a language isolate - that is , it is classified as a language family of its own . An 'unclassified ' language therefore is one which may still turn out to belong to an established family once better data is available or more thorough comparative research is done . Extinct unclassified languages for which little evidence has been preserved are likely to remain in limbo indefinitely , unless lost documents or a surviving speaking population are discovered ." } ] }, { "value": "Cyprus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cyprus", "summary": "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "List -- 2nd millennium BCE", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction_26", "intro": "This is a list of extinct languages sorted by their time of extinction. A language is determined to be an extinct when its last native or fluent speaker dies. When the exact time of death of the last remaining speaker is not known, either an approximate time or the date when the language was last being recorded is given." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Division_(NBA)", "title": "Southwest Division (NBA)", "header": [ "Season", "Team", "Record", "Playoffs result" ], "data": [ { "value": "2004-05", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2004–05_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2004-05 NBA season was the 59th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . It began on November 2 , 2004 and ended June 23 , 2005 . The season ended with the San Antonio Spurs defeating the defending-champion Detroit Pistons , 4-3 , in the NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "San Antonio Spurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2004–05_San_Antonio_Spurs_season", "summary": "The 2004-05 NBA season was the Spurs ' 29th season in the National Basketball Association , the 32nd in San Antonio , and 38th season as a franchise . During the offseason , the Spurs signed free agent Brent Barry . The Spurs got off to a solid start , winning 16 of their first 20 games , entering the New Year with a 25-6 record . In February 2005 , the Spurs traded longtime Spur Malik Rose and two draft choices to the New York Knicks for Jamison Brewer and center Nazr Mohammed . Late in the season , the team signed free agent forward Glenn Robinson . The Spurs finished first place in the Southwest Division , and second in the Western Conference with a 59-23 record . Tim Duncan and Manu Ginobili were both voted to play in the 2005 NBA All-Star Game , which was hosted in Denver . This was Ginobili 's first All-Star appearance . In the first round of the playoffs , the Spurs lost Game 1 at home to the Denver Nuggets 93-87 , but would beat them in five games . In the semifinals , they defeated the Seattle SuperSonics in six games , then upset the top-seeded Phoenix Suns , which featured regular season MVP Steve Nash , Amar ' e Stoudemire and Shawn Marion in five games in the Western Conference Finals . In the Finals , the Spurs would win their third NBA championship , defeating the 2004 NBA champions , the Detroit Pistons , in a seven-game series . Following the season , Glenn Robinson retired ." } ] }, { "value": "59-23 ( .720 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won NBA Finals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2005_NBA_Finals", "summary": "The 2005 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2004-05 season , and the culmination of the season 's playoffs . The Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs played the defending NBA champion and Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons for the title , with the Spurs holding home court advantage and the Pistons as defending champions . The series was played under a best-of-seven format . ( Unlike the previous three rounds , the team with home court advantage hosted games one , two , six , and seven if all were necessary ) . It also marked the Pistons ' first NBA Finals loss since 1988 . The Spurs won the series four games to three in the first NBA Finals to go to a Game 7 since 1994 . The games were broadcast on ABC , with Al Michaels and Hubie Brown commentating . National radio coverage was provided by ESPN Radio through announcers Jim Durham and Dr. Jack Ramsay ." } ] }, { "value": "2005-06", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2005–06_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2005-06 NBA season was the 60th season of the National Basketball Association . The Miami Heat defeated the Dallas Mavericks in the NBA Finals , four games to two ." } ] }, { "value": "San Antonio Spurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2005–06_San_Antonio_Spurs_season", "summary": "The 2005-06 San Antonio Spurs season was the team 's 30th overall season , the 33rd in San Antonio , and the 30th in the NBA . The Spurs entered the season as the defending NBA champions , having defeated the Detroit Pistons in the 2005 NBA Finals in seven games , winning their third NBA championship . They began the season hoping to improve upon their 59-23 output from the previous season . They bested it by four games , finishing 63-19 , and qualified for the playoffs for the ninth straight season . After defeating the Sacramento Kings by six games in the first games , the defending champions faced their in-state rival Dallas Mavericks . They were pushed to seven games and the Spurs ended up losing the deciding game of the series . Tim Duncan and Tony Parker were selected to play in the 2006 NBA All-Star Game in Houston . This is Parker 's first All-Star game appearance ." } ] }, { "value": "63-19 ( .768 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost Conference Semifinals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2006_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2006 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2005-06 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat defeating the Western Conference champion Dallas Mavericks 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . Dwyane Wade was named NBA Finals MVP . The Clippers were the biggest surprise , as they not only made the playoffs for the first time since 1997 , but advanced to the second round for the first time since 1976 , when they were the Buffalo Braves . They came within 1 game of making the conference finals for the first time , but lost Game 7 to the Suns . 2006 was the playoff debut of LeBron James , who helped the Cavaliers eke out 1-point OT victories over the Washington Wizards in Games 5 and 6 of their first-round series to advance . It was their first playoff appearance since 1998 , and they earned their first playoff series win since 1993 . Against the two-time defending Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons , the Cavs were routed in Game 1 and lost Game 2 by 6 before winning the next 3 and being 1 game away from beating the Pistons . Detroit recovered and won the last 2 to take the series in 7 ." } ] }, { "value": "2006-07", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2006–07_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2006-07 NBA season was the 61st season of the National Basketball Association . The San Antonio Spurs were crowned the champions after sweeping the Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "Dallas Mavericks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2006–07_Dallas_Mavericks_season", "summary": "The 2006-07 Dallas Mavericks season was the team 's 27th in the NBA . The Mavericks entered the season as the runner-ups of the 2006 NBA Finals , where they lost to the Miami Heat in six games . They began the season hoping to improve upon their 60-22 output from the previous season . They improved by seven wins , finishing 67-15 , claiming the top seed in the Western Conference , and qualifying for the playoffs for the seventh consecutive season . In the first round , they met the eight-seeded Golden State Warriors , and lost in six games in a shocking upset . The Mavericks became the third first-seeded team in NBA history to be eliminated by an eighth-seeded team in the playoffs , following the Seattle SuperSonics in 1994 , and the Miami Heat in 1999 . This would be the last time a 67-win team was eliminated before the Conference Finals until 2016 , when the San Antonio Spurs were eliminated by the Oklahoma City Thunder in six games in the Conference Semifinals ." } ] }, { "value": "67-15 ( .817 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost First Round", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2007 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2006-07 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs defeating the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals . Tony Parker was named NBA Finals MVP , making him the first Spur other than Tim Duncan and the first European-born player to receive the award ." } ] }, { "value": "2007-08", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007–08_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2007-08 NBA season was the 62nd season of the National Basketball Association . The Boston Celtics defeated the Los Angeles Lakers 131-92 to win the 2008 NBA Finals , four games to two . The 2007 NBA draft was held on June 28 , 2007 and Greg Oden was selected first overall by the Portland Trail Blazers . However , he missed the entire season due to knee surgery . This season was notable for being one of the most competitive Western Conference playoff races in NBA history . Up until April 4 , 2008 , not a single Western Conference team had secured a playoff spot , and the 8th-seeded team was a mere 6.5 games behind the 1st seed . Additionally , the quality of the teams ensured that the Golden State Warriors finished with the highest winning percentage of any non-playoff team in NBA history since the switch to the eight-team playoff format , beating out the 2000-01 Houston Rockets . The all-time record is held by the 1971-72 Phoenix Suns ( 49-33 ) , which was during the four-team playoff era ." } ] }, { "value": "New Orleans Hornets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007–08_New_Orleans_Hornets_season", "summary": "The 2007-08 New Orleans Hornets season was the Hornets ' 6th season in the National Basketball Association . They returned to New Orleans full-time for the first time since 2004-05 . Although they declined an option to play part of this season at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , as they did for most of the previous two seasons , they did play their first preseason game at the Ford Center on October 9 for a final curtain call . On February 21 , 2008 Bobby Jackson was traded to the Houston Rockets along with teammate Adam Haluska for Bonzi Wells and Mike James as part of a three team deal involving Houston and the Memphis Grizzlies . Also , Marcus Vinicius was traded to the Rockets where they traded him to the Memphis Grizzlies to gain the rights to Malick Badiane and Sergei Lishouk . The Hornets finished the regular season with a record of 56-26 , good enough for winning the Southwest Division . This title was clinched with their win over the Los Angeles Clippers on April 15 , and marks the first division title for the franchise . Their record also ensured the 2nd seed for the Western Conference playoffs . The Hornets closed the season with a 30-11 record at home along with a 26-15 road record . It is the only season in New Orleans franchise history that they have won 50 games in a season . The Hornet 's accomplishments in the season earned coach Byron Scott the NBA Coach of the Year award . On April 29 won game 5 of their first round playoff series vs. the 7th seeded Dallas Mavericks , thereby winning the series 4-1 ." } ] }, { "value": "56-26 ( .683 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost Conference Semifinals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2008 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2007-08 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Boston Celtics defeating the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . Paul Pierce was named NBA Finals MVP . The playoffs were noted for the Atlanta Hawks ' return after 9 years , taking the # 1 seed and eventual champion Celtics to 7 games before bowing out . Also notable was the debut of the Chris Paul-led Hornets in the playoffs after Hurricane Katrina and their 7-game series against defending champions San Antonio Spurs , and the Lakers and Celtics ' revitalization of their franchises , most especially after key trades during the preseason and regular season . The Celtics ended up playing 26 playoff games ( 2 games short of a full length postseason of 28 ) , breaking the 25 game record of the 1994 Knicks and 2005 Pistons by 1 game for the most playoff games in a single season played by 1 NBA team . The Knicks , however , only played a Best-of-5 First Round , and so had 2 fewer games to accomplish that feat . Also , the top seeds from each Conference met in the NBA Finals for the first time since 2000 . The 2008 Finals was also the first since 1998 to feature neither Shaquille O'Neal nor Tim Duncan . The Golden State Warriors won 48 games , more than 5 of the 8 playoff teams in the Eastern Conference . However , all eight qualifiers in the Western Conference finished with at least 50 wins , thus leaving the Warriors out of the postseason ." } ] }, { "value": "2008-09", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008–09_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2008-09 NBA season was the 63rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Orlando Magic in the 2009 NBA Finals , four games to one . The 2008 NBA draft was held on June 28 , 2008 , and Derrick Rose was selected first overall by the Chicago Bulls and eventually awarded the 2009 NBA Rookie of the Year Award . The 2009 NBA All-Star Game was hosted at the US Airways Center in Phoenix . The Western Conference All-Stars defeated the Eastern Conference All-Stars 146-119 . The All-Star Game co-MVPs were Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant . This was the first NBA season since 1966-67 without a Seattle franchise , as the SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma in July 2008 and became the Oklahoma City Thunder ." } ] }, { "value": "San Antonio Spurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008–09_San_Antonio_Spurs_season", "summary": "The 2008-09 San Antonio Spurs season was the 42nd season of the franchise and the 33rd in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In the playoffs , the Spurs lost to the Dallas Mavericks in five games in the First Round ." } ] }, { "value": "54-28 ( .659 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost First Round", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2009_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2009 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2008-09 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeating the Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals . Kobe Bryant was named NBA Finals MVP . The Boston Celtics lost a best-of-7 series after leading 3-2 for the first time to the Magic in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . Before that , their first round series with the Chicago Bulls set an NBA Playoff record for the most overtime games ( 4 ) and periods ( 7 ) played . The Houston Rockets won a first round series for the first time since 1997 . They pushed the eventual champion Lakers to a Game 7 before losing . The Atlanta Hawks won a first round series for the first time since 1999 , but were swept by the Cavs after enduring a tough 7-game series with the Miami Heat , who made the playoffs for the fifth time in 6 years . The Denver Nuggets won a playoff series for the first time since 1994 , eventually reaching their first conference final since 1985 . As for the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio Spurs , they failed to advance past the first round for the first time since 2000 . The Pistons were swept by the Cavs , while the Spurs lost to the Dallas Mavericks 4-1 . The Portland Trail Blazers made the playoffs for the first time since 2003 , but for the fourth straight time , they were eliminated in the first round , courtesy of Houston in 6 games ." } ] }, { "value": "2009-10", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2009–10_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2009-10 NBA season was the 64th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The 1,230-game regular season ( 82 games for each of the 30 teams ) began on Tuesday , October 27 , 2009 , and ended on Wednesday , April 14 , 2010 . The 2009 NBA draft was held on June 25 , 2009 , and Blake Griffin was selected first overall by the Los Angeles Clippers . The Dallas Mavericks hosted the 59th Annual All-Star Game at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas , on February 14 , 2010 . For the second time in NBA history , all eight Western Conference playoff teams won at least 50 games , and only 7 wins separated the Western Conference # 1 seed from # 8 seed . Both of these events first occurred in 2008 . Cleveland 's league-leading 61 wins was the lowest win total to lead the league since the Indiana Pacers won 61 games in 2003-04 . The New Jersey Nets became the fifth team in NBA history to lose 70 games in a season ." } ] }, { "value": "Dallas Mavericks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2009–10_Dallas_Mavericks_season", "summary": "The 2009-10 Dallas Mavericks season was the 30th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "55-27 ( .671 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost First Round", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2010_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2010 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2009-10 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeating the Eastern Conference champion Boston Celtics 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals . Kobe Bryant was named NBA Finals MVP for the second straight year . For the 2nd time in 3 seasons and the first time since 2008 , all Western Conference playoff teams had at least 50 wins . The 7 games separating 1-8 was tied for the smallest margin , also from 2008 . Cleveland 's 61 wins in the NBA was the smallest win total for best record since the Pacers won 61 in 2004 . The Cavaliers ' second round playoff exit ( 4-2 vs. Boston ) was the earliest for the top seed since the Dallas Mavericks ' first round loss to the Golden State Warriors in 2007 . Many teams avenged previous losses by defeating teams who defeated them in recent years . The Spurs defeated the Mavericks , who beat them twice in the previous 4 seasons . The Cavaliers beat the Bulls for the first time since The Shot . The Suns defeated the Spurs , who won the previous 4 meetings in the last decade . The Lakers beat the Suns , who defeated them in the first round in 2006 and 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "2010-11", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2010–11_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2010-11 NBA season was the 65th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The 2011 NBA All-Star Game was played on February 20 , 2011 , at Staples Center in Los Angeles . The season concluded with the Dallas Mavericks defeating the Miami Heat in six games , 4 games to 2 , to win their first NBA title , and Dirk Nowitzki was named Finals MVP . Chicago 's Derrick Rose was named the 2010-11 NBA MVP . This would also be the final season of Shaquille ONeal ." } ] }, { "value": "San Antonio Spurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2010–11_San_Antonio_Spurs_season", "summary": "The 2010-11 San Antonio Spurs season was the 44th season of the franchise , 38th in San Antonio and 35th in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In the playoffs , the Spurs lost to the eighth-seeded Memphis Grizzlies in six games in the First Round , becoming the fourth number one seed in league history to lose a playoffs series against a number eight seed , following the Seattle SuperSonics in 1994 , the Miami Heat in 1999 , and the Dallas Mavericks in 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "61-21 ( .744 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost First Round", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2011 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2010-11 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Dallas Mavericks defeating the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . Dirk Nowitzki was named NBA Finals MVP . The Chicago Bulls achieved several firsts since 1998 : the East 's best record , a Central Division title , and over 60 victories . They also clinched the NBA 's best record for the first time since 1997 , guaranteeing home-court advantage in every round . They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 1998 , and lost the ECF for the first time since 1990 . The Indiana Pacers appeared in the playoffs for the first time since 2006 , as did the Memphis Grizzlies . The New York Knicks made the playoffs for the first time since 2004 , but this was their first playoff appearance as an above-.500 team since 2001 . The Philadelphia 76ers and New Orleans Hornets appeared for the third time in 4 years . The other 11 teams were in the 2010 NBA Playoffs . The Oklahoma City Thunder headed to the playoffs with their first Northwest Division title under this incarnation . This was the final postseason appearance for the New Orleans franchise while known as the Hornets , as the team was renamed the Pelicans before the 2013-14 season ." } ] }, { "value": "2011-12", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011–12_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2011-12 NBA season was the 66th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , began with the signing of a new collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) between the owners of the 30 NBA teams and the NBA 's players . The previous CBA , which was ratified in 2005 , expired at 12:01 AM EDT on July 1 , 2011 , resulting in a lockout . With the new deal in place , the regular season was shortened from the normal 82 games per team to 66 , because of nearly two months of inactivity . The season began on December 25 , 2011 , and ended on April 26 , 2012 . The playoffs started on April 28 and ended on June 21 when the Miami Heat defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder in Game 5 of their series , 121-106 , winning the Finals , 4-1 and to capture the franchise 's second NBA title . LeBron James was named both the season MVP and the NBA Finals MVP ." } ] }, { "value": "San Antonio Spurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011–12_San_Antonio_Spurs_season", "summary": "The 2011-12 San Antonio Spurs season was the 45th season of the franchise , 39th in San Antonio and 36th in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Spurs attained the first seed in the Western Conference , earning a berth in the NBA Playoffs , where they swept both the Utah Jazz and the Los Angeles Clippers in four games in the First Round and Semifinals respectively , only to be eliminated in six games by the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "50-16 ( .758 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost Conference Finals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2012_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2012 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2011-12 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat defeating the Western Conference champion Oklahoma City Thunder 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals . LeBron James was named NBA Finals MVP . Except for the Los Angeles Clippers and Utah Jazz , the playoffs featured the same teams from 2011 ; all 8 from the East were the same as last year . They also all had records over .500 , the first time since 2005 . The Clippers made the playoffs for the first time since 2006 , while Utah made it for the 5th time in the last 6 years , it was their first without Jerry Sloan as head coach since 1988 . The Indiana Pacers opened the playoffs at home for the first time since 2004 , while the Memphis Grizzlies earned home-court advantage for the first time in franchise history . For the fourth time since 2006 , a division winner ( in this case the Atlantic Division champion Boston Celtics ) opened the playoffs on the road . The defending champions Dallas Mavericks were swept by the Oklahoma City Thunder 4-0 , becoming the third defending champion to be swept in the First Round after the Philadelphia Warriors in 1957 and Miami Heat in 2007 , and second after Miami to be done so in a 7-game series . It was the first time the Mavericks were swept in a 7-game series , and only their second sweep since 1990 . The New York Knicks lost their 13th straight playoff game in Game 3 against the Heat , breaking Memphis ' record from 2004-06 for the longest playoff losing streak . The 8th-seeded Philadelphia 76ers defeated the 1st-seeded Bulls 4-2 , becoming only the 5th team in NBA history to do so ." } ] }, { "value": "2012-13", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2012–13_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2012-13 NBA season was the 67th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on Tuesday , October 30 , 2012 , when the 2011-12 NBA Champions Miami Heat started the season by hosting the Boston Celtics . The 2013 NBA All-Star Game was played on February 17 , 2013 , at Toyota Center in Houston , Texas . The regular season ended on Wednesday , April 17 , 2013 , and the playoffs began on Saturday , April 20 , 2013 and ended on June 20 , 2013 , with the Miami Heat defeating the San Antonio Spurs in seven games to win the 2013 NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "San Antonio Spurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2012–13_San_Antonio_Spurs_season", "summary": "The 2012-13 San Antonio Spurs season was the 46th season of the franchise , 40th in San Antonio and 37th in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Spurs finished the regular season with a 58-24 record as the 2nd seed in the Western Conference . In the playoffs , the Spurs swept the Los Angeles Lakers in the First Round in four games , defeated the Golden State Warriors in the Semifinals in six games , and swept the Memphis Grizzlies in the Conference Finals in four games , advancing to the NBA Finals for the fifth time in franchise history since 2007 , but came up short of a fifth title , losing to the Miami Heat in a tough seven-game series , who would hand them their very first defeat in the NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "58-24 ( .707 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost NBA Finals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2013_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2013 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2012-13 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat defeating the Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals . LeBron James was named NBA Finals MVP . The Miami Heat headed into the playoffs with a franchise-best 66 wins , topping the league in the regular season . Their 2012 Finals opponents , the Oklahoma City Thunder , topped the Western Conference with 60 wins , making it the first time since 2006 that the two teams who faced off in the previous year 's finals topped their respective conferences in the next regular season . However , when the Thunder lost to the Memphis Grizzlies in the Conference Semifinals , home court advantage in the Western Conference Finals went to the San Antonio Spurs , who were two games ahead of the Grizzlies . The New York Knicks entered the playoffs with their best regular-season performance since 1997 , finishing atop the Atlantic Division for the first time since 1994 . The Indiana Pacers won the Central Division for the first time since 2004 , while the Los Angeles Clippers made franchise history by winning their first Pacific Division title and having a 56-win season , tied with the Memphis Grizzlies , whose 56 wins were also a franchise record . The Denver Nuggets earned the West 's third seed and headed into the playoffs with a franchise-record 57 wins . The Brooklyn Nets and Golden State Warriors made their first playoff appearances since 2007 . This also marked the first time that Barclays Center hosted a playoff game . The Houston Rockets made their first playoff appearance since 2009 , while the Milwaukee Bucks appeared for the first time since 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "2013-14", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2013–14_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2013-14 NBA season was the 68th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on Tuesday , October 29 , 2013 , with the Indiana Pacers hosting a game against the Orlando Magic followed by the 2012-13 NBA champions Miami Heat hosting a game against the Chicago Bulls followed by the Los Angeles Lakers hosting a game against the Los Angeles Clippers . The 2014 NBA All-Star Game was played on February 16 , 2014 , at the Smoothie King Center in New Orleans . Cleveland 's Kyrie Irving won the NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award . The regular season ended on April 16 , 2014 , and the playoffs began on Saturday , April 19 , 2014 , and ended on June 15 , 2014 , with the San Antonio Spurs defeating the Miami Heat in five games to win the 2014 NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "San Antonio Spurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2013–14_San_Antonio_Spurs_season", "summary": "The 2013-14 San Antonio Spurs season was the 47th season of the franchise , their 41st in San Antonio and the 38th in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Spurs entered the season as runner-ups of the 2013 NBA Finals , where they lost to the Miami Heat in seven games , marking the first time the Spurs lost in the NBA Finals . They also entered the season with an NBA-record ten international players . In the playoffs , the Spurs defeated Dallas Mavericks in seven games in the First Round , the Portland Trail Blazers in five games in the Semifinals , and the Oklahoma City Thunder in six games to advance to the NBA Finals for the sixth time in franchise history . This marked the first time that the Spurs have made back-to-back Finals appearances , also against the Miami Heat , whom they lost against in last year 's NBA Finals in seven games and suffered their first loss in the NBA Finals . Unlike the previous year , the Spurs avenged their NBA Finals loss and became NBA Champions after defeating Miami in five games , winning their fifth NBA Championship . The Spurs outscored the Heat in the series by the largest per game average point differential ( 14.0 ) in Finals history . San Antonio 's Kawhi Leonard was named the Finals Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) ." } ] }, { "value": "62-20 ( .756 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won NBA Finals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2014_NBA_Finals", "summary": "The 2014 NBA Finals was the championship series of the 2013-14 season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the conclusion of the season 's playoffs . The Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs defeated the defending NBA champion and Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat in five games ( 4-1 ) for the Spurs ' fifth NBA championship in franchise history . The Spurs outscored the Heat in the series by the largest average point differential ( 14.0 ) in Finals history , and ended their chances of a three-peat , the first that would have occurred since the 2000-2002 Los Angeles Lakers , led by Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal . San Antonio 's Kawhi Leonard was named the Finals Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . This was a Finals rematch from the previous NBA season , which Miami had won in seven games , handing the Spurs the franchise 's first-ever Finals defeat in 2013 . This marked the 12th Finals rematch , but only the fifth since the ABA-NBA merger in 1976 . The Spurs had home-court advantage , since the team finished the regular season with a better record ( 62-20 ) than the Heat ( 54-28 ) . For the first time since 1984 , the Finals were played in a 2-2-1-1-1 format ( Games 1 and 2 at home for the higher seeded team , Games 3 and 4 at home for the lower seeded team , Game 5 at the higher , Game 6 at the lower , and Game 7 at the higher ) . The series began on June 5 , 2014 , and ended on June 15 , 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "2014-15", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2014–15_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2014-15 NBA season was the 69th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The NBA draft took place on June 26 , 2014 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , where Andrew Wiggins was selected first overall . The regular season began on Tuesday , October 28 , 2014 , when the defending NBA champions San Antonio Spurs hosted the first game against the Dallas Mavericks . The 2015 NBA All-Star Game was played on Sunday , February 15 , 2015 , at Madison Square Garden in New York City , with the West defeating the East 163-158 . Oklahoma City 's Russell Westbrook won the NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award . The regular season ended on Wednesday April 15 , 2015 and the playoffs began on Saturday , April 18 , 2015 and ended with the 2015 NBA Finals on June 16 , 2015 , after the Golden State Warriors defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games to win their fourth NBA title . The Charlotte Bobcats played their first official game as the Charlotte Hornets since 2002 ." } ] }, { "value": "Houston Rockets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2014–15_Houston_Rockets_season", "summary": "The 2014-15 Houston Rockets season was the 48th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the 44th in the Houston area . The Rockets finished the regular season with a 56-26 record , the third best in franchise history . They also won their first ever Southwest Division title and first Division crown since 1994 . The Rockets beat the Dallas Mavericks 4-1 in the first round , advancing to the Western Conference Semifinals for the first time since 2009 . They beat the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games after trailing the series 1-3 , advancing to the Western Conference Finals for the first time since 1997 . They became just the ninth team in NBA history to come back from such a deficit - and currently the only franchise to do so twice . The Rockets ' season ended with a 1-4 loss in the Western Conference Finals to the eventual NBA champion Golden State Warriors ." } ] }, { "value": "56-26 ( .683 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost Conference Finals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2015_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2015 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2014-15 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors defeating the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . Andre Iguodala was named NBA Finals MVP ." } ] }, { "value": "2015-16", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2015–16_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2015-16 NBA season was the 70th season of the National Basketball Association . The regular season began on Tuesday , October 27 , 2015 at the United Center , home of the Chicago Bulls , with their game against the Cleveland Cavaliers . The 2016 NBA All-Star Game was played at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto , Ontario , Canada on February 14 , 2016 . The regular season ended on April 13 , 2016 . The playoffs started on April 16 , 2016 and ended with the 2016 NBA Finals on June 19 , 2016 , with the Cleveland Cavaliers becoming NBA Champions for the first time in franchise history after defeating the Golden State Warriors in seven games ." } ] }, { "value": "San Antonio Spurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2015–16_San_Antonio_Spurs_season", "summary": "The 2015-16 San Antonio Spurs season was the 49th season of the franchise , 40th in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and 43rd in the San Antonio area . Kawhi Leonard was selected to play in the 2016 NBA All-Star Game as a starter . This marked the first All-Star appearance for Leonard . With the acquisitions of David West and LaMarcus Aldridge , the Spurs finished with a 67-15 record , their best winning percentage in franchise history , earning them the Southwest Division title . The Spurs also set a franchise record for most wins in a season with 67 and tied the NBA record for most home wins in a season with 40 ( tying the 1985-86 Boston Celtics 40-1 home record ) . On April 10 , the Spurs ' home winning streak came to an end with a loss to the defending NBA Champions Golden State Warriors . In the first round of the 2016 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs faced the injury depleted Memphis Grizzlies , and swept them in four games . However , in the Conference Semifinals , the team was defeated 2-4 by the Oklahoma City Thunder . They would become the first team to since the 2007 Dallas Mavericks to finish with 67 wins and be eliminated before the conference finals . After 19 years , this season marked the end of the Tim Duncan era as he retired from the NBA following this season . Believed by many as the greatest Spur of all time , Duncan led the Spurs to 5 championships , a playoff appearance in every season of his 19 years in the league , and after winning their 5th ring in 2014 , became the second player , after John Salley , to win championships in 3 different decades . Duncan was also the last remaining active player to win a championship in the 1990s , as he led the Spurs to their first-ever championship title in 1999 ." } ] }, { "value": "67-15 ( .817 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost Conference Semifinals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2016_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2016 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2015-16 season . The tournament ended with the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers defeating the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors 4 games to 3 after the Warriors led the series 3 games to 1 . In the NBA Finals , LeBron James was named NBA Finals MVP . The Cavaliers swept their first two series and won the first two games of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Raptors to become the fourth team in NBA history to open a post-season with 10 straight victories . They matched the 2012 San Antonio Spurs , though the 1989 and 2001 Los Angeles Lakers had won their first eleven games en route to sweeping the first three rounds of the playoffs . Cleveland wound up repeating this feat the next year , when they swept the conference opening round , semifinal round , and winning the first 2 conference final games . However , this feat would be surpassed by the 2017 Golden State Warriors , who won 15 straight games ." } ] }, { "value": "2016-17", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2016–17_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2016-17 NBA season was the 71st season of the National Basketball Association . The regular season began on October 25 , 2016 , with the 2016 NBA champion Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the New York Knicks . The 2017 NBA All-Star Game was played at the Smoothie King Center in New Orleans , Louisiana , on February 19 , 2017 , with the West defeating the East 192-182 . Anthony Davis of the New Orleans Pelicans was named the All Star Game MVP after breaking Wilt Chamberlain 's record by scoring 52 points in the All Star Game . The original host of the game , Charlotte 's Spectrum Center , was removed as the host on July 21 , 2016 due to the league 's opposition against North Carolina 's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act . The regular season ended on April 12 , 2017 , and the playoffs began on April 15 , 2017 and ended on June 12 , 2017 , with the Golden State Warriors going 16-1 in the playoffs and beating the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games during their third consecutive matchup in the NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "San Antonio Spurs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2016–17_San_Antonio_Spurs_season", "summary": "The 2016-17 San Antonio Spurs season was the franchise 's 50th season , its 44th season in the San Antonio area , and its 41st in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . This season was the team 's first without longtime team cornerstone Tim Duncan since 1996-97 ; Duncan retired from the NBA on July 11 , 2016 as a 5-time champion and the first NBA player ever to win championships in 3 straight decades . With the elimination of the NHL ( National Hockey League ) 's Detroit Red Wings from the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs on March 28 , 2017 , the Spurs - with 20 consecutive NBA Playoffs appearances - held the longest active playoff streak in any of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . Despite Duncan no longer on the team , the Spurs finished the regular season with a 61-21 record , securing the second seed in the Western Conference playoffs . In the first round of the playoffs , the Spurs defeated the Memphis Grizzlies in six games . In the Western Conference Semifinals , they defeated the Houston Rockets in six games . In the Western Conference Finals , the Spurs were swept by the eventual NBA champion Golden State Warriors in four games . This was San Antonio 's first time being swept in the playoffs since the 2010 Western Conference Semifinals , when they were defeated by the Steve Nash-led Phoenix Suns . The Spurs were also close to rematching the defending NBA champions Cleveland Cavaliers in the Finals for the first time since 2007 . As of 2019 , this is the only time in the post-Tim Duncan era that the Spurs advanced past the First Round of the Western Conference Playoffs ." } ] }, { "value": "61-21 ( .744 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost Conference Finals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2017_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2017 NBA playoffs began on April 15 , 2017 . It concluded with the Golden State Warriors defeating the Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals , their third consecutive meeting at the Finals . Kevin Durant was named the NBA Finals MVP in his first year on the team . The Warriors set the record for the longest playoff winning streak ( 15 ) and the best record ( 16-1 ) in NBA playoff history ." } ] }, { "value": "2017-18", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2017–18_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2017-18 NBA season was the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 , earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of back-to-back games teams were scheduled to play , with the 2017 Eastern Conference champion ( and Finals runner-up ) Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland , Ohio . The 2018 NBA All-Star Game was played on February 18 , 2018 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers was named the All-Star Game Most Valuable Player . The regular season ended on April 11 , 2018 . The playoffs began on April 14 , 2018 and ended on June 8 with the Golden State Warriors defeating the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2018 NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "Houston Rockets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2017–18_Houston_Rockets_season", "summary": "The 2017-18 Houston Rockets season was the 51st season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and their 47th in the Houston area . The Rockets acquired star point guard Chris Paul from the Los Angeles Clippers due to a multitude of trades after the 2017 NBA draft on June 28 , 2017 , as well as for being the team 's first under current owner Tilman Fertitta . The Rockets also broke their franchise record for most wins in a season with their 59th win against the New Orleans Pelicans , eventually totalling 65 wins on the season . With a loss by the Warriors on March 29 , the Rockets clinched the No . 1 seed for the first time in franchise history , which then followed to clinch the best record in this season following a Raptors loss against the Celtics . In the playoffs , the Rockets defeated the 8th-seeded Minnesota Timberwolves in the First Round in five games , advancing to the Conference Semifinals , where they defeated the Utah Jazz in five games . They lost the Conference Finals to the eventual NBA champion Golden State Warriors in seven games . During game seven of that series , with the chance to go to the NBA Finals with a win , the Rockets would set an NBA Playoff record by missing 27 straight 3-point shots . The Rockets would lose to the Warriors that game by a score of 101-92 , missing out on their chance to return to the NBA Finals for the first time since 1995 , when they swept the Orlando Magic in four games to win their second and most recent NBA Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "65-17 ( .793 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost Conference Finals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2018_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2018 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2017-18 season . The playoffs began on April 14 , 2018 and ended on June 8 at the conclusion of the 2018 NBA Finals ." } ] }, { "value": "2018-19", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2018–19_NBA_season", "summary": "The 2018-19 NBA season was the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 16 , 2018 and ended on April 10 , 2019 . The 2019 NBA All-Star Game was played on February 17 , 2019 , at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte , North Carolina . The playoffs began on April 13 , 2019 and ended on June 13 with the Toronto Raptors defeating the Golden State Warriors in the 2019 NBA Finals , becoming NBA champions for the first time in franchise history ." } ] }, { "value": "Houston Rockets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2018–19_Houston_Rockets_season", "summary": "The 2018-19 Houston Rockets season was the 52nd season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and their 48th in the Houston area . Despite early struggles in the season including an on-court altercation between rival guards Chris Paul and Rajon Rondo , injuries among its core players , and losing core players including Trevor Ariza , the team made a dramatic improvement and finished as the 4th seed in the West . Most notable within the surge would be Harden 's impressive play . It included his 30-point streak which started on December 11 , all the way to a surprising 32 games until ending on February 25 . This streak had left him 2nd for continuous 30+ points in a game , leaving Wilt Chamberlain as 1st . On March 24 , against the Pelicans , they had clinched another playoff spot for the 7th straight year . In the playoffs , the Rockets defeated the Utah Jazz in the First Round in five games . However , the Rockets would lose in six games against the two-time defending NBA champion Golden State Warriors in the Western Conference Semifinals , their fourth playoff exit against the Warriors in the last five postseasons . They previously lost to the Warriors in 2015 ( conference finals ) , 2016 ( first round ) , and 2018 ( conference finals ) ." } ] }, { "value": "53-29 ( .793 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lost Conference Semifinals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2019_NBA_Playoffs", "summary": "The 2019 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2018-19 season . The playoffs began on April 13 and ended on June 13 at the conclusion of the 2019 NBA Finals ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Division champions", "section_text": "^ Had or tied for the best regular season record for that season", "uid": "Southwest_Division_(NBA)_1", "intro": "The Southwest Division is one of the three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division is located in the South Central United States and consists of five teams, the Dallas Mavericks, the Houston Rockets, the Memphis Grizzlies, the New Orleans Pelicans and the San Antonio Spurs. Three of the teams, the Mavericks, Rockets, and Spurs, are based in Texas. Consisting of some of the most historically competitive teams in the NBA's Western Conference, the division was created at the start of the 2004-05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into three divisions in each conference. The Southwest Division began with five inaugural members, the Mavericks, the Rockets, the Grizzlies, the Hornets (now Pelicans) and the Spurs. The Mavericks, the Rockets, the Grizzlies and the Spurs joined from the now-defunct Midwest Division, while the Pelicans joined from the Central Division. The Spurs have been dominant since the division's inaugural season, having won the most Southwest Division titles with nine. The Mavericks and Rockets have won two titles each, and the Pelicans have won one title. The Grizzlies have never won the Southwest Division title. Four NBA champions came from the Southwest Division. The Spurs won the NBA championship in 2005, 2007 and 2014, while the Mavericks won in 2011." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly", "title": "Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly", "header": [ "S. No", "Constituency", "Elected Member", "Party affiliation" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Purola ( SC )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Purola_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)", "summary": "Purola ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) is one of the 70 assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand a northern state of India . Purola is part of Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency ." } ] }, { "value": "Raj Kumar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Raj_Kumar_(politician)", "summary": "Raj Kumar is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand . He represents the Indian National Congress ." } ] }, { "value": "INC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yamunotri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yamunotri", "summary": "Yamunotri is the source of the Yamuna River and the seat of the Goddess Yamuna in Hinduism . It is situated at an altitude of 3,293 metres ( 10,804 ft ) in the Garhwal Himalayas and located approximately 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) North of Uttarkashi , the headquarters of the Uttarkashi district in the Garhwal Division of Uttarakhand , India . It is one of the four sites in India 's Chhota Char Dham pilgrimage . The sacred shrine of Yamunotri , source of the river Yamuna , is the westernmost shrine in the Garhwal Himalayas , perched atop a flank of Bandar Poonch Parvat . The chief attraction at Yamunotri is the temple devoted to the Goddess Yamuna and the holy thermal springs at Janki Chatti ( 7 km . Away ) . The actual source , a frozen lake of ice and glacier ( Champasar Glacier ) located on the Kalind Mountain at a height of 4,421 m above sea level , about 1 km further up , is not frequented generally as it is not accessible ; hence the shrine has been located on the foot of the hill . The approach is extremely difficult and pilgrims therefore offer puja at the temple itself . The temple of Yamuna , on the left bank of the Yamuna , was constructed by Maharaja Pratap Shah of Tehri Garhwal . The deity is made of black marble . The Yamuna , like the Ganges , has been elevated to the status of a divine mother for the Hindus and has been held responsible for nurturing and developing the Indian civilization . Close to the temple are hot water springs gushing out from the mountain cavities ." } ] }, { "value": "Kedar Singh Rawat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kedar_Singh_Rawat", "summary": "Kedar Singh Rawat is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Rawat is a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Yamunotri constituency in Uttarkashi district . He has been an MLA from 2007-2012 and has presently won second time in 2017 from Yamunotri . Has been active in political life since college days when he was elected the general secretary from DAV college dehradun . Has been a successful lawyer before quitting practise and contesting elections since 2002 when Uttarakhand first went into elections ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gangotri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gangotri", "summary": "Gangotri is a town and a Nagar Panchayat ( municipality ) in Uttarkashi district in the state of Uttarakhand , India . It is a Hindu pilgrim town on the banks of the river Bhagirathi and origin of River Ganges . It is on the Greater Himalayan Range , at a height of 3,100 metres ( 10,200 ft ) . According to popular Hindu legend , it was here that Goddess Ganga descended when Lord Shiva released the mighty river from the locks of his hair ." } ] }, { "value": "Gopal Singh Rawat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gopal_Singh_Rawat", "summary": "Gopal Singh Rawat is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Rawat was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Gangotri constituency in Uttarkashi district ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Badrinath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Badrinath", "summary": "Badrinath is a holy town and a nagar panchayat in Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand , India . It is one of the four sites in India 's Char Dham pilgrimage and gets its name from the temple of Badrinath ." } ] }, { "value": "Mahendra Bhatt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mahendra_Bhatt", "summary": "Mahendra Bhatt is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Bhatt was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Nandaprayag constituency in Chamoli district ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tharali ( SC )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Munni Devi Shah", "urls": [] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Karnaprayag", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Karnaprayag", "summary": "Karnaprayag is a city and municipal board in Chamoli District in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . Karnaprayag is one of the Panch Prayag ( five confluences ) of Alaknanda River , situated at the confluence of the Alaknanda , and Pindar River ." } ] }, { "value": "Surendra Singh Negi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Surendra_Singh_Negi", "summary": "Surendra Singh Negi is an Uttarkhand politician . He is a former MLA of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from Kotdwar . He is a member of the Indian National Congress . He was a minister in the Cabinets of Shri N. D. Tiwari , Shri Vijay Bahuguna and Shri Harish Rawat . In 2012 Assembly election , he defeated B. C. Khanduri by 4,623 votes ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kedarnath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kedarnath_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)", "summary": "7-Kedarnath Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 7-केदारनाथ विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Ukhimath Tehsil & KC Chopta Jakhani of Rudraprayag Tehsil . area . Kedarnath Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Rudraprayag ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Manoj Rawat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manoj_Rawat", "summary": "Manoj Rawat is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand and a Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly . He represents the Kedarnath ( Uttarakhand Assembly constituency ) . Manoj is a member of the Indian National Congress ." } ] }, { "value": "INC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rudraprayag", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rudraprayag", "summary": "Rudraprayag is a town and a municipality in Rudraprayag district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . Rudraprayag is one of the Panch Prayag ( five confluences ) of Alaknanda River , the point of confluence of rivers Alaknanda and Mandakini . Kedarnath , a Hindu holy town is located 86 km from Rudraprayag . The man eating Leopard of Rudraprayag hunted and written about by Jim Corbett dwelled here ." } ] }, { "value": "Bharat Singh Rawat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bharat_Singh_Rawat", "summary": "Bharat Singh Chaudhari is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Rawat was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Lansdowne constituency in Pauri Garhwal district ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ghansali ( SC )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ghansali", "summary": "Ghansali is a small town situated almost 65 kilometres from New Tehri and is an important market for adjacent areas . This small town is situated at bank of Bal Ganga and Bhilangana River and also a confluence point of these two river at the height of 976 Meters from sea level ." } ] }, { "value": "Shakti Lal Shah", "urls": [] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Devprayag", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Devprayag", "summary": "Devprayag ( Deva prayāga ) is a town and a nagar panchayat ( municipality ) in Tehri Garhwal district in the state of Uttarakhand , India , and is one of the Panch Prayag ( five confluences ) of Alaknanda River where Alaknanda , Saraswati ( invisible as it is underground ) and Bhagirathi rivers meet and take the name Ganga ." } ] }, { "value": "Vinod Kandari", "urls": [] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Narendranagar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Narendranagar", "summary": "Narendranagar is a town and a municipal board in Tehri Garhwal district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand ." } ] }, { "value": "Subodh Uniyal ( Cabinet Minister )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Subodh_Uniyal", "summary": "Subodh Uniyal is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Uniyal is a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Narendra Nagar constituency in Tehri Garhwal district ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pratapnagar", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vijay Singh Panwar", "urls": [] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tehri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tehri_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)", "summary": "13-Tehri Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : १३-टिहरी विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . Tehri Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Dhan Singh Negi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dhan_Singh_Negi", "summary": "Dhan Singh Negi is a Youth face of BJP & leading Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Negi is currently a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Tehri constituency in Tehri Garhwal district . Negi won the 2017 Assembly election by the widest margin ever in an election for Tehri assembly seat , defeating an incumbent Cabinet minister . In earlier role he has been Chairman of Aanchal Milk Cooperative Society in Tehri Garhwal between 2009-2012 . Dhan Singh Negi is well known leading voice of rural villages and is acclaimed for his proactive approach , out of box thinking and passion to help ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dhanaulti", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dhanaulti", "summary": "Dhanaulti is a hill station situated in the foothills of the Garhwal Himalayan range located 24 km ( 15 mi ) from the hill station of Mussoorie" } ] }, { "value": "Pritam Singh Panwar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pritam_Singh_Panwar", "summary": "Pritam Singh Panwar is an Uttarakhand Kranti Dal leader and member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly in India . He was elected from Yamunotri constituency in the 2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election and 2012 . In 2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election , he defeated to Kedar Singh Rawat of Indian National Congress ." } ] }, { "value": "Independent", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chakrata ( ST )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chakrata_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)", "summary": "15-Chakrata Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 15 विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Chakrata area of Dehradun District . This seat is previously known as Chakrata Constituency before 2002 Delimitation Chakrata Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Pritam Singh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pritam_Singh_(Uttarakhand_politician)", "summary": "Pritam Singh is an Indian politician who is the current President of Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee ( Uttarakhand PCC ) . He is a four term Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly . During the Congress government ( 2002-2007 & 2012-2017 ) in Uttarakhand he had served as a Cabinet Minister for Home , Rural Development , Food and Civil Supplies , Panchayti Raj and Minor Irrigation in Government of Uttarakhand.He was also elected as a Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1993 . Singh represents Chakrata ( Uttarakhand Assembly constituency ) . He is a member of the Indian National Congress ." } ] }, { "value": "INC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vikasnagar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vikasnagar_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)", "summary": "16-Vikasnagar Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 16 विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of the Indian state of Uttarakhand . It includes the Vikasnagar area of Dehradun District . Vikasnagar is adjacent to Himachal Pradesh district sirmour and paonta .VikasnagarTehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Munna Singh Chauhan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Munna_Singh_Chauhan", "summary": "Munna Singh Chauhan is an Indian politician , four time MLA , two times in Uttarakhandand member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Chauhan was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Vikasnagar constituency in Dehradun district ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sahaspur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sahaspur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)", "summary": "17-Sahaspur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 17-सहसपुर विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Dehradun Cantonment area.Two times Congress . Industrial area selaqui ia part of sahaspur . Educational hub sudduwala is also here.This Sahaspur assembly seat is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Sahdev Singh Pundir", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sahdev_Singh_Pundir", "summary": "Sahdev Singh Pundir is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Pundir is a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Sahaspur constituency in Dehradun district . He holds a Bachelor degree in Arts . Pundir has been Vice-President of the BJP State Unit and is known to be a very amiable person ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dharampur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dharampur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)", "summary": "18-Dharampur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 18-विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . This seat is previously known as Laxman Chowk Constituency before 2008 Delimitation . only in 2017 vidhan Sabha bjp won this seat from Congress hands Dharampur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Vinod Chamoli", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vinod_Chamoli", "summary": "Vinod Chamoli is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand and a two term Mayor of Dehradun Municipal Corporation from 3 May 2008 - 3 May 2018 . Chamoli represents the Dharampur ( Uttarakhand Assembly constituency ) . Chamoli is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . he defeated three-time Congress MLA Dinesh Agarwal ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Raipur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Raipur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)", "summary": "19-Raipur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 19-विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Dehradun Cantonment area . Raipur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Umesh Sharma 'Kau '", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Umesh_Sharma", "summary": "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ." } ] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rajpur Road ( SC )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rajpur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)", "summary": "20-Rajpur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 20-विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Dehradun Cantonment area . Rajpur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Khajan Das", "urls": [] }, { "value": "BJP", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "List of current Assembly members [ 3 ]", "section_text": "", "uid": "Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly_3", "intro": "The Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, also known as the Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha, is a unicameral governing and law making body of Uttarakhand, one of the 28 States in India, and is seated at Dehradun, the interim capital of Uttarakhand, with 70 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Following the Bharatiya Janta Party's historic win in 2017 election, the current Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and Leader of the House is Trivendra Singh Rawat. The Speaker of the Assembly is Premchand Aggarwal. Baby Rani Maurya is the current Governor of Uttarakhand. Between 2002 and 2020, Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly had 71 seats, including one reserved seat for the member of Anglo-Indian community that was abolished on 25 January 2020 by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, reducing the strength of Assembly from 71 to 70 seats." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_College_Baseball_All-America_Team", "title": "1950 College Baseball All-America Team", "header": [ "Position", "Name", "School" ], "data": [ { "value": "Pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Murray Wall ( 2 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Murray_Wall_(baseball)", "summary": "Murray Wesley Wall ( September 19 , 1926 - October 8 , 1971 ) was an American middle relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played between the 1950 and 1959 seasons for the Boston Braves ( 1950 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 1957-59 ) and Washington Senators ( 1959 ) . Listed at 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) , 185 pounds ( 84 kg ) , Wall batted and threw right-handed . A native of Dallas , he was signed by the Braves in 1950 as a free agent out of the University of Texas at Austin . In a four-season career , Murray posted a 13-14 record with a 4.20 ERA and 14 saves in 91 appearances ( one start ) , including 82 strikeouts , 63 walks , and 193.0 innings pitched . In his last MLB season , 1959 , Wall was traded by Boston to the Washington Senators on June 11 in a four-player deal that included Senator pitcher Dick Hyde . He appeared in one game for Washington before being returned to the Red Sox on June 14 when Hyde 's sore arm voided the Wall-for-Hyde portion of the transaction . Murray committed suicide by gunshot on his farm near Lone Oak , Texas at the age of 45 ." } ] }, { "value": "Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball", "summary": "The Texas Longhorns baseball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's baseball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in baseball in 1894 . Texas is the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in terms of win percentage , with an all-time win-loss record of 3585-1354-32 ( .724 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . The Longhorns rank second in all-time wins as of June 11 , 2018 , behind the Fordham Rams . As of the end of the 2018 conference season , Texas has won 78 regular season conference championships and 16 conference tournament championships in baseball . The Longhorns have won six NCAA baseball national championships ( 1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , 2005 ) - tied with LSU and second to Southern California 's total of 12 - and have been the runner-up in the College World Series ( CWS ) Championship Games on six other occasions ( 1953 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 ) . Texas holds the records for most appearances in the College World Series ( 36 ) , most individual CWS games won ( 85 ) , most overall NCAA Tournament games won ( 240 ) , and most NCAA Tournament appearances ( 59 ) ; the second-place programs in these categories have 25 CWS appearances ( Miami ) , wins in 74 CWS games ( Southern California ) , 192 overall NCAA Tournament wins ( Florida State and Miami ) , and 56 NCAA Tournament appearances ( Florida State ) , as of June 11 , 2018 . Former Longhorns who have gone on to success in Major League Baseball include Roger Clemens , Calvin Schiraldi , Burt Hooton , Keith Moreland , Spike Owen , Mark Petkovsek , Greg Swindell , Brandon Belt , and Huston Street . From 1997 to 2016 , the Longhorns were led by head coach Augie Garrido , who holds the record for most wins in NCAA baseball history . The team is currently led by third-year head coach David Pierce . Texas plays its home games at UFCU-Disch-Falk Field ." } ] }, { "value": "Pitcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pitcher", "summary": "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ." } ] }, { "value": "Tom Casey", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NYU", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NYU_Violets", "summary": "NYU Violets is the nickname of the sports teams and other competitive teams at New York University . The school colors are purple and white . Although officially known as the Violets , the school mascot is a bobcat . The Violets compete as a member of NCAA Division III in the University Athletic Association conference . The university sponsors 23 varsity sports , as well as club teams and intramural sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Catcher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Catcher", "summary": "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ." } ] }, { "value": "Robert Murray", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arizona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_baseball", "summary": "The Arizona Wildcats baseball team is the intercollegiate men 's baseball program representing the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona , United States . They compete in the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) of NCAA Division I . The baseball team had its first season in 1904 . The baseball team has captured four national championship titles in 1976 , 1980 , 1986 and 2012 , with the first three coached by Jerry Kindall and the most recent by Andy Lopez . The team has appeared in the NCAA National Championship title series eight times ( 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , and 2016 ) . They have appeared in 34 baseball tournaments in their rich history . Arizona is ranked seventh in all-time regular season game wins with 2,347 ." } ] }, { "value": "First baseman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_baseman", "summary": "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Fred Taylor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fred_Taylor_(basketball,_born_1924)", "summary": "Frederick Rankin Taylor ( December 3 , 1924 - January 6 , 2002 ) was a college men 's basketball coach for The Ohio State University from 1959 to 1976 . Prior to that , he played baseball for the Washington Senators ." } ] }, { "value": "Ohio State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_baseball", "summary": "The Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team is the college baseball team of The Ohio State University . The program , founded in 1881 , was the first athletic team in Ohio State history . Bill Davis Stadium in Columbus , Ohio has been the home field of the program since 1997 . The team won a National Title in 1966 , and also 14 Big Ten Titles throughout the team 's history . It is currently coached by Greg Beals . Ohio State has produced many professional baseball players , such as major leaguers Steve Arlin , Frank Howard , Nick Swisher , Barry Bonnell , Dave Burba , and Fred Taylor ." } ] }, { "value": "Second baseman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Second_baseman", "summary": "In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Charles Teague ( 3 ) ♦", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_Teague_(baseball)", "summary": "Charles Clyde Teague ( born 1924 ) was an American professional baseball player . A second baseman , he played in minor league baseball . As a college baseball player for Wake Forest University , he was named an All-American in three seasons . In 2010 , he was inducted into the National College Baseball Hall of Fame ." } ] }, { "value": "Wake Forest", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_baseball", "summary": "The Wake Forest Demon Deacons baseball team represents Wake Forest University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The program competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . They won the 1955 College World Series . They are coached by Tom Walter ." } ] }, { "value": "Third baseman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Third_baseman", "summary": "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ." } ] }, { "value": "William Killinger", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lafayette", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lafayette_Leopards", "summary": "The Lafayette Leopards represent the 23 Division I varsity athletic teams of Lafayette College and compete in the Patriot League . There are 11 men 's teams , 11 women 's teams , and one co-ed team . The club teams also compete as the Leopards . Though not a varsity sport , crew and ice hockey are very competitive at Lafayette and play in intercollegiate club leagues . Lafayette 's primary rival in every sport is the Lehigh Mountain Hawks of nearby Lehigh University . Bucknell University is also a major rival and other league and school rivalries exist on an individual sport level . Lafayette 's student-athletes generally lead the NCAA in academic performance . In 2011 , 16 of Lafayette 's 23 teams academic performance scored within the top ten percent of their respective sport . Lafayette led the Patriot League , which placed second behind the Ivy League . Lafayette 's first recorded athletic event outside of the student body was a baseball game against Easton amateurs , a 44-11 win on November 8 , 1865 . The first recorded intercollegiate match was a 45-45 tie in a baseball game against Lehigh in October 1869 ." } ] }, { "value": "Shortstop", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shortstop", "summary": "Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base ." } ] }, { "value": "John Hrasch", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ohio", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ohio_Bobcats", "summary": "The Ohio Bobcats are the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Ohio University , located in Athens , Ohio , United States . Ohio University is a charter member ( 1946 ) of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , is currently in the East Division of that conference , and sponsors teams in six men 's and ten women 's NCAA sanctioned sports . The football team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest level for college football ." } ] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "Jay Roundy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "USC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/USC_Trojans", "summary": "The USC Trojans are the athletic teams that represent the University of Southern California ( USC ) , located in Los Angeles , California . While the men 's teams are nicknamed the Trojans , the women 's athletic teams are referred to as either the Trojans or Women of Troy ( the university officially approves both terms ) . The program participates in the Pac-12 Conference and has won 130 team national championships , 107 of which are National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) national championships . USC 's official colors are cardinal and gold . The Trojans have a cross-town rivalry with UCLA . However , USC 's rivalry with Notre Dame predates the UCLA rivalry by three years . The Notre Dame rivalry stems mainly from the annual football game played between these two universities and is considered the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football ." } ] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "Ray Van Cleef", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ray_Van_Cleef", "summary": "Ray Van Cleef ( c. 1911 - May 26 , 1964 ) was an American baseball player , artist 's model , magazine editor and columnist ." } ] }, { "value": "Rutgers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights", "summary": "The Rutgers Scarlet Knights are the athletic teams that represent Rutgers University 's New Brunswick campus . In sports , Rutgers is chiefly known for being the Birthplace of College Football , hosting the first ever intercollegiate football game on November 6 , 1869 in which Rutgers defeated a team from the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) with a score of 6 runs to 4 . ( Roughly 36-24 currently ) Among the first American schools to participate in intercollegiate athletics , Rutgers currently fields 27 teams in the Big Ten Conference which participates in Division I competition , as sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the following sports : baseball , basketball , crew , cross country , field hockey , football , golf , gymnastics , lacrosse , soccer , softball , tennis , track and field , swimming and diving , wrestling , and volleyball . The athletic programs compete under the name Scarlet Knights , after the Rutgers University mascot which was chosen in 1955 by the student body . The Rutgers campuses in Newark and Camden also participate in intercollegiate competition - under the names Scarlet Raiders and Scarlet Raptors , respectively - in NCAA Division III ." } ] }, { "value": "Outfielder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." } ] }, { "value": "Robert Cerv", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Cerv", "summary": "Robert Henry Cerv ( /sərv/ sərv ; May 5 , 1925 - April 6 , 2017 ) was an American professional baseball left fielder . Prior to his professional career , he was a collegiate baseball and basketball player at the University of Nebraska . He was born in Weston , Nebraska and served in the U.S. Navy during World War II . Cerv signed with the New York Yankees in 1950 and was a little-used reserve outfielder on the Yankee teams of the early 1950s . According to sportswriter Robert Creamer , interviewed for the Ken Burns film Baseball , one afternoon , Yankees manager Casey Stengel approached Cerv in the Yankees ' dugout , sat down nearby , and commented There 's not many people that know this , but one of us has been traded to Kansas City . Following the 1956 season , Cerv was sold to the Kansas City Athletics , where he became a regular . His best season was 1958 , when he hit .305 , hit 38 homers , and had 104 RBIs , was elected to the American League All-Star team , beating out Ted Williams for the starting spot . He also finished 4th in the MVP voting that year . He did all of this while playing injured part of the season . Cerv also participated in the Home Run Derby , where he defeated Frank Robinson . He followed up in 1959 with 20 homers and 87 RBIs . On August 20 , 1959 , Cerv hit 3 home runs against the Boston Red Sox in an 11-10 loss ." } ] }, { "value": "Nebraska", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_baseball", "summary": "The Nebraska Cornhuskers baseball team competes as part of NCAA Division I , representing the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in the Big Ten Conference . The program began play in 1889 . Nebraska has been to 17 NCAA baseball tournaments and advanced to four super regionals ( 2000-02 , 2005 ) and three College World Series ( 2001 , 2002 , 2005 ) . The Cornhuskers have won seven regular season conference championships ( 1929 , 1948 , 1950 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2017 ) and four conference tournament championships ( 1999-2001 , 2005 ) . They have had eighteen 40-win seasons , including nine since 1999 , as well as three 50-win seasons . Nebraska 's all-time record is 2,166-1,573-19 ( .579 ) overall and 830-791-2 ( .512 ) in conference play . Since 1999 , the Cornhuskers are 703-389-2 ( .645 ) . The program 's record in Big 12 play was 215-189-1 ( .533 ) , and is 111-77-1 ( .590 ) through eight years in the Big Ten era . The Cornhuskers won their first Big Ten championship in 2017 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "All-Americans", "section_text": "", "uid": "1950_College_Baseball_All-America_Team_0", "intro": "An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position - who in turn are given the honorific All-America and typically referred to as All-American athletes, or simply All-Americans. Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947-1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_NFL/AFL_Draft", "title": "1968 NFL/AFL Draft", "header": [ "Original NFL team", "Player", "Pos", "College", "Conf" ], "data": [ { "value": "Atlanta Falcons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Atlanta_Falcons_season", "summary": "The 1968 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's third year in the National Football League ( NFL ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Grady Allen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grady_Allen", "summary": "Grady Lynn Allen ( January 1 , 1946 - December 4 , 2012 ) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for five seasons for the Atlanta Falcons . Born in San Augustine , Texas , Allen played defensive end for Texas A & M from 1965 to 1967 . During his senior year , he was a team captain , was given the annual Aggie Heart award by the team , earned all Southwest Conference honors , and helped the team to its first Cotton Bowl appearance in 27 years , where they upset Alabama 20-16 . Not chosen in the NFL draft , Allen played as a reserve linebacker in 59 games for the Atlanta Falcons over 5 seasons from 1968 until 1972 , recording 2 interceptions and 3 fumble recoveries . Allen played in all 14 games each season , except for 1971 , where an injury limited him to 3 games . Allen was inducted into the Texas A & M Hall of Fame in 1995 and served as president of the Texas A & M Lettermens Association in 2006 . Allen died of cardiac arrest on December 4 , 2012 . He is survived by his wife Kay and three children : Geoff , Dennis , who was the former Head Coach of the Oakland Raiders and is currently serving as the defensive co-coordinator of the New Orleans Saints . and Ann Marie ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "Texas A & M", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Texas_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Texas A & M Aggies football team represented Texas A & M University in the 1967 NCAA University Division football season as a member of the Southwest Conference ( SWC ) . The Aggies were led by head coach Gene Stallings in his third season and finished with a record of seven wins and four losses ( 7-4 overall , 6-1 in the SWC ) , as Southwest Conference champions and with a victory in the Cotton Bowl Classic over Alabama ." } ] }, { "value": "SWC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southwest_Conference", "summary": "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Atlanta Falcons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Atlanta_Falcons_season", "summary": "The 1968 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's third year in the National Football League ( NFL ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Harmon Wages", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harmon_Wages", "summary": "Harmon Leon Wages ( born May 18 , 1946 ) is an American former college and professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League ( NFL ) for five seasons during the 1960s and 1970s . He played college football for the University of Florida , and thereafter , he played professionally for the Atlanta Falcons of the NFL ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Florida_Gators_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . The season was the eighth for Ray Graves as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team . Graves ' 1967 Florida Gators posted a 6-4 overall record and a 4-2 record in the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , tying for third among the ten SEC teams ." } ] }, { "value": "SEC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southeastern_Conference", "summary": "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Cincinnati Bengals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Cincinnati_Bengals_season", "summary": "The 1968 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's first year in professional football . Paul Brown , who left the Cleveland Browns following the 1962 season with National Football League ( NFL ) record of 115-49-6 , seven conference titles , and three NFL championships , had the urge to get back into football . His son Mike Brown did a study on pro football expansion and recommended Cincinnati as a potential site . In 1965 , Brown met with Ohio Governor James Rhodes and the two agreed the state could accommodate a second pro football team . 1966 - Fearful the Cincinnati Reds baseball team would leave town and feeling pressure from local businessmen pushing for a pro football franchise , Cincinnati 's city council approved the construction of Riverfront Stadium . 1967 - Brown 's group was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) expansion franchise . Brown named the team the Bengals , the name of Cincinnati 's pro teams in the old AFL of the late 1930s . The Bengals acquired their first player late in the year when they traded two draft picks to Miami for quarterback John Stofa . 1968 - The Bengals were awarded 40 veteran players in the allocation draft . In the college draft , they selected University of Tennessee center Bob Johnson as their first pick . The Bengals lost their first preseason game 38-14 to the Kansas City Chiefs before 21,682 fans at the University of Cincinnati 's Nippert Stadium . The Bengals upset the Denver Broncos 24-10 and the Buffalo Bills 34-23 in their first two regular-season home games ." } ] }, { "value": "Bill Peterson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bill_Peterson_(linebacker)", "summary": "Bill Peterson is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for five seasons for the Cincinnati Bengals one season with Kansas City Chiefs and one season with New England Patriots ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "San Jose State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_San_Jose_State_Spartans_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State College [ note 1 ] during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . San Jose State played as an Independent in 1967 . The team was led by third-year head coach Harry Anderson , and played home games at Spartan Stadium in San Jose , California . The Spartans finished the 1967 season with a record of two wins and seven losses ( 2-7 ) . Overall , the team was outscored by its opponents 166-286 for the season ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Cincinnati Bengals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Cincinnati_Bengals_season", "summary": "The 1968 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's first year in professional football . Paul Brown , who left the Cleveland Browns following the 1962 season with National Football League ( NFL ) record of 115-49-6 , seven conference titles , and three NFL championships , had the urge to get back into football . His son Mike Brown did a study on pro football expansion and recommended Cincinnati as a potential site . In 1965 , Brown met with Ohio Governor James Rhodes and the two agreed the state could accommodate a second pro football team . 1966 - Fearful the Cincinnati Reds baseball team would leave town and feeling pressure from local businessmen pushing for a pro football franchise , Cincinnati 's city council approved the construction of Riverfront Stadium . 1967 - Brown 's group was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) expansion franchise . Brown named the team the Bengals , the name of Cincinnati 's pro teams in the old AFL of the late 1930s . The Bengals acquired their first player late in the year when they traded two draft picks to Miami for quarterback John Stofa . 1968 - The Bengals were awarded 40 veteran players in the allocation draft . In the college draft , they selected University of Tennessee center Bob Johnson as their first pick . The Bengals lost their first preseason game 38-14 to the Kansas City Chiefs before 21,682 fans at the University of Cincinnati 's Nippert Stadium . The Bengals upset the Denver Broncos 24-10 and the Buffalo Bills 34-23 in their first two regular-season home games ." } ] }, { "value": "Tom Sherman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tom_Sherman_(American_football)", "summary": "Thomas Joseph Sherman ( born December 5 , 1945 ) was an American football quarterback for the American Football League 's Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 ) , Boston Patriots ( 1968-69 ) , and Buffalo Bills ( 1969 ) . In two seasons in the AFL , he played in 19 games and completed 92 of 228 passes for 1,219 Yards , 13 touchdowns and 16 interceptions . He also had 58 rushing attempts for 468 yards and 1 touchdown . Sherman signed with the New York Stars of the World Football League in 1974 . The Stars moved to Charlotte , North Carolina midway through the 1974 WFL season and became the Hornets . Tom played for the Charlotte Hornets in 1975 until the league folded in the twelfth week of the season on October 22 , 1975 ." } ] }, { "value": "QB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." } ] }, { "value": "Penn State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park , Pennsylvania ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Cincinnati Bengals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Cincinnati_Bengals_season", "summary": "The 1968 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's first year in professional football . Paul Brown , who left the Cleveland Browns following the 1962 season with National Football League ( NFL ) record of 115-49-6 , seven conference titles , and three NFL championships , had the urge to get back into football . His son Mike Brown did a study on pro football expansion and recommended Cincinnati as a potential site . In 1965 , Brown met with Ohio Governor James Rhodes and the two agreed the state could accommodate a second pro football team . 1966 - Fearful the Cincinnati Reds baseball team would leave town and feeling pressure from local businessmen pushing for a pro football franchise , Cincinnati 's city council approved the construction of Riverfront Stadium . 1967 - Brown 's group was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) expansion franchise . Brown named the team the Bengals , the name of Cincinnati 's pro teams in the old AFL of the late 1930s . The Bengals acquired their first player late in the year when they traded two draft picks to Miami for quarterback John Stofa . 1968 - The Bengals were awarded 40 veteran players in the allocation draft . In the college draft , they selected University of Tennessee center Bob Johnson as their first pick . The Bengals lost their first preseason game 38-14 to the Kansas City Chiefs before 21,682 fans at the University of Cincinnati 's Nippert Stadium . The Bengals upset the Denver Broncos 24-10 and the Buffalo Bills 34-23 in their first two regular-season home games ." } ] }, { "value": "Sam Wyche", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sam_Wyche", "summary": "Samuel David Wyche ( /hwaɪʃ/ wysh ; January 5 , 1945 - January 2 , 2020 ) was an American professional football player and coach . He was a player and head coach for the Cincinnati Bengals and a quarterbacks coach for the San Francisco 49ers . As head coach , he led the Bengals to Super Bowl XXIII , which they lost to the 49ers 20-16 , relinquishing the lead on a last-minute touchdown . He was also known for introducing the use of the no-huddle offense as a standard offense ( as opposed to use at the end of the half ) . Wyche coached Cincinnati from 1984 to 1991 , and his 64 wins with the Bengals were the most by a coach in franchise history until he was surpassed by Marvin Lewis in 2011 . Wyche also played for the Washington Redskins , Detroit Lions , and St. Louis Cardinals . He also coached at the University of South Carolina and Indiana University , and for the San Francisco 49ers , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and Buffalo Bills ." } ] }, { "value": "QB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." } ] }, { "value": "Furman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Furman_Paladins_football", "summary": "The Furman Paladins football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Furman University located in the state of South Carolina . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Southern Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1889 . The team plays its home games at the 16,000 seat Paladin Stadium . They are coached by Clay Hendrix ." } ] }, { "value": "SoCon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southern_Conference", "summary": "The Southern Conference ( SoCon ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . Southern Conference football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-AA ) . Member institutions are located in the states of Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . Established in 1921 , the Southern Conference ranks as the fifth-oldest major college athletic conference in the United States , and either the third- or fourth-oldest in continuous operation , depending on definitions . Among conferences currently in operation , the Big Ten ( 1896 ) and Missouri Valley ( 1907 ) are indisputably older . The Pac-12 Conference did not operate under its current charter until 1959 , but claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference , founded in 1915 , as its own . The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was founded in 1914 , but ceased operation in 1996 . The Big Eight Conference claimed the same history as the Missouri Valley from 1907 to 1928 during its existence ; though it essentially merged with four SWC members to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 , the Big 12 does not claim the Big Eight 's legacy . The Ivy League was formally organized in 1954 with athletic competition starting in 1955 , but claims the history of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which competed from 1901 to 1955 , as its own . The SoCon was the first conference to use the three-point field goal in basketball in a November 29 , 1980 game at Western Carolina against Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) , where Ronnie Carr shot the historic shot from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) away and the Catamounts won 77-70 . The Southern Conference is considered one of the stronger football conferences in the Football Championship Subdivision and is considered a mid-major conference in basketball . It has also garnered considerable national attention from its recent success in these sports : in particular , former member , three-time Division I NCAA Football champion Appalachian State Mountaineers , who stunned the fifth-ranked Michigan Wolverines 34-32 on September 1 , 2007 ; from the Davidson Wildcats , who reached the Elite Eight in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by upsetting power programs Gonzaga ( a mid-major school which became a power program in the 2000s ) , Georgetown , and Wisconsin ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver Broncos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Denver_Broncos_season", "summary": "The 1968 Denver Broncos season was the ninth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . Led by second-year head coach and general manager Lou Saban , the Broncos improved their record from the previous season by posting a record of five wins and nine losses . They finished fourth in the AFL 's Western division for the sixth straight season ; the expansion Cincinnati Bengals finished fifth , allowing Denver to escape the cellar . There were threats of the Broncos relocating to Atlanta , Chicago , and Birmingham , Alabama . The 1968 season was the first in which Denver wore blue helmets with the trademark orange D logo . They wore this uniform through the 1973 season , altering the shade of orange in their jerseys in 1974 ; helmets remained the same until the 1997 season . In 1968 , Bears Stadium was sold to the city of Denver , which renamed it Mile High Stadium and built the upper deck along the west side , raising capacity to 50,657 ." } ] }, { "value": "Joe DiVito", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joe_DiVito", "summary": "Joseph Charles DiVito ( born September 2 , 1945 ) is a former American collegiate and Professional Football quarterback and punter for the Boston College Eagles and the Denver Broncos of the American Football League ." } ] }, { "value": "P / QB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Punter_(football)", "summary": "A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . The Eagles were led by sixth-year head coach Jim Miller and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . Boston College finished with a record of 4-6 for the second consecutive year . Head coach Jim Miller resigned at the end of the season , finishing with an overall record of 34-24 in six seasons at Boston College ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver Broncos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Denver_Broncos_season", "summary": "The 1968 Denver Broncos season was the ninth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . Led by second-year head coach and general manager Lou Saban , the Broncos improved their record from the previous season by posting a record of five wins and nine losses . They finished fourth in the AFL 's Western division for the sixth straight season ; the expansion Cincinnati Bengals finished fifth , allowing Denver to escape the cellar . There were threats of the Broncos relocating to Atlanta , Chicago , and Birmingham , Alabama . The 1968 season was the first in which Denver wore blue helmets with the trademark orange D logo . They wore this uniform through the 1973 season , altering the shade of orange in their jerseys in 1974 ; helmets remained the same until the 1997 season . In 1968 , Bears Stadium was sold to the city of Denver , which renamed it Mile High Stadium and built the upper deck along the west side , raising capacity to 50,657 ." } ] }, { "value": "Terry Erwin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Terry_Erwin_(American_football)", "summary": "Terrence Lester Erwin ( Born August 30 , 1946 in Weymouth , Massachusetts ) is a former American football player . He played college football for the Boston College Eagles and spent one season in the American Football League with the Denver Broncos ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . The Eagles were led by sixth-year head coach Jim Miller and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . Boston College finished with a record of 4-6 for the second consecutive year . Head coach Jim Miller resigned at the end of the season , finishing with an overall record of 34-24 in six seasons at Boston College ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver Broncos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Denver_Broncos_season", "summary": "The 1968 Denver Broncos season was the ninth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . Led by second-year head coach and general manager Lou Saban , the Broncos improved their record from the previous season by posting a record of five wins and nine losses . They finished fourth in the AFL 's Western division for the sixth straight season ; the expansion Cincinnati Bengals finished fifth , allowing Denver to escape the cellar . There were threats of the Broncos relocating to Atlanta , Chicago , and Birmingham , Alabama . The 1968 season was the first in which Denver wore blue helmets with the trademark orange D logo . They wore this uniform through the 1973 season , altering the shade of orange in their jerseys in 1974 ; helmets remained the same until the 1997 season . In 1968 , Bears Stadium was sold to the city of Denver , which renamed it Mile High Stadium and built the upper deck along the west side , raising capacity to 50,657 ." } ] }, { "value": "Billy Van Heusen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Billy_Van_Heusen", "summary": "Billy Van Heusen ( born August 27 , 1946 ) is a former professional football punter and wide receiver who played for the Denver Broncos from 1968 to 1976 . On Oct 6 , 1968 , he tied a franchise record with 12 punts against the Cincinnati Bengals" } ] }, { "value": "P / WR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Punter_(football)", "summary": "A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wide_receiver", "summary": "A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist ." } ] }, { "value": "Maryland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . In their first season under head coach Bob Ward , the Terrapins compiled a 0-9 record ( 0-6 in conference ) , finished in last place in the Atlantic Coast Conference , and were outscored by their opponents 231 to 46 . The team 's statistical leaders included Chuck Drimal with 669 passing yards , Billy Lovett with 499 rushing yards , and Rick Carlson with 309 receiving yards ." } ] }, { "value": "ACC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference", "summary": "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ." } ] }, { "value": "Green Bay Packers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "summary": "The 1968 Green Bay Packers season was their 50th season overall and the 48th season in the National Football League . The club posted a 6-7-1 record under first-year head coach Phil Bengston , earning them a third-place finish in the Central Division of the Western Conference . It was also the Packers ' first losing season since 1958 ." } ] }, { "value": "Errol Mann", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Errol_Mann", "summary": "Errol Denis Mann ( June 27 , 1941 - April 11 , 2013 ) was an American football placekicker who played in the National Football League from 1968-1978 . He was a member of the Oakland Raiders ' Super Bowl XI winning team . When attempting kicks , he used the straight-on style which is now almost never used by placekickers ." } ] }, { "value": "K", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Placekicker", "summary": "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ." } ] }, { "value": "North Dakota", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Sioux_football", "summary": "The North Dakota Fighting Hawks represent the University of North Dakota , competing as an independent program in the NCAA Division I 's Football Championship Subdivision . From 1973 to 2008 , they played in the NCAA 's NCAA Division II , winning the National Championship in 2001 . From 1955 to 1972 , they competed in the NCAA 's College Division where they participated in and won three bowl games . North Dakota fielded its first football team in 1894 . In 1922 , they were one of the 9 charter members of the North Central Conference , where they competed until 2008 when they upgraded all of their athletic programs to the Division I level and joined the Great West Conference . They joined the Big Sky Conference in 2012 . UND has won 26 conference championships , including 14 outright titles . They have qualified for NCAA postseason play 18 times , most recently in 2019 . North Dakota was ineligible for post season play during its transition to Division I from 2008 to 2011 . North Dakota left the Big Sky Conference for all sports in 2018 , joining the Summit League . Their football program will join the Missouri Valley Football Conference in 2020 . Although being classified as an independent for football in 2018 and 2019 , they will continue to play a full Big Sky schedule and their games will count in the conference standings for their opponents but the Fighting Hawks will be ineligible to win the conference championship ." } ] }, { "value": "NCIAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Central_Conference", "summary": "The North Central Conference ( NCC ) , also known as North Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference , was a college athletic conference which operated in the north central United States . It participated in the NCAA 's Division II ." } ] }, { "value": "Houston Oilers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Houston_Oilers_season", "summary": "The 1968 Houston Oilers season was the 9th season for the Houston Oilers as a professional AFL franchise ; The team would play their home games in the Houston Astrodome . The Oilers would become the first team in professional football to play their games in a domed stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "Steve Quinn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Steve_Quinn", "summary": "Stephen Timothy Steve Quinn ( born February 11 , 1946 in Pittsburg , Kansas , United States ) is a former American football center who played one season for the American Football League 's Houston Oilers ." } ] }, { "value": "C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)", "summary": "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ." } ] }, { "value": "Notre Dame", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind . ( Univ . )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_University_Division_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Miami Dolphins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Miami_Dolphins_season", "summary": "The 1968 Miami Dolphins season was the team 's third in the American Football League ( AFL ) . The team improved on their 4-10 record from 1967 , finishing the season 5-8-1 and moving one place up in the AFL Eastern Division . In week 6 , the Dolphins tied the Buffalo Bills , 14-14 , the first tie in Dolphins history . The team was probably best known as being the first team to lose as the home team to the Cincinnati Bengals , as their week 11 loss to the Bengals turned out to be the Bengals ' only road win during their 1968 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Manny Fernandez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manny_Fernandez_(American_football)", "summary": "Manuel Jose Fernandez ( born July 3 , 1946 ) is a retired American football player who played eight seasons for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League . He played in three consecutive Super Bowls for the Dolphins in the 1971 , 1972 , and 1973 seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "DE", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defensive_end", "summary": "Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played ." } ] }, { "value": "Utah", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Utah_Utes_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Utah Redskins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . Head coach Mike Giddings led the team to a 2-3 mark in the WAC and 4-7 overall ." } ] }, { "value": "WAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ." } ] }, { "value": "New Orleans Saints", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_New_Orleans_Saints_season", "summary": "The 1968 New Orleans Saints season was the team 's second as a member of the National Football League ( NFL ) . They improved on their previous season 's output of 3-11 , winning four games . The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season , and finished third in the Century Division of the NFL Eastern Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Tony Baker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tony_Baker_(running_back,_born_1945)", "summary": "Vernon Anthony Touchdown Tony Baker ( February 16 , 1945 - August 9 , 1998 ) was an American football running back in the National Football League . He played from 1968 to 1975 , and played for the New Orleans Saints , the Philadelphia Eagles , the Los Angeles Rams , and finally , the San Diego Chargers , ending his career with one Pro Bowl appearance in 1969 . Baker graduated from Burlington Community High School in 1963 , earning a scholarship to Iowa State University the following year where he would graduate in 1966 . He then played Semi-Pro ball for a season and a half , before being discovered by a talent scout for the New Orleans Saints . He would sign a contract with the Saints , and begin his NFL career the following year , making an appearance in the Pro Bowl in his second season . It was during this rookie season that sports broadcaster Howard Cosell gave him the nickname Touchdown Tony . He would end his career in 1975 , playing with the San Diego Chargers as a backup . On August 10 , 1998 , Baker was killed in a car accident on U.S. Route 61 , approximately 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of Burlington , Iowa following a high school class reunion . He was buried in Aspen Grove Cemetery in Burlington , next to his mother , with many of his old NFL teammates in attendance . His burial plot was chosen by his family with two trees in the distance appearing as though they were goalpost uprights . A misprint on his headstone has him named Vernon G. Baker , instead of Vernon A. Baker ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Iowa State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Iowa_State_Cyclones_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State University in the Big Eight Conference during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . In their tenth and final year under head coach Clay Stapleton , the Cyclones compiled a 2-8 record ( 1-6 against conference opponents ) , finished in seventh place in the conference , and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 275 to 86 . They played their home games at Clyde Williams Field in Ames , Iowa . Dave Mayberry and Don Stanley were the team captains ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Eight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference", "summary": "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ." } ] }, { "value": "New York Jets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_New_York_Jets_season", "summary": "The 1968 New York Jets season was the ninth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . The team had the most successful season in franchise history . Trying to improve upon their 8-5-1 record of 1967 , they won the AFL Eastern Division with an 11-3 record . They defeated the defending champion Oakland Raiders in the AFL championship game , and earned the right to play in Super Bowl III against the NFL champion Baltimore Colts . In a stunning upset , marked by fourth-year quarterback Joe Namath 's famous guarantee of victory , the Jets defeated the heavily favored Colts 16-7 . The Jets have yet to return to the Super Bowl and makes them along with the New Orleans Saints and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers the only teams to have been to just one Super Bowl and win it . On April 2 , 2007 , NFL Network aired America 's Game : The Super Bowl Champions , the 1968 New York Jets , with team commentary from Joe Namath , Gerry Philbin and Don Maynard , and narrated by Alec Baldwin ." } ] }, { "value": "John Dockery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Dockery", "summary": "John Dockery ( September 6 , 1944 ) is an American sportscaster and former American football defensive back who played for the New York Jets and later the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1968 to 1973 . He graduated from Brooklyn Preparatory a Jesuit High School where he lettered in Football , Basketball , and Baseball . He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Jets out of Harvard . He spent the last two years of his playing career with the Steelers . In 1965 , he played collegiate summer baseball for the now defunct Sagamore Clouters of the Cape Cod Baseball League . A first-baseman , Dockery played alongside future major league manager Bob Schaefer under Clouters ' manager Lou Lamoriello , who skippered the team to the 1965 league title . Following his retirement , Dockery went on to co-host Sports Extra on WNYW Channel 5 in New York City with Bill Mazer . He also served as a color analyst for College Football on ABC and NFL on CBS telecasts as well as a sideline reporter for College Football on CBS and Notre Dame Football on NBC . Dockery served as a sideline reporter for Monday Night Football broadcasts on Westwood One radio from 1999 to 2007 . Prior to that , he served as analyst for the network 's Sunday Night Football radiocasts , as well as sideline reporter for other games . Dockery continues to serve the game of football by co-organizing a youth football camp with Joe Namath that is in this 44th year . Additionally after his sports career Dockery founded Cambridge Corporate Services in 1998 , a New York-based outsourcing service provider ." } ] }, { "value": "S", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)", "summary": "Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender ." } ] }, { "value": "Harvard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football", "summary": "The Harvard Crimson football program represents Harvard University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I-AA ) . Harvard 's football program is one of the oldest in the world , having begun competing in the sport in 1873 . The Crimson has a legacy that includes thirteen national championships and 20 College Football Hall of Fame inductees , including the first African-American college football player William H. Lewis , Huntington Tack Hardwick , Barry Wood , Percy Haughton , and Eddie Mahan . Harvard is the eighth winningest team in NCAA Division I football history ." } ] }, { "value": "Ivy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ivy_League", "summary": "The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times ." } ] }, { "value": "Philadelphia Eagles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "summary": "The 1968 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise 's 36th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . They failed to improve on their previous output of 6-7-1 , winning only two games . Eagles fans expected to get O.J . Simpson if they went winless . They finished 2-12 , but the Buffalo Bills went 1-12-1 and got Simpson with the first pick . Before they won their twelfth game , the Eagles were on target for a winless season at 0-11 . They were the first team in the NFL proper to lose eleven consecutive games in one season since their own 1936 season , though in the AFL the 1962 Oakland Raiders lost their first thirteen games . One of the most infamous incidents in Philadelphia sports history came at halftime of the final game of the dismal 1968 season , when the Eagles were on their way to losing to the Minnesota Vikings . The Eagles had planned a Christmas pageant for halftime of the December 15 game , but the condition of the field was too poor . Instead , the team asked a fan dressed as Santa Claus to run onto the field to celebrate with a group of cheerleaders . The fans , in no mood to celebrate , loudly booed and threw snowballs at Santa Claus ." } ] }, { "value": "Wayne Colman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wayne_Colman", "summary": "Wayne Charles Colman ( born April 13 , 1946 in Ventnor City , New Jersey ) is a former American football linebacker who played nine seasons in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles and New Orleans Saints . He played college football at Temple University . A native of Ventnor , Colman played at Atlantic City High School and played in college for the Temple Owls football team ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "Temple", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Temple_Owls_football", "summary": "The Temple Owls football team represents Temple University in the sport of college football . The Temple Owls compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) . They play their home games at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Owls were a football-only member of the Big East Conference from 1991 until 2004 . Temple was expelled from the league due to a lack of commitment to the football program from university officials . Temple played the 2005 and 2006 seasons as an independent before playing in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) from 2007 to 2011 . In March 2012 , the Owls rejoined the Big East Conference , with football membership beginning in the 2012 season and all other sports beginning conference play in 2013 . That same year , the conference was renamed the American Athletic Conference after several basketball-only schools split off to form a new conference that kept the Big East name . Temple is the last original Big East football member still in the American Athletic Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "MASCAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Middle_Atlantic_Conferences", "summary": "The Middle Atlantic Conferences ( MAC ) is an umbrella organization of three athletic conferences that competes in the NCAA 's Division III . The 17 member colleges are in the Mid-Atlantic United States . The organization is divided into two main conferences : the MAC Commonwealth and the MAC Freedom . A third conference , named the Middle Atlantic Conference ( singular ) , draws members from both the Commonwealth and Freedom conferences and sponsors sports that only a certain set of members participate in , such as track & field and cross country ." } ] }, { "value": "St. Louis Cardinals ( NFL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)_season", "summary": "The 1968 St. Louis Cardinals season was the 49th season the team was in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team improved on their previous output of 6-7-1 , winning nine games . Despite the improvement , they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 20th consecutive season ." } ] }, { "value": "Cid Edwards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cid_Edwards", "summary": "Cleophus Cid Edwards , ( born October 10 , 1943 in Selma , Alabama - died April 6 , 2013 ) was a graduate from Tennessee State University who played professional American football in the NFL from 1968 to 1975 . Edwards , a running back , in his play for the San Diego Chargers , had one particularly good year , 1972 , wherein the Chargers ' offense largely consisted of lobbing screen passes to Edwards , who would rumble down field for much positive yardage . He is in a sense an obscure folk hero in Chargers lore ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Tennessee State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Tigers_football", "summary": "The Tennessee State Tigers are the college football team representing the Tennessee State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship as a member of the Ohio Valley Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind . ( Coll . )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_independent_schools", "summary": "NCAA Division II independent schools are four-year institutions that are not formally affiliated with any athletic conference . Schools that are members of a conference may also field intercollegiate teams in football , lacrosse , soccer , wrestling , and other sports not affiliated with a conference , usually due to their primary conference not having enough teams in a certain sport to enable sponsorship of the sport by that conference ." } ] }, { "value": "San Diego Chargers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_San_Diego_Chargers_season", "summary": "The 1968 Season was the 9th season for the San Diego Chargers as a professional AFL franchise ; the team improved on their 8-5-1 record from 1967 , finishing at 9-5 ." } ] }, { "value": "Jim Fetherston", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jim_Fetherston", "summary": "Jim Fetherston ( born June 1 , 1945 ) is a former American football linebacker . He played for the San Diego Chargers from 1968 to 1969 ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "California", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . In their fourth year under head coach Ray Willsey , the Golden Bears compiled a 5-5 record ( 2-3 against AAWU opponents ) , finished in sixth place in the AAWU , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 195 to 155 . The highlight of the season was Cal 's beating Stanford and wining the Big Game for the first time in seven years . The team 's statistical leaders included Barry Bronk with 708 passing yards , Paul Williams with 432 rushing yards , and Wayne Stewart with 503 receiving yards ." } ] }, { "value": "AAWU", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pac-12_Conference", "summary": "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ." } ] }, { "value": "San Francisco 49ers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_San_Francisco_49ers_season", "summary": "The 1968 San Francisco 49ers season was the team 's 19th year with the National Football League , their 23rd season overall and the first for the team with new head coach Dick Nolan ." } ] }, { "value": "Woody Peoples", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Woody_Peoples", "summary": "Woodrow Peoples , Jr. ( August 16 , 1943 - October 12 , 2010 ) was an American football offensive lineman . The undrafted Grambling State University standout was a two-time Pro Bowler with the San Francisco 49ers , and a member of the 1980 National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles during his 13-year National Football League ( NFL ) career . Peoples was inducted into the American Football Association 's Semi Pro Football Hall of Fame 1989 ." } ] }, { "value": "G", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)", "summary": "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ." } ] }, { "value": "Grambling State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grambling_State_Tigers_football", "summary": "The Grambling State Tigers are the college football team representing the Grambling State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . The prominence of Grambling football is longstanding . The Tigers , under Hall of Fame coach Eddie Robinson ( who guided them to 408 victories in 55 seasons from 1941 to 1942 and 1945 to 1997 ) , were built as a small-school powerhouse with more than 200 players who played professional football . On September 24 , 1976 , Grambling State and Morgan State became the first collegiate football teams from the United States to play a game in the continent of Asia . GSU defeated Morgan State 42-16 in Tokyo , Japan . In fall 1977 , the GSU Tigers were invited back to Tokyo where they defeated Temple University 35-32 in the inaugural Mirage Bowl game . Among its accomplishments include : 15 Black college football national championships ( tied for second most in HBCU history ) and 26 Conference Championships ( 1 Midwest Conference & 25 SWAC ) . The Tigers have won the most SWAC Championships to date ." } ] }, { "value": "SWAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Notable undrafted players", "section_text": "† = Pro Bowler [ 3 ]", "uid": "1968_American_Football_League_Draft_0", "intro": "The 1968 National Football League draft was part of the common draft, in the second year in which the NFL and AFL held a joint draft of college players. It took place at the Belmont Plaza Hotel in New York City on January 30-31, 1968. This was the last draft until 1980 in which the Washington Redskins exercised their first-round pick. Most of them were traded away by coach George Allen between 1971 and 1977 due to Allen's well-known preference for veteran players over rookies." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Chung", "title": "Jamie Chung", "header": [ "Year", "Title", "Role" ], "data": [ { "value": "2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/I_Now_Pronounce_You_Chuck_and_Larry", "summary": "I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry ( also simply known as Chuck & Larry ) is a 2007 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan . It stars Adam Sandler and Kevin James as the title characters Chuck and Larry , respectively , two New York City firefighters who pretend to be a gay couple in order to ensure one of their children can receive healthcare . The film was released in the United States on July 20 , 2007 , and was Sandler 's first role in a Universal Pictures film since Bulletproof in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "Hooters Girl", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dragonball Evolution", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dragonball_Evolution", "summary": "Dragonball Evolution is a 2009 American science fantasy action adventure film directed by James Wong , produced by Stephen Chow , and written by Ben Ramsey . The film is based on the Japanese Dragon Ball manga created by Akira Toriyama , and stars Justin Chatwin , Emmy Rossum , James Marsters , Jamie Chung , Chow Yun-fat , Joon Park , and Eriko Tamura . In Dragonball : Evolution , the young Goku reveals his past and sets out to fight the evil alien warlord Lord Piccolo who wishes to gain the powerful Dragon Balls and use them to take over Earth . The film began development in 2002 and was distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is the first official live-action adaptation of the Dragon Ball manga . Dragonball : Evolution was released in Japan and several other Asian countries on March 13 , 2009 , and in the United States on April 10 , 2009 . The film received negative reviews by both critics and Dragon Ball fans , particularly for its script , cast , and unfaithfulness to the source material . The film was a box office disappointment , grossing $ 58.2 million with a production budget of $ 30 million . The film was meant to be the first of a series , though all subsequent films were canceled ." } ] }, { "value": "Chi Chi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ChiChi_(Dragon_Ball)", "summary": "The Dragon Ball manga series features an ensemble cast of characters created by Akira Toriyama . The series takes place in a fictional universe , the same world as Toriyama 's previous series Dr. Slump , and follows the adventures of Son Goku during his boyhood years as he trains in martial arts and explores a fantastical version of Earth ( 地球 Chikyū ) in search of the seven orbs known as the Dragon Balls that are used to summon a wish-granting dragon . The tone of the series becomes more action oriented and less comedic when Goku reaches adulthood , as he and his allies would find themselves defending Earth against various threats , overcoming seemingly insurmountable opponents and eventually emerging victorious against progressively more powerful foes . During the course of the story , Goku encounters allies such as Bulma , Master Roshi , and Trunks , rivals such as Tien Shinhan , Piccolo , and Vegeta , and villains such as Frieza , Cell and Majin Buu . Goku 's group of associates , known as the Dragon Team ( ドラゴンチーム , Doragon Chīmu ) [ ch . 165 ] , bolster its ranks throughout the series with the addition of former enemies and new heroes . The group is also known in Japanese as the Z Fighters ( Z戦士 , Zetto Senshi ) or TEAM Z in other media , and in the English dub of Dragon Ball Z as the Earth 's Special Forces . While many of the characters are humans with superhuman strength and/or supernatural abilities , the cast also includes anthropomorphic animals , extraterrestrial lifeforms , and even deities who govern the world and the universe . The series also includes depictions of the afterlife and time travel as a means of creating historical divergences . Dragon Ball Super in particular expanded the setting of the series to include parallel universes ; Universe 7 , or the Seventh Universe in the English dub , is designated as the universe where the vast majority of the Dragon Ball series takes place ." } ] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sorority Row", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sorority_Row", "summary": "Sorority Row is a 2009 American slasher film directed by Stewart Hendler and starring Briana Evigan , Leah Pipes , Rumer Willis , and Carrie Fisher . Based on the script for the 1983 horror film The House on Sorority Row by Mark Rosman , the film is a re-imagining that focuses on a group of sorority sisters who are stalked and murdered on the night of their graduation after covering up the accidental death of a fellow sorority sister . The film was released theatrically in the United States on September 11 , 2009 , by Summit Entertainment and grossed $ 27.2 million worldwide against a budget of $ 12.5 million ." } ] }, { "value": "Clarie", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Burning Palms", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Burning_Palms_(film)", "summary": "Burning Palms is a 2010 American satirical thriller film based on Los Angeles stereotypes told through five intertwining storylines . The film is the directorial debut of screenwriter Christopher B. Landon . The film explores satires of Angeleno stereotypes , which are told through five interlacing stories . The five intertwining segments are based on popular stereotypes of West Hollywood , Santa Monica , Sherman Oaks , Westwood and Holmby Hills . Each of the characters in the film confronts taboos and an uncertain , often darkly humorous , fate . Producer Oren Segal likens the film to a John Waters version of Short Cuts , a 1993 drama film directed by Robert Altman ." } ] }, { "value": "Ginny Bai", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grown Ups", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grown_Ups_(2010_film)", "summary": "Grown Ups is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and written by Adam Sandler and Fred Wolf . It stars Sandler , Kevin James , Chris Rock , David Spade , and Rob Schneider . The film 's plot tells a story of five lifelong friends who won their high school basketball championship in 1978 . They reunite three decades later for a 4th of July weekend after learning about the sudden death of their basketball coach . Grown Ups was produced by Sandler 's production company Happy Madison Productions and was distributed by Columbia Pictures . Sandler , Rock , Schneider , and Spade all joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in the 1990-1991 season ; supporting cast including Colin Quinn , Maya Rudolph , Tim Meadows , and Norm Macdonald have also been SNL cast members . Despite receiving generally unfavorable reviews from critics , it grossed $ 271 million and led to a sequel , Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Amber Hilliard", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sucker Punch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sucker_Punch_(2011_film)", "summary": "Sucker Punch is a 2011 American psychological fantasy action film directed by Zack Snyder and co-written by Snyder and Steve Shibuya . It is Snyder 's first film based on an original concept . The film stars Emily Browning as Babydoll , a young woman who is committed to a mental institution and copes by envisioning it as a brothel . She teams up with four dancers/prisoners to escape before her scheduled lobotomy . As she collects the items she needs to escape , she enters another level of fantasy in which the women become strong , experienced warriors . Each fantasy is a parallel to the events in the brothel . Abbie Cornish , Jena Malone , Vanessa Hudgens , and Jamie Chung portray the four prisoners whom Babydoll imagines as dancers . Carla Gugino plays Dr. Vera Gorski , a psychiatrist whom Babydoll imagines as Madame Gorski , a choreographer at the strip club . Oscar Isaac plays Blue Jones , the asylum 's orderly ; in Babydoll 's mind he 's the brothel 's corrupt owner . The film was released in both conventional and IMAX theatres in the United States on March 25 , 2011 . The film received negative reviews and was a box office failure ." } ] }, { "value": "Amber", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Hangover Part II", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Hangover_Part_II", "summary": "The Hangover Part II is a 2011 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the sequel to the 2009 film The Hangover and the second installment in The Hangover trilogy . Directed by Todd Phillips , who co-wrote the script with Craig Mazin and Scot Armstrong , the film stars Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , Ken Jeong , Jeffrey Tambor , Justin Bartha , and Paul Giamatti . It tells the story of Phil , Stu , Alan , and Doug as they travel to Thailand for Stu 's wedding . After the bachelor party in Las Vegas , Stu takes no chances and opts for a safe , subdued pre-wedding brunch . Things do not go as planned , resulting in another bad hangover with no memories of the previous night . Development began in April 2009 , two months before The Hangover was released . The principal actors were cast in March 2010 to reprise their roles from the first film . Production began in October 2010 , in Ontario , California , before moving on location in Thailand . The film was released on May 26 , 2011 and became the highest-grossing R-rated comedy during its theatrical run . A third and final installment , The Hangover Part III , was released on May 23 , 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Lauren", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Premium Rush", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Premium_Rush", "summary": "Premium Rush is a 2012 American action-thriller film directed by David Koepp and written by Koepp and John Kamps . The film stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt , Michael Shannon , Dania Ramirez and Jamie Chung . It follows a bicycle messenger chased around New York City by a corrupt police officer who wants an envelope the messenger has . It was released on August 24 , 2012 by Columbia Pictures ." } ] }, { "value": "Nima", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Man with the Iron Fists", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Iron_Fists", "summary": "The Man with the Iron Fists is a 2012 American martial arts film directed by RZA and written by RZA and Eli Roth . The film stars RZA , Russell Crowe , Cung Le , Lucy Liu , Byron Mann , Rick Yune , Dave Bautista , and Jamie Chung . Set in 19th century China , the story follows a series of lone warriors who are forced to unite to defeat a common foe and save their home of Jungle Village . Development began in 2005 when RZA shared his idea for the film with Roth . After nearly two years of development , Roth and RZA secured financial backing in May 2010 . Filming began in December 2010 on a $ 15 million budget and concluded by March 2011 . The film was shot in Shanghai and at other locations in China . RZA and Howard Drossin composed the film 's musical score , and RZA produced its soundtrack , which featured several new songs by various artists . A series of concerts featuring music from the soundtrack were held to promote the film . The film was released in North America on November 2 , 2012 . Critics were divided over the film 's homage to martial arts films , considering it well-choreographed and representative of the genre , but offering nothing original , and the direction was criticized for a lack of refinement . The performances of Crowe and Mann were well received ." } ] }, { "value": "Lady Silk", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eden_(2012_film)", "summary": "Eden ( Abduction of Eden ) is a 2012 American drama film about human trafficking . It was directed by Megan Griffiths , who co-wrote the screenplay with Richard B. Phillips and stars Jamie Chung , Matt O'Leary and Beau Bridges . The film was produced by Colin Harper Plank and Jacob Mosler through Plank 's Centripetal Films production company . It was inspired by the story of Chong Kim , who claims that she was kidnapped and sold into a domestic human trafficking ring in the mid 1990s . It had its world premiere at the 2012 South by Southwest Film Festival . In 2014 , the non-profit organization Breaking Out claimed they had investigated Kim 's story and concluded it was false and aimed to defraud charitable organizations ." } ] }, { "value": "Eden", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Knife Fight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Knife_Fight_(film)", "summary": "Knife Fight is a 2012 American political thriller film starring Rob Lowe , Carrie-Anne Moss , Jamie Chung , Richard Schiff , Amanda Crew , Julie Bowen and Ryan Alosio . It is directed by Bill Guttentag and co-written by Bill Guttentag and former Al Gore spokesman Chris Lehane . The film was shot in San Francisco , California . The film premiered at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival and was released theatrically in the United States on January 25 , 2013 and was released on demand and digitally on January 28 , 2013 . Davey Havok of the band AFI makes an appearance ." } ] }, { "value": "Kerstin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Hangover Part III", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Hangover_Part_III", "summary": "The Hangover Part III is a 2013 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the third and final installment in The Hangover trilogy . The film stars Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , Justin Bartha , and Ken Jeong . The supporting cast includes Jeffrey Tambor , Heather Graham , Mike Epps , Melissa McCarthy , and John Goodman with Todd Phillips directing a screenplay written by himself and Craig Mazin . The film follows the Wolfpack ( Phil , Stu , Doug , and Alan ) as they try to get Alan the help he needs after facing a personal crisis , after the bachelor party in Bangkok . However , things go awry when an incident from the original film comes back to haunt them . The Hangover Part III was announced days before the release of The Hangover Part II and Mazin , who co-wrote Part II , was brought on board . In January 2012 , the principal actors re-signed to star . In March 2012 , Warner Bros. announced a U.S. Memorial Weekend release . The supporting roles were cast between June and September 2012 . Principal photography began in September 2012 in Los Angeles , California before moving to Nogales , Arizona and Las Vegas , Nevada . The film was released on May 23 , 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Lauren Price", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flight 7500", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flight_7500", "summary": "Flight 7500 is a 2014 American supernatural horror film directed by Takashi Shimizu , from a screenplay by Craig Rosenberg . It stars Leslie Bibb , Jerry Ferrara , Ryan Kwanten , Jamie Chung , Christian Serratos , Nicky Whelan and Amy Smart . It revolves around a supernatural force on a plane . The film was released in the United States on April 12 , 2016 , by CBS Films and Lionsgate ." } ] }, { "value": "Suzy Lee", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bad Johnson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bad_Johnson", "summary": "Bad Johnson is a 2014 American sex comedy film directed by Huck Botko ." } ] }, { "value": "Jamie", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sin City : A Dame to Kill For", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sin_City:_A_Dame_to_Kill_For", "summary": "Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ( also known as Frank Miller 's Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ) is a 2014 American action crime film and follow-up to the 2005 film Sin City . Directed by Robert Rodriguez and Frank Miller , the script is written by Miller and is primarily based on the second book in the Sin City series by Miller . One of the smaller plots of the film is based on the short story Just Another Saturday Night , which is collected in Booze , Broads , & Bullets , the sixth book in the comic series . Two original stories ( The Long Bad Night and Nancy 's Last Dance ) were created exclusively for the film written by Miller . The film stars an ensemble cast including returning cast members Mickey Rourke , Jessica Alba , Rosario Dawson , Jaime King , Powers Boothe ( in his final film role ) , and Bruce Willis . Newcomers to the series include Josh Brolin , Joseph Gordon-Levitt , Eva Green , Dennis Haysbert , Ray Liotta , Christopher Lloyd , Jamie Chung , Jeremy Piven , Christopher Meloni , Stacy Keach , Lady Gaga , Alexa Vega , Julia Garner , and Juno Temple . The film was released on August 22 , 2014 on 2D , 3D and RealD 3D . Unlike the first film , A Dame to Kill For was a box-office bomb , grossing $ 39 million against its $ 65 million production budget , and received mixed reviews from film critics ." } ] }, { "value": "Miho", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miho_(Sin_City)", "summary": "Miho ( ミホ ) is a character in Frank Miller 's Sin City graphic novel series . In the film adaptation of Sin City , she is portrayed by Devon Aoki . Jamie Chung replaces Aoki in the 2014 expansion , Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ." } ] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rudderless", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rudderless", "summary": "Rudderless is a 2014 American musical drama film which was the directorial debut of William H. Macy , and stars Billy Crudup , Anton Yelchin , Felicity Huffman , Selena Gomez and Laurence Fishburne . The film premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 24 , 2014 . The film was released in theaters and through video-on-demand beginning October 17 , 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Lisa Martin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Big Hero 6", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Hero_6_(film)", "summary": "Big Hero 6 is a 2014 American 3D computer animated superhero film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Loosely based on the superhero team of the same name by Marvel Comics , the film is the 54th Disney animated feature film . Directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams , the film tells the story of Hiro Hamada , a young robotics prodigy who forms a superhero team to combat a masked villain . The film features the voices of Scott Adsit , Ryan Potter , Daniel Henney , T.J. Miller , Jamie Chung , Damon Wayans Jr. , Genesis Rodriguez , Alan Tudyk , James Cromwell and Maya Rudolph . Big Hero 6 is the first Disney animated film to feature Marvel Comics characters , whose parent company was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2009 . Walt Disney Animation Studios created new software technology to produce the film 's animated visuals . Big Hero 6 premiered at the 27th Tokyo International Film Festival on October 23 , 2014 , and at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31 ; it was theatrically released in the Disney Digital 3-D and RealD 3D formats in the United States on November 7 , 2014 . The film was met with both critical and commercial success , grossing over $ 657.8 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing animated film of 2014 . It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and the Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie . It also received nominations for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature , the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film . Big Hero 6 was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 24 , 2015 . A television series , which continues the story of the film , debuted on November 20 , 2017 on Disney Channel and Disney XD ." } ] }, { "value": "Go Go Tomago", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Go_Go_Tomago_(Disney)", "summary": "GoGo Tomago ( Leiko Tanaka ) is a fictional character , a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Her first appearance was in Sunfire & Big Hero 6 # 1 and was created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau . Go Go appears in the 2014 Disney animated film Big Hero 6 and television series , voiced by Jamie Chung and in the video game Kingdom Hearts III . She is shown as an athletic adrenaline junkie who does not talk much . She possesses electromagnetic disks that can be used as skates and also has smaller disks within them that can be thrown as projectiles ." } ] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A Year and Change", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/A_Year_and_Change", "summary": "A Year and Change is an independent drama film directed by Stephen Suettinger . It was filmed in Maryland in December 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "Pam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "It 's Already Tomorrow in Hong Kong", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/It's_Already_Tomorrow_in_Hong_Kong", "summary": "Already Tomorrow in Hong Kong is a 2015 romantic drama film written and directed by Emily Ting and starring real-life couple Jamie Chung and Bryan Greenberg . The film premiered at the 2015 Los Angeles Film Festival received a limited theatrical and VOD release in February 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ruby", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flock of Dudes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flock_of_Dudes", "summary": "Flock of Dudes is a 2016 American comedy film directed by Bob Castrone . The film premiered at the LA Film Festival on June 13 , 2015 , and stars Chris D'Elia , Hannah Simone and Hilary Duff . Flock of Dudes is loosely based upon the experiences of the script writers . It was released in the United States on September 30 , 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "Katherine", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Filmography -- Film", "section_text": "", "uid": "Jamie_Chung_0", "intro": "Jamie Jilynn Chung (born April 10, 1983) is an American actress, and former reality television personality. She first gained fame in 2004 as a cast member on the MTV reality series The Real World: San Diego (TRW:SD) and subsequently through her appearances on its spin-off show, Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Inferno II. She is regarded by many as the Real World alumna with the most successful media career. She later transitioned into acting and has since become known for films such as Dragonball Evolution, Grown Ups, Premium Rush, Sorority Row, The Hangover Part II, Sucker Punch, and Big Hero 6 and having been the series lead of the ABC Family television miniseries Samurai Girl. Chung received critical acclaim for her lead performance in the independent drama film Eden. In 2017, she was cast as the teleporting mutant Clarice Fong/Blink in the superhero drama series The Gifted on Fox. Since 2012, Chung has appeared in the recurring role of Mulan in the ABC fantasy television series Once Upon a Time." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Masonic_buildings_in_the_United_States", "title": "List of Masonic buildings in the United States", "header": [ "", "Building", "Dates", "Location", "City , State", "Description" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Masonic Temple ( Aurora , Illinois )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Masonic_Temple_(Aurora,_Illinois)", "summary": "The Masonic Temple in Aurora , Illinois was a historical building where Freemasons held meetings . Opened in 1924 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . On October 7 , 2019 it was gutted by fire , leading to its subsequent demolition ." } ] }, { "value": "1924 built 1982 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "104 S. Lincoln Ave. 41°45′12″N 88°18′46″W / 41.75333°N 88.31278°W / 41.75333 ; -88.31278 ( Masonic Temple ( Aurora , Illinois ) )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aurora , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois", "summary": "Aurora , a suburb of Chicago , is a city in DuPage , Kane , Kendall , and Will counties in the U.S. state of Illinois . Located primarily in DuPage and Kane counties , it is an outer suburb of Chicago and the second most populous city in the state , and the 115th most populous city in the country . The population was 197,899 at the 2010 census , and was estimated to have increased to 199,602 by 2018 . Once a mid-sized manufacturing city , Aurora has grown since the 1960s . Founded within Kane County , Aurora 's city limits and population have expanded into DuPage , Will , and Kendall counties . Between 2000 and 2003 , the U.S. Census Bureau ranked Aurora as the 34th fastest-growing city in the United States . From 2000 to 2009 , the U.S. Census Bureau ranked the city as the 46th fastest growing city with a population of over 100,000 . In 1908 , Aurora adopted the nickname City of Lights , because in 1881 it was one of the first cities in the United States to implement an all-electric street lighting system . Aurora 's historic downtown is located on the Fox River , and centered on Stolp Island . The city is divided into three regions , the West Side , on the west side of the Fox River , the East Side , between the eastern bank of the Fox River and the Kane/DuPage County line , and the Far East Side/Fox Valley , which is from the County Line to the city 's eastern border with Naperville . The Aurora area has some significant architecture , including structures by Frank Lloyd Wright , Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , Bruce Goff and George Grant Elmslie . Aurora is also home to a large collection of Sears Catalog Homes ( over 50 homes ) and Lustron all-steel homes ( seven homes ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Classical Revival", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Masonic Temple ( Chicago , Illinois )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Masonic_Temple_(Chicago,_Illinois)", "summary": "The Masonic Temple Building was a skyscraper built in Chicago , Illinois in 1892 , and from 1895 to the 1920s the tallest building in Chicago . Designed by the firm of Burnham and Root and built at the corner of Randolph and State Streets , the building rose 21 stories . When the clock tower was removed from the 1885 Board of Trade Building in 1895 , the Masonic Temple became the tallest in the city . The building featured a central court ringed by nine floors of shops with offices above and meeting rooms for the Masons at the very top . These meeting rooms also served as theaters , which contributed to the building 's obsolescence ; its elevators proved inadequate for these crowds , and the building rapidly fell from favor with commercial tenants . Chicago 's building height regulations enacted in 1892 ( the year the Temple was built ) , did n't allow taller buildings , until that was amended in the 1920s . In 1939 the Masonic Temple was demolished , in part due to its poor internal services , but also due to the construction of the new State Street subway , which would have necessitated expensive foundation retrofitting . A two-story taxpayer housing a Walgreens drug store was erected in its place , and the Joffrey Tower currently stands on the former site of this building . Both the building 's primary designer , John Wellborn Root , and the Masons ' primary representative , Norman Gassette , died of natural causes during its construction ." } ] }, { "value": "1892 built 1939 demolished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois", "summary": "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ." } ] }, { "value": "A skyscraper built in 1892 that became the tallest building in Chicago in 1895 . It was demolished in 1939 . Designed by Burnham and Root", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Skyscraper", "summary": "A skyscraper is a continuously habitable high-rise building that has over 40 floors and is taller than approximately 150 m ( 492 ft ) . Historically , the term first referred to buildings with 10 to 20 floors in the 1880s . The definition shifted with advancing construction technology during the 20th century . Skyscrapers may host offices , residential spaces , and retail spaces . For buildings above a height of 300 m ( 984 ft ) , the term supertall skyscrapers can be used , while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) are classified as megatall skyscrapers . One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls . These curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above , rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction . Some early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete . Modern skyscrapers ' walls are not load-bearing , and most skyscrapers are characterised by large surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames and curtain walls . However , skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a small surface area of windows . Modern skyscrapers often have a tubular structure , and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind , seismic , and other lateral loads . To appear more slender , allow less wind exposure and transmit more daylight to the ground , many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks , which in some cases is also structurally required ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Burnham_and_Root", "summary": "Burnham and Root was one of Chicago 's most famous architectural companies of the nineteenth century . It was established by John Wellborn Root and Daniel Hudson Burnham . During their eighteen years of partnership , Burnham and Root designed and built residential and commercial buildings . Their success was crowned with the coordination of the World 's Columbian Exposition ( World 's Fair ) in 1893 . The two men met when they worked as apprentice draftsmen in the offices of Drake , Carter , and Wight in 1872 . A year later they established their own architecture office and began work by building private residences for the wealthy elite of Chicago 's meat industry . Both of them married into wealthy families which allowed them to establish a basis for their business . Daniel Hudson Burnham was one of the handsomest men I ever saw , said Paul Starrett who joined Burnham and Root in 1888 ( later he designed the Empire State Building ) . It was easy to see how he got commissions . His very bearing and looks were half the battle . While Burnham was the pragmatic designer and impressive salesperson , Root became the creative genius of the company . When Burnham and Root were together , one woman said I used always to think of some big strong tree with lightning playing around it ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Medinah Temple", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Medinah_Temple", "summary": "Built by the Shriners architects Huehl and Schmidt in 1912 , the Medinah Temple is a colorful Islamic-looking building replete with pointed domes and an example of Moorish Revival architecture . It is located on the Near North Side of Chicago , Illinois at 600 N. Wabash Avenue , extending from Ohio Street to Ontario Street ." } ] }, { "value": "1912 built", "urls": [] }, { "value": "600 N. Wabash Avenue 41°53′34″N 87°37′38″W / 41.89278°N 87.62722°W / 41.89278 ; -87.62722 ( Medinah Temple )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois", "summary": "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ." } ] }, { "value": "Built by architects Huehl and Schmidt in 1912", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Myrtle Masonic Temple Association", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1911 built 2018 renovated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4240 W. Irving Park Road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago , Illinois", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Architects : Hatzfeld & Knox Cornerstone laid in 1910 , building completed in 1911 . Operated as a Masonic Temple Association ( chapters included Mayfair and Zenith ) through 1981 . 1981-2015 Bethel Korean Presbyterian Church Current owners are ERIS Brewery and Cider House , which opened in 2018", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Masonic Building and Oriental Theater", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Masonic_Building_and_Oriental_Theater", "summary": "The James M. Nederlander Theatre is a theater located at 24 West Randolph Street in the Loop area of downtown Chicago , Illinois . The venue opened in 1926 as the Oriental Theatre , a deluxe movie palace and vaudeville venue . Today the Nederlander presents live Broadway theater and is operated by Broadway In Chicago , currently seating 2,253 . The theater house is located in what was the New Masonic office building and both were listed in 1978 on the National Register of Historic Places as New Masonic Building and Oriental Theater . The office building is now a hotel . In 2019 , the theater was re-named for impresario , James M. Nederlander , of the Nederlander Organization ." } ] }, { "value": "1926 built 1978 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "24 & 32 W Randolph Street 41°53′5″N 87°37′43″W / 41.88472°N 87.62861°W / 41.88472 ; -87.62861 ( New Masonic Building and Oriental Theater )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois", "summary": "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ." } ] }, { "value": "Designed by Rapp and Rapp in Late Gothic Revival and Art Deco style", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rapp_and_Rapp", "summary": "The architectural firm Rapp and Rapp was active in Chicago , Illinois during the early 20th century . Brothers Cornelius Ward Rapp ( 1861-1926 ) and George Leslie Rapp ( 1878-1941 ) of Carbondale , Illinois were the named partners and 1899 alumni of the University of Illinois School of Architecture . A third brother , Isaac Rapp , was also a well-known architect , primarily in Colorado and New Mexico . The firm is well known as one of the leading designers of early 20th century movie palaces . It designed over 400 theatres , including the Five Flags Theater , Dubuque , Iowa ( 1910 ) , the Chicago Theatre ( 1921 ) , Bismarck Hotel and Theatre ( 1926 ) , Oriental Theater , Chicago ( 1926 ) , and the Paramount Theatres in New York ( 1926 ) and Aurora ( 1931 ) . If murals were to be included in the interior design look , Louis Grell of Chicago was commissioned to paint them ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Late_Gothic_Revival_architecture", "summary": "Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Art_Deco", "summary": "Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Collinsville Masonic Lodge Hall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collinsville_Masonic_Lodge_Hall", "summary": "The Collinsville Masonic Temple is a historic Masonic building located in Collinsville , Illinois . It houses Collinsville Lodge No . 712 , A.F . & A.M , which was established in 1872 as the city 's chapter of the Freemasons . The building was constructed in 1912 ; prior to then , the Masons had met in rented buildings . The Classical Revival building 's front facade features a brick entablature and pediment supported by four two-story Doric columns . The Masonic Temple is the oldest fraternal meeting house in Collinsville which is still used by the organization which built it . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 ." } ] }, { "value": "1912 built 2005 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "213 W. Clay St. 38°40′20″N 89°59′21″W / 38.67222°N 89.98917°W / 38.67222 ; -89.98917 ( Collinsville Masonic Temple Lodge No . 712 A.F . & A.M . )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Collinsville , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois", "summary": "Collinsville is a city located mainly in Madison County , and partially in St. Clair County , both in Illinois . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 25,579 , an increase from 24,707 in 2000 . Collinsville is approximately 12 miles from St. Louis , Missouri and is considered part of that city 's Metro-East area . It is the site of the Brooks Catsup Bottle Water Tower , the world 's largest ketchup bottle , and is the world 's horseradish capital . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site , a National Historic Landmark and UNESCO World Heritage Site , extends beyond the boundaries of the city toward the west . This prehistoric urban complex is estimated to have had a population of thousands at its peak , long before European exploration in the area . Monks Mound , the largest man-made earthwork in North America , is part of this complex ." } ] }, { "value": "Classical Revival", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Masonic Temple Building ( Maywood , Illinois )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Masonic_Temple_Building_(Maywood,_Illinois)", "summary": "The Masonic Temple in Maywood , Illinois is a building from 1917 . It was designed with Prairie School architectural elements by architect Eben Ezra Roberts . :17 It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 . At some later date , it housed the Maywood Parks and Recreation Dept . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "1917 built 1992 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "200 S. 5th Ave. 41°53′9″N 87°50′22″W / 41.88583°N 87.83944°W / 41.88583 ; -87.83944 ( Masonic Temple Building ( Maywood , Illinois ) )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Maywood , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maywood,_Illinois", "summary": "Maywood is a village in Proviso Township , Cook County , Illinois , United States . It was founded on April 6 , 1869 , and organized October 22 , 1881 . The population was 24,090 at the 2010 United States Census ." } ] }, { "value": "Prairie School style , designed by Eben Ezra Roberts", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prairie_School_architecture", "summary": "Prairie School is a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style , most common in the Midwestern United States . The style is usually marked by horizontal lines , flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands , integration with the landscape , solid construction , craftsmanship , and discipline in the use of ornament . Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide , flat , treeless expanses of America 's native prairie landscape . The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in symphony with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement , with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production . The term Prairie School was not actually used by practitioners of the style . Architect Marion Mahony , for example , preferred the phrase The Chicago Group . Its term was coined by H. Allen Brooks , one of the first architectural historians to write extensively about the movement and its work ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Eben_Ezra_Roberts", "summary": "Eben Ezra Roberts ( 1866-1943 ) was an American architect known for his work in the early modern Prairie style , pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright , as well as other traditional residential styles . Roberts was born in Boston and attended architectural school in New Hampshire . After moving to Chicago he eventually established a practice in the suburb of Oak Park , Illinois . In Oak Park alone , Roberts designed over 200 houses ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Masonic Temple Building ( Oak Park , Illinois )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Masonic_Temple_Building_(Oak_Park,_Illinois)", "summary": "The Masonic Temple Building ( also known as the Scoville Block , Gilmore 's Store , and Scoville Square Building ) is a historic Prairie-style building in Oak Park , Illinois , at the corner of Oak Park Avenue and Lake Street . It is in the Ridgeland-Oak Park Historic District and was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . The building is one of only a few commercial buildings built in the Prairie School architectural style . The three-story building was built for C. B. Scoville to a design by E. E. Roberts and was constructed between 1906 and 1909 . The first floor was designed for retail use , with iron and glass storefronts . A course of limestone separates the storefronts from the upper stories , which are faced with brick . A fourth story was added in 1914 . Architectural details in the interior include an oak staircase and a lobby with leaded art-glass windows and marble wainscoting . Oak Park 's Masonic lodges were among the building 's first tenants . After the Masons vacated the premises , the building was sold to Gilmore 's Department Store . The department store used the building from 1930 until it closed in the 1970s . After Gilmore 's department store closed , the village of Oak Park bought the building to save it from demolition and contributed public money toward its restoration and renovation ." } ] }, { "value": "1905 built 1982 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "119-137 N. Oak Park Ave. 41°53′17″N 87°47′41″W / 41.88806°N 87.79472°W / 41.88806 ; -87.79472 ( Masonic Temple Building ( Oak Park , Illinois ) )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oak Park , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois", "summary": "Oak Park is a village adjacent to the West Side of Chicago , Illinois . It is the 29th most populous municipality in Illinois as counted in the 2010 U.S. census . As of the 2010 United States Census the village had a population of 51,878 . Oak Park was settled beginning in the 1830s , with rapid growth later in the 19th century and early 20th century . It incorporated in 1902 , breaking off from Cicero . Development was spurred by railroads and street cars connecting the village to jobs in Chicago . Architect Frank Lloyd Wright and his wife settled here in 1889 . Population peaked at 66,015 in 1940 . Smaller families led to falling population in the same number of homes and apartments . In the 1960s , Oak Park faced the challenge of racial integration , devising many strategies to integrate rather than resegregate the village . Oak Park includes three historic districts for the historic homes : Ridgeland , Frank Lloyd Wright and Seward Gunderson , reflecting the focus on historic preservation ." } ] }, { "value": "Prairie School style , designed by Eben Ezra Roberts", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prairie_School_architecture", "summary": "Prairie School is a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style , most common in the Midwestern United States . The style is usually marked by horizontal lines , flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands , integration with the landscape , solid construction , craftsmanship , and discipline in the use of ornament . Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide , flat , treeless expanses of America 's native prairie landscape . The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in symphony with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement , with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production . The term Prairie School was not actually used by practitioners of the style . Architect Marion Mahony , for example , preferred the phrase The Chicago Group . Its term was coined by H. Allen Brooks , one of the first architectural historians to write extensively about the movement and its work ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Eben_Ezra_Roberts", "summary": "Eben Ezra Roberts ( 1866-1943 ) was an American architect known for his work in the early modern Prairie style , pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright , as well as other traditional residential styles . Roberts was born in Boston and attended architectural school in New Hampshire . After moving to Chicago he eventually established a practice in the suburb of Oak Park , Illinois . In Oak Park alone , Roberts designed over 200 houses ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "AF and AM Lodge 687", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AF_and_AM_Lodge_687", "summary": "The Ancient Free and Accepted Masons Lodge 687 ( AF and AM ) , also known as the Independent Order of Odd Fellows J.R. Scruggs Lodge 372 , is a building constructed in 1876 as a Masonic Hall . It is located in downtown Orangeville , Illinois , a small village in Stephenson County . The building , originally built by the local Masonic Lodge , was bought by the locally more numerous Independent Order of Oddfellows fraternal organization in 1893 . The building has served all of Orangeville 's fraternal organizations for more than 125 years , from the time it was built . The two-story , front gabled building has Italianate architecture elements . It had a rear wing added to it in 1903 . By 2003 , the first floor has been returned to use as a community center , holding dinner theatre and other community functions , much as the building had originally served the community until first floor space was rented out for commercial use in the late 19th century . The building was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2003 . The building is the home of the Mighty Richmond Players Dinner Theatre ( MRPDT ) dinner theatre which seats 54 persons and has scheduled four different productions for the 2010 season . A $ 150,000 renovation of the building was recently completed . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as AF and AM Lodge 687 , Orangeville in 2003 ." } ] }, { "value": "1896-1900 built 2003 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "203 West High Street 42°28′6″N 89°38′52″W / 42.46833°N 89.64778°W / 42.46833 ; -89.64778 ( AF and AM Lodge 687 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Orangeville , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Orangeville,_Illinois", "summary": "Orangeville is a village in Stephenson County , Illinois . The population was 793 at the 2010 census , up from 751 in 2000 . The area 's earliest white settlers arrived in the year 1833 , and the village was platted in 1851 by John Bower , who is considered the village founder . In 1867 Orangeville was incorporated as a village . The town 's central business district contains several 19th century commercial buildings , many of which were built during the railroad boom of 1888-1914 . By the time the Great Depression was ongoing , business in Orangeville had started to decline , with the last bank closing in 1932 . Although recently infrastructure jumps have given back some of its old decor . Orangeville is about two miles ( 3 km ) south of the Illinois-Wisconsin border and about 35 miles ( 56 km ) west of Rockford , Illinois . The town itself is located in farmland surrounded by vale and rises from Richland Creek on its west end , down High Street and into the central business district , where the Central House hotel occupies the highest lot . Public education in Orangeville is the responsibility of Orangeville Community School District # 203 which operates an elementary school on the south side and a combination junior and senior high school on the east side ." } ] }, { "value": "Italianate", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Masonic Temple Lodge No . 420", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Masonic_Temple_Lodge_No._420", "summary": "The Masonic Temple Lodge No . 420 is a building in the Ogle County , Illinois city of Oregon . It has historically been known as 628-628 S. Fourth St . The building is one of several in the 100 Block of Oregon 's South Fourth Street that is a contributing property to the Oregon Commercial Historic District , some others include the buildings at 125 S. Fourth St. and 127 S. Fourth St. As part of the historic district the Temple Lodge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as of August 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "c. 1900 built 2006 NRHP-CP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "628-628 S. Fourth St. 42°00′50.36″N 89°19′56.41″W / 42.0139889°N 89.3323361°W / 42.0139889 ; -89.3323361 ( Masonic Temple Lodge No . 420 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oregon , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oregon,_Illinois", "summary": "Oregon is a city in and the county seat of Ogle County , Illinois , United States . The population was 3,721 in 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "Contributing property in a historic district", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scottish Rite Cathedral ( Peoria , Illinois )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scottish_Rite_Cathedral_(Peoria,_Illinois)", "summary": "The Scottish Rite Cathedral in Peoria , Illinois is a church-style building that houses the Scottish Rite Bodies of the Valley of Peoria . The building is at 400 NE Perry Avenue , at the corner with Spalding Avenue . The cathedral is listed as a contributing property to Peoria 's North Side Historic District . The Scottish Rite Bodies of the Valley of Peoria was established in Yates City , Illinois on 25 February 1867 , and moved to Peoria in 1869 . The body had 3 meeting locations in downtown Peoria before the Scottish Rite Cathedral . The cornerstone for the Scottish Rite Cathedral was laid on 7 May 1924 . The cathedral design features flying buttresses and symbolic stained glass windows . The cathedral has an auditorium with a stage and 900 seats . The Masonic membership in the Valley of Peoria was near 15,000 at one time , but had dropped to 1,200 by 2019 , and was having trouble affording the maintenance of the building . Kim Blickenstaff , who grew up in nearby East Peoria , bought the Cathedral on April 26 , 2019 , for $ 490,000 , with plans to put it in a trust , operate it as a community venue , and allow Scottish Rite members to use the venue in perpetuity ." } ] }, { "value": "1924 built 1983 NRHP-CP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "400 NE Perry Ave. 40°41′53″N 89°35′22″W / 40.69806°N 89.58944°W / 40.69806 ; -89.58944 ( Scottish Rite Cathedral ( Peoria , Illinois ) )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Peoria , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois", "summary": "Peoria ( /piˈɔːriə/ pee-OR-ee-ə ) is the county seat of Peoria County , Illinois , and the largest city on the Illinois River . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 115,007 , making it the eighth-most populated in Illinois , the second-largest city in Central Illinois after the state capital , Springfield , and the third largest outside the Chicago metropolitan area . It is the principal city of the Peoria Metropolitan Statistical Area in Central Illinois , consisting of the counties of Marshall , Peoria , Stark , Tazewell , and Woodford , which had a population of 373,590 in 2011 . The Peoria Metro Area is the third largest MSA in Illinois after Chicago and Metro East ( St. Louis MSA Illinois portion ) . Established in 1691 by the French explorer Henri de Tonti , Peoria is the oldest European settlement in Illinois . Originally known as Fort Clark , it received its current name when the County of Peoria organized in 1825 . The city was named after the Peoria tribe , a member of the Illinois Confederation . On October 16 , 1854 , Abraham Lincoln made his Peoria speech against the Kansas-Nebraska Act . A major port on the Illinois River , Peoria is a trading and shipping center for a large agricultural area that produces maize , soybeans , and livestock . Although the economy is well diversified , the city 's traditional manufacturing industries remain important and produce earthmoving equipment , metal products , lawn-care equipment , labels , steel towers , farm equipment , building materials , steel , wire , and chemicals . Until 2018 , Peoria was the global and national headquarters for heavy equipment and engine manufacturer Caterpillar Inc. , one of the 30 companies composing the Dow Jones Industrial Average , and listed on the Fortune 100 ; in the latter year , the company relocated its headquarters to Deerfield , Illinois . During January 2018 , OSF Healthcare and Caterpillar Inc. excited the community with the announcement of the regional healthcare giant 's planned rehab and headquarters relocation into a historic downtown landmark building originally designed for a large downtown department store ( Shipper & Block , Block & Kuhl 's and lastly Carson Pirie , Scoott & Co ." } ] }, { "value": "Has stained-glass windows ; contributing property in a historic district", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sterling Masonic Temple", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sterling_Masonic_Temple", "summary": "The Sterling Masonic Temple is a historic Masonic building located at 111-113 West 3rd Street in Sterling , Illinois . The edifice was constructed in 1899-1900 to be the new headquarters for the city 's Masonic lodge , as its former meeting place had burned down in 1898 . The lodge , formally known as the Rock River Lodge Number 612 A.F . & A.M. , first met in 1869 and was the town 's second chapter of the Masons . Architect George W. Ashby designed the lodge 's new building in the Chateauesque style . The building 's design includes a steep mansard roof with equally steep dormers adorned with pinnacles , buttresses topped by ornamental griffins , and a brick and stone exterior . The Masons met on the third story , as Masonic meeting rooms were typically elevated for secrecy ; the lower two floors were rented to businesses . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 7 , 1996 . The Masonic lodge still meets in the building , though its membership has declined dramatically since the 1960s ." } ] }, { "value": "1900 built 1996 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "111-113 W. 3rd St. 41°47′16″N 89°41′52″W / 41.78778°N 89.69778°W / 41.78778 ; -89.69778 ( Sterling Masonic Temple )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sterling , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sterling,_Illinois", "summary": "Sterling is a city in Whiteside County , Illinois , United States . The population was 15,370 at the 2010 census , down from 15,451 in 2000 . Formerly nicknamed Hardware Capital of the World , Sterling has long been associated with manufacturing and the steel industry ." } ] }, { "value": "NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vermont Masonic Hall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vermont_Masonic_Hall", "summary": "The Vermont Masonic Hall , also known as the Vermont Hardware Store Building , is a historic Masonic Lodge located on North Main Street in Vermont , Illinois . The hall was built in 1891-92 for Vermont 's Lodge No . 116 of Ancient , Free and Accepted Masons , which was formed in 1852 . At the time the hall was built , secret societies were enjoying a wave of popularity in America , with the Masons preeminent among them ; Vermont was no exception to this trend , and its Masons played an important role in the city 's social life . The hall was a two-story commercial building ; the Masons leased the second floor , while a hardware store operated on the first . The brick building features an elaborate iron storefront ; its design , along with the lodge itself , led it to be considered of the best Masonic lodges in western Illinois . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 16 , 1998 ." } ] }, { "value": "1891 built 1988 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "N. Main St. 40°17′42″N 90°25′39″W / 40.29500°N 90.42750°W / 40.29500 ; -90.42750 ( Vermont Masonic Hall )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vermont , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vermont,_Illinois", "summary": "Vermont is a village in Fulton County , Illinois , United States . The population was 667 at the 2010 census , down from 792 at the 2000 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Includes Chicago , Gothic , and Commercial Style architecture", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Illinois", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Masonic_buildings_in_the_United_States_13", "intro": "List of Masonic buildings in the United States identifies notable Masonic buildings in the United States. These have served as meeting halls by Masonic lodges, Grand Lodges or other Masonic bodies. Many of the buildings were built to house Masonic meetings and ritual activities in their upper floors, and to provide commercial space below. Many of the buildings listed have received landmark status, either by being listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or listed by various State or City preservation agencies. In 2019, more than 390 Masonic buildings are listed here." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film", "title": "List of Norwegian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film", "header": [ "Year ( Ceremony )", "Film title used in nomination", "Original title", "Director", "Result" ], "data": [ { "value": "1957 ( 30th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1957_in_film", "summary": "The year 1957 in film involved some significant events . The Bridge on the River Kwai topped the year 's box office in North America , France , and Germany , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture ." }, { "url": "/wiki/30th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 30th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 26 , 1958 , to honor the best films of 1957 . The Oscar for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium was awarded to Pierre Boulle for The Bridge on the River Kwai , despite the fact that he did not know English . The actual writers , Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson were blacklisted at the time and did not receive screen credit for their work . Foreman and Wilson have since been acknowledged by the Academy for their contributions . Peyton Place tied the record for the most nominations without a win ( 9 ) set by The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) . This record would stand until 1977 when The Turning Point received 11 nominations without a win , which is the record to date ( The Color Purple tied the record in 1985 ) . Peyton Place also set the record for most unsuccessful acting nominations with five ; this record has been tied once , by Tom Jones at the 36th Academy Awards . This was the first time all five Best Picture nominations were nominated for Best Director as well ." } ] }, { "value": "Nine Lives", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nine_Lives_(1957_film)", "summary": "Nine Lives ( Norwegian : Ni Liv ) is a 1957 Norwegian film about Jan Baalsrud , who was a member of the Norwegian resistance during World War II . In 1943 , he participated in an operation to destroy a German air control tower . This mission was compromised when he and his fellow soldiers , seeking a trusted resistance contact , accidentally made contact with a civilian who betrayed them to the Nazis . The film was directed by Arne Skouen and is based on the book We Die Alone by David Howarth . In 1958 , the film was nominated for an Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film and was entered into the Cannes Film Festival . In 1991 , Norwegian television audiences voted it the greatest Norwegian film ever made . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Ni Liv", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arne Skouen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arne_Skouen", "summary": "Arne Skouen ( 18 October 1913 - 24 May 2003 ) was a Norwegian journalist , author , film director and film producer ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1962 ( 35th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1962_in_film", "summary": "The year 1962 in film involved some very significant events , with Lawrence of Arabia the year 's top-grossing film as well as winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture ." }, { "url": "/wiki/35th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 35th Academy Awards , honoring the best in film for 1962 , were held on April 8 , 1963 , at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica , California , hosted by Frank Sinatra ." } ] }, { "value": "Cold Tracks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cold_Tracks", "summary": "Cold Tracks ( Norwegian : Kalde spor ) is a 1962 Norwegian drama film directed by Arne Skouen . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 35th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . It was also entered into the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "Kalde spor", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arne Skouen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arne_Skouen", "summary": "Arne Skouen ( 18 October 1913 - 24 May 2003 ) was a Norwegian journalist , author , film director and film producer ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1980 ( 53rd )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1980_in_film", "summary": "The following is an overview of events in 1980 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths ." }, { "url": "/wiki/53rd_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 53rd Academy Awards , honoring the best in film for 1980 , were presented March 31 , 1981 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies , which were presided over by Johnny Carson , were originally scheduled for the previous day but were postponed due to the assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan . David Lynch 's The Elephant Man and Martin Scorsese 's Raging Bull , with eight nominations each , had the most nominations of this year 's films . Their nominations included Best Picture , Best Actor and Best Director . Michael Apted 's Coal Miner 's Daughter received seven nominations while Ordinary People and Tess received six . The year 's winner of acting categories also marked as the closest span ever between the four winners , all of whom were under 40 when they won the award . Robert De Niro was 37 when awarded Best Actor , Sissy Spacek was 31 when awarded Best Actress , Timothy Hutton was 20 when awarded Best Supporting Actor , and Mary Steenburgen was 28 when awarded Best Supporting Actress . In addition , Hutton was the youngest ever Best Supporting Actor winner . His award was one of four that Ordinary People won , more than any other movie ; the movie also won Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Redford and Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Alvin Sargent . The lack of recognition for Christopher Tucker 's make-up work on The Elephant Man prompted the creation of the Academy Award for Best Makeup the following year . Best Supporting Actress nominee Eva Le Gallienne was born in 1899 , which made her the last acting nominee to be born in the nineteenth century . As of 2019 [ update ] , this is the earliest Oscars for which all five directing nominees are still living ." } ] }, { "value": "Life and Death", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Life_and_Death_(film)", "summary": "Life and Death ( Norwegian : Liv og død ) is a 1980 Norwegian drama film directed by Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Liv og død", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Petter_Vennerød", "summary": "Petter Vennerød ( born 25 September 1948 in Oslo ) is a Norwegian film director . He is known for his cooperation with Svend Wam , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . He is a son of film director Øyvind Vennerød , and brother of economist Christian Vennerød ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Svend_Wam", "summary": "Svend Olaf Wamnes Akstuft , known as Svend Wam ( 5 May 1946 - 7 May 2017 ) , was a Norwegian film director . Wam was born in Son , Norway . He was best known for his collaborations with Petter Vennerød , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . Wam died in Vestby after a lengthy illness , aged 71 ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1981 ( 54th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1981_in_film", "summary": "The following is an overview of events in 1981 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths ." }, { "url": "/wiki/54th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 54th Academy Awards were presented March 29 , 1982 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson . Chariots of Fire was the surprise winner ( with a leading 12 nominations , Reds had been expected to win ) of the Best Picture Oscar . It was the first time in 13 years that a British film won the Academy 's top honor . The next year 's winner , Gandhi , was also a British production . Henry Fonda won his only competitive Oscar this year , as Best Actor for On Golden Pond . At 76 years of age , Fonda became the oldest winner in the Best Actor category in Academy history . The only other nomination he received in his career was Best Actor for his performance in The Grapes of Wrath 41 years earlier - a record gap between acting nominations . His co-star , Katharine Hepburn , won her fourth Best Actress award , extending her own record for the most Best Actress wins by any actress . This year 's nominations also marked the second time ( after 1967 ) that three different films were nominated for the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay . The three films were On Golden Pond , Atlantic City and Reds . However , none of them won the Best Picture prize , losing to Chariots of Fire ." } ] }, { "value": "Julia Julia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Julia_Julia", "summary": "Julia Julia is a 1981 Norwegian comedy film directed by Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 54th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Julia Julia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Petter_Vennerød", "summary": "Petter Vennerød ( born 25 September 1948 in Oslo ) is a Norwegian film director . He is known for his cooperation with Svend Wam , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . He is a son of film director Øyvind Vennerød , and brother of economist Christian Vennerød ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Svend_Wam", "summary": "Svend Olaf Wamnes Akstuft , known as Svend Wam ( 5 May 1946 - 7 May 2017 ) , was a Norwegian film director . Wam was born in Son , Norway . He was best known for his collaborations with Petter Vennerød , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . Wam died in Vestby after a lengthy illness , aged 71 ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1982 ( 55th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1982_in_film", "summary": "The following is an overview of events in 1982 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths ." }, { "url": "/wiki/55th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 55th Academy Awards were presented April 11 , 1983 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Liza Minnelli , Dudley Moore , Richard Pryor , and Walter Matthau . The awards were dominated by the Best Picture winner Gandhi , which won eight awards out of its eleven nominations . Jessica Lange became the first performer in four decades to receive nominations in both acting categories in the same year , ultimately winning Best Supporting Actress for Tootsie . Meryl Streep won her first Best Actress award . She had been nominated the year before for The French Lieutenant 's Woman and would be nominated for a record seventeen times in the following decades . Louis Gossett Jr. became the first African-American actor to win Best Supporting Actor for his performance as the tough and principled drill sergeant Emil Foley in An Officer and a Gentleman . This marked the first of 28 consecutive years where a Barbara Walters interview special aired before the ceremony . Walters had previously aired an interview special in 1981 and , in subsequent years , her special aired prior to the Academy 's formal broadcast of celebrities walking the red carpet . It was also the only time George C. Scott attended an Oscars ceremony ." } ] }, { "value": "Victoria L", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Victoria_L", "summary": "Victoria L ( Norwegian : Leve sitt liv ) is a 1982 Norwegian comedy film directed by Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 55th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Leve sitt liv", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Petter_Vennerød", "summary": "Petter Vennerød ( born 25 September 1948 in Oslo ) is a Norwegian film director . He is known for his cooperation with Svend Wam , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . He is a son of film director Øyvind Vennerød , and brother of economist Christian Vennerød ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Svend_Wam", "summary": "Svend Olaf Wamnes Akstuft , known as Svend Wam ( 5 May 1946 - 7 May 2017 ) , was a Norwegian film director . Wam was born in Son , Norway . He was best known for his collaborations with Petter Vennerød , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . Wam died in Vestby after a lengthy illness , aged 71 ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1984 ( 57th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1984_in_film", "summary": "The following is an overview of events in 1984 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . The year 's highest-grossing film was Beverly Hills Cop . Ghostbusters overtook it , however , with a re-release the following year . It was the first time in five years that the top-grossing film did not involve George Lucas or Steven Spielberg although Spielberg directed the third placed Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and executive produced the fourth placed Gremlins . U.S. boxoffice grosses reached $ 4 billion for the first time and it was the first year that two films had returned over $ 100 million to their distributors with both Ghostbusters and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom achieving this . Beverly Hills Cop made it three for films released in 1984 after its performance during 1985 took it to rentals of $ 108 million . Other popular films included The NeverEnding Story , which was the most expensive film produced in West Germany , The Karate Kid and Romancing the Stone . A high number of sci-fi/fantasy films were released in 1984 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/57th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 57th Academy Awards were presented March 25 , 1985 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . Jack Lemmon presided over the ceremonies . The big winner at the ceremony was Miloš Forman 's Amadeus , which had received 11 nominations and won 8 awards including Best Picture and Best Actor for F. Murray Abraham . As of the 90th Academy Awards , Amadeus is the most recent film to receive two lead actor nominations . The winner of Best Supporting Actor was also significant . Haing S. Ngor , a Cambodian surgeon who survived the horrors of the Khmer Rouge , won the award for his performance as Dith Pran in Roland Joffé 's The Killing Fields , despite having had no previous acting experience . Ngor and Harold Russell are the only two non-professional actors to win Academy Awards for acting . Sally Field won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Places in the Heart , her second Oscar , after winning in the same category in 1980 for Norma Rae . In her acceptance speech , she exclaimed , The first time I did n't feel it , but this time I feel it , and I ca n't deny the fact that you like me , right now , you like me ! ( often misquoted as you really like me ! ) 77-year-old Peggy Ashcroft won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in A Passage to India , making her the oldest winner in that category . This ceremony marked the first time that multiple black nominees would win an Oscar , when Prince and Stevie Wonder won for their respective work on Purple Rain and The Woman in Red ." } ] }, { "value": "The Chieftain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Chieftain_(film)", "summary": "The Chieftain ( Norwegian : Høvdingen ) is a 1984 Norwegian drama film directed by Terje Kristiansen . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 57th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Høvdingen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Terje Kristiansen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1985 ( 58th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1985_in_film", "summary": "The following is an overview of events in 1985 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths ." }, { "url": "/wiki/58th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 58th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 24 , 1986 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories honoring films released in 1985 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Stanley Donen and directed by Marty Pasetta . Actors Alan Alda , Jane Fonda , and Robin Williams co-hosted the show . Fonda hosted the gala for the second time , having previously been a co-host of the 49th ceremony held in 1977 . Meanwhile , this was Alda and Williams 's first Oscars hosting stint . Eight days earlier , in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California , on March 16 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Macdonald Carey . Out of Africa won seven awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Cocoon and Witness with two awards , and Kiss of the Spider Woman , The Trip to Bountiful , Prizzi 's Honor , The Official Story , Broken Rainbow , Witness to War : Dr. Charlie Clements , Molly 's Pilgrim , Anna & Bella , White Nights , Back to the Future , Mask and Ran with one ." } ] }, { "value": "Wives - Ten Years After", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wives_–_Ten_Years_After", "summary": "Wives - Ten Years After ( Norwegian : Hustruer - ti år etter ) is a 1985 Norwegian drama film directed by Anja Breien . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Hustruer - ti år etter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anja Breien", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anja_Breien", "summary": "Anja Breien ( born 12 July 1940 ) is a Norwegian film director and screenwriter . One of the leading figures of the Norwegian film industry , and one of the first women to rise to prominence as a writer-director in Norway , Breien 's body of work in fiction and documentary explores social and political issues , notably women 's rights within the context of Norwegian society ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1986 ( 59th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1986_in_film", "summary": "The following is an overview of events in 1986 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths ." }, { "url": "/wiki/59th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 59th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 30 , 1987 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories honoring films released in 1986 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Samuel Goldwyn Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta . Actors Chevy Chase , Paul Hogan , and Goldie Hawn co-hosted the show . Hawn hosted the gala for the second time , having previously been a co-host of the 48th ceremony held in 1976 . Meanwhile , this was Chase and Hogan 's first Oscars hosting stint . Eight days earlier , in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California , on March 22 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Catherine Hicks . Platoon won four awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Hannah and Her Sisters and A Room with a View with three awards , Aliens with two awards , and Artie Shaw : Time Is All You 've Got , The Assault , Children of a Lesser God , The Color of Money , Down and Out in America , The Fly , A Greek Tragedy , The Mission , Precious Images , Round Midnight , Top Gun , and Women - for America , for the World with one ." } ] }, { "value": "Hard Asphalt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hard_Asphalt", "summary": "Hard Asphalt ( Norwegian : Hard asfalt ) is a 1986 Norwegian drama film directed by Sølve Skagen . It was entered into the 15th Moscow International Film Festival . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 59th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Hard asfalt", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sølve Skagen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sølve_Skagen", "summary": "Sølve Skagen ( born 17 February 1945 ) is a Norwegian film director . He was born in Eid , Sogn og Fjordane , and is brother of writer Kaj Skagen . Among his films are Hard asfalt from 1986 and Brun bitter from 1988 . Hard asfalt was Norway 's submission for the 59th Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was entered into the 15th Moscow International Film Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1987 ( 60th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1987_in_film", "summary": "The following is an overview of events in 1987 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . Paramount Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1987 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/60th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 60th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on April 11 , 1988 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 22 categories honoring films released in 1987 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Samuel Goldwyn Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta . Actor Chevy Chase hosted the show for the second consecutive year . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California , on March 27 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Shirley Jones . The Last Emperor won nine awards including Best Picture and Best Director for Bernardo Bertolucci . For their performances in Moonstruck , Cher and Olympia Dukakis won Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress , respectively . Michael Douglas won Best Actor for his role in Wall Street ; Sean Connery won Best Supporting Actor for The Untouchables . The telecast garnered 42.2 million viewers in the United States . As of 2020 [ update ] , this is the most recent Academy Awards ceremony to take place in April ." } ] }, { "value": "The Pathfinder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pathfinder_(1987_film)", "summary": "Pathfinder ( original title in Sami : Ofelaš and in Norwegian : Veiviseren ) is a 1987 Norwegian action-adventure film written and directed by Nils Gaup . The film is based on an old Sami legend . It was the first full-length film in Sami , and it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1988 . The leading role was played by Mikkel Gaup as Aigin . Nils-Aslak Valkeapää played one of the parts as well as writing the music to the film , together with Kjetil Bjerkestrand and Marius Müller ." } ] }, { "value": "Ofelaš", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nils Gaup", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nils_Gaup", "summary": "Nils Gaup ( born 12 April 1955 ) is a Sámi film director from Norway ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1988 ( 61st )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1988_in_film", "summary": "The following is an overview of events in 1988 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . Rain Man was awarded the Academy Award for Best Picture , marking one of the few instances where the top-grossing film of the year was also the winner of such an award that year ." }, { "url": "/wiki/61st_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 61st Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1988 , and took place on Wednesday , March 29 , 1989 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Allan Carr and directed by Jeff Margolis . Ten days earlier , in a ceremony held at the Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Angie Dickinson . Rain Man won four awards , including the Best Picture . Other winners included Who Framed Roger Rabbit , also four wins ( three competitive and one special ) ; Dangerous Liaisons , with three awards ; and The Accused , The Accidental Tourist , A Fish Called Wanda , The Appointments of Dennis Jennings , Beetlejuice , Bird , Hôtel Terminus : The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie , The Milagro Beanfield War , Mississippi Burning , Pelle the Conqueror , Tin Toy , Working Girl , and You Do n't Have to Die with one each . The telecast garnered almost 43 million viewers in the United States , the highest since the 56th ceremony in 1984 ." } ] }, { "value": "The Ice Palace", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Ice_Palace_(1987_film)", "summary": "The Ice Palace ( Norwegian : Is-slottet ) is a 1987 Norwegian drama film directed by Per Blom based on the novel of the same name . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 61st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Is-slottet", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Per Blom", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Per_Blom_(director)", "summary": "Per Blom ( born 5 May 1946 , died 2013 ) was a Norwegian film director . He was born in Søndre Land . Among his films are Anton from 1973 , and Mors hus from 1974 , based on a novel by Knut Faldbakken . Further Kvinner from 1979 , Sølvmunn from 1981 , and The Ice Palace from 1987 , based upon a novel by Tarjei Vesaas ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1989 ( 62nd )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1989_in_film", "summary": "The year 1989 involved many significant films ." }, { "url": "/wiki/62nd_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 62nd Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1989 and took place on March 26 , 1990 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the first time . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California on March 3 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Richard Dysart and Diane Ladd . Driving Miss Daisy won four awards including Best Picture and Best Actress for Jessica Tandy , the oldest person at the time to win a competitive acting Oscar . Other winners included Glory with three awards , Born on the Fourth of July , The Little Mermaid , and My Left Foot with two , and The Abyss , Balance , Batman , Cinema Paradiso , Common Threads : Stories from the Quilt , Dead Poets Society , Henry V , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , The Johnstown Flood , and Work Experience with one . The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "A Handful of Time", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/A_Handful_of_Time", "summary": "A Handful of Time ( En håndfull tid ) is a 1989 Norwegian film directed by Martin Asphaug . Starring Espen Skjønberg , Camilla Strøm-Henriksen , Nicolay Lange-Nielsen and Bjørn Sundquist , the film also features Susannah York and Nigel Hawthorne . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Lekce Faust", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Martin Asphaug", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martin_Asphaug", "summary": "Martin Asphaug ( born April 28 , 1950 ) is a film director and screenwriter from Trondheim , Norway . With a background in writing and directing short films , industry documentaries and PSAs , Asphaug made his feature film debut with the award-winning 1989 film , A Handful of Time . Since 1992 Asphaug has primarily worked in Sweden , in several cases with SVT , directing episodes of Rederiet and the first season of Skärgårdsdoktorn . Since 2000 , Asphaug has worked on several projects from author Håkan Nesser , the first films of the Van Veeteren series ( adaptations of The Mind 's Eye , The Return and Woman with Birthmark ) and the 1962 period film Kim Novak badade aldrig i Genesarets sjö of 2005 . In 2007 he directed the first two films of the Irene Huss series by Helene Tursten . He lives near Ystad in Skåne ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1990 ( 63rd )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1990_in_film", "summary": "The year 1990 in film involved many significant events as shown below . Universal Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1990 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/63rd_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 63rd Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 25 , 1991 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as the Oscars ) were presented in 23 categories . The ceremony , which was televised in the United States on ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted for the second consecutive year . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California on March 2 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Geena Davis . Dances with Wolves won seven awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Dick Tracy with three awards , Ghost with two awards , and American Dream , Creature Comforts , Cyrano de Bergerac , Days of Waiting , Goodfellas , The Hunt for Red October , Journey of Hope , The Lunch Date , Misery , Reversal of Fortune , and Total Recall with one . The telecast garnered nearly 43 million viewers in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Herman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Herman_(film)", "summary": "Herman is a 1990 Norwegian drama film directed by Erik Gustavson . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 63rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Herman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Erik Gustavson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Erik_Gustavson", "summary": "Erik Gustavson ( born 24 November 1955 ) is a Norwegian film director and producer . He started out as a camera assistant in 1974 and eventually moved on to cameraman before starting to work as a director in 1981 . He has directed seven feature films , including Herman , The Telegraphist ( an adaptation of Knut Hamsun 's novel Dreamers ) , and Sophieʼs World , all three of which enjoyed multi market theatrical release . The Telegraphist was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . In addition to his feature films , Gustavson has directed and produced approximately four hundred commercials world-wide for a variety of international markets . Gustavson has published articles and produced documentaries about the craft of filmmaking , and occasionally teaches the subject in Norway , Cuba and Argentina . Among the international awards that Gustavson has received are : Seven nominations for the Amanda Award , and three Amanda wins including Best Norwegian Short Film ( 1985 ) , Best Norwegian Feature Film ( 1991 ) , and Best Nordic Feature Film ( 1993 ) ; Two Golden Pencil Awards for Best Norwegian Commercial , one Gold Award for Best Nordic Director ; and three Eurobest Awards in different categories for commercials . Since 2002 Gustavson has been based in Norway and in Italy Present : Creative director and partner in the cross-media company Small Screen AS , developing interactive quality content for the international Smartphone market ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1991 ( 64th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1991_in_film", "summary": "The year 1991 in film involved some significant events ." }, { "url": "/wiki/64th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 64th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1991 in the United States and took place on March 30 , 1992 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the third consecutive year . Three weeks earlier , in a ceremony held at the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles on March 7 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Tom Hanks . The Silence of the Lambs won five awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Terminator 2 : Judgment Day with four awards , Beauty and the Beast , Bugsy , and JFK with two , and City Slickers , Deadly Deception : General Electric , Nuclear Weapons and Our Environment , The Fisher King , In the Shadow of the Stars , Manipulation , Mediterraneo , Session Man , and Thelma & Louise with one . The telecast garnered more than 44 million viewers in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Frida - Straight from the Heart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frida_–_Straight_from_the_Heart", "summary": "Frida - Straight from the Heart ( Norwegian : Frida - med hjertet i hånden ) is a 1991 Norwegian drama film directed by Berit Nesheim . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 64th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Frida - med hjertet i hånden", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Berit Nesheim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Berit_Nesheim", "summary": "Berit Nesheim ( born 28 January 1945 ) is a Norwegian film director . Nesheim graduated from the University of Oslo in foreign languages , literature and psychology to go on to a career as a director of television films . Her first feature-film was Frida - Straight from the Heart in 1991 , which was the Norwegian entry to the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1992 . Her next feature film was Beyond the Sky ( 1994 , starring with Swedish actress Harriet Anderson . Her film The Other Side of Sunday was nominated to Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1997 . She directed the miniseries An Immortal Man ( 2006 ) on Henrik Ibsen 's life ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1992 ( 65th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_in_film", "summary": "The year 1992 in film involved many significant film releases ." }, { "url": "/wiki/65th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 65th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored films released in 1992 in the United States and took place on March 29 , 1993 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the fourth consecutive year . In related events , during a ceremony held at the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles on March 6 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Sharon Stone . Unforgiven won four Oscars including Best Picture , Best Director for Clint Eastwood , and Best Supporting Actor for Gene Hackman . Al Pacino and Emma Thompson won lead acting honors for Scent of a Woman and Howards End , respectively . Marisa Tomei won Best Supporting Actress for My Cousin Vinny . The telecast garnered 45.7 million viewers in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "The Warrior 's Heart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Warrior's_Heart", "summary": "The Warrior 's Heart ( Norwegian : Krigerens hjerte ) is a 1992 Norwegian film , directed by Leidulv Risan and starring Anneke von der Lippe , Peter Snickars , Thomas Kretschmann , Bjørn Sundquist and Iren Reppen . It was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 65th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Krigerens hjerte", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Leidulv Risan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leidulv_Risan", "summary": "Leidulv Risan ( born 1948 ) is a Norwegian screenwriter , film director and professor at The Norwegian Filmschool at Lillehammer . Since 2005 he has been the leader for the screenwriting program at the Film School . Risan is educated at Dramatiska Institutet in Stockholm , Sweden . After his feature film debut as director in 1981 with The Execution ( Martin ) he has become one of the most experienced persons in the Norwegian film industry , and directed two of the biggest Norwegian productions in the 90s , The Warrior 's Heart and The Sunset Boys a.k.a . Waiting for Sunset . The Warrior 's Heart was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . In 2000s he has mainly written and directed TV series ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1994 ( 66th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1993_in_film", "summary": "The year 1993 in film involved many significant films , including the blockbuster hits Jurassic Park , The Fugitive and The Firm . ( For more about films in foreign languages , check sources in those languages . ) Walt Disney Studios celebrated its 70th anniversary in 1993 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/66th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 66th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored films released in 1993 and took place on March 21 , 1994 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the first time . Nearly a month earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California on February 26 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Laura Dern . Schindler 's List won seven awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Steven Spielberg . Other winners included Jurassic Park and The Piano with three awards each , Philadelphia with two awards , and The Age of Innocence , Belle Epoque , Defending Our Lives , The Fugitive , I Am a Promise : The Children of Stanton Elementary School , Mrs. Doubtfire , Schwarzfahrer and The Wrong Trousers with one . The telecast was watched by more than 46 million viewers in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "The Telegraphist", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Telegraphist", "summary": "The Telegraphist ( Norwegian : Telegrafisten ) is a 1993 Norwegian film directed by Erik Gustavson . It is based on the novel Dreamers by Knut Hamsun . It stars Bjørn Floberg and Marie Richardson , as well as Kjersti Holmen , who won an Amanda for her role . The film was also entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 66th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Telegrafisten", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Erik Gustavson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Erik_Gustavson", "summary": "Erik Gustavson ( born 24 November 1955 ) is a Norwegian film director and producer . He started out as a camera assistant in 1974 and eventually moved on to cameraman before starting to work as a director in 1981 . He has directed seven feature films , including Herman , The Telegraphist ( an adaptation of Knut Hamsun 's novel Dreamers ) , and Sophieʼs World , all three of which enjoyed multi market theatrical release . The Telegraphist was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . In addition to his feature films , Gustavson has directed and produced approximately four hundred commercials world-wide for a variety of international markets . Gustavson has published articles and produced documentaries about the craft of filmmaking , and occasionally teaches the subject in Norway , Cuba and Argentina . Among the international awards that Gustavson has received are : Seven nominations for the Amanda Award , and three Amanda wins including Best Norwegian Short Film ( 1985 ) , Best Norwegian Feature Film ( 1991 ) , and Best Nordic Feature Film ( 1993 ) ; Two Golden Pencil Awards for Best Norwegian Commercial , one Gold Award for Best Nordic Director ; and three Eurobest Awards in different categories for commercials . Since 2002 Gustavson has been based in Norway and in Italy Present : Creative director and partner in the cross-media company Small Screen AS , developing interactive quality content for the international Smartphone market ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1994 ( 67th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1994_in_film", "summary": "This is a list of films released in 1994 . The top worldwide grosser was The Lion King , becoming the highest-grossing Walt Disney Feature Animation film of all-time , although it was slightly overtaken at the North American domestic box office by Forrest Gump , which won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated its 70th Anniversary in 1994 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/67th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 67th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) took place on March 27 , 1995 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as the Oscars ) in 23 categories honoring the films released in 1994 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gilbert Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Comedian David Letterman hosted the show for the first time . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on March 4 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jamie Lee Curtis . Forrest Gump won six awards , including Best Picture . Other winners included Ed Wood , The Lion King , and Speed with two awards , and The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , Blue Sky , Bob 's Birthday , Bullets over Broadway , Burnt by the Sun , Franz Kafka 's It 's a Wonderful Life , Legends of the Fall , The Madness of King George , Maya Lin : A Strong Clear Vision , Pulp Fiction , A Time for Justice and Trevor with one . The telecast garnered more than 48 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th Academy Awards in 1983 ." } ] }, { "value": "Cross My Heart and Hope to Die", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cross_My_Heart_and_Hope_to_Die_(film)", "summary": "Cross my Heart and Hope to Die ( Norwegian : Ti kniver i hjertet ) is a 1994 Norwegian film directed by Marius Holst . It is loosely based on Lars Saabye Christensen 's novel Gutten som ville være en av gutta . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Ti kniver i hjertet", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marius Holst", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marius_Holst", "summary": "Marius Holst ( born 15 January 1965 ) is a Norwegian filmmaker , a producer and a screenwriter ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1995 ( 68th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1995_in_film", "summary": "This is a list of films released in 1995 . The highly anticipated sequel Die Hard with a Vengeance was the year 's biggest box-office hit , and Braveheart won the Academy Award for Best Picture ." }, { "url": "/wiki/68th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 68th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1995 in the United States and took place on March 25 , 1996 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Quincy Jones and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the second time , having previously presided over the 66th ceremony in 1994 . Three weeks earlier , in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , on March 2 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Richard Dreyfuss . Braveheart won five awards , including Best Director for Mel Gibson and Best Picture . Other winners included Apollo 13 , Pocahontas , Restoration and The Usual Suspects with two awards , and Anne Frank Remembered , Antonia 's Line , Babe , A Close Shave , Dead Man Walking , Il Postino : The Postman , Leaving Las Vegas , Lieberman in Love , Mighty Aphrodite , One Survivor Remembers and Sense and Sensibility with one . The telecast garnered almost 45 million viewers in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Kristin Lavransdatter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kristin_Lavransdatter_(film)", "summary": "Kristin Lavransdatter is a 1995 Norwegian film directed by Liv Ullmann , featuring Elisabeth Matheson , Bjørn Skagestad , Jørgen Langhelle , Lena Endre and Sverre Anker Ousdal , based on Kristin Lavransdatter by Sigrid Undset . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 68th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Kristin Lavransdatter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Liv Ullmann", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Liv_Ullmann", "summary": "Liv Johanne Ullmann ( born 16 December 1938 ) is a Norwegian actress and film director . She was one of the muses of Swedish director Ingmar Bergman . Ullmann won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama in 1972 for the film The Emigrants ( 1971 ) , and has been nominated for another four . In 2000 , she was nominated for the Palme d'Or for her second directorial feature film , Faithless . She has also received two BAFTA Award nominations for her performances in Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) and Face to Face ( 1976 ) , and two Academy Award nominations for The Emigrants and Face to Face ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1996 ( 69th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1996_in_film", "summary": "The year 1996 involved many significant films . The major releases this year included Scream , Independence Day , Fargo , Trainspotting , The Rock , The English Patient , Twister , Mars Attacks ! , Jerry Maguire and a film version of the musical , Evita ." }, { "url": "/wiki/69th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 69th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) took place on March 24 , 1997 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented the Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1996 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates , and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the fifth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 65th ceremony held in 1993 . Three weeks earlier , in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , on March 1 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Helen Hunt . This also served as the launch event for DVD , with its U.S. launch being on the same day as the ceremony . The English Patient won the most awards of the evening with nine including Best Picture . Other winners included Fargo with two awards , and Breathing Lessons : The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien , Dear Diary , Emma , Evita , The Ghost and the Darkness , Independence Day , Jerry Maguire , Kolya , The Nutty Professor , Quest , Shine , Sling Blade , and When We Were Kings with one ." } ] }, { "value": "The Other Side of Sunday", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_Sunday", "summary": "The Other Side of Sunday ( Norwegian : Søndagsengler ) is a 1996 Norwegian film directed by Berit Nesheim , starring Marie Theisen and Bjørn Sundquist . The film was the most-viewed film in Norway in 1996 and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "Søndagsengler", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Berit Nesheim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Berit_Nesheim", "summary": "Berit Nesheim ( born 28 January 1945 ) is a Norwegian film director . Nesheim graduated from the University of Oslo in foreign languages , literature and psychology to go on to a career as a director of television films . Her first feature-film was Frida - Straight from the Heart in 1991 , which was the Norwegian entry to the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1992 . Her next feature film was Beyond the Sky ( 1994 , starring with Swedish actress Harriet Anderson . Her film The Other Side of Sunday was nominated to Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1997 . She directed the miniseries An Immortal Man ( 2006 ) on Henrik Ibsen 's life ." } ] }, { "value": "Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1997 ( 70th )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1997_in_film", "summary": "The year 1997 in film involved many significant films , including Titanic , and the beginning of the film studio DreamWorks ." }, { "url": "/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 70th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 23 , 1998 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the show , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1997 . The ceremony , which was televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the sixth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 , and he had hosted the previous year 's gala . Nearly a month earlier in an event held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on February 28 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Ashley Judd . Titanic won a record-tying eleven awards including Best Director for James Cameron and Best Picture . Other winners included As Good as It Gets , Good Will Hunting and L.A . Confidential with two awards , and The Full Monty , Geri 's Game , Karakter , The Long Way Home , Visas and Virtue , Men in Black and A Story of Healing with one . The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars broadcast in history ." } ] }, { "value": "Junk Mail", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Junk_Mail_(film)", "summary": "Junk Mail ( Norwegian : Budbringeren ) is a 1997 Norwegian film directed by Pål Sletaune . The film won many awards including Best Actress for Eli Anne Linnestad , Best Actor for Robert Skjærstad and Best Film for Pål Sletaune at the Amanda Awards in Norway and the Mercedes-Benz award at the Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Budbringeren", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pål Sletaune", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pål_Sletaune", "summary": "Pål Sletaune ( born March 4 , 1960 ) is a Norwegian commercial and film director and photographer . Born in Oslo he attended Asker high school and studied still photography at Sogn vocational school . [ citation needed ] His film Junk Mail about a snooping Oslo postman was awarded the Amanda Award for best Norwegian film in 1997 . Among his later films are Amatørene from 2001 , the thriller Naboer from 2005. , and the 2011 thriller The Monitor ( originally known as Babycall ) . He famously rejected an offer to direct American Beauty ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1998 ( 71st )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1998_in_film", "summary": "The year 1998 in film involved many significant films including ; Shakespeare in Love ( which won the Academy Award for Best Picture ) , Saving Private Ryan , American History X , The Truman Show , Primary Colors , Rushmore , Rush Hour , There 's Something About Mary , The Big Lebowski , and Terrence Malick 's directorial return in The Thin Red Line . Animated releases included Antz , A Bug 's Life , Mulan , The Prince of Egypt and The Rugrats Movie . Warner Bros. Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1998 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/71st_Academy_Awards", "summary": "The 71st Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best of 1998 in film and took place on March 21 , 1999 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the third time . She first hosted the 66th ceremony held in 1994 and had last hosted the 68th ceremony in 1996 . Nearly a month earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on February 27 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Anne Heche . Shakespeare in Love won seven awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Saving Private Ryan with five awards , Life Is Beautiful with three , and Affliction , Bunny , Election Night , Elizabeth , Gods and Monsters , The Last Days , The Personals , The Prince of Egypt and What Dreams May Come with one . The telecast garnered nearly 46 million viewers in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Only Clouds Move the Stars", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Only_Clouds_Move_the_Stars", "summary": "Only Clouds Move the Stars ( Norwegian : Bare skyer beveger stjernene ) is a 1998 Norwegian drama film written and directed by Torun Lian . Based on her novel of the same name , the film was Lian 's directorial debut . The film was a critical and commercial success . It won the Amanda Award in 1999 in the category Best film , and has received more awards internationally than any other Norwegian film . It was the Norwegian submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ." } ] }, { "value": "Bare skyer beveger stjernene", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Torun Lian", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Torun_Lian", "summary": "Torun Lian ( born 15 January 1956 ) is a Norwegian playwright , film director and novelist . She made her literary début in 1988 with the collection Tre skuespill , for which she was awarded the Tarjei Vesaas ' debutantpris . In 1995 she was awarded with the Nordic Children 's Book Prize . Among her films are Bare skyer beveger stjernene from 1998 , and Ikke naken , ikke kledt ( engl . The Color of Milk ) from 2000 ." } ] }, { "value": "Not Nominated", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Submissions", "section_text": "The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1956 . [ 4 ] The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films . Following this , they vote via secret ballot to determine the five nominees for the award . [ 3 ] Below is a list of the films that have been submitted by Norway for review by the Academy for the award by the year of the submission and the respective Academy Award ceremony .", "uid": "List_of_Norwegian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film_0", "intro": "The Kingdom of Norway has submitted films in the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film[nb 1] category at the Oscars since 1957. They only submitted two films in their first twenty years, but they became a regular fixture in the competition in 1980, failing to submit a film only once, in 1983. The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue. It was not created until the 1956 Academy Awards, in which a competitive Academy Award of Merit, known as the Best Foreign Language Film Award, was created for non-English speaking films, and has been given annually since. As of 2019[update], five films from Norway have been nominated for the award: Nine Lives (1957), The Pathfinder (1987), The Other Side of Sunday (1996), Elling (2001) and Kon-Tiki (2012)." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_University_of_Kyiv-Mohyla_Academy_people", "title": "List of National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy people", "header": [ "Name", "Relationship to the university", "Notability" ], "data": [ { "value": "Sylvestr Kosiv", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sylvestr_Kosiv", "summary": "Sylvester Kosiv or Kosov ( secular name Stefan-Adam Kosaw , Polish : Sylwester Kossów ; born Zharobychi , Vitebsk Voivodeship , Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , died 13 April 1657 ) was a Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Polish-Ruthenian writer . He served as metropolitan of Kiev , Galicia and all Ruthenia ( 1647-1657 ) during the Khmelnytsky uprising . His official title was Metropolitan of Kiev , Galicia and All-Ruthenia ." } ] }, { "value": "professor of KMC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Metropolitan of Kiev , writer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kiev", "summary": "Kiev or Kyiv [ a ] ( Ukrainian : Київ , romanized : Kyiv ; Russian : Киев , romanized : Kiyev ) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine . It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River . Its population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 ( though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press ) , making Kiev the 6th-most populous city in Europe . Kiev is an important industrial , scientific , educational and cultural center of Eastern Europe . It is home to many high-tech industries , higher education institutions , and historical landmarks . The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure , including the Kiev Metro . The city 's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi , one of its four legendary founders . During its history , Kiev , one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe , passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity . The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century . A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople , Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars , until its capture by the Varangians ( Vikings ) in the mid-9th century . Under Varangian rule , the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus ' , the first East Slavic state . Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240 , the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come ." } ] }, { "value": "Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gavril_Bănulescu-Bodoni", "summary": "Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ɡaˈvril bənuˈlesku boˈdoni ] ; 1746 - 30 March 1821 ) was a Romanian clergyman who served as Metropolitan of Moldavia ( 1792 ) , Metropolitan of Kherson and Crimea ( 1793-1799 ) , Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych ( 1799-1803 ) , Exarch of Moldo-Wallachia ( 1806-1812 ) , and Archbishop of Chişinău ( 1812-1821 ) , being the first head of the church in Bessarabia after the Russian annexation ." } ] }, { "value": "student of KMA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Metropolitan of Moldavia ( 1792 ) ; Metropolitan of Kherson and Crimea ( 1793-1799 ) ; Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych ( 1799-1803 ) ; Exarch of Moldo-Wallachia ( 1806-1812 ) ; Metropolitan of Chişinău ( 1812-1821 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moldavia", "summary": "Moldavia ( Romanian : Moldova , pronounced [ molˈdova ] ( listen ) or Țara Moldovei ( in Romanian Latin alphabet ) , literally The Moldavian Country ; in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet : Цара Мѡлдовєй ) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe , corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River . An initially independent and later autonomous state , it existed from the 14th century to 1859 , when it united with Wallachia ( Țara Românească ) as the basis of the modern Romanian state ; at various times , Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia ( with the Budjak ) , all of Bukovina and Hertza . The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time . The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania , the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova , and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kherson", "summary": "Kherson ( Ukrainian : Херсо́н , IPA : [ xerˈsɔn ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Херсо́н , IPA : [ xʲɪrˈson ] ) is a city in southern Ukraine . It functions as the administrative center of Kherson Oblast ( province ) . Designated as a city of oblast significance . Kherson is an important port on the Black Sea and on the Dnieper River , and the home of a major ship-building industry . As of 2015 [ update ] it had a population of 294,941 ( 2015 est. ) . Since 2014 , Kherson has housed the office of the Ukrainian President 's representative in the Crimea , which is headed by Nataliya Popovych ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Crimea", "summary": "Crimea ( /kraɪˈmiːə/ ; Russian : Крым ; Ukrainian : Крим , romanized : Krym ; Crimean Tatar : Къырым , romanized : Kirim/Qırım ; Ancient Greek : Κιμμερία/Ταυρική , romanized : Kimmería/Taurikḗ ) is a peninsula located on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast . It is located south of the Ukrainian region of Kherson , to which it is connected by the Isthmus of Perekop , and west of the Russian region of Kuban , from which it is separated by the Strait of Kerch though linked by the Crimean Bridge since 2018 . The Arabat Spit is located to the northeast , a narrow strip of land that separates a system of lagoons named Sivash from the Sea of Azov . Across the Black Sea to its west is Romania and to its south Turkey . Crimea ( or Tauric Peninsula , as it was called from antiquity until the early modern period ) has historically been at the boundary between the classical world and the Pontic-Caspian steppe . Its southern fringe was colonised by the Greeks , the Persians , the Romans , the Byzantine Empire , the Crimean Goths , the Genoese and the Ottoman Empire , while at the same time its interior was occupied by a changing cast of invading steppe nomads and empires , such as the Cimmerians , Scythians , Sarmatians , Goths , Alans , Bulgars , Huns , Khazars , Kipchaks , Mongols and the Golden Horde . Crimea and adjacent territories were united in the Crimean Khanate during the 15th to 18th century . In 1783 , Crimea was annexed by the Russian Empire as the result of the Russo-Turkish War ( 1768-1774 ) . Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 , Crimea became an autonomous republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in the USSR . During World War II , Crimea was downgraded to the Crimean Oblast after its entire indigenous population , the Crimean Tatars , were deported to Central Asia , an act recognized as a genocide . In 1954 , it was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR from the Russian SFSR . With the collapse of the Soviet Union , Ukraine was reestablished as an independent state in 1991 , and most of the peninsula was reorganized as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , while the city of Sevastopol retained its special status within Ukraine ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kiev", "summary": "Kiev or Kyiv [ a ] ( Ukrainian : Київ , romanized : Kyiv ; Russian : Киев , romanized : Kiyev ) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine . It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River . Its population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 ( though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press ) , making Kiev the 6th-most populous city in Europe . Kiev is an important industrial , scientific , educational and cultural center of Eastern Europe . It is home to many high-tech industries , higher education institutions , and historical landmarks . The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure , including the Kiev Metro . The city 's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi , one of its four legendary founders . During its history , Kiev , one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe , passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity . The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century . A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople , Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars , until its capture by the Varangians ( Vikings ) in the mid-9th century . Under Varangian rule , the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus ' , the first East Slavic state . Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240 , the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Halych", "summary": "Halych ( Ukrainian : Га́лич , romanized : Halyč [ ˈɦɑlɪtʃ ] ; Romanian : Halici ; Polish : Halicz ; Russian : Га́лич , romanized : Galič ; German : Halytsch ) is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine . The city gave its name to the Principality of Halych , the historic province of Galicia ( Halychyna ) , and the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia , of which it was the capital until the early 14th century , when the seat of the local rulers moved to Lviv . Nowadays , Halych is a small town located only on one part of the territory of the former Galician capital , although it has preserved its name . It functions as the administrative center of Halych Raion ( district ) of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ( region ) . It lies 26 km ( 16 mi ) north of the oblast capital , Ivano-Frankivsk . Population : 6,247 ( 2016 est . ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chişinău", "summary": "Chișinău ( /ˌkɪʃɪˈnaʊ/ KISH-ih-NOW , also US : /ˌkiːʃiːˈnaʊ/ KEE-shee-NOW , Romanian : [ kiʃiˈnəw ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Kishinev ( Russian : Кишинёв , tr . Kishinjóv [ kʲɪʂɨˈnʲɵf ] ) , is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Moldova . The city is Moldova 's main industrial and commercial center , and is located in the middle of the country , on the river Bâc , a tributary of Dniester . According to the results of the 2014 census , the city proper had a population of 532,513 , while the population of the Municipality of Chișinău ( which includes the city itself and other nearby communities ) was 662,836 . Chișinău is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova and its largest transportation hub ." } ] }, { "value": "Macarius I", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Macarius_Bulgakov", "summary": "Metropolitan Macarius ( Russian : Митрополит Макарий , born Mikhail Petrovich Bulgakov , Russian : Михаил Петрович Булгаков ; 1 October [ O.S . 19 September ] 1816-21 June [ O.S . 9 ] 1882 ) , was the Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna in 1879-82 and member of many learned societies , including the Russian Academy of Sciences . In 1841 , he graduated from the Kiev Ecclesiastical Academy , of which he served as a dean in 1851-57 . His popular student manual , Orthodox Dogmatic Theology , steeped in the Latin methodology , was originally printed in 6 volumes in 1847-53 . In 1866 Macarius started the publication of his landmark History of the Russian Church , for which he is best remembered . The 12th volume of his magnum opus , covering the patriarchate of Nikon , was released posthumously . Macarius has been considered one of the three major church historians of the Russian Empire , along with Filaret Gumilevsky and Yevgeny Golubinsky . Of Tatar descent , he was a distant relative of the major Eastern Orthodox theologian Sergei Bulgakov ." } ] }, { "value": "student , professor of KTA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moscow", "summary": "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kolomna", "summary": "Kolomna ( Russian : Колóмна , IPA : [ kɐˈlomnə ] ) is an ancient city of Moscow Oblast , Russia , situated at the confluence of the Moskva and Oka Rivers , 114 kilometers ( 71 mi ) ( by rail ) southeast of Moscow . Population : 144,589 ( 2010 Census ) ; 150,129 ( 2002 Census ) ; 161,881 ( 1989 Census ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Nicodim Munteanu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nicodim_Munteanu", "summary": "Nicodim ( Romanian pronunciation : [ nikoˈdim ] ) , born Nicolae Munteanu ( [ nikoˈla.e munˈte̯anu ] ; December 6 , 1864 , Pipirig , Neamț County , Romania - February 27 , 1948 , Bucharest ) , was the head of the Romanian Orthodox Church ( Patriarch of All Romania ) between 1939 and 1948 ." } ] }, { "value": "student of KTA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Patriarch of All Romania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Patriarch_of_All_Romania", "summary": "The Patriarch of All Romania ( Romanian : Patriarh al Întregii Românii ; Romanian pronunciation : [ patriˈarh al ɨnˈtred͡ʒij romɨˈnij ] ) is the title of the head of the Romanian Orthodox Church . The Patriarch is officially styled as Archbishop of Bucharest , Metropolitan of Muntenia and Dobrogea , Locum tenens of the throne of Caesarea Cappadociae and Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church . Patriarch Daniel acceded to this position on 12 September 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "Stephen Yavorsky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stephen_Yavorsky", "summary": "Stefan Yavorsky ( Russian : Стефа́н Яво́рский , Ukrainian : Стефа́н Яво́рський ) , born Simeon Ivanovich Yavorsky ( Russian : Симеон Иванович Яворский ) ( 1658 - 8 December [ O.S . 27 November ] 1722 ) , was an archbishop and statesman in the Russian Empire and the first president of the Most Holy Synod ." } ] }, { "value": "student of KMA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Metropolitan archbishop of Ryazan and Murom ; first president of the Most Holy Synod ; writer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ryazan", "summary": "Ryazan ( Russian : Рязань , IPA : [ rʲɪˈzanʲ ] ( listen ) ) is a city and the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast , Russia , located on the Oka River 196 kilometers ( 122 mi ) southeast of Moscow . Population : 524,927 ( 2010 Census ) ; 521,560 ( 2002 Census ) ; 514,638 ( 1989 Census ) . It was previously known as Peryslavl-Ryazansky ( until 1776 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Murom", "summary": "Murom ( Russian : Муром , IPA : [ ˈmurəm ] ; Old Norse : Moramar ) is a historical city in Vladimir Oblast , Russia , which sprawls along the left bank of the Oka River . Population : 116,075 ( 2010 Census ) ; 126,901 ( 2002 Census ) ; 124,229 ( 1989 Census ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod", "summary": "The Most Holy Governing Synod ( Russian : Святѣйшій Правительствующій Сѵнодъ , Святейший Правительствующий Синод ) was the highest governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church between 1721 and 1918 ( 1918 is when the Church re-instated the Patriarchate ) . The jurisdiction of the Most Holy Synod extended over every kind of ecclesiastical question and over some partly secular matters . Peter I of Russia established the Synod on January 25 , 1721 in the course of his church reform . Its establishment was followed by the abolition of the Patriarchate . The Synod was composed partly of ecclesiastical persons , partly of laymen appointed by the Tsar . Members included the Metropolitans of Saint Petersburg , Moscow and Kiev , and the Exarch of Georgia . Originally , the Synod had ten ecclesiastical members , but the number later changed to twelve ." } ] }, { "value": "Feofan Prokopovich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Feofan_Prokopovich", "summary": "Feofan/Theophan Prokopovich ( 18 June 1681 , in Kiev , Cossack Hetmanate , Tsardom of Russia - 19 September 1736 , in St. Petersburg , Russian Empire ) was a Russian Orthodox theologian , writer , poet , mathematician , philosopher , rector of the Kiev-Mogila Academy , and Archbishop of Novgorod . He elaborated upon and implemented Peter the Great 's reform of the Russian Orthodox Church . Prokopovich wrote many religious verses and some of the most enduring sermons in the Russian language ." } ] }, { "value": "student , professor , rector of KMA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Metropolitan archbishop of Novgorod and Velykolutsk , ; philosopher ; writer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Novgorod", "summary": "Veliky Novgorod ( Russian : Вели́кий Но́вгород , IPA : [ vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət ] ) , also known as Novgorod the Great , or Novgorod Veliky , or just Novgorod ( meaning newtown ) , is one of the oldest and most important historic cities in Russia , with more than 1000 years of history . The city serves as the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast . The city lies along the Volkhov River just downstream from its outflow from Lake Ilmen and is situated on the M10 federal highway connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg . UNESCO recognized Novgorod as a World Heritage Site in 1992 . The city has a population of 218,717 ( 2010 Census ) ; At its peak during the 14th century , the city was the capital of the Novgorod Republic and was one of Europe 's largest cities . The Veliky ( great ) part was eventually added to city 's name to disambiguate it with another city of similar name , Nizhny Novgorod ( lower newtown ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Dimitry of Rostov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dimitry_of_Rostov", "summary": "Saint Dimitry of Rostov ( sometimes Latinized as Demetrius , sometimes referred to simply as Dmitri Rostovsky , Russian : Димитрий ( Туптало ) , Ukrainian : Димитрій ( Туптало ) ) was a leading opponent of the Caesaropapist reform of the Russian Orthodox church promoted by Feofan Prokopovich . He is representative of the strong Cossack Baroque influence upon the Russian Orthodox Church at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries . Demetrius is sometimes credited as composer or compiler of the first Russian opera , the lengthy Rostov Mysteries of 1705 , though the exact nature of this work , as well as its place in history , is open to debate . He is the author of several written works , out of which the most famous is The Lives of Saints ( Chet ' i-Minei ) ." } ] }, { "value": "student of KMA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Metropolitan archbishop of Rostov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rostov", "summary": "Rostov ( Russian : Ростов , IPA : [ rɐˈstof ] ) is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast , Russia , one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring . It is located on the shores of Lake Nero , 202 kilometers ( 126 mi ) northeast of Moscow . Population : 31,792 ( 2010 Census ) ; 34,141 ( 2002 Census ) ; 35,707 ( 1989 Census ) . While the official name of the town is Rostov , it is popularly known to Russians as Rostov Veliky ( Russian : Ростов Великий , Rostov the Great ) to distinguish it from the much larger city of Rostov-on-Don . The name of the town railway station is Rostov Yaroslavsky , due to its location in Yaroslavl Oblast ." } ] }, { "value": "Epifany Slavinetsky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Epifany_Slavinetsky", "summary": "Epifany Slavinetsky ( Russian : Епифа́ний Славине́цкий ) ( c. 1600 - November 19 , 1675 ) was an ecclesiastical expert of the Russian Orthodox Church who helped Patriarch Nikon to revise ancient service-books . His actions precipitated the raskol , the great schism of the national church ." } ] }, { "value": "student , professor of KMA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ecclesiastical expert of the Russian Orthodox Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church", "summary": "The Russian Orthodox Church ( ROC ; Russian : Ру́сская правосла́вная це́рковь , tr . Rússkaya pravoslávnaya tsérkov ) , alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate ( Russian : Моско́вский патриарха́т , tr . Moskóvskiy patriarkhát ) , is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian churches . The primate of the ROC is the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus ' . The ROC , as well as its primate , officially ranks fifth in the Orthodox order of precedence , immediately below the four ancient patriarchates of the Greek Orthodox Church : Constantinople , Alexandria , Antioch , and Jerusalem . Since 15 October 2018 , the ROC is not in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , having unilaterally severed ties in reaction to the establishment of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine , which was finalised by the Ecumenical Patriarchate on 5 January 2019 . The Christianization of Kievan Rus ' , widely seen as the birth of the ROC , is believed to have occurred in 988 through the baptism of the Kievan prince Vladimir and his people by the clergy of the Ecumenical Patriarchate , whose constituent part the ROC remained for the next six centuries , while the Kievan see remained in the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate until 1686 . The ROC currently claims its exclusive jurisdiction over the Orthodox Christians , irrespective of their ethnic background , who reside in the former member republics of the Soviet Union , excluding Georgia and Armenia , although this claim is disputed in such countries as Estonia , Moldova and Ukraine and consequently parallel canonical Orthodox jurisdictions exist in those : the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church , the Metropolis of Bessarabia , and the Orthodox Church of Ukraine , respectively . It also exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the autonomous Church of Japan and the Orthodox Christians resident in the People 's Republic of China . The ROC branches in Belarus , Estonia , Latvia , Moldova and Ukraine since the 1990s enjoy various degrees of self-government , albeit short of the status of formal ecclesiastical autonomy . The ROC should not be confused with the Orthodox Church in America ( OCA ) , another autocephalous Orthodox church ( since 1970 , but not universally recognised in this status and viewed by the Ecumenical Patriarchate as a branch of the ROC ) , that traces its existence in North America to the time of the Russian missionaries in Alaska ( then part of the Russian Empire ) in the late 18th century . The ROC should also not be confused with the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia ( also known as the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad , or ROCOR ) , headquartered in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Paisius Velichkovsky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paisius_Velichkovsky", "summary": "Saint Paisius Velichkovsky or Wieliczkowski ( Paisie de la Neamţ in Romanian ; Паисий Величковский in Russian ; Паїсій Величковський in Ukrainian ; 20 December 1722 - 15 November 1794 ) was an Eastern Orthodox monk and theologian who helped spread staretsdom or the concept of the spiritual elder to the Slavic world . He is a pivotal figure in Orthodox Church history ." } ] }, { "value": "student of KMA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The founder of modern Eastern Orthodox staretsdom ; writer ; philosopher", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Constantius I", "urls": [] }, { "value": "student of KMA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , 1830-1834", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Visarion Puiu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Visarion_Puiu", "summary": "Visarion Puiu ( Romanian pronunciation : [ visariˈon ˈpuju ] ; born Victor Puiu on 27 February 1879 in Pașcani , Romania - 10 August 1964 in Viels-Maisons , France ) was a metropolitan bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church and convicted war criminal . After attending primary school in his native town , Puiu studied at seminaries in Roman ( 1893-1896 ) and Iaşi ( 1896-1900 ) , and later at the Bucharest Faculty of Theology , where he received a licentiate in 1905 . On 22 December 1905 , he became a monk at Roman , being ordained a deacon three days later . From January 1907 to July 1908 , he studied at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy . From 1905 to 1908 , he was , as a deacon , attached to the Cathedral of the Holy Voievods , Roman , while in 1908 he was transferred to the Cathedral of Saint Nicholas , Galaţi . There , on 6 December 1908 , he was ordained a priest , being elevated to the dignity of Archimandrite on 1 January 1909 . Three months later , he was named director of the Galaţi Theological Seminary and Vicar of the Archbishopric of the Lower Danube . On 1 September 1918 , he became director of the Chişinău Theological Seminary , being named Exarch of Bessarabia 's monasteries two months later ( soon after that province united with the Kingdom of Romania ) . On 17 March 1921 , Puiu was elected Bishop of Argeş . He was consecrated in that position on 25 March by Metropolitan of Wallachia Miron Cristea in the Bucharest Metropolitan Cathedral and invested into the office that day by King Ferdinand . Two days later he was installed in the episcopal chair at Curtea de Argeş Cathedral ; he remained there for two years . In 1923 he became bishop of Hotin , where he remained until 1935 ." } ] }, { "value": "student of KTA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Metropolitan bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church", "summary": "The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Romanian : Biserica Ortodoxă Română ) is an autocephalous Orthodox Church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian Churches , one of the nine Patriarchates in the Eastern Orthodox Church . Since 1925 , the Church 's Primate bears the title of Patriarch . Its jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova , with additional dioceses for Romanians living in nearby Serbia and Hungary , as well as for diaspora communities in Central and Western Europe , North America and Oceania . Currently it is the only autocephalous Church within Eastern Orthodoxy to have a Romance language for liturgical use . The majority of Romania 's population ( 16,367,267 , or 85.9% of those for whom data were available , according to the 2011 census data ) , as well as some 720,000 Moldovans , belong to the Romanian Orthodox Church . Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church sometimes refer to Orthodox Christian doctrine as Dreapta credință ( right/correct belief or true faith ; compare to Greek ὀρθὴ δόξα , straight/correct belief ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rafail Zaborovsky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rafail_Zaborovsky", "summary": "Raphael Zaborovsky ( Russian : Рафаил Заборо́вский ; ( secular name : Mikhail ; 1677 - 22 October 1747 ) was a Russian Orthodox bishop of Pskov and Narva and metropolitan of Kiev . Zaborovsky , an Orthodox bishop , was born in Zboriv , Ruthenian Voivodeship . He studied at the Kiev-Mogila Academy and then at the Moscow Theological Academy , where he later taught rhetoric ( 1718 ) . After serving as a chaplain in the Russian navy he became archimandrite of the Tver Monastery and a member of the Holy Synod in 1723 . In 1725 he was consecrated bishop of Pskov . He was elevated to the office of archbishop of Kiev by the tsar in 1731 , and he later convinced the church authorities to restore Kiev eparchy as a Kiev metropoly , whereupon he took the title Metropolitan of Kiev , Galich and Little Russia in 1743 . A supporter of Archbishop Teofan Prokopovych , Zaborovsky carried out the Russian government 's policy of destroying the autonomy of the Ukrainian church by instituting the Dukhovnyi reglament of 1721 and other synodal ukases . He did , however , raise the academic standards and improve the economic standing of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy . He published a new statute for the academy , reformed the curriculum ( adding new courses in more modern disciplines ) , and provided much money for the expansion of the academy 's buildings and for scholarships for poor students . The academy even briefly became known as the Mohyla-Zaborovsky Academy . The Great Bell Tower of the Kievan Cave Monastery ( 1736-45 ) , the bell tower of the Saint Sophia Cathedral , the baroque Zaborovsky Gate , and a number of other buildings were constructed during his tenure as metropolitan . He died in Kiev ." } ] }, { "value": "student of KMA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Metropolitan of Kiev , Galychyna and All-Rus '", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Patriarch Adrian", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Patriarch_Adrian", "summary": "Patriarch Adrian ( Russian : Адриан ; born Andrey , Андрей ; 2 October 1627 , 1637 , or 1639 - 16 October 1700 ) was the last pre-revolutionary Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia . Adrian caught the eye of Patriarch Joachim , when he was still an archmandrite at Chudov Monastery . In 1686 , Joachim appointed him metropolitan of Kazan and Sviyazhsk . On 24 August 1690 , Adrian was chosen to replace Joachim on his post . Patriarch Adrian was a staunch adherent of traditional norms and opposed Peter the Great 's reforms ( e.g. , he criticized Peter 's decree on mandatory shaving of beards ) . Adrian 's relations with the tsar were tense ; however , he had to accept some of Peter 's criticism about deficiencies in management of the Russian Orthodox Church . Adrian sought to eradicate Latinizations in the Church in Ukraine . He introduced a confession requiring bishops-elect to state that the epiclesis , rather than the Words of Institution , transforms the gifts at the liturgy into the body and blood of Christ ." } ] }, { "value": "student of KMC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_All_Russia", "summary": "The Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus ' ( Russian : Патриарх Московский и всея Руси Patriarkh Moskovskij i vseja Rusi ) , also known as the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia , is the official title of the Bishop of Moscow who is the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church . It is often preceded by the honorific His Holiness . While as the diocesan bishop of the Moscow diocese he has direct canonical authority over Moscow only , the Patriarch has a number of church-wide administrative powers within and in accordance with the charter of the Russian Orthodox Church . The patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1589 : the first patriarch was Job . Abolished in 1721 by Peter the Great , the patriarchate was restored on 28 October ( 11 November ) 1917 , by decision of the All-Russian Local Council . Patriarch Kirill acceded to this position on 1 February 2009 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Religion", "section_text": "Feofan Prokopovich , archbishop , philosopher , writer Dimitry of Rostov , archbishop Stephen Yavorsky , archbishop", "uid": "List_of_National_University_of_Kyiv-Mohyla_Academy_people_0", "intro": "This is a list of notable people associated with the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (NaUKMA), a public research university located in Kyiv, Ukraine. Students, alumni and faculty members of the university and all its predecessor institutions including Kyiv Brotherhood School (KBS), Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium (KMC), Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (KMA) and Kyiv Theological Academy (KTA) are included in this list. Many students and professors of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in the 17th and 18th centuries pursued many activities except church career. They were often also writers, philosophers, theologicians and educators in a broad sense. This is indicated in the list where appropriate." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_county_routes_in_Fulton_County,_New_York", "title": "List of county routes in Fulton County, New York", "header": [ "Route", "Length ( mi )", "Length ( km )", "From", "Via", "To" ], "data": [ { "value": "CR 131", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.09", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3.36", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NY 29", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_29", "summary": "New York State Route 29 ( NY 29 ) is a state highway extending for 94.79 miles ( 152.55 km ) across the eastern portion of the U.S. state of New York . The western terminus of the route is at NY 28 and NY 169 in Middleville , Herkimer County . The eastern terminus of the route is at NY 22 just south of Salem , Washington County . NY 29 also serves the cities of Johnstown and Saratoga Springs and intersects four major north-south roadways : NY 10 , NY 30 , U.S. Route 9 , and U.S. Route 4 . When the NY 29 designation was created in the 1920s , the route extended from Barneveld in the west to Salem in the east . The Trenton-Middleville segment became part of an extended NY 28 in 1930 . Since that time , the route has remained virtually unchanged , excluding minor realignments in Fulton County ." } ] }, { "value": "Meco Road in Johnstown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a town located in Fulton County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 7,098 . The name of the town is from landowner William Johnson . The town of Johnstown is located on the southern border of the county . It borders on three sides the city of Johnstown and the city of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 101 at West Fulton Street Extension", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 131A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.59", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.56", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 131", "urls": [] }, { "value": "O'Neil Avenue in Johnstown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a town located in Fulton County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 7,098 . The name of the town is from landowner William Johnson . The town of Johnstown is located on the southern border of the county . It borders on three sides the city of Johnstown and the city of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "Johnstown city line", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(city),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a city in and the county seat of Fulton County in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 Census , the city had population of 8,743 . The city was named after its founder , Sir William Johnson , Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Province of New York and a major general during the Seven Years ' War in North America . The city of Johnstown is mostly surrounded by the town of Johnstown , of which it was once a part when it was a village . Also adjacent to this jurisdiction is the city of Gloversville . The two cities are together known as the Glove Cities . They are known for their history of specialty manufacturing . Johnstown is located approximately 45 miles ( 72 km ) northwest of Albany , about one-third of the way between Albany and the Finger Lakes region to the west , nestled within the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 132", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3.03", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4.88", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montgomery County line", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York", "summary": "Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 50,219 . The county seat is Fonda . The county was named in honor of Richard Montgomery , an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 at the Battle of Quebec . Historically occupied by the Mohawk people , one of the original Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy , the county was created in 1772 during the period of British colonial rule as Tryon County . In 1784 , after the Americans gained independence in the War , it was renamed Montgomery County for one of the heroes . Montgomery County comprises the Amsterdam , NY Micropolitan Statistical Area . The county borders the north and south banks of the Mohawk River ." } ] }, { "value": "Hagaman-West Galway Road in Perth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Perth,_New_York", "summary": "Perth is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population was 3,646 at the 2010 census . It is in the southeast corner of the county , north of Amsterdam . The town is named after Perth , Scotland , not Perth , Western Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 107 at West Galway Road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 137", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3.79", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6.10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cape Horn Road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Beech Ridge Road in Caroga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caroga,_New_York", "summary": "Caroga is a town in Fulton County , New York , USA . The population was 1,205 at the 2010 census . The town was named after a local creek . Caroga is in the northern part of the county , northwest of Gloversville and Johnstown ." } ] }, { "value": "NY 29A", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_29A", "summary": "New York State Route 29A ( NY 29A ) is a state highway in the western portion of the Capital District of New York in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 29 in the Herkimer County hamlet of Salisbury Center . Its eastern end is at another junction with NY 29 about 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the east near the Fulton County hamlet of Vail Mills . NY 29A enters Gloversville via Rose Street and continues through downtown on Fulton Street . Originally , NY 29A turned right on Saratoga Boulevard and continued via Steele Avenue Extension to NY 29 about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) away . Later , NY 29A was taken off Saratoga Boulevard , and was concurrent with NY 30A to its crossing with Steele Avenue Extension , following Steele Avenue Extension after that . In 1980 , NY 29A was removed from Steele Avenue Extension as well as the concurrency with NY 30A . Instead , it continued east on Turkey Farm Road , which meant no turns , to its present terminus at NY 29 west of Vail Mills ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 138", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4.65", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7.48", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NY 29", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_29", "summary": "New York State Route 29 ( NY 29 ) is a state highway extending for 94.79 miles ( 152.55 km ) across the eastern portion of the U.S. state of New York . The western terminus of the route is at NY 28 and NY 169 in Middleville , Herkimer County . The eastern terminus of the route is at NY 22 just south of Salem , Washington County . NY 29 also serves the cities of Johnstown and Saratoga Springs and intersects four major north-south roadways : NY 10 , NY 30 , U.S. Route 9 , and U.S. Route 4 . When the NY 29 designation was created in the 1920s , the route extended from Barneveld in the west to Salem in the east . The Trenton-Middleville segment became part of an extended NY 28 in 1930 . Since that time , the route has remained virtually unchanged , excluding minor realignments in Fulton County ." } ] }, { "value": "Union Mills Road in Broadalbin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Broadalbin_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Broadalbin is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population was 5,250 at the 2010 census . The town was named after the Breadalbane Region in Scotland by an early settler . The town of Broadalbin contains a village also called Broadalbin . The town is on the eastern border of the county and is northwest of Albany ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 110", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 140", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.40", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3.86", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montgomery County line ( becomes CR 53 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York", "summary": "Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 50,219 . The county seat is Fonda . The county was named in honor of Richard Montgomery , an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 at the Battle of Quebec . Historically occupied by the Mohawk people , one of the original Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy , the county was created in 1772 during the period of British colonial rule as Tryon County . In 1784 , after the Americans gained independence in the War , it was renamed Montgomery County for one of the heroes . Montgomery County comprises the Amsterdam , NY Micropolitan Statistical Area . The county borders the north and south banks of the Mohawk River ." }, { "url": "/wiki/County_Route_53_(Montgomery_County,_New_York)", "summary": "County routes in Montgomery County , New York , are posted on street blade signs . They are typically otherwise unsigned ; however , a handful of routes are also signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker ." } ] }, { "value": "Unnamed road in Ephratah", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ephratah,_New_York", "summary": "Ephratah is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population was 1,682 at the 2010 census . It is named after Ephrath , a biblical town in what is now Israel . The town of Ephratah is in the southwest part of the county and is west of Gloversville and Johnstown ." } ] }, { "value": "NY 10 / NY 67", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_State_Route_10", "summary": "New York State Route 10 ( NY 10 ) is a north-south state highway in the Central New York and North Country regions of New York in the United States . It extends for 155 miles ( 249 km ) from the Quickway ( NY 17 ) ( Future Interstate 86 { I-86 } ) in Deposit , Delaware County to NY 8 at Higgins Bay , a hamlet in the Hamilton County town of Arietta . NY 10 formally began concurrent with NY 8 , until NY 8 was truncated to end at the northern end of the overlap by 2017 . While NY 8 follows a more westerly alignment between Deposit and Higgins Bay via Utica , NY 10 veers to the east , serving Delhi , Cobleskill , and Canajoharie . Along the way , the road intersects Interstate 88 ( I-88 ) near Cobleskill and U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) in Sharon Springs . NY 10 was assigned in 1924 ; however , it initially followed a completely different alignment than it does today . At the time , it began at the New Jersey state line in Rockland County and followed modern US 9W north to Albany . From here , it continued to Saranac Lake via Schenectady , Saratoga Springs , Lake George , Chestertown , North Creek , Long Lake , and Tupper Lake . It was extended northeast to Plattsburgh by 1926 but truncated to Schenectady in 1927 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , all of NY 10 south of Long Lake and north of Lake Clear Junction was moved onto a new , more westerly alignment through the state . The route was cut back to its current northern terminus in Arietta c. 1960 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/New_York_State_Route_67", "summary": "New York State Route 67 ( NY 67 ) is an 86.55-mile-long ( 139.29 km ) east-west state highway in eastern New York in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 5 in the town of St. Johnsville . Its eastern terminus is at the Vermont state line in Hoosick , where it continues eastward as Vermont Route 67 ( VT 67 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 142", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.62", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4.22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montgomery County line ( becomes CR 24 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York", "summary": "Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 50,219 . The county seat is Fonda . The county was named in honor of Richard Montgomery , an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 at the Battle of Quebec . Historically occupied by the Mohawk people , one of the original Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy , the county was created in 1772 during the period of British colonial rule as Tryon County . In 1784 , after the Americans gained independence in the War , it was renamed Montgomery County for one of the heroes . Montgomery County comprises the Amsterdam , NY Micropolitan Statistical Area . The county borders the north and south banks of the Mohawk River ." }, { "url": "/wiki/County_Route_24_(Montgomery_County,_New_York)", "summary": "County routes in Montgomery County , New York , are posted on street blade signs . They are typically otherwise unsigned ; however , a handful of routes are also signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker ." } ] }, { "value": "Millers Corners Road in Johnstown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a town located in Fulton County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 7,098 . The name of the town is from landowner William Johnson . The town of Johnstown is located on the southern border of the county . It borders on three sides the city of Johnstown and the city of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 107", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 142A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0.95", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.53", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NY 67", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_67", "summary": "New York State Route 67 ( NY 67 ) is an 86.55-mile-long ( 139.29 km ) east-west state highway in eastern New York in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 5 in the town of St. Johnsville . Its eastern terminus is at the Vermont state line in Hoosick , where it continues eastward as Vermont Route 67 ( VT 67 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Albany Bush Road in Johnstown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a town located in Fulton County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 7,098 . The name of the town is from landowner William Johnson . The town of Johnstown is located on the southern border of the county . It borders on three sides the city of Johnstown and the city of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 142", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 143", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.59", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.56", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Northville village line", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northville,_Fulton_County,_New_York", "summary": "Northville is a village in Fulton County , New York . The population was 1,099 at the 2010 census . The village is in the northern part of the town of Northampton and is northeast of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "Maple Grove Road in Northampton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northampton,_Fulton_County,_New_York", "summary": "Northampton is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population was 2,670 at the 2010 census . The name comes from an original land patent . Northampton is in the northeast corner of the county and is northeast of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "Hamilton County line ( becomes CR 21 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hamilton_County,_New_York", "summary": "Hamilton County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 4,836 , making it the least populous county in New York . Its county seat is Lake Pleasant . The county is named after Alexander Hamilton , the only member of the New York State delegation who signed the United States Constitution in 1787 and later the first United States Secretary of the Treasury . The county was created in 1816 and organized in 1847 . Hamilton County is one of only two counties that lie entirely within the Adirondack Park ( Essex being the other ) . Because of its situation in the Adirondack Park , any development in the county is restricted by the New York State Constitution , which designates the park as forever wild . There is no permanent traffic light in the county ." }, { "url": "/wiki/County_Route_21_(Hamilton_County,_New_York)", "summary": "The highway system of Hamilton County , New York , comprises 474.5 miles ( 763.6 km ) of roads maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) , the county , and its towns and villages . NYSDOT maintains five state touring routes in Hamilton County , which account for a combined 178.7 miles ( 287.6 km ) of New York 's state highway mileage . These five routes are supplemented by Hamilton County 's county route system , which comprises 25 roads of varying length and importance . The 94.5-mile ( 152.1 km ) system , maintained by the Hamilton County Department of Public Works , connects the state routes to a number of small hamlets and other points of interest . Hamilton County 's five state routes are spread throughout the county , which is the least populated in the state of New York . The routes are NY 8 , NY 10 , NY 28 , NY 28N , and NY 30 . The longest is NY 30 , which extends for 83.72 miles ( 134.73 km ) on a north-south alignment from the Fulton County line to the Franklin County line . The five state highways traverse highly rural sections of Adirondack Park ; in fact , the only village along any of these roads is Speculator , located at the western junction of NY 8 and NY 30 . NY 10 and NY 28 were assigned in 1924 , while the others were assigned in 1930 . NY 365 once passed through the county ; however , it was truncated southwestward to end in Oneida County in the late 1950s . Additionally , NY 10 extended north along modern NY 30 to the Canada-US border until c. 1960 , when it was replaced with NY 30 north of Speculator . Since the truncation of NY 10 , there have not been any substantial changes to roads in Hamilton County ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 145", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.35", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 112", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bowler Road in Bleecker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bleecker,_New_York", "summary": "Bleecker is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population was 533 at the 2010 census . The name is from Barent Bleecker , one of the original landowners of the region . Bleecker is north of the cities of Gloversville and Johnstown , in the northern part of the county ." } ] }, { "value": "Barlow Road", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 146", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3.47", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5.58", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 102 in Johnstown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a town located in Fulton County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 7,098 . The name of the town is from landowner William Johnson . The town of Johnstown is located on the southern border of the county . It borders on three sides the city of Johnstown and the city of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "West Main Street", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NY 30 in Mayfield", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_30", "summary": "New York State Route 30 ( NY 30 ) is a state highway in the central part of New York in the United States . It extends for 300.71 miles ( 483.95 km ) from an interchange with NY 17 ( Future Interstate 86 ) in the Southern Tier to the US-Canada border in the state 's North Country , where it continues into Quebec as Route 138 . On a regional level , the route serves to connect the Catskill Park to the Adirondack Park . In the latter , NY 30 is known as the Adirondack Trail . Aside from the state parks , the route serves the city of Amsterdam ( where it meets the New York State Thruway ) and several villages . NY 30 was assigned in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to most of its modern routing south of Wells , replacing a series of designations that had been assigned to the highway in the 1920s . The portion of what is now NY 30 north of Speculator was initially part of NY 10 . When that route was truncated to Arietta c. 1960 , NY 30 was extended northward over NY 10 's former alignment by way of an overlap with NY 8 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mayfield_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Mayfield is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population of the town was 6,495 at the 2010 census . The town contains a village also named Mayfield . Both town and village are northeast of Gloversville and Johnstown ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 148", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0.65", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.05", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montgomery County line ( becomes CR 31 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York", "summary": "Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 50,219 . The county seat is Fonda . The county was named in honor of Richard Montgomery , an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 at the Battle of Quebec . Historically occupied by the Mohawk people , one of the original Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy , the county was created in 1772 during the period of British colonial rule as Tryon County . In 1784 , after the Americans gained independence in the War , it was renamed Montgomery County for one of the heroes . Montgomery County comprises the Amsterdam , NY Micropolitan Statistical Area . The county borders the north and south banks of the Mohawk River ." }, { "url": "/wiki/County_Route_31_(Montgomery_County,_New_York)", "summary": "County routes in Montgomery County , New York , are posted on street blade signs . They are typically otherwise unsigned ; however , a handful of routes are also signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker ." } ] }, { "value": "Glebe Street in Johnstown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a town located in Fulton County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 7,098 . The name of the town is from landowner William Johnson . The town of Johnstown is located on the southern border of the county . It borders on three sides the city of Johnstown and the city of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "Johnstown city line", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(city),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a city in and the county seat of Fulton County in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 Census , the city had population of 8,743 . The city was named after its founder , Sir William Johnson , Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Province of New York and a major general during the Seven Years ' War in North America . The city of Johnstown is mostly surrounded by the town of Johnstown , of which it was once a part when it was a village . Also adjacent to this jurisdiction is the city of Gloversville . The two cities are together known as the Glove Cities . They are known for their history of specialty manufacturing . Johnstown is located approximately 45 miles ( 72 km ) northwest of Albany , about one-third of the way between Albany and the Finger Lakes region to the west , nestled within the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 149", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.92", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 113", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ridge Road in Northampton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northampton,_Fulton_County,_New_York", "summary": "Northampton is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population was 2,670 at the 2010 census . The name comes from an original land patent . Northampton is in the northeast corner of the county and is northeast of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "Northville village line", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northville,_Fulton_County,_New_York", "summary": "Northville is a village in Fulton County , New York . The population was 1,099 at the 2010 census . The village is in the northern part of the town of Northampton and is northeast of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 150", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.88", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 108", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Unnamed road in Oppenheim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oppenheim,_New_York", "summary": "Oppenheim is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The town is in the southwestern corner of the county and is east of Utica . The population was 1,924 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "NY 331", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_331", "summary": "New York State Route 331 ( NY 331 ) is a north-south state highway located in the Mohawk Valley of New York in the United States . The route extends for 3.10 miles ( 4.99 km ) from an intersection with Kennedy Road in the Montgomery County town of St. Johnsville to a junction with NY 29 in the Fulton County town of Oppenheim . Heading northbound , state maintenance of NY 331 begins at the Montgomery-Fulton county line as the Montgomery County section of the route is county-maintained as part of County Route 57 ( CR 57 ) . NY 331 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 151", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3.54", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CR 108", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Johnson Lane in Oppenheim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oppenheim,_New_York", "summary": "Oppenheim is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The town is in the southwestern corner of the county and is east of Utica . The population was 1,924 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "NY 29", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_29", "summary": "New York State Route 29 ( NY 29 ) is a state highway extending for 94.79 miles ( 152.55 km ) across the eastern portion of the U.S. state of New York . The western terminus of the route is at NY 28 and NY 169 in Middleville , Herkimer County . The eastern terminus of the route is at NY 22 just south of Salem , Washington County . NY 29 also serves the cities of Johnstown and Saratoga Springs and intersects four major north-south roadways : NY 10 , NY 30 , U.S. Route 9 , and U.S. Route 4 . When the NY 29 designation was created in the 1920s , the route extended from Barneveld in the west to Salem in the east . The Trenton-Middleville segment became part of an extended NY 28 in 1930 . Since that time , the route has remained virtually unchanged , excluding minor realignments in Fulton County ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 152", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3.04", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4.89", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NY 30", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_30", "summary": "New York State Route 30 ( NY 30 ) is a state highway in the central part of New York in the United States . It extends for 300.71 miles ( 483.95 km ) from an interchange with NY 17 ( Future Interstate 86 ) in the Southern Tier to the US-Canada border in the state 's North Country , where it continues into Quebec as Route 138 . On a regional level , the route serves to connect the Catskill Park to the Adirondack Park . In the latter , NY 30 is known as the Adirondack Trail . Aside from the state parks , the route serves the city of Amsterdam ( where it meets the New York State Thruway ) and several villages . NY 30 was assigned in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to most of its modern routing south of Wells , replacing a series of designations that had been assigned to the highway in the 1920s . The portion of what is now NY 30 north of Speculator was initially part of NY 10 . When that route was truncated to Arietta c. 1960 , NY 30 was extended northward over NY 10 's former alignment by way of an overlap with NY 8 ." } ] }, { "value": "Old Route 30 in Northampton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Northampton,_Fulton_County,_New_York", "summary": "Northampton is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population was 2,670 at the 2010 census . The name comes from an original land patent . Northampton is in the northeast corner of the county and is northeast of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "Bridge Street ( NY 920H )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_920H", "summary": "New York State Route 30 ( NY 30 ) is a state highway in the central part of New York in the United States . It extends for 300.71 miles ( 483.95 km ) from an interchange with NY 17 ( Future Interstate 86 ) in the Southern Tier to the US-Canada border in the state 's North Country , where it continues into Quebec as Route 138 . On a regional level , the route serves to connect the Catskill Park to the Adirondack Park . In the latter , NY 30 is known as the Adirondack Trail . Aside from the state parks , the route serves the city of Amsterdam ( where it meets the New York State Thruway ) and several villages . NY 30 was assigned in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to most of its modern routing south of Wells , replacing a series of designations that had been assigned to the highway in the 1920s . The portion of what is now NY 30 north of Speculator was initially part of NY 10 . When that route was truncated to Arietta c. 1960 , NY 30 was extended northward over NY 10 's former alignment by way of an overlap with NY 8 ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 153", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0.36", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0.58", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NY 67", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_67", "summary": "New York State Route 67 ( NY 67 ) is an 86.55-mile-long ( 139.29 km ) east-west state highway in eastern New York in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 5 in the town of St. Johnsville . Its eastern terminus is at the Vermont state line in Hoosick , where it continues eastward as Vermont Route 67 ( VT 67 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Airport Road in Johnstown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a town located in Fulton County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 7,098 . The name of the town is from landowner William Johnson . The town of Johnstown is located on the southern border of the county . It borders on three sides the city of Johnstown and the city of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "Fulton County Airport", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fulton_County_Airport_(New_York)", "summary": "Fulton County Airport ( FAA LID : NY0 ) is a county-owned , public-use airport in Fulton County , New York , United States . It is two nautical miles ( 3.7 km ) east of the central business district of Johnstown . This airport is included in the FAA 's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009-2013 , which categorized it as a general aviation facility ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 154", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/County_Route_154_(Fulton_County,_New_York)", "summary": "New York State Route 30A ( NY 30A ) is a 34.86-mile-long ( 56.10 km ) state highway in the Capital District of New York in the United States . It serves as a westerly alternate route of NY 30 from near the Schoharie County village of Schoharie to the Fulton County hamlet of Riceville , 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) south of the village of Mayfield . While NY 30 heads generally north-south between the two locations and passes through Amsterdam , NY 30A veers west to serve the villages of Fonda and Fultonville and the cities of Johnstown and Gloversville . Along the way , it connects to several major east-west highways , including U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) in Esperance and the New York State Thruway in Fultonville . All of NY 30A north of NY 7 in Central Bridge was originally designated as New York State Route 148 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , replacing NY 54 from Fonda to Mayfield . The piece of modern NY 30A south of NY 7 has been part of several routes , namely NY 30 from 1930 to the 1940s and NY 43 during the 1920s and from the 1940s to the 1950s . In April 1960 , this piece of NY 43 was combined with NY 148 to create NY 30A ." } ] }, { "value": "1.46", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.35", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gloversville city line in Johnstown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gloversville,_New_York", "summary": "Gloversville , a city in Fulton County , New York , was once the hub of the United States ' glovemaking industry , with over two hundred manufacturers in Gloversville and the adjacent city of Johnstown . In 2010 , Gloversville had a population of 15,665 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a town located in Fulton County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 7,098 . The name of the town is from landowner William Johnson . The town of Johnstown is located on the southern border of the county . It borders on three sides the city of Johnstown and the city of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "East State Street", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NY 30A in Mayfield", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_30A", "summary": "New York State Route 30A ( NY 30A ) is a 34.86-mile-long ( 56.10 km ) state highway in the Capital District of New York in the United States . It serves as a westerly alternate route of NY 30 from near the Schoharie County village of Schoharie to the Fulton County hamlet of Riceville , 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) south of the village of Mayfield . While NY 30 heads generally north-south between the two locations and passes through Amsterdam , NY 30A veers west to serve the villages of Fonda and Fultonville and the cities of Johnstown and Gloversville . Along the way , it connects to several major east-west highways , including U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) in Esperance and the New York State Thruway in Fultonville . All of NY 30A north of NY 7 in Central Bridge was originally designated as New York State Route 148 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , replacing NY 54 from Fonda to Mayfield . The piece of modern NY 30A south of NY 7 has been part of several routes , namely NY 30 from 1930 to the 1940s and NY 43 during the 1920s and from the 1940s to the 1950s . In April 1960 , this piece of NY 43 was combined with NY 148 to create NY 30A ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mayfield_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Mayfield is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population of the town was 6,495 at the 2010 census . The town contains a village also named Mayfield . Both town and village are northeast of Gloversville and Johnstown ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 155", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/County_Route_155_(Fulton_County,_New_York)", "summary": "New York State Route 29 ( NY 29 ) is a state highway extending for 94.79 miles ( 152.55 km ) across the eastern portion of the U.S. state of New York . The western terminus of the route is at NY 28 and NY 169 in Middleville , Herkimer County . The eastern terminus of the route is at NY 22 just south of Salem , Washington County . NY 29 also serves the cities of Johnstown and Saratoga Springs and intersects four major north-south roadways : NY 10 , NY 30 , U.S. Route 9 , and U.S. Route 4 . When the NY 29 designation was created in the 1920s , the route extended from Barneveld in the west to Salem in the east . The Trenton-Middleville segment became part of an extended NY 28 in 1930 . Since that time , the route has remained virtually unchanged , excluding minor realignments in Fulton County ." } ] }, { "value": "1.31", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NY 29 in Mayfield", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_29", "summary": "New York State Route 29 ( NY 29 ) is a state highway extending for 94.79 miles ( 152.55 km ) across the eastern portion of the U.S. state of New York . The western terminus of the route is at NY 28 and NY 169 in Middleville , Herkimer County . The eastern terminus of the route is at NY 22 just south of Salem , Washington County . NY 29 also serves the cities of Johnstown and Saratoga Springs and intersects four major north-south roadways : NY 10 , NY 30 , U.S. Route 9 , and U.S. Route 4 . When the NY 29 designation was created in the 1920s , the route extended from Barneveld in the west to Salem in the east . The Trenton-Middleville segment became part of an extended NY 28 in 1930 . Since that time , the route has remained virtually unchanged , excluding minor realignments in Fulton County ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mayfield_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Mayfield is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population of the town was 6,495 at the 2010 census . The town contains a village also named Mayfield . Both town and village are northeast of Gloversville and Johnstown ." } ] }, { "value": "West Main Street and Saratoga Avenue", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NY 29 in Broadalbin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Broadalbin_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Broadalbin is a town in Fulton County , New York , United States . The population was 5,250 at the 2010 census . The town was named after the Breadalbane Region in Scotland by an early settler . The town of Broadalbin contains a village also called Broadalbin . The town is on the eastern border of the county and is northwest of Albany ." } ] }, { "value": "CR 156", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.28", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.06", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NY 67", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_67", "summary": "New York State Route 67 ( NY 67 ) is an 86.55-mile-long ( 139.29 km ) east-west state highway in eastern New York in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 5 in the town of St. Johnsville . Its eastern terminus is at the Vermont state line in Hoosick , where it continues eastward as Vermont Route 67 ( VT 67 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Fire Road in Johnstown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnstown_(town),_New_York", "summary": "Johnstown is a town located in Fulton County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 7,098 . The name of the town is from landowner William Johnson . The town of Johnstown is located on the southern border of the county . It borders on three sides the city of Johnstown and the city of Gloversville ." } ] }, { "value": "NY 29", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NY_29", "summary": "New York State Route 29 ( NY 29 ) is a state highway extending for 94.79 miles ( 152.55 km ) across the eastern portion of the U.S. state of New York . The western terminus of the route is at NY 28 and NY 169 in Middleville , Herkimer County . The eastern terminus of the route is at NY 22 just south of Salem , Washington County . NY 29 also serves the cities of Johnstown and Saratoga Springs and intersects four major north-south roadways : NY 10 , NY 30 , U.S. Route 9 , and U.S. Route 4 . When the NY 29 designation was created in the 1920s , the route extended from Barneveld in the west to Salem in the east . The Trenton-Middleville segment became part of an extended NY 28 in 1930 . Since that time , the route has remained virtually unchanged , excluding minor realignments in Fulton County ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Routes 131 and up", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_county_routes_in_Fulton_County,_New_York_1", "intro": "County routes in Fulton County, New York, are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker. Road names are given where available; however, some routes are known only by their county route designation, especially those located in the rural northern portion of the county that lies within Adirondack Park." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oregon_judges", "title": "List of Oregon judges", "header": [ "Name", "Court", "Years", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "William A. Ekwall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_A._Ekwall", "summary": "William Alexander Ekwall ( June 14 , 1887 - October 16 , 1956 ) was a United States Representative from Oregon and a Judge of the United States Customs Court ." } ] }, { "value": "United States Customs Court", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Customs_Court", "summary": "The United States Court of International Trade ( in case citations , Int ' l Trade or Intl . Trade ) , formerly the United States Customs Court , and before that the Board of General Appraisers , is an Article III court , with full powers in law and equity . The Customs Court Act of 1980 replaced the old United States Customs Court with the United States Court of International Trade . The court has nine sitting judges , as well as senior judges . The court sits in New York City , although it is authorized to sit elsewhere , including in foreign nations ." } ] }, { "value": "1942-1956", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "summary": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( /ˈroʊzəvəlt/ , /-vɛlt/ ; January 30 , 1882 - April 12 , 1945 ) , often referred to by his initials FDR , was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945 . A member of the Democratic Party , he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century . Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression , implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history . As a dominant leader of his party , he built the New Deal Coalition , which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century . His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II , which ended shortly after he died in office . He is rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents , along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln , but has also been subject to substantial criticism . Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park , New York , to a Dutch American family made well known by the reputation of Theodore Roosevelt , the 26th president of the United States , and William Henry Aspinwall . FDR graduated from Groton School and Harvard College and attended Columbia Law School but left after passing the bar exam to practice law in New York City . In 1905 , he married his fifth cousin once removed , Eleanor Roosevelt . They had six children , of whom five survived into adulthood . He won election to the New York State Senate in 1910 , and then served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Roosevelt was James M. Cox 's running mate on the Democratic Party 's 1920 national ticket , but Cox was defeated by Republican Warren G. Harding . In 1921 , Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness , believed at the time to be polio , and his legs became permanently paralyzed ." } ] }, { "value": "James Alger Fee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Alger_Fee", "summary": "James Alger Fee ( September 24 , 1888 - August 25 , 1959 ) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and previously was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon . A veteran of the United States Army , his first judicial position was with the Oregon Circuit Court . While a federal judge he made national news for his decision during World War II regarding the application of the exclusion orders that had forced those of Japanese heritage from the West Coast ." } ] }, { "value": "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit", "summary": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a court of appeal that has appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :" } ] }, { "value": "1954-1959", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated by President Eisenhower", "urls": [] }, { "value": "William Ball Gilbert", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_Ball_Gilbert", "summary": "William Ball Gilbert ( July 4 , 1847 - April 27 , 1931 ) was an American attorney and jurist from Oregon . He served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and of the United States Circuit Courts for the Ninth Circuit . A native of Virginia , he previously served in the Oregon Legislative Assembly ." } ] }, { "value": "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit", "summary": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a court of appeal that has appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :" } ] }, { "value": "1892-1931", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated by President Harrison", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alfred Goodwin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Goodwin", "summary": "Alfred Theodore Goodwin ( born June 29 , 1923 ) is a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and previously was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon . He was in the United States Army Captain from 1943 to 1946 . He was in the United States Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel , JAG Corps from 1960 to 1969 . He was in private practice of law in Eugene , Oregon from 1951 to 1955 . He was a judge on the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon from 1955 to 1960 . He was a judge on the Supreme Court of the State of Oregon from 1960 to 1969 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit", "summary": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a court of appeal that has appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :" } ] }, { "value": "1971-present", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chief judge of the court from 1988 to 1991", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Susan P. Graber", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Susan_P._Graber", "summary": "Susan Pia Graber ( born July 5 , 1949 ) is an American attorney and jurist . She is a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . A native of Oklahoma , she was the 90th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court , and served on the Oregon Court of Appeals ." } ] }, { "value": "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit", "summary": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a court of appeal that has appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :" } ] }, { "value": "1998-present", "urls": [] }, { "value": "President Bill Clinton nominated Graber on July 30 , 1997", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bill_Clinton", "summary": "William Jefferson Clinton ( born William Jefferson Blythe III ; August 19 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 . Prior to his presidency , he served as governor of Arkansas ( 1979-1981 and 1983-1992 ) and as attorney general of Arkansas ( 1977-1979 ) . A member of the Democratic Party , Clinton was known as a New Democrat , and many of his policies reflected a centrist Third Way political philosophy . He is the husband of former secretary of state and former U.S. senator Hillary Clinton . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives , becoming the second U.S. president to get impeached following Andrew Johnson . The impeachment was based on accusations that Clinton committed perjury and obstruction of justice for the purpose of concealing his affair with Monica Lewinsky , a 22-year-old White House intern . He was acquitted by the Senate and completed his term in office . Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University , University College , Oxford , and Yale Law School . He met Hillary Rodham at Yale and married her in 1975 . After graduating from law school , Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as the attorney general of Arkansas , serving from 1977 to 1979 . He later served as governor of Arkansas . As governor , he overhauled the state 's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association ." } ] }, { "value": "Bert Emory Haney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bert_Emory_Haney", "summary": "Bert Emory Haney ( April 10 , 1879 - September 18 , 1943 ) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ." } ] }, { "value": "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit", "summary": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a court of appeal that has appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :" } ] }, { "value": "1935-1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated by Franklin Roosevelt", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John Kilkenny", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Kilkenny", "summary": "John Francis Kilkenny ( October 26 , 1901 - February 17 , 1995 ) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and previously was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon ." } ] }, { "value": "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit", "summary": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a court of appeal that has appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :" } ] }, { "value": "1969-1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Assumed senior judge status in 1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Edward Leavy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edward_Leavy", "summary": "Edward Leavy ( born August 14 , 1929 ) is a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and a former judge for the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review . Prior to these positions , Leavy was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon ." } ] }, { "value": "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit", "summary": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a court of appeal that has appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :" } ] }, { "value": "1987-present", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Assumed senior status on the court in 1997", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Senior_status", "summary": "Senior status is a form of semi-retirement for United States federal judges and judges in some state court systems . To qualify , a judge must be at least 65 years of age , and the combination of the judge 's age and years of service in federal courts must be at least 80 years . When that happens , they receive the full salary of a judge but have the option to take a reduced caseload , although many senior judges choose to continue to work full-time . Additionally , senior judges do not occupy seats ; instead , their seats become vacant , and the president may appoint new full-time judges to fill their spots . Depending on how heavy a caseload they carry , senior judges remain entitled to maintain a staffed office , including a secretary and one or more law clerks . States having a similar system include Iowa ( for judges on the Iowa Court of Appeals ) , Pennsylvania , and Virginia ( for Justices of the Virginia Supreme Court ) . In the United Kingdom , retired Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and certain other retired senior British judges may , at the request of the President of the Supreme Court , sit as acting judges on a supplementary panel of the Court , provided that they are below the age of 75 at the time of the request ." } ] }, { "value": "Wallace McCamant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wallace_McCamant", "summary": "Wallace McCamant ( September 22 , 1867 - December 17 , 1944 ) was an American jurist in Oregon . A Pennsylvania native , he served as the 46th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court from 1917 to 1918 . Later he served briefly as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . As a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1920 , McCamant surprised the GOP leadership by placing the name of Calvin Coolidge into nomination for Vice-President . Coolidge would become the 30th President of the United States upon the death of President Harding in 1923 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit", "summary": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a court of appeal that has appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :" } ] }, { "value": "1925-1926", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Served as a recess appointment , never confirmed by Senate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Recess_appointment", "summary": "In the United States , a recess appointment is an appointment by the President of a federal official when the U.S. Senate is in recess . Under the U.S. Constitution 's Appointments Clause , the president is empowered to nominate , and with the advice and consent ( confirmation ) of the United States Senate , make appointments to high-level policy-making positions in federal departments , agencies , boards , and commissions . A recess appointment under Article II , Section 2 , Clause 3 of the Constitution is an alternative method of appointing officials that allows the filling of vacancies to maintain the continuity of administrative government through the temporary filling of offices during periods when the Senate is not in session . On occasion , and controversially , this power has also been used by presidents to temporarily install an unpopular nominee by sidestepping the Senate 's role in the confirmation process , and the Senate has taken measures from time to time to prevent a President making recess appointments . A recess appointment must be confirmed by the Senate by the end of the next session of Congress , or the appointment expires . In current practice this means that a recess appointment must be approved by roughly the end of the next calendar year , and thus could last for almost two years ." } ] }, { "value": "Diarmuid O'Scannlain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Diarmuid_O'Scannlain", "summary": "Diarmuid Fionntain O'Scannlain ( /ˈdɪərmɪd oʊˈskænlən/ DEER-mid oh-SKAN-lən ; born March 28 , 1937 ) is a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . His chambers are located in Portland , Oregon ." } ] }, { "value": "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit", "summary": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a court of appeal that has appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :" } ] }, { "value": "1986-present", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated by President Ronald Reagan on August 11 , 1986", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_President", "summary": "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ronald_Reagan", "summary": "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈreɪɡən/ ; February 6 , 1911 - June 5 , 2004 ) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and became a highly influential voice of modern conservatism . Prior to his presidency , he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 . Reagan was raised in a low-income family in small towns of northern Illinois . He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports commentator on several regional radio stations . After moving to California in 1937 , he found work as an actor and starred in a few major productions . Reagan was twice elected president of the Screen Actors Guild - the labor union for actors - where he worked to root out Communist influence . In the 1950s , he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories , during which time he became a conservative . Reagan was a Democrat until 1962 when he switched to the Republican Party . In 1964 , Reagan 's speech A Time for Choosing supported Barry Goldwater 's foundering presidential campaign and earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman . Building a network of supporters , Reagan was elected governor of California in 1966 . As governor , Reagan raised taxes , turned a state budget deficit to a surplus , challenged the protesters at the University of California , ordered in National Guard troops during a period of protest movements in 1969 , and was re-elected in 1970 . He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination , in 1968 and 1976 ." } ] }, { "value": "Nicholas J. Sinnott", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nicholas_J._Sinnott", "summary": "Nicholas John Sinnott ( December 6 , 1870 - July 23 , 1929 ) was a United States Representative from Oregon and later was a Judge of the Court of Claims ." } ] }, { "value": "United States Court of Claims", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Claims", "summary": "The Court of Claims was a federal court that heard claims against the United States government . It was established in 1855 , renamed in 1948 to the United States Court of Claims ( 67 Stat . 226 ) , and abolished in 1982 . Then , its jurisdiction was assumed by the newly created United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and United States Claims Court ( 96 Stat . 25 ) , which was later renamed the Court of Federal Claims . Before the Court of Claims was established , monetary claims against the federal government were normally submitted through petitions to Congress . By the time of the Court 's creation , the workload had become unwieldy so Congress gave the Court jurisdiction to hear all monetary claims based upon a law , a regulation , or a federal government contract . The Court was required to report its findings to Congress and to prepare bills for payments to claimants whose petitions were approved by the Court . Since only Congress was constitutionally empowered to make appropriations , Congress still had to approve the bills and reports , but it usually did so pro forma . The Court originally had three judges , who were given lifetime appointments . The judges were authorized to appoint commissioners to take depositions and issue subpoenas . The federal government was represented in the Court by a solicitor appointed by the President ." } ] }, { "value": "1928-1929", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated by President Calvin Coolidge on July 20 , 1929", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_President", "summary": "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge", "summary": "Calvin Coolidge ( born John Calvin Coolidge Jr. ; /ˈkuːlɪdʒ/ ; July 4 , 1872 - January 5 , 1933 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929 . A Republican lawyer from New England , born in Vermont , Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics , eventually becoming governor of Massachusetts . His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action . The next year , he was elected vice president of the United States , and he succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923 . Elected in his own right in 1924 , he gained a reputation as a small government conservative and also as a man who said very little and had a rather dry sense of humor . Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor 's administration , and left office with considerable popularity . As a Coolidge biographer wrote : He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class , could interpret their longings and express their opinions . That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength . Scholars have ranked Coolidge in the lower half of those presidents that they have assessed . He is praised by advocates of smaller government and laissez-faire economics , while supporters of an active central government generally view him less favorably , although most praise his stalwart support of racial equality ." } ] }, { "value": "Otto Richard Skopil Jr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Otto_Richard_Skopil_Jr.", "summary": "Otto Richard Skopil Jr. ( June 3 , 1919 - October 18 , 2012 ) was an American attorney and judge in the state of Oregon . The native Oregonian actively served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit from 1979 to 1986 . Previously , Skopil served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon from 1972 to 1979 , and was the Chief Judge of that court from 1976 to 1979 . Of German ancestry , he was a veteran of World War II and received both his undergraduate education and law degree from Willamette University ." } ] }, { "value": "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit", "summary": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a court of appeal that has appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :" } ] }, { "value": "1979-1986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nominated by President Jimmy Carter on June 14 , 1979", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_President", "summary": "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jimmy_Carter", "summary": "James Earl Carter Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) is an American politician , philanthropist , and former farmer who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 . Since leaving the presidency , Carter has remained active in the private sector ; in 2002 , he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center . Raised in Plains , Georgia , Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree and joined the United States Navy , where he served on submarines . After the death of his father in 1953 , Carter left his naval career and returned home to Georgia to take up the reins of his family 's peanut-growing business . Carter inherited comparatively little due to his father 's forgiveness of debts and the division of the estate among the children . Nevertheless , his ambition to expand and grow the Carters ' peanut business was fulfilled . During this period , Carter was motivated to oppose the political climate of racial segregation and support the growing civil rights movement . He became an activist within the Democratic Party . From 1963 to 1967 , Carter served in the Georgia State Senate , and in 1970 , he was elected as Governor of Georgia , defeating former Governor Carl Sanders in the Democratic primary on an anti-segregation platform advocating affirmative action for ethnic minorities . Carter remained as governor until 1975 . Despite being a dark-horse candidate who was little known outside of Georgia at the start of the campaign , Carter won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Other federal", "section_text": "Seal of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Nicholas J. Sinnott Judges from Oregon who have served on federal courts other than the District Court of Oregon . This includes judges who have been assigned to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ' duty station at the Pioneer Courthouse in Portland , Oregon .", "uid": "List_of_Oregon_judges_6", "intro": "This is a list of Oregon judges that have served within the confines of the United States in the state of Oregon, as well as people from Oregon that have served in federal courts outside of the state. These include judges that served prior to statehood on February 14, 1859, including the judges of the Provisional Government of Oregon. Those listed include judges of the Oregon Supreme Court, the Oregon Tax Court, and the Oregon Court of Appeals at the state level. Judges for the United States District Court for the District of Oregon and judges from Oregon that have served on other federal courts are also listed. The judges of the Oregon circuit courts, who generally serve a single county, are not listed." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon", "title": "Decathlon", "header": [ "Year", "Score", "Athlete", "Place" ], "data": [ { "value": "1960", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,683", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rafer Johnson ( USA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rafer_Johnson", "summary": "Rafer Lewis Johnson ( born August 18 , 1935 ) is an American former decathlete and film actor . He was the 1960 Olympic gold medalist in the decathlon , having won silver in 1956 . He had previously won a gold in the 1955 Pan American Games . He was the USA team 's flag bearer at the 1960 Olympics and lit the Olympic flame at the Los Angeles Games in 1984 . In 1968 he , football player Rosey Grier , and journalist George Plimpton tackled Sirhan Sirhan moments after he had fatally shot Robert F. Kennedy . After he retired from athletics , Johnson turned to acting , sportscasting and public service and was instrumental in creating the California Special Olympics . His acting career included appearances in The Sins of Rachel Cade ( 1961 ) , the Elvis Presley film Wild in the Country ( 1961 ) , Pirates of Tortuga ( 1961 ) , None but the Brave ( 1965 ) , two Tarzan films with Mike Henry , The Last Grenade ( 1970 ) , Soul Soldier ( 1970 ) , Roots : The Next Generations ( 1979 ) , the James Bond film Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) , and Think Big ( 1990 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Eugene", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1961", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,709", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Philip Mulkey ( USA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Philip_Mulkey", "summary": "Philip Roy Phil Mulkey ( born January 7 , 1933 ) is an American track and field athlete , primarily known for the multi-event decathlon . Mulkey was the second place American behind Rafer Johnson at the 1960 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships which served as Olympic Trials . He failed to finish the 1960 Olympic competition , dropping out after the discus throw . Mulkey had been a competitor at the 1952 Olympic Trials finishing 17th as a high schooler from Purdy , Missouri and the 1956 Olympic Trials finishing 7th representing the University of Wyoming . Mulkey placed second at the 1959 Pan American Games behind Dave Edstrom . In 1961 he surpassed Vasili Kuznetsov 's world record by scoring 8,727 points at the Southeastern AAU ( the equivalent of USATF in the day ) meet in his home town of Memphis , Tennessee , but the record was never ratified by the IAAF because the field was not approved . Mulkey competed for Memphis State College and then the University of Wyoming . He never quit the sport , moving from the open division into the early days of masters athletics . He competed at many Masters Athletics World Championships and set several world records as he progressed through the age groups . His M60 American Record was decertified as the American record after World Masters Athletics changed the implement specifications , but it remains the best mark . He coached his then girlfriend Philipa Raschker ( Phil and Phil ) , one of the most successful Masters athletes ever . Both Phils each were named the 1993 and 1994 USATF Combined Athletes of the year ." } ] }, { "value": "Memphis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee", "summary": "Memphis is a city located along the Mississippi River in southwestern Shelby County , Tennessee , United States . The 2018 city population was 650,618 , making Memphis the largest city on the Mississippi River , the second most populous city in Tennessee , as well as the 26th largest city in the United States . Greater Memphis is the 42nd largest metropolitan area in the United States , with a population of 1,348,260 in 2017 . The city is the anchor of West Tennessee and the greater Mid-South region , which includes portions of neighboring Arkansas and Mississippi . Memphis is the seat of Shelby County , the most populous county in Tennessee . As one of the more historic and culturally significant cities of the southern United States , the city features a wide variety of landscapes and distinct neighborhoods . The first European explorer to visit the area of present-day Memphis was Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto in 1541 with his expedition into the New World . The high Chickasaw Bluffs protecting the location from the waters of the Mississippi would then be contested between the Spanish , French , and the English as Memphis took shape . Modern Memphis was founded in 1819 by three prominent Americans : John Overton , James Winchester , and future president Andrew Jackson . Memphis grew into one of the largest cities of the Antebellum South as a market for agricultural goods , natural resources like lumber , and the American slave trade . After the American Civil War and the end of slavery , the city experienced even faster growth into the 20th century as it became among the largest world markets for cotton and lumber . Home to Tennessee 's largest African-American population , Memphis played a prominent role in the American civil rights movement and was the site of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. 's 1968 assassination ." } ] }, { "value": "1962", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,248", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chuan-Kwang Yang ( ROC )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chuan-Kwang_Yang", "summary": "Yang Chuan-kwang , or C.K . Yang ( Amis : Maysang Kalimud , Chinese : 楊傳廣 ; pinyin : Yáng Chuánguǎng ) ( July 10 , 1933 - January 27 , 2007 ) , was an Olympic decathlete from Taiwan . Yang attended college at UCLA where he trained and competed with team mate and Olympian Rafer Johnson and was coached by Elvin C. Drake ." } ] }, { "value": "Tulare", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tulare,_California", "summary": "Tulare ( /tʊˈlɛəri/ tuu-LAIR-ee ) is a city in Tulare County , California . The population was 59,278 at the 2010 census . Tulare is located in the heart of the San Joaquin Valley , eight miles south of Visalia and sixty miles north of Bakersfield . The city is named for the currently dry Tulare Lake , once the largest freshwater lake west of the Great Lakes . The city 's mission statement is : To promote a quality of life making Tulare the most desirable community in which to live , learn , play , work , worship and prosper . The Stockton seaport is 170 miles ( 270 km ) away , and the Sacramento port is 207 miles ( 333 km ) away . The Los Angeles and San Francisco ports are each approximately 200 miles ( 320 km ) away , making Tulare a hub or central location for product movement ." } ] }, { "value": "1963", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,089", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chuan-Kwang Yang ( ROC )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chuan-Kwang_Yang", "summary": "Yang Chuan-kwang , or C.K . Yang ( Amis : Maysang Kalimud , Chinese : 楊傳廣 ; pinyin : Yáng Chuánguǎng ) ( July 10 , 1933 - January 27 , 2007 ) , was an Olympic decathlete from Taiwan . Yang attended college at UCLA where he trained and competed with team mate and Olympian Rafer Johnson and was coached by Elvin C. Drake ." } ] }, { "value": "Walnut", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Walnut,_California", "summary": "Walnut is a city in the eastern part of Los Angeles County in the U.S. state of California . Money 's Best Places to Live ranked Walnut # 70 in 2009 and # 57 in 2011 , the highest ranking for a California city in both years . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 29,172 , and in 2018 the population was estimated at 30,006 . The greater Walnut Valley is located between the steep San Jose Hills mountain range to the north , and the gentle Puente Hills to the south . Quality housing consists of master-planned single family homes ranging in size from 1,800 to 11,200 square feet ( 170 to 1,040 m2 ) . The city hosts a highly ranked public school system - the Walnut Valley Unified School District , which has been ranked by numerous sources as one of the top public school districts in Southern California as well as Mt . San Antonio College . Walnut is one of the cities with the lowest crime rates in the San Gabriel Valley . The city covers nearly 9 square miles ( 23 km2 ) and is home to hundreds of businesses . According to the 2010 United States Census , Walnut has a median household income at one of the top earning percentiles in the country at $ 101,250 . The city 's name is derived from the Rancho Los Nogales Mexican land grant , nogales being the Spanish word for walnut trees . The native California black walnut is a common tree of the San Jose Hills ." } ] }, { "value": "1964", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7,950", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Manfred Bock ( FRG )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manfred_Bock", "summary": "Manfred Bock ( 28 May 1941 - 31 October 2010 ) was German track and field athlete who started for West Germany at the European Championship of 1962 and received the bronze medal in the Decathlon . He was born in Hamburg . In the 1960 Olympic Games , he took 10th place . Manfred Bock was a member of the Hamburg SV . During his racing career Bock stood 1.90 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) high and weighed 90 kg ( 200 lb ) . Bock died in October 2010 in Uetersen ." } ] }, { "value": "Liestal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Liestal", "summary": "Liestal ( Alemannic German : [ ˈliə̯ʃd̥l̩ ] , Standard German : [ ˈliːstal ] ) , formerly spelled Liesthal , is the capital of Liestal District and the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland , 17 km ( 11 mi ) south of Basel . Liestal is an industrial town with a cobbled-street Old Town . The official language of Liestal is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect ." } ] }, { "value": "1965", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7,883", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mykhaylo Storozhenko ( URS )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mykhaylo_Storozhenko", "summary": "Mykhailo Storozhenko ( born 12 November 1937 ) is a Soviet athlete . He competed in the men 's decathlon at the 1964 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Kiev", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kiev", "summary": "Kiev or Kyiv [ a ] ( Ukrainian : Київ , romanized : Kyiv ; Russian : Киев , romanized : Kiyev ) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine . It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River . Its population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 ( though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press ) , making Kiev the 6th-most populous city in Europe . Kiev is an important industrial , scientific , educational and cultural center of Eastern Europe . It is home to many high-tech industries , higher education institutions , and historical landmarks . The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure , including the Kiev Metro . The city 's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi , one of its four legendary founders . During its history , Kiev , one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe , passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity . The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century . A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople , Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars , until its capture by the Varangians ( Vikings ) in the mid-9th century . Under Varangian rule , the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus ' , the first East Slavic state . Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240 , the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come ." } ] }, { "value": "1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,234", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bill Toomey ( USA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bill_Toomey", "summary": "William Anthony Toomey ( born January 10 , 1939 ) is a former American track and field competitor and the 1968 Olympic decathlon champion . A graduate of Worcester Academy and the University of Colorado , Toomey was named ABC 's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year in 1968 . He set the world record in the decathlon in December 1969 and received the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States in 1969 . He won 23 of the 38 decathlons he competed in , scoring over 8,000 points a dozen times . He was on the cover of the October 1969 issue of Track and Field News . A week after his world record , Toomey married Olympic gold-medal winning British athlete Mary Rand in 1969 and they had two daughters , Samantha and Sarah . They divorced after 22 years of marriage . Toomey was head coach in track and field at the University of California at Irvine in the early 1970s . Before that he worked as a television broadcaster and marketing consultant ." } ] }, { "value": "Salina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Salina,_Kansas", "summary": "Salina /səˈlaɪnə/ is a city in and the county seat of Saline County , Kansas , United States . As of the 2010 census [ update ] , the city population was 47,707 . Located in one of the world 's largest wheat-producing areas , Salina is a regional trade center for north-central Kansas . It is home to multiple colleges ." } ] }, { "value": "1967", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,319", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kurt Bendlin ( FRG )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kurt_Bendlin", "summary": "Kurt Bendlin ( born 22 May 1943 ) is a retired West German decathlete . In 1967 he became the first German person to set a world decathlon record in 34 years ; he was voted German Sportsman of the Year , received the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt , and was cast in bronze by Arno Breker . Next year he won a bronze medal at the 1968 Olympics . Bendlin won national decathlon titles in 1965 , 1967 , 1971 , and 1974 . Besides sport , he worked as policeman and teacher of physical education . He also organized outdoor camps and training courses for managers , and in 1986 published a related book Fitness für Manager ." } ] }, { "value": "Heidelberg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Heidelberg", "summary": "Heidelberg ( /ˈhaɪdəlbɜːrɡ/ HY-dəl-burg , German : [ ˈhaɪdl̩bɛʁk ] ( listen ) ) is a university town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg , situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany . In the 2016 census , its population was 159,914 , of which roughly a quarter consisted of students . Located about 78 km ( 48 mi ) south of Frankfurt , Heidelberg is the fifth-largest city in Baden-Württemberg . Heidelberg is part of the densely populated Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region . Heidelberg University , founded in 1386 , is Germany 's oldest and one of Europe 's most reputable universities . Heidelberg is a scientific hub in Germany and home to several internationally renowned research facilities adjacent to its university , including the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and four Max Planck Institutes . The city has also been a hub for the arts , especially literature , throughout the centuries , and it was designated a City of Literature by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network . Heidelberg was a seat of government of the former Electorate of the Palatinate and is a popular tourist destination due to its romantic cityscape , including Heidelberg Castle , the Philosophers ' Walk , and the Baroque old town ." } ] }, { "value": "1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,222 A", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations", "summary": "The sports under the umbrella of athletics , particularly track and field , use a variety of statistics . In order to report that information efficiently , numerous abbreviations have grown to be common in the sport . Starting in 1948 by Bert Nelson and Cordner Nelson , Track and Field News became the leader in creating and defining abbreviations in this field . But these abbreviations have also been adopted by , among others , the IAAF ; the world governing body , various domestic governing bodies , the Association of Track and Field Statisticians , the Association of Road Racing Statisticians , the Associated Press and the individual media outlets who receive their reports . These abbreviations also appear in Wikipedia ." } ] }, { "value": "Bill Toomey ( USA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bill_Toomey", "summary": "William Anthony Toomey ( born January 10 , 1939 ) is a former American track and field competitor and the 1968 Olympic decathlon champion . A graduate of Worcester Academy and the University of Colorado , Toomey was named ABC 's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year in 1968 . He set the world record in the decathlon in December 1969 and received the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States in 1969 . He won 23 of the 38 decathlons he competed in , scoring over 8,000 points a dozen times . He was on the cover of the October 1969 issue of Track and Field News . A week after his world record , Toomey married Olympic gold-medal winning British athlete Mary Rand in 1969 and they had two daughters , Samantha and Sarah . They divorced after 22 years of marriage . Toomey was head coach in track and field at the University of California at Irvine in the early 1970s . Before that he worked as a television broadcaster and marketing consultant ." } ] }, { "value": "Echo Summit", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Echo_Summit", "summary": "Echo Summit is a mountain pass over the Sierra Nevada in the western United States , located in eastern El Dorado County , California . At 7,377 ft ( 2,249 m ) above sea level , it is the highest point on U.S. Route 50 in California , which traverses it at postmile 66.48 between Twin Bridges and Meyers , south of Lake Tahoe . The Sierra Nevada Southern Route ( aka the Pioneer Route ) of the Lincoln Highway , the first road across the United States , was routed over nearby Johnson Pass [ citation needed ] in 1913 . The current alignment over Echo Summit was constructed between 1936 and 1939 . The Sierra Nevada Northern Route of the Lincoln Highway went over Donner Pass . Echo Summit is a trailhead for the Pacific Coast National Scenic Trail ." } ] }, { "value": "1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,417", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bill Toomey ( USA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bill_Toomey", "summary": "William Anthony Toomey ( born January 10 , 1939 ) is a former American track and field competitor and the 1968 Olympic decathlon champion . A graduate of Worcester Academy and the University of Colorado , Toomey was named ABC 's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year in 1968 . He set the world record in the decathlon in December 1969 and received the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States in 1969 . He won 23 of the 38 decathlons he competed in , scoring over 8,000 points a dozen times . He was on the cover of the October 1969 issue of Track and Field News . A week after his world record , Toomey married Olympic gold-medal winning British athlete Mary Rand in 1969 and they had two daughters , Samantha and Sarah . They divorced after 22 years of marriage . Toomey was head coach in track and field at the University of California at Irvine in the early 1970s . Before that he worked as a television broadcaster and marketing consultant ." } ] }, { "value": "Los Angeles", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1970", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,130", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rüdiger Demmig ( GDR )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Erfurt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Erfurt", "summary": "Erfurt ( /ˈɛərfɜːrt/ AIR-furt , /ˈɛərfʊərt/ AIR-foort ; German pronunciation : [ ˈɛʁfʊʁt ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia , central Germany . Erfurt lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin , within the wide valley of the Gera river . It is located 100 km ( 62 mi ) south-west of Leipzig , 300 km ( 186 mi ) south-west of Berlin , 400 km ( 249 mi ) north of Munich and 250 km ( 155 mi ) north-east of Frankfurt . Together with a string of neighbouring cities Gotha , Weimar , Jena and others , Erfurt forms the central metropolitan corridor of Thuringia called Thüringer Städtekette ( German Thuringian city chain ) with over 500,000 inhabitants . Erfurt 's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany . Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke ( Merchants ' bridge ) , the Old Synagogue , the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche ( St Severus 's Church ) and Petersberg Citadel , one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe . The city 's economy is based on agriculture , horticulture and microelectronics . Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe . Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany ( after Leipzig ) as well as the public television children 's channel KiKa . The city is situated on the Via Regia , a medieval trade and pilgrims ' road network . Modern day Erfurt is also a hub for ICE high speed trains and other German and European transport networks . Erfurt was first mentioned in 742 , as Saint Boniface founded the diocese ." } ] }, { "value": "1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,244", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kurt Bendlin ( FRG )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kurt_Bendlin", "summary": "Kurt Bendlin ( born 22 May 1943 ) is a retired West German decathlete . In 1967 he became the first German person to set a world decathlon record in 34 years ; he was voted German Sportsman of the Year , received the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt , and was cast in bronze by Arno Breker . Next year he won a bronze medal at the 1968 Olympics . Bendlin won national decathlon titles in 1965 , 1967 , 1971 , and 1974 . Besides sport , he worked as policeman and teacher of physical education . He also organized outdoor camps and training courses for managers , and in 1986 published a related book Fitness für Manager ." } ] }, { "value": "Bonn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bonn", "summary": "The Federal City of Bonn ( German pronunciation : [ bɔn ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia , with a population of over 300,000 . About 24 km ( 15 mi ) south-southeast of Cologne , Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region , Germany 's largest metropolitan area , with over 11 million inhabitants . It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1770 . He spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn . Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement , Bonn is one of Germany 's oldest cities . From 1597 to 1794 , Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne , and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne . From 1949 to 1990 , Bonn was the capital of West Germany , and Germany 's present constitution , the Basic Law , was declared in the city in 1949 . The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic . From 1990 to 1999 , Bonn served as the seat of government - but no longer capital - of reunited Germany . Because of a political compromise following the reunification , the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn . Roughly a third of all ministerial jobs are located in Bonn as of 2019 [ update ] , and the city is considered a second , unofficial , capital of the country . Bonn is the secondary seat of the President , the Chancellor , the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities ." } ] }, { "value": "1972", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,466", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mykola Avilov ( URS )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mykola_Avilov", "summary": "Mykola Avilov ( Ukrainian : Микола Вікторович Авілов , Russian : Николай Викторович Авилов , born 6 August 1948 ) is a retired Ukrainian Soviet decathlete ( Odessa ) who competed at the 1968 , 1972 and 1976 Olympics . He won a gold medal in 1972 , setting a new world record , a bronze in 1976 , and finished fourth in 1968 . Unusually tall for his time Avilov first played basketball , then changed to high jump in 1962 , and only in 1966 turned to decathlon . He won that event at the 1970 Universiade and finished second in 1973 . In 1971 he married Valentyna Kozyr , an Olympic high jumper . Avilov retired in 1980 after finishing fifth at the Soviet Championships . He then coached athletics in Ukraine , Iraq , China , Egypt and the Seychelles . In the 2015 Odessa regional election Avilov was elected into the Odessa Oblast parliament as the first of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc 's election ballot ." } ] }, { "value": "Munich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Munich", "summary": "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ." } ] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,163", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lennart Hedmark ( SWE )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lennart_Hedmark", "summary": "Lennart Per-Olav Hedmark ( born 18 May 1944 in Skellefteå ) is a retired Swedish track and field athlete who competed in the decathlon . He represented his country three times at the Summer Olympics ( 1968 , 1972 and 1976 ) . He started his career as a javelin throw specialist and claimed three straight titles in the event at the Swedish Championships from 1963 to 1965 . He was selected to compete at the 1964 Summer Olympics , but did not start the competition . His first international medal came at the 1965 Summer Universiade , where he was the bronze medallist . Hedmark changed his focus to combined events in 1967 and he was one of his region 's dominant athletes over his career : he had four consecutive victories in the Nordic Combined Events Championships from 1967 to 1970 , and in a decade of national competition he won seven Swedish decathlon titles in addition to five titles in the pentathlon . At the 1968 Summer Olympics he came eleventh in the decathlon . International medals came at the 1970 Summer Universiade , where he took the silver behind Mykola Avilov , and at the 1971 European Athletics Championships , finishing as runner-up to the defending champion Joachim Kirst . He made his second Olympic appearance at the 1972 Munich Games , but he did not manage to finish the competition . The following year he was the inaugural winner of the European Combined Events Cup . His best performance of the year came in Bonn and his total of 8163 points was the best by any athlete that year . Hedmark 's final major appearance came at the 1976 Summer Olympics and had his best Olympic outing with a score of 8002 for eighth place ." } ] }, { "value": "Bonn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bonn", "summary": "The Federal City of Bonn ( German pronunciation : [ bɔn ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia , with a population of over 300,000 . About 24 km ( 15 mi ) south-southeast of Cologne , Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region , Germany 's largest metropolitan area , with over 11 million inhabitants . It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1770 . He spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn . Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement , Bonn is one of Germany 's oldest cities . From 1597 to 1794 , Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne , and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne . From 1949 to 1990 , Bonn was the capital of West Germany , and Germany 's present constitution , the Basic Law , was declared in the city in 1949 . The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic . From 1990 to 1999 , Bonn served as the seat of government - but no longer capital - of reunited Germany . Because of a political compromise following the reunification , the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn . Roughly a third of all ministerial jobs are located in Bonn as of 2019 [ update ] , and the city is considered a second , unofficial , capital of the country . Bonn is the secondary seat of the President , the Chancellor , the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities ." } ] }, { "value": "1974", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,229", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ryszard Skowronek ( POL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ryszard_Skowronek", "summary": "Ryszard Skowronek ( born 1 May 1949 in Jelenia Góra ) is a retired decathlete from Poland . He set his personal best in the event ( 8208 points ) on 21 June 1973 at a meet in Warsaw ." } ] }, { "value": "Montreal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montreal", "summary": "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ." } ] }, { "value": "1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,429", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bruce Jenner ( USA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner", "summary": "Caitlyn Marie Jenner ( born William Bruce Jenner ; October 28 , 1949 ) is an American television personality and retired Olympic gold medal-winning decathlete . Jenner played college football for the Graceland Yellowjackets before incurring a knee injury that required surgery . Convinced by Olympic decathlete Jack Parker 's coach , L. D. Weldon , to try the decathlon , Jenner culminated a 6 year decathlon career by winning the men 's decathlon event at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , setting a third successive world record and gaining fame as an all-American hero . Given the unofficial title of world 's greatest athlete , Jenner established a career in television , film , writing , auto racing , business , and as a Playgirl cover model . Jenner has six children with three successive wives - Chrystie Crownover , Linda Thompson , and Kris Jenner - and has since 2007 appeared on the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians with Kris , their daughters Kendall and Kylie Jenner , and Kris 's other children Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob Kardashian . Assigned male at birth , Caitlyn Jenner publicly came out as a trans woman in April 2015 . Her new name was publicly announced in July of that year , with her name and gender being legally changed the following September . From 2015 to 2016 , Jenner starred in the reality television series I Am Cait , which focused on her gender transition . In January 2017 , she underwent sex reassignment surgery . Jenner has been called the most famous transgender woman in the world ." } ] }, { "value": "Eugene", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,634", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bruce Jenner ( USA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner", "summary": "Caitlyn Marie Jenner ( born William Bruce Jenner ; October 28 , 1949 ) is an American television personality and retired Olympic gold medal-winning decathlete . Jenner played college football for the Graceland Yellowjackets before incurring a knee injury that required surgery . Convinced by Olympic decathlete Jack Parker 's coach , L. D. Weldon , to try the decathlon , Jenner culminated a 6 year decathlon career by winning the men 's decathlon event at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , setting a third successive world record and gaining fame as an all-American hero . Given the unofficial title of world 's greatest athlete , Jenner established a career in television , film , writing , auto racing , business , and as a Playgirl cover model . Jenner has six children with three successive wives - Chrystie Crownover , Linda Thompson , and Kris Jenner - and has since 2007 appeared on the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians with Kris , their daughters Kendall and Kylie Jenner , and Kris 's other children Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob Kardashian . Assigned male at birth , Caitlyn Jenner publicly came out as a trans woman in April 2015 . Her new name was publicly announced in July of that year , with her name and gender being legally changed the following September . From 2015 to 2016 , Jenner starred in the reality television series I Am Cait , which focused on her gender transition . In January 2017 , she underwent sex reassignment surgery . Jenner has been called the most famous transgender woman in the world ." } ] }, { "value": "Montreal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montreal", "summary": "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ." } ] }, { "value": "1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,400", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aleksandr Grebenyuk ( URS )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aleksandr_Grebenyuk", "summary": "Aleksandr Grebenyuk ( Russian : Александр Гребенюк ; born 22 May 1951 in Zelenokumsk , Stavropol Kray ) is a retired decathlete from the Soviet Union . He set the best world 's year performance in 1977 , collecting 8400 points at a meet in Riga on 3 July 1977 . He won the European title in 1978 , and collected three Soviet titles ( 1977 , 1978 and 1979 ) . His cousin is Ekaterina Grebenyuk , future physician ." } ] }, { "value": "Riga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Riga", "summary": "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ." } ] }, { "value": "1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,493", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guido Kratschmer ( FRG )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guido_Kratschmer", "summary": "Guido Kratschmer ( born 10 January 1953 in Klotzenhof , West Germany ) is a retired West German decathlete . His sports club was the USC Mainz . Kratschmer competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , where he won the silver medal in the men 's decathlon event . He could not participate at the 1980 Summer Olympics because of the boycott . In 1980 , Kratschmer broke the world record held by Daley Thompson , but in 1982 , Kratschmer 's mark was in turn topped by Thompson . Kratschmer 's personal best total in the decathlon was 8667 points , achieved in June 1980 in Bernhausen , West Germany . This total ranks him sixth all-time among German decathletes , behind Jürgen Hingsen , Uwe Freimuth , Siegfried Wentz , Frank Busemann and Torsten Voss ." } ] }, { "value": "Bernhausen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,476", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guido Kratschmer ( FRG )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guido_Kratschmer", "summary": "Guido Kratschmer ( born 10 January 1953 in Klotzenhof , West Germany ) is a retired West German decathlete . His sports club was the USC Mainz . Kratschmer competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , where he won the silver medal in the men 's decathlon event . He could not participate at the 1980 Summer Olympics because of the boycott . In 1980 , Kratschmer broke the world record held by Daley Thompson , but in 1982 , Kratschmer 's mark was in turn topped by Thompson . Kratschmer 's personal best total in the decathlon was 8667 points , achieved in June 1980 in Bernhausen , West Germany . This total ranks him sixth all-time among German decathletes , behind Jürgen Hingsen , Uwe Freimuth , Siegfried Wentz , Frank Busemann and Torsten Voss ." } ] }, { "value": "Krefeld", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Krefeld", "summary": "Krefeld ( /ˈkreɪfɛld , -ɛlt/ KRAY-feld , -⁠felt , German : [ ˈkʁeːfɛlt ] ( listen ) ) , also spelled Crefeld until 1929 ( though the spelling was still being used in British papers throughout the second world war ) , is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is located northwest of Düsseldorf , its centre lying just a few kilometres to the west of the river Rhine ; the borough of Uerdingen is situated directly on the Rhine . Because of its economic past , Krefeld is often referred to as the Velvet and Silk City . It is accessed by the autobahns A57 ( Cologne-Nijmegen ) and A44 ( Aachen-Düsseldorf-Dortmund-Kassel ) . Krefeld 's residents speak Hochdeutsch , or standard German , but the native dialect is a Low German variety , sometimes locally called Krefelder Plattdeutsch , Krieewelsch Platt , Plattdeutsch , or sometimes simply Platt . The Uerdingen line isogloss , separating general dialectical areas in Germany and neighboring Germanic-speaking countries , runs through and is named after Krefeld 's Uerdingen district , originally an independent municipality ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Season 's bests", "section_text": "[ citation needed ]", "uid": "Decathlon_1", "intro": "The decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events. The word decathlon was formed, in analogy to the word pentathlon, from Greek δέκα (déka, meaning ten) and ἄθλος (áthlos, or ἄθλον, áthlon, meaning contest or prize). Events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all. Performance is judged on a points system in each event, not by the position achieved. The decathlon is contested mainly by male athletes, while female athletes typically compete in the heptathlon. Traditionally, the title of World's Greatest Athlete has been given to the person who wins the decathlon, thus the world's greatest athlete of all times is the record-man of decathlon (Kevin Mayer as of September 2018). This began when King Gustav V of Sweden told Jim Thorpe, You, sir, are the world's greatest athlete after Thorpe won the decathlon at the Stockholm Olympics in 1912. The event is similar to the pentathlon held at the ancient Greek Olympics, and also similar to a competition called an all-around, which was contested at the United States amateur championships in 1884. Another all-around was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics. The modern decathlon first appeared at the 1912 Games. The current official decathlon world record holder is French Kevin Mayer, who scored a total of 9,126 points at the 2018 Décastar in France." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "title": "United States at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships", "header": [ "Medal", "Name", "Sport", "Event", "Time/Score", "Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrew Gemmell Sean Ryan Ashley Twichell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrew_Gemmell", "summary": "Andrew Douglas Gemmell ( born February 20 , 1991 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in long-distance freestyle events . He was a member of the 2012 United States Olympic Team , and competed in the 1,500-meter freestyle event at the 2012 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sean_Ryan_(swimmer)", "summary": "Sean Ryan ( born August 13 , 1992 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in long-distance and open-water freestyle events ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ashley_Twichell", "summary": "Ashley Grace Twichell ( born June 16 , 1989 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in long-distance freestyle and open-water events . Twichell earned the first international medals of her career at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai , China , winning gold in the 5 km team and bronze in the 5 km open water events . Later in 2011 , she earned a silver medal in the 800-meter freestyle at the 2011 Pan American Games . At the 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials , she placed 10th in the 800-meter freestyle and 18th in the 400-meter freestyle , missing the Olympic team . In 2013 , Twichell won gold in the 10 km open water event at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan , Russia ." } ] }, { "value": "Open water swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Open_water_swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The open water swimming portion of the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 19-23 in Shanghai , China at the Jinshan City Beach ." } ] }, { "value": "5 km team event", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Open_water_swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Team", "summary": "The team competition of the open water swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 21 . Each team consisted of 3 swimmers , two men and one woman , who swam 5 km each ." } ] }, { "value": "57:00.6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 21", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dana Vollmer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dana_Vollmer", "summary": "Dana Whitney Vollmer ( born November 13 , 1987 ) is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic gold medalist , and former world record-holder . At the 2004 Summer Olympics , she won a gold medal as a member of the winning United States team in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay that set the world record in the event . Eight years later at the 2012 Summer Olympics , Vollmer set the world record on her way to the gold medal in the 100-meter butterfly , and also won golds in the 4×100-meter medley relay and 4×200-meter freestyle relay . She won three medals at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . Vollmer won a total of thirty two medals in major international competitions , including nineteen gold medals , eight silver , and five bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , the Pan American Games , the Pan Pacific Championships , and the Goodwill Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 100 m butterfly", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_100_metre_butterfly", "summary": "The women 's 100 metre butterfly competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place on 24 and 25 July . The heats and semifinals took place on 24 July and the final was held on 25 July ." } ] }, { "value": "56.87", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ryan Lochte", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ryan_Lochte", "summary": "Ryan Steven Lochte ( /ˈlɒkti/ LOK-tee ; born August 3 , 1984 ) is an American competitive swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist . Along with Natalie Coughlin , Dara Torres , and Jenny Thompson , he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals , behind only Michael Phelps . Lochte 's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men 's swimming ( again to Michael Phelps ) , tied for second among all Olympic swimmers . He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley ( long and short course ) . As part of the American teams , he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle ( long course ) and 4x100-meter freestyle ( mixed ) relay . Lochte 's success has earned him SwimSwam 's Swammy Award for U.S . Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013 , the World Swimmer of the Year Award and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice . He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the Year three times . He has won a total of 90 medals in major international competition ( 54 gold , 22 silver , and 14 bronze ) spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , Pan American Games , and Pan Pacific Championships , including six Olympic gold medals and 39 world championship titles . Lochte specializes in the backstroke and individual medley , but is also a freestyle and butterfly swimmer . He is noted for the speed and distance he attains while kicking underwater . Lochte is also known for his dominance in the short course format ( 25-yard and 25-meter-long pools ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 200 m freestyle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_200_metre_freestyle", "summary": "The men 's 200 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place July 25 and 26 . The heats and semifinals took place July 25 and the final was held July 26 ." } ] }, { "value": "1:44.44", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 26", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rebecca Soni", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rebecca_Soni", "summary": "Rebecca Soni ( born March 18 , 1987 ) is an American former competition swimmer and breaststroke specialist who is a six-time Olympic medalist . She is a former world record-holder in the 100-meter breaststroke ( short and long course ) and the 200-meter breaststroke ( short and long course ) , and is the first woman to swim the 200-meter breaststroke in under 2 minutes 20 seconds . As a member of the U.S. national team , she currently holds the world record in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( long course ) . Soni has won a total of twenty-two medals in major international competition , fourteen gold , seven silver , and one bronze spanning the Olympics , the World , the Universiade , and the Pan Pacific Championships . She burst onto the international scene at the 2008 Summer Olympics where she won two silver medals and one gold . In the 200-meter breaststroke at the Olympics , she set the world record en route to winning gold , shocking Australian favorite Leisel Jones . Four years later at the 2012 Summer Olympics , Soni successfully defended her Olympic title in the 200-meter breaststroke in world record time , becoming the first woman to do so in the event . She was named Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year award in 2010 and 2011 , and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2009 , 2010 and 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 100 m breaststroke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_100_metre_breaststroke", "summary": "The women 's 100 metre breaststroke competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 25 with the preliminary round and the semifinals and July 26 with the final ." } ] }, { "value": "1:05.05", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 26", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Phelps", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Phelps", "summary": "Michael Fred Phelps II ( born June 30 , 1985 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time , with a total of 28 medals . Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals ( 23 ) , Olympic gold medals in individual events ( 13 ) , and Olympic medals in individual events ( 16 ) . When he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games , Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz 's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Phelps had already tied the record of eight medals of any color at a single Games by winning six gold and two bronze medals . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Phelps won four gold and two silver medals , and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , he won five gold medals and one silver . This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row . Phelps is the long course world record holder in the men 's 400-meter individual medley as well as the former long course world record holder in the 200-meter freestyle , 100-meter butterfly , 200-meter butterfly , and 200-meter individual medley . He has won 82 medals in major international long course competitions , of which 65 were gold , 14 silver , and three bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Phelps 's international titles and record-breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award eight times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eleven times , as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2012 and 2016 . Phelps earned Sports Illustrated magazine 's Sportsman of the Year award due to his unprecedented Olympic success in the 2008 Games . After the 2008 Summer Olympics , Phelps started the Michael Phelps Foundation , which focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles . Phelps retired following the 2012 Olympics , but he made a comeback in April 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 200 m butterfly", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_200_metre_butterfly", "summary": "The men 's 200 metre butterfly competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 26 with the heats and the semifinals and July 27 with the final ." } ] }, { "value": "1:53.34", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 27", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ryan Lochte", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ryan_Lochte", "summary": "Ryan Steven Lochte ( /ˈlɒkti/ LOK-tee ; born August 3 , 1984 ) is an American competitive swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist . Along with Natalie Coughlin , Dara Torres , and Jenny Thompson , he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals , behind only Michael Phelps . Lochte 's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men 's swimming ( again to Michael Phelps ) , tied for second among all Olympic swimmers . He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley ( long and short course ) . As part of the American teams , he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle ( long course ) and 4x100-meter freestyle ( mixed ) relay . Lochte 's success has earned him SwimSwam 's Swammy Award for U.S . Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013 , the World Swimmer of the Year Award and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice . He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the Year three times . He has won a total of 90 medals in major international competition ( 54 gold , 22 silver , and 14 bronze ) spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , Pan American Games , and Pan Pacific Championships , including six Olympic gold medals and 39 world championship titles . Lochte specializes in the backstroke and individual medley , but is also a freestyle and butterfly swimmer . He is noted for the speed and distance he attains while kicking underwater . Lochte is also known for his dominance in the short course format ( 25-yard and 25-meter-long pools ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 200 m individual medley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_200_metre_individual_medley", "summary": "The men 's 200 metre individual medley competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place July 27 and 28 . The heats and semifinals took place July 27 and the final was held July 28 . The two main contenders for the event were the reigning World Champion and world record holder Ryan Lochte and Michael Phelps , the reigning Olympic champion . The final was won by Lochte in a world record time 1:54.00 , bettering his previous time of 1:54.10 . Phelps finished in second place with a personal best time of 1:54.16 . So emphatic was Lochte and Phelps performance , that third-place finisher László Cseh said , The Americans are too good for me . Only Ryan can beat Michael , but I can improve myself and continue to swim faster ." } ] }, { "value": "1:54.00 ( WR )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 28", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Missy Franklin Dagny Knutson Katie Hoff Allison Schmitt Jasmine Tosky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Missy_Franklin", "summary": "Melissa Jeanette Franklin ( born May 10 , 1995 ) is an American former competition swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist . She formerly held the world record in the 200-meter backstroke ( long course ) . As a member of the U.S. national swim team , she also held the world records in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( short course and long course ) . In her Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics at age 17 , Franklin won a total of five medals , four of which were gold . She swept the women 's backstroke events , winning gold in both the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke . Franklin 's successes have earned her Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2012 as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2011 and 2012 . In total , she has won twenty-seven medals in international competition : sixteen gold , six silver , and five bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , the short course World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Franklin 's eleven gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships was a record in women 's swimming before Katie Ledecky broke it in 2017 . Franklin holds dual American and Canadian citizenship , and chose to compete for the U.S. national swim team . In December 2018 , she announced her retirement from the sport ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dagny_Knutson", "summary": "Dagny Knutson ( born January 18 , 1992 ) is an American swimmer of Norwegian heritage . Knutson is a former American record holder in 400-yard individual medley and holds several high school national records . She finished swimming competitively in 2012 and in 2013 , due to her struggles with bulimia and financial strains ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Katie_Hoff", "summary": "Kathryn Elise Hoff ( born June 3 , 1989 ) is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic medalist , and former world record-holder . Though Hoff was known for her success in the 200- and 400-meter individual medley , she was a very capable swimmer in many events , ranging from the four 200-meter events to the 800-meter freestyle . She represented the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics , in which she captured a silver and two bronze medals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Allison_Schmitt", "summary": "Allison Rodgers Schmitt ( born June 7 , 1990 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in freestyle events , and is an eight-time Olympic medalist . In her Olympic debut at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Schmitt won a bronze medal as a member of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay . Four years later , at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , she won a total of five medals , three of them gold , in the 200-meter freestyle ( in which she set a new Olympic record ) , in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay , and in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( in which a new world record was set ) ; and she also won a silver medal in the 400 meter freestyle , and a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 meter freestyle relay . In total , Schmitt has won seventeen medals in major international competitions : eleven gold , five silver , and two bronze spanning the Summer Olympics , the FINA World Championships , the Pan Pacific Championships , and the Pan American Games . She was a four-time National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) national champion in the 200- and 500-yard freestyle swimming events during college , and was a member of the Georgia Bulldogs team that won the NCAA Division I Women 's team title in 2013 . Schmitt was named SwimSwam 's Swammy Award-winner for Female Swimmer of the Year in 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 4×200 m freestyle relay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_4_×_200_metre_freestyle_relay", "summary": "The women 's 4×200 metre freestyle relay competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place July 28 . The heats and final were held on July 28 ." } ] }, { "value": "7:46.14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 28", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ryan Lochte", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ryan_Lochte", "summary": "Ryan Steven Lochte ( /ˈlɒkti/ LOK-tee ; born August 3 , 1984 ) is an American competitive swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist . Along with Natalie Coughlin , Dara Torres , and Jenny Thompson , he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals , behind only Michael Phelps . Lochte 's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men 's swimming ( again to Michael Phelps ) , tied for second among all Olympic swimmers . He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley ( long and short course ) . As part of the American teams , he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle ( long course ) and 4x100-meter freestyle ( mixed ) relay . Lochte 's success has earned him SwimSwam 's Swammy Award for U.S . Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013 , the World Swimmer of the Year Award and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice . He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the Year three times . He has won a total of 90 medals in major international competition ( 54 gold , 22 silver , and 14 bronze ) spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , Pan American Games , and Pan Pacific Championships , including six Olympic gold medals and 39 world championship titles . Lochte specializes in the backstroke and individual medley , but is also a freestyle and butterfly swimmer . He is noted for the speed and distance he attains while kicking underwater . Lochte is also known for his dominance in the short course format ( 25-yard and 25-meter-long pools ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 200 m backstroke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_200_metre_backstroke", "summary": "The men 's 200 metre backstroke competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 28 with the heats and the semifinals and July 29 with the final ." } ] }, { "value": "1:52.96", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 29", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rebecca Soni", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rebecca_Soni", "summary": "Rebecca Soni ( born March 18 , 1987 ) is an American former competition swimmer and breaststroke specialist who is a six-time Olympic medalist . She is a former world record-holder in the 100-meter breaststroke ( short and long course ) and the 200-meter breaststroke ( short and long course ) , and is the first woman to swim the 200-meter breaststroke in under 2 minutes 20 seconds . As a member of the U.S. national team , she currently holds the world record in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( long course ) . Soni has won a total of twenty-two medals in major international competition , fourteen gold , seven silver , and one bronze spanning the Olympics , the World , the Universiade , and the Pan Pacific Championships . She burst onto the international scene at the 2008 Summer Olympics where she won two silver medals and one gold . In the 200-meter breaststroke at the Olympics , she set the world record en route to winning gold , shocking Australian favorite Leisel Jones . Four years later at the 2012 Summer Olympics , Soni successfully defended her Olympic title in the 200-meter breaststroke in world record time , becoming the first woman to do so in the event . She was named Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year award in 2010 and 2011 , and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2009 , 2010 and 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 200 m breaststroke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_200_metre_breaststroke", "summary": "The women 's 200 metre breaststroke competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 28 with the heats and the semifinals and July 29 with the final ." } ] }, { "value": "2:21.47", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 29", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Phelps Peter Vanderkaay Ricky Berens Ryan Lochte David Walters Conor Dwyer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Phelps", "summary": "Michael Fred Phelps II ( born June 30 , 1985 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time , with a total of 28 medals . Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals ( 23 ) , Olympic gold medals in individual events ( 13 ) , and Olympic medals in individual events ( 16 ) . When he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games , Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz 's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Phelps had already tied the record of eight medals of any color at a single Games by winning six gold and two bronze medals . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Phelps won four gold and two silver medals , and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , he won five gold medals and one silver . This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row . Phelps is the long course world record holder in the men 's 400-meter individual medley as well as the former long course world record holder in the 200-meter freestyle , 100-meter butterfly , 200-meter butterfly , and 200-meter individual medley . He has won 82 medals in major international long course competitions , of which 65 were gold , 14 silver , and three bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Phelps 's international titles and record-breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award eight times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eleven times , as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2012 and 2016 . Phelps earned Sports Illustrated magazine 's Sportsman of the Year award due to his unprecedented Olympic success in the 2008 Games . After the 2008 Summer Olympics , Phelps started the Michael Phelps Foundation , which focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles . Phelps retired following the 2012 Olympics , but he made a comeback in April 2014 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Peter_Vanderkaay", "summary": "Peter William Vanderkaay ( born February 12 , 1984 ) is an American former competition swimmer who specialized in middle-distance freestyle events and is a four-time Olympic medalist . He was a member of the United States Olympic team in 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 , and won bronze medals in the 200-meter freestyle at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 400-meter freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ricky_Berens", "summary": "Richard Ricky Berens ( born April 21 , 1988 ) is an American former competition swimmer , two-time Olympic gold medalist , world champion , and current world record-holder . As a member of the U.S. national team , he holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay ( long course ) . He competed in the 4×100-meter and 4×200-meter freestyle relay events , as well as the individual 200-meter freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ryan_Lochte", "summary": "Ryan Steven Lochte ( /ˈlɒkti/ LOK-tee ; born August 3 , 1984 ) is an American competitive swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist . Along with Natalie Coughlin , Dara Torres , and Jenny Thompson , he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals , behind only Michael Phelps . Lochte 's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men 's swimming ( again to Michael Phelps ) , tied for second among all Olympic swimmers . He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley ( long and short course ) . As part of the American teams , he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle ( long course ) and 4x100-meter freestyle ( mixed ) relay . Lochte 's success has earned him SwimSwam 's Swammy Award for U.S . Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013 , the World Swimmer of the Year Award and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice . He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the Year three times . He has won a total of 90 medals in major international competition ( 54 gold , 22 silver , and 14 bronze ) spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , Pan American Games , and Pan Pacific Championships , including six Olympic gold medals and 39 world championship titles . Lochte specializes in the backstroke and individual medley , but is also a freestyle and butterfly swimmer . He is noted for the speed and distance he attains while kicking underwater . Lochte is also known for his dominance in the short course format ( 25-yard and 25-meter-long pools ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/David_Walters_(swimmer)", "summary": "David Walters ( born September 27 , 1987 ) is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic gold medalist , and world record-holder in two events . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Walters earned a gold medal by swimming in the heats of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay . As part of the American team , he holds the world record in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( long course ) . Walters is also a seven-time medalist ( five gold , one silver , one bronze ) at the World Aquatics Championships ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Conor_Dwyer", "summary": "Conor James Dwyer ( born January 10 , 1989 ) is an American competition swimmer and Olympic gold medalist . He competes in freestyle and medley events , and won a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. 4×200-meter freestyle relay team at the 2012 Summer Olympics . In total , he has won seventeen medals in major international competitions : nine gold , six silver , and two bronze spanning the Summer Olympics , the FINA World Championships , the Pan Pacific Championships , and the Pan American Games . Dwyer placed second at the 2016 US Olympic Swimming Trials in the 400m freestyle . On 11 October 2019 it was announced by USADA that Dwyer had failed a series of anti-doping tests in late 2018 . It had been found that he had banned anabolic steroids , namely testosterone in the form of pellets , surgically inserted into his body . Dwyer was banned for 20 months and will miss the 2020 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 4×200 m freestyle relay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_4_×_200_metre_freestyle_relay", "summary": "The men 's 4×200 metre freestyle relay competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 29 with the heats and final ." } ] }, { "value": "7:02.67", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 29", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Missy Franklin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Missy_Franklin", "summary": "Melissa Jeanette Franklin ( born May 10 , 1995 ) is an American former competition swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist . She formerly held the world record in the 200-meter backstroke ( long course ) . As a member of the U.S. national swim team , she also held the world records in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( short course and long course ) . In her Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics at age 17 , Franklin won a total of five medals , four of which were gold . She swept the women 's backstroke events , winning gold in both the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke . Franklin 's successes have earned her Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2012 as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2011 and 2012 . In total , she has won twenty-seven medals in international competition : sixteen gold , six silver , and five bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , the short course World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Franklin 's eleven gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships was a record in women 's swimming before Katie Ledecky broke it in 2017 . Franklin holds dual American and Canadian citizenship , and chose to compete for the U.S. national swim team . In December 2018 , she announced her retirement from the sport ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 200 m backstroke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_200_metre_backstroke", "summary": "The women 's 200 metre backstroke competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 29 with the heats and the semifinals and July 30 with the final . The final was won by sixteen-year-old American Missy Franklin in a time of 2:05.10 . Frankin 's time was the third-fastest ever in the event , only behind Zimbabwean Kirsty Coventry ( 2:04.81 ) and Russian Anastasia Zuyeva ( 2:04.94 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2:05.10 ( AM ) ( NR )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 30", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Phelps", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Phelps", "summary": "Michael Fred Phelps II ( born June 30 , 1985 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time , with a total of 28 medals . Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals ( 23 ) , Olympic gold medals in individual events ( 13 ) , and Olympic medals in individual events ( 16 ) . When he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games , Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz 's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Phelps had already tied the record of eight medals of any color at a single Games by winning six gold and two bronze medals . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Phelps won four gold and two silver medals , and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , he won five gold medals and one silver . This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row . Phelps is the long course world record holder in the men 's 400-meter individual medley as well as the former long course world record holder in the 200-meter freestyle , 100-meter butterfly , 200-meter butterfly , and 200-meter individual medley . He has won 82 medals in major international long course competitions , of which 65 were gold , 14 silver , and three bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Phelps 's international titles and record-breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award eight times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eleven times , as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2012 and 2016 . Phelps earned Sports Illustrated magazine 's Sportsman of the Year award due to his unprecedented Olympic success in the 2008 Games . After the 2008 Summer Olympics , Phelps started the Michael Phelps Foundation , which focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles . Phelps retired following the 2012 Olympics , but he made a comeback in April 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 100 m butterfly", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_100_metre_butterfly", "summary": "The men 's 100 metre butterfly competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 29 with the heats and the semifinals and July 30 with the final ." } ] }, { "value": "50.71", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 30", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Natalie Coughlin Rebecca Soni Dana Vollmer Missy Franklin Elizabeth Pelton Christine Magnuson Amanda Weir", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Natalie_Coughlin", "summary": "Natalie Anne Coughlin Hall ( born August 23 , 1982 ) is an American competition swimmer and twelve-time Olympic medalist . While attending the University of California , Berkeley , she became the first woman ever to swim the 100-meter backstroke ( long course ) in less than one minute - ten days before her 20th birthday in 2002 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she became the first U.S. female athlete in modern Olympic history to win six medals in one Olympiad , and the first woman ever to win a 100-meter backstroke gold in two consecutive Olympics . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she earned a bronze medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay . Her total of twelve Olympic medals ties her with Jenny Thompson and Dara Torres for the most all-time medals by a female swimmer . Coughlin 's success has earned her the World Swimmer of the Year Award once and American Swimmer of the Year Award three times . She has won a total of sixty medals in major international competition , twenty-five gold , twenty-two silver , and thirteen bronze spanning the Olympics , the World , the Pan Pacific Championships , and the Pan American Games ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rebecca_Soni", "summary": "Rebecca Soni ( born March 18 , 1987 ) is an American former competition swimmer and breaststroke specialist who is a six-time Olympic medalist . She is a former world record-holder in the 100-meter breaststroke ( short and long course ) and the 200-meter breaststroke ( short and long course ) , and is the first woman to swim the 200-meter breaststroke in under 2 minutes 20 seconds . As a member of the U.S. national team , she currently holds the world record in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( long course ) . Soni has won a total of twenty-two medals in major international competition , fourteen gold , seven silver , and one bronze spanning the Olympics , the World , the Universiade , and the Pan Pacific Championships . She burst onto the international scene at the 2008 Summer Olympics where she won two silver medals and one gold . In the 200-meter breaststroke at the Olympics , she set the world record en route to winning gold , shocking Australian favorite Leisel Jones . Four years later at the 2012 Summer Olympics , Soni successfully defended her Olympic title in the 200-meter breaststroke in world record time , becoming the first woman to do so in the event . She was named Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year award in 2010 and 2011 , and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2009 , 2010 and 2011 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dana_Vollmer", "summary": "Dana Whitney Vollmer ( born November 13 , 1987 ) is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic gold medalist , and former world record-holder . At the 2004 Summer Olympics , she won a gold medal as a member of the winning United States team in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay that set the world record in the event . Eight years later at the 2012 Summer Olympics , Vollmer set the world record on her way to the gold medal in the 100-meter butterfly , and also won golds in the 4×100-meter medley relay and 4×200-meter freestyle relay . She won three medals at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . Vollmer won a total of thirty two medals in major international competitions , including nineteen gold medals , eight silver , and five bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , the Pan American Games , the Pan Pacific Championships , and the Goodwill Games ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Missy_Franklin", "summary": "Melissa Jeanette Franklin ( born May 10 , 1995 ) is an American former competition swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist . She formerly held the world record in the 200-meter backstroke ( long course ) . As a member of the U.S. national swim team , she also held the world records in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( short course and long course ) . In her Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics at age 17 , Franklin won a total of five medals , four of which were gold . She swept the women 's backstroke events , winning gold in both the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke . Franklin 's successes have earned her Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2012 as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2011 and 2012 . In total , she has won twenty-seven medals in international competition : sixteen gold , six silver , and five bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , the short course World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Franklin 's eleven gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships was a record in women 's swimming before Katie Ledecky broke it in 2017 . Franklin holds dual American and Canadian citizenship , and chose to compete for the U.S. national swim team . In December 2018 , she announced her retirement from the sport ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Elizabeth_Pelton", "summary": "Elizabeth Anne Pelton ( born November 26 , 1993 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and multi FINA world champion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Christine_Magnuson", "summary": "Christine Marie Magnuson ( born October 17 , 1985 ) is an American competition swimmer and two-time Olympic medalist . She has won a total of five medals in major international competition , four silvers , and one bronze spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Amanda_Weir", "summary": "Amanda Jo Weir ( born March 11 , 1986 ) is an American competition swimmer , Olympic silver medalist , world champion , and former world record-holder . She was a member of the 2004 and 2012 United States Olympic teams , winning two silver medals at the 2004 Games and a bronze medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay at the 2012 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 4×100 m medley relay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_4_×_100_metre_medley_relay", "summary": "The women 's 4 x 100 metre medley competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 30 with the heats and the final . The American team consisting of Natalie Coughlin , Rebecca Soni , Dana Vollmer , and Missy Franklin won the gold in an Americas record time of 3:52.36 ." } ] }, { "value": "3:52.36 ( AM ) ( NR )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 30", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jessica Hardy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jessica_Hardy", "summary": "Jessica Adele Hardy ( born March 12 , 1987 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in breaststroke and freestyle events . Hardy earned a bronze medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle and a gold medal in the 4×100-meter medley relays at the 2012 Summer Olympics . She has won a total of twenty-eight medals in major international competition , fourteen gold , nine silver , and five bronze spanning the Olympics , World and the Pan Pacific Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 50 m breaststroke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_50_metre_breaststroke", "summary": "The women 's 50 metre breaststroke competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 30 with the heats and the semifinals and July 31 with the final ." } ] }, { "value": "30.19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 31", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ryan Lochte", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ryan_Lochte", "summary": "Ryan Steven Lochte ( /ˈlɒkti/ LOK-tee ; born August 3 , 1984 ) is an American competitive swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist . Along with Natalie Coughlin , Dara Torres , and Jenny Thompson , he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals , behind only Michael Phelps . Lochte 's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men 's swimming ( again to Michael Phelps ) , tied for second among all Olympic swimmers . He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley ( long and short course ) . As part of the American teams , he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle ( long course ) and 4x100-meter freestyle ( mixed ) relay . Lochte 's success has earned him SwimSwam 's Swammy Award for U.S . Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013 , the World Swimmer of the Year Award and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice . He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the Year three times . He has won a total of 90 medals in major international competition ( 54 gold , 22 silver , and 14 bronze ) spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , Pan American Games , and Pan Pacific Championships , including six Olympic gold medals and 39 world championship titles . Lochte specializes in the backstroke and individual medley , but is also a freestyle and butterfly swimmer . He is noted for the speed and distance he attains while kicking underwater . Lochte is also known for his dominance in the short course format ( 25-yard and 25-meter-long pools ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 400 m individual medley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_400_metre_individual_medley", "summary": "The men 's 400 metre individual medley competition of the swimming events was held on July 31 with the semifinals and the final ." } ] }, { "value": "4:07.13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 31", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elizabeth Beisel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elizabeth_Beisel", "summary": "Elizabeth Lyon Beisel ( born August 18 , 1992 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in backstroke and individual medley events . Beisel placed second in the 400m individual medley at the 2016 US Olympic Swimming Trials , qualifying for her third Olympic team . She has won a total of nine medals in major international competition , four gold , one silver , and four bronze spanning the Olympics , World Aquatics , and the Pan Pacific championships . Beisel competed in the 200-meter backstroke and 400-meter individual medley events at the 2008 Summer Olympics , placing fifth and fourth , respectively , in the world . She won the silver medal in the 400-meter individual medley and bronze in the 200-meter backstroke at the 2012 Summer Olympics . She competed on season 39 of Survivor , Island of the Idols and placed 9th ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 400 m individual medley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_400_metre_individual_medley", "summary": "The women 's 400 metre individual medley competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 31 with the heats the final ." } ] }, { "value": "4:31.78", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 31", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nick Thoman Mark Gangloff Michael Phelps Nathan Adrian David Plummer Eric Shanteau Tyler McGill Garrett Weber-Gale", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nick_Thoman", "summary": "Nicholas Brewer Thoman ( born March 6 , 1986 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in the backstroke and is an Olympic gold medalist . He has won two world championships as a member of winning United States medley relay teams at the FINA World Aquatics Championships . From 2009 to 2015 he held the world record in the 100-meter backstroke ( short course ) . Thoman has won a total of ten medals in major international competition , four gold , three silver , and three bronze spanning the Olympics , World Championships , Pan Pacific Championships , Pan American Games , and the Summer Universiade . He was a member of the 2012 U.S. Olympic team , and won gold and silver medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics . On December 6 , 2013 , at the U.S. national championships in Knoxville Tennessee , Thoman set three American records in one evening . He broke the American record in the 50-yard backstroke ( 20.69 ) , was part of an American record-breaking 200-yard medley relay ( with E. Knight , T. Phillips and C. Jones , 1:23.02 ) and shattered the American record in the 100-yard backstroke with a time of 44.07 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mark_Gangloff", "summary": "Mark Daniel Gangloff ( born June 8 , 1982 ) is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic gold medalist , world champion , and former world record-holder . Gangloff represented the United States at two consecutive Summer Olympics . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , he earned a gold medal by swimming for the winning U.S. team in the preliminary heats of the 4×100-meter medley relay . In individual competition , he placed fourth in the men 's 100-meter breaststroke . Four years later at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , he again participated in his signature event , the 100-meter breaststroke , and placed eighth in the event final . Gangloff broke the American record in the 100-meter breaststroke with a time of 59.01 at the U.S . Swimming National Championships in 2009 . He attended Firestone High School in Akron , Ohio . He accepted an athletic scholarship to attend Auburn University , where he swam for the Auburn Tigers swimming and diving team in NCAA competition from 2001 to 2005 . He graduated from Auburn in 2005 with a bachelor 's degree in criminology . Gangloff appeared in the 2006 movie The Guardian ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Phelps", "summary": "Michael Fred Phelps II ( born June 30 , 1985 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time , with a total of 28 medals . Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals ( 23 ) , Olympic gold medals in individual events ( 13 ) , and Olympic medals in individual events ( 16 ) . When he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games , Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz 's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Phelps had already tied the record of eight medals of any color at a single Games by winning six gold and two bronze medals . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Phelps won four gold and two silver medals , and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , he won five gold medals and one silver . This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row . Phelps is the long course world record holder in the men 's 400-meter individual medley as well as the former long course world record holder in the 200-meter freestyle , 100-meter butterfly , 200-meter butterfly , and 200-meter individual medley . He has won 82 medals in major international long course competitions , of which 65 were gold , 14 silver , and three bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Phelps 's international titles and record-breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award eight times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eleven times , as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2012 and 2016 . Phelps earned Sports Illustrated magazine 's Sportsman of the Year award due to his unprecedented Olympic success in the 2008 Games . After the 2008 Summer Olympics , Phelps started the Michael Phelps Foundation , which focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles . Phelps retired following the 2012 Olympics , but he made a comeback in April 2014 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nathan_Adrian", "summary": "Nathan Ghar-jun Adrian ( born December 7 , 1988 ) is an American competitive swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist who formerly held the American record in the long course 50-meter freestyle event . In his Olympic debut at the 2008 Summer Olympics , Adrian swam in the heats of the 4×100-meter freestyle relay and earned a gold medal when the United States team won in the final . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , Adrian won gold medals in both the 100-meter freestyle and the 4×100-meter medley relay , and a silver medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay . He has won thirty-two medals in major international competitions ; twenty gold , seven silver , and five bronze in such competitions as the Summer Olympics , the FINA World Aquatics Championships , and the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships . In the 2016 Summer Olympics 4x100-meter freestyle relay a gold was won with Michael Phelps , Caeleb Dressel , and Ryan Held . He was an individual bronze medalist in the 50-meter and 100-meter freestyles ." }, { "url": "/wiki/David_Plummer_(swimmer)", "summary": "David Edward Plummer ( born October 9 , 1985 ) is a retired American competition swimmer who specialized in backstroke events . He won bronze and gold medals at the 2016 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Eric_Shanteau", "summary": "Eric Lee Shanteau ( born October 1 , 1983 ) is an American former competition swimmer who won two gold medals as a member of winning United States relay teams at the World Championships . He was a member of the 2008 and 2012 U.S. Olympic teams , and earned a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. team in the 4×100-meter medley relay at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . Shanteau also holds the world record as a member of the U.S. 4×100-meter medley relay team that competed at the 2009 FINA World Championship in Rome ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tyler_McGill", "summary": "Tyler Tennant McGill ( born August 18 , 1987 ) is an American former competition swimmer who is a butterfly specialist and has been a member of two world champion relay teams from the United States . He was a member of the 2012 United States Olympic Team and earned a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. team in the 4×100-meter medley relay at the 2012 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Garrett_Weber-Gale", "summary": "Garrett Weber-Gale ( born August 6 , 1985 ) is an American competition swimmer , two-time Olympic gold medalist , and world record-holder in two events ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 4×100 m medley relay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_4_×_100_metre_medley_relay", "summary": "The men 's 4×100 metre medley relay competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place July 31 . The heats and final took place July 31 ." } ] }, { "value": "3:32.06", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 31", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "David Boudia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_Boudia", "summary": "David Alasdair Boudia /boʊˈdaɪə/ ( born April 24 , 1989 ) is an American diver . He won the gold medal in the 10 metre platform diving competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the bronze medal in the same event at the 2016 Summer Olympics . He also won a bronze medal with Nick McCrory in the men 's synchronized 10 metre platform at the 2012 Summer Olympics and a silver medal in the same event with Steele Johnson at the 2016 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Diving", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 10 m platform", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_10_metre_platform", "summary": "The men 's 10 metre platform competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 23 with the preliminary round and the semifinals and the final on 24 July ." } ] }, { "value": "544.25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Natalie Coughlin Missy Franklin Jessica Hardy Dana Vollmer Amanda Weir Kara Lynn Joyce", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Natalie_Coughlin", "summary": "Natalie Anne Coughlin Hall ( born August 23 , 1982 ) is an American competition swimmer and twelve-time Olympic medalist . While attending the University of California , Berkeley , she became the first woman ever to swim the 100-meter backstroke ( long course ) in less than one minute - ten days before her 20th birthday in 2002 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she became the first U.S. female athlete in modern Olympic history to win six medals in one Olympiad , and the first woman ever to win a 100-meter backstroke gold in two consecutive Olympics . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she earned a bronze medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay . Her total of twelve Olympic medals ties her with Jenny Thompson and Dara Torres for the most all-time medals by a female swimmer . Coughlin 's success has earned her the World Swimmer of the Year Award once and American Swimmer of the Year Award three times . She has won a total of sixty medals in major international competition , twenty-five gold , twenty-two silver , and thirteen bronze spanning the Olympics , the World , the Pan Pacific Championships , and the Pan American Games ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Missy_Franklin", "summary": "Melissa Jeanette Franklin ( born May 10 , 1995 ) is an American former competition swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist . She formerly held the world record in the 200-meter backstroke ( long course ) . As a member of the U.S. national swim team , she also held the world records in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( short course and long course ) . In her Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics at age 17 , Franklin won a total of five medals , four of which were gold . She swept the women 's backstroke events , winning gold in both the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke . Franklin 's successes have earned her Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2012 as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2011 and 2012 . In total , she has won twenty-seven medals in international competition : sixteen gold , six silver , and five bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , the short course World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Franklin 's eleven gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships was a record in women 's swimming before Katie Ledecky broke it in 2017 . Franklin holds dual American and Canadian citizenship , and chose to compete for the U.S. national swim team . In December 2018 , she announced her retirement from the sport ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jessica_Hardy", "summary": "Jessica Adele Hardy ( born March 12 , 1987 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in breaststroke and freestyle events . Hardy earned a bronze medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle and a gold medal in the 4×100-meter medley relays at the 2012 Summer Olympics . She has won a total of twenty-eight medals in major international competition , fourteen gold , nine silver , and five bronze spanning the Olympics , World and the Pan Pacific Championships ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dana_Vollmer", "summary": "Dana Whitney Vollmer ( born November 13 , 1987 ) is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic gold medalist , and former world record-holder . At the 2004 Summer Olympics , she won a gold medal as a member of the winning United States team in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay that set the world record in the event . Eight years later at the 2012 Summer Olympics , Vollmer set the world record on her way to the gold medal in the 100-meter butterfly , and also won golds in the 4×100-meter medley relay and 4×200-meter freestyle relay . She won three medals at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . Vollmer won a total of thirty two medals in major international competitions , including nineteen gold medals , eight silver , and five bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , the Pan American Games , the Pan Pacific Championships , and the Goodwill Games ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Amanda_Weir", "summary": "Amanda Jo Weir ( born March 11 , 1986 ) is an American competition swimmer , Olympic silver medalist , world champion , and former world record-holder . She was a member of the 2004 and 2012 United States Olympic teams , winning two silver medals at the 2004 Games and a bronze medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay at the 2012 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kara_Lynn_Joyce", "summary": "Kara Lynn Joyce ( born October 25 , 1985 ) , also known by her married name Kara Lynn Williamson , is an American former competition swimmer and four-time Olympic silver medalist . She competed as a member of the United States Olympic Team at the 2004 , 2008 and 2012 Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 4×100 m freestyle relay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_4_×_100_metre_freestyle_relay", "summary": "The women 's 4×100 metre freestyle relay competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place July 24 . The heats and final took place July 24 ." } ] }, { "value": "3:34.47", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Phelps", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Phelps", "summary": "Michael Fred Phelps II ( born June 30 , 1985 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time , with a total of 28 medals . Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals ( 23 ) , Olympic gold medals in individual events ( 13 ) , and Olympic medals in individual events ( 16 ) . When he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games , Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz 's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Phelps had already tied the record of eight medals of any color at a single Games by winning six gold and two bronze medals . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Phelps won four gold and two silver medals , and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , he won five gold medals and one silver . This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row . Phelps is the long course world record holder in the men 's 400-meter individual medley as well as the former long course world record holder in the 200-meter freestyle , 100-meter butterfly , 200-meter butterfly , and 200-meter individual medley . He has won 82 medals in major international long course competitions , of which 65 were gold , 14 silver , and three bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Phelps 's international titles and record-breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award eight times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eleven times , as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2012 and 2016 . Phelps earned Sports Illustrated magazine 's Sportsman of the Year award due to his unprecedented Olympic success in the 2008 Games . After the 2008 Summer Olympics , Phelps started the Michael Phelps Foundation , which focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles . Phelps retired following the 2012 Olympics , but he made a comeback in April 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships", "summary": "The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 200 m freestyle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_200_metre_freestyle", "summary": "The men 's 200 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place July 25 and 26 . The heats and semifinals took place July 25 and the final was held July 26 ." } ] }, { "value": "1:44.79", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 26", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Medalists", "section_text": "", "uid": "United_States_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_0", "intro": "The American team competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China from July 16 to July 31. The United States topped the gold medal count in the competition with 17 golds and finished the competition with 32 total medals, behind China's 36. 16 of the 17 gold medals came from the swimming competition and one came from the open water swimming competition. Individually, Michael Phelps won the most overall medals in the competition with seven (four golds, two silvers, one bronze). Ryan Lochte won the most gold medals among the male competitors with five and finished the competition with six medals total." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia", "title": "List of oldest buildings and structures in Halifax, Nova Scotia", "header": [ "Place", "Address", "Description", "Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "St. Paul 's Anglican Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Paul's_Church_(Halifax)", "summary": "St. Paul 's Church is an evangelical Anglican church in downtown Halifax , Nova Scotia , within the Diocese of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island of the Anglican Church of Canada . It is located at the south end of the Grand Parade , an open square in downtown Halifax with Halifax City Hall at the northern end . Built during Father Le Loutre 's War , it is the oldest surviving Protestant church in Canada and the oldest building in Halifax . There is also a crypt below the church . Close to the church is the St. Paul 's Church Cemetery . The official chapel of the church was the Little Dutch ( Deutsch ) Church . Saint Paul 's was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1981 . In 1981 , it was designated a Municipal Registered Heritage Property by the former City of Halifax , and in 1983 it was designated a Provincially Registered Heritage Property both under the provincial Heritage Property Act ." } ] }, { "value": "Grand Parade , 1749 Argyle Street", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand_Parade_(Halifax)", "summary": "The Grand Parade ( sometimes incorrectly referred to as Parade Square ) is an historic military parade square dating from the founding of Halifax in 1749 . At the north end of the Grand Parade is the Halifax City Hall , the seat of municipal government in Nova Scotia 's Halifax Regional Municipality . At the south end is St. Paul 's Church . In the middle of Grand Parade is the cenotaph built originally to commemorate the soldiers who served in World War I. Centrally located in Downtown Halifax , the square remains an important civic space used for numerous events including musical performances , political demonstrations , the annual New Year 's Eve celebrations , Remembrance Day ceremonies , and Christmas tree lighting ." } ] }, { "value": "Oldest building in Halifax ( 1750 ) ; Early Palladian church ; second and oldest surviving Protestant church in Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Palladian", "summary": "Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio ( 1508-1580 ) . What is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of his original concepts . Palladio 's work was strongly based on the symmetry , perspective , and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans . From the 17th century Palladio 's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism . It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century . In Britain , Palladianism was briefly in vogue during the 17th century , but its flowering was cut short by the onset of the English Civil War and the imposition of austerity which followed . In the early 18th century it returned to fashion , not only in England but also , directly influenced from Britain , in Prussia . Count Francesco Algarotti may have written to Lord Burlington from Berlin that he was recommending to Frederick the Great the adoption in Prussia of the architectural style Burlington had introduced in England , but Knobelsdorff 's opera house on the Unter den Linden boulevard , based on Campbell 's Wanstead House , had been constructed from 1741 . Later in the century , when the style was falling from favour in Europe , it had a surge in popularity throughout the British colonies in North America , highlighted by examples such as Drayton Hall in South Carolina , the Redwood Library in Newport , Rhode Island , the Morris-Jumel Mansion in New York City , the Hammond-Harwood House in Annapolis , Maryland and Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello and Poplar Forest in Virginia . The style continued to be utilized in Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries , where it was frequently employed in the design of public and municipal buildings . From the latter half of the 19th century it was rivalled by the Gothic revival in the English-speaking world , whose champions such as Augustus Pugin , remembering the origins of Palladianism in ancient temples , deemed it too pagan for Anglican and Anglo-Catholic worship . However , as an architectural style it has continued to be popular and to evolve ; its pediments , symmetry and proportions are clearly evident in the design of many modern buildings today ." } ] }, { "value": "1750", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Little Dutch ( Deutsch ) Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Little_Dutch_(Deutsch)_Church", "summary": "Little Dutch ( Deutsch ) Church is the second oldest building in Halifax , Nova Scotia after St. Paul 's and was built for the Foreign Protestants ." } ] }, { "value": "2393 Brunswick Street", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second oldest building in Halifax - Oldest known surviving church in Canada associated with the German-Canadian community , 1756-60", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canadians_of_German_ethnicity", "summary": "German Canadians ( German : Deutsch-Kanadier or Deutschkanadier , pronounced [ ˈdɔʏ̯tʃkaˌnaːdi̯ɐ ] ) are Canadian citizens of ethnic German ancestry . The 2016 Canadian census put the number of Canadians of German ethnicity at over 3.3 million . Some immigrants came from what is today Germany , while larger numbers came from German settlements in Eastern Europe and Imperial Russia ; others came from parts of the German Confederation , Austria-Hungary and Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "1756", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sambro Island Light", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sambro_Island_Light", "summary": "Sambro Island Lighthouse is a landfall lighthouse located at the entrance to Halifax Harbour , Nova Scotia , on an island near the community of Sambro in the Halifax Regional Municipality . It is the oldest surviving lighthouse in North America and its construction is a National Historic Event ." } ] }, { "value": "Sambro Island , off Highway 349 , Sambro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sambro,_Nova_Scotia", "summary": "Sambro is a rural fishing community on the Chebucto Peninsula in the Halifax Regional Municipality , in Nova Scotia , Canada . Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the head of Sambro Harbour , the community is immediately west of the entrance to Halifax Harbour . Sambro is located at the end of Route 306 . Sambro Island is located within the community southeast of the harbour and is home to the Sambro Island Lighthouse , the oldest operational lighthouse in the Americas ( since 1758 ) . It stands 62 feet on the top of the rocky island . The original lens from the lighthouse is on display at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax ." } ] }, { "value": "Oldest lighthouse in North America", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1758", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Carleton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Carleton", "summary": "The Carleton ( also known as the Carleton House and Carleton Hotel ) is a building on Argyle Street in Halifax , Nova Scotia , built in 1760 as the home of Richard Bulkeley . Apart from two churches , Bulkeley 's home is the oldest building in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 1760 ) . It was reported to have been made from the ruins of Fortress Louisbourg . Since 1786 his residence has been known as The Carleton ( See Image of original house ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1685 Argyle Street", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oldest commercial building in municipality ; built as residence of colonial administrator Richard Bulkeley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Richard_Bulkeley_(civil_servant)", "summary": "Richard Bulkeley ( 26 December 1717 - 7 December 1800 ) was an influential administrator in Nova Scotia from 1749 to 1800 . Historian Phyllis Blakeley writes that Bulkeley , assisted 13 governors and lieutenant governors from Cornwallis to Wentworth . In half a century of service he took part in the founding of Halifax , the immigration of New Englanders and loyalists , and the prosperity of the French revolutionary wars . During his lifetime , known for hosting dignitaries and grand parties , he was known as the Father of the Province . When he died , he was the last surviving settler who arrived with Cornwallis ." } ] }, { "value": "1760", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Morris House ( Halifax )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Morris_House_(Halifax)", "summary": "Morris House ( also known as the Morris Office ) is the oldest wooden residence in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( circa 1764 ) and the former office of Charles Morris ( surveyor general ) . The house was originally located at 1273 Hollis Street , and since January 2013 has been located at 2500 Creighton Street . The Morris family used the house as their office for eighty years . There were four generations of the Morris family , a dynasty of Surveyor Generals of Nova Scotia , who used the building as their office . Due to the efforts of the Heritage Trust of Nova Scotia and others , the house has been salvaged from demolition in 2009 . The original property was owned by Dennis Heffernan who sold it to Charles Morris Jr. in 1777 , who likely had his father stay with him . A Raman spectroscopic chemical analysis study at Saint Mary 's University revealed that the interior paints and wallpaper contained 19th century inorganic pigments such as basic lead carbonate ( white lead ) , lead carbonate , barium sulfate , calcium carbonate ( chalk ) , and chromium ( III ) oxide ( chrome green ) . The exterior was painted with a modern synthetic pigment , copper phthalocyanine ( Phthalocyanine Blue BN ) . Local design firm Breakhouse partnered with eyecandy SIGNS INC. to design and build the monument sign that honours the life and home of Charles Morris . The sign is installed at the original location of the house . The house has been moved to Charles St in the North End of Halifax ." } ] }, { "value": "2500 Creighton Street", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oldest wooden home in Halifax , moved from its original location at 1273 Hollis Street to avoid demolition", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1764", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scott Manor House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scott_Manor_House", "summary": "Scott Manor House was built sometime between 1769 and 1772 and is now a museum in Bedford , Nova Scotia . It is the second oldest house in the Halifax Regional Municipality , after the Morris House , and was built by Joseph Scott on the land once owned by his brother Captain George Scott . The house was built next to Fort Sackville , which was under the command of Joseph Scott ( 1760 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "15 Fort Sackville Drive , Bedford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fort_Sackville_(Nova_Scotia)", "summary": "Fort Sackville was a British fort located in present-day Bedford , Nova Scotia that was built during Father Le Loutre 's War . The British built the fort adjacent to present-day Scott Manor House , on a hill overlooking the Sackville River to help prevent French , Acadian and Mi'kmaq attacks on Halifax . The fort consisted of a blockhouse , a guard house , a barracks which housed 50 soldiers , and outbuildings , all encompassed by a palisade . Not far from the fort was a rifle range . The fort was named after George Germain , 1st Viscount Sackville ." } ] }, { "value": "Built on the land of Captain George Scott adjacent to Fort Sackville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_Scott_(army_officer)", "summary": "George Scott ( unknown - 1767 ) was British army officer stationed in Acadia who fought in Father Le Loutre 's War and the French and Indian War . He first served 40th Regiment of Foot since 1746 and then became captain in 1751 . In 1753 he took command of Fort Lawrence . He made contact with the spy Thomas Pichon . Scott relinquished command of Fort Lawrence in the autumn of 1754 . Preparations were then being made for an attack on Beauséjour , and he was appointed to command one of the two battalions of Shirley 's Massachusetts troops ( John Winslow was appointed to the other ) . He played a considerable part in the brief siege . When Monckton departed Beausejour in November Scott was left in command in the Chignecto area . The commander of the light troops was Major George Scott , an officer of Major General Peregrine Thomas Hopson 's 40th Regiment of Foot , who was familiar with irregular tactics . Orders issued on 12 May 1758 , stated that the rangers , and light infantry , appointed to act as rangers , are to be commanded by Major Scott . He was to serve with distinction both during the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) and later with Major General James Wolfe at Battle of the Plains of Abraham . He also was employed in the Petitcodiac River Campaign and the St. John River Campaign against the Acadians ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Fort_Sackville_(Nova_Scotia)", "summary": "Fort Sackville was a British fort located in present-day Bedford , Nova Scotia that was built during Father Le Loutre 's War . The British built the fort adjacent to present-day Scott Manor House , on a hill overlooking the Sackville River to help prevent French , Acadian and Mi'kmaq attacks on Halifax . The fort consisted of a blockhouse , a guard house , a barracks which housed 50 soldiers , and outbuildings , all encompassed by a palisade . Not far from the fort was a rifle range . The fort was named after George Germain , 1st Viscount Sackville ." } ] }, { "value": "1770", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quaker Whaler House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quaker_Whaler_House", "summary": "The Quaker Whaler House is the oldest building in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia ( 1785 ) . Built by William Ray , a Quaker and cooper from Nantucket who moved to Dartmouth in 1785-86 as a whaler . Its materials and construction methods closely resembles Quaker architecture in Nantucket , such as the asymmetrical facade design and stone foundation . The Quakers settled in Dartmouth for six years ( 1786-1792 ) before many of them left for England . The most well-known Quaker was abolitionist Lawrence Hartshorne ." } ] }, { "value": "57 Ochterloney Street , Dartmouth", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nantucket architecture", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nantucket", "summary": "Nantucket /ˌnænˈtʌkɪt/ is an island about 30 miles ( 50 km ) by ferry south from Cape Cod , in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . Together with the small islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget , it constitutes the Town of Nantucket , and the conterminous Nantucket County . As of the 2010 census , the population was 10,172 . Part of the town is designated the Nantucket CDP , or census-designated place . The region of Surfside on Nantucket is the southernmost settlement in Massachusetts . The name Nantucket is adapted from similar Algonquian names for the island , perhaps meaning faraway land or island or sandy , sterile soil tempting no one . Nantucket is a tourist destination and summer colony . Due to tourists and seasonal residents , the population of the island increases to at least 50,000 during the summer months . The average sale price for a single-family home was $ 2.3 million in the first quarter of 2018 . The National Park Service cites Nantucket , designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1966 , as being the finest surviving architectural and environmental example of a late 18th- and early 19th-century New England seaport town ." } ] }, { "value": "1785", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Privateer 's Warehouse , Historic Properties", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Historic_Properties_(Halifax)", "summary": "The Historic Properties ( also known as Privateers ' Wharf ) are warehouses on the Halifax Boardwalk in Halifax , Nova Scotia that began to be constructed during the Napoleonic Wars by Nova Scotian businessmen such as Enos Collins , a privateer , smuggler and shipper whose vessels defied Napoleon 's blockade to bring American supplies to the British commander Duke of Wellington . These properties helped make Halifax prosperous in Canada 's early days by aiding trade and commerce , but they were also frequently used as vehicles for smuggling and privateering . During the War of 1812 , two of the most successful Nova Scotian privateer ships during this time period were the Liverpool Packet and the Sir John Sherbrooke . Folk singer Stan Rogers made the Privateers Wharf famous in his songs Barrett 's Privateers and Bluenose . The Pontac House is named for the renowned Great Pontack ( Halifax ) , which was located there just after the founding of Halifax ( 1749 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1869 Upper Water Street", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Commercial grouping reflecting Halifax 's 19th century development", "urls": [] }, { "value": "c. 1790", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Bower ( Halifax , Nova Scotia )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia", "summary": "Halifax , officially known as the Halifax Regional Municipality ( HRM ) , is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia . It had a population of 403,131 in 2016 , with 316,701 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour . The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996 : Halifax , Dartmouth , Bedford , and Halifax County . Halifax is a major economic centre in Atlantic Canada , with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies . Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence , Dalhousie University , Saint Mary 's University , the Halifax Shipyard , various levels of government , and the Port of Halifax . Agriculture , fishing , mining , forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality ." } ] }, { "value": "5918 Rogers Drive", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Two story house with a distinctive mansard roof", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1790", "urls": [] }, { "value": "York Redoubt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/York_Redoubt", "summary": "York Redoubt is a redoubt situated on a bluff overlooking the entrance to Halifax Harbour at Ferguson 's Cove , Nova Scotia , Canada , originally constructed in 1793 . It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1962 ." } ] }, { "value": "300 Fergusons Cove Rd , Fergusons Cove", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ferguson's_Cove,_Nova_Scotia", "summary": "Ferguson 's Cove is a suburban community within the Halifax Regional Municipality Nova Scotia on the western shore of Halifax Harbour between Purcell 's Cove and Herring Cove along Route 253 . The first 3 digits of the postal code in the area are B3V ." } ] }, { "value": "Major seaward defences of Halifax Harbour until World War II", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Halifax_Harbour", "summary": "Halifax Harbour ( Jipugtug in Mi'kmaq language ) is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia , Canada , located in the Halifax Regional Municipality ." }, { "url": "/wiki/World_War_II", "summary": "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ." } ] }, { "value": "1793", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Prince of Wales Tower", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Tower", "summary": "The Prince of Wales Tower is the oldest martello tower in North America and is located in Point Pleasant Park , Halifax Regional Municipality , Nova Scotia , Canada . It was built in 1796 by Captain James Straton and was used as a redoubt and a powder magazine . Restored , it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1943 ." } ] }, { "value": "Point Pleasant Park , 5530 Point Pleasant Drive", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Park", "summary": "Point Pleasant Park is a large , mainly forested municipal park at the southern tip of the Halifax peninsula . It once hosted several artillery batteries , and still contains the Prince of Wales Tower - the oldest Martello tower in North America ( 1796 ) . The park is a popular recreational spot for Haligonians , as it hosts forest walks and affords views across the harbour and out toward the Atlantic . Plays are performed in the park every summer by a professional theatre company called Shakespeare by the Sea . The performances take place at Cambridge Battery , and include both Shakespearean productions and original musicals based on classic fairy tales for audiences of all ages . The company also operates the 80-seat Park Place Theatre in the lower parking lot of the park , which is used as a rain venue during the summer , and for fall/winter indoor productions . Point Pleasant Park is owned by the British government under the administration of the Minister of the Department of Canadian Heritage and is leased to Halifax Regional Municipality for a ceremonial 1 shilling per year . The original lease for the land was negotiated by Sir William Young in 1866 ." } ] }, { "value": "Oldest Martello Tower in North America", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martello_Tower", "summary": "Martello towers , sometimes known simply as Martellos , are small defensive forts that were built across the British Empire during the 19th century , from the time of the French Revolutionary Wars onwards . Most were coastal forts . They stand up to 40 feet ( 12 m ) high ( with two floors ) and typically had a garrison of one officer and 15-25 men . Their round structure and thick walls of solid masonry made them resistant to cannon fire , while their height made them an ideal platform for a single heavy artillery piece , mounted on the flat roof and able to traverse , and hence fire , over a complete 360° circle . A few towers had moats or other batteries and works attached for extra defence . The Martello towers were used during the first half of the 19th century , but became obsolete with the introduction of powerful rifled artillery . Many have survived to the present day , often preserved as historic monuments . In the second half of the 19th century , during the premiership of Lord Palmerston , there was another spate of tower and fort building . The Palmerston Forts are also circular in design and resemble Martello towers ." }, { "url": "/wiki/North_America", "summary": "North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere . It is also considered by some [ quantify ] to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5% of the earth 's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5% of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably around the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso-Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , with the beginning of the transatlantic migrations - the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . Owing to Europe 's colonization of the Americas , most North Americans speak European languages such as English , Spanish or French , and their states ' cultures commonly reflect Western traditions ." } ] }, { "value": "1796", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alex McLean House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1328-1332 Hollis Street", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Georgian-style house , built by a prominent Halifax businessman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1799", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "1750-1799", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia_0", "intro": "This is a list of oldest buildings and structures in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada that were constructed before 1935." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books", "title": "List of best-selling books", "header": [ "Book", "Author ( s )", "Original language", "First published", "Approximate sales" ], "data": [ { "value": "Totto-chan , the Little Girl at the Window ( 窓ぎわのトットちゃん )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Totto-chan,_the_Little_Girl_at_the_Window", "summary": "Totto-chan , the Little Girl at the Window is a autobiographical memoir written by Japanese television personality and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Tetsuko Kuroyanagi . The book was published originally as 窓ぎわのトットちゃん ( Madogiwa no Totto-chan ) in 1981 , and became an instant bestseller in Japan . The book is about the values of the unconventional education that Kuroyanagi received at Tomoe Gakuen , a Tokyo elementary school founded by educator Sosaku Kobayashi during World War II . The Japanese name of the book is an expression used to describe people who have failed ." } ] }, { "value": "Tetsuko Kuroyanagi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tetsuko_Kuroyanagi", "summary": "Tetsuko Kuroyanagi ( 黒柳 徹子 , Kuroyanagi Tetsuko , born August 9 , 1933 in Tokyo ) is a Japanese actress , voice actress , tarento , World Wide Fund for Nature advisor , and Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF . She is well known for her charitable works , and is considered as one of the first Japanese celebrities who achieved international recognition . In 2006 , Donald Richie referred to Kuroyanagi in his book Japanese Portraits : Pictures of Different People as the most popular and admired woman in Japan ." } ] }, { "value": "Japanese", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18 million ( in Japan and China )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Matilda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matilda_(novel)", "summary": "Matilda is a book by British writer Roald Dahl . It was published in 1988 by Jonathan Cape in London , with 232 pages and illustrations by Quentin Blake . It was adapted as an audio reading by actress Kate Winslet , a 1996 feature film directed by Danny DeVito , a two-part BBC Radio 4 programme starring Lauren Mote as Matilda , Emerald O'Hanrahan as Miss Honey , Nichola McAuliffe as Miss Trunchbull and narrated by Lenny Henry , and a 2010 musical . In 2012 Matilda was ranked number 30 among all-time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily US audience . It was the first of four books by Dahl among the Top 100 , more than any other writer . Time included Matilda in its list of the 100 Best Young-Adult Books of All Time . Worldwide sales have reached 17 million , and since 2016 sales have spiked to the extent that it outsells Dahl 's other works ." } ] }, { "value": "Roald Dahl", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Roald_Dahl", "summary": "Roald Dahl ( Norwegian : [ ˈrùːɑl ˈdɑːl ] , commonly pronounced as /ˈroʊ.əld ˈdɑːl/ ; 13 September 1916 - 23 November 1990 ) was a British novelist , short story writer , poet , screenwriter , and wartime fighter pilot . His books have sold more than 250 million copies worldwide . Dahl was born in Wales to Norwegian immigrant parents . He served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . He became a fighter pilot and , subsequently , an intelligence officer , rising to the rank of acting wing commander . He rose to prominence as a writer in the 1940s with works for children and for adults , and he became one of the world 's best-selling authors . He has been referred to as one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century . His awards for contribution to literature include the 1983 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement and the British Book Awards ' Children 's Author of the Year in 1990 . In 2008 , The Times placed Dahl 16th on its list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 . Dahl 's short stories are known for their unexpected endings , and his children 's books for their unsentimental , macabre , often darkly comic mood , featuring villainous adult enemies of the child characters . His books champion the kindhearted and feature an underlying warm sentiment . His works for children include James and the Giant Peach , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , Matilda , The Witches , Fantastic Mr Fox , The BFG , The Twits , and George 's Marvellous Medicine ." } ] }, { "value": "United Kingdom", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1988", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Book Thief", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Book_Thief_(book)", "summary": "The Book Thief is a historical novel by Australian author Markus Zusak and is his most popular work . Published in 2005 , The Book Thief became an international bestseller and was translated into 63 languages and sold 16 million copies . It was adapted into a 2013 feature film of the same name ." } ] }, { "value": "Markus Zusak", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Markus_Zusak", "summary": "Markus Zusak ( born 23 June 1975 ) is an Australian writer of German origin . He is best known for The Book Thief and The Messenger ( US title : I Am the Messenger ) , two novels which became international bestsellers . He won the Margaret A. Edwards Award in 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Horse Whisperer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Horse_Whisperer_(book)", "summary": "The Horse Whisperer is a 1995 novel by English author Nicholas Evans . The book was his debut novel , and gained significant success , becoming the 10th best selling novel in the United States in 1995 , selling over 15 million copies . This also makes it one of the best-selling books of all time . The book was made into a film , also titled The Horse Whisperer , directed by and starring Robert Redford ." } ] }, { "value": "Nicholas Evans", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nicholas_Evans", "summary": "Nicholas Evans ( born 26 July 1950 ) is an English journalist , screenwriter television and film producer and novelist ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1995", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Goodnight Moon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goodnight_Moon", "summary": "Goodnight Moon is an American children 's book written by Margaret Wise Brown and illustrated by Clement Hurd . It was published on September 3 , 1947 , and is a highly acclaimed bedtime story . It features a bunny saying good night to everything around : Goodnight room . Goodnight moon . Goodnight cow jumping over the moon . Goodnight light , and the red balloon . This book is the second in Brown and Hurd 's classic series , which also includes The Runaway Bunny and My World . The three books have been published together as a collection titled Over the Moon ." } ] }, { "value": "Margaret Wise Brown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Margaret_Wise_Brown", "summary": "Margaret Wise Brown ( May 23 , 1910 - November 13 , 1952 ) was an American writer of children 's books , including Goodnight Moon and The Runaway Bunny , both illustrated by Clement Hurd ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1947", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Neverending Story ( Die unendliche Geschichte )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Neverending_Story", "summary": "The Neverending Story ( German : Die unendliche Geschichte ) is a fantasy novel by German writer Michael Ende , first published in 1979 . An English translation , by Ralph Manheim , was first published in 1983 . The novel was later adapted into several films ." } ] }, { "value": "Michael Ende", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Ende", "summary": "Michael Andreas Helmuth Ende ( 12 November 1929 - 28 August 1995 ) was a German writer of fantasy and children 's fiction . He is best known for his epic fantasy The Neverending Story ; other famous works include Momo and Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver . His works have been translated into more than 40 languages , sold more than 35 million copies , and adapted as motion pictures , stage plays , operas and audio books . Ende is one of the most popular and famous German authors of the 20th century , mostly due to the enormous success of his children 's fiction . He was not strictly a children 's writer , however , as he wrote books for adults too . Ende 's writing could be described as a surreal mixture of reality and fantasy ." } ] }, { "value": "German", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fifty Shades of Grey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fifty_Shades_of_Grey", "summary": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James . It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate , Anastasia Steele , and a young business magnate , Christian Grey . It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving BDSM ( bondage/discipline , dominance/submission , and sadism/masochism ) . Originally self-published as an ebook and print-on-demand in June 2011 , the publishing rights to the novel were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012 . Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world , selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 [ citation needed ] . It has been translated into 52 languages , and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time . Critical reception of the book , however , has tended towards the negative , with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor , while its portrayal of BDSM has been targeted for criticism from a variety of perspectives . Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced an American film adaptation , which was released on 13 February 2015 , and also received unfavourable reviews even though it was a box office success . The second and third volumes of the original trilogy , Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed , were published in 2012 . A version of the novel from Christian 's point of view , Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian , was published in June 2015 as the fourth book . Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian , published in November 2017 , is the fifth book in the series ." } ] }, { "value": "E. L. James", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/E._L._James", "summary": "Erika Leonard ( née Mitchell ; born 7 March 1963 ) , known by her pen name E. L. James , is a British author . She wrote the bestselling erotic romance trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey , Fifty Shades Darker , and Fifty Shades Freed , along with the companion novels Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian and Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian ; and under the name Snowqueen 's Icedragon the Twilight fan fiction Master of the Universe that was the basis for the Fifty Shades trilogy . In 2019 her first book to not be a part of the Fifty Shades trilogy , The Mister , was published , to negative critical reception . The Fifty Shades novels have sold over 125 million copies worldwide , over 35 million copies in the United States and set the record in the United Kingdom as the fastest selling paperback of all time . In 2012 , Time magazine named her one of The World 's 100 Most Influential People . The novels were subsequently adapted into the films Fifty Shades of Grey , Fifty Shades Darker , and Fifty Shades Freed ." } ] }, { "value": "United Kingdom", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15.2 million in U.S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Outsiders", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Outsiders_(novel)", "summary": "The Outsiders is a coming-of-age novel by S. E. Hinton , first published in 1967 by Viking Press . Hinton was 15 when she started writing the novel but did most of the work when she was 16 and a junior in high school . Hinton was 18 when the book was published . The book details the conflict between two rival gangs divided by their socioeconomic status : the working-class greasers and the upper-class Socs ( pronounced /ˈsoʊʃɪz/ - short for Socials ) . The story is told in first-person perspective by teenaged protagonist Ponyboy Curtis . The story in the book takes place in Tulsa , Oklahoma , in 1965 , but this is never explicitly stated in the book . A film adaptation was produced in 1983 , and a little-known short-lived television series appeared in 1990 , picking up where the movie left off . A stage adaptation was written by Christopher Sergel and published in 1990 ." } ] }, { "value": "S. E. Hinton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/S._E._Hinton", "summary": "Susan Eloise Hinton ( born July 22 , 1948 ) is an American writer best known for her young-adult novels ( YA ) set in Oklahoma , especially The Outsiders ( 1967 ) , which she wrote during high school . [ a ] Hinton is credited with introducing the YA genre . In 1988 she received the inaugural Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association for her cumulative contribution in writing for teens . [ b ]" } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1967", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guess How Much I Love You", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guess_How_Much_I_Love_You", "summary": "Guess How Much I Love You is a British children 's book written by Sam McBratney and illustrated by Anita Jeram , published in 1994 , in the United Kingdom by Walker Books and in 1995 , in the United States by its subsidiary Candlewick Press . The book was a 1996 ALA Notable Children 's Book . According to its publishers , in addition to the ALA award and numerous other awards , it has sold more than 43 million copies worldwide and been published in 57 languages . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association in the U.S. named the book one of its Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children . Guess How Much I Love You has been published in several different formats , suitable for children from age 1½ to 8 . It has been adapted as a television cartoon show in the U.S ." } ] }, { "value": "Sam McBratney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sam_McBratney", "summary": "Sam McBratney ( born 16 June 1943 ) is a writer from Northern Ireland . He has written more than fifty books for children and young adults , but is best known as the author of the best-selling children 's book Guess How Much I Love You , which has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide , and been translated into 53 languages ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1994", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shōgun", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shōgun_(novel)", "summary": "Shōgun is a 1975 novel by James Clavell . It is the first novel ( by internal chronology ) of the author 's Asian Saga . A major best-seller , by 1990 the book had sold 15 million copies worldwide . Beginning in feudal Japan some months before the critical Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 , Shōgun gives an account of the rise of the daimyō Toranaga ( based upon the actual Tokugawa Ieyasu ) . Toranaga 's rise to the shogunate is seen through the eyes of the English sailor John Blackthorne , called Anjin ( Pilot ) by the Japanese , whose fictional heroics are loosely based on the historical exploits of William Adams ." } ] }, { "value": "James Clavell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Clavell", "summary": "James Clavell ( born Charles Edmund Dumaresq Clavell , 10 October 1921 - 6 September 1994 ) , was an Australian ( and later naturalized American ) novelist , screenwriter , director , and World War II veteran and prisoner of war . Clavell is best known as the author of his Asian Saga novels , a number of which have had television adaptations . Clavell also authored such screenplays as those for The Fly ( 1958 ) ( based on the short story by George Langelaan ) and The Great Escape ( 1963 ) ( based on the personal account of Paul Brickhill ) ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Poky Little Puppy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Poky_Little_Puppy", "summary": "The Poky Little Puppy is a children 's book written by Janette Sebring Lowrey and illustrated by Gustaf Tenggren . It was first published in 1942 as one of the first twelve books in the Simon & Schuster series Little Golden Books . The copyright was renewed in October 1969 . The Poky Little Puppy is a story about five puppies of undetermined breed . As of 2001 , [ update ] The Poky Little Puppy was the single all-time best-selling hardcover children 's book in the U.S. , having sold nearly 15 million copies . While the book has outsold many other famous books such as Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham , Lowrey herself ( who also wrote stories about children in her home state of Texas ) remained in relative obscurity until her death ." } ] }, { "value": "Janette Sebring Lowrey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Janette_Sebring_Lowrey", "summary": "Janette Sebring Lowrey ( March 2 , 1892 - March 17 , 1986 ) was an American children 's writer , best known for writing the beloved children 's classic , The Poky Little Puppy ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1942", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Pillars of the Earth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Pillars_of_the_Earth", "summary": "The Pillars of the Earth is a historical novel by Welsh author Ken Follett published in 1989 about the building of a cathedral in the fictional town of Kingsbridge , England . It is set in the middle of the 12th century , primarily during the Anarchy , between the time of the sinking of the White Ship and the murder of Thomas Becket . The book traces the development of Gothic architecture out of the preceding Romanesque architecture , and the fortunes of the Kingsbridge priory and village against the backdrop of historical events of the time . Before this novel was published , Follett was known for writing in the thriller genre . The Pillars of the Earth became his best-selling work which was later made into an 8-part miniseries in 2010 . The book was listed at no . 33 on the BBC 's Big Read , a 2003 survey with the goal of finding the nation 's best-loved book . The book was selected in the United States for Oprah 's Book Club in 2007 . It is the first book in the Kingsbridge Series - the others being a sequel , set 150 years later , entitled World Without End ( 2007 ) , and A Column of Fire ( 2017 ) set in Elizabethan England ." } ] }, { "value": "Ken Follett", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ken_Follett", "summary": "Kenneth Martin Follett , CBE , FRSL ( born 5 June 1949 ) is a Welsh author of thrillers and historical novels who has sold more than 160 million copies of his works . Many of his books have achieved high ranking on best seller lists . For example , in the US , many reached the number 1 position on the New York Times Best Seller list , including Edge of Eternity , Fall of Giants , A Dangerous Fortune , The Key to Rebecca , Lie Down with Lions , Triple , Winter of the World , and World Without End ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1989", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "How to Win Friends and Influence People", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/How_to_Win_Friends_and_Influence_People", "summary": "How to Win Friends and Influence People is a self-help book written by Dale Carnegie , published in 1936 . Over 15 million copies have been sold worldwide , making it one of the best-selling books of all time . In 2011 , it was number 19 on Time Magazine 's list of the 100 most influential books . Carnegie had been conducting business education courses in New York since 1912 . In 1934 , Leon Shimkin of the publishing firm Simon & Schuster took one of Carnegie 's 14-week courses on human relations and public speaking ; afterward , Shimkin persuaded Carnegie to let a stenographer take notes from the course to be revised for publication . The initial five thousand copies of the book sold exceptionally well , going through 17 editions in its first year alone . In 1981 , a revised edition containing updated language and anecdotes was released . The revised edition reduced the number of sections from six to four , eliminating sections on effective business letters and improving marital satisfaction ." } ] }, { "value": "Dale Carnegie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dale_Carnegie", "summary": "Dale Carnegie ( /ˈkɑːrnɪɡi/ ; spelled Carnagey until c. 1922 ; November 24 , 1888 - November 1 , 1955 ) was an American writer and lecturer , and the developer of courses in self-improvement , salesmanship , corporate training , public speaking , and interpersonal skills . Born into poverty on a farm in Missouri , he was the author of How to Win Friends and Influence People ( 1936 ) , a bestseller that remains popular today . He also wrote How to Stop Worrying and Start Living ( 1948 ) , Lincoln the Unknown ( 1932 ) , and several other books . One of the core ideas in his books is that it is possible to change other people 's behavior by changing one 's behavior toward them ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1936", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Perfume ( Das Parfum )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Perfume_(novel)", "summary": "Perfume : The Story of a Murderer ( German : Das Parfum , pronounced [ das paɐ̯ˈfœ̃ː ] ) is a 1985 literary historical fantasy novel by German writer Patrick Süskind . The novel explores the sense of smell and its relationship with the emotional meanings that scents may have . The story follows Jean-Baptiste Grenouille , an unloved orphan in 18th-century France who is born with an exceptional sense of smell , capable of distinguishing a vast range of scents in the world around him . Grenouille becomes a perfumer but later becomes involved in murder when he encounters a young girl with an unsurpassed wondrous scent . With translations into 49 languages and more than 20 million copies sold worldwide to date , Perfume is one of the best-selling German novels of the 20th century . The title remained in bestseller lists for about nine years , and received almost unanimously positive national and international critical acclaim . It was translated into English by John E. Woods and won both the World Fantasy Award and the PEN Translation Prize in 1987 . Some editions of the novel , including the first , have as their cover image Antoine Watteau 's painting Jupiter and Antiope , which depicts a sleeping woman ." } ] }, { "value": "Patrick Süskind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Patrick_Süskind", "summary": "Patrick Süskind ( born 26 March 1949 ) is a German writer and screenwriter , known best for his novel Perfume : The Story of a Murderer , first published in 1985 ." } ] }, { "value": "German", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1985", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Grapes of Wrath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath", "summary": "The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939 . The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction , and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 . Set during the Great Depression , the novel focuses on the Joads , a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought , economic hardship , agricultural industry changes , and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work . Due to their nearly hopeless situation , and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl , the Joads set out for California along with thousands of other Okies seeking jobs , land , dignity , and a future . The Grapes of Wrath is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes due to its historical context and enduring legacy . A celebrated Hollywood film version , starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford , was released in 1940 ." } ] }, { "value": "John Steinbeck", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Steinbeck", "summary": "John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. ( /ˈstaɪnbɛk/ ; February 27 , 1902 - December 20 , 1968 ) was an American author . He won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature for his realistic and imaginative writings , combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception . He has been called a giant of American letters , and many of his works are considered classics of Western literature . During his writing career , he authored 33 books , including 16 novels , six non-fiction books , and two collections of short stories . He is widely known for the comic novels Tortilla Flat ( 1935 ) and Cannery Row ( 1945 ) , the multi-generation epic East of Eden ( 1952 ) , and the novellas Of Mice and Men ( 1937 ) and The Red Pony ( 1937 ) . The Pulitzer Prize-winning The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) is considered Steinbeck 's masterpiece and part of the American literary canon . In the first 75 years after it was published , it sold 14 million copies . Most of Steinbeck 's work is set in central California , particularly in the Salinas Valley and the California Coast Ranges region . His works frequently explored the themes of fate and injustice , especially as applied to downtrodden or everyman protagonists ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Shadow of the Wind ( La sombra del viento )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Wind", "summary": "The Shadow of the Wind ( Spanish : La sombra del viento ) is a 2001 novel by the Spanish writer Carlos Ruiz Zafón and a worldwide bestseller . The book was translated into English in 2004 by Lucia Graves and sold over a million copies in the UK after already achieving success on mainland Europe , topping the Spanish bestseller lists for weeks . It was published in the United States by Penguin Books and in Great Britain by Weidenfeld & Nicolson and Orion Books . It is believed to have sold 15 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling books of all time . Ruiz Zafón 's follow-up , The Angel 's Game , is a prequel to The Shadow of the Wind . His third in the series , The Prisoner of Heaven , is the sequel to The Shadow of the Wind ." } ] }, { "value": "Carlos Ruiz Zafón", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carlos_Ruiz_Zafón", "summary": "Carlos Ruiz Zafón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkaɾlos rwiθ θaˈfon ] ; born 25 September 1964 ) is a Spanish novelist ." } ] }, { "value": "Spanish", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Interpreter of Maladies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Interpreter_of_Maladies", "summary": "Interpreter of Maladies is a book collection of nine short stories by American author of Indian origin Jhumpa Lahiri published in 1999 . It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award in the year 2000 and has sold over 15 million copies worldwide . It was also chosen as The New Yorker 's Best Debut of the Year and is on Oprah Winfrey 's Top Ten Book List . The stories are about the lives of Indians and Indian Americans who are caught between their roots and the New World ." } ] }, { "value": "Jhumpa Lahiri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jhumpa_Lahiri", "summary": "Nilanjana Sudeshna Jhumpa Lahiri ( born July 11 , 1967 ) is an American author known for her short stories , novels and essays in English , and , more recently , in Italian . Her debut collection of short-stories Interpreter of Maladies ( 1999 ) won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the PEN/Hemingway Award , and her first novel , The Namesake ( 2003 ) , was adapted into the popular film of the same name . Her second story collection Unaccustomed Earth ( 2008 ) won the Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award , while her second novel , The Lowland ( 2013 ) , was a finalist for both the Man Booker Prize and the National Book Award for Fiction . In these works , Lahiri explored the Indian-immigrant experience in America . In 2011 , Lahiri moved to Rome , Italy and has since then published two books of essays , and has a forthcoming novel , written in Italian . She has also translated some of her own writings and those of other authors from Italian into English . In 2014 , Lahiri was awarded the National Humanities Medal . She is currently a professor of creative writing at Princeton University ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Hitchhiker's_Guide_to_the_Galaxy", "summary": "The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( sometimes referred to as HG2G , HHGTTG , H2G2 , or tHGttG ) is a comedy science fiction series created by Douglas Adams . Originally a radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1978 , it was later adapted to other formats , including stage shows , novels , comic books , a 1981 TV series , a 1984 video game , and 2005 feature film . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy has become an international multi-media phenomenon ; the novels are the most widely distributed , having been translated into more than 30 languages by 2005 . The first novel , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1979 ) , was ranked fourth on the BBCs The Big Read poll . The sixth novel , And Another Thing , was written by Eoin Colfer with additional unpublished material by Douglas Adams . In 2017 , BBC Radio 4 announced a 40th-anniversary celebration with Dirk Maggs , one of the original producers , in charge . The first of six new episodes was broadcast on 8 March 2018 . The broad narrative of Hitchhiker follows the misadventures of the last surviving man , Arthur Dent , following the demolition of the Earth by a Vogon constructor fleet to make way for a hyperspace bypass . Dent is rescued from Earth 's destruction by Ford Prefect - a human-like alien writer for the eccentric , electronic travel guide The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy - by hitchhiking onto a passing Vogon spacecraft . Following his rescue , Dent explores the galaxy with Prefect and encounters Trillian , another human who had been taken from Earth ( prior to its destruction ) by the two-headed President of the Galaxy Zaphod Beeblebrox and the depressed Marvin , the Paranoid Android . Certain narrative details were changed among the various adaptations ." } ] }, { "value": "Douglas Adams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Douglas_Adams", "summary": "Douglas Noel Adams ( 11 March 1952 - 11 May 2001 ) was an English author , screenwriter , essayist , humorist , satirist and dramatist . Adams was author of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , which originated in 1978 as a BBC radio comedy before developing into a trilogy of five books that sold more than 15 million copies in his lifetime and generated a television series , several stage plays , comics , a video game , and in 2005 a feature film . Adams 's contribution to UK radio is commemorated in The Radio Academy 's Hall of Fame . Adams also wrote Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency ( 1987 ) and The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul ( 1988 ) , and co-wrote The Meaning of Liff ( 1983 ) , The Deeper Meaning of Liff ( 1990 ) , Last Chance to See ( 1990 ) , and three stories for the television series Doctor Who ; he also served as script editor for the show 's seventeenth season in 1979 . He also co-wrote the Monty Python sketch Patient Abuse which appeared in the final episode of Monty Python 's Flying Circus . A posthumous collection of his works , including an unfinished novel , was published as The Salmon of Doubt in 2002 . Adams was an advocate for environmentalism and conservation , a lover of fast cars , technological innovation and the Apple Macintosh , and a self-proclaimed radical atheist ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tuesdays with Morrie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tuesdays_with_Morrie", "summary": "Tuesdays with Morrie is a memoir by American author Mitch Albom about a series of visits Albom made to his former sociology professor Morrie Schwartz , as Schwartz gradually dies of ALS . The book topped the New York Times Non-Fiction Bestsellers of 2000 . An unabridged audiobook was also published , narrated by Albom . The appendix of the audiobook contains several minutes of excerpts from audio recordings that Albom made in his conversations with Schwartz before writing the book . A new edition with an afterword by Albom was released on the book 's ten-year anniversary in 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "Mitch Albom", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mitch_Albom", "summary": "Mitchell David Albom ( born May 23 , 1958 ) is an American author , journalist , screenwriter , dramatist , radio and television broadcaster , and musician . His books have sold over 39 million copies worldwide . Having achieved national recognition for sports writing in the earlier part of his career , he is perhaps best known for the inspirational stories and themes that weave through his books , plays , and films . Albom lives with his wife Janine Sabino in Detroit , Michigan ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1997", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "God 's Little Acre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/God's_Little_Acre", "summary": "God 's Little Acre is a 1933 novel by Erskine Caldwell about a dysfunctional farming family in Georgia obsessed with sex and wealth . The novel 's sexual themes were so controversial that the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice asked a New York state court to censor it . Although controversial , the novel became an international best seller with over 10 million copies sold , and was published as an Armed Services Edition during WWII . God 's Little Acre is Caldwell 's most popular novel , although his reputation is often tied to his 1932 novel Tobacco Road , which was listed in the Modern Library 100 Best Novels . God 's Little Acre was later adapted as a 1958 film starring Robert Ryan ." } ] }, { "value": "Erskine Caldwell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Erskine_Caldwell", "summary": "Erskine Preston Caldwell ( December 17 , 1903 - April 11 , 1987 ) was an American novelist and short story writer . His writings about poverty , racism and social problems in his native Southern United States , in novels such as Tobacco Road ( 1932 ) and God 's Little Acre ( 1933 ) won him critical acclaim , but his advocacy of eugenics and the sterilization of Georgia 's poor whites became less popular following World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1933", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14 million", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "List of best-selling individual books -- Between 10 million and 20 million copies", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_best-selling_books_4", "intro": "This page provides lists of best-selling individual books and book series to date and in any language. Best selling refers to the estimated number of copies sold of each book, rather than the number of books printed or currently owned. Comics and textbooks are not included in this list. The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable, independent sources. This list is incomplete because there are many books, such as The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, or A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, that are commonly cited as best-selling books yet have no reliable sales figures. Similarly, many notable book series that sold very widely are poorly documented (Land of Oz) or consist of multiple sub-series (Tom Swift). According to Guinness World Records as of 1995, the Bible is the best-selling book of all time, with an estimated 5 billion copies sold and distributed. The Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, also known as the Little Red Book, has produced a wide array of sales and distribution figures - with estimates ranging from 800 million to over 6.5 billion printed volumes, with some claiming the distribution ran into the billions and some citing over a billion official volumes between 1966 and 1969 alone as well as untold numbers of unofficial local reprints and unofficial translations. Exact print figures for these and other books may also be missing or unreliable since these kinds of books may be produced by many different and unrelated publishers, in some cases over many centuries. All books of a religious, ideological, philosophical or political nature have thus been excluded from the below lists of best-selling books for these reasons. Having sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling is the best-selling book series in history. The first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, has sold in excess of 120 million copies, making it one of the best-selling books of all time." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_family_relations_in_professional_wrestling", "title": "List of family relations in professional wrestling", "header": [ "Parent", "Child ( ren )", "Country", "Notes :" ], "data": [ { "value": "Iron Mike DiBiase", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Iron_Mike_DiBiase", "summary": "Michael DiBiase ( December 24 , 1923 - July 2 , 1969 ) was an Italian American professional wrestler , also known by his ring name Iron Mike DiBiase . The adoptive father of professional wrestler The Million Dollar Man Ted DiBiase , he was married to Ted 's mother Helen Hild ( also a professional wrestler ) , and was the grandfather of Mike , Ted Jr. , and Brett DiBiase ." } ] }, { "value": "Ted DiBiase", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ted_DiBiase", "summary": "Theodore Marvin DiBiase Sr. ( born January 18 , 1954 ) is an American former professional wrestler , manager , ordained minister and color commentator . He is signed with WWE working in their Legends program . DiBiase achieved championship success in a number of wrestling promotions , holding thirty titles during his professional wrestling career . He is best recalled by mainstream audiences for his time in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , where he wrestled as The Million Dollar Man Ted DiBiase . IGN called DiBiase one of the most gifted technical wrestlers to ever grace the squared-circle ; he has been named as one of the greatest villains in pro wrestling history . Among other accolades in the WWF/E , DiBiase was the first WWF North American Heavyweight Champion , a three-time WWF Tag Team Champion ( with Irwin R. Schyster ) , a one-time WWE 24/7 Champion , and winner of the 1988 King of the Ring tournament . He held the WWF World Heavyweight Championship once , although recognition of this reign was withdrawn by the company . DiBiase also awarded himself the Million Dollar Championship , which was held by various associated wrestlers . He appeared in the main event of multiple WWF cards , including WrestleMania IV and the first-ever SummerSlam in 1988 . DiBiase also headlined the 2010 WWE Hall of Fame ceremony , being inducted by his sons , Ted Jr. and Brett ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "Mike DiBiase 's married Ted 's mother Helen Hild and later adopted him", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Helen_Hild", "summary": "Gladys Helen Nevins ( February 26 , 1926 - March 4 , 1984 ) , better known by her ring name Helen Hild , was an American female professional wrestler and model . In her career , Nevins wrestled for extended periods of time for various wrestling promotions : All-Star Wrestling , Big Time Wrestling , Championship Wrestling from Florida , Central States Wrestling , Georgia Championship Wrestling , Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling , Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club , NWA Mid-America and the World Wide Wrestling Federation ." } ] }, { "value": "Gorilla Monsoon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gorilla_Monsoon", "summary": "Robert James Marella ( June 4 , 1937 - October 6 , 1999 ) , better known by his ring name of Gorilla Monsoon , was an American professional wrestler , play-by-play commentator , and booker . Monsoon is famous for his run as a super-heavyweight main eventer , and later as the voice of the World Wrestling Federation , as commentator and backstage manager during the 1980s and 1990s . He also portrayed the on-screen role of WWF President from 1995 to 1997 . In professional wrestling , the staging area just behind the entrance curtain at an event , a position which Marella established and where he could often be found during WWF shows late in his career , is named the Gorilla Position in his honor . Monsoon is remembered fondly by many viewers ; according to Rolling Stone , he and longtime announcing partner Bobby Heenan are regarded as the greatest color-commentary team in pro-wrestling history . Despite this , Monsoon was voted Worst Television Announcer a record six times by readers of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter in the publication 's annual awards poll ." } ] }, { "value": "Joey Marella", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joey_Marella", "summary": "Joseph Anthony Marella ( February 28 , 1963 - July 4 , 1994 ) was an American professional wrestling referee for the World Wrestling Federation and the adopted son of former wrestler and then WWF announcer Gorilla Monsoon ( Robert Marella ) from Willingboro Township , New Jersey ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ron Garvin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ron_Garvin", "summary": "Roger Barnes ( born March 30 , 1945 ) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , Rugged Ronnie Garvin . He is best known for his appearances with Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation in the late-1980s and early-1990s . Championships held by Garvin over his career include the NWA World Heavyweight Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "Jimmy Garvin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jimmy_Garvin", "summary": "James Williams ( born September 25 , 1952 ) is an American retired professional wrestler , better known by his ring name Gorgeous Jimmy Jam Garvin . A member of The Fabulous Freebirds , Garvin is best known for his appearances with promotions including the American Wrestling Association , World Class Championship Wrestling , and World Championship Wrestling ." } ] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "Stepfather and stepson . They were billed as kayfabe brothers with Terry Garvin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kayfabe", "summary": "In professional wrestling , kayfabe /ˈkeɪfeɪb/ ( also called work or worked ) is the portrayal of staged events within the industry as real or true , specifically the portrayal of competition , rivalries , and relationships between participants as being genuine and not of a staged or predetermined nature of any kind . The term kayfabe has evolved to also become a code word of sorts for maintaining this reality within the direct or indirect presence of the general public . Kayfabe is often seen as the suspension of disbelief that is used to create the non-wrestling aspects of promotions , such as feuds , angles , and gimmicks in a manner similar to other forms of fictional entertainment . In relative terms , a wrestler breaking kayfabe during a show would be likened to an actor breaking character on-camera . Also , since wrestling is performed in front of a live audience , whose interaction with the show is crucial to its success , kayfabe can be compared to the fourth wall in acting , since hardly any conventional fourth wall exists to begin with . In general , everything in a professional wrestling show is to some extent scripted , or kayfabe , even though at times it is portrayed as real-life . Kayfabe was fiercely maintained for decades , but with the advent of the Internet wrestling community , and the sports entertainment movement , the pro wrestling industry has become less concerned with protecting so-called backstage secrets and typically maintains kayfabe only during the shows . Kayfabe is , however , occasionally broken during shows , usually when dealing with genuine injuries during a match or paying tribute to wrestlers ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Terry_Garvin", "summary": "Terry Joyal ( March 1 , 1937 - August 17 , 1998 ) , better known by his ring name Terry Garvin , was a Canadian professional wrestler . He is best known for his work with kayfabe brother Ron Garvin , with whom he won several tag team championships in the Southern United States . He is also known for a case of sexual harassment in 1992 that led to the end of his employment with the World Wrestling Federation ." } ] }, { "value": "Dave McKigney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dave_McKigney", "summary": "Dave McKigney ( June 9 , 1932 - July 4 , 1988 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler , also known by his ring name , The Bearman . He is best known for wrestling bears and training Terrible Ted . He appeared in Canada with Stampede Wrestling and Maple Leaf Wrestling , and across the border for the World Wide Wrestling Federation , in the late 1960s and early 1970s ." } ] }, { "value": "Rachel Dubois", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brian Pillman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brian_Pillman", "summary": "Brian William Pillman ( May 22 , 1962 - October 5 , 1997 ) was an American professional wrestler and professional football player best known for his appearances in Stampede Wrestling in the 1980s and World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) and the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in the 1990s . Pillman created a legacy as The Loose Cannon , a wrestling gimmick that would see him do a series of worked shoots that would gain him a degree of infamy for his unpredictable character . He was also known for being extremely agile in the ring , although a car accident in April 1996 from which he received extensive ankle injuries limited his in-ring ability . By the end of his career he worked with his long-time friend and former teammate Stone Cold Steve Austin in a storyline involving a firearm and with The Hart Foundation during the first instances of the developing Attitude Era ." } ] }, { "value": "Lexi Pillman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lexi_Pillman", "summary": "Brian William Pillman ( May 22 , 1962 - October 5 , 1997 ) was an American professional wrestler and professional football player best known for his appearances in Stampede Wrestling in the 1980s and World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) and the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in the 1990s . Pillman created a legacy as The Loose Cannon , a wrestling gimmick that would see him do a series of worked shoots that would gain him a degree of infamy for his unpredictable character . He was also known for being extremely agile in the ring , although a car accident in April 1996 from which he received extensive ankle injuries limited his in-ring ability . By the end of his career he worked with his long-time friend and former teammate Stone Cold Steve Austin in a storyline involving a firearm and with The Hart Foundation during the first instances of the developing Attitude Era ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Smith Hart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Smith_Hart", "summary": "Smith Stewart Hart ( November 28 , 1948 - July 2 , 2017 ) was an American-Canadian professional wrestler and a member of the Hart wrestling family . His parents were Stu and Helen Hart . Smith was the first of their twelve children , being one of their eight sons , Bruce , Keith , Wayne , Dean , Bret , Ross and Owen followed him . Hart is also the father of two professional wrestlers , Mike and Matt Hart . Hart wrestled for the majority of his career in Canada but also worked briefly in other countries and is best known for his time in Stampede Wrestling and for his appearances for WWE . He died in 2017 due to prostate cancer ." } ] }, { "value": "Mike Hart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mike_Hart_(wrestler)", "summary": "The Hart wrestling family , sometimes known as the Hart dynasty , is a mainly Canadian family with a significant history within professional wrestling . The patriarch of the family was wrestling legend Stu Hart ( 1915-2003 ) . An amateur and professional wrestling performer , promoter and trainer , Stu owned and operated his own wrestling promotion , Stampede Wrestling . He also trained some of the most well known stars in wrestling history including Superstar Billy Graham , Fritz Von Erich , Edge , Chris Jericho , Chris Benoit , Christian and his sons Bret Hart and Owen Hart . All of Stu 's eight sons were wrestlers and two of them , Bret and Owen , achieved considerable fame and success in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , with many of the WWF 's biggest storylines in the mid-1990s being built around Bret and Owen and their brothers-in-law . As of 2014 , the only Hart actively wrestling in WWE is Stu 's granddaughter Natalie Natalya Neidhart , but Bret makes occasional guest appearances while WWE employs Dungeon graduates Rick Victor , Tyson Kidd ( also Neidhart 's husband ) , and former world champions Christian , and Mark Henry in various roles ." } ] }, { "value": "Canada United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "Stepfather and stepson", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kensuke Sasaki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kensuke_Sasaki", "summary": "Kensuke Sasaki ( 佐々木 健介 , Sasaki Kensuke , born August 4 , 1966 ) is a Japanese retired professional wrestler , mixed martial artist , and founder of the now-defunct wrestling promotion Diamond Ring . Sasaki is the first of two men ever to hold all three of puroresu 's major heavyweight titles ( the IWGP Heavyweight Championship , the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship , and the GHC Heavyweight Championship ) , the other being Yoshihiro Takayama ." } ] }, { "value": "Katsuhiko Nakajima", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Katsuhiko_Nakajima", "summary": "Katsuhiko Nakajima ( 中嶋 勝彦 , Nakajima Katsuhiko , born March 11 , 1988 ) is a Japanese professional wrestler , signed to Pro Wrestling Noah , where he is one half of the current GHC Tag Team Champions alongside Go Shiozaki as well as the current Wrestle-1 Champion . He is also a former GHC Heavyweight Champion . He started his career in Riki Choshu 's Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling ( WJ ) promotion before heading to Kensuke Sasaki 's Kensuke Office/Diamond Ring dojo and promotion . He has also wrestled for All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) , where he is a former World Junior Heavyweight Champion . An accomplished karateka , his style is based upon strong , fast kicks and strikes . Nakajima made his professional debut aged 15 in a mixed martial arts contest and immediately made a name for himself in puroresu , earning the nickname Supernova and facing Hall of Famers such as Kenta Kobashi , Satoru Sayama , Jushin Thunder Liger , and Tatsumi Fujinami . He has competed in several notable Japanese promotions , including New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , Inoki Genome Federation , Pro Wrestling Zero1 , Michinoku Pro , Dragon Gate , and currently , Pro Wrestling Noah . He has set several age records throughout his career , including being the youngest wrestler to compete in AJPW 's Champion Carnival tournament and the youngest to hold the World Junior Heavyweight Championship . He won the Tokyo Sports Rookie of the Year award in 2004 and the Fighting Spirit award in 2005 . Having worked for Noah for most of his career , both as a representative of Diamond Ring and as a freelancer , he officially signed with the promotion in December 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "Japan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Japan", "summary": "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Adopted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Akira Hokuto", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Akira_Hokuto", "summary": "Hisako Sasaki ( 佐々木 久子 , Sasaki Hisako , née Uno ( 宇野 ) , born July 13 , 1967 ) is a Japanese retired professional wrestler better known as Akira Hokuto ( 北斗 晶 , Hokuto Akira ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Katsuhiko Nakajima", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Katsuhiko_Nakajima", "summary": "Katsuhiko Nakajima ( 中嶋 勝彦 , Nakajima Katsuhiko , born March 11 , 1988 ) is a Japanese professional wrestler , signed to Pro Wrestling Noah , where he is one half of the current GHC Tag Team Champions alongside Go Shiozaki as well as the current Wrestle-1 Champion . He is also a former GHC Heavyweight Champion . He started his career in Riki Choshu 's Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling ( WJ ) promotion before heading to Kensuke Sasaki 's Kensuke Office/Diamond Ring dojo and promotion . He has also wrestled for All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) , where he is a former World Junior Heavyweight Champion . An accomplished karateka , his style is based upon strong , fast kicks and strikes . Nakajima made his professional debut aged 15 in a mixed martial arts contest and immediately made a name for himself in puroresu , earning the nickname Supernova and facing Hall of Famers such as Kenta Kobashi , Satoru Sayama , Jushin Thunder Liger , and Tatsumi Fujinami . He has competed in several notable Japanese promotions , including New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , Inoki Genome Federation , Pro Wrestling Zero1 , Michinoku Pro , Dragon Gate , and currently , Pro Wrestling Noah . He has set several age records throughout his career , including being the youngest wrestler to compete in AJPW 's Champion Carnival tournament and the youngest to hold the World Junior Heavyweight Championship . He won the Tokyo Sports Rookie of the Year award in 2004 and the Fighting Spirit award in 2005 . Having worked for Noah for most of his career , both as a representative of Diamond Ring and as a freelancer , he officially signed with the promotion in December 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "Japan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Japan", "summary": "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Adopted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Paul Vachon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paul_Vachon", "summary": "Paul Vachon ( born October 7 , 1937 ) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler . He is a member of the Vachon wrestling family ." } ] }, { "value": "Luna Vachon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luna_Vachon", "summary": "Gertrude Elizabeth Vachon ( January 12 , 1962 - August 27 , 2010 ) was an American-Canadian professional wrestler , better known as Luna Vachon . Over the course of her 22-year career , she wrestled for promotions such as the World Wrestling Federation ( now WWE ) , Extreme Championship Wrestling , the American Wrestling Association , and World Championship Wrestling . She was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "Stepfather and stepdaughter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tonga Fifita", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tonga_Fifita", "summary": "Tonga 'Uli'uli Fifita ( born 10 February 1959 ) is a Tongan semi-retired professional wrestler , best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) and New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) as Haku . He is also known for his time in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , where he wrestled under the name Meng . In the WWF , he also wrestled under the names King Tonga and King Haku ." } ] }, { "value": "Hikuleo Tama Tonga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hikuleo_(wrestler)", "summary": "Taula Fifita ( born Taula Koloamatangi on February 7 , 1991 ) is a Tongan-born American professional wrestler . He is currently wrestling for the Japanese promotion New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) under the ring name Hikuleo , where he is a member of the Bullet Club . He is part of the Fifita professional wrestling family ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tama_Tonga", "summary": "Alipate Aloisio Leone ( born October 15 , 1982 ) is a Tongan American professional wrestler better known by the ring name Tama Tonga . He is currently signed to Japanese professional wrestling promotion New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , where he is a founding member of Bullet Club . He is the nephew and adopted son of professional wrestler Haku/Meng and forms the tag team Guerrillas of Destiny ( G.O.D ) with his cousin/adoptive brother Tanga Loa . He is currently one-half of the IWGP Tag Team Champions ( his sixth reign with Tanga Loa ) . He has also worked with NJPW 's partner promotion in Mexico , Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) where he has held the CMLL World Tag Team Championship twice . Upon winning the ROH World Tag Team Championship at G1 Supercard , he became the third wrestler to have won a championship in NJPW , CMLL , and ROH , behind Rocky Romero and Matt Taven ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "Tonga Fifita was their maternal aunt 's husband , and adopted them together with her when they were young", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Blue Demon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blue_Demon", "summary": "Alejandro Muñoz Moreno ( April 24 , 1922 - December 16 , 2000 ) , better known by the ring name Blue Demon ( Demonio Azul in Spanish ) , was a Mexican film actor and luchador enmascarado ( Spanish for masked professional wrestler ) . Blue Demon is considered a legend of lucha libre , partially from starring in a series of Lucha films between 1961 and 1979 , often alongside in-ring rival El Santo . His in-ring career began in 1948 and stretched for 41 years until his retirement in 1989 . Throughout his career Muñoz never lost a Lucha de Apuestas match and retired without exposing his face to the public , he would later be buried in the signature blue and silver mask as well . In his 41 year career he won the NWA World Welterweight Championship twice , the Mexican National Welterweight Championship three times and the Mexican National Tag Team Championship with long time tag team partner Black Shadow . He also won the hair of Cavernario Galindo and the masks of Espectro II , Matemático , and most notably the mask of Rayo de Jalisco . Near the end of his career Muñoz introduced Blue Demon Jr. to the wrestling world , promoted as the son of Blue Demon , he did not share a blood connection to Muñoz and was later claimed to be the adopted son . Muñoz 's actual son owns the trademarks to the name Blue Demon , while Blue Demon Jr. owns the trademark to the Blue Demon Jr. name . Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) honors the legacy of Blue Demon by holding the Leyenda de Azul ( The Blue Legend ) tournament at irregular intervals . He was voted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996 as part of the inaugural HOF selection ." } ] }, { "value": "Blue Demon Jr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blue_Demon_Jr.", "summary": "Blue Demon Jr. ( born July 19 , 1966 ) is a Mexican luchador and professional wrestler . He is the adopted son of the legendary original Blue Demon and is the first Mexican and the second masked wrestler to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . His real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico , where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans ." } ] }, { "value": "Mexico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mexico", "summary": "Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Octavio Gaona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Octavio_Gaona", "summary": "Octavio Gaona ( 1902-1996 ) was a Mexican Luchador , or professional wrestler , known for his participation in the first ever high profile Lucha de Apuesta , or wager fight , against Murciélago Velázquez . Gaona held both the Mexican National Middleweight Championship and the Mexican version of the World Middleweight Championship . Gaona 's son , adopted son , grandson and great grandson have all or are all professional wrestlers ." } ] }, { "value": "Francisco Ruiz Arreola", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mexico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mexico", "summary": "Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Parents–children -- Adopted , step and foster", "section_text": "Smith Hart ( left ) with stepson Mike Hart ( right ) Katsuhiko Nakajima was adopted by Kensuke Sasaki and Akira Hokuto", "uid": "List_of_family_relations_in_professional_wrestling_4", "intro": "This is a list of family relations in professional wrestling. Since the beginning of the artforms secretive history family members have been involved in all aspects of the industry, often to keep it closed off to outsiders. Although most connections are among wrestlers, there have been contributions from family members in many other fileds, such as managing, promoting, training and refereeing." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GM-EMD_locomotives", "title": "List of GM-EMD locomotives", "header": [ "Model designation", "Build year", "Total produced", "AAR wheel arrangement", "Prime mover" ], "data": [ { "value": "SWBLW Beep", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beep_(SWBLW)", "summary": "The Beep ( also referred to as the SWBLW ) is an individual switcher locomotive built in 1970 by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway at its Cleburne , Texas , workshops . Technically a rebuild , the Beep ( a portmanteau of Baldwin Geep , whose official designation was derived from SWitcher , Baldwin Locomotive Works ) originally entered service on the Santa Fe as a Baldwin Model VO-1000 . Following its successful CF7 capital rebuilding program , the company hoped to determine if remanufacturing its aging , non-EMD end cab switchers by fitting them with new EMD prime movers was an economically viable proposition . The conversion procedure proved too costly and only the one unit was modified . As of end of 2008 per Trains Magazine March 2009 , this locomotive was retired and stored operational at Topeka , Kansas . In May 2009 the unit was donated to the Western America Railroad Museum in Barstow , California ." } ] }, { "value": "1970", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "EMD 16-567BC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EMD_567", "summary": "The EMD 567 is a line of large medium-speed diesel engines built by General Motors ' Electro-Motive Division . This engine , which succeeded Winton 's 201A , was used in EMD 's locomotives from 1938 until its replacement in 1966 by the EMD 645 . It has a bore of 8 1⁄2 in ( 216 mm ) , a stroke of 10 in ( 254 mm ) and a displacement of 567 cu in ( 9.29 L ) per cylinder . Like the Winton 201A , the EMD 645 and the EMD 710 , the EMD 567 is a two-stroke engine . EMD 's chief competitor , GE , now makes EMD-compatible replacement parts ." } ] }, { "value": "CF7", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CF7", "summary": "The CF7 is an EMD F-unit railroad locomotive that has had its streamlined carbody removed and replaced with a custom-made , general purpose body in order to adapt the unit for switching duty . All of the conversions were performed by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in their Cleburne , Texas workshops between October , 1970 and March , 1978 . The program was initiated in response to a system-wide need for more than 200 additional four-axle diesel road switchers to meet projected motive power demands on branch lines and secondary main lines . Santa Fe 's aging fleet of 200-series F-units were in dire need of overhaul , and were not suitable for switching service in their original configuration due to the poor visibility resulting from their full-width carbody ; the engineer was required to stick their head out of the window in order to see the end of the train or locomotive when coupling and uncoupling cars . As new , state-of-the-art locomotives cost upwards of $ 150,000 each at the time , Santa Fe elected to experiment with modifying its existing F-units to serve their purpose , which they hoped they could accomplish for around $ 60,000 each . Changes in business philosophy led the company to sell off its entire CF7 inventory by 1987 , with most of the units ( all but nine ) ending up in the hands of regional and short-line railroads , and a few excursion lines . A number remain in service today . [ vague ]" } ] }, { "value": "1970-1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "233", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "EMD 16-567BC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EMD_567", "summary": "The EMD 567 is a line of large medium-speed diesel engines built by General Motors ' Electro-Motive Division . This engine , which succeeded Winton 's 201A , was used in EMD 's locomotives from 1938 until its replacement in 1966 by the EMD 645 . It has a bore of 8 1⁄2 in ( 216 mm ) , a stroke of 10 in ( 254 mm ) and a displacement of 567 cu in ( 9.29 L ) per cylinder . Like the Winton 201A , the EMD 645 and the EMD 710 , the EMD 567 is a two-stroke engine . EMD 's chief competitor , GE , now makes EMD-compatible replacement parts ." } ] }, { "value": "GP8", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP8", "summary": "A GP8 is a four-axle road switcher diesel locomotive rebuilt by Illinois Central 's Paducah shops using a General Motors Electro-Motive Division ( EMD ) GP7 , GMD GP7 or GP9 as a start . It is similar to the GP10 and GP11 . A total of 111 units were rebuilt to GP8 for the Illinois Central and Illinois Central Gulf . Core units used in the construction of these units were Illinois Central GP7 , GP9 , a GP8 , C & O GP9 , D & RGW GP9 , DT & I GP7 , N & W GP7 , P & LE GP7 , QNS & L GP7 , RDG GP7 , St.J & LC GP9 , SLSF GP7 , and SP GP9 . The Paducah Shops also rebuilt 16 Conrail GP7s to GP8s . Nine were rebuilt in 1976 and another seven in 1978 . Rock Island 's Silvis Shops rebuilt 20 Conrail GP7s into GP8s in 1978 . Morrison-Knudsen 's Boise Shops rebuilt 13 Conrail GP7s into GP8s in 1978 . The 1976 Conrail units rebuilt at Paducah were the equivalent of the Illinois Central rebuilds . The 1978 rebuilds were engine and electrical gear only rebuilds with no carbody modifications ." } ] }, { "value": "1969-1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "111", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "EMD 567BC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EMD_567", "summary": "The EMD 567 is a line of large medium-speed diesel engines built by General Motors ' Electro-Motive Division . This engine , which succeeded Winton 's 201A , was used in EMD 's locomotives from 1938 until its replacement in 1966 by the EMD 645 . It has a bore of 8 1⁄2 in ( 216 mm ) , a stroke of 10 in ( 254 mm ) and a displacement of 567 cu in ( 9.29 L ) per cylinder . Like the Winton 201A , the EMD 645 and the EMD 710 , the EMD 567 is a two-stroke engine . EMD 's chief competitor , GE , now makes EMD-compatible replacement parts ." } ] }, { "value": "GP10", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP10", "summary": "The EMD GP10 is a road switcher diesel-electric locomotive that is the result of rebuilding a GP7 , GP9 or GP18 . The Illinois Central Railroad had three separate rebuild programs to upgrade their old EMD GPs and GPs that they had purchased from equipment dealers such as Precision National Corporation in Mount Vernon , Illinois . The first was the GP8 , second the GP10 and third the GP11 . All were rebuilt at IC/ICG 's Paducah Shops in Kentucky . Core units for the GP10 program were from IC/ICG GP7 , GP8 , GP9 and GP18 , B & M GP9 , B & O GP9 , CRR GP9 , C & O GP7 and GP9 , D & RGW GP9 , DT & I GP7 and GP9 , FEC GP9 , GTW GP18 , P & LE GP7 , Potlach Forests Inc. GP7 , QNS & L GP9 , RDG GP7 , St.J & LC GP9 , SLSF GP7 , SP GP9 , SSW GP7 , and UP GP9B . Two IC GP9s were rebuilt to GP10s and sold directly to the Ashley , Drew and Northern Railway . Nine Alaska Railroad GP7s were rebuilt to GP10s by Paducah , and renumbered 1801-1809 ( these rebuilds received EMD angled cabs but kept their AAR Type B road trucks from Alco RS-1s ) . A total of 76 Conrail GP9s were rebuilt to GP10s . The Paducah Shops rebuilt 53 Conrail GP9s to GP10s . The first 16 Conrail GP9s were rebuilt to the equivalent of a GP10 in 1976 . In 1978 another 21 Conrail GP9s were rebuilt at Paducah , followed by 16 more GP9s rebuilt to GP10 in 1979 . The 1978-79 Conrail GP9 rebuilding program by Paducah was engine and electrical gear only with no carbody modification ( the high short hoods were kept ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1967-1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GP11", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP11", "summary": "The EMD GP11 is a four-axle road switcher diesel locomotive rebuilt by the Illinois Central Railroad 's Paducah shops . It is very similar in appearance to the GP8 and GP10 . The Illinois Central Railroad began its GP11 rebuilding program in 1978 . All units were rebuilt from recycled EMD GP7 , GP9 or GP18 parts . Spotting features are an angled cab , exterior paper air filter , new air intake for the traction motors and four exhaust stacks . Internally they had Dash 2 solid state electrical equipment ." } ] }, { "value": "1978-1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "54", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GP15C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP15C", "summary": "An EMD GP9 is a four-axle road switcher diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors ' Electro-Motive Division produced between 1954 and 1959 and it is powered by a sixteen-cylinder engine which generated 1,750 horsepower ( 1.30 MW ) . The GP9 succeeded the GP7 . The lettering GP stands for general purpose . This locomotive type was offered both with and without control cabs ; locomotives built without control cabs were called GP9B locomotives ." } ] }, { "value": "1990-1991", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "CAT 3512", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc.", "summary": "Caterpillar Inc. ( sometimes shortened to CAT ) is an American Fortune 100 corporation which designs , develops , engineers , manufactures , markets and sells machinery , engines , financial products and insurance to customers via a worldwide dealer network . It is the world 's largest construction equipment manufacturer . In 2018 , Caterpillar was ranked # 65 on the Fortune 500 list and # 238 on the Global Fortune 500 list . Caterpillar stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average . Caterpillar Inc. traces its origins to the 1925 merger of the Holt Manufacturing Company and the C. L. Best Tractor Company , creating a new entity , the California-based Caterpillar Tractor Company . In 1986 , the company reorganized itself as a Delaware corporation under the current name , Caterpillar Inc. Caterpillar 's headquarters are located in Deerfield , Illinois ; it announced in January 2017 that over the course of that year it would relocate its headquarters from Peoria , Illinois , to Deerfield , Illinois , scrapping plans from 2015 of building an $ 800 million new headquarters complex in downtown Peoria . The company also licenses and markets a line of clothing and workwear boots under its Cat / Caterpillar name . Caterpillar machinery is recognizable by its trademark Caterpillar Yellow livery and the CAT logo ." } ] }, { "value": "GP16", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP16", "summary": "The EMD GP16 was a series of rebuilt road switcher diesel-electric locomotives , a result of a remanufacturing program initiated by the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad ( SCL ) in an effort to spare the cost of purchasing new motive power in the late 1970s . This involved the rebuilding of their aging fleet of EMD GP7 , GP9 , and GP18 road switchers ( many of which were over twenty years old ) . 155 locomotives ( 122 GP7 , 31 GP9 and two GP18 ) were rebuilt by the SCL ." } ] }, { "value": "1979-1982", "urls": [] }, { "value": "155", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "EMD 16-645", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EMD_645", "summary": "The EMD 645 family of diesel engines was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors . While the 645 series was intended primarily for locomotive , marine and stationary engine use , one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 Titan prototype haul truck designed by GM 's Terex division . The 645 series was an evolution of the earlier 567 series and a precursor to the later 710 series . First introduced in 1965 , the EMD 645 series remained in production on a by-request basis long after it was replaced by the 710 , and most 645 service parts are still in production . The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel , Inc. , which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005 . In 1951 , E. W. Kettering wrote a paper for the ASME entitled , History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine , which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine . These same considerations apply to the 645 and 710 , as these engines were a logical extension of the 567C , by applying a cylinder bore increase , 645 , and a cylinder bore increase and a stroke increase , 710 , to achieve a greater power output , without changing the external size of the engines , or their weight , thereby achieving significant improvements in horsepower per unit volume and horsepower per unit weight ." } ] }, { "value": "G18AR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Zealand_DB_class_locomotive", "summary": "The New Zealand DB class and DBR class locomotive is a type of diesel-electric locomotive built for service on New Zealand 's rail network . They were built by General Motors Diesel ( GMD ) of Canada as a narrow-gauge version of the EMD G8 model , with seventeen locomotives constructed . Ten of these were later rebuilt into the DBR class ." } ] }, { "value": "1979-1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A1A-A1A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "EMD 8-645", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EMD_645", "summary": "The EMD 645 family of diesel engines was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors . While the 645 series was intended primarily for locomotive , marine and stationary engine use , one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 Titan prototype haul truck designed by GM 's Terex division . The 645 series was an evolution of the earlier 567 series and a precursor to the later 710 series . First introduced in 1965 , the EMD 645 series remained in production on a by-request basis long after it was replaced by the 710 , and most 645 service parts are still in production . The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel , Inc. , which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005 . In 1951 , E. W. Kettering wrote a paper for the ASME entitled , History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine , which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine . These same considerations apply to the 645 and 710 , as these engines were a logical extension of the 567C , by applying a cylinder bore increase , 645 , and a cylinder bore increase and a stroke increase , 710 , to achieve a greater power output , without changing the external size of the engines , or their weight , thereby achieving significant improvements in horsepower per unit volume and horsepower per unit weight ." } ] }, { "value": "G22AR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Zealand_DC_class_locomotive", "summary": "The New Zealand DC class is a class of diesel-electric mainline locomotive on the New Zealand rail network , operated by KiwiRail on freight trains , and formerly on long-distance KiwiRail Scenic passenger trains . The class was rebuilt from the DA class in the late 1970s and early 1980s , mainly in Australia . After the DA class they were the most numerous class of diesel locomotive on New Zealand 's railway network , and remained numerically dominant until the mid-2010s when withdrawals began ." } ] }, { "value": "1977-1982", "urls": [] }, { "value": "85", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A1A-A1A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "EMD 12-645", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EMD_645", "summary": "The EMD 645 family of diesel engines was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors . While the 645 series was intended primarily for locomotive , marine and stationary engine use , one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 Titan prototype haul truck designed by GM 's Terex division . The 645 series was an evolution of the earlier 567 series and a precursor to the later 710 series . First introduced in 1965 , the EMD 645 series remained in production on a by-request basis long after it was replaced by the 710 , and most 645 service parts are still in production . The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel , Inc. , which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005 . In 1951 , E. W. Kettering wrote a paper for the ASME entitled , History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine , which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine . These same considerations apply to the 645 and 710 , as these engines were a logical extension of the 567C , by applying a cylinder bore increase , 645 , and a cylinder bore increase and a stroke increase , 710 , to achieve a greater power output , without changing the external size of the engines , or their weight , thereby achieving significant improvements in horsepower per unit volume and horsepower per unit weight ." } ] }, { "value": "G22CR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Zealand_DQ_and_QR_class_locomotives", "summary": "The DQ and QR class were a class of diesel locomotives in New Zealand and Tasmania , Australia . Originally built by Clyde Engineering in the 1960s as Queensland Rail 1460 and 1502 class locomotives , they were purchased by Tranz Rail in 1995 to be rebuilt , as a cheaper alternative to buying new locomotives ." } ] }, { "value": "1998-2001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "C-C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "EMD 12-645", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EMD_645", "summary": "The EMD 645 family of diesel engines was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors . While the 645 series was intended primarily for locomotive , marine and stationary engine use , one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 Titan prototype haul truck designed by GM 's Terex division . The 645 series was an evolution of the earlier 567 series and a precursor to the later 710 series . First introduced in 1965 , the EMD 645 series remained in production on a by-request basis long after it was replaced by the 710 , and most 645 service parts are still in production . The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel , Inc. , which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005 . In 1951 , E. W. Kettering wrote a paper for the ASME entitled , History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine , which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine . These same considerations apply to the 645 and 710 , as these engines were a logical extension of the 567C , by applying a cylinder bore increase , 645 , and a cylinder bore increase and a stroke increase , 710 , to achieve a greater power output , without changing the external size of the engines , or their weight , thereby achieving significant improvements in horsepower per unit volume and horsepower per unit weight ." } ] }, { "value": "GP30C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP30C", "summary": "The EMD GP30 is a 2,250 hp ( 1,680 kW ) four-axle road switcher diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division of La Grange , Illinois between July 1961 and November 1963 . A total of 948 units were built for railroads in the United States and Canada ( 2 only ) , including 40 cabless B units for the Union Pacific Railroad . It was the first so-called second generation EMD diesel locomotive , and was produced in response to increased competition by a new entrant , General Electric 's U25B , which was released roughly at the same time as the GP30 . The GP30 is easily recognizable due to its high profile and stepped cab roof , unique among American locomotives . A number are still in service today in original or rebuilt form ." } ] }, { "value": "1990-1991", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "CAT 3515", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc.", "summary": "Caterpillar Inc. ( sometimes shortened to CAT ) is an American Fortune 100 corporation which designs , develops , engineers , manufactures , markets and sells machinery , engines , financial products and insurance to customers via a worldwide dealer network . It is the world 's largest construction equipment manufacturer . In 2018 , Caterpillar was ranked # 65 on the Fortune 500 list and # 238 on the Global Fortune 500 list . Caterpillar stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average . Caterpillar Inc. traces its origins to the 1925 merger of the Holt Manufacturing Company and the C. L. Best Tractor Company , creating a new entity , the California-based Caterpillar Tractor Company . In 1986 , the company reorganized itself as a Delaware corporation under the current name , Caterpillar Inc. Caterpillar 's headquarters are located in Deerfield , Illinois ; it announced in January 2017 that over the course of that year it would relocate its headquarters from Peoria , Illinois , to Deerfield , Illinois , scrapping plans from 2015 of building an $ 800 million new headquarters complex in downtown Peoria . The company also licenses and markets a line of clothing and workwear boots under its Cat / Caterpillar name . Caterpillar machinery is recognizable by its trademark Caterpillar Yellow livery and the CAT logo ." } ] }, { "value": "GP38H-3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP38H-3", "summary": "The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric road switcher locomotive have been , and continue to be , used by multiple passenger railroads in North America . For passenger service , the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power ( HEP ) for heating , lighting and electricity in passenger cars . Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives , while some were built as brand new models ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "EMD 16-645E with HEP", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EMD_645", "summary": "The EMD 645 family of diesel engines was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors . While the 645 series was intended primarily for locomotive , marine and stationary engine use , one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 Titan prototype haul truck designed by GM 's Terex division . The 645 series was an evolution of the earlier 567 series and a precursor to the later 710 series . First introduced in 1965 , the EMD 645 series remained in production on a by-request basis long after it was replaced by the 710 , and most 645 service parts are still in production . The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel , Inc. , which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005 . In 1951 , E. W. Kettering wrote a paper for the ASME entitled , History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine , which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine . These same considerations apply to the 645 and 710 , as these engines were a logical extension of the 567C , by applying a cylinder bore increase , 645 , and a cylinder bore increase and a stroke increase , 710 , to achieve a greater power output , without changing the external size of the engines , or their weight , thereby achieving significant improvements in horsepower per unit volume and horsepower per unit weight ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Head_end_power", "summary": "In rail transport , head-end power ( HEP ) , also known as electric train supply ( ETS ) , is the electrical power distribution system on a passenger train . The power source , usually a locomotive ( or a generator car ) at the front or 'head ' of a train , provides the electricity used for heating , lighting , electrical and other 'hotel ' needs . The maritime equivalent is hotel electric power . A successful attempt by the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway in October 1881 to light the passenger cars between London and Brighton heralded the beginning of using electricity to light trains in the world ." } ] }, { "value": "GP39H-2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP39H-2", "summary": "The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric road switcher locomotive have been , and continue to be , used by multiple passenger railroads in North America . For passenger service , the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power ( HEP ) for heating , lighting and electricity in passenger cars . Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives , while some were built as brand new models ." } ] }, { "value": "1980", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GP40-2H", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP40-2H", "summary": "The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric road switcher locomotive have been , and continue to be , used by multiple passenger railroads in North America . For passenger service , the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power ( HEP ) for heating , lighting and electricity in passenger cars . Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives , while some were built as brand new models ." } ] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GP40FH-2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP40FH-2", "summary": "The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric road switcher locomotive have been , and continue to be , used by multiple passenger railroads in North America . For passenger service , the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power ( HEP ) for heating , lighting and electricity in passenger cars . Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives , while some were built as brand new models ." } ] }, { "value": "1987-1990", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GP40PH-2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/GP40PH-2", "summary": "The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric road switcher locomotive have been , and continue to be , used by multiple passenger railroads in North America . For passenger service , the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power ( HEP ) for heating , lighting and electricity in passenger cars . Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives , while some were built as brand new models ." } ] }, { "value": "1991-1994", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "B-B", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement", "summary": "The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Aftermarket conversions", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_GM-EMD_locomotives_12", "intro": "The following is a list of locomotives produced by the Electro-Motive Corporation (EMC), and its successors General Motors Electro-Motive Division (GM-EMD) and Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD)." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2007_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe", "title": "Athletics at the 2007 Games of the Small States of Europe", "header": [ "Rank", "Name", "Nationality", "Time" ], "data": [ { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Prodromos Katsantonis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prodromos_Katsantonis", "summary": "Prodromos Katsantonis ( Greek : Πρόδρομος Κατσαντώνης , born 20 October 1975 ) is a Cypriot sprinter who specialized in the 100 and 200 metres . He is also a former hurdler . In 200 m he finished sixth the 1998 European Indoor Championships and seventh at the 1998 European Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Cyprus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cyprus", "summary": "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ." } ] }, { "value": "10.66", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Darren Gilford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Darren_Gilford", "summary": "Darren Gilford ( born 11 December 1982 ) is a Maltese former sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres . Participating in the 2004 Summer Olympics , he achieved fifth place in his 100 metres heat , thus failing to make it through to the second round . His personal best time is 10.54 seconds , achieved in May 2005 in Marsa . He was coached by Jivko Jetchev ." } ] }, { "value": "Malta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Malta", "summary": "The origin of the name Malta is uncertain , and the modern-day variation is derived from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta is derived from the Greek word μέλι , meli , honey . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning honey-sweet , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic subspecies of bees live on the island . The Romans called the island Melita , which can be considered either a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . In 1525 William Tyndale used the transliteration Melite in Acts 28:1 for Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται as found in his translation of The New Testament that relied on Greek texts instead of Latin . Melita is the spelling used in the Authorized ( King James ) Version of 1611 and in the American Standard Version of 1901 . Malta is widely used in more recent versions , such as The Revised Standard Version of 1946 and The New International Version of 1973 . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth , a haven , or 'port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital ." } ] }, { "value": "10.69", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Daniel Abenzoar-Foulé", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daniel_Abenzoar-Foulé", "summary": "Daniel Abenzoar-Foule ( born 4 September 1981 ) is a retired French-born athlete who competed internationally for Luxembourg in the sprinting events . He represented that country at the 2005 World Championships and 2006 World Indoor Championships without qualifying for the second round . He holds the Luxembourgian records in the 100 metres , as well as the indoor 60 and 200 metres ." } ] }, { "value": "Luxembourg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luxembourg", "summary": "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ." } ] }, { "value": "10.71", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michel Arlanda", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monaco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monaco", "summary": "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : ​ [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ." } ] }, { "value": "10.72", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andreas Pafitis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cyprus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cyprus", "summary": "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ." } ] }, { "value": "10.74", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sébastien Gattuso", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sébastien_Gattuso", "summary": "Sébastien Gattuso ( born 28 June 1971 ) is a Monegasque athlete specializing in the 100 metres ." } ] }, { "value": "Monaco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monaco", "summary": "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : ​ [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ." } ] }, { "value": "10.76", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "José Aguilera", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/José_Aguilera", "summary": "José Matías Aguilera Tapia ( born 31 January 2000 ) is a Chilean footballer who plays for San Marcos ." } ] }, { "value": "Andorra", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andorra", "summary": "Andorra ( /ænˈdɔːrə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /ænˈdɒrə/ ; Catalan : [ ənˈdorə ] ) , officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat d'Andorra ) , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat de les Valls d'Andorra ) , is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula , in the eastern Pyrenees , bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south . Believed to have been created by Charlemagne , Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988 , when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell . The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278 . It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two princes : the Catholic bishop of Urgell in Catalonia , Spain , and the president of the French Republic . Andorra is the sixth-smallest nation in Europe , having an area of 468 square kilometres ( 181 sq mi ) and a population of approximately 77,006 . The Andorran people are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent . Andorra is the 16th-smallest country in the world by land and the 11th-smallest by population . Its capital , Andorra la Vella , is the highest capital city in Europe , at an elevation of 1,023 metres ( 3,356 feet ) above sea level . The official language is Catalan , but Spanish , Portuguese , and French are also commonly spoken . Tourism in Andorra sees an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually . Andorra is not a member of the European Union , but the euro is its official currency . It has been a member of the United Nations since 1993 ." } ] }, { "value": "10.90", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sveinn Elías Elíasson", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Iceland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Iceland", "summary": "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ." } ] }, { "value": "10.97", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "Athletics_at_the_2007_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe_1", "intro": "Athletics competition at the 2007 Games of the Small States of Europe was held from 4-9 June 2007 in Fontvieille, Monaco, at Stade Louis II." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_by_height", "title": "List of waterfalls by height", "header": [ "Waterfall", "Height", "Locality", "Country" ], "data": [ { "value": "Angel Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Angel_Falls", "summary": "Angel Falls ( Spanish : Salto Ángel ; Pemon language : Kerepakupai Meru meaning waterfall of the deepest place , or Parakupá Vená , meaning the fall from the highest point ) is a waterfall in Venezuela . It is the world 's highest uninterrupted waterfall , with a height of 979 metres ( 3,212 ft ) and a plunge of 807 m ( 2,648 ft ) . The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyán-tepui mountain in the Canaima National Park ( Spanish : Parque Nacional Canaima ) , a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State . The height figure , 979 m ( 3,212 ft ) , mostly consists of the main plunge but also includes about 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) of sloped cascade and rapids below the drop and a 30-metre ( 98 ft ) high plunge downstream of the talus rapids . The falls are along a fork of the Rio Kerepacupai Meru which flows into the Churun River , a tributary of the Carrao River , itself a tributary of the Orinoco River ." } ] }, { "value": "979 metres ( 3,212 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Canaima National Park , Bolívar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canaima_National_Park", "summary": "Canaima National Park ( Spanish : Parque Nacional Canaima ) is a 30,000 km2 ( 12,000 sq mi ) park in south-eastern Venezuela that roughly occupies the same area as the Gran Sabana region . It is located in Bolívar State , reaching the borders with Brazil and Guyana ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Bolívar_(state)", "summary": "Bolívar ( Spanish : Estado Bolívar , IPA : [ esˈtaðo βoˈliβaɾ ] ) is one of the 23 states ( estados ) into which Venezuela is divided . The state capital city is Ciudad Bolívar , but the largest city is Ciudad Guayana . Bolívar State covers a total surface area of 242,801 km2 ( 93,746 sq mi ) and as of the 2011 census , had a population of 1,410,964 ." } ] }, { "value": "Venezuela", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Venezuela", "summary": "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ." } ] }, { "value": "Tugela Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tugela_Falls", "summary": "Tugela Falls is a complex of seasonal waterfalls located in the Drakensberg ( Dragon 's Mountains ) of Royal Natal National Park in KwaZulu-Natal Province , Republic of South Africa . It is generally accepted as the world 's second-tallest waterfall but there is an argument that it is actually the tallest waterfall in the world , rather than Venezuela 's Angel Falls . The combined total drop of its five distinct free-leaping falls is officially 948 m ( 3,110 ft ) . In 2016 , however , a Czech scientific expedition took new measurements , making the falls 983 m tall . The data were sent to the World Waterfall Database for confirmation . The source of the Tugela River ( Zulu for 'sudden ' ) is the Mont-Aux-Sources plateau which extends several kilometers beyond The Amphitheatre escarpment from which the falls drop ." } ] }, { "value": "948 metres ( 3,110 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "KwaZulu-Natal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal", "summary": "KwaZulu-Natal ( /kwɑːˌzuːluː nəˈtɑːl/ ; also referred to as KZN and known as the garden province ; Zulu : iKwaZulu-Natali ; Xhosa : KwaZulu-Natal ; Afrikaans : KwaZoeloe-Natal ) is a province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu ( Place of the Zulu in Zulu ) and Natal Province were merged . It is located in the southeast of the country , enjoying a long shoreline beside the Indian Ocean and sharing borders with three other provinces and the countries of Mozambique , Eswatini and Lesotho . Its capital is Pietermaritzburg and its largest city is Durban . It is the second most populous province in South Africa , with slightly fewer residents than Gauteng . During the 1830s and early 1840s , the northern part of what is now KwaZulu-Natal was occupied by the Zulu Kingdom while the southern part was , briefly , the Boer republic of Natalia before becoming , in 1843 , the British Colony of Natal . KwaZulu remained independent until 1879 . KwaZulu-Natal is the birthplace of many notable figures in South Africa 's history , such as Albert Luthuli , the first non-white and the first person from outside Europe and the Americas to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ( 1960 ) ; Pixley ka Isaka Seme , the founder of the African National Congress ( ANC ) and South Africa 's first black lawyer ; John Langalibalele Dube , the ANC 's founding president ; Harry Gwala , ANC member and anti-apartheid activist ; Mangosuthu Buthelezi , the founder of the Inkatha Freedom Party ( IFP ) ; Anton Lembede , the founding president of the ANC Youth League ; Jacob Zuma , the former President of South Africa ; Bhambatha , a 19th-century Zulu chief who became an anti-apartheid icon ; and Shaka Zulu . Two areas in KwaZulu-Natal have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park ." } ] }, { "value": "South Africa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Africa", "summary": "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ." } ] }, { "value": "Tres Hermanas Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tres_Hermanas_Falls", "summary": "Tres Hermanas Falls ( Spanish for Three Sisters ) is reportedly the third tallest waterfall in the world , with a height of 914 metres ( 2,999 ft ) . It is located inside Otishi National Park , near the northern fork of the Cutivireni River , in the Peruvian region of Junin . Tres Hermanas is a tiered waterfall , with three drops or sections and is surrounded by montane forest ." } ] }, { "value": "914 metres ( 2,999 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Otishi National Park , Junin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Otishi_National_Park", "summary": "Otishi National Park ( Spanish : Parque Nacional Otishi ) is a protected area in Peru , located in the regions of Junín and Cusco . It protects part of the Vilcabamba mountain range , preserving the wildlife and geological formations in this area ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Junín_Region", "summary": "Junín ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xuˈnin ] ) is a region in the central highlands and westernmost Peruvian Amazon . Its capital is Huancayo ." } ] }, { "value": "Peru", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peru", "summary": "Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Olo'upena Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olo'upena_Falls", "summary": "Oloʻupena Falls , or Oloupena Falls , is a waterfall located in the north-eastern part of Hawaiian Island of Molokai , and is unofficially cited as the fourth highest waterfall in the world , and the highest in the United States . The falls occur where a short , seasonal stream spills over the edge of one of the tallest sea-side cliffs of the world , located between the Pelekunu and Wailau valleys . They have eroded a groove in the cliff-face and can be observed only from the ocean or air ." } ] }, { "value": "900 metres ( 2,953 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Molokai , Hawaii", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Molokai", "summary": "Molokaʻi ( Hawaiian : [ ˈmoloˈkɐʔi ] ) , anglicized as Molokai ( /ˌmoʊloʊˈkaɪ/ ) , is known under several names by the local indigenous population : Molokaʻi ʻĀina Momona ( meaning land of abundance , Molokaʻi Pule Oʻo ( meaning powerful prayer ) , and Molokaʻi Nui A Hina ( meaning of the goddess Hina ) . Molokaʻi is the fifth most populated of the eight major islands that make up the Hawaiian Islands archipelago in the middle of the Pacific Ocean . It is 38 by 10 miles ( 61 by 16 km ) in size at its extreme length and width with a usable land area of 260 square miles ( 673.40 km2 ) , making it the fifth-largest of the main Hawaiian Islands and the 27th largest island in the United States . It lies east of Oʻahu across the 25-mile ( 40 km ) wide Kaʻiwi Channel and north of Lānaʻi , separated from it by the Kalohi Channel . The island is an agrarian society , where the economy has been driven primarily by cattle ranching , pineapple production , and sugar cane production , and small-scale farms . Tourism comprises a small fraction of the island 's economy , and much of the infrastructure related to tourism was closed and barricaded in the early 2000s as the primary landowner , Molokai Ranch , closed operations due to substantial revenue losses . In Kalawao County , on the Kalaupapa Peninsula on the north coast , settlements were established in 1866 for quarantined treatment of persons with leprosy ; these operated until 1969 . The Kalaupapa National Historical Park now preserves this entire county and area . Several other islands are visible from the shores of Molokai , including Oʻahu from the west shores ; Lānaʻi from the south shores , and Maui from the south and east shores ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hawaii", "summary": "Hawaiʻi ( /həˈwaɪi/ ( listen ) hə-WY-ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi [ həˈvɐjʔi ] ) is a state of the United States of America . It is the only state located in the Pacific Ocean and the only state composed entirely of islands . The state encompasses nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago , 137 islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . The volcanic archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are , in order from northwest to southeast : Niʻihau , Kauaʻi , Oʻahu , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Maui , and Hawaiʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . Hawaiʻi is the 8th-smallest geographically and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 states . It is the only state with an Asian American plurality . Hawaii has more than 1.4 million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . The state capital and largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . The state 's ocean coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. , after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union , on August 21 , 1959 ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "Yumbilla Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yumbilla_falls", "summary": "Yumbilla Falls is the name of a waterfall located near the town of Cuispes , in the northern Peruvian region of Amazonas . It is considered the world 's fifth tallest waterfall , becoming internationally known since late 2007 due to a geographical survey conducted by the Geographical Institute of Peru ( IGN ) ." } ] }, { "value": "896 metres ( 2,940 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Amazonas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amazonas_Region", "summary": "Amazonas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ amaˈsonas ] ) is a department of northern Peru bordered by Ecuador on the north and west , Carjamarca on the west , La Libertad on the south , and Loreto and San Martín on the east . Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas . With a landscape of steep river gorges and mountains , Amazonas is the location of Kuelap , a huge stone fortress enclosing more than 400 stone structures ; it was built on a mountain about 3,000 meters high , starting about 500 AD and was occupied to the mid-16th century . It is one of Peru 's major archeological sites ." } ] }, { "value": "Peru", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peru", "summary": "Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Vinnufossen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vinnufossen", "summary": "Vinnufossen or Vinnufallet is the tallest waterfall in Europe and the sixth-tallest in the world . The 865-metre ( 2,838 ft ) tall tiered horsetail waterfall is located just east of the village of Sunndalsøra in the municipality of Sunndal in Møre og Romsdal county , Norway . The falls are part of the river Vinnu which flows down from the Vinnufjellet mountain and it is fed from the Vinnufonna glacier . The falls flow into the river Driva near the village of Hoelsand ." } ] }, { "value": "860 metres ( 2,822 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Møre og Romsdal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Møre_og_Romsdal", "summary": "The name Møre og Romsdal was created in 1936 . The first element refers to the districts of Nordmøre and Sunnmøre , and the last element refers to Romsdal . Until 1919 , the county was called Romsdalens amt , and from 1919-1935 Møre fylke . For hundreds of years ( 1660-1919 ) , the region was called Romsdalen amt , after the Romsdalen valley in the present-day Rauma Municipality . The Old Norse form of the name was Raumsdalr . The first element is the genitive case of a name Raumr derived from the name of the river Rauma , i.e . The Dale of Rauma . Raumr may refer to stream or current , or to booming or thundering waterfalls like Sletta waterfall . The name may also refer to Raum the Old , one of the sons of Nór , the eponymous Saga King of Norway . [ citation needed ] [ disputed - discuss ] Since the majority of the residents of the county lived in the Sunnmøre region , there was some controversy over the name . In 1919 , many of the old county names were changed and this county was renamed Møre fylke . The name Møre was chosen to represent the region where the majority of the county residents lived ." } ] }, { "value": "Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norway", "summary": "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ." } ] }, { "value": "Balåifossen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "850 metres ( 2,789 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hordaland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hordaland", "summary": "Hordaland ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn ] ( listen ) ) was a county in Norway , bordering Sogn og Fjordane , Buskerud , Telemark , and Rogaland counties . Hordaland was the third largest county after Akershus and Oslo by population . The county government was the Hordaland County Municipality which is located in Bergen . Before 1972 , the city of Bergen was its own separate county apart from Hordaland . On 1 January 2020 , the county was merged with neighbouring Sogn og Fjordane county to form the new Vestland county ." } ] }, { "value": "Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norway", "summary": "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ." } ] }, { "value": "Pu'uka'oku Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pu'uka'oku_Falls", "summary": "Pu'uka'oku Falls is a waterfall in Molokai , Hawaii . It is the 8th largest waterfall in the world ." } ] }, { "value": "840 metres ( 2,756 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hawaii", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hawaii", "summary": "Hawaiʻi ( /həˈwaɪi/ ( listen ) hə-WY-ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi [ həˈvɐjʔi ] ) is a state of the United States of America . It is the only state located in the Pacific Ocean and the only state composed entirely of islands . The state encompasses nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago , 137 islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . The volcanic archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are , in order from northwest to southeast : Niʻihau , Kauaʻi , Oʻahu , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Maui , and Hawaiʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . Hawaiʻi is the 8th-smallest geographically and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 states . It is the only state with an Asian American plurality . Hawaii has more than 1.4 million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . The state capital and largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . The state 's ocean coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. , after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union , on August 21 , 1959 ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "James Bruce Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Bruce_Falls", "summary": "James Bruce Falls ( unofficial name ) is a waterfall in British Columbia , Canada , the highest-measured waterfall of North America and ninth-tallest in the world . Located in Princess Louisa Marine Provincial Park , it stems from a small snowfield and cascades 840 metres ( 2,760 ft ) down to Princess Louisa Inlet . Two parallel streams , for which the falls are named , come from this snowfield , and do n't have consistent flow throughout the year and during hot summers they usually dry up . The stream flows into Loquilts Creek , which empties into the inlet via the better known Chatterbox Falls ." } ] }, { "value": "840 metres ( 2,756 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "British Columbia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/British_Columbia", "summary": "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ." } ] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "Browne Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Browne_Falls", "summary": "Browne Falls is a waterfall above Doubtful Sound , which is located in Fiordland National Park , New Zealand . In a temperate rain forest , the falls cascade down to the fiord near Hall Arm . Heights of 619 metres and 836 metres have been given for the falls . Their source is a tarn called Lake Browne ( 836 m above sea level ) which when full , overflows down the side of the mountain face ( similar to Sutherland 's source ) . The stream makes 836 m height difference over 1,130 m horizontal difference , thus the mean gradient of stream is 42 degrees . This comparatively low angle makes the falls less impressive . The falls are one of the two candidates for the title of New Zealand 's highest waterfall . The other is sourced from a tarn behind Elizabeth Island which is also in Fiordland . The falls are named after pioneering aerial photographer , Victor Carlyle Browne , who discovered Lake Browne and the associated falls on one of his flights over Fiordland in the 1940s . There are at least two other notable waterfalls falling to Doubtful Sound : Helena Falls and Lady Alice Falls ." } ] }, { "value": "836 metres ( 2,743 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Doubtful Sound , South Island", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Doubtful_Sound", "summary": "Doubtful Sound / Patea is a fjord in Fiordland , in the far south west of New Zealand . It is located in the same region as the smaller but more famous and accessible Milford Sound . It took second place after Milford Sound as New Zealand 's most famous tourism destination . At 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) long , Doubtful Sound is the second longest , and with a depth of up to 421 metres ( 1,381 ft ) the deepest of the South Island 's fiords . In comparison with Milford Sound , it is more widespread , with the cliffs not as dramatically tall and near vertical . However , the U-shaped profile of the fiord is obvious , in particular on the two innermost of the main fiord 's arms and the hanging side valleys along the main fiord . Like most of Fiordland , Doubtful Sound receives a high amount of rainfall , ranging from an annual average of 3,000-6,000 millimetres ( 120-240 in ) . The vegetation on the mountainous landscape surrounding the fiord is dense native rainforest ." }, { "url": "/wiki/South_Island", "summary": "The South Island , also officially named Te Waipounamu , is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand in surface area ; the other being the smaller but more populous North Island . It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait , to the west by the Tasman Sea , and to the south and east by the Pacific Ocean . The South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres ( 58,084 sq mi ) , making it the world 's 12th-largest island . It has a temperate climate . It has a 32 percent larger landmass than the North Island , and as a result is nicknamed the mainland of New Zealand , especially by South Island residents , but only 23 percent of New Zealand 's 4.8 million inhabitants live there . In the early stages of European ( Pākehā ) settlement of the country , the South Island had the majority of the European population and wealth due to the 1860s gold rushes . The North Island population overtook the South in the early 20th century , with 56 percent of the population living in the North in 1911 , and the drift north of people and businesses continued throughout the century ." } ] }, { "value": "New Zealand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Zealand", "summary": "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ." } ] }, { "value": "Strupenfossen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "820 metres ( 2,690 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sogn og Fjordane", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sogn_og_Fjordane", "summary": "Sogn og Fjordane ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈsɔŋn ɔ ˈfjûːɾɑnə ] ( listen ) , English : Sogn and Fjordane ) was up to 1 January 2020 a county in western Norway , when it was merged to become part of Vestland county . Bordering previous counties Møre og Romsdal , Oppland , Buskerud , and Hordaland , the county administration was in the village of Hermansverk in Leikanger municipality . The largest town in the county was Førde . Although Sogn og Fjordane has some industry , predominantly hydroelectricity and aluminium , it is predominantly an agricultural area . Sogn og Fjordane is also home to the Urnes Stave Church and the Nærøyfjord , which are both listed by UNESCO as world heritage sites . The Western Norway University of Applied Sciences has campuses in Sogndal and Førde ." } ] }, { "value": "Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norway", "summary": "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramnefjellsfossen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramnefjellsfossen", "summary": "Ramnefjellsfossen ( also known as : Utigardsfossen or Utigordsfossen ) is unofficially listed as the third-highest waterfall in the world in several publications . On the other hand , The World Waterfall Database , a waterfall enthusiast website , which includes all minor and seasonal waterfalls in the country , lists it as eleventh-tallest . The falls are located on the mountain , Ramnefjellet , in the municipality of Stryn in Vestland county , Norway-about 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) southeast of the villages of Loen and Olden . The tierd horsetail waterfall has four drops measuring 585 metres ( 1,919 ft ) , with the longest single drop measuring 405 metres ( 1,329 ft ) . The average width of the falls are 15 metres ( 49 ft ) over the 457 metres ( 1,499 ft ) long run from top to bottom . The average flow of the falls are 1 cubic metre per second ( 35 cu ft/s ) , with the best flow in the summer . The falls are fed by the Ramnefjellbreen glacier , an arm of the great Jostedalsbreen glacier . After the falls , the water flows into the lake Lovatnet . The falls are easily reached by boat , sea plane , or road , and a campsite is located within hiking distance of the base of the falls . The total drop is 818 metres ( 2,684 ft ) from three free-leaping cascades . Due to the small flow of water it is one of the few major waterfalls in Norway that has not been slated for hydroelectric usage . The mountain , Ramnefjellet , has killed over 100 people as a result of major landslides in 1905 and 1936 ." } ] }, { "value": "818 metres ( 2,684 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sogn og Fjordane", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sogn_og_Fjordane", "summary": "Sogn og Fjordane ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈsɔŋn ɔ ˈfjûːɾɑnə ] ( listen ) , English : Sogn and Fjordane ) was up to 1 January 2020 a county in western Norway , when it was merged to become part of Vestland county . Bordering previous counties Møre og Romsdal , Oppland , Buskerud , and Hordaland , the county administration was in the village of Hermansverk in Leikanger municipality . The largest town in the county was Førde . Although Sogn og Fjordane has some industry , predominantly hydroelectricity and aluminium , it is predominantly an agricultural area . Sogn og Fjordane is also home to the Urnes Stave Church and the Nærøyfjord , which are both listed by UNESCO as world heritage sites . The Western Norway University of Applied Sciences has campuses in Sogndal and Førde ." } ] }, { "value": "Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norway", "summary": "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ." } ] }, { "value": "Waihilau Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Waihilau_Falls", "summary": "Waihilau Falls is a waterfall in the Waimanu Valley , in the U.S. state of Hawaii . It is the third-tallest waterfall in Hawaii and the thirteenth-highest in the world at 2,600 feet ( 790 metres ) in height ." } ] }, { "value": "792 metres ( 2,598 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hawaii", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hawaii", "summary": "Hawaiʻi ( /həˈwaɪi/ ( listen ) hə-WY-ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi [ həˈvɐjʔi ] ) is a state of the United States of America . It is the only state located in the Pacific Ocean and the only state composed entirely of islands . The state encompasses nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago , 137 islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . The volcanic archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are , in order from northwest to southeast : Niʻihau , Kauaʻi , Oʻahu , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Maui , and Hawaiʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . Hawaiʻi is the 8th-smallest geographically and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 states . It is the only state with an Asian American plurality . Hawaii has more than 1.4 million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . The state capital and largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . The state 's ocean coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. , after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union , on August 21 , 1959 ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "Colonial Creek Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonial_Creek_Falls", "summary": "Colonial Creek Falls is the tallest waterfall in the continental United States . In a horizontal traverse of more than 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) , it falls 2,568 feet ( 783 m ) vertically in 13 distinct drops , with an average incline of 65 degrees . According to the World Waterfall Database , it is the tallest waterfall in the continental United States , and is the 15th tallest in the world , exceeding the more renowned Yosemite Falls in height by 143 feet ." } ] }, { "value": "788 metres ( 2,585 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Washington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Washington_(state)", "summary": "Washington ( /ˈwɒʃɪŋtən/ ( listen ) ) , officially the State of Washington , is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . Named for George Washington , the first U.S. president , the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory , which was ceded by the British Empire in 1846 , in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute . The state , which is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean , Oregon to the south , Idaho to the east , and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north , was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889 . Olympia is the state capital ; the state 's largest city is Seattle . Washington is often referred to as Washington State to distinguish it from the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state , with an area of 71,362 square miles ( 184,827 km2 ) , and the 13th most populous state , with more than 7.4 million people . Approximately 60 percent of Washington 's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area , the center of transportation , business , and industry along Puget Sound , an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands , deep fjords , and bays carved out by glaciers . The remainder of the state consists of deep temperate rainforests in the west ; mountain ranges in the west , central , northeast , and far southeast ; and a semi-arid basin region in the east , central , and south , given over to intensive agriculture . Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States , after California . Mount Rainier , an active stratovolcano , is the state 's highest elevation , at almost 14,411 feet ( 4,392 meters ) , and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous U.S. Washington is a leading lumber producer . Its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir , hemlock , ponderosa pine , white pine , spruce , larch , and cedar . The state is the US 's largest producer of apples , hops , pears , red raspberries , spearmint oil , and sweet cherries , and ranks high in the production of apricots , asparagus , dry edible peas , grapes , lentils , peppermint oil , and potatoes . Livestock and livestock products make important contributions to total farm revenue , and the commercial fishing of salmon , halibut , and bottomfish makes a significant contribution to the state 's economy ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "Mongefossen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mongefossen", "summary": "Mongefossen ( English : Monge falls ) is a waterfall in the Rauma Municipality of Møre og Romsdal county , Norway . It is the forth tallest single-drop waterfall in the world . It 's located near the European route E136 highway and the Rauma River , which it flows into . There is some dispute as to the height , but it is generally listed at 773 metres ( 2,536 ft ) . As is the case with many of Norway 's waterfalls , it has been targeted for hydroelectric power , which results in a greatly diminished water flow during the summer tourist season . Mongefossen also holds the distinction as being the highest waterfall in the world which may be viewed from a railway station on the Rauma Line , on the north side between the villages of Flatmark and Marstein ." } ] }, { "value": "773 metres ( 2,536 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Møre og Romsdal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Møre_og_Romsdal", "summary": "The name Møre og Romsdal was created in 1936 . The first element refers to the districts of Nordmøre and Sunnmøre , and the last element refers to Romsdal . Until 1919 , the county was called Romsdalens amt , and from 1919-1935 Møre fylke . For hundreds of years ( 1660-1919 ) , the region was called Romsdalen amt , after the Romsdalen valley in the present-day Rauma Municipality . The Old Norse form of the name was Raumsdalr . The first element is the genitive case of a name Raumr derived from the name of the river Rauma , i.e . The Dale of Rauma . Raumr may refer to stream or current , or to booming or thundering waterfalls like Sletta waterfall . The name may also refer to Raum the Old , one of the sons of Nór , the eponymous Saga King of Norway . [ citation needed ] [ disputed - discuss ] Since the majority of the residents of the county lived in the Sunnmøre region , there was some controversy over the name . In 1919 , many of the old county names were changed and this county was renamed Møre fylke . The name Møre was chosen to represent the region where the majority of the county residents lived ." } ] }, { "value": "Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norway", "summary": "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ." } ] }, { "value": "Gocta Cataracts", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gocta_Cataracts", "summary": "Gocta ( Spanish : Catarata del Gocta ) is a perennial waterfall with two drops located in Peru 's province of Chachapoyas in Amazonas , approximately 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) to the northeast of Lima . It flows into the Cocahuayco River . Although the waterfall had been well known to locals for centuries ( it is in full view of a nearby village ) , its existence was not made known to the world until after an expedition made in 2002 by a German , Stefan Ziemendorff , with a group of Peruvian explorers . The waterfall , which can be seen from several kilometers away , has been christened Gocta Falls , after the name of the nearest settlement . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "771 metres ( 2,530 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Amazonas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amazonas_Region", "summary": "Amazonas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ amaˈsonas ] ) is a department of northern Peru bordered by Ecuador on the north and west , Carjamarca on the west , La Libertad on the south , and Loreto and San Martín on the east . Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas . With a landscape of steep river gorges and mountains , Amazonas is the location of Kuelap , a huge stone fortress enclosing more than 400 stone structures ; it was built on a mountain about 3,000 meters high , starting about 500 AD and was occupied to the mid-16th century . It is one of Peru 's major archeological sites ." } ] }, { "value": "Peru", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peru", "summary": "Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Mutarazi Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mutarazi_Falls", "summary": "Location : Mutasa district , Zimbabwe" } ] }, { "value": "762 metres ( 2,500 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Manicaland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manicaland", "summary": "Manicaland is a province in eastern Zimbabwe . After Harare Province , it is the country 's second-most populous province , with a population of 1.75 million , as of the 2012 census . After Harare and Bulawayo provinces , it is Zimbabwe 's third-most densely populated province . Manicaland was one of five original provinces established in Southern Rhodesia in the early colonial period . The province is divided into ten administrative subdivisions of seven rural districts and three towns/councils , including the provincial capital , Mutare . The name Manicaland is derived from the province 's largest ethnic group , the Manyika , a Shona subgroup who speak a distinct Shona dialect , Manyika . Manicaland is bordered by Mashonaland East Province to the northwest , Midlands Province to the west , Masvingo Province to the southwest , and Mozambique to the east . It has an area of 36,459 square kilometres ( 14,077 sq mi ) , equal to 9.28% of the total area of Zimbabwe . It is the sixth-largest in area of Zimbabwe 's ten provinces . Its economy is largely centered around industry and agriculture , particularly manufacturing , diamond and gold mining , timber , tea and coffee plantations , and tourism . In recent years , Manicaland 's economy has declined as manufacturing firms and mines continue to fold , and the province now lags behind other Zimbabwean provinces economically and developmentally ." } ] }, { "value": "Zimbabwe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zimbabwe", "summary": "Zimbabwe ( /zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ , -wi/ ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , formerly Rhodesia , is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers , bordered by South Africa , Botswana , Zambia and Mozambique . The capital and largest city is Harare . The second largest is Bulawayo . A country of roughly 14 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most common . Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations , from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its then-government , and from which it withdrew in December 2003 . The sovereign state is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) . It was once known as the Jewel of Africa for its great prosperity . Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Kjelfossen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kjelfossen", "summary": "Kjelfossen ( English : Kjell Falls ) is one of the highest waterfalls in Norway . The falls are located near the village of Gudvangen in Aurland Municipality in Vestland county . With a total fall height of 705 metres ( 2,313 ft ) , the waterfall is listed as the 18th tallest waterfall in the world . The tallest single drop is 198 metres ( 650 ft ) . The height of the waterfall has never been accurately measured , so there are discrepancies in its actual height . Some sources list it as 840 metres ( 2,760 ft ) tall . The waterfall is only about 8 metres ( 26 ft ) wide and has a flow of only 1.42 to 0.42 cubic metres per second ( 50 to 15 cu ft/s ) . There are six drops in the falls . The largest of the three main drops ( the one on the left ) is officially named Kjelfossen , but is also known as Stor Kjelfossen . The middle falls is known as Vetle Kjelfoss , and the one on the right ( and the smallest by volume ) is thought to be unnamed . The falls are located just east of Gudvangen at the end of the Nærøyfjord . The falls can be seen from the European route E16 highway , just west of the entrance into the Gudvanga Tunnel ." } ] }, { "value": "755 metres ( 2,477 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sogn og Fjordane", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sogn_og_Fjordane", "summary": "Sogn og Fjordane ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈsɔŋn ɔ ˈfjûːɾɑnə ] ( listen ) , English : Sogn and Fjordane ) was up to 1 January 2020 a county in western Norway , when it was merged to become part of Vestland county . Bordering previous counties Møre og Romsdal , Oppland , Buskerud , and Hordaland , the county administration was in the village of Hermansverk in Leikanger municipality . The largest town in the county was Førde . Although Sogn og Fjordane has some industry , predominantly hydroelectricity and aluminium , it is predominantly an agricultural area . Sogn og Fjordane is also home to the Urnes Stave Church and the Nærøyfjord , which are both listed by UNESCO as world heritage sites . The Western Norway University of Applied Sciences has campuses in Sogndal and Førde ." } ] }, { "value": "Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norway", "summary": "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ." } ] }, { "value": "Johannesburg Falls", "urls": [] }, { "value": "751 metres ( 2,464 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Washington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Washington_(state)", "summary": "Washington ( /ˈwɒʃɪŋtən/ ( listen ) ) , officially the State of Washington , is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . Named for George Washington , the first U.S. president , the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory , which was ceded by the British Empire in 1846 , in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute . The state , which is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean , Oregon to the south , Idaho to the east , and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north , was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889 . Olympia is the state capital ; the state 's largest city is Seattle . Washington is often referred to as Washington State to distinguish it from the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state , with an area of 71,362 square miles ( 184,827 km2 ) , and the 13th most populous state , with more than 7.4 million people . Approximately 60 percent of Washington 's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area , the center of transportation , business , and industry along Puget Sound , an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands , deep fjords , and bays carved out by glaciers . The remainder of the state consists of deep temperate rainforests in the west ; mountain ranges in the west , central , northeast , and far southeast ; and a semi-arid basin region in the east , central , and south , given over to intensive agriculture . Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States , after California . Mount Rainier , an active stratovolcano , is the state 's highest elevation , at almost 14,411 feet ( 4,392 meters ) , and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous U.S. Washington is a leading lumber producer . Its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir , hemlock , ponderosa pine , white pine , spruce , larch , and cedar . The state is the US 's largest producer of apples , hops , pears , red raspberries , spearmint oil , and sweet cherries , and ranks high in the production of apricots , asparagus , dry edible peas , grapes , lentils , peppermint oil , and potatoes . Livestock and livestock products make important contributions to total farm revenue , and the commercial fishing of salmon , halibut , and bottomfish makes a significant contribution to the state 's economy ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "Yosemite Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yosemite_Falls", "summary": "Yosemite Falls is the highest waterfall in Yosemite National Park , dropping a total of 2,425 feet ( 739 m ) from the top of the upper fall to the base of the lower fall . Located in the Sierra Nevada of California , it is a major attraction in the park , especially in late spring when the water flow is at its peak ." } ] }, { "value": "739 metres ( 2,425 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "California", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/California", "summary": "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] } ], "section_title": "World 's tallest natural waterfalls", "section_text": "Underwater falls , such as the 3,505 m ( 11,499 ft ) Denmark Strait cataract , are not included . Each column ( Waterfall , Height , Locality , Country ) is sortable by using the up/down link in the column headings at the top of each column .", "uid": "List_of_waterfalls_by_height_0", "intro": "The following are lists of waterfalls in the world by height, classified into two categories - natural and artificial." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_records_and_statistics_in_China", "title": "Football records and statistics in China", "header": [ "Rank", "Player", "Goals", "Caps", "Clubs ( only in Jia-A & CSL , the clubs are listed with current name )" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elkeson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elkeson", "summary": "Elkeson de Oliveira Cardoso , known as Elkeson or in Chinese as Ai Kesen ( Chinese : 艾克森 ; pinyin : Ài Kèsēn ; born 13 July 1989 ) , is a Brazilian-born Chinese professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or as a forward for Guangzhou Evergrande of the Chinese Super League and the Chinese National Team . Starting out at Vitória , he played mostly as an attacking midfielder and as a winger , but since his final days at Botafogo , he was moved to attack and has played as a striker ." } ] }, { "value": "102", "urls": [] }, { "value": "155", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013-2015 Guangzhou Evergrande ; 2016-2019 Shanghai SIPG ; 2019-present Guangzhou Evergrande", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande", "summary": "Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao Football Club is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under the license of the Chinese Football Association . The team is based in Guangzhou , Guangdong , and their home stadium is the Tianhe Stadium which has a seating capacity of 58,500 . Their majority shareholders are the Evergrande Real Estate Group ( 56.71% ) and the e-commerce company Alibaba Group ( 37.81% ) , while the rest of the shares are traded in the Chinese OTC system . They were founded in 1954 , and won several second tier titles before they became professional in 1993 . Their results improved , leading to a runners-up spot in China 's top tier . Unable to improve upon these results , the club went through a period of stagnation and decline before they experienced a brief revival , when they won the 2007 second division . In 2009 , the club was embroiled in a match-fixing scandal and they were punished with relegation . The Evergrande Real Estate Group decided to purchase the club and pumped significant funds into the team . They immediately won promotion and gained their first top tier title in the 2011 season . The club is the only Chinese football club to win the AFC Champions League twice , in 2013 and 2015 . The club is also the first Chinese club to participate in the FIFA Club World Cup , making its first appearance in 2013 . According to Forbes , Guangzhou Evergrande is the most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 282 million and an estimated revenue of US $ 57 million in 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_SIPG", "summary": "Shanghai SIPG F.C . ( Chinese : 上海上港 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Shànggǎng ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ.zɑ̃.ɡã ] ; ) or SIPG FC is a professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Pudong , Shanghai , and their home stadium is the Yuanshen Sports Centre Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 16,000 . The club plans to move to the currently under construction Pudong Football Stadium in 2021 . Their owners are the Chinese group Shanghai International Port Group ( SIPG ) . The club was founded on 25 December 2005 , as Shanghai Dongya FC ( Dongya , Chinese : 东亚 ; pinyin : Dōngyà ; literally : 'East Asia ' ) by former Chinese international footballer coach Xu Genbao . The club used graduates from Genbao Football Base , a football academy also founded by Xu , to form their first team as they made their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 2006 league season . They worked their way up to the top tier and finished as league champions for the first time in the 2018 Chinese Super League season . According to Forbes , Shanghai SIPG F.C . are the third-most valuable football club in China , with a club value of $ 159 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 37 million in 2015 . According to the annual report of the parent company , the football club had a revenue of CN¥565.7 million in 2015 financial year , as well as net loss of CN¥41.5 million , total assets of CN¥286.8 million , net assets of CN¥59.7 million ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande", "summary": "Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao Football Club is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under the license of the Chinese Football Association . The team is based in Guangzhou , Guangdong , and their home stadium is the Tianhe Stadium which has a seating capacity of 58,500 . Their majority shareholders are the Evergrande Real Estate Group ( 56.71% ) and the e-commerce company Alibaba Group ( 37.81% ) , while the rest of the shares are traded in the Chinese OTC system . They were founded in 1954 , and won several second tier titles before they became professional in 1993 . Their results improved , leading to a runners-up spot in China 's top tier . Unable to improve upon these results , the club went through a period of stagnation and decline before they experienced a brief revival , when they won the 2007 second division . In 2009 , the club was embroiled in a match-fixing scandal and they were punished with relegation . The Evergrande Real Estate Group decided to purchase the club and pumped significant funds into the team . They immediately won promotion and gained their first top tier title in the 2011 season . The club is the only Chinese football club to win the AFC Champions League twice , in 2013 and 2015 . The club is also the first Chinese club to participate in the FIFA Club World Cup , making its first appearance in 2013 . According to Forbes , Guangzhou Evergrande is the most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 282 million and an estimated revenue of US $ 57 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eran Zahavi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eran_Zahavi", "summary": "Eran Zahavi ( or Zehavi , Hebrew : ערן זהבי ; born 25 July 1987 ) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or as a striker for Guangzhou R & F and the Israel national team . Zahavi was named the Israeli Footballer of the Year twice ( 2013 and 2014 ) , and finished as the top goalscorer three seasons in a row in the Israeli Premier League , in 2013-14 ( 29 goals , all-time club record ) , in 2014-15 ( 27 goals ) , and in 2015-16 ( 35 goals , all-time club and league record ) . In December 2014 , Zahavi broke the Israeli Premier League record for scoring in consecutive appearances after he scored for the 18th game in a row . In 2016 , he broke the Israeli league six-decade-old season scoring record , beating the 1954-55 record . He was named the 2017 Chinese Super League MVP and broke the league 's single season scoring record in 2019 . Zahavi has been a senior international since 2010 , earning 52 caps ." } ] }, { "value": "85", "urls": [] }, { "value": "94", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016-present Guangzhou R & F", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guangzhou_R&F", "summary": "Guangzhou R & F Football Club is a professional football club that plays in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Guangzhou , Guangdong , and their home stadium is the Yuexiushan Stadium which has a seating capacity of 18,000 . They are owned by the Chinese property developers R & F Properties who took charge in June 2011 . The club 's English name R & F is short for Rich ( 富 ) and Force ( 力 ) . The club was founded in 1986 in Shenyang as Shenyang Football Team . They played at the 55,000-seat Wulihe Stadium ( 五里河体育场 ) , until they moved to Changsha in 2007 to reside in the Helong Stadium . American sportswear and sports equipment company MAZAMBA took over the club in 2010 , and relocated the club to Shenzhen in February 2011 . Their ownership was brief , and by June 2011 Chinese property developers Guangzhou R & F gained ownership of the club and moved them to Guangzhou . The club had their most successful season in 2014 as they finished third in the league and qualified for the 2015 AFC Champions League ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ricardo Goulart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ricardo_Goulart", "summary": "Ricardo Goulart Pereira or simply Ricardo Goulart ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʁiˈkaʁdu ɡuˈlaʁ ] ; born 5 June 1991 ) , is a Brazilian-born Chinese footballer who plays for Guangzhou Evergrande as an attacking midfielder . Goulart started his career with Brazilian club Santo André with 2008 and stayed there till 2011 , when he was loaned to Internacional . He played the 2012 season Goiás in the second tier , before joining Cruzeiro the following year . Here he cemented a place in the first team , and during his two-year stint , he made a total of 99 appearances and scored 34 times . He won the 2014 Brasileiro with the club . His personal awards include the 2014 Bola de Ouro , besides featuring in the team of the season . In 2015 , he entered Asian football by signing for Chinese club Guangzhou Evergrande , where he won the Chinese Super League and AFC Champions League in his first season . Goulart made his international debut for the Brazil national football team against Colombia in 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "71", "urls": [] }, { "value": "104", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015-2018 Guangzhou Evergrande", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande", "summary": "Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao Football Club is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under the license of the Chinese Football Association . The team is based in Guangzhou , Guangdong , and their home stadium is the Tianhe Stadium which has a seating capacity of 58,500 . Their majority shareholders are the Evergrande Real Estate Group ( 56.71% ) and the e-commerce company Alibaba Group ( 37.81% ) , while the rest of the shares are traded in the Chinese OTC system . They were founded in 1954 , and won several second tier titles before they became professional in 1993 . Their results improved , leading to a runners-up spot in China 's top tier . Unable to improve upon these results , the club went through a period of stagnation and decline before they experienced a brief revival , when they won the 2007 second division . In 2009 , the club was embroiled in a match-fixing scandal and they were punished with relegation . The Evergrande Real Estate Group decided to purchase the club and pumped significant funds into the team . They immediately won promotion and gained their first top tier title in the 2011 season . The club is the only Chinese football club to win the AFC Champions League twice , in 2013 and 2015 . The club is also the first Chinese club to participate in the FIFA Club World Cup , making its first appearance in 2013 . According to Forbes , Guangzhou Evergrande is the most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 282 million and an estimated revenue of US $ 57 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "James Chamanga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Chamanga", "summary": "James Chamanga ( born 2 February 1980 ) is a Zambian football striker who plays for Red Arrows ." } ] }, { "value": "70", "urls": [] }, { "value": "217", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008-2012 Dalian Shide ; 2013-2017 Liaoning Hongyun", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalian_Shide", "summary": "Dalian Shide was a professional Chinese football club based in Dalian , Liaoning province , China who played in China 's football league system between 1955 and 2012 . Their home stadiums were the 55,843 capacity Dalian People 's Stadium and then later in 1997 they moved to the 30,776 capacity Jinzhou Stadium . The club was initially founded in 1955 as Dalian Shipyards and made sporadic appearances within the Chinese national leagues until 1982 when the local Dalian government took ownership of the club and renamed it Dalian Football Club . The club won their first major silverware when they won the 1992 domestic cup title . In 1993 , the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football team , renamed themselves Dalian Wanda FC and went on to win the first fully professional 1994 Chinese Jia-A League title . The tycoon Xu Ming and the Shide Group would go on to take over the club rename it Dalian Shide . Achieving a total of eight league titles from both the Jia A and the rebranded CSL Dalian were the most successful club in Chinese football , while in the Asian Football Confederation the club reached the 1997-98 Asian Club Championship and 2000-01 Asian Cup Winners ' Cup finals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Liaoning_Hongyun", "summary": "Liaoning Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 辽宁足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 遼寧足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Liáoníng Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) , officially known as Liaoning Hongyun ( simplified Chinese : 辽宁宏运 ; traditional Chinese : 遼寧宏運 ; pinyin : Liáoníng Hóngyùn ) , is a professional association football club that currently participates in the China League One under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Shenyang , Liaoning Province and their home stadium is the Tiexi New District Sports Center that has a seating capacity of 30,000 . Their current majority shareholders are the Liaoning Sport Technology College and the Huludao Hongyun Group Co. , Ltd , which is part of the real estate and financial conglomerate the Hongyun Group . The football club can predate their formation to 1953 when the local Shenyang government sports body joined existing club Northeast China to play in the Chinese national football league . By 1956 the league was gradually expanding and regional sports institutes were allowed their own representatives , which eventually formed Liaoning Football Club . The club won several league titles as well as the 1989-90 Asian Club Championship when they beat Nissan Yokohama in the final making Liaoning FC the first Chinese club to win an Asian club championship trophy . Since February 26 , 1994 the current football team was established to be an entirely professional football club so they could play in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season , making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . According to Forbes , Liaoning are the 10th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 67 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 14 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tiago Jorge Honorio", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tiago_Jorge_Honorio", "summary": "Tiago Jorge Honório or simply Tiago ( born 4 December 1977 in Americana ) , is a Brazilian football striker , who plays for Independente de Limeira in Brazil ." } ] }, { "value": "66", "urls": [] }, { "value": "157", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2000-2004 Shenzhen Shangqingyin ; 2006 Shanghai Liancheng ; 2007 , 2008 Beijing Guoan ; 2010 Shenzhen Ruby", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shenzhen_Shangqingyin", "summary": "Shenzhen Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 深圳市足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 深圳市足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shēnzhènshì Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese League One under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Shenzhen , Guangdong and their home stadium is the Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre that has a seating capacity of 60,334 . Their majority shareholder is Property Development company the Kaisa Group who took over the club on April 12 , 2016 . The club was founded on January 26 , 1994 and was known as Shenzhen FC while they started at the bottom of the Chinese football pyramid in the third tier . After successive league title wins in the third and second tier of the professional football leagues , they were promoted to the top tier in the 1996 Chinese Jia-A League season . After only one season they were relegated , however they quickly regained promotion and started to establish themselves within the league before they won the rebranded 2004 Chinese Super League title , making them the first club to win all three divisions within the Chinese league pyramid . Since this achievement the club have struggled to match the same success and after 14 years experienced relegation to the second tier at the end of 2011 Chinese Super League season ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_Liancheng", "summary": "Shanghai United F.C ( Simplified Chinese : 上海联城足球俱乐部 ) was a Chinese professional football club based in Shanghai , who last played in the 16,000 seater Yuanshen Sports Centre Stadium in the Chinese Super League . The club was founded by Dalian Shide F.C . on 1 February 2000 and was originally known as Dalian Sidelong . The club was initially used as youth team who were allowed to compete in the Chinese football league pyramid until the club was eventually sold to businessman Zhu Jun , the owner of China 's second-largest online gaming company The9 in 2005 . He moved the club to Shanghai until 2007 when he bought a majority share of inner-city rivals Shanghai Shenhua , thus began to merge the two clubs . Shanghai United no longer exists in name and is replaced by Shanghai Shenhua ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Beijing_Guoan", "summary": "Beijing Sinobo Guoan F.C . ( Chinese : 北京中赫国安 ; pinyin : Běijīng Zhōnghè Guó'ān ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in the Chaoyang District in Beijing and their home stadium is the Workers ' Stadium with a seating capacity of 66,161 . Their shareholders are the real estate company Sinobo Group ( 64% ) and CITIC Limited ( 36% ) of CITIC Group , a state-owned enterprise of China . Beijing Guoan F.C . was founded as a professional team by CITIC Guoan Group , which was a subsidiary of CITIC Group until 2014 . The club is one of the four teams to never have been relegated from the league since its debut in 2004 . The club 's predecessor was called Beijing Football Club and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On December 29 , 1992 the club was recognized to become a completely professional football club making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever professional league title in the 2009 league season as well as the 1996 , 1997 , 2003 and 2018 Chinese FA Cup . According to Forbes , Guoan was the second most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 167 million , and an estimated revenue of US $ 30 million in 2015 . According to the disclosure of CITIC Pacific , the club revenue was CN¥244 million in 2013 season ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shenzhen_Ruby", "summary": "Shenzhen Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 深圳市足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 深圳市足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shēnzhènshì Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese League One under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Shenzhen , Guangdong and their home stadium is the Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre that has a seating capacity of 60,334 . Their majority shareholder is Property Development company the Kaisa Group who took over the club on April 12 , 2016 . The club was founded on January 26 , 1994 and was known as Shenzhen FC while they started at the bottom of the Chinese football pyramid in the third tier . After successive league title wins in the third and second tier of the professional football leagues , they were promoted to the top tier in the 1996 Chinese Jia-A League season . After only one season they were relegated , however they quickly regained promotion and started to establish themselves within the league before they won the rebranded 2004 Chinese Super League title , making them the first club to win all three divisions within the Chinese league pyramid . Since this achievement the club have struggled to match the same success and after 14 years experienced relegation to the second tier at the end of 2011 Chinese Super League season ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luis Alfredo Ramírez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luis_Alfredo_Ramírez", "summary": "Luis Alfredo Ramírez Quioto ( American Spanish : [ lwis alˈfɾeðo raˈmiɾes ] ; born 21 November 1977 ) , nicknamed El Bombero ( [ el βomˈbeɾo ] ; [ a ] the Pumpman ) , is a Honduran football striker who currently plays for Deportes Savio in the Honduran national league . He is nicknamed Bombero because he used to work at a gas station as a gas pump attendant ." } ] }, { "value": "63", "urls": [] }, { "value": "143", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2006 Shanghai Shenhua ; 2007-2009 Guangzhou Pharmaceutical ; 2010-2011 Hangzhou Greentown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_Shenhua", "summary": "Shanghai Greenland Shenhua Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 上海绿地申花足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 上海綠地申花足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Lǜdì Shēnhuā Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) , is a Chinese professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The term shen hua literally translates as the Flower of Shanghai in English - shen is one of the alternative names of Shanghai and hua means flower in Chinese . The team is based in Kangqiao , Shanghai and their home stadium is the Hongkou Football Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 33,060 . Their majority shareholder is Chinese developer Greenland Group who took over the operation of the club when they bought the 28.5% share from previous majority shareholder Zhu Jun in 2014 . The club 's predecessor was called Shanghai F.C . and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On 10 December 1993 the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football club so they could play in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then , they have won one league title and three Chinese FA Cups . According to Forbes , Shenhua are the 6th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 106 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 29 million in 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Guangzhou_Pharmaceutical", "summary": "Guangzhou Pharmaceuticals Corporation ( 广州医药集团 ) is a pharmaceutical wholesaling and distribution company headquartered in Guangzhou , China , and a 50:50 joint venture between Walgreens Boots Alliance and Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited . It is the third-largest pharmaceutical wholesaler in China measured by revenues . Guangzhou Pharmaceuticals wholesales prescription drugs , over-the-counter drugs , medical devices , chemical reagents , experiment equipment and glass wares ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hangzhou_Greentown", "summary": "Zhejiang Greentown Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 浙江绿城 ; traditional Chinese : 浙江綠城 ; pinyin : Zhèjiāng Lǜchéng ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the China League One division ( second division ) under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Hangzhou , Zhejiang and their home stadium is the Hangzhou Huanglong Stadium that has a seating capacity of 52,672 . The club 's main investor is the Zhejiang-based Greentown China Holdings Limited company , which is owned by real estate tycoon Song Weiping . Greentown became the first sports club from Hangzhou with 1 million followers on Weibo . The club was founded on January 14 , 1998 and they made their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 1999 league season . On November 23 , 2000 the club bought the first team of Jilin Aodong as well as their position in the second division for 25 million Yuan . They have subsequently won promotion to the top tier after finishing runners-up in the 2006 league season and the highest position they have ever finished is fourth in the 2010 Chinese Super League season . It still remains the top football club in Zhejiang ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Giovanni Moreno", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "summary": "Giovanni Andrés Moreno Cardona ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ɟʝoˈβani moˈɾeno ] ; born 1 July 1986 ) is a Colombian footballer who plays for and captains Chinese Super League club Shanghai Shenhua F.C . where he primarily operates as an attacking midfielder ." } ] }, { "value": "59", "urls": [] }, { "value": "176", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012-present Shanghai Shenhua", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_Shenhua", "summary": "Shanghai Greenland Shenhua Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 上海绿地申花足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 上海綠地申花足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Lǜdì Shēnhuā Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) , is a Chinese professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The term shen hua literally translates as the Flower of Shanghai in English - shen is one of the alternative names of Shanghai and hua means flower in Chinese . The team is based in Kangqiao , Shanghai and their home stadium is the Hongkou Football Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 33,060 . Their majority shareholder is Chinese developer Greenland Group who took over the operation of the club when they bought the 28.5% share from previous majority shareholder Zhu Jun in 2014 . The club 's predecessor was called Shanghai F.C . and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On 10 December 1993 the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football club so they could play in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then , they have won one league title and three Chinese FA Cups . According to Forbes , Shenhua are the 6th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 106 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 29 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aloísio", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aloísio_dos_Santos_Gonçalves", "summary": "Aloísio dos Santos Gonçalves ( born 19 June 1988 ) , or simply Aloísio , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Chinese club Guangdong South China Tiger as a striker ." } ] }, { "value": "53", "urls": [] }, { "value": "103", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014-2017 Shandong Luneng ; 2016-present Hebei China Fortune", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shandong_Luneng", "summary": "Shandong Luneng Taishan ( simplified Chinese : 山东鲁能泰山 ; traditional Chinese : 山東魯能泰山 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān ) is a professional football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Jinan , Shandong and their home stadium is the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium that has a seating capacity of 56,808 . Their current majority shareholder is Shandong Electric Power Group Corporation , the biggest supplier of electric energy in Shandong province and itself part of the State Grid Corporation of China . Luneng is the name of Luneng Group , now another subsidiary corporation of State Grid Corporation of China . The last part of the club name derives from Mount Tai . The club 's predecessor was called Shandong Provincial team who were founded in April 10 , 1956 while the current professional football team was established in December 2 , 1993 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever league title in the 1999 league season . They have continued to win domestic silverware with the 2006 , 2008 , 2010 league titles , making them one of the most successful Chinese football teams . According to Forbes , Shandong are the 5th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 126 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 24 million in 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hebei_China_Fortune", "summary": "Hebei China Fortune Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 河北华夏幸福足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 河北華夏幸福足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Héběi Huáxià Xìngfú Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the Chinese Super League division under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Langfang , Hebei and their home stadium is the Langfang Stadium that has a seating capacity of 30,000 . Their current owners are real estate developers China Fortune Land Development who took over the club on 27 January 2015 . According to Forbes , Hebei are the 7th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 90 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 22 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Casiano Wilberto Delvalle Ruiz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Casiano_Wilberto_Delvalle_Ruiz", "summary": "Casiano Wilberto Delvalle Ruiz ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kaˈsjano ðelˈβaʎe ] ; [ a ] born 13 August 1970 ) is a former football ( soccer ) player from Paraguay who played as a striker . Throughout his career he played for several Paraguayan and Asian teams , most specifically from China and Japan . Delvalle was called for the Paraguay national football team during 1995 for some matches , most of them , friendlies . Highlights of his career include winning the Chinese Football Association Golden Boot in 2000 and being the top-scorer in the 2005 Paraguayan Paraguayan second division while playing for Sport Colombia ." } ] }, { "value": "51", "urls": [] }, { "value": "95", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1997-1999 & 2002-2003 Beijing Guoan ; 2000-2001 Shandong Luneng", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beijing_Guoan", "summary": "Beijing Sinobo Guoan F.C . ( Chinese : 北京中赫国安 ; pinyin : Běijīng Zhōnghè Guó'ān ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in the Chaoyang District in Beijing and their home stadium is the Workers ' Stadium with a seating capacity of 66,161 . Their shareholders are the real estate company Sinobo Group ( 64% ) and CITIC Limited ( 36% ) of CITIC Group , a state-owned enterprise of China . Beijing Guoan F.C . was founded as a professional team by CITIC Guoan Group , which was a subsidiary of CITIC Group until 2014 . The club is one of the four teams to never have been relegated from the league since its debut in 2004 . The club 's predecessor was called Beijing Football Club and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On December 29 , 1992 the club was recognized to become a completely professional football club making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever professional league title in the 2009 league season as well as the 1996 , 1997 , 2003 and 2018 Chinese FA Cup . According to Forbes , Guoan was the second most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 167 million , and an estimated revenue of US $ 30 million in 2015 . According to the disclosure of CITIC Pacific , the club revenue was CN¥244 million in 2013 season ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shandong_Luneng", "summary": "Shandong Luneng Taishan ( simplified Chinese : 山东鲁能泰山 ; traditional Chinese : 山東魯能泰山 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān ) is a professional football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Jinan , Shandong and their home stadium is the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium that has a seating capacity of 56,808 . Their current majority shareholder is Shandong Electric Power Group Corporation , the biggest supplier of electric energy in Shandong province and itself part of the State Grid Corporation of China . Luneng is the name of Luneng Group , now another subsidiary corporation of State Grid Corporation of China . The last part of the club name derives from Mount Tai . The club 's predecessor was called Shandong Provincial team who were founded in April 10 , 1956 while the current professional football team was established in December 2 , 1993 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever league title in the 1999 league season . They have continued to win domestic silverware with the 2006 , 2008 , 2010 league titles , making them one of the most successful Chinese football teams . According to Forbes , Shandong are the 5th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 126 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 24 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zoran Janković", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zoran_Janković_(footballer)", "summary": "Zoran Janković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Зоран Јанковић , pronounced [ zǒran jǎːŋkoʋitɕ ] ; Bulgarian : Зоран Янкович ; born 8 February 1974 ) is a Serbian-born Bulgarian football manager and former player . He is currently the assistant coach with Thailand ." } ] }, { "value": "50", "urls": [] }, { "value": "119", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2002-2007 Dalian Shide ;", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dalian_Shide", "summary": "Dalian Shide was a professional Chinese football club based in Dalian , Liaoning province , China who played in China 's football league system between 1955 and 2012 . Their home stadiums were the 55,843 capacity Dalian People 's Stadium and then later in 1997 they moved to the 30,776 capacity Jinzhou Stadium . The club was initially founded in 1955 as Dalian Shipyards and made sporadic appearances within the Chinese national leagues until 1982 when the local Dalian government took ownership of the club and renamed it Dalian Football Club . The club won their first major silverware when they won the 1992 domestic cup title . In 1993 , the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football team , renamed themselves Dalian Wanda FC and went on to win the first fully professional 1994 Chinese Jia-A League title . The tycoon Xu Ming and the Shide Group would go on to take over the club rename it Dalian Shide . Achieving a total of eight league titles from both the Jia A and the rebranded CSL Dalian were the most successful club in Chinese football , while in the Asian Football Confederation the club reached the 1997-98 Asian Club Championship and 2000-01 Asian Cup Winners ' Cup finals ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Darío Conca", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Darío_Conca", "summary": "Darío Leonardo Conca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ daˈɾi.o le.oˈnaɾðo ˈkoŋka ] ; born 11 May 1983 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder . Conca was elected for two consecutive years as the best player of Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in 2009 and 2010 . When Conca signed for Guangzhou Evergrande in 2011 , he was made the third-highest paid player in the world , behind only Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo and Barcelona 's Lionel Messi ." } ] }, { "value": "46", "urls": [] }, { "value": "111", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011-2013 Guangzhou Evergrande ; 2015-2016 Shanghai SIPG", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande", "summary": "Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao Football Club is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under the license of the Chinese Football Association . The team is based in Guangzhou , Guangdong , and their home stadium is the Tianhe Stadium which has a seating capacity of 58,500 . Their majority shareholders are the Evergrande Real Estate Group ( 56.71% ) and the e-commerce company Alibaba Group ( 37.81% ) , while the rest of the shares are traded in the Chinese OTC system . They were founded in 1954 , and won several second tier titles before they became professional in 1993 . Their results improved , leading to a runners-up spot in China 's top tier . Unable to improve upon these results , the club went through a period of stagnation and decline before they experienced a brief revival , when they won the 2007 second division . In 2009 , the club was embroiled in a match-fixing scandal and they were punished with relegation . The Evergrande Real Estate Group decided to purchase the club and pumped significant funds into the team . They immediately won promotion and gained their first top tier title in the 2011 season . The club is the only Chinese football club to win the AFC Champions League twice , in 2013 and 2015 . The club is also the first Chinese club to participate in the FIFA Club World Cup , making its first appearance in 2013 . According to Forbes , Guangzhou Evergrande is the most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 282 million and an estimated revenue of US $ 57 million in 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_SIPG", "summary": "Shanghai SIPG F.C . ( Chinese : 上海上港 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Shànggǎng ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ.zɑ̃.ɡã ] ; ) or SIPG FC is a professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Pudong , Shanghai , and their home stadium is the Yuanshen Sports Centre Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 16,000 . The club plans to move to the currently under construction Pudong Football Stadium in 2021 . Their owners are the Chinese group Shanghai International Port Group ( SIPG ) . The club was founded on 25 December 2005 , as Shanghai Dongya FC ( Dongya , Chinese : 东亚 ; pinyin : Dōngyà ; literally : 'East Asia ' ) by former Chinese international footballer coach Xu Genbao . The club used graduates from Genbao Football Base , a football academy also founded by Xu , to form their first team as they made their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 2006 league season . They worked their way up to the top tier and finished as league champions for the first time in the 2018 Chinese Super League season . According to Forbes , Shanghai SIPG F.C . are the third-most valuable football club in China , with a club value of $ 159 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 37 million in 2015 . According to the annual report of the parent company , the football club had a revenue of CN¥565.7 million in 2015 financial year , as well as net loss of CN¥41.5 million , total assets of CN¥286.8 million , net assets of CN¥59.7 million ." } ] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Odion Ighalo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Odion_Ighalo", "summary": "Odion Jude Ighalo ( born 16 June 1989 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for English Premier League club Manchester United , on loan from Shanghai Greenland Shenhua of the Chinese Super League . After starting his career at Nigerian clubs Prime and Julius Berger , Ighalo moved to Norwegian club Lyn in 2007 . A year later , he was signed by Italian club Udinese , spending most of his tenure on two separate loan spells with Spanish club Granada . In 2014 , he signed for Championship club Watford and was integral in the club 's promotion to the Premier League in the 2014-15 season . In January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million , before moving onto Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . In January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan until the end of the 2019-20 season . Ighalo made his debut for the Nigeria national team in 2015 . He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup and was the highest goalscorer in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign . He eventually led Nigeria to a third place finish at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations , where he finished in the competition 's Team of the Tournament and was crowned top scorer ." } ] }, { "value": "43", "urls": [] }, { "value": "64", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2017- Changchun Yatai", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Changchun_Yatai", "summary": "Changchun Yatai Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 长春亚泰 ; traditional Chinese : 長春亞泰 ; pinyin : Chángchūn Yàtài ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the China League One division under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Changchun , Jilin and their home stadium is the Changchun Stadium that has a seating capacity of 38,500 . The club 's founder and main investor is the private Chinese conglomerate Jilin Yatai Group . The club was formed on June 6 , 1996 before making their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 1997 league season . In 2000 they bought a position into the second division after they merged with Bayi Chaoneng . In 2001 they finished runners-up within their division , however they were denied promotion after they were embroiled in a match-fixing scandal . The club would reform and re-apply for a CFA playing license before they eventually gained promotion to China 's top flight at the end of the 2005 league campaign . In the 2007 Chinese Super League they won the league title and participated in the 2008 AFC Champions League for the first time . They have since gone on to come second within 2009 Chinese Super League and also participated in the 2010 AFC Champions League ." } ] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Muriqui", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luiz_Guilherme_da_Conceição_Silva", "summary": "Luiz Guilherme da Conceição Silva ( born 16 June 1986 ) , commonly known as Muriqui , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Shijiazhuang Ever Bright in the China League One ." } ] }, { "value": "43", "urls": [] }, { "value": "86", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010-2014 & 2017 Guangzhou Evergrande", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande", "summary": "Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao Football Club is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under the license of the Chinese Football Association . The team is based in Guangzhou , Guangdong , and their home stadium is the Tianhe Stadium which has a seating capacity of 58,500 . Their majority shareholders are the Evergrande Real Estate Group ( 56.71% ) and the e-commerce company Alibaba Group ( 37.81% ) , while the rest of the shares are traded in the Chinese OTC system . They were founded in 1954 , and won several second tier titles before they became professional in 1993 . Their results improved , leading to a runners-up spot in China 's top tier . Unable to improve upon these results , the club went through a period of stagnation and decline before they experienced a brief revival , when they won the 2007 second division . In 2009 , the club was embroiled in a match-fixing scandal and they were punished with relegation . The Evergrande Real Estate Group decided to purchase the club and pumped significant funds into the team . They immediately won promotion and gained their first top tier title in the 2011 season . The club is the only Chinese football club to win the AFC Champions League twice , in 2013 and 2015 . The club is also the first Chinese club to participate in the FIFA Club World Cup , making its first appearance in 2013 . According to Forbes , Guangzhou Evergrande is the most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 282 million and an estimated revenue of US $ 57 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roda Antar", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Roda_Antar", "summary": "Roda Antar ( Arabic : رضا عنتر ; born 12 September 1980 ) is a Lebanese football manager and former player . Former captain of Lebanon , Antar was his country 's leading goalscorer with 20 goals , before being surpassed by Hassan Maatouk in 2019 . Antar started his career with Tadamon Sour , progressing through their youth system to the first-team squad where he made his debut at the age of 17 . In 2001 , he was loaned to Germany 's Hamburger SV for two seasons , before moving to Freiburg in 2003 on a permanent deal . In 2007 he moved to Köln , where he scored a bicycle kick on his debut against FC St. Pauli . Antar helped Köln gain promotion back into the Bundesliga for the 2008-09 season , before moving to Chinese Super League side Shandong Luneng Taishan in March 2009 , where he remained for five years . In 2014 he moved to Jiangsu Sainty , before moving once again to Hangzhou Greentown the following season . In 2016 , he returned to his first club in Lebanon , Tadamon Sour , where he retired after one season . Antar represented Lebanon at the 1998 Arab Nations Cup , the 2000 WAFF Championship , the 2000 AFC Asian Cup , the 2002 Arab Nations Cup and also at the 2012 WAFF Championship . He also participated in the qualifiers for the 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup tournaments ." } ] }, { "value": "42", "urls": [] }, { "value": "183", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009-2014 Shandong Luneng ; 2014-2015 Jiangsu Guoxin-Sainty ; 2015 Hangzhou Greentown ;", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shandong_Luneng", "summary": "Shandong Luneng Taishan ( simplified Chinese : 山东鲁能泰山 ; traditional Chinese : 山東魯能泰山 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān ) is a professional football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Jinan , Shandong and their home stadium is the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium that has a seating capacity of 56,808 . Their current majority shareholder is Shandong Electric Power Group Corporation , the biggest supplier of electric energy in Shandong province and itself part of the State Grid Corporation of China . Luneng is the name of Luneng Group , now another subsidiary corporation of State Grid Corporation of China . The last part of the club name derives from Mount Tai . The club 's predecessor was called Shandong Provincial team who were founded in April 10 , 1956 while the current professional football team was established in December 2 , 1993 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever league title in the 1999 league season . They have continued to win domestic silverware with the 2006 , 2008 , 2010 league titles , making them one of the most successful Chinese football teams . According to Forbes , Shandong are the 5th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 126 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 24 million in 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jiangsu_Guoxin-Sainty", "summary": "Jiangsu Suning Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 江苏苏宁足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 江蘇蘇寧足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Jiāngsū Sūníng Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Nanjing , Jiangsu and their home stadium is the Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre which has a seating capacity of 61,443 . Their owners are Suning Appliance Group ( Chinese : 苏宁电器集团有限公司 ) , a sister company of Suning.com . The team was founded in 1958 as Jiangsu Provincial Team while the current professional football club was established in March 1994 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China participating in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season ; however , they faced relegation in that campaign . They have since gone on to win promotion back into the top tier at the end of the 2008 league season and achieved their best ever league position when they finished runners-up in the 2012 season and the 2016 season . According to Forbes , Jiangsu are the fourth wealthiest football team in China , with a team value of $ 144 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 36 million in 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hangzhou_Greentown", "summary": "Zhejiang Greentown Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 浙江绿城 ; traditional Chinese : 浙江綠城 ; pinyin : Zhèjiāng Lǜchéng ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the China League One division ( second division ) under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Hangzhou , Zhejiang and their home stadium is the Hangzhou Huanglong Stadium that has a seating capacity of 52,672 . The club 's main investor is the Zhejiang-based Greentown China Holdings Limited company , which is owned by real estate tycoon Song Weiping . Greentown became the first sports club from Hangzhou with 1 million followers on Weibo . The club was founded on January 14 , 1998 and they made their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 1999 league season . On November 23 , 2000 the club bought the first team of Jilin Aodong as well as their position in the second division for 25 million Yuan . They have subsequently won promotion to the top tier after finishing runners-up in the 2006 league season and the highest position they have ever finished is fourth in the 2010 Chinese Super League season . It still remains the top football club in Zhejiang ." } ] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Diego Tardelli", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Diego_Tardelli", "summary": "Diego Tardelli Martins ( born 10 May 1985 ) , known as simply Diego Tardelli , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Atlético Mineiro . He is considered a dynamic player due to his speed on attack and individual skills . Tardelli is not his last name , but his second name : it was chosen by his father after his footballing idol , Italian World Cup winner Marco Tardelli ." } ] }, { "value": "41", "urls": [] }, { "value": "73", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015-2018 Shandong Luneng", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shandong_Luneng", "summary": "Shandong Luneng Taishan ( simplified Chinese : 山东鲁能泰山 ; traditional Chinese : 山東魯能泰山 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān ) is a professional football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Jinan , Shandong and their home stadium is the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium that has a seating capacity of 56,808 . Their current majority shareholder is Shandong Electric Power Group Corporation , the biggest supplier of electric energy in Shandong province and itself part of the State Grid Corporation of China . Luneng is the name of Luneng Group , now another subsidiary corporation of State Grid Corporation of China . The last part of the club name derives from Mount Tai . The club 's predecessor was called Shandong Provincial team who were founded in April 10 , 1956 while the current professional football team was established in December 2 , 1993 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever league title in the 1999 league season . They have continued to win domestic silverware with the 2006 , 2008 , 2010 league titles , making them one of the most successful Chinese football teams . According to Forbes , Shandong are the 5th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 126 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 24 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kwame Ayew", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kwame_Ayew", "summary": "Kwame Ayew [ needs Akan IPA ] ( born 28 December 1973 ) is a Ghanaian retired footballer who played as a striker . During nearly 20 years he played professionally in six countries , mainly in Portugal where he appeared for four teams in the 90s , amassing Primeira Liga totals of 131 games and 51 goals over the course of six seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "40", "urls": [] }, { "value": "84", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2003 Changsha Ginde ; 2004-2006 Shaanxi Chanba", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Changsha_Ginde", "summary": "Guangzhou R & F Football Club is a professional football club that plays in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Guangzhou , Guangdong , and their home stadium is the Yuexiushan Stadium which has a seating capacity of 18,000 . They are owned by the Chinese property developers R & F Properties who took charge in June 2011 . The club 's English name R & F is short for Rich ( 富 ) and Force ( 力 ) . The club was founded in 1986 in Shenyang as Shenyang Football Team . They played at the 55,000-seat Wulihe Stadium ( 五里河体育场 ) , until they moved to Changsha in 2007 to reside in the Helong Stadium . American sportswear and sports equipment company MAZAMBA took over the club in 2010 , and relocated the club to Shenzhen in February 2011 . Their ownership was brief , and by June 2011 Chinese property developers Guangzhou R & F gained ownership of the club and moved them to Guangzhou . The club had their most successful season in 2014 as they finished third in the league and qualified for the 2015 AFC Champions League ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shaanxi_Chanba", "summary": "Beijing Renhe Football Club ( Chinese : 北京人和 ; pinyin : Běijīng Rénhé ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese League One under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Fengtai , Beijing and their home stadium is the Beijing Fengtai Stadium that has a seating capacity of 31,043 . Their current majority shareholder is Chinese property developers of shopping centers Renhe Commercial Holdings Company Limited . The club was founded in Pudong , Shanghai on February 3 , 1995 and were originally known as Shanghai Pudong before they made their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 1995 league season . They would work there way up to the top tier while changing name to accommodate their sponsors . In the 2006 league season the club would relocate the team to Shaanxi and rename themselves Xi'an Chanba International , however by the 2012 league season , the club relocated this time to Guizhou , and changed their name to Guizhou Renhe . In the 2016 league season the club relocated the team to Fengtai , Beijing , and changed their name to Beijing Renhe . Throughout the club 's history their greatest achievement has been winning the 2013 Chinese FA Cup while the highest position they have ever finished was second within the 2003 league season ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Branko Jelić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Branko_Jelić", "summary": "Branko Jelić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Бранко Јелић , pronounced [ brâːŋko jěːlitɕ ] ; born 5 May 1977 ) is a Serbian former professional footballer who played as a striker ." } ] }, { "value": "40", "urls": [] }, { "value": "97", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2003-2005 Beijing Guoan ; 2006-2007 Xiamen Bluelion ;", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beijing_Guoan", "summary": "Beijing Sinobo Guoan F.C . ( Chinese : 北京中赫国安 ; pinyin : Běijīng Zhōnghè Guó'ān ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in the Chaoyang District in Beijing and their home stadium is the Workers ' Stadium with a seating capacity of 66,161 . Their shareholders are the real estate company Sinobo Group ( 64% ) and CITIC Limited ( 36% ) of CITIC Group , a state-owned enterprise of China . Beijing Guoan F.C . was founded as a professional team by CITIC Guoan Group , which was a subsidiary of CITIC Group until 2014 . The club is one of the four teams to never have been relegated from the league since its debut in 2004 . The club 's predecessor was called Beijing Football Club and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On December 29 , 1992 the club was recognized to become a completely professional football club making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever professional league title in the 2009 league season as well as the 1996 , 1997 , 2003 and 2018 Chinese FA Cup . According to Forbes , Guoan was the second most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 167 million , and an estimated revenue of US $ 30 million in 2015 . According to the disclosure of CITIC Pacific , the club revenue was CN¥244 million in 2013 season ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Xiamen_Bluelion", "summary": "Xiamen Blue Lions Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 厦门蓝狮 ; traditional Chinese : 廈門藍獅 ; pinyin : Xiàmén Lánshī ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : E-mng Na-sai ) is a defunct Chinese football club , which was located in Xiamen , Fujian . It was founded in the 1996 league season and their nickname was the Blue Lions while they played in the Xiamen Stadium . Throughout their history they would twice win promotion to the top tier of Chinese football and also play in the Chinese Super League . When the club was relegated at the end of 2007 league season they disbanded ." } ] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vicente de Paula Neto", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vicente_de_Paula_Neto", "summary": "Vicente de Paula Neto ( born 10 September 1979 ) more commonly known simply as Vicente , is a retired Brazilian football Striker who spent most of his career in China ." } ] }, { "value": "40", "urls": [] }, { "value": "144", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005 & 2007 Wuhan Guanggu ; 2006 & 2008-2009 Shaanxi Chanba ; 2010 Shanghai Shenhua", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wuhan_Optics_Valley_F.C.", "summary": "Wuhan Optics Valley Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 武汉光谷 ; traditional Chinese : 武漢光谷 ; pinyin : Wǔhàn Guānggǔ ) is a defunct football club which was located in the city of Wuhan , Hubei province , China . The club 's home stadium was Xinhua Road Sports Center , while the important matches were played at the more modern stadium Wuhan Sports Center in China . Their fans were mainly from Hubei province and the club had supporters from the city of Wuhan , and the surrounding cities of Ezhou , Huangshi and Xiaogan . It was founded in 1954 as the Hubei Football Team , while the professional football team was founded in February 1994 . In 2008 , Wuhan FC quit the Chinese Super League because of what it believed to be unfair punishment after the club had a dispute with the Chinese Football Association over the club 's on-field behaviour against Beijing Guoan in a league game . Some of its players formed a new team called Hubei Greenery and made a return to Chinese Super League in 2013 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shaanxi_Chanba", "summary": "Beijing Renhe Football Club ( Chinese : 北京人和 ; pinyin : Běijīng Rénhé ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese League One under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Fengtai , Beijing and their home stadium is the Beijing Fengtai Stadium that has a seating capacity of 31,043 . Their current majority shareholder is Chinese property developers of shopping centers Renhe Commercial Holdings Company Limited . The club was founded in Pudong , Shanghai on February 3 , 1995 and were originally known as Shanghai Pudong before they made their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 1995 league season . They would work there way up to the top tier while changing name to accommodate their sponsors . In the 2006 league season the club would relocate the team to Shaanxi and rename themselves Xi'an Chanba International , however by the 2012 league season , the club relocated this time to Guizhou , and changed their name to Guizhou Renhe . In the 2016 league season the club relocated the team to Fengtai , Beijing , and changed their name to Beijing Renhe . Throughout the club 's history their greatest achievement has been winning the 2013 Chinese FA Cup while the highest position they have ever finished was second within the 2003 league season ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_Shenhua", "summary": "Shanghai Greenland Shenhua Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 上海绿地申花足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 上海綠地申花足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Lǜdì Shēnhuā Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) , is a Chinese professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The term shen hua literally translates as the Flower of Shanghai in English - shen is one of the alternative names of Shanghai and hua means flower in Chinese . The team is based in Kangqiao , Shanghai and their home stadium is the Hongkou Football Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 33,060 . Their majority shareholder is Chinese developer Greenland Group who took over the operation of the club when they bought the 28.5% share from previous majority shareholder Zhu Jun in 2014 . The club 's predecessor was called Shanghai F.C . and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On 10 December 1993 the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football club so they could play in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then , they have won one league title and three Chinese FA Cups . According to Forbes , Shenhua are the 6th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 106 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 29 million in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Saúl Martínez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Saúl_Martínez", "summary": "Saúl Asael Martínez Álvarez ( American Spanish : [ saˈul maɾˈtines ] ; born 29 January 1976 in Colón , Honduras ) is a Honduran football forward who currently plays for USA fourth tier-side Miami United ." } ] }, { "value": "39", "urls": [] }, { "value": "113", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2002-2005 & 2007 Shanghai Shenhua ; 2006 Shanghai Liancheng", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_Shenhua", "summary": "Shanghai Greenland Shenhua Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 上海绿地申花足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 上海綠地申花足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Lǜdì Shēnhuā Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) , is a Chinese professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The term shen hua literally translates as the Flower of Shanghai in English - shen is one of the alternative names of Shanghai and hua means flower in Chinese . The team is based in Kangqiao , Shanghai and their home stadium is the Hongkou Football Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 33,060 . Their majority shareholder is Chinese developer Greenland Group who took over the operation of the club when they bought the 28.5% share from previous majority shareholder Zhu Jun in 2014 . The club 's predecessor was called Shanghai F.C . and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On 10 December 1993 the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football club so they could play in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then , they have won one league title and three Chinese FA Cups . According to Forbes , Shenhua are the 6th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 106 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 29 million in 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_Liancheng", "summary": "Shanghai United F.C ( Simplified Chinese : 上海联城足球俱乐部 ) was a Chinese professional football club based in Shanghai , who last played in the 16,000 seater Yuanshen Sports Centre Stadium in the Chinese Super League . The club was founded by Dalian Shide F.C . on 1 February 2000 and was originally known as Dalian Sidelong . The club was initially used as youth team who were allowed to compete in the Chinese football league pyramid until the club was eventually sold to businessman Zhu Jun , the owner of China 's second-largest online gaming company The9 in 2005 . He moved the club to Shanghai until 2007 when he bought a majority share of inner-city rivals Shanghai Shenhua , thus began to merge the two clubs . Shanghai United no longer exists in name and is replaced by Shanghai Shenhua ." } ] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cristian Dănălache", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cristian_Dănălache", "summary": "Cristian Costin Dănălache ( born 15 July 1982 ) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga IV side CSA Steaua București ." } ] }, { "value": "37", "urls": [] }, { "value": "73", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011-2013 Jiangsu Guoxin-Sainty", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jiangsu_Guoxin-Sainty", "summary": "Jiangsu Suning Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 江苏苏宁足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 江蘇蘇寧足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Jiāngsū Sūníng Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Nanjing , Jiangsu and their home stadium is the Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre which has a seating capacity of 61,443 . Their owners are Suning Appliance Group ( Chinese : 苏宁电器集团有限公司 ) , a sister company of Suning.com . The team was founded in 1958 as Jiangsu Provincial Team while the current professional football club was established in March 1994 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China participating in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season ; however , they faced relegation in that campaign . They have since gone on to win promotion back into the top tier at the end of the 2008 league season and achieved their best ever league position when they finished runners-up in the 2012 season and the 2016 season . According to Forbes , Jiangsu are the fourth wealthiest football team in China , with a team value of $ 144 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 36 million in 2015 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Scorers -- Top scoring foreign players", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_football_records_in_China_1", "intro": "These are the Records for the Chinese Football League since its inception in 1994." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Dominican_Republic", "title": "Provinces of the Dominican Republic", "header": [ "Province", "Capital", "Area ( km² )", "Population", "Density" ], "data": [ { "value": "Azua", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Azua_Province", "summary": "Azua ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈaswa ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic ." } ] }, { "value": "Azua", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Azua_de_Compostela", "summary": "Azua de Compostela , also known simply as Azua , is a municipality ( municipio ) and capital of Azua Province in the Dominican Republic . It is located 100 kilometres west of the national capital , Santo Domingo . Founded in 1504 , Azua is one of the oldest European settlements in the Americas ." } ] }, { "value": "2,531.77", "urls": [] }, { "value": "298,246", "urls": [] }, { "value": "118", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Baoruco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baoruco_Province", "summary": "Baoruco , alternatively spelt Bahoruco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ baoˈɾuko ] ) , is a province of the Dominican Republic . Before 1952 it included what is now Independencia Province . Important features are the Sierra de Neiba mountain range and Lake Enriquillo ." } ] }, { "value": "Neiba", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Neiba", "summary": "Neiba ( also spelt Neyba ) is a city in the southwest of the Dominican Republic . It is the capital city of the Baoruco province , and is located 180 kilometres west of the national capital , Santo Domingo , close to the shore of Lake Enriquillo , the largest lake in the West Indies . During the 1822-44 Haitian occupation , the city was officially designated in French as Neybe ." } ] }, { "value": "1,282.23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "111,269", "urls": [] }, { "value": "87", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Barahona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Barahona_Province", "summary": "Barahona ( Spanish pronunciation : [ baɾaˈona ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic . The Barahona Coast is located on the southwestern part of the Dominican Republic approximately three hours drive from Santo Domingo the capital of the Dominican Republic ." } ] }, { "value": "Barahona", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Barahona", "summary": "Barahona , also known as Santa Cruz de Barahona , is the main city of the Barahona Province , in the south of the Dominican Republic . It is one of the most important cities on the island , with a very active port and many ecotourism attractions . The city is also a centre of sugar production and industry ." } ] }, { "value": "1,739.38", "urls": [] }, { "value": "232,818", "urls": [] }, { "value": "134", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dajabón", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dajabón_Province", "summary": "Dajabón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ daxaˈβon ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic , on the border with Haiti . Its capital city is also called Dajabón . It was split from Monte Cristi province in 1938 , and was called Libertador until 1961 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dajabón", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dajabón", "summary": "Dajabón is the capital city of the Dajabón province in the Dominican Republic , located on the border with Haiti . It is a market town with a population of about 40,000 , north of the Cordillera Central mountain range . The city was initially founded between 1771 and 1776 but was soon after abandoned during the War of Independence . It was settled again shortly after the Restoration War in 1865 . During the 1822-44 Haitian occupation , the city was officially designated in French as Dahabon . Dajabón is located on the Dajabón River , also known as the Massacre River due to an incident that took place in 1728 in which 30 French Buccaneers were killed by Spanish settlers . A battle that took place here between the Spanish and the French in 1690 . At the time of this battle , the governor of the French colony , Mr. Cussy , was killed in the Battle of the Sabana Real de la Limonada , near modern-day Limonade in northern Haiti . The bridge across the river connects Dajabón to its larger Haitian sister city of Ouanaminthe . On Mondays and Fridays , Haitians are permitted to temporarily cross the bridge to sell their goods . Most of the goods are used clothes , shoes , bulk dry goods , and housewares . On these days , an area of several acres on the Western edge of the city becomes a crowded business place ." } ] }, { "value": "1,020.73", "urls": [] }, { "value": "87,274", "urls": [] }, { "value": "86", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Distrito Nacional", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Distrito_Nacional", "summary": "The Distrito Nacional ( Spanish pronunciation : [ disˈtɾito nasjoˈnal ] ) ( D.N . ) is a subdivision of the Dominican Republic enclosing the capital Santo Domingo . It is not in any of the provinces , but in practice , it acts as a province on its own . Before October 16 , 2001 , the Distrito Nacional was much larger , including what is now known as Santo Domingo Province . Published statistics and maps generally show the former , larger , Distrito Nacional . The Distrito Nacional has no rural or undeveloped areas ." } ] }, { "value": "Santo Domingo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Santo_Domingo", "summary": "Santo Domingo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsanto ðoˈmiŋɡo ] meaning Saint Dominic ) , officially Santo Domingo de Guzmán , is the capital and largest city in the Dominican Republic and the largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean by population . As of 2010 , the city had a total population of 2,908,607 , when including the metropolitan area . The city is coterminous with the boundaries of the Distrito Nacional ( D.N. , National District ) , itself bordered on three sides by Santo Domingo Province . Founded by Bartholomew Columbus in 1496 , on the east bank of the Ozama River and then moved by Nicolás de Ovando in 1502 to the west bank of the river , the city is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas , and was the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Santo Domingo is the site of the first university , cathedral , castle , monastery , and fortress in the New World . The city 's Colonial Zone was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . Santo Domingo was called Ciudad Trujillo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ sjuˈðað tɾuˈxiʝo ] ) , from 1936 to 1961 , after the Dominican Republic 's dictator , Rafael Trujillo , named the capital after himself . Following his assassination , the city resumed its original designation . Santo Domingo is the cultural , financial , political , commercial and industrial center of the Dominican Republic , with the country 's most important industries being located within the city . Santo Domingo also serves as the chief seaport of the country . The city 's harbor at the mouth of the Ozama River accommodates the largest vessels , and the port handles both heavy passenger and freight traffic . Temperatures are high year round , with cooler breezes in the winter time ." } ] }, { "value": "104.44", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,402,749", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13,431", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Duarte", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Duarte_Province", "summary": "Duarte ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈdwaɾte ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic . It is named after Juan Pablo Duarte , founder of the Dominican Republic . It was created in 1896 as a district ( an old country subdivision ) with the name Distrito Pacificador but the Constitution of 1907 changed the category to province . In 1925 its name was changed to Duarte ." } ] }, { "value": "San Francisco de Macorís", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Francisco_de_Macorís", "summary": "San Francisco de Macorís is a city in the Dominican Republic located in the northeast portion of the island , in the Cibao region . It is the capital of the Duarte Province , and the sixth most populated city in the country . It is also known as the Land of Cacao ( Tierra del Cacao ) .The name San Francisco de Macorís comes from a fusion of the name of Saint Francis , patron saint of the Franciscan Order ( a religious organization from Italy that had come to this territory during colonization ) and the territory 's old name , which is Macorix . The city constitutes the area of the world where the greatest amount of organic cocoa is produced , which in turn makes the Dominican Republic the biggest producer and exporter nation of this product . It also makes the Dominican Republic the 10th biggest producer of cacao beans in the world" } ] }, { "value": "1,605.35", "urls": [] }, { "value": "338,649", "urls": [] }, { "value": "211", "urls": [] }, { "value": "El Seibo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/El_Seibo_Province", "summary": "El Seibo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ el ˈseiβo ] ) , alternatively spelt El Seybo , is a province of the Dominican Republic . Before 1992 it included what is now Hato Mayor province ." } ] }, { "value": "El Seibo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_El_Seibo", "summary": "Santa Cruz del Seibo is a city in the El Seibo Province of the Dominican Republic ." } ] }, { "value": "1,786.80", "urls": [] }, { "value": "110,212", "urls": [] }, { "value": "62", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elías Piña", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elías_Piña_Province", "summary": "Elías Piña ( Spanish pronunciation : [ eˈli.as ˈpiɲa ] ) is one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic . It is located in the western part of the country , on the border with Haiti . Its capital city is Comendador . It was created on 1942 with the name San Rafael . In 1965 , its name was changed to Estrelleta and , finally , in 1972 it got its current name . It was a municipio of the San Juan province before being elevated to the category of province ." } ] }, { "value": "Comendador", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comendador,_Elías_Piña", "summary": "Comendador is the capital of the Elías Piña province of the Dominican Republic . It has a border crossing to the Haitian town Belladère ." } ] }, { "value": "1,426.20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "84,632", "urls": [] }, { "value": "59", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Espaillat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Espaillat_Province", "summary": "Espaillat ( Spanish pronunciation : [ espaiˈʎat ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic . It is named for Ulises Francisco Espaillat ( 1823-1878 ) , the 19th-century author who was briefly President of the Republic in 1876 ." } ] }, { "value": "Moca", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moca,_Espaillat", "summary": "Moca is the capital of Espaillat province in the Cibao region of the Dominican Republic , and is the tenth-largest city of the country with a population of 173,442 inhabitants . Moca is located 11 miles/18 kilometers east from the countrys second-largest city , Santiago . It is divided into eight municipal districts : San Víctor , Las Lagunas , José Contreras , Juan López , El Higuerito , La Ortega , Monte de la Jagua and Canca La Reina . The city is known as La Villa Heroica ( Village of Heroes ) due to the number of men and women from Moca who have played a major role in the Dominican Republic 's history in bringing down two dictators , Ulises Heureaux and Rafael Trujillo , and bringing democracy back to the country . Moca is home to the Corazon Sagrado de Jesus ( Sacred Heart of Jesus ) Cathedral . All its pane glass windows were originally brought from Italy depicting the apostles and Jesus ' path to the crucifixion . Agriculture forms the primary livelihood of the inhabitants . Plantain and yucca are main crops . Most crops are harvested by hand ." } ] }, { "value": "838.62", "urls": [] }, { "value": "333,401", "urls": [] }, { "value": "398", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hato Mayor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hato_Mayor_Province", "summary": "Hato Mayor ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈato maˈʝoɾ ] , greater cattle-raising district [ citation needed ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic . The province was split from El Seibo in 1984 ." } ] }, { "value": "Hato Mayor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hato_Mayor_del_Rey", "summary": "Hato Mayor del Rey is the capital of Hato Mayor Province , Dominican Republic . It is bordered on the North by the municipalities of El Valle and Sabana de la Mar , on the South by the San Pedro de Macorís Province , on the East by the El Seibo Province and on the West by the municipality of Bayaguana , Monte Plata . It is located 27 kilometers from the San Pedro de Macorís Province and 110 kilometers from the capital city of Santo Domingo . Hato Mayor del Rey has a population of 70,141 inhabitants , and is divided into three municipal districts : Yerba Buena , Guayabo Dulce and Mata Palacio ." } ] }, { "value": "1,329.29", "urls": [] }, { "value": "103,032", "urls": [] }, { "value": "78", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hermanas Mirabal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hermanas_Mirabal_Province", "summary": "Hermanas Mirabal ( Spanish pronunciation : [ eɾˈmanas miɾaˈβal ] , Mirabal Sisters ) is a province of the Dominican Republic . It was split from Espaillat Province in 1952 and was originally called Salcedo , the name of its capital city ; it is still referred to by this name sometimes . The name change came on November 21 , 2007 . It commemorates the Mirabal sisters , who made the ultimate sacrifice for their country by giving up a privileged life to fight against the powerful Dominican leader , Rafael Trujillo . The Mirabal sisters came from Salcedo and were buried there after their murder . The province is very fertile and its main agricultural product is plantain ." } ] }, { "value": "Salcedo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Salcedo,_Hermanas_Mirabal", "summary": "Salcedo is the capital city of the Hermanas Mirabal Province in the Dominican Republic . It is famous for being the birthplace of the Dominican heroines , the Mirabal sisters who gave their lives in the struggle against the dictator Rafael Trujillo . There is a museum in the town , Ojo de Agua ( lit . Water Eye but also spring ) commemorating three of sisters who were killed in the struggle against dictatorship . It was tended to by the remaining sister , Bélgica ( Dedé ) Mirabal , until her death on February 1 , 2014 . The city is named after Francisco Antonio Salcedo who fought in the northwestern part of the country against the Haitian army during the Dominican-Haitian War after the Dominican independence from Haiti in 1844 ." } ] }, { "value": "440.43", "urls": [] }, { "value": "121,887", "urls": [] }, { "value": "277", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Independencia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Independencia_Province", "summary": "Independencia ( Spanish pronunciation : [ indepenˈdensja ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic , located in the west , on the border with Haiti . Its capital is Jimani . The province was created in 1948 but was made official in 1950 . Before its creation , it was part of the Baoruco Province . The name was given in remembrance of the National Independence of February 27 1844 ." } ] }, { "value": "Jimaní", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jimaní", "summary": "Jimaní is the capital and the second largest city of the Independencia Province of the Dominican Republic . It serves as one of the two main thoroughfares to Haiti ( with Dajabón ) , with a duty-free open-air marketplace operating on the border with Haiti . The town suffered damages in the flash flood of May 25 , 2004 , which killed many citizens during the night and washed away hundreds of homes ." } ] }, { "value": "2,006.44", "urls": [] }, { "value": "74,583", "urls": [] }, { "value": "37", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La Altagracia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Altagracia_Province", "summary": "La Altagracia ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la altaˈɣɾasja ] ) is the easternmost province of the Dominican Republic . Punta Cana is located on the eastern shores of this province ." } ] }, { "value": "Higüey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Salvaleón_de_Higüey", "summary": "Higüey ( Spanish pronunciation : [ iˈɣwei ] ) , or in full Salvaleón de Higüey , [ citation needed ] is the capital city of the eastern La Altagracia Province , in the Dominican Republic , and the eighth largest city of that country . The Yuma River flows through the urban areas of Higüey . Higüey is also the name of a former native chiefdom in Hispaniola 's easternmost end when Christopher Columbus arrived . It is now one of the country 's economically fastest-developing cities , sometimes nicknamed the Capital of Dominican Tourism or the Capital of Stockbreeding . As of 2006 , over 150,000 people lived in Higüey . The city thrives chiefly on tourism , with many of its inhabitants employed in the hotel complexes of Punta Cana a few kilometers away , or selling tourist products . The most important monuments in the city are the Basilica of La Altagracia and the Church of San Dionisio ( Saint Denis ) , from the 16th century ." } ] }, { "value": "3,010.34", "urls": [] }, { "value": "372,289", "urls": [] }, { "value": "124", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La Romana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Romana_Province", "summary": "La Romana ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la ɾoˈmana ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic . The capital is also named La Romana , and is the third-largest city in the country . La Romana was elevated to the category of province in 1944 . La Romana is also home to Casa de Campo , one of the world 's largest resorts and top golfing destinations , including the Teeth of the Dog golf course . Many international and local artists perform at Altos de Chavón , an artistic community and university ." } ] }, { "value": "La Romana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Romana,_La_Romana", "summary": "La Romana is the seventh-largest city in the Dominican Republic with a population estimated in 2010 at 130,426 within the city limits ( metropolitan population : 214,109 ) , of whom 127,623 are urban and 2,803 are rural . The city is capital of the southeastern province of La Romana , opposite Catalina Island . The name Romana comes from a balance that was used to weigh merchandise for export . Santa Rosa de Lima is the patron saint of La Romana . The modern La Romana International Airport was opened in 2000 . The city is near several other cities , such as San Pedro de Macorís and the national capital , Santo Domingo de Guzmán . The city is a hub for a growing tourist industry with several nearby local resort spots , such as the beachfront Bayahibe , Dominicus , Casa de Campo , and the growing number of golf resorts that surround the area ." } ] }, { "value": "653.95", "urls": [] }, { "value": "344,580", "urls": [] }, { "value": "527", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La Vega", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Vega_Province", "summary": "La Vega ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la ˈβeɣa ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic . Until 1992 it included what is now Monseñor Nouel province ." } ] }, { "value": "Concepción de La Vega", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Concepción_de_La_Vega", "summary": "La Vega , is the third largest city and municipality of the Dominican Republic . It is in La Vega Province . The city is known as the heart of the Dominican Republic for its geographical position and its large agricultural production methods throughout its province ." } ] }, { "value": "2,287.24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "447,905", "urls": [] }, { "value": "196", "urls": [] }, { "value": "María Trinidad Sánchez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/María_Trinidad_Sánchez_Province", "summary": "María Trinidad Sánchez ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maˈɾi.a tɾiniˈðað ˈsantʃes ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic . It was split from Samaná Province in September 1959 as Julia Molina Province ; in November 1961 , it got its current name . The name commemorates a distinguished female soldier in the wars of independence . María Trinidad Sánchez was the first woman incarcerated and executed by Pedro Santana , a Dominican annexionist president ." } ] }, { "value": "Nagua", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nagua", "summary": "For the clothing style among some indigenous peoples in Panama , Puerto Rico and Costa Rica see Ngäbe people # Dress" } ] }, { "value": "1,271.71", "urls": [] }, { "value": "195,886", "urls": [] }, { "value": "154", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monseñor Nouel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monseñor_Nouel_Province", "summary": "Monseñor Nouel ( Spanish pronunciation : [ monseˈɲoɾ noˈwel ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic . It was split from La Vega in 1982 . It is named for Monseñor Dr. Adolfo Alejandro Nouel y Bobadilla ( 1862-1937 ) , Archbishop of Santo Domingo and briefly President of the Republic in 1912-3 ." } ] }, { "value": "Bonao", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bonao", "summary": "Bonao is the capital of Monseñor Nouel province , Dominican Republic . It is located in the center of the country , to the northwest of the national capital Santo Domingo . The city is known as Villa De Las Hortensias - the town of hydrangeas . The Hortensia is the local flower of Bonao ." } ] }, { "value": "992.39", "urls": [] }, { "value": "203,183", "urls": [] }, { "value": "205", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monte Cristi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monte_Cristi_Province", "summary": "Monte Cristi ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈmonte ˈkɾisti ] ) is a province in the northwest of the Dominican Republic . The capital city is San Fernando de Monte Cristi ( usually simply Monte Cristi ) . The spelling Montecristi is also seen ." } ] }, { "value": "Monte Cristi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Fernando_de_Monte_Cristi", "summary": "San Fernando de Monte Cristi is the capital of Monte Cristi Province in the Dominican Republic . It is located in the northwest region of the country in the coastal lowlands near the border with Haiti ." } ] }, { "value": "1,924.35", "urls": [] }, { "value": "150,833", "urls": [] }, { "value": "78", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monte Plata", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monte_Plata_Province", "summary": "Monte Plata ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈmonte ˈplata ] ) is a province of the Dominican Republic , and also the name of its capital city . It was split from San Cristóbal in 1992 ." } ] }, { "value": "Monte Plata", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monte_Plata", "summary": "Monte Plata is a municipality ( municipio ) and the capital of the Monte Plata province in the Dominican Republic . It includes the municipal districts ( distritos municipal ) of Boyá , Chirino , and Don Juan ." } ] }, { "value": "2,632.14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "222,641", "urls": [] }, { "value": "85", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pedernales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pedernales_Province", "summary": "Pedernales ( from Spanish , meaning 'Flints ' ; pronounced [ peðeɾˈnales ] ) is the southernmost province of the Dominican Republic , including the offshore island of Isla Beata . It was split from Barahona in 1957 . Of its 2,074.53 km² , 1374 km² belong to the Jaragua National Park . [ citation needed ] According to the UNFPA , in 2012 thirty percent of the provinces population was of Haitian origin . As of 2015 , it is estimated that Haitians are roughly 50% of the population ." } ] }, { "value": "Pedernales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pedernales,_Dominican_Republic", "summary": "The Dominican city of Pedernales is the capital of the Pedernales Province , in the Dominican Republic . It is located in the southwest of the country , on the border , and has a crossing to the Haitian town of Anse-à-Pitres ." } ] }, { "value": "2,074.53", "urls": [] }, { "value": "52,165", "urls": [] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Statistics", "section_text": "The following is a table of the provinces and their capital cities . The population figures are from the 2014 population estimate . [ 4 ]", "uid": "Provinces_of_the_Dominican_Republic_0", "intro": "The Dominican Republic is divided into thirty-one provincias (provinces; singular provincia), while the national capital, Santo Domingo, is contained within its own Distrito Nacional (National District; D.N. on the map below). The division of the country into provinces is laid down in the constitution (Title I, Section II, Article 5) and enacted by law. The latter is currently Law 5220 on the Territorial Division of the Dominican Republic (Ley No. 5220 sobre División Territorial de la República Dominicana), issued 1959 and frequently amended to create new provinces and lower-level administrative units." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Television_Academy_Awards", "title": "Indian Television Academy Awards", "header": [ "Year", "Name", "Show" ], "data": [ { "value": "2001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pradeep Muley", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Great Warrior Chhatrapati Shivaji", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2002", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mala Dey", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Amrapali ( DD National )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amrapali_(TV_series)", "summary": "Amrapali was an Indian historical drama TV serial , directed by Ravi Kemmu in 2002 . It was a big-budget ( Rs 100 million ) story depicting the world of around 600 B.C . The serial was broadcast on the Doordarshan National Network every Sunday at 11am , starting on 30 June 2002 . The story 's central character was a young woman , Amrapali , who was made the property of the state and elevated to a high position but forced into entertaining men . Kemmu said at a press meeting that very little information is available about Amrapali , and her history is only known through the Jataka tales . Amrapali was originally conceptualised as a serial of 104 parts . It called for a cast of 39 supported by a 500-strong crowd , 25 horses , several elephants , and 25 security personnel to guard a set that cost Rs 40 million ." } ] }, { "value": "2003", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pradeep Muley", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Great Warrior Chhatrapati Shivaji", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2004", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nikhat_Mariyam_Neerushaa", "summary": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa ( born 2 November 1974 ) is an Indian ( Bollywood ) costume designer and stylist . Neerushaa was nominated for the Indian Telly Awards in the Best Costume Designer multiple times while working in both film and television . [ citation needed ] Her designs have been featured in television period dramas , including costumes for a production of Sense and Sensibility . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Hatim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hatim_(TV_series)", "summary": "Hatim is an Indian television series that aired on Star Plus plus from 26 December 2003 to 12 November 2004 . It has elements of fantasy . It was started by director Amrit Sagar , based on Hatim al-Tai ." } ] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nikhat_Mariyam_Neerushaa", "summary": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa ( born 2 November 1974 ) is an Indian ( Bollywood ) costume designer and stylist . Neerushaa was nominated for the Indian Telly Awards in the Best Costume Designer multiple times while working in both film and television . [ citation needed ] Her designs have been featured in television period dramas , including costumes for a production of Sense and Sensibility . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Hatim", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hatim_(TV_series)", "summary": "Hatim is an Indian television series that aired on Star Plus plus from 26 December 2003 to 12 November 2004 . It has elements of fantasy . It was started by director Amrit Sagar , based on Hatim al-Tai ." } ] }, { "value": "2006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tara Desai , Nisha Sagar , Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nikhat_Mariyam_Neerushaa", "summary": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa ( born 2 November 1974 ) is an Indian ( Bollywood ) costume designer and stylist . Neerushaa was nominated for the Indian Telly Awards in the Best Costume Designer multiple times while working in both film and television . [ citation needed ] Her designs have been featured in television period dramas , including costumes for a production of Sense and Sensibility . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dharti_Ka_Veer_Yodha_Prithviraj_Chauhan", "summary": "Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan ( English : Prithviraj Chauhan , the Brave Warrior of the Land ) was an Indian historical drama broadcast on Star Plus . It was produced by Sagar Pictures . The story is based on Prithviraj Raso , the Apabhramsha poem by Chand Bardai which portrays the life of Prithviraj Chauhan , a 12th-century emperor in India . Rajat Tokas played the younger Prithviraj Chauhan and Anas Rashid played adult Prithviraj Chauhan ." } ] }, { "value": "2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sheela Sagar and Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nikhat_Mariyam_Neerushaa", "summary": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa ( born 2 November 1974 ) is an Indian ( Bollywood ) costume designer and stylist . Neerushaa was nominated for the Indian Telly Awards in the Best Costume Designer multiple times while working in both film and television . [ citation needed ] Her designs have been featured in television period dramas , including costumes for a production of Sense and Sensibility . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dharti_Ka_Veer_Yodha_Prithviraj_Chauhan", "summary": "Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan ( English : Prithviraj Chauhan , the Brave Warrior of the Land ) was an Indian historical drama broadcast on Star Plus . It was produced by Sagar Pictures . The story is based on Prithviraj Raso , the Apabhramsha poem by Chand Bardai which portrays the life of Prithviraj Chauhan , a 12th-century emperor in India . Rajat Tokas played the younger Prithviraj Chauhan and Anas Rashid played adult Prithviraj Chauhan ." } ] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sheela Sagar", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jai Shri Krishna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jai_Shri_Krishna", "summary": "Jai Shri Krishna ( English : Hail Lord Krishna ) is an Indian drama television series produced by Sagar Pictures , which aired on Colors from 21 July 2008 to 15 September 2009 . It is the remake of Ramanand Sagar 's successful show Sri Krishna and was handled by Moti Sagar ( son of Ramanand Sagar ) of Sagar Pictures . It is based on Mahabharata , Harivamsa , Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana ." } ] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Neeta Lulla", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Neeta_Lulla", "summary": "Neeta Lulla is an Indian costume designer and fashion stylist who has worked on over 300 films . She has been designing wedding dresses since 1985 . Her name became inseparably associated with Bollywood after actresses Aishwarya Rai and Madhuri Dixit wore her costumes in Devdas ( 2002 Hindi film ) , the trend-setting Bollywood film . Her first big client was jewelry designer Varuna Jani , though Jani hadnt started her business at the time . After that Lulla fully committed to a Bollywood client base when she designed for actor Spana who was prominent in the Bollywood community in South India . This success was followed by her designs for actresses Salma Agha and Sridevi ." } ] }, { "value": "Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chittod_Ki_Rani_Padmini_Ka_Johur", "summary": "Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur ( English : The Johur of the Queen Padmini of Chittod ) is an Indian historical drama television series that aired on Sony Entertainment Television , based on the life of Rani Padmini , the famous 14th-century queen of Chittod , Mewar , Rajasthan . The drama premiered on 25 May 2009 with Sony TV 's new look along with many other shows . The series is produced by National Award ( India ) winning director , Nitin Chandrakant Desai , who spent millions of rupees to create the right look for the drama ." } ] }, { "value": "2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Winnie Malhotra & Neelu Shroff", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Balika Vadhu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Balika_Vadhu", "summary": "Balika Vadhu ( English : Child Bride ) is an Indian soap opera that aired on Colors TV . It aired between 21 July 2008 and 31 July 2016 with 2,245 episodes . The story which is set in rural Rajasthan revolved around the life of a child bride from childhood to womanhood . The first season focused on Anandi and Jagdish , who were married in childhood . The second season reflects the lives of Anandi 's daughter Dr. Nandini who was also a child bride . It has been credited as the first Indian fiction show to complete 2,000 episodes . The show had two seasons titled Balika Vadhu - Kacchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte ( English : Child Bride - Strong Relationships of Tender Age , Child Marriage - Strong Relationship of Tender Age ) and Balika Vadhu - Lamhe Pyaar Ke ( English : Child Bride - Moments of Love , Child Marriage - Moments of Love ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nidhi Yasha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nidhi_Yasha", "summary": "Nidhi Yasha ( born 26 April 1983 ) is an Indian costume designer . Nidhi designs costumes for Zee TV 's Buddha and Star Plus TV series Mahabharat ( 2013 TV series ) ( 2013 ) with Bhanu Athaiya as her consulting faculty for the show . Yasha said they studied over 450 books related to period textiles , costume and jewellery to arrive at the look for the show ." } ] }, { "value": "Shobha Somnath Ki", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shobha_Somnath_Ki", "summary": "Shobha Somnath Ki ( English : Shobha of Somnath ) is an Indian historical television drama series on Zee TV based on Acharya Chatursen 's Hindi novel Somnath Mahalay . It tells the story of a young girl called Shobha amid the infamous raids in western India by Sultan Maḥmūd of Ghazni in the early 11th century . The show replaced another historical drama Jhansi Ki Rani on Zee TV . Initially , the drama was produced by Contiloe Entertainment . However , due to Veer Shivaji on Colors TV and Mahabharat ( 2013 TV series ) on Star Plus , Contiloe Telefilms handed over the reins to Swastik Pictures . The show was shown every day for some months , and was changed to being broadcast bi-weekly due to decreased popularity . Another show Hitler Didi replaced the time slot when Shobha Somnath Ki was shown ( starting 7 November 2011 ) . On 12 November 2011 , the broadcast time was changed to weekends only . It aired its last episode on 26 February 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Winnie Malhotra & Neelu Shroff", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Balika Vadhu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Balika_Vadhu", "summary": "Balika Vadhu ( English : Child Bride ) is an Indian soap opera that aired on Colors TV . It aired between 21 July 2008 and 31 July 2016 with 2,245 episodes . The story which is set in rural Rajasthan revolved around the life of a child bride from childhood to womanhood . The first season focused on Anandi and Jagdish , who were married in childhood . The second season reflects the lives of Anandi 's daughter Dr. Nandini who was also a child bride . It has been credited as the first Indian fiction show to complete 2,000 episodes . The show had two seasons titled Balika Vadhu - Kacchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte ( English : Child Bride - Strong Relationships of Tender Age , Child Marriage - Strong Relationship of Tender Age ) and Balika Vadhu - Lamhe Pyaar Ke ( English : Child Bride - Moments of Love , Child Marriage - Moments of Love ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nikhat_Mariyam_Neerushaa", "summary": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa ( born 2 November 1974 ) is an Indian ( Bollywood ) costume designer and stylist . Neerushaa was nominated for the Indian Telly Awards in the Best Costume Designer multiple times while working in both film and television . [ citation needed ] Her designs have been featured in television period dramas , including costumes for a production of Sense and Sensibility . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Bharat Ka Veer Putra - Maharana Pratap", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bharat_Ka_Veer_Putra_–_Maharana_Pratap", "summary": "Maharana Pratap , is an Indian historical fiction produced by Contiloe Entertainment . It is based on the life of Maharana Pratap , a sixteenth century Hindu Rajput ruler of Mewar kingdom , a small region in north-western India in the present day state of Rajasthan . The series premiered on 27 May 2013 . [ citation needed ] The final episode of the series aired on 10 December 2015 . [ citation needed ] The first season mainly covers the teenage years of Maharana Pratap . The second season ends with Pratap 's death from illness and the coronation of his son , Amar Singh , as the next Rana of Mewar . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jerry D'souza", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nach Baliye 6", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nach_Baliye_6", "summary": "Nach Baliye ( transl . Dance Partner ) is an Indian celebrity couple dance reality television series that airs on Star Plus ." } ] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nikhat_Mariyam_Neerushaa", "summary": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa ( born 2 November 1974 ) is an Indian ( Bollywood ) costume designer and stylist . Neerushaa was nominated for the Indian Telly Awards in the Best Costume Designer multiple times while working in both film and television . [ citation needed ] Her designs have been featured in television period dramas , including costumes for a production of Sense and Sensibility . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Siya Ke Ram", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Siya_Ke_Ram", "summary": "Siya Ke Ram ( English : Sita 's Ram ) is an Indian historical drama epic TV series on Star Plus produced by Nikhil Sinha under the banner of Triangle Film Company . This show presents the epic Ramayana , the story of Rama and Devi Sita from Sita 's perspective . The show features Ashish Sharma and Madirakshi Mundle playing as Lord Rama and Lady Sita , respectively , and Karthik Jayaram as Raavan . It premiered on 16 November 2015 and ended on 4 December 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nikhat_Mariyam_Neerushaa", "summary": "Nikhat Mariyam Neerushaa ( born 2 November 1974 ) is an Indian ( Bollywood ) costume designer and stylist . Neerushaa was nominated for the Indian Telly Awards in the Best Costume Designer multiple times while working in both film and television . [ citation needed ] Her designs have been featured in television period dramas , including costumes for a production of Sense and Sensibility . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Prem Ya Paheli - Chandrakanta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prem_Ya_Paheli_–_Chandrakanta", "summary": "Prem Ya Paheli - Chandrakanta is an Indian Hindi language fantasy television show , produced and directed by Nikhil Sinha . The show stars Kritika Kamra and Gaurav Khanna in lead roles . The show is produced by Triangle Film Company and is inspired on the popular Hindi novel by Devaki Nandan Khatri , Chandrakanta.The dialogue writer for the show is Shailesh Pratap singh The show telecasted on Life OK from 4 March 2017 on Saturday-Sunday at 9 pm . First promo of the show was released on 8 February 2017 . A special sequence of the show was also shot at the Golkonda Fort in Hyderabad . Show went off-air on 27 August 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "2018", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ketki Dalal", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Porus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Porus_(TV_series)", "summary": "Porus is a historical drama television series based on the Battle of the Hydaspes , visualizing the lives of Indian warrior and ruler Porus , King of the Pauravas and Alexander The Great , King of the Macedonian Empire . It premiered on 27 November 2017 on Sony TV . It aired its last episode on 13 November 2018 . Another historical drama Chandragupta Maurya replaced it with seamless continuity of story . The show is created by Siddharth Kumar Tewary of Swastik Productions . It is the most expensive show on Indian television , having a budget of about INR 500 crores ( roughly USD 70 million ) . In Sri Lanka , it airs on Sirasa TV , dubbed into Sinhala under the name Digvijaya . The rights to the drama have also been sold to Thailand , Malaysia , Cambodia , Myanmar , Laos , and Vietnam . It is also dubbed in Tamil as Maaveeran which currently airs on Sun Life channel , Sun TV network from October 2018 onwards.The Malayalam version is titled Porus which currently airs on Surya TV from January 2019 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Categories -- Technical Awards", "section_text": "", "uid": "Indian_Television_Academy_Awards_13", "intro": "The Indian Television Academy Awards, also known as the ITA Awards, is an annual event organised by the Indian Television Academy to honour excellence of Indian Television." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II", "title": "List of aircraft of World War II", "header": [ "Name of aircraft", "Year in service", "Country of origin" ], "data": [ { "value": "Ambrosini S.7", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ambrosini_S.7", "summary": "The Ambrosini SAI.7 was an Italian racing aircraft flown before World War II that entered production as a military trainer ( designated simply S.7 ) after the war . It was of conventional configuration , constructed of wood , with a tail wheel undercarriage . Power was provided by an air-cooled inverted inline engine , the Alfa-Romeo model 115 with 225 horsepower ." } ] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ambrosini SAI.10 Grifone", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ambrosini_SAI.10_Grifone", "summary": "The Ambrosini SAI.10 Grifone ( Griffon ) was a military trainer aircraft produced in small numbers for the Italian Regia Aeronautica early in World War II . With the approach of war , the Ministero dell ' Aeronautica began a programme to increase the number of pilots available , and ordered a prototype primary trainer from Ambrosini . This aircraft , a parasol monoplane of mixed construction , first flew on July 8 1939 with Guiliano Ferrari at the controls . A production batch of 50 was ordered , but this was quickly reduced to just 10 machines , all of which were delivered in 1940 . Production aircraft differed by having a Fiat A.50 radial engine in place of the prototype 's CNA D. Other engine fits that were trialled included an example with a Siemens-Halske Sh 14 , and one with an Alfa Romeo 110 ; this latter machine designated SAI.11 . Another experimental development that did not enter production was a float-equipped SAI.10 Gabbiano ( Seagull ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1940", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arado Ar 65", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arado_Ar_65", "summary": "The Arado Ar 65 was the single-seat biplane fighter successor to the Ar 64 . Both looked very similar . The only major difference was the use of a 12-cylinder inline engine versus the Ar 64 's radial . The wingspan was also increased . The Ar 65 appeared in 1931 and six models were built . The first three 65a-c were prototypes , while the 65d-f were production models . The Ar 65d was delivered in 1933 and served alongside the Ar 64 in the two fighter groups - Fliegergruppe Döberitz and Fliegergruppe Damm . In 1935 , the Ar 65 was reduced to a training aircraft . Production of the fighter was discontinued in 1936 . However , the next year , 12 of them were presented to Germany 's ally - the Royal Bulgarian Air Force . The final production total was 85 aircraft ." } ] }, { "value": "1931", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arado Ar 66", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arado_Ar_66", "summary": "The Arado Ar 66 was a German single-engined , two-seat training biplane , developed in 1933 . It was also used for night ground-attack missions on the Eastern Front . It was engineer Walter Rethel 's last design in collaboration with Arado , before Walter Blume , assigned as Arado Flugzeugwerke 's chief design engineer in 1933 , took over the bulk of the Arado firm 's design duties ." } ] }, { "value": "1933", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arado Ar 68", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arado_Ar_68", "summary": "The Arado Ar 68 was a German single-seat biplane fighter developed in the mid-1930s . It was among the first fighters produced when Germany abandoned the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles and began rearming ." } ] }, { "value": "1936", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arado Ar 96", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arado_Ar_96", "summary": "The Arado Ar 96 was a German single-engine , low-wing monoplane of all-metal construction , produced by Arado Flugzeugwerke . It was the Luftwaffe 's standard advanced trainer during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Avia B.122", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Avia_B.122", "summary": "The Avia B.122 was a Czechoslovak single-seat biplane aerobatic aircraft , which was developed in the mid-1930s . It saw some service in the first years of World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "1934", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Czechoslovakia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bücker Bü 133", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bücker_Bü_133", "summary": "The Bücker Bü 133 Jungmeister was an advanced trainer of the Luftwaffe in the 1930s . It was a single-engine , single-seat biplane of wood and tubular steel construction and covered in fabric ." } ] }, { "value": "1938", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CAC Wirraway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CAC_Wirraway", "summary": "The CAC Wirraway ( an Aboriginal word meaning challenge ) was a training and general purpose military aircraft manufactured in Australia by the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation ( CAC ) between 1939 and 1946 . It was an Australian development of the North American NA-16 training aircraft . The Wirraway has been credited as being the foundation of Australian aircraft manufacturing . During the Second World War , both Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) and Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) deployed a number of Wirraways into combat roles , where they served in a makeshift light bomber/ground attack capacity , striking against the advancing forces of the Empire of Japan . While the type had been primarily used as a trainer and general purpose aircraft , being present in small quantities within the majority of front-line squadrons for these purposes ; the aircraft was often pressed into combat when required . Typically , fighter versions of the Wirraway were operated over theatres such as New Guinea to perform ground attack missions and other Army co-operation tasks over extended periods until more advanced aircraft had become available in sufficient quantities . On 12 December 1942 , the Wirraway achieved its only shoot-down of an enemy aircraft - thought to be a Mitsubishi A6M Zero at the time , but later determined to be a Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa - while flown by Pilot Officer John S. Jack Archer . Following the end of the conflict , the Wirraway was operated for over a decade as a trainer by the RAAF , the newly formed RAN Fleet Air Arm , and the squadrons of the Citizen Air Force . During 1957 , the last of the RAN 's Wirraways was retired , having been replaced by the newer jet-powered de Havilland Vampire ; as the CAC Winjeel came into squadron service , the RAAF phasing out its remaining fleet of Wirraways during the late 1950s . Officially , the last military flight to be performed by the type was conducted on 27 April 1959 . Notably , the Wirraway had also functioned as the starting point for the design of a wartime emergency fighter , which was also developed and manufactured by CAC , known as the Boomerang ." } ] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Australia", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kaproni Bulgarski KB-2/3/4/5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caproni_Ca.113", "summary": "The Caproni Ca.113 was an advanced training biplane produced in Italy and Bulgaria in the early 1930s . Designed as a follow-on to the Ca.100 , it was a more powerful and robust aircraft capable of aerobatics . It was a conventional design with two cockpits in tandem , single-bay staggered wings of equal span , and mainwheels covered by large spats ." } ] }, { "value": "1931", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bulgaria", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Caudron C.690", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caudron_C.690", "summary": "The Caudron C.690 was single-seat training aircraft developed in France in the late 1930s to train fighter pilots to handle high-performance aircraft . It was a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane that bore a strong resemblance to designer Marcel Riffard 's racer designs of the same period . Caudron attempted to attract overseas sales for the aircraft , but this resulted in orders for only two machines - one from Japan , and the other from the USSR . In the meantime , the first of two prototypes was destroyed in a crash that killed René Paulhan , Caudron 's chief test pilot . Despite this , the Armée de l'Air eventually showed interest in the type , and ordered a batch of a slightly refined design . The first of these was not delivered until April 1939 , and only 15 C.690Ms were supplied before the outbreak of war ." } ] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "France", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Curtiss-Wright CW-22/SNC Falcon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_CW-22", "summary": "The Curtiss-Wright CW-22 was a 1940s American general-purpose advanced training monoplane aircraft built by the Curtiss-Wright Corporation . It was operated by the United States Navy as a scout trainer with the designation SNC-1 Falcon ." } ] }, { "value": "1942", "urls": [] }, { "value": "US", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Focke-Wulf Fw 56", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_56", "summary": "The Focke-Wulf Fw 56 Stösser ( German : goshawk ) was a single-engine , parasol monoplane advanced trainer , built in the 1930s in Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "1935", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fokker D.XVII", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fokker_D.XVII", "summary": "Fokker D.XVII ( sometimes written as Fokker D.17 ) , was a 1930s Dutch sesquiplane developed by Fokker . It was the last fabric-covered biplane fighter they developed in a lineage that extended back to the First World War Fokker D.VII ." } ] }, { "value": "1932", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Netherlands", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hawker Hart Trainer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hawker_Hart", "summary": "The Hawker Hart was a British two-seater biplane light bomber aircraft of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . It was designed during the 1920s by Sydney Camm and manufactured by Hawker Aircraft . The Hart was a prominent British aircraft in the inter-war period , but was obsolete and already side-lined for newer monoplane aircraft designs by the start of the Second World War , playing only minor roles in the conflict before being retired . Several major variants of the Hart were developed , including a navalised version for the Royal Navy 's aircraft carriers . Beyond Britain , the Hart would be operated by a number of foreign nations , including Sweden , Yugoslavia , Estonia , South Africa , and Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "1930", "urls": [] }, { "value": "UK", "urls": [] }, { "value": "I.Ae . 22 DL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/I.Ae._22_DL", "summary": "The I.Ae . 22 DL was an Argentine advanced training aircraft designed by the Instituto Aerotecnico ( AeroTechnical Institute ) in 1943 , with a wooden structure , which resembled the North American NA-16 ." } ] }, { "value": "1944", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Argentina", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IMAM Ro.41", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/IMAM_Ro.41", "summary": "The IMAM Ro.41 was an Italian light biplane fighter aircraft , serving in the Regia Aeronautica in the 1930s-1940s , mainly as a trainer . It was a singular aircraft , being obsolescent as a fighter when it first appeared in 1934 , but despite this it was used as such until 1940 . The Luftwaffe showed an interest in it as a trainer , even though German first line fighters were completely different . The Ro.41 is almost unknown , compared to many other Italian aircraft , despite being one of the most numerous produced , in its 16-year career ." } ] }, { "value": "1935", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Koolhoven F.K.56", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Koolhoven_F.K.56", "summary": "The Koolhoven F.K.56 was a 1930s Dutch basic training monoplane designed and built by Koolhoven ." } ] }, { "value": "1938", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Netherlands", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Messerschmitt Bf 108", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_108", "summary": "The Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun was a German single-engine sport and touring aircraft , developed by Bayerische Flugzeugwerke in the 1930s . The Bf 108 was of all-metal construction ." } ] }, { "value": "1935", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Miles Master", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miles_Master", "summary": "The Miles M.9 Master was a British two-seat monoplane advanced trainer designed and built by aviation company Miles Aircraft Ltd . It was inducted in large numbers into both the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) during the Second World War . The Master can trace its origins back to the earlier M.9 Kestrel demonstrator aircraft . Following the failure of the rival de Havilland Don as a satisfactory trainer aircraft , the RAF ordered 500 M9A Master advancer trainers to meet its needs . Once in service , it provided a fast , strong and fully aerobatic aircraft that functioned as an excellent introduction to the high performance British fighter aircraft of the day : the Spitfire and Hurricane . Throughout its production life , thousands of aircraft and various variants of the Master were produced , the latter being largely influenced by engine availability . Numerous Masters were modified to enable their use as glider tows . The Master also served as the basis for the Miles Martinet , a dedicated target tug adopted by the RAF . Perhaps the most radical use of the aircraft was the M.24 Master Fighter . Armed with six .303 in machine guns , it was intended to function as an emergency fighter during the Battle of Britain ; this model did not ultimately see combat . Ordinary trainer models could also be fitted with armaments , including a single .303 in Vickers machine gun and eight bombs , albeit intended for training purposes only . Beyond the British air services , other nations also chose to adopt the Master , including the South African Air Force , United States Army Air Force ( USAAF ) , Irish Air Corps , Royal Egyptian Air Force , Turkish Air Force , and the Portuguese Air Force ." } ] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "UK", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Operational aircraft -- Trainers", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II_18", "intro": "The List of aircraft of World War II includes all the aircraft used by those countries which were at war during World War II from the period between their joining the conflict and the conflict ending for them. Aircraft developed but not used operationally in the war are in the prototypes section at the end. Prototypes for aircraft that entered service under a different design number are ignored in favour of the service version. The date the aircraft entered service, or was first flown if the service date is unknown or it did not enter service follows the name, followed by the country of origin and major wartime users. Aircraft used for multiple roles are generally only listed under their primary role unless specialized versions were built for other roles in significant numbers. Aircraft used by neutral countries such as Spain, Switzerland and Sweden or countries which did no significant fighting such as most of those in South America (except Brazil), are not included." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships", "title": "1998 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships", "header": [ "Rank", "Gymnasts", "Country", "Point" ], "data": [ { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Attila Katus , Tamas Katus , Romeo Szentgyorgyi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hungary", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hungary", "summary": "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ." } ] }, { "value": "16.55", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dorel Mois , Claudiu Moldovan , Claudiu Varlam", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dorel_Mois", "summary": "Dorel Moiş ( born 1 July 1975 in Satu Mare , Romania ) is a retired Romanian aerobic gymnast . He won three world championship medals ( one gold , one silver and one bronze ) and one gold European championships medal on the trio event . After retiring from aerobic gymnastics he founded a dance group called Xtreme ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Claudiu_Moldovan", "summary": "Claudiu Cristian Moldovan ( born 20 September 1976 in Târgu Mureș ) is a retired Romanian aerobic gymnast . He had a successful career winning seven world championships medals ( three gold , two silver and two bronze ) and two European championships medals ( one gold and one bronze ) . After retiring from aerobic gymnastics he has been a coach for the junior national women 's artistic gymnastics team . Among many gymnasts , he coached young Diana Chelaru , Larisa Iordache and Diana Bulimar ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Claudiu_Varlam", "summary": "Claudiu Varlam ( born 31 May 1975 in Braşov , Romania ) is a retired Romanian aerobic gymnast . He had a successful career winning five world championships medals ( two gold , two silver and one bronze ) . After retiring from aerobic gymnastics he became a coach of the Romanian national aerobic gymnastics team ." } ] }, { "value": "Romania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Romania", "summary": "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ." } ] }, { "value": "16.25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Maria Holmgren , Helene Nilsson , Kim Wickman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sweden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sweden", "summary": "Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains ." } ] }, { "value": "15.87", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stanislav Marchenkov , Vadim Mikhailov , Denis Belikov", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russia", "summary": "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ." } ] }, { "value": "15.55", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grégory Alcan , Xavier Julien , Olivier Salvan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "France", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/France", "summary": "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "15.00", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won-Sil Choi , Hyun-Sung Ki , Kwang-Soo Park", "urls": [] }, { "value": "South Korea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Korea", "summary": "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ." } ] }, { "value": "14.95", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marie-Catherine Boesa , Jana Heinze , Sandra Schlueter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Germany", "summary": "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ." } ] }, { "value": "14.835", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yumi Kobayashi , Kumi Sato , Hiroko Watabe", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Japan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Japan", "summary": "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ." } ] }, { "value": "13.758", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Giacomo Piccoli , Giovanna Lecis , Marco Bisciaio", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Italy", "summary": "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ." } ] }, { "value": "13.044", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Results -- Trio", "section_text": "", "uid": "1998_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships_3", "intro": "The 4th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Catania, Italy from May 15 to May 16, 1998." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_NCAA_Division_I_Women's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1997 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament", "header": [ "Region", "Rnd", "Host", "Venue", "City", "State" ], "data": [ { "value": "East", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina", "summary": "The University of North Carolina is a multi-campus public university system composed of all 16 of North Carolina 's public universities , as well as the NC School of Science and Mathematics , the nation 's first public residential high school for gifted students . Commonly referred to as the University of North Carolina System or the UNC System to differentiate it from the original campus in Chapel Hill , the university has a total enrollment of over 239,987 students [ when ? ] and in 2008 conferred over 75% of all baccalaureate degrees in North Carolina . UNC campuses conferred 43,686 degrees in 2008-2009 , the bulk of which were at the bachelor 's level , with 31,055 degrees awarded ." } ] }, { "value": "Carmichael Auditorium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carmichael_Auditorium", "summary": "William Donald Carmichael , Jr . Arena is a multi-purpose arena in on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill , North Carolina , United States . It is home to four Tar Heels athletic teams : women 's basketball , women 's volleyball , women 's gymnastics , and wrestling . The arena opened in 1965 as Carmichael Auditorium and is named for William Donald Carmichael , Jr. , a popular former school vice-president and brother of All-America basketball player Cartwright Carmichael . Although it was apparent by the early 1960s that the men 's basketball team needed a new home to replace 27-year-old Woollen Gymnasium , the state refused to fund a completely new arena . As a result , Carmichael was built as an annex to Woollen ; it shares the older facility 's eastern wall . It originally seated just over 8,800 people , but expansions over the years brought its final capacity to 10,180 by the time the men left for the Dean Smith Center in 1986 . In 1976 , the capacity was increased from 8,800 to 10,000 . In their last game at Carmichael , the North Carolina Tar Heels beat the North Carolina State Wolfpack 90-79 , to finish with a record of 169-20 at Carmichael . After a remodeling project completed in 2009 , capacity is 8,010 . Carmichael was known as one of the loudest arenas in the country while the Tar Heel men played there , largely because of a low roof and a student section that ringed the court . During a 1982 game against the Virginia Cavaliers , it was so loud that the Virginia players could not even hear their own names being announced prior to the start of the game ." } ] }, { "value": "Chapel Hill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Chapel Hill is a town in Orange , Chatham , and Durham counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Its population was 57,233 in the 2010 census , making Chapel Hill the 15th-largest city in the state . Chapel Hill , Durham , and the state capital , Raleigh , make up the corners of the Research Triangle ( officially the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill combined statistical area ) , with a total population of 1,998,808 . The town was founded in 1793 and is centered on Franklin Street , covering 21.3 square miles ( 55 km2 ) . It contains several districts and buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and UNC Health Care are a major part of the economy and town influence . Local artists have created many murals ." } ] }, { "value": "North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Carolina", "summary": "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ." } ] }, { "value": "East", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Texas", "summary": "The University of Texas at Austin ( UT Austin ) is a public research university in Austin , Texas . It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . The University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929 , becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected . The institution has the nation 's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment , with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff . A Public Ivy , it is a major center for academic research , with research expenditures exceeding $ 615 million for the 2016-2017 school year . The university houses seven museums and seventeen libraries , including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and the Blanton Museum of Art , and operates various auxiliary research facilities , such as the J. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory . Among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , the Wolf Prize , the Primetime Emmy Award , the Abel Prize , the Turing Award , and the National Medal of Science , as well as many other awards . As of October 2019 , 12 Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners and two Fields medalists have been affiliated with the school as alumni , faculty members or researchers . Student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference . Its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university . The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I National Football Championships , six NCAA Division I National Baseball Championships , thirteen NCAA Division I National Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships , and has claimed more titles in men 's and women 's sports than any other school in the Big 12 since the league was founded in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "Frank Erwin Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frank_Erwin_Center", "summary": "The Frank C. Erwin Jr. Center ( commonly known as Frank Erwin Center or UT Erwin Center and originally Special Events Center ) is a multi-purpose arena located on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin in Austin , Texas . It is also sometimes referred to as The Drum or The Superdrum , owing to its round , drum-like appearance from outside ( not to be confused with Big Bertha , the large bass drum used by the University of Texas marching band ) . The multi-purpose facility hosts entertainment events and is the home court for the UT men 's and women 's basketball programs . The Erwin Center is located at the southeastern corner of the UT central campus and is bounded on the east by Interstate 35 ." } ] }, { "value": "Austin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austin", "summary": "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Texas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Texas", "summary": "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ." } ] }, { "value": "East", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Alabama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Alabama", "summary": "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ." } ] }, { "value": "Coleman Coliseum", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Coleman_Coliseum", "summary": "Coleman Coliseum is a 15,383-seat multi-purpose arena in Tuscaloosa , Alabama , on the campus of the University of Alabama . It is the current home of the Alabama Crimson Tide men 's and women 's basketball and women 's gymnastics teams , and previously served as the home of the women 's volleyball program . Opened in 1968 as Memorial Coliseum as a replacement for Foster Auditorium ( the current name was adopted in 1988 ) , the coliseum is located at the center of the University of Alabama 's athletic complex , which also includes Sewell-Thomas Stadium , Sam Bailey Track & Field Stadium , the Hank Crisp Indoor Facility , the Mal M. Moore Athletic Facility and the football building and practice fields . In addition to its primary duties as an athletic facility , the coliseum has on numerous occasions served as a venue for artistic performances , musical concerts , and presidential appearances ." } ] }, { "value": "Tuscaloosa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama", "summary": "Tuscaloosa ( /tʌskəˈluːsə/ TUS-kə-LOO-sə ) is a city in and the seat of Tuscaloosa County in west central Alabama ( in the southeastern United States ) . Located on the Black Warrior River at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line of the Piedmont , it is the fifth-largest city in Alabama , with an estimated population of 100,287 in 2017 . The city was originally known as Tuskaloosa until the early 20th century . Incorporated as a town on December 13 , 1819 , it was named after Tuskaloosa , the chief of a band of Muskogean-speaking people . They battled and were defeated by forces of Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1540 in the Battle of Mabila , thought to have been located in what is now central Alabama . Tuscaloosa served as Alabama 's capital city from 1826 to 1846 . Tuscaloosa is the regional center of industry , commerce , healthcare , and education for the area of west-central Alabama known as West Alabama . It is the principal city of the Tuscaloosa Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Tuscaloosa , Hale and Pickens counties . In 2013 its estimated metro population was 235,628 . Tuscaloosa is also the home of The University of Alabama , Stillman College and Shelton State Community College . While the city attracted international attention when Mercedes-Benz announced it would build its first automotive assembly plant in North America in Tuscaloosa County , the University of Alabama remains the dominant economic and cultural engine in the city , making it a college town . Tuscaloosa has been traditionally known as the Druid City because of the numerous water oaks planted in its downtown streets since the 1840s ." } ] }, { "value": "Alabama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alabama", "summary": "Alabama ( /ˌæləˈbæmə/ ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . The Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is Alabama 's most populous urban area . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture ." } ] }, { "value": "East", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "George Washington University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_Washington_University", "summary": "George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries ." } ] }, { "value": "Charles E. Smith Athletic Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_E._Smith_Athletic_Center", "summary": "The Charles E. Smith Center is a 5,000-seat multipurpose arena in the United States ' capital , Washington , D.C . It is home to the George Washington University Colonials men 's and women 's basketball teams , as well as the university 's swimming , water polo , gymnastics , and volleyball teams . From 2014 to 2018 , it was the home of the Washington Kastles of World TeamTennis . Smith Center also became the temporary home of the Washington Mystics as they made a run at a WNBA Championship in 2018 . Smith Center is located on the main George Washington campus in Foggy Bottom , on the block bounded by 22nd and 23rd and F and G Streets NW . The arena also has hosted concerts and includes practice courts , a swimming pool , a weight room , and athletic department offices . The building was named for Charles E. Smith , who was a university trustee and Chairman of the Committee on University Development . A $ 43 million update and expansion of the Smith Center began in February 2008 , due in part to a $ 10 million gift from the family of Charles E. Smith . Renovations were finished before the start of the 2010-2011 Basketball season . Improvements include :" } ] }, { "value": "Washington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Washington,_D.C.", "summary": "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ." } ] }, { "value": "District of Columbia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/District_of_Columbia", "summary": "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ." } ] }, { "value": "Mideast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Louisiana State University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louisiana_State_University", "summary": "Louisiana State University ( officially Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College , commonly referred to as LSU ) is a public research university in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville , Louisiana , under the name Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy . The current LSU main campus was dedicated in 1926 , consists of more than 250 buildings constructed in the style of Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio , and the main campus historic district occupies a 650-acre ( 2.6 km² ) plateau on the banks of the Mississippi River . LSU is the flagship school of the state of Louisiana , as well the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System , and is the most comprehensive university in Louisiana . In 2017 , the university enrolled over 25,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools and colleges . Several of LSU 's graduate schools , such as the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Paul M. Hebert Law Center , have received national recognition in their respective fields of study . Designated as a land-grant , sea-grant and space-grant institution , LSU is also noted for its extensive research facilities , operating some 800 sponsored research projects funded by agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , the National Endowment for the Humanities , and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . LSU is one of eight universities in the United States with dental , law , veterinary , medical , and Master of Business Administration programs . The LSU School of Veterinary Medicine is one of only 30 veterinary schools in the country and the only one in Louisiana . LSU 's athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports ( 9 men 's , 12 women 's ) , and is a member of the NCAA ( National Collegiate Athletic Association ) and the SEC ( Southeastern Conference ) . The university is represented by its mascot , Mike the Tiger ." } ] }, { "value": "LSU Assembly Center ( Pete Maravich Assembly Center )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pete_Maravich_Assembly_Center", "summary": "The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The arena opened in 1972 . It is home to the Louisiana State University Tigers and Lady Tigers basketball teams , the LSU Tigers women 's gymnastics team and the LSU Tigers women 's volleyball team . It was originally known as the LSU Assembly Center , but was renamed in honor of Pete Maravich , a Tiger basketball legend , shortly after his death in 1988 . Louisiana Governor Buddy Roemer signed an act to rename the building in Maravich 's honor ( under Louisiana law , no LSU or state owned building may be named after a living person ) . Maravich never played in the arena as a collegian but played in it as a member of the Atlanta Hawks in a preseason game . But his exploits while at LSU led the University to build a larger home for the basketball team , which languished for decades in the shadow of the school 's football program . The Maravich Center is known to locals as The PMAC or Pete 's Palace , or by its more nationally known nickname , The Deaf Dome , coined by Dick Vitale . The Maravich Center 's neighbor , Tiger Stadium is known as Death Valley . The slightly oval building is located directly to the north of Tiger Stadium , and its bright-white roof can be seen in many telecasts of that stadium . The arena concourse is divided into four quadrants : Pete Maravich Pass , The Walk of Champions , Heroes Hall and Midway of Memories . The quadrants highlight former LSU Tiger athletes , individual and team awards and memorabilia pertaining to the history of LSU basketball , gymnastics and volleyball ." } ] }, { "value": "Baton Rouge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baton_Rouge", "summary": "Baton Rouge ( /ˌbætən ˈruːʒ/ BAT-ən ROOZH ; from French , meaning 'red stick ' ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Louisiana . Located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River , it is the parish seat of East Baton Rouge Parish , the most populous parish in Louisiana . It is the 99th most populous city in the United States , and second-largest city in Louisiana after New Orleans . It is also the 16th most populous state capital . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 2018 estimate , Baton Rouge had a population of 221,599 , down from 229,493 at the 2010 census . Baton Rouge is the center of Greater Baton Rouge , the second-largest metropolitan area in Louisiana , with a population of 834,159 as of 2017 , up from 802,484 in 2010 and 829,719 in 2015 . The city of Baton Rouge is a major industrial , petrochemical , medical , research , motion picture , and growing technology center of the American South . It is the location of Louisiana State University , the LSU System 's flagship university and the largest institution of higher education in the state . It is also the location of Southern University , the flagship institution of the Southern University System , the only historically black college system in the nation . The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the 10th-largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped , and is the farthest upstream Mississippi River port capable of handling Panamax ships . This , as well as its status as a major port city , is largely due to the Huey P. Long - O.K . Allen Bridge , which was intentionally constructed under the governorship of Huey Long at a low height , preventing big tankers from making their way up-river , past Baton Rouge ." } ] }, { "value": "Louisiana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louisiana", "summary": "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ." } ] }, { "value": "Mideast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Old Dominion University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Old_Dominion_University", "summary": "Old Dominion University ( ODU ) is a public research university in Norfolk , Virginia . It was established in 1930 as the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary and is now one of the largest universities in Virginia with an enrollment of 24,176 students for the 2019 academic year . Old Dominion University is also home to over 700 international students from 89 different countries . Its main campus covers over 251 acres ( 1.02 km2 ) straddling the city neighborhoods of Larchmont , Highland Park , and Lambert 's Point , approximately five miles ( 8.0 km ) from Downtown Norfolk . Old Dominion University is classified among Doctoral Universities : Higher Research Activity and provides nearly $ 2 billion annually to the regional economy . The university offers 168 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to over 24,000 students and is one of the nation 's largest providers of online distance learning courses . Old Dominion University has approximately 124,000 alumni in all 50 states and 67 countries . Old Dominion University derives its name from one of Virginia 's state nicknames , The Old Dominion , given to the state by King Charles II of England for remaining loyal to the crown during the English Civil War ." } ] }, { "value": "Old Dominion University Fieldhouse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Old_Dominion_University_Fieldhouse", "summary": "Old Dominion University Fieldhouse was a 5,200-seat multi-purpose arena located on the campus of Old Dominion University in Norfolk , Virginia . Opened in 1970 , it was home to the Old Dominion Monarchs and Lady Monarchs college basketball teams until the 2002-03 season , when the Ted Constant Convocation Center opened . The fieldhouse was demolished in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Norfolk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia", "summary": "Norfolk ( /ˈnɔːrfʊk/ ( listen ) NOR-fuuk ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . At the 2010 census , the population was 242,803 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 244,076 making it the second-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Beach and the 91st largest city in the nation . Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area , named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area , officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News , VA-NC MSA . The city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay . It also shares land borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south and Virginia Beach to its east . Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads , and is considered to be the historic , urban , financial , and cultural center of the region . The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point . The largest naval base in the world , Naval Station Norfolk , is located in Norfolk along with one of NATO 's two Strategic Command headquarters . The city also has the corporate headquarters of Norfolk Southern Railway , one of North America 's principal Class I railroads , however the company is currently in the process of relocating their headquarters to Atlanta , Georgia . Norfolk is also home to Maersk Line , Limited , which manages the world 's largest fleet of US-flag vessels . As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water , Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property , including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay ." } ] }, { "value": "Virginia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Virginia", "summary": "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ." } ] }, { "value": "Mideast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Louisiana Tech University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University", "summary": "Louisiana Tech University , colloquially referred to as Louisiana Tech , La . Tech , or simply Tech is a public research university in Ruston , Louisiana . It is a space grant college , member of the Southeastern Universities Research Association , member of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities , and Carnegie Doctoral University with high research activity ( R2 ) . It is a member of the University of Louisiana System . Louisiana Tech conducts research with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) , the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the Department of Defense ( DoD ) , and the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) . Louisiana Tech is one of fewer than 50 comprehensive research universities in the nation and the only university in Louisiana to be designated as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education and Research and a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education and Research by the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and the United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) . Also , the FAA named Louisiana Tech to the National Center of Excellence for Unmanned Aircraft Systems . The university is known for its engineering and science programs . Louisiana Tech opened as the Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana in 1894 during the Second Industrial Revolution . The original mission of the college was for the education of students in the arts and sciences for the purpose of developing an industrial economy in post-Reconstruction Louisiana . Four years later in 1898 , the state constitution changed the school 's name to Louisiana Industrial Institute . In 1921 , the college changed its name to Louisiana Polytechnic Institute to reflect its development as a larger institute of technology ." } ] }, { "value": "Thomas Assembly Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_Assembly_Center", "summary": "The Samuel M. Thomas Assembly Center is an 8,000-seat multi-purpose arena in Ruston , Louisiana . The arena , named for its benefactor and businessman Samuel M. Thomas , is home to the Division I NCAA Louisiana Tech University Bulldogs ( men ) and Lady Techsters ( women ) basketball teams . The arena also hosts concerts and events . The arena opened in November 1982 just west of Joe Aillet Stadium , and replaced the then-30-year-old Memorial Gymnasium on the corner of Tech Drive and Railroad Avenue . The men 's basketball team hosted the Southland Conference tournament in the TAC in 1985 and 1987 , and four NIT games , one in 1986 , two games in 2002 , and one in 2015 . The women 's team has hosted the first , second and regional rounds of the NCAA Women 's Basketball tournament nineteen times , most recently in 2003 . The TAC also serves as the home of the Louisiana Tech Women 's Volleyball team since the program 's inception in 1987 . NBA greats including Karl Malone , P.J . Brown , Randy White and Paul Millsap have called the Thomas Assembly Center home during their collegiate careers ." } ] }, { "value": "Ruston", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ruston,_Louisiana", "summary": "Ruston is a small city and the parish seat of Lincoln Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is the largest city in the Eastern Ark-La-Tex region . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,859 , reflecting an increase of 6.4 percent from the count of 20,546 counted in the 2000 Census . Ruston is near the eastern border of the Ark-La-Tex region and is the home of Louisiana Tech University . Its economy is therefore based on its college population . Ruston hosts the annual Peach Festival . Ruston is the principal city of the Ruston Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Lincoln Parish ." } ] }, { "value": "Louisiana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louisiana", "summary": "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ." } ] }, { "value": "Mideast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Florida", "summary": "The University of Florida ( Florida or UF ) is a public land-grant , sea-grant , and space-grant research university in Gainesville , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida and traces its origins to 1853 and has operated continuously on its Gainesville campus since September 1906 . The University of Florida is the only member of the Association of American Universities in Florida . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . After the Florida state legislature 's creation of performance standards in 2013 , the Florida Board of Governors designated the University of Florida as one of the three preeminent universities among the twelve universities of the State University System of Florida . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida as the seventh ( tied ) best public university in the United States . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . It is the third largest Florida university by student population , and is the eighth largest single-campus university in the United States with 54,906 students enrolled for the fall 2018 semester . The University of Florida is home to 16 academic colleges and more than 150 research centers and institutes . It offers multiple graduate professional programs - including business administration , engineering , law , dentistry , medicine , pharmacy and veterinary medicine - on one contiguous campus , and administers 123 master 's degree programs and 76 doctoral degree programs in eighty-seven schools and departments . The university 's seal is also the seal of the state of Florida , which is on the state flag . The University of Florida 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known as the Florida Gators , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ." } ] }, { "value": "O'Connell Center", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/O'Connell_Center", "summary": "The Stephen C. O'Connell Center , also known as the O'Dome , is a 10,133-seat multi-purpose arena located on the University of Florida campus in Gainesville , Florida . The facility is named for the sixth president of the university , Stephen C. O'Connell , who served from 1967 to 1973 . The facility is located on the northern side of the university 's campus , between its football field , Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at Florida Field , and its baseball field , McKethan Stadium . The entire facility was known as the O'Connell Center from 1980 until 2016 . The building underwent a major $ 64.5 million renovation / reconstruction during that year , and Exactech , a Gainesville medical firm , signed a $ 5.9 million , 10-year naming rights deal for the main arena , which was officially renamed the Exactech Arena at the Stephen C. O'Connell Center ." } ] }, { "value": "Gainesville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida", "summary": "Gainesville is the county seat of , and the largest city in , Alachua County , Florida , and is both the principal city of the Gainesville , Florida , metropolitan statistical area and the largest city in North Central Florida . In 2018 the US Census Bureau estimated Gainesville 's population at 133,857 , a 7.4% increase from 2010 , and the metropolitan statistical area 's population at 288,212 . Gainesville is home to the University of Florida , the fifth-largest university campus by enrollment in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florida", "summary": "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ." } ] }, { "value": "Midwest", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Tennessee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Tennessee", "summary": "The University of Tennessee ( The University of Tennessee , Knoxville ; UT Knoxville ; UTK ; or UT ) is a public research university in Knoxville , Tennessee . Founded in 1794 , two years before Tennessee became the 16th state , it is the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee system , with ten undergraduate colleges and eleven graduate colleges . It hosts almost 28,000 students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries . In its 2020 universities ranking , U.S. News & World Report ranked UT 104th among all national universities and 44th among public institutions of higher learning . Seven of its alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars . James M. Buchanan , M.S . '41 , received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Economics . UT 's ties to nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory , established under UT President Andrew Holt and continued under the UT-Battelle partnership , allow for considerable research opportunities for faculty and students . Also affiliated with the university are the Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy , the University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility , and the University of Tennessee Arboretum , which occupies 250 acres ( 100 ha ) of nearby Oak Ridge and features hundreds of species of plants indigenous to the region . The university is a direct partner of the University of Tennessee Medical Center , which is one of two Level I trauma centers in East Tennessee . The University of Tennessee is the only university in the nation to have three presidential papers editing projects . The university holds collections of the papers of all three U.S. presidents from Tennessee - Andrew Jackson , James K. Polk , and Andrew Johnson ." } ] }, { "value": "Thompson-Boling Arena", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thompson–Boling_Arena", "summary": "Thompson-Boling Arena is a multi-purpose arena on the campus of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville , Tennessee . The arena opened in 1987 . It is home to the Tennessee Volunteers ( men ) and Lady Vols ( women ) basketball teams . Since 2008 , it has been home to the Lady Vols volleyball team . It is named after B. Ray Thompson and former university president Dr. Edward J. Boling . The basketball court is named The Summitt after the late Lady Vols basketball coach Pat Summitt . It replaced the Stokely Athletic Center . The mammoth octagonal building lies just northwest of the Tennessee River , and just southwest of Neyland Stadium . As an echo of its neighbor and a tribute to the brick-and-mortar pattern atop Ayres Hall , the baselines of the court are painted in the familiar orange-and-white checkerboard pattern ." } ] }, { "value": "Knoxville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Knoxville", "summary": "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ." } ] }, { "value": "Tennessee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee", "summary": "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ." } ] }, { "value": "Midwest", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Colorado", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Colorado", "summary": "The University of Colorado ( CU ) is a system of public universities in Colorado consisting of four campuses : University of Colorado Boulder , University of Colorado Colorado Springs , University of Colorado Denver in downtown Denver and at the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora . It is governed by the elected , nine-member Board of Regents of the University of Colorado ." } ] }, { "value": "CU Events Center ( Coors Events Center )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Coors_Events_Center", "summary": "The CU Events Center is an 11,064-seat multi-purpose arena in the western United States , on the main campus of the University of Colorado in Boulder , Colorado . Opened 40 years ago in 1979 , it is home to the Colorado Buffaloes men 's and women 's basketball teams and women 's volleyball of the Pac-12 Conference . The building is an eight-sided concrete structure , with three levels : arena floor , service level , and the concourse level . Single-tiered inside , it replaced the Balch Fieldhouse , the current home of the indoor track and field team located directly adjacent to Folsom Field . The approximate elevation at street level is 5,370 feet ( 1,640 m ) above sea level ." } ] }, { "value": "Boulder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado", "summary": "Boulder ( /ˈboʊldər/ ) is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Boulder County , Colorado , United States . It is the state 's 11th-most-populous municipality ; Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 5,430 feet ( 1,655 m ) above sea level . The city is 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of Denver . The population of the City of Boulder was 97,385 people at the 2010 U.S. Census , while the population of the Boulder , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area was 294,567 . Boulder is known for its association with gold seekers and for being the home of the main campus of the University of Colorado , the state 's largest university . The city frequently receives high rankings in art , health , well-being , quality of life , and education ." } ] }, { "value": "Colorado", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colorado", "summary": "Colorado ( /ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ , -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ ( listen ) , other variants ) is a state of the Western United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains . It is the 8th most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state . The estimated population of Colorado is 5,770,545 as of 2019 , an increase of 14.7% since the 2010 United States Census . The state was named for the Colorado River , which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado ( Red River ) for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains . The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28 , 1861 , and on August 1 , 1876 , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state . Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence . Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north , Nebraska to the northeast , Kansas to the east , Oklahoma to the southeast , New Mexico to the south , Utah to the west , and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners . Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains , forests , high plains , mesas , canyons , plateaus , rivers and desert lands . Colorado is part of the western and southwestern United States and is one of the Mountain States . Denver is the capital and most populous city of Colorado . Residents of the state are known as Coloradans , although the antiquated term Coloradoan is occasionally used ." } ] }, { "value": "Midwest", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Connecticut", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Connecticut", "summary": "The University of Connecticut ( UConn ) is a public land grant , National Sea Grant and National Space Grant research university in Storrs , Connecticut . It was founded in 1881 . The primary 4,400-acre ( 17.8 km2 ) campus is in Storrs , Connecticut , approximately a half hour 's drive from Hartford and 90 minutes from Boston . It is a flagship university that is ranked as tied for the best public national university in New England and is tied for 24th in top public schools and tied for 64th best national university in the 2020 U.S. News & World Report rankings . UConn has been ranked by Money Magazine and Princeton Review top 18th in value . The university is designated R-1 : Doctoral Universities - Highest Research Activity with the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education classifying the student body as More Selective , its most selective admissions category . The university has been recognized as a Public Ivy , defined as a select group of publicly funded universities considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . UConn is one of the founding institutions of the Hartford , Connecticut/Springfield , Massachusetts regional economic and cultural partnership alliance known as New England 's Knowledge Corridor . UConn was the second U.S. university invited into Universitas 21 , an elite international network of 24 research-intensive universities , who work together to foster global citizenship . UConn is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . UConn was founded in 1881 as the Storrs Agricultural School , named after two brothers who donated the land for the school . In 1893 , the school became a land grant college ." } ] }, { "value": "Harry A. Gampel Pavilion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harry_A._Gampel_Pavilion", "summary": "Harry A. Gampel Pavilion is a 10,167-seat multi-purpose arena in Storrs , Connecticut , United States , on the campus of the University of Connecticut . The arena opened on January 21 , 1990 , and is the largest on-campus arena in New England . It was named after industrialist and 1943 UConn graduate Harry A. Gampel , a philanthropist who walked with Martin Luther King Jr. , and who donated $ 1 million for the construction of the arena . It is about 216,000 sq ft ( 20,100 m2 ) . Gampel Pavilion is the primary home to the Connecticut Huskies men 's basketball , women 's basketball , and women 's volleyball teams . For most of the time since the late 1990s , the men 's basketball team has played most of their more important games at the XL Center in Hartford . During the 2011-12 season , the men 's basketball team played 11 home games in Hartford and only eight at Gampel . The pavilion is the centerpiece of the UConn Sports Center , which also includes Wolff-Zackin Natatorium ." } ] }, { "value": "Storrs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Storrs,_Connecticut", "summary": "Storrs is a village and census-designated place ( CDP ) in the town of Mansfield within eastern Tolland County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 15,344 at the 2010 census . It is dominated economically and demographically by the presence of the main campus of the University of Connecticut and the associated Connecticut Repertory Theatre . Storrs was named after Charles and Augustus Storrs , two brothers who founded the University of Connecticut ( originally called the Storrs Agricultural College ) by giving the land ( 170 acres ( 0.69 km2 ) ) and $ 6,000 in 1881 . In the aftermath of September 2005 's Hurricane Katrina , Storrs was named by Slate as America 's Best Place to Avoid Death Due to Natural Disaster ." } ] }, { "value": "Connecticut", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Connecticut", "summary": "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ." } ] }, { "value": "Midwest", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Illinois", "summary": "The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( U of I , Illinois , UIllinois , or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC ) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana . It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867 . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes the highest research activity . In fiscal year 2017 , research expenditures at Illinois totaled $ 642 million . The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University . The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus . The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study . The university holds 651 buildings on 6,370 acres ( 2,578 ha ) and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $ 2 billion . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations , including Abbott , AbbVie , Caterpillar , Capital One , Dow , State Farm , and Yahoo , among others . As of October 2018 [ update ] , 30 Nobel laureates , 2 Turing Award winners , and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni , faculty members , or researchers ." } ] }, { "value": "Assembly Hall ( Champaign )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Assembly_Hall_(Champaign)", "summary": "State Farm Center , stylized as StateFarm Center , is a large dome-shaped 15,544-seat indoor arena located in Champaign , Illinois , owned and operated by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . The arena hosts games for the Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball and women 's basketball teams . It also doubles as a performance and event center , and is one of the largest venues between Chicago and St. Louis . It opened in 1963 and was known until 2013 as Assembly Hall until State Farm Insurance acquired naming rights as part of a major renovation project ." } ] }, { "value": "Champaign", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Champaign", "summary": "Champaign ( English : /ˌʃæmˈpeɪn/ ) is a city in Champaign County , Illinois , United States . The city is 135 miles ( 217 km ) south of Chicago , 124 miles ( 200 km ) west of Indianapolis , Indiana , and 178 mi ( 286 km ) northeast of St. Louis , Missouri . The United States Census Bureau estimates the city was home to 87,432 people as of July 1 , 2017 . Champaign is the tenth-most populous city in Illinois , and the state 's fourth-most populous city outside the Chicago metropolitan area . It is included in the Champaign-Urbana metropolitan area . Champaign is notable for sharing the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign with its sister city of Urbana . Champaign is also home to Parkland College which serves about 18,000 students during the academic year . Due to the university and a number of well known technology startup companies , it is often referred to as the hub , or a significant landmark , of the Silicon Prairie . Champaign houses offices for the Fortune 500 companies Abbott , Archer Daniels Midland ( ADM ) , Caterpillar , John Deere , Dow Chemical Company , IBM , and State Farm ." } ] }, { "value": "Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Illinois", "summary": "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ." } ] }, { "value": "West", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Georgia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Georgia", "summary": "The University of Georgia ( UGA or Georgia ) is a public research university with its main campus in Athens , Georgia . Founded in 1785 , it is one of the oldest public universities in the United States . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity , and as having more selective undergraduate admissions , its most selective admissions category , while the ACT Assessment Student Report places UGA admissions in the Highly Selective category , the highest classification . In keeping with the teaching portion of its motto , the university has a student-to-faculty ratio of 17 students per faculty member , and 46 percent of its classes have fewer than 20 students . In its 2020 rankings , U.S. News & World Report ranked the university tied for 50th among all U.S. public and private national universities and 16th among all public ones . In addition to the main campuses in Athens with their approximately 470 buildings , the university has two smaller campuses located in Tifton and Griffin . The university has two satellite campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville . The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state . The total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres ( 168.10 km2 ) . The university also owns a residential education and research center in Washington , DC , as well as three international residential and research centers located at Oxford University in Oxford , England , at Cortona , Italy , and at Monteverde , Costa Rica . Student life includes more than 700 student organizations . The University of Georgia 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Georgia Bulldogs nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Georgia Coliseum ( Stegeman Coliseum )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stegeman_Coliseum", "summary": "Stegeman Coliseum is a 10,523-seat multi-purpose arena in Athens , Georgia , United States . The arena opened in 1964 . It is home to the University of Georgia Bulldogs basketball and gymnastics teams . It was also the venue of the rhythmic gymnastics and preliminary indoor volleyball matches during the 1996 Summer Olympics , as well as the 1989 , 1995 , and 2008 NCAA gymnastics championships . As a multi-purpose facility , the Coliseum also hosted a variety of other kinds of events , including many large indoor rock concerts during its early history , as well as the university 's Graduate School commencement exercises . At its opening it replaced Woodruff Hall , a 3,000-seat field house built in 1923 ." } ] }, { "value": "Athens", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athens,_Georgia", "summary": "Athens , officially Athens-Clarke County , is a consolidated city-county and college town in the U.S. state of Georgia . Athens lies about 70 mi ( 113 km ) northeast of downtown Atlanta , a global city . The University of Georgia , the state 's flagship public university and an R1 research institution , is in Athens and contributed to its initial growth . In 1991 , after a vote the preceding year , the original City of Athens abandoned its charter to form a unified government with Clarke County , referred to jointly as Athens-Clarke County . As of 2017 [ update ] , the U.S. Census Bureau 's estimated population of the consolidated city-county ( all of Clarke County except Winterville and a portion of Bogart ) was 125,691 ; the entire county including Winterville and Bogart had a population of 127,064 . Athens is the sixth-largest city in Georgia , and the principal city of the Athens metropolitan area , which had a 2017 estimated population of 209,271 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Metropolitan Athens is a component of the larger Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs Combined Statistical Area , a trading area . The city is dominated by a pervasive student culture and music scene centered on downtown Athens , next to the University of Georgia 's North Campus . Major music acts associated with Athens include numerous alternative rock bands such as R.E.M. , the B-52 's , Widespread Panic , and Neutral Milk Hotel . The city is also known as a recording site for such groups as the Atlanta-based Indigo Girls ." } ] }, { "value": "Georgia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)", "summary": "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ." } ] }, { "value": "West", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Virginia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Virginia", "summary": "The University of Virginia ( U.Va . or UVA ) is a public research university in Charlottesville , Virginia . It was founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson . It is the flagship university of Virginia and home to Jefferson 's Academical Village , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . UVA is known for its historic foundations , student-run honor code and secret societies . The original governing Board of Visitors included Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe . Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation and earlier Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVA 's first two rectors . Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study and original architecture . UVA was the first university of the American South elected to the research-driven Association of American Universities in 1904 . More than a century later , the journal Science credited UVA faculty with two of the top ten global scientific breakthroughs of 2015 . The University of Virginia offers 121 majors across the eight undergraduate and three professional schools . Its alumni have founded many companies , such as Reddit and CNET , which together produce more than $ 1.6 trillion in annual revenue and have created 2.3 million jobs ." } ] }, { "value": "University Hall ( University of Virginia )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_Hall_(University_of_Virginia)", "summary": "University Hall was an 8,457-seat multi-purpose arena on the University of Virginia Grounds in Charlottesville , Virginia . The arena opened in 1965 as a replacement for Memorial Gym ; it was demolished on May 25 , 2019 , with Ralph Sampson leading the demolition . Like many arenas built at the time , the arena was circular , with a ribbed concrete roof and blue and orange seats ( the orange seats arranged in a V near the top of each section ) that surrounded the arena . Unlike many other facilities , however , the floor was never lowered for additional seating around the court , which left large areas behind press row , the team benches , and the announcer 's table empty during games . University Hall was replaced by the John Paul Jones Arena as the home to the men 's and women 's basketball teams in 2006 . UVa 's athletic department held final game ceremonies for University Hall in connection with the men 's basketball game against the Maryland Terrapins on March 5 , 2006 , which Maryland won 71-70 . UVA legend Ralph Sampson sank ceremonial last baskets at U-Hall , dunking twice during postgame festivities . However , the women 's basketball team made the Women 's National Invitational Tournament and played and won two WNIT games in University Hall ." } ] }, { "value": "Charlottesville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charlottesville", "summary": "Charlottesville , colloquially known as C'ville and officially named the City of Charlottesville , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the county seat of Albemarle County , which surrounds the city , though the two are separate legal entities . It is named after the British Queen consort ( and Electress of Hanover ) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who as the wife of George III was Virginia 's last Queen . In 2018 , an estimated 48,117 people lived within the city limits . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with Albemarle County for statistical purposes , bringing its population to approximately 150,000 . Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area , which includes Albemarle , Buckingham , Fluvanna , Greene , and Nelson counties . Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents , Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe . During their terms as Governor of Virginia , they lived in Charlottesville , and traveled to and from Richmond , along the 71-mile ( 114 km ) historic Three Notch 'd Road . Orange , located 26 miles ( 42 km ) northeast of the city , was the hometown of President James Madison . The University of Virginia , founded by Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies , straddles the city 's southwestern border . Monticello , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of the city , is , along with the University of Virginia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Virginia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Virginia", "summary": "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ." } ] }, { "value": "West", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stanford University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stanford_University", "summary": "Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 ." } ] }, { "value": "Maples Pavilion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maples_Pavilion", "summary": "Maples Pavilion is a 7,392-seat multi-purpose arena on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford , California . Opened 51 years ago in early 1969 , Maples underwent a $ 30 million renovation in March 2004 and reopened ahead of schedule , in time for conference play that December . It was named after its principal donor , Roscoe Maples . Maples was an Oregon lumber magnate Upon his death in 1963 , Maples bequeathed most of his $ 2 million estate to the university . A member of the class of 1904 , he left school before graduating to support his parents , and later went on to success in the lumber business . Prior to 1969 , Stanford played at the Old Pavilion , opened in 1922 . Maples is home to multiple Stanford Cardinal athletics teams , including men 's and women 's basketball , men 's and women 's gymnastics and women 's volleyball . The raucous student section that roots for the men 's basketball team is called the 6th Man and it is located in several rows along courtside . Prior to the renovation , the original floor at Maples had a very springy feel to it . Designed by Stanford graduate John Carl Warnecke ( 1919-2010 ) , it was installed when the Pavilion opened in 1969 . Nine inches ( 23 cm ) of crosshatched wood and air was supposed to create a coil-spring effect preventing injuries , but often had the opposite effect . It caused a Missed Stair Effect , a phenomenon that occurs when the body senses where the floor should be upon landing after a jump ." } ] }, { "value": "Stanford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stanford", "summary": "Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 ." } ] }, { "value": "California", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/California", "summary": "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ." } ] }, { "value": "West", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 & 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "University of Kansas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Kansas", "summary": "The University of Kansas ( KU ) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence , Kansas , and several satellite campuses , research and educational centers , medical centers , and classes across the state of Kansas . Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side : the university 's medical school and hospital in Kansas City , the Edwards Campus in Overland Park , and a hospital and research center in the state 's capital of Topeka . There are also educational and research sites in Garden City , Hays , Leavenworth , Parsons , and Topeka , and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita . The university is a member of the Association of American Universities . Founded March 21 , 1865 , the university was opened in 1866 , under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the State Constitution , which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union . Disputes over Kansas ' establishment as a free or slaveholding state prior to admission to the union prompted an internal civil war known as Bleeding Kansas during the 1850s . Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 28,401 students in 2016 ; an additional 3,383 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for an enrollment of 28,091 students across the three campuses . The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015 . Kansas 's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks , as members of the Big 12 Conference . They field 16 varsity sports , as well as club-level sports for ice hockey , rugby , and men 's volleyball ." } ] }, { "value": "Allen Field House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Allen_Field_House", "summary": "Allen Fieldhouse is an on the University of Kansas campus in Lawrence , Kansas . It is home of the Kansas Jayhawks men 's and women 's basketball teams . The arena is named after Dr. Forrest C. Phog Allen , a former player and head coach for the Jayhawks whose tenure lasted 39 years . Allen Fieldhouse is one of college basketball 's most historically significant and prestigious buildings . 37 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Tournament games having been hosted at the center . The actual playing surface has been named James Naismith Court , in honor of basketball 's inventor , who established Kansas 's basketball program and served as the Jayhawks ' first coach from 1898 to 1907 . Allen Fieldhouse has also hosted several NCAA tournament regionals , an NBA exhibition game , and occasional concerts such as The Beach Boys , Elton John , James Taylor , Sonny and Cher , Leon Russell , Alice Cooper , ZZ Top , Tina Turner , Harry Belafonte , Henry Mancini , The Doobie Brothers , Kansas , and Bob Hope , as well as speakers , including former President Bill Clinton in 2004 , Senator Robert F. Kennedy ( which drew over 20,000 ) in March 1968 , and anarchist Abbie Hoffman in 1970 . ESPN The Magazine named Allen Fieldhouse the loudest college basketball arena in the country . The arena broke the Guinness World Record for loudest roar on February 13 , 2017 , against West Virginia at 130.4 dB . The prior record of 126.4 dB at Lexington 's Rupp Arena which lasted less than three weeks also had many Kansas fans present as the Jayhawks beat the # 4 Wildcats 79-73 in the Big 12/SEC Challenge . Allen Fieldhouse is often considered one of the best home court advantages in men 's college basketball . The Jayhawks have won over 70 percent of their games in Allen Fieldhouse , losing only a little over 100 games in its over 60-year history ." } ] }, { "value": "Lawrence", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas", "summary": "Lawrence is the county seat of Douglas County and sixth-largest city in Kansas . It is in the northeastern sector of the state , astride Interstate 70 , between the Kansas and Wakarusa Rivers . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 87,643 ; by 2017 the estimated population had risen to 96,892 . Lawrence is a college town and the home to both the University of Kansas and Haskell Indian Nations University . Lawrence was founded by the New England Emigrant Aid Company ( NEEAC ) , and was named for Amos Adams Lawrence , a Republican abolitionist originally from Massachusetts , who offered financial aid and support for the settlement . Lawrence was central to the Bleeding Kansas period ( 1854-61 ) , and the site of the Wakarusa War ( 1855 ) and the Sacking of Lawrence ( 1856 ) . During the American Civil War it was also the site of the Lawrence massacre ( 1863 ) . Lawrence began as a center of free-state politics . Its economy diversified into many industries , including agriculture , manufacturing , and education , beginning with the founding of the University of Kansas in 1865 and Haskell Indian Nations University in 1884 ." } ] }, { "value": "Kansas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kansas", "summary": "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ." } ] } ], "section_title": "First and second rounds", "section_text": "Chapel HillAustinTuscaloosaWashingtonBaton RougeNorfolkRustonGainesvilleKnoxvilleBoulderStorrsChampaignAthensCharlottesvilleStanfordLawrence 1997 NCAA NCAA first and second round venues In 1997 , the field remained at 64 teams . The teams were seeded , and assigned to four geographic regions , with seeds 1-16 in each region . In Round 1 , seeds 1 and 16 faced each other , as well as seeds 2 and 15 , seeds 3 and 14 , seeds 4 and 13 , seeds 5 and 12 , seeds 6 and 11 , seeds 7 and 10 , and seeds 8 and 9 . In the first two rounds , the top four seeds were given the opportunity to host the first-round game . In most cases , the higher seed accepted the opportunity . The exception : [ 2 ] Fourth seeded Tulane was unable to host due to a `` facility/hotel availability conflict '' , [ 3 ] so fifth seeded George Washington hosted three first and second-round games The following table lists the region , host school , venue and the sixteen first and second round locations :", "uid": "1997_NCAA_Women's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament_2", "intro": "The 1997 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament began on March 14, 1997, and concluded on March 30, 1997, when Tennessee won the national title. The Final Four was held at Riverfront Coliseum in Cincinnati on March 28-30, 1997. Tennessee, Old Dominion, Stanford, and Notre Dame qualified to the Final Four. Tennessee and Old Dominion won their semi-final Final Four matchups and continued on to the championship. Tennessee defeated Old Dominion 68-59 for their fifth national title." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_at_the_Olympics", "title": "Kazakhstan at the Olympics", "header": [ "Medal", "Name", "Games", "Sport", "Event" ], "data": [ { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vladimir Smirnov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vladimir_Smirnov_(skier)", "summary": "Vladimir Mikhaylovich Smirnov ( Russian : Влади́мир Миха́йлович Смирно́в ; born 7 March 1964 ) is a Kazakhstani former cross-country skier who raced from the 1982 until 1991 for the USSR and , later , for Kazakhstan . He is the first Olympic champion from independent Kazakhstan and the most decorated Olympian in history of Kazakhstan . He is also a vice president of the International Biathlon Union . Smirnov is a former member of International Olympic Committee ." } ] }, { "value": "1994 Lillehammer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect ." } ] }, { "value": "Cross-country skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 50 kilometres classical", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vladimir Smirnov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vladimir_Smirnov_(skier)", "summary": "Vladimir Mikhaylovich Smirnov ( Russian : Влади́мир Миха́йлович Смирно́в ; born 7 March 1964 ) is a Kazakhstani former cross-country skier who raced from the 1982 until 1991 for the USSR and , later , for Kazakhstan . He is the first Olympic champion from independent Kazakhstan and the most decorated Olympian in history of Kazakhstan . He is also a vice president of the International Biathlon Union . Smirnov is a former member of International Olympic Committee ." } ] }, { "value": "1994 Lillehammer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect ." } ] }, { "value": "Cross-country skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 10 kilometres classical", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vladimir Smirnov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vladimir_Smirnov_(skier)", "summary": "Vladimir Mikhaylovich Smirnov ( Russian : Влади́мир Миха́йлович Смирно́в ; born 7 March 1964 ) is a Kazakhstani former cross-country skier who raced from the 1982 until 1991 for the USSR and , later , for Kazakhstan . He is the first Olympic champion from independent Kazakhstan and the most decorated Olympian in history of Kazakhstan . He is also a vice president of the International Biathlon Union . Smirnov is a former member of International Olympic Committee ." } ] }, { "value": "1994 Lillehammer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect ." } ] }, { "value": "Cross-country skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 15 kilometres freestyle pursuit", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vladimir Smirnov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vladimir_Smirnov_(skier)", "summary": "Vladimir Mikhaylovich Smirnov ( Russian : Влади́мир Миха́йлович Смирно́в ; born 7 March 1964 ) is a Kazakhstani former cross-country skier who raced from the 1982 until 1991 for the USSR and , later , for Kazakhstan . He is the first Olympic champion from independent Kazakhstan and the most decorated Olympian in history of Kazakhstan . He is also a vice president of the International Biathlon Union . Smirnov is a former member of International Olympic Committee ." } ] }, { "value": "1998 Nagano", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ." } ] }, { "value": "Cross-country skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1998 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing competition results were as follows ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 15 kilometres freestyle pursuit", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lyudmila Prokasheva", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lyudmila_Prokasheva", "summary": "Lyudmila Vyacheslavovna Prokasheva ( Russian : Людмила Вячеславовна Прокашёва , born 23 January 1969 in Pavlodar , Kazakh SSR ) is a former speed skater . Representing Kazakhstan , she won an Olympic bronze medal in the 1998 5000 metres . In 1995 , she won a silver medal in the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women ." } ] }, { "value": "1998 Nagano", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ." } ] }, { "value": "Speed skating", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Speed skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics , was held from 8 to 20 February . Ten events were contested at M-Wave ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 5000 metres", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elena Khrustaleva", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elena_Khrustaleva", "summary": "Elena Vladimirovna Khrustaleva ( Russian : Елена Владимировна Хрусталёва ) ( born 28 September 1980 , Krasnoyarsk ) is a former Russian ( until 2001 , and since 2002 till 2006 ) , Belarusian ( since 2001 till 2002 ) , and Kazakh ( since 2006 ) biathlete . She won a silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . This was Kazakhstan 's 6th medal at the Winter Olympic Games and 45th overall Olympic medal ." } ] }, { "value": "2010 Vancouver", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ." } ] }, { "value": "Biathlon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's individual", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Denis Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Denis_Ten", "summary": "Denis Yurievich Ten ( Денис Юрийұлы Тен ; Денис Юрьевич Тен ; 13 June 1993 - 19 July 2018 ) was a Kazakhstani figure skater . He was the 2014 Olympic bronze medalist , a two-time World medalist ( silver in 2013 , bronze in 2015 ) , the 2015 Four Continents champion , the 2017 Winter Universiade champion , and a five-time national champion of Kazakhstan . Ten was the first skater from Kazakhstan to stand on the podium at the World Championships , Four Continents Championships , Asian Winter Games , and the Olympic Games . At the 2008-09 ISU Junior Grand Prix event in Belarus , he became the first skater from Kazakhstan to win an International Skating Union competition . His other accomplishments include qualifying two spots for his country in the men 's event at the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics . Ten was the official ambassador for the Olympic Bidding Committee Almaty 2022 . He was a member of the Astana Presidential Sports Club and the political party Nur Otan . In 2013 , he began producing his own ice show , Denis Ten and Friends . In summer 2014 , he announced his co-operation with All That Sports management company established by Yuna Kim . In July 2018 , Ten was murdered in a carjacking attempt ." } ] }, { "value": "2014 Sochi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ." } ] }, { "value": "Figure skating", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Iceberg Skating Palace in Sochi , Russia . The five events took place between 6-22 February 2014 . For the first time at the Winter Olympics , a figure skating team event was held ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's singles", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yuliya Galysheva", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yuliya_Galysheva", "summary": "Yulia Evgenievna Galysheva ( Russian : Юлия Евгеньевна Галышева , born 23 October 1992 ) is a Kazakhstani mogul skier who won three medals at FIS Freestyle Ski World Championships , bronze medal at the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games and two gold medals at the Asian Winter Games in 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "2018 Pyeongchang", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ." } ] }, { "value": "Freestyle skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang , South Korea . The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018 . A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's moguls", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "List of medalists -- Winter Olympics", "section_text": "", "uid": "Kazakhstan_at_the_Olympics_1", "intro": "Kazakhstan first participated at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994, and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then. Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakh athletes competed as part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics, and were also part of the Unified Team in 1992. Kazakh athletes have won a total of 64 medals at Summer Olympic Games, and another 8 at Winter Olympic Games. The National Olympic Committee of Kazakhstan was created in 1990 and recognized in 1993." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_translations_of_modern_literature", "title": "List of Latin translations of modern literature", "header": [ "Latin title", "Original title", "Original author", "Translator", "Publisher", "Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "Haegar terribilis . Miles sine timore vitiisque", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hägar the Horrible", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hägar_the_Horrible", "summary": "Hägar the Horrible is the title and main character of an American comic strip created by cartoonist Dik Browne , and syndicated by King Features Syndicate . It first appeared in February 1973 , and was an immediate success . Since Browne 's retirement in 1988 ( and subsequent death ) , his son Chris Browne has continued the strip . As of 2010 [ update ] , Hägar is distributed to 1,900 newspapers in 56 countries and translated into 12 languages . The strip is a caricature commenting on modern-day life in the United States through a loose interpretation of Viking Age Scandinavian life ." } ] }, { "value": "Browne , Dik", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dik_Browne", "summary": "Dik Browne ( August 11 , 1917 - June 4 , 1989 ) , born Richard Arthur Allan Browne in New York City , was an American cartoonist , best known for writing and drawing Hägar the Horrible and Hi and Lois ." } ] }, { "value": "Ulrichs , Karl", "urls": [] }, { "value": "München : Goldmann", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 1 : Asterix Gallus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix le Gaulois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_the_Gaul", "summary": "Asterix the Gaul is the first volume of the Asterix comic strip series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . In Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century , a 1999 poll conducted by the French retailer Fnac and the Paris newspaper Le Monde , Asterix the Gaul was listed as the 23rd greatest book of the 20th century ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Molina , J", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Murica : Molina", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 1 : Asterix Gallus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix le Gaulois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_the_Gaul", "summary": "Asterix the Gaul is the first volume of the Asterix comic strip series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . In Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century , a 1999 poll conducted by the French retailer Fnac and the Paris newspaper Le Monde , Asterix the Gaul was listed as the 23rd greatest book of the 20th century ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Amsterdam/Brussels : Elsevier", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 2 : Asterix et Falx Aurea", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La serpe d'or", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Golden_Sickle", "summary": "Asterix and the Golden Sickle ( French : La serpe d'or , The Golden Sickle ) is the second volume of the Asterix comic book series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . It was first serialized in Pilote magazine issues 42-74 in 1960 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Molina , J", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Murica : Molina", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 2 : Aurea Falx", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La serpe d'or", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Golden_Sickle", "summary": "Asterix and the Golden Sickle ( French : La serpe d'or , The Golden Sickle ) is the second volume of the Asterix comic book series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . It was first serialized in Pilote magazine issues 42-74 in 1960 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 3 : Asterix apud Gothos", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix et les Goths", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Goths", "summary": "Asterix and the Goths is the third volume of the Asterix comic book series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . It was first published in 1963 in French and translated into English in 1974 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 4 : Asterix Gladiator", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix gladiateur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_the_Gladiator", "summary": "Asterix the Gladiator is the fourth volume of the Asterix comic book series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . It was first serialized in the magazine Pilote , issues 126-168 , in 1962 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 5 : Iter Gallicum", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Le tour de Gaule d'Astérix", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Banquet", "summary": "Asterix and the Banquet ( French : Le Tour de Gaule d'Astérix , Asterix 's Tour of Gaul ) is the fifth volume of the Asterix comic book series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . It was first serialized in Pilote magazine , issues 172-213 , in 1963 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 6 : Asterix et Cleopatra", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix et Cléopatre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_Cleopatra", "summary": "Asterix and Cleopatra is the sixth book in the Asterix album series by René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo . It was first published in serial form in Pilote magazine , issues 215-257 , in 1963 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1980", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 7 : Certamen principum", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Le combat des chefs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Big_Fight", "summary": "Asterix and the Big Fight is a French comic book , the seventh in the Asterix comic book series . It was written by René Goscinny and illustrated by Albert Uderzo . Its original French title is Le Combat des chefs ( The Battle of the Chieftains ) and it was first published in serial form in Pilote magazines , issues 261-302 , in 1964 . It was translated into English in 1971 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 8 : Asterix apud Brittanos", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix chez les Bretons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_in_Britain", "summary": "Asterix in Britain ( French : Astérix chez les Bretons , Asterix in the land of the Britons ) is the eighth in the Asterix comic book series . It was published in serial form in Pilote magazine , issues 307-334 , in 1965 , and in album form in 1966 . It tells the story of Asterix and Obelix 's journey to Roman-occupied Britain ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1982", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 9 : Asterix et Normanni", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix et les Normands", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Normans", "summary": "Asterix and the Normans is the ninth book in the Asterix comic book series , written by René Goscinny and drawn by Albert Uderzo . It was first published in serial form in Pilote magazine , issues 340-361 , in 1966 . It depicts a meeting between Asterix 's Gaulish village and a shipload of Normans ( Vikings ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1983", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 10 : Asterix Legionarius", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix légionnaire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_the_Legionary", "summary": "Asterix the Legionary is the tenth Asterix book in the Asterix comic book series by Rene Goscinny and Albert Uderzo . It was first published as a serial in Pilote magazine , issues 368-389 , in 1966 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1984", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 11 : Clipeus Arvernus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Le bouclier Arverne", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Chieftain's_Shield", "summary": "Asterix and the Chieftain 's Shield ( French : Le bouclier arverne , The Arvernian Shield ) is the eleventh volume in the Asterix comic book series , written by René Goscinny and drawn by Albert Uderzo . It was originally published as a serial in Pilote issues 399-421 in 1967 . The book is inspired by the battle of Alesia , where the Gaulish warrior chief Vercingetorix surrendered to Julius Caesar . However , only the very end of the actual battle appears in the book - the main plot concerns what happened after the battle . This episode , like Asterix and the Cauldron , is plotted like a detective novel , with a mystery to be solved at the very end ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1985", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 12 : Asterix Olympius", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix aus Jeux Olympiques", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_at_the_Olympic_Games", "summary": "Asterix at the Olympic Games is the 12th comic book album in the Asterix series . Serialized in Pilote issues 434-455 in 1968 ( to coincide with the Mexico City Olympics ) , it was translated into English in 1972 ( to coincide with the Munich Olympics ) . The story satirizes performance-enhancing drug usage in sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1985", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 13 : Asterix atque olla Cypria", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix et le chaudron", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Cauldron", "summary": "Asterix and the Cauldron is the thirteenth volume of the Asterix comic book series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . It was first serialized in the magazine Pilote , issues 469-491 , in 1968 , and translated into English in 1976 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1986", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 14 : Asterix in Hispania", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix en Hispanie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_in_Spain", "summary": "Asterix in Spain ( French : Astérix en Hispanie , Asterix in Hispania ) is the fourteenth volume of the Asterix comic book series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . It was originally serialized in Pilote magazine , issues 498-519 , in 1969 , and translated into English in 1971 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1987", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 15 : Tumultus de Asterige", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La zizanie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Roman_Agent", "summary": "Asterix and the Roman Agent ( French : La Zizanie , Strife ) is the fifteenth volume of the Asterix comic book series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . It first appeared as a serial in Pilote magazine issues 531-552 in 1970 and was translated into English in 1972 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1989", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 16 : Asterix apud Helvetios", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astérix chez les Helvètes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_in_Switzerland", "summary": "Asterix in Switzerland ( French : Astérix chez les Helvètes , Asterix in the land of the Helvetii ) is the sixteenth volume of the Asterix comic book series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . It was originally serialized in Pilote magazine issues 557-578 in 1970 and translated into English in 1973 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asterix # 21 : Laurea Caesaris", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Les lauriers de César", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asterix_and_the_laurel_wreath", "summary": "Asterix and the Laurel Wreath ( French : Les Lauriers de César , Caesar 's Laurels ) is the eighteenth volume of the Asterix comic book series , by René Goscinny ( stories ) and Albert Uderzo ( illustrations ) . It was originally serialized in the magazine Pilote , issues 621-642 , in 1971 and translated into English in 1974 ." } ] }, { "value": "Goscinny , René", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/René_Goscinny", "summary": "René Goscinny ( French : [ ʁəne ɡosini ] , Polish : [ ɡɔɕˈtɕinnɨ ] ( listen ) ; 14 August 1926 - 5 November 1977 ) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish-Jewish descent , who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo . He also worked on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris ( considered the series ' golden age ) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary . He also wrote a series of children 's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ( Little Nicolas ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Rubricastellanus , Carolus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stuttgart : Ehapa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Comic books", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Latin_translations_of_modern_literature_1", "intro": "A number of Latin translations of modern literature have been made to bolster interest in the language. Some are described in the Latin language version of Wikipedia, shown as Latina in the list articles on the same topic in other languages, on the left of the article in English language Wikipedia. The perceived dryness of classical literature is sometimes a major obstacle for achieving fluency in reading Latin, as it discourages students from reading large quantities of text (extensive reading). In his preface to his translation of Robinson Crusoe, F. W. Newman writes:" }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_23)", "title": "Live! with Regis and Kelly (season 23)", "header": [ "Date", "Co-Hosts", "Guests/Segments" ], "data": [ { "value": "December 1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "LIVE ! in Las Vegas , Blue Man Group , Selena Gomez , Terry Fator , Regis wakes from his own Vegas hangover", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blue_Man_Group", "summary": "Blue Man Group is an American performance art company formed in 1987 , known worldwide for its stage productions which incorporate many kinds of music and art , both popular and obscure , in its performances . Blue Man Group has continuing shows in Berlin , Boston , Chicago , Las Vegas , New York City , and Orlando . A typical Blue Man production employs 7-9 full-time Blue Men who are selected by audition . In addition to the stage show , Blue Man Group has toured nationally and internationally , appeared on various TV programs as both characters and performers , released multiple studio albums , contributed to a number of film scores , performed with orchestras around the United States , and appeared in ad campaigns ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Selena_Gomez", "summary": "Selena Marie Gomez ( born July 22 , 1992 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and television producer . After appearing on the children 's television series Barney & Friends ( 2002-2004 ) , she received wider recognition for her portrayal of Alex Russo on the Emmy Award-winning Disney Channel television series Wizards of Waverly Place , which aired from 2007 until 2012 . Gomez also starred in the films Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) , Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) , Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) , Ramona and Beezus ( 2010 ) , and Monte Carlo ( 2011 ) . Thereafter , she focused on more mature roles in Spring Breakers ( 2012 ) , Getaway ( 2013 ) , The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) , and The Dead Do n't Die ( 2019 ) . She voices the character of Mavis in the Hotel Transylvania film franchise , and serves as an executive producer of the Netflix television drama series 13 Reasons Why ( 2017-present ) and the Netflix documentary series Living Undocumented ( 2019 ) . With her former band Selena Gomez & the Scene , she attained the gold certified top-ten albums Kiss & Tell ( 2009 ) , A Year Without Rain ( 2010 ) and When the Sun Goes Down ( 2011 ) on the US Billboard 200 . In 2012 , the band went on hiatus , and Gomez focused work on her debut album as a solo artist . The pop and dance influenced Stars Dance ( 2013 ) became her first number-one album on the Billboard 200 , and included Come & Get It , which became her first top-ten entry on the US Billboard Hot 100 . To finish out her contract with Hollywood Records , she released the compilation album For You ( 2014 ) . It included the single The Heart Wants What It Wants , which became her second top-ten entry . After signing with Interscope Records in late 2014 , she released her second studio album , Revival ( 2015 ) . It became her second consecutive number-one regular album on the Billboard 200 , with the highest first week sales of her career ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Terry_Fator", "summary": "Terry Wayne Fator ( /ˈfeɪtər/ ; born June 10 , 1965 ) is an American ventriloquist , impressionist , stand-up comedian , and singer from Dallas , Texas . Fator does ventriloquial impersonations , and uses 15 different puppets in his act . He was the winner of season two of America 's Got Talent , and received the million dollar prize . The following year , he was signed on as the headliner at The Mirage hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada with a five-year , $ 100 million contract ." } ] }, { "value": "December 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "LIVE ! in Las Vegas , Jubilee Showgirls , Howie Mandel , Rod Stewart , See what happens on Kelly 's Vegas-style girls night out !", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Showgirls", "summary": "Showgirls is a 1995 erotic drama film written by Joe Eszterhas and directed by Paul Verhoeven . It stars former teen actress Elizabeth Berkley , Kyle MacLachlan , and Gina Gershon . The film centers on a street-smart drifter who ventures to Las Vegas and climbs the seedy hierarchy from stripper to showgirl . Produced on a then-sizable budget of approximately $ 45 million , significant controversy and hype surrounding the film 's amounts of sex and nudity preceded its theatrical release . In the United States , the film was rated NC-17 for nudity and erotic sexuality throughout , some graphic language , and sexual violence . Showgirls was the first ( and to date only ) NC-17 rated film to be given a wide release in mainstream theaters . Distributor United Artists dispatched several hundred staffers to theaters across North America playing Showgirls to ensure that patrons would not sneak into the theater from other films , and to make sure film-goers were over the age of 17 . Audience restriction due to the NC-17 rating coupled with poor reviews resulted in the film becoming a box office bomb , grossing just $ 37 million . Despite a negative theatrical and critical consensus , Showgirls enjoyed success on the home video market , generating more than $ 100 million from video rentals , allowing the film to turn a profit and become one of MGM 's top 20 all-time bestsellers . For its video premiere , Verhoeven prepared an R-rated cut for rental outlets that would not carry NC-17 films . This edited version runs 3 minutes shorter ( 128 minutes ) and deletes some of the more graphic footage . Despite being consistently ranked as one of the worst films ever made , Showgirls has become regarded as a cult classic , was released on Blu-ray in June 2010 and has even been subject to critical re-evaluation , with some notable directors and critics declaring it a serious satire worthy of praise ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Howie_Mandel", "summary": "Howard Michael Mandel ( born November 29 , 1955 ) is a Canadian comedian , actor , voice actor , and television host . He hosted the CNBC ( originally NBC ) game show Deal or No Deal , as well as the show 's daytime and Canadian-English counterparts . In 1987 , Mandel starred alongside Amy Steel in the comedy film Walk Like a Man . From 1982 to 1988 , Mandel played rowdy ER intern Dr. Wayne Fiscus on the NBC medical drama St . Elsewhere . He also created , voiced , and starred in the FOX 's children 's cartoon Bobby 's World , and judges on NBC 's America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rod_Stewart", "summary": "Sir Roderick David Stewart CBE ( born 10 January 1945 ) is a British rock singer and songwriter . Born and raised in London , he is of Scottish and English ancestry . Stewart is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold over 120 million records worldwide . He has had nine number-one albums in the UK Albums Chart and his tally of 62 UK hit singles includes 31 that reached the top ten , six of which gained the # 1 position . Stewart has had 16 top ten singles in the US , with four reaching # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . He was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to music and charity . With his distinctive raspy singing voice , Stewart came to prominence in the late 1960s and the early 1970s with The Jeff Beck Group , and then with Faces , though his music career had begun in 1962 when he took up busking with a harmonica . In October 1963 , he joined The Dimensions as a harmonica player and part-time vocalist . In 1964 , Stewart joined Long John Baldry and the All Stars , and in August , Stewart signed a solo contract , releasing his first single , Good Morning Little Schoolgirl , in October . He maintained a solo career alongside a group career , releasing his debut solo album , An Old Raincoat Wo n't Ever Let You Down in 1969 . Stewart 's early albums were a fusion of rock , folk music , soul music , and R & B . From the late 1970s through the 1990s , Stewart 's music often took on a new wave or soft rock/middle-of-the-road quality , and in the early 2000s , he released a series of successful albums interpreting the Great American Songbook ." } ] }, { "value": "December 6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Ray Romano , Alyssa Milano , Perfect Holiday Gift Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ray_Romano", "summary": "Raymond Albert Romano ( born December 21 , 1957 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor and screenwriter . He is best known for his role on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond , for which he received an Emmy Award , and as the voice of Manny in the Ice Age film series . He created and starred in the TNT comedy-drama Men of a Certain Age ( 2009-2011 ) . From 2012 to 2015 , Romano had a recurring role as Hank Rizzoli , a love interest of Sarah Braverman in Parenthood . More recently , he co-starred in the romantic comedy The Big Sick ( 2017 ) and portrayed mob lawyer Bill Bufalino in the epic crime film The Irishman ( 2019 ) . Since 2017 , Romano has portrayed Rick Moreweather in the comedy-drama series Get Shorty ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alyssa_Milano", "summary": "Alyssa Jayne Milano ( born December 19 , 1972 ) is an American actress , producer , activist , and singer . She is known for her roles as Samantha Micelli in Who 's the Boss ? , Jennifer Mancini in Melrose Place , Phoebe Halliwell in Charmed , Billie Cunningham in My Name is Earl , Savannah Savi Davis in Mistresses , Renata Murphy in Wet Hot American Summer : 10 Years Later , and Coralee Armstrong in Insatiable ." } ] }, { "value": "December 7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "James Franco , Daniel Dae Kim , Perfect Holiday Gift Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Franco", "summary": "James Edward Franco ( born April 19 , 1978 ) is an American actor , director , screenwriter , comedian , film producer , television producer , academic , painter and writer . For his role in 127 Hours ( 2010 ) , he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . Franco is known for his roles in live-action films , such as Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002-2007 ) ; Milk ( 2008 ) ; Pineapple Express ( 2008 ) ; Eat , Pray , Love ( 2010 ) ; Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ; Spring Breakers ( 2012 ) ; Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) ; This Is the End ( 2013 ) ; and The Disaster Artist ( 2017 ) , for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . He is known for his collaborations with fellow actor Seth Rogen , having appeared in eight films and one television series with him . Franco is also known for his work on television ; his first prominent acting role was the character Daniel Desario on the short-lived ensemble comedy-drama Freaks and Geeks ( 1999-2000 ) , which developed a cult following . He portrayed the title character in the television biographical film James Dean ( 2001 ) , for which he won a Golden Globe Award . Franco had a recurring role on the daytime soap opera General Hospital ( 2009-2012 ) and starred in the limited series 11.22.63 ( 2016 ) . He starred in the David Simon-created HBO drama The Deuce ( 2017-2019 ) . Franco volunteers for the Art of Elysium charity , and has taught film classes at New York University , the University of Southern California , UCLA , Studio 4 , Palo Alto High School , and Playhouse West ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim", "summary": "Daniel Dae Kim ( Korean : 김대현 ; born Kim Dae-hyun on August 4 , 1968 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and producer . He is known for his roles as Jin-Soo Kwon in Lost , Chin Ho Kelly in Hawaii Five-0 , Gavin Park in Angel and Johnny Gat in the Saints Row series of video games . He also runs a production company called 3AD , which is currently producing the television series The Good Doctor ." } ] }, { "value": "December 8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Amy Adams , Natasha Bedingfield , Perfect Holiday Gift Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amy_Adams", "summary": "Amy Lou Adams ( born August 20 , 1974 ) is an American actress . Known for both her comedic and dramatic performances , she has placed three times in annual rankings of the highest-paid actresses in the world . Her accolades include two Golden Globes , and nominations for six Academy Awards and seven British Academy Film Awards . Born in Vicenza , Italy , and raised in Castle Rock , Colorado , Adams is the fourth of seven siblings . She trained to be a ballerina , but at age 18 , she found musical theater a better fit , and from 1994 to 1998 , she worked in dinner theater . She made her feature film debut with a supporting part in the 1999 satire Drop Dead Gorgeous . After moving to Los Angeles , she made guest appearances in television and took on mean girl parts in small-scale features . Her first major role came in Steven Spielberg 's 2002 biopic Catch Me If You Can , opposite Leonardo DiCaprio , but she was unemployed for a year afterward . Her breakthrough came in the part of a loquacious pregnant woman in the 2005 independent film Junebug . The 2007 musical Enchanted , in which Adams played a cheerful princess , was her first major success as a leading lady . She followed it by playing naïve , optimistic women in a series of films such as the 2008 drama Doubt . She subsequently played stronger parts to positive reviews in the sports film The Fighter ( 2010 ) and the psychological drama The Master ( 2012 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natasha_Bedingfield", "summary": "Natasha Anne Bedingfield ( born 26 November 1981 ) is an English singer and songwriter . Bedingfield released her debut album , Unwritten , in 2004 , which contained primarily up-tempo pop songs and was influenced by R & B music . It enjoyed international success with more than 2.3 million copies sold worldwide . Bedingfield received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the title track Unwritten , and at the 2005 and 2006 Brit Awards , she was nominated for Best British Female Artist . Unwritten also produced her only UK number one , These Words . Her second album , N.B . ( 2007 ) , yielded the UK top 10 singles I Wan na Have Your Babies and Soulmate . N.B . was not released in North America , but six tracks from it were included with seven new ones and released in 2008 as her third studio album , Pocketful of Sunshine , with the singles Love Like This and Pocketful of Sunshine earning success on the charts . In December 2010 , Bedingfield released her third album in North America , named Strip Me with the song of the same name charting on the US Billboard Hot 100 at 91 . Bedingfield has sold over 10 million albums and 10 million singles worldwide , totalling over 20 million records worldwide . In 2012 , VH1 ranked Bedingfield number 66 on the list of 100 Greatest Women in Music ." } ] }, { "value": "December 9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Owen Wilson , Lucy Liu , Perfect Holiday Gift Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Owen_Wilson", "summary": "Owen Cunningham Wilson ( born November 18 , 1968 ) is an American actor , producer , and screenwriter . He has had a long association with filmmaker Wes Anderson , with whom he shared writing and acting credits for Bottle Rocket ( 1996 ) and The Royal Tenenbaums ( 2001 ) , the latter of which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . He has appeared in a number of Frat Pack comedies and voiced Lightning McQueen in the Cars franchise . His older brother Andrew and younger brother Luke are also actors ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Lucy_Liu", "summary": "Lucy Liu ( born December 2 , 1968 ) is an American actress , who is known for playing the role of the vicious and ill-mannered Ling Woo in the television series Ally McBeal ( 1998-2002 ) , the assertive assassin O-Ren Ishii in Kill Bill , and Joan Watson in the crime-drama series Elementary ( 2012-2019 ) . Throughout her career , she has received two Screen Actors Guild Awards and has won the Seoul International Drama Award for Best Actress . She has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , and has received nominations for three People 's Choice Awards and two Saturn Awards . Liu 's film work includes starring in Payback ( 1999 ) , Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) , Shanghai Noon ( 2000 ) , Chicago ( 2002 ) , Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) , Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) , Lucky Number Slevin ( 2006 ) , The Man with the Iron Fists ( 2012 ) , and Set It Up ( 2018 ) . Liu is also a voice actress and has voiced Master Viper in the Kung Fu Panda franchise ( 2008-2016 ) . She also voiced Silvermist in Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) , Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) , Pixie Hollow Games ( 2011 ) , Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) , The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) , and Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) . Her other voice credits include Mulan II ( 2004 ) , as well as the English and Mandarin-dubbed versions of Magic Wonderland ( 2014 ) and The Tale of the Princess Kaguya ( 2013 ) . In 2008 , she starred in an ABC comedy-drama , Cashmere Mafia , as Mia Mason , which ended after one abbreviated season . The show was one of only a few American television shows to have an Asian American series lead . In 2012 , Liu joined the cast of the TNT series Southland in the recurring role of Jessica Tang , for which she won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Guest Actress ." } ] }, { "value": "December 10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kelly Ripa & Nick Lachey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nick_Lachey", "summary": "Nicholas Scott Lachey ( /ləˈʃeɪ/ lə-SHAY ; born November 9 , 1973 ) is an American actor , singer , and television personality . He rose to fame as the lead singer of the multi-platinum-selling boyband 98 Degrees , and later starred in the reality series Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica with his then-wife , Jessica Simpson . He has released four solo albums : SoulO , What 's Left of Me , A Father 's Lullaby , and Soundtrack of My Life . He also had a recurring role on the television series Charmed ." } ] }, { "value": "Aaron Eckhart , Mike Sorrentino , Perfect Holiday Gift Week", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aaron_Eckhart", "summary": "Aaron Edward Eckhart ( born March 12 , 1968 ) is an American actor . Born in Cupertino , California , Eckhart moved to England at age 13 , when his father relocated the family . Several years later , he began his acting career by performing in school plays , before moving to Australia for his high school senior year . He left high school without graduating , but earned a diploma through an adult education course , and graduated from Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in 1994 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in New York City as a struggling , unemployed actor . As an undergraduate at BYU , Eckhart met director and writer Neil LaBute , who cast him in several of his own original plays . Five years later Eckhart made a debut as an unctuous , sociopathic ladies ' man in LaBute 's black comedy film In the Company of Men ( 1997 ) . Under LaBute 's guidance he worked in the director 's films Your Friends & Neighbors ( 1998 ) , Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) , and Possession ( 2002 ) . Eckhart gained wide recognition as George in Steven Soderbergh 's critically acclaimed film Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , and , in 2006 , he received a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of Nick Naylor in Thank You for Smoking . Another mainstream breakout occurred in 2008 when he starred in the blockbuster Batman film The Dark Knight as District Attorney Harvey Dent . Other key roles include The Pledge ( 2001 ) , The Core ( 2003 ) , Paycheck ( 2003 ) , Rabbit Hole ( 2010 ) , Battle : Los Angeles ( 2011 ) , Olympus Has Fallen ( 2013 ) and its sequel London Has Fallen ( 2016 ) , I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) , and Sully ( 2016 ) , Midway ( 2019 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mike_Sorrentino", "summary": "Michael Sorrentino ( born July 4 , 1982 ) , also known as The Situation , is an American television personality . He appeared on all six seasons of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore , from 2009 through 2012 . In September 2019 , Sorrentino completed an eight-month prison sentence related to his felony conviction for tax evasion , and then resumed his reality-TV role with MTV 's Jersey Shore . Although currently on probation , he is allowed to participate in Jersey Shore Family Vacation as a reality TV star representing himself . In his series , on social media and in the mainstream media , he often openly talks about his felony conviction ." } ] }, { "value": "December 13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Jessica Alba , Ice-T , Crystal Bowersox", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jessica_Alba", "summary": "Jessica Marie Alba ( /ˈælbə/ ; born April 28 , 1981 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . She began her television and movie appearances at age 13 in Camp Nowhere and The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 ) , but rose to prominence at 19 , as the lead actress of the television series Dark Angel ( 2000-2002 ) , for which she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her big screen breakthrough came in Honey ( 2003 ) . She soon established herself as a Hollywood actress , and has starred in numerous box office hits throughout her career , including Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) , Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) , Good Luck Chuck ( 2007 ) , The Eye ( 2008 ) , Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) , Little Fockers ( 2010 ) , and Mechanic : Resurrection ( 2016 ) . She is a frequent collaborator of director Robert Rodriguez , having starred in Sin City ( 2005 ) , Machete ( 2010 ) , Spy Kids : All the Time in the World ( 2011 ) , Machete Kills ( 2013 ) , and Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ( 2014 ) . Since 2019 , Alba stars in the Spectrum action crime series L.A. 's Finest . Alba co-founded The Honest Company , a consumer goods company that sells baby , personal and household products . Magazines including Men 's Health , Vanity Fair and FHM have included her on their lists of the world 's most beautiful women ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ice-T", "summary": "Tracy Lauren Marrow ( born February 16 , 1958 ) , better known by his stage name Ice-T , is an American musician , rapper , songwriter , actor , record producer , and author . He began his career as an underground rapper in the 1980s and was signed to Sire Records in 1987 , when he released his debut album Rhyme Pays ; the second hip-hop album to carry an explicit content sticker after Slick Rick 's La Di Da Di . The following year , he founded the record label Rhyme $ yndicate Records ( named after his collective of fellow hip-hop artists called the Rhyme $ yndicate ) and released another album , Power , which went on to go Platinum . He also released several other albums that went Gold . He co-founded the heavy metal band Body Count , which he introduced on his 1991 rap album O.G . : Original Gangster , on the track titled Body Count . The band released their self-titled debut album in 1992 . Ice-T encountered controversy over his track Cop Killer , the lyrics of which discussed killing police officers . Ice-T asked to be released from his contract with Warner Bros. Records , and his next solo album , Home Invasion , was released later in February 1993 through Priority Records . Body Count 's next album was released in 1994 , and Ice-T released two more albums in the late-1990s . Since 2000 , he has portrayed NYPD Detective/Sergeant Odafin Tutuola on the NBC police drama Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Crystal_Bowersox", "summary": "Crystal Lynn Bowersox ( born August 4 , 1985 ) is an American singer , songwriter and actress who was the runner-up on the ninth season of American Idol . She was the first female finalist in three years . Bowersox 's debut album , Farmer 's Daughter , was released on December 14 , 2010 by Jive Records . Bowersox released her second album , All That for This , on March 26 , 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "December 14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Jeff Bridges , Ricky Gervais , Annie Lennox", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jeff_Bridges", "summary": "Jeffrey Leon Bridges ( born December 4 , 1949 ) is an American actor , singer , comedian and producer . He comes from a prominent acting family and appeared on the television series Sea Hunt ( 1958-60 ) , with his father , Lloyd Bridges and brother , Beau Bridges . He won numerous accolades , including the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Otis Bad Blake in the 2009 film Crazy Heart , and earned Academy Award nominations for his roles in The Last Picture Show ( 1971 ) , Bad Company ( 1972 ) , Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) , Starman ( 1984 ) , The Contender ( 2000 ) , True Grit ( 2010 ) , and Hell or High Water ( 2016 ) . His other films include Tron ( 1982 ) , Jagged Edge ( 1985 ) , The Fabulous Baker Boys ( 1989 ) , The Fisher King ( 1991 ) , Fearless ( 1993 ) , The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) , Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) , Iron Man ( 2008 ) , Tron : Legacy ( 2010 ) , and The Giver ( 2014 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ricky_Gervais", "summary": "Ricky Dene Gervais ( /dʒərˈveɪz/ jer-VAYS ; born 25 June 1961 ) is an English stand-up comedian , actor , writer , film producer , director , and musician . He is perhaps best known for co-creating , writing , and acting in the British television series The Office ( 2001-2003 ) . He has won seven BAFTA Awards , five British Comedy Awards , two Emmy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and the Rose d'Or twice ( 2006 and 2019 ) , as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination . In 2007 , he was placed at No . 11 on Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups and at No . 3 on the updated 2010 list . In 2010 , he was named on the Time 100 list of the world 's most influential people . Gervais initially worked in the music industry , attempting a career as a pop star in the 1980s as the singer of the new-wave act Seona Dancing and working as the manager of the then unknown band Suede before turning to comedy . Gervais appeared on The 11 O'Clock Show on Channel 4 between 1998 and 2000 , garnering a reputation as a blunt and often controversial social critic . In 2000 , he was given a Channel 4 spoof talk show , Meet Ricky Gervais . He achieved greater mainstream fame the following year with his BBC television mock documentary series The Office . It was followed by Extras in 2005 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Annie_Lennox", "summary": "Ann Lennox OBE ( born 25 December 1954 ) is a Scottish singer-songwriter , political activist and philanthropist . After achieving moderate success in the late 1970s as part of the new wave band The Tourists , she and fellow musician Dave Stewart went on to achieve international success in the 1980s as Eurythmics . Appearing in the 1983 music video for Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) with orange cropped hair and wearing a man 's business suit , the BBC states , all eyes were on Annie Lennox , the singer whose powerful androgynous look defied the male gaze . Subsequent hits with Eurythmics include There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) and Here Comes the Rain Again . Lennox embarked on a solo career in 1992 with her debut album , Diva , which produced several hit singles including Why and Walking on Broken Glass . The same year , she performed Love Song for a Vampire for Bram Stoker 's Dracula . Her 1995 studio album , Medusa , includes No More I Love You 's and A Whiter Shade of Pale . To date , she has released six solo studio albums and a compilation album , The Annie Lennox Collection ( 2009 ) . With eight Brit Awards , which includes being named Best British Female Artist a record six times , Lennox has been named the Brits Champion of Champions . She has also collected four Grammy Awards and an MTV Video Music Award . In 2002 , Lennox received a Billboard Century Award ; the highest accolade from Billboard magazine . In 2004 , she received both the Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Into the West , written for the soundtrack to the feature film The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ." } ] }, { "value": "December 15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Paul Rudd , Biggest Loser winner", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paul_Rudd", "summary": "Paul Stephen Rudd ( born April 6 , 1969 ) is an American actor , comedian , screenwriter , and producer . He studied theater at the University of Kansas and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts before making his acting debut in 1992 with NBC 's drama series Sisters . Rudd 's films include Clueless ( 1995 ) , Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) , Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) , The 40-Year-Old Virgin ( 2005 ) , Knocked Up ( 2007 ) , This Is 40 ( 2012 ) , Mute ( 2018 ) , and Ideal Home ( 2018 ) . He also has played Ant-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , appearing in Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) . In addition to his film career , Rudd has appeared in numerous television shows , including the NBC sitcom Friends as Mike Hannigan , along with guest roles on Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! and Parks and Recreation , and has also hosted Saturday Night Live . He currently stars in a dual role in the Netflix comedy series Living with Yourself , for which he earned a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy . He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in July 2015 . He was named as part of the Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2019 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Biggest_Loser", "summary": "The Biggest Loser is a reality television format which started with the American TV show The Biggest Loser in 2004 . The show centers on overweight and obese contestants attempting to lose the most weight ; the winner receives a cash prize . There are different variations of The Biggest Loser around the world . Each country has made its own adaptation of the show ; however , the contestants always have the same goal : to lose the highest percentage of weight ( or most weight ) to become the biggest loser . There is no minimum or maximum weight limit for the show but most males tend to weigh over or near 300 lb ( 136 kg ) . Females tend to weigh over or near 200 lb ( 91 kg ) . In addition to individual contestants , some seasons in some international adaptations have featured couples or even whole families ." } ] }, { "value": "December 16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Reese Witherspoon , Teri Polo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon", "summary": "Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon ( born March 22 , 1976 ) is an American actress , producer , and entrepreneur . The recipient of several accolades , including an Academy Award and a Primetime Emmy Award , she is among the highest-paid actresses in the world , as of 2019 . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2006 and 2015 , and Forbes listed her among the World 's 100 Most Powerful Women in 2019 . Born in New Orleans , Louisiana , and raised in Nashville , Tennessee , Witherspoon began her career as a teenager , making her screen debut in The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) . Following a leading role opposite Mark Wahlberg in Fear ( 1996 ) , her breakthrough came in 1999 with a supporting role in Cruel Intentions and for her portrayal of Tracy Flick in the black comedy Election . She achieved wider recognition with her role as Elle Woods in the comedy Legally Blonde ( 2001 ) and its 2003 sequel , and for her starring role in the romantic comedy Sweet Home Alabama ( 2002 ) . In 2005 , her portrayal of June Carter Cash in the biographical musical film Walk the Line garnered critical acclaim and won her the Academy Award for Best Actress . Following a career downturn , during which her sole commercial success was the romantic drama Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , Witherspoon made her career comeback when she produced the thriller Gone Girl and the drama Wild ( both 2014 ) , under her production company Hello Sunshine . She also starred as Cheryl Strayed in the latter , for which she received a second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Witherspoon ventured into television by producing and starring in the HBO drama series Big Little Lies ( 2017-2019 ) and the Apple TV+ drama series The Morning Show ( 2019 ) . For the former , she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series . Witherspoon also owns a clothing company Draper James , and she is actively involved in children 's and women 's advocacy organizations ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Teri_Polo", "summary": "Theresa Elizabeth Teri Polo ( born June 1 , 1969 ) is an American actress . She starred as Pam Byrnes-Focker in the Meet the Parents trilogy . She was one of the stars of the sitcom I 'm with Her ( 2003-2004 ) , had a recurring role as Helen Santos on the political drama series The West Wing ( 2005-2006 ) and played the role of police officer Stef Adams Foster in the ABC Family series The Fosters ( 2013-2018 ) and its spinoff Good Trouble ( 2019 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "December 17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Robert De Niro , Michael Eisner", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_De_Niro", "summary": "Robert Anthony De Niro Jr. ( /də ˈnɪəroʊ/ , Italian : [ de ˈniːro ] ; born August 17 , 1943 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . He has received numerous accolades , including two Academy Awards , a Golden Globe Award , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , the Golden Lion , the AFI Life Achievement Award , Presidential Medal of Freedom , and has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards , four Primetime Emmy Awards , and four Screen Actors Guild Awards . He also has Italian citizenship . De Niro was cast as the young Vito Corleone in the 1974 film The Godfather Part II ; he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . His longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake LaMotta in the 1980 film Raging Bull . De Niro 's first major film roles were in the sports drama Bang the Drum Slowly ( 1973 ) and Scorsese 's crime film Mean Streets ( 1973 ) . He earned Academy Award nominations for the psychological thrillers Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) and Cape Fear ( 1991 ) , both directed by Scorsese . De Niro received additional nominations for Michael Cimino 's Vietnam war drama The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) , Penny Marshall 's drama Awakenings ( 1990 ) , and David O. Russell 's romantic comedy-drama Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) . He earned BAFTA Award nominations for playing Rupert Pupkin in the black comedy The King of Comedy ( 1983 ) and gangster Jimmy Conway in the crime film Goodfellas ( 1990 ) . De Niro has earned four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , for his work in the musical drama New York , New York ( 1977 ) , the action comedy Midnight Run ( 1988 ) , the gangster comedy Analyze This ( 1999 ) , and the comedy Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) . Other notable performances include roles in 1900 ( 1976 ) , The Last Tycoon ( 1976 ) , Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) , Brazil ( 1985 ) , The Mission ( 1986 ) , The Untouchables ( 1987 ) , This Boy 's Life ( 1993 ) , Heat ( 1995 ) , Casino ( 1995 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , Joker ( 2019 ) , and The Irishman ( 2019 ) . He has directed and starred in films such as the crime drama A Bronx Tale ( 1993 ) and the spy film The Good Shepherd ( 2006 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Eisner", "summary": "Michael Dammann Eisner ( born March 7 , 1942 ) is an American businessman . Eisner was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) of The Walt Disney Company from September 1984 to September 2005 . Prior to Disney , Eisner was President and CEO of rival film studio Paramount Pictures from 1976 to 1984 , and had brief stints at the major television networks NBC , CBS , and ABC ." } ] }, { "value": "December 20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "Ben Stiller", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ben_Stiller", "summary": "Benjamin Edward Meara Stiller ( born November 30 , 1965 ) is an American actor , comedian , writer , producer , musician and director . He is the son of veteran comedians and actors Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara . After beginning his acting career with a play , Stiller wrote several mockumentaries and was offered his own show , titled The Ben Stiller Show , which he produced and hosted for its 13-episode run . Having previously acted in television , he began acting in films . He made his directorial debut with Reality Bites . Throughout his career he has written , starred in , directed , or produced more than 50 films including The Secret Life of Walter Mitty , Zoolander , The Cable Guy , There 's Something About Mary , the Meet the Parents trilogy , DodgeBall , Tropic Thunder , the Madagascar series , and the Night at the Museum trilogy . He has also made numerous cameos in music videos , television shows , and films . Stiller is a member of a group of comedic actors colloquially known as the Frat Pack . His films have grossed more than $ 2.6 billion in Canada and the United States , with an average of $ 79 million per film . Throughout his career , he has received various awards and honors , including an Emmy Award , multiple MTV Movie Awards , a Britannia Award and a Teen Choice Award ." } ] }, { "value": "December 21", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "LIVE 's Holiday Skating Party , Bette Midler , Katharine McPhee , Disney On Ice", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bette_Midler", "summary": "Bette Midler ( /bɛt/ ; born December 1 , 1945 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , comedian , and film producer . Born in Honolulu , Hawaii , Midler began her professional career in several Off-Off-Broadway plays , prior to her engagements in Fiddler on the Roof and Salvation on Broadway in the late 1960s . She came to prominence in 1970 when she began singing in the Continental Baths , a local gay bathhouse where she managed to build up a core following . Since 1970 , Midler has released 14 studio albums as a solo artist . Throughout her career , many of her songs became hits on the record charts , including her renditions of The Rose , Wind Beneath My Wings , Do You Want to Dance , Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy , and From a Distance . Midler made her motion picture debut in 1979 with The Rose , which earned her a Golden Globe for Best Actress , as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She has since starred in a number of hit films , which include : Down and Out in Beverly Hills ( 1986 ) , Ruthless People ( 1986 ) , Outrageous Fortune ( 1987 ) , Big Business ( 1988 ) , Beaches ( 1988 ) , Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) , The First Wives Club ( 1996 ) , The Stepford Wives ( 2004 ) , and Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) . She also starred in For the Boys ( 1991 ) and Gypsy ( 1993 ) , winning two additional Golden Globes for these films and receiving a second Academy Award nomination for the former . In 2008 , she signed a contract with Caesars Palace in Las Vegas to perform a show titled Bette Midler : The Showgirl Must Go On , which ended in 2010 . In a career spanning almost half a century , Midler has won three Grammy Awards , four Golden Globes , three Emmy Awards , and a Tony Award . She has sold over 30 million records worldwide , and has received four Gold , three Platinum , and three Multiplatinum albums by RIAA . Midler 's latest work included appearing on Broadway in a revival of Hello , Dolly ! , which began preview performances on March 15 , 2017 and premiered at the Shubert Theatre on April 20 , 2017 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Katharine_McPhee", "summary": "Katharine Hope McPhee Foster ( born March 25 , 1984 ) is an American actress , singer , and songwriter . In May 2006 , she was the runner-up on the fifth season of American Idol . Her self-titled debut album was released on RCA Records on January 30 , 2007 , and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 381,000 copies ( as of December 2010 ) . The album 's first single , Over It , was a Pop Top 30 hit and was certified gold in 2008 . Her second album , Unbroken , was released on Verve Forecast Records on January 5 , 2010 , and debuted at No . 27 on the Billboard 200 . The album featured the single Had It All , which peaked at number 22 on the AC chart . It has sold 45,000 copies as of January 2011 . Her third album , the holiday-themed Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You , was released on October 12 , 2010 . The album debuted at number 11 on the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart , while the single Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas peaked at number 16 on the Billboard AC chart . As of January 2011 , this album had sold 23,000 copies . McPhee released her fourth album , Hysteria , on September 18 , 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Disney_On_Ice", "summary": "Disney on Ice , originally Walt Disney 's World on Ice , is a series of touring ice shows produced by Feld Entertainment 's Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice , Inc. under agreement with The Walt Disney Company . Aimed primarily at children , the shows feature figure skaters portraying the roles of Disney characters in performances derived from various Disney films . Feld Entertainment licensed the rights to Disney material for ice shows and includes shared merchandising revenue between Disney and Ice Follies ." } ] }, { "value": "December 22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "LIVE 's Holiday Flashback Special : Raiding the Live Vault", "urls": [] }, { "value": "December 31", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Regis_Philbin", "summary": "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kelly_Ripa", "summary": "Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media ." } ] }, { "value": "2010 Farewell Special : A Year In Review", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "December 2010", "section_text": "", "uid": "Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(Season_23)_3", "intro": "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 23rd season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "List of music schools in the United Kingdom", "header": [ "Name", "Location", "Age range", "Established" ], "data": [ { "value": "Chetham 's School of Music", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chetham's_School_of_Music", "summary": "Chetham 's School of Music ( /ˈtʃiːtəmz/ ) is an independent co-educational music school in Manchester , England . Chetham 's educates students between the ages of 8 and 18 , all of whom enter via musical auditions . Students receive a full academic education alongside specialist group and individual music tuition . Chetham 's offers a year-round programme of concerts at the school , Manchester Cathedral , the Royal Northern College of Music , Band on the Wall and Bridgewater Hall . Recitals also take place in churches and community spaces , at festivals and internationally . Its senior ensembles , Chetham 's Symphony Orchestra and Big Band , alongside many individual students , have won awards for their music , and many alumni have progressed to highly successful careers as professional musicians or in other sectors . The music school was established in 1969 from Chetham 's Hospital School , founded as a charity school by Humphrey Chetham in 1653 . After becoming a boys ' grammar school in 1952 , the school turned to music as its speciality , at the same time becoming an independent school and accepting its first female students . There are approximately 300 students on roll , including a large sixth form making up around half of the school . Approximately two-thirds of students board on site , with others travelling in as day students from around Greater Manchester . The oldest parts of the school date to the 1420s , when the building was constructed as a residence for priests of the church which is now Manchester Cathedral . These parts are listed buildings housing Chetham 's Library , the oldest free public reference library in the English-speaking world ." } ] }, { "value": "Manchester", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manchester", "summary": "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ." } ] }, { "value": "8-18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Purcell School for Young Musicians", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Purcell_School_for_Young_Musicians", "summary": "The Purcell School for Young Musicians is a specialist music school for children , located in the town of Bushey , south Hertfordshire , England , and is the oldest specialist music school in the UK . The school was awarded the UNESCO Mozart Medal in 2003 , which was received on behalf of the school by Prince Charles , who is a patron of the school . Sir Simon Rattle is honorary president of the school . Many of the pupils subsequently study at the Royal College of Music or Royal Academy of Music . In 2015 , the School became the very first Fazioli Pianoforti Centre of Excellence . The Schools pupils are funded largely by the Government 's Music and Dance Scheme , along with the Schools own scholarship funds . It has a consistent success in national and international competitions and has an extensive programme of outreach and community work . The majority of pupils progress to music conservatoires although a small number each year elect to go to University to study both music and non-musical subjects ." } ] }, { "value": "Bushey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bushey", "summary": "Bushey is a town in the Hertsmere borough of Hertfordshire in the East of England . It has a population of 24,000 . Bushey Heath is a large neighbourhood south east of Bushey on the boundary with the London Borough of Harrow reaching elevations of 165 metres ( 541 ft ) above sea level ." } ] }, { "value": "9-18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1962", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yehudi Menuhin School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin_School", "summary": "The Yehudi Menuhin School is a specialist music school in Stoke d'Abernon , Surrey , England , founded in 1963 by violinist and conductor Yehudi Menuhin . The current Director of Music is the composer and conductor Òscar Colomina i Bosch . The school is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in the United Kingdom , along with Chetham 's School of Music , Wells Cathedral School , the Purcell School and St. Mary 's Music School , Edinburgh . It is mainly funded by the Department for Education 's Music and Dance Scheme , by philanthropic foundations , by donations and bequests from individuals , and by regular support from the Friends of the Yehudi Menuhin School . Yehudi Menuhin founded the School to provide an environment and tuition for musically gifted children from all over the world to pursue their love of music , develop their musical potential , and achieve standards of performance on stringed instruments and piano at the highest level . Today 's School provides a holistic musical and academic education for around 85 musically gifted boys and girls aged from 8 to 19 , with specialist tuition on the stringed instruments , piano and classical guitar . The majority of the School 's pupils are boarders , with roughly a dozen day pupils , mainly in the younger age groups . It is the School 's ambition to be 'needs-blind ' in its admission process . Parents are charged fees in accordance with their ability to pay , with around three-quarters supported by the Music and Dance Scheme and the remainder assisted by bursaries from the School . The school is a registered charity under English law . The Menuhin Hall located in the School grounds hosts a full programme of concerts throughout the year ." } ] }, { "value": "Stoke d'Abernon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stoke_d'Abernon", "summary": "Stoke D'Abernon ( /ˈdæbərnɒn/ ) is a village and former civil parish in the borough of Elmbridge in Surrey , England . It is on the right bank of the River Mole contiguously south of Cobham , a larger settlement which is a post town and is east-southeast of Oxshott a large village founded in the 19th century from the higher , sandy forested part of its formerly expansive area . It shares a railway station with Cobham and is inside the M25 motorway . Cobham Training Centre , the training ground of Chelsea F.C. , is within its traditional boundaries ." } ] }, { "value": "8-19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1963", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wells Cathedral School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wells_Cathedral_School", "summary": "Wells Cathedral School is a co-educational independent school located in Wells , Somerset , England . The school is one of the five specialist musical schools for school-age children in the United Kingdom , along with Chetham 's School of Music , the Yehudi Menuhin School , the Purcell School and St. Mary 's Music School , Edinburgh . The Head Master , Alastair Tighe , is a member of the Headmasters ' Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Wells , Somerset", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wells,_Somerset", "summary": "Wells ( /wɛlz/ ) is a cathedral city and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset , on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills . Although the population recorded in the 2011 census was only 10,536 , ( increased to 12,000 by 2018 ) and with a built-up area of just 3.244 square kilometres , Wells has had city status since medieval times , because of the presence of Wells Cathedral . Often described as England 's smallest city , it is actually second smallest to the City of London in area and population , but unlike London it is not part of a larger urban agglomeration . Wells is named from three wells dedicated to Saint Andrew , one in the market place and two within the grounds of the Bishop 's Palace and cathedral . A small Roman settlement surrounded them , which grew in importance and size under the Anglo-Saxons when King Ine of Wessex founded a minster church there in 704 . The community became a trading centre based on cloth making and Wells is notable for its 17th-century involvement in both the English Civil War and Monmouth Rebellion . In the 19th century , transport infrastructure improved with stations on three different railway lines . However , since 1964 the city has been without a railway link . The cathedral and the associated religious and medieval architectural history provide much of the employment . The city has a variety of sporting and cultural activities and houses several schools including The Blue School , a state coeducational comprehensive school that was founded in 1641 , and the independent Wells Cathedral School , that was founded possibly as early as 909 and is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in the United Kingdom . Wells ' historic architecture has led to the city being used as a shooting location for numerous films and television programmes ." } ] }, { "value": "3-18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1970", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Royal College of Music", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music", "summary": "The Royal College of Music is a conservatoire established by royal charter in 1882 , located in South Kensington , London , UK . It offers training from the undergraduate to the doctoral level in all aspects of Western Music including performance , composition , conducting , music theory and history . The RCM also undertakes research , with particular strengths in performance practice and performance science . The college was named the top institution for Performing Arts in both the United Kingdom and Europe in the 2018 QS World University Rankings . [ citation needed ] It was also ranked second across all Performing Arts institutions worldwide . The college is one of the four conservatories of the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music and a member of Conservatoires UK . Its buildings are directly opposite the Royal Albert Hall on Prince Consort Road , next to Imperial College and among the museums and cultural centres of Albertopolis ." } ] }, { "value": "London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London", "summary": "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ." } ] }, { "value": "Tertiary", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1883", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Royal Academy of Music", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music", "summary": "The Royal Academy of Music in London , England , is the oldest conservatoire in the UK , founded in 1822 by John Fane and Nicolas-Charles Bochsa . It received its Royal Charter in 1830 from King George IV with the support of the first Duke of Wellington . It is one of the leading conservatoires in the UK , rated fourth in the Complete University Guide and third in the Guardian University Guide for 2018 . Famous Academy alumni include Sir Simon Rattle , Sir Harrison Birtwistle , Sir Elton John and Annie Lennox . The Academy provides undergraduate and postgraduate training across instrumental performance , composition , jazz , musical theatre and opera , and recruits musicians from around the world , with a student community representing more than 50 nationalities . It is committed to lifelong learning , from Junior Academy , which trains musicians up to the age of 18 , through Open Academy community music projects , to performances and educational events for all ages . The Academys museum is home to one of the worlds most significant collections of musical instruments and artefacts , including stringed instruments by Stradivari , Guarneri , and members of the Amati family ; manuscripts by Purcell , Handel and Vaughan Williams ; and a collection of performing materials that belonged to leading performers . It is a constituent college of the University of London and a registered charity under English law ." } ] }, { "value": "London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London", "summary": "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ." } ] }, { "value": "Tertiary", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1822", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guildhall School of Music and Drama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama", "summary": "The Guildhall School of Music and Drama is a conservatoire and drama school located in the City of London , United Kingdom . Established in 1880 , the school offers undergraduate and postgraduate training in all aspects of classical music and jazz along with drama and technical theatre arts . The school is a leading international conservatoire with students from over sixty countries . It has one of the most prestigious performing arts programmes in the world , having been ranked the number one U.K. conservatoire in the 2019 Guardian league tables for music and ranked the seventh university in the world for performing arts in the QS World University Rankings . Based within the heart of the Barbican Centre in the City of London , the school currently numbers just over 1000 students , approximately 800 of whom are music students and 200 on the drama and technical theatre programmes . The school is a member of Conservatoires UK , the European Association of Conservatoires and the Federation of Drama Schools . It also has formed a creative alliance with its neighbours , the Barbican Centre and the London Symphony Orchestra . Notable alumni of the school include : Sir Bryn Terfel , Sir George Martin , Daniel Craig and Ewan McGregor" } ] }, { "value": "London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London", "summary": "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ." } ] }, { "value": "Tertiary", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1880", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Trinity_Laban_Conservatoire_of_Music_and_Dance", "summary": "Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance is a music and dance conservatoire based in London , England . It was formed in 2005 as a merger of two older institutions - Trinity College of Music and Laban Dance Centre . Today the conservatoire has 1,015 undergraduate and postgraduate students based at three campuses in Greenwich ( Trinity ) , Deptford and New Cross ( Laban ) ." } ] }, { "value": "London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London", "summary": "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ." } ] }, { "value": "Tertiary", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1872", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Royal Northern College of Music", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music", "summary": "The Royal Northern College of Music ( RNCM ) is one of the leading conservatoires in the world , located in Manchester , England . It is one of four conservatoires associated with the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music . In addition to being a centre of music education , RNCM is one of the UK 's busiest and most diverse public performance venues ." } ] }, { "value": "Manchester", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manchester", "summary": "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ." } ] }, { "value": "Tertiary", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1893", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Royal Birmingham Conservatoire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Royal_Birmingham_Conservatoire", "summary": "The Royal Birmingham Conservatoire is a music school , drama school and concert venue in Birmingham , England . It provides professional education in music , acting and related disciplines up to postgraduate level , and is a centre for scholarly research and doctorate-level study in areas such as performance practice , composition , musicology and music history . It is the only one of the nine conservatoires in the United Kingdom that is also a faculty of a university , in this case Birmingham City University . It is a member of the Federation of Drama Schools . The conservatoire houses a 500-seat concert hall and other performance spaces including a recital hall , organ studio and a dedicated jazz club . It was founded in 1886 as the Birmingham School of Music , the first music school to be established in England outside London . Birmingham is also home to two other concert venues - Town Hall and Symphony Hall . As a result , Birmingham Conservatoire experiences a constant stream of distinguished visiting soloists and tutors . A conservatoire education is heavily weighted towards practical learning and performance , and provides the opportunity for each student to use the specialist professional training on offer to develop a career in music . Students are able to take part in collaborations made available by links with the major concert venues in the city , including the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra ( CBSO ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Birmingham", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham", "summary": "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ." } ] }, { "value": "Tertiary", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1886", "urls": [] }, { "value": "London College of Creative Media", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London_College_of_Creative_Media", "summary": "London College of Creative Media ( LCCM ) is a private college of higher education in South London offering undergraduate degrees in music , writing , and music management ; a postgraduate degree in creative entrepreneurship ; and shorter courses in music performance and production . It was founded in 2002 as the London Centre of Contemporary Music and changed to its present name in 2016 . LCCM was also the home of the National Youth Jazz Orchestra from 2012 to 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London", "summary": "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ." } ] }, { "value": "Tertiary", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2002", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "England", "section_text": "Main category : Music schools in England", "uid": "List_of_music_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom_0", "intro": "This list of music schools in the United Kingdom includes all tertiary level conservatoires, vocational music schools and specialist music schools for school-aged children." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA's_50_Greatest_Players_(1991)", "title": "FIBA's 50 Greatest Players (1991)", "header": [ "Rank", "Player", "Country", "Vote Total" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sergei Belov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sergei_Belov", "summary": "Sergei Alexandrovich Belov ( Russian : Серге́й Алекса́ндрович Бело́в ; 23 January 1944 - 3 October 2013 ) was a professional basketball player , most noted for playing for CSKA Moscow and the senior Soviet Union national basketball team . He is considered to be one of the best European basketball players of all time , and was given the honour of lighting the Olympic Cauldron with the Olympic flame during the 1980 Summer Olympics opening ceremony , in Moscow . In 1991 , Belov was named by FIBA as the Best FIBA Player ever . He became the first international player to be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame on 11 May 1992 . He was also inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2007 and was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors in 2008 ." } ] }, { "value": "Soviet Union", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Soviet_Union", "summary": "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ." } ] }, { "value": "317", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dražen Petrović", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dražen_Petrović", "summary": "Dražen Petrović ( pronounced [ drǎʒen pětroʋitɕ ] ; 22 October 1964 - 7 June 1993 ) was a Croatian professional basketball player . A shooting guard , he initially achieved success playing professional basketball in Europe in the 1980s , before joining the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in 1989 . A star on multiple stages , Petrović earned two silver medals and one bronze in Olympic basketball , a gold and a bronze in the FIBA World Cup , a gold and a bronze in the FIBA EuroBasket , and two EuroLeague titles . He represented Yugoslavia 's national team and , later , Croatia 's national team . He earned four Euroscars , and was named Mr. Europa twice . In 1985 , he received the Golden Badge award for best athlete of Yugoslavia . Seeking a bigger arena after his career start in Europe , Petrović joined the NBA in 1989 , as a member of the Portland Trail Blazers . After playing mostly off the bench that year , Petrović experienced a breakthrough following a trade to the New Jersey Nets . While starting for the Nets , he became one of the league 's best shooting guards . Petrović 's career and life were cut short after he died in a car accident at the age of 28 . He received the Olympic Order in 1993 . Petrović is considered the crucial part of the vanguard to the present-day mass influx of European players into the NBA ." } ] }, { "value": "Yugoslavia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia", "summary": "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ." } ] }, { "value": "280", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arvydas Sabonis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arvydas_Sabonis", "summary": "Arvydas Romas Sabonis ( Lithuanian pronunciation : ​ [ ˈaːrviːdaːs ˈsaːboːnʲɪs ] ; born December 19 , 1964 ) is a Lithuanian retired professional basketball player and businessman . Recognized as one of the best European players of all time , he won the Euroscar six times , and the Mr. Europa Award twice . He played in a variety of leagues , and spent seven seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , in the United States . Playing the center position , Sabonis won a gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics , in South Korea , for the Soviet Union , and later earned bronze medals at the 1992 Olympic Games and 1996 Olympic Games , while representing Lithuania . He retired from professional basketball in 2005 . Sabonis was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers , in the first round of the 1986 NBA draft , but he did not play his first NBA game until the age of 30 , in 1995 . Sabonis is considered one of the best big man passers , as well as one of the best overall centers , in the history of the game . Bill Walton once called Sabonis , a 7 ft 3 in ( 2.21 m ) Larry Bird , due to his unique court vision , shooting range , rugged in-game mentality , and versatility . On August 20 , 2010 , Sabonis was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame , in recognition of his great play in international competition . On April 4 , 2011 , Sabonis was named to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , and he was as a player , inducted on August 12 , 2011 . At that time , he was the tallest player to ever enter the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ; one year later , he would be surpassed by 7 ft 4 in ( 2.24 m ) Ralph Sampson . On October 24 , 2011 , Sabonis was voted as the next President of the Lithuanian Basketball Federation , replacing Vladas Garastas , who had led the LBF since 1991 ." } ] }, { "value": "Lithuania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lithuania", "summary": "The first known record of the name of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuva ) is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno in the Quedlinburg Chronicle . The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva : Litua ( pronounced [ litua ] ) . Due to the lack of reliable evidence , the true meaning of the name is unknown . Nowadays , scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few plausible versions . Since Lietuva has a suffix ( -uva ) , the original word should have no suffix . [ citation needed ] A likely candidate is Lietā . Because many Baltic ethnonyms originated from hydronyms , linguists have searched for its origin among local hydronyms . Usually , such names evolved through the following process : hydronym → toponym → ethnonym . Lietava , a small river not far from Kernavė , the core area of the early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the eventual Grand Duchy of Lithuania , is usually credited as the source of the name . However , the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation . On the other hand , such naming is not unprecedented in world history . Artūras Dubonis proposed another hypothesis , that Lietuva relates to the word leičiai ( plural of leitis ) ." } ] }, { "value": "277", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Krešimir Ćosić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Krešimir_Ćosić", "summary": "Krešimir Krešo Ćosić ( Croatian pronunciation : [ krěʃimir t͡ɕɔ̌ːsit͡ɕ ] ; 26 November 1948 - 25 May 1995 ) was a Croatian professional basketball player and coach . He was a collegiate All-American at Brigham Young University . In 1996 , Ćosić became only the second international player ever elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . He was also an inaugural member of the FIBA Hall of Fame . The Croatian Basketball Cup , and KK Zadar 's home arena , are named after him . Ćosić was a notable church leader and missionary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , as well as the deputy ambassador of Croatia to the U.S. , in Washington , D.C ." } ] }, { "value": "Yugoslavia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia", "summary": "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ." } ] }, { "value": "273", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Toni Kukoč", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toni_Kukoč", "summary": "Toni Kukoč ( pronounced [ kukotʃ ] ; born September 18 , 1968 ) is a Croatian former professional basketball player who is currently Special Advisor to Jerry Reinsdorf , the owner of the Chicago Bulls . After a highly successful period in European basketball , he was one of the first established European stars to play in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He won the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award in 1996 . Kukoč was renowned for his versatility and passing ability ; although his natural position was small forward , he played all five positions on the court with prowess and demonstrated court vision and an outside shooting touch that were seldom found in players of his height . Together with Vassilis Spanoulis , they are the only players in history to achieve the EuroLeague Final Four MVP honor on three occasions . He was elected to the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Yugoslavia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia", "summary": "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ." } ] }, { "value": "264", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nikos Galis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nikos_Galis", "summary": "Nikolaos Georgalis ( Greek : Νικόλαος Γεωργαλής ; born July 23 , 1957 ) , commonly known as either Nikos Galis ( Greek : Νίκος Γκάλης ) , or Nick Galis , is a retired Greek professional basketball player . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 , is an inaugural member of the FIBA Hall of Fame and was chosen as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors in 2008 . Galis is widely regarded as one of Europe 's greatest scorers to ever play the game , as well as one of the all-time greatest players in FIBA international basketball history . [ a ] In 2017 , he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Galis played the point guard position during his college basketball years at Seton Hall University , but turned into a shooting guard as a professional . He spent most of his career in Aris , before having a late stint with Panathinaikos . He is the EuroLeague 's all-time leader in points per game ( counting both FIBA Europe and Euroleague Basketball Company era games 1958 season-present ) , leading the competition in scoring eight times . In the premier European club scene , he reached the EuroLeague Final Four on four occasions , three consecutive times with Aris ( 1988 , 1989 , and 1990 ) , and another one with Panathinaikos ( 1994 ) . An eight-time Greek league champion , Galis is the Greek Championship 's unofficial all-time leading scorer , in both career points scored and career scoring average , counting all league formats ( since the 1963-64 season , official stats are recognized since the 1992-93 season ) . Galis led the senior Greek national team to a EuroBasket gold medal in 1987 , as well as to a EuroBasket silver medal in 1989 , earning the tournament MVP honor in 1987 , and being elected to the All-EuroBasket Team four times . Among his myriad accomplishments , he holds the EuroBasket record for highest career scoring average ( 31.2 points per game ) , and was the leading scorer of four EuroBasket tournaments in 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , and 1991 . In addition to that , he holds the FIBA World Championship/Cup record for highest career scoring average ( 33.5 points per game ) , as well as for most points ever scored in a single tournament , which he set at the 1986 FIBA World Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "Greece", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greece", "summary": "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ." } ] }, { "value": "251", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Radivoj Korać", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Radivoj_Korać", "summary": "Radivoj Korać [ a ] ( Serbian Cyrillic : Радивој Кораћ ; 5 November 1938 - 2 June 1969 ) was a Serbian and Yugoslav professional basketball player . He represented the Yugoslavia national basketball team internationally . Korać is well known for holding the EuroLeague 's all-time single-game scoring record , at 99 points scored , in a game versus Alvik Basket , during the 1964-65 season , and for once making 100 out of 100 free throws on a live television show in Belgium . Korać died in a car crash in 1969 , at the age of 30 , and FIBA Europe later established the European-wide third-tier level FIBA Radivoj Korać Cup , in his remembrance , in 1971 . Korać was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . In 2002 , the Basketball Federation of Serbia named its top national domestic cup competition , the Radivoj Korać Cup , after him . He was enshrined into the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2007 , and was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors the following year ." } ] }, { "value": "Yugoslavia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia", "summary": "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ." } ] }, { "value": "246", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dino Meneghin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dino_Meneghin", "summary": "Dino Meneghin ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdiːno meneˈɡin ] , Venetian : [ meneˈɡiŋ ] ; born January 18 , 1950 ) is an Italian former professional basketball player . He is widely considered to be the best Italian player ever , as well as one of Europe 's all-time greats . A 2.06 m ( 6 ft 9 in ) tall center , Meneghin was born in Alano di Piave , Veneto ( northeast Italy ) . On November 20 , 1966 , when he was 16 years old , he played in his first game in the Italian League , with Ignis Varese . He played the last game of his career at the age of 45 . In 2003 , Meneghin was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and in 2010 , he became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame ." } ] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Italy", "summary": "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ." } ] }, { "value": "221", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dražen Dalipagić", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dražen_Dalipagić", "summary": "Dražen Praja Dalipagić ( born 27 November 1951 ) is a Serbian retired professional basketball player and head coach . He was selected the best athlete of Yugoslavia in the year 1978 , and is one of the most decorated athletes in Yugoslavian history . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . Dalipagić was enshrined into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a player in 2004 , and into the FIBA Hall of Fame , also as a player , in 2007 . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors . During his professional playing career , he scored at least 50 points in a game 15 times . His single-game career scoring high was 70 points scored , achieved during an Italian League game , between Venezia and Virtus Bologna , on 25 January , 1987 . He was nicknamed The Sky Jumper ." } ] }, { "value": "Yugoslavia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia", "summary": "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ." } ] }, { "value": "209", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oscar Schmidt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oscar_Schmidt", "summary": "Oscar Daniel Bezerra Schmidt ( born February 16 , 1958 ) is a retired Brazilian professional basketball player . He is also known as Oscar Schmidt Bezerra in Spain , where he played for Fórum Valladolid for the 1993-94 and 1994-95 seasons , and simply Oscar , or Mão Santa ( Holy Hand ) , in his homeland . Schmidt played the small forward position , was 2.05 m ( 6 ft 8​3⁄4 in ) tall and weighed 107 kg ( 236 lbs ) . He was born in Natal , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil . He is considered to be the all-time leading scorer in the history of basketball , with 49,737 career points scored ( club play , plus national team play combined ) . He is also a record holder for the longest career span of a professional basketball player , and the top scorer in the history of the Summer Olympic Games . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . On August 20 , 2010 , Schmidt was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame , in recognition of his play in international competition . On September 8 , 2013 , Schmidt was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ." } ] }, { "value": "Brazil", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brazil", "summary": "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ." } ] }, { "value": "205", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "FIBA 's 50 Greatest All-Time Players ( 1991 ) Top 10 Vote Results", "section_text": "", "uid": "FIBA's_50_Greatest_Players_(1991)_1", "intro": "FIBA's 50 Greatest Players (1991) is the list of the 50 greatest players in the history of FIBA international basketball, as selected in the year 1991, by FIBA Magazine. The list was created in honor of the 100th anniversary of the creation of the sport of basketball, by James Naismith. FIBA had a group of international basketball experts, composed mainly of international basketball coaches, vote for the 50 greatest players list. Each expert voter was tasked with picking 25 players. The voting was tallied as, 25 points for a 1st place vote, 24 points for a 2nd place vote, and so on. There were 51 players selected, as a result of a tie in the vote totals. Players from all over the world were considered to be eligible for the voting, including NBA players. 5 European players that had played in the NBA up to that time, made the list (Divac, Petrović, Marčiulionis, Volkov, Martín). However, no U.S.A. NBA players made the list, because they were not competing in major FIBA tournaments until 1992. Nonetheless, 5 U.S.A. players that played in leagues other than the NBA, did make the list (Brabender, Luyk, Galis, Cruz, Morse)." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Qinghai", "title": "List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Qinghai", "header": [ "Site", "Chinese name", "Location", "Designation" ], "data": [ { "value": "Kumbum Monastery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery", "summary": "Kumbum Monastery ( Wylie : སྐུ་འབུམ་བྱམས་པ་གླིང་ , THL Kumbum Jampa Ling ) , also called Ta'er Temple , is a Tibetan gompa in Lusar , Huangzhong County , Xining , Qinghai , China . It was founded in 1583 in a narrow valley close to the village of Lusar in the historical Tibetan region of Amdo . Its superior monastery is Drepung Monastery , immediately to the west of Lhasa . It is ranked in importance as second only to Lhasa ." } ] }, { "value": "Ta'er si 塔尔寺", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Huangzhong County 湟中县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Huangzhong_County", "summary": "Huangzhong District ( Chinese : 湟中区 ; pinyin : Huángzhōng Qū ) is a district of Qinghai Province , China , it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Xining , the capital of Qinghai . Huangzhong is located at : 36° 25N ; 101° 34E. , or about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of Lake Koko Nor ( Qinghai Hu ) , and about 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) southwest of downtown Xining . It is under the administration of Xining City ." } ] }, { "value": "1-111", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Qutan Temple", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Qutan si 瞿昙寺", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ledu County 乐都县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ledu_County", "summary": "Ledu District ( simplified Chinese : 乐都区 ; traditional Chinese : 樂都區 ; pinyin : Lèdū Qū ) is a district of the city of Haidong , Qinghai province , China . Nearby are Pinganyi and the city of Xining . Ledu used to be named Nianbo county before 1929 . The county dates back to 1724 . On 8 February 2013 Ledu was upgraded from a county into a district . Ledu District is served by the G6 Beijing-Lhasa Expressway ." } ] }, { "value": "2-34", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Machangyuan Site", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Machangyuan yizhi 马厂塬遗址", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County 民和县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minhe_Hui_and_Tu_Autonomous_County", "summary": "Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County ( simplified Chinese : 民和回族土族自治县 ; traditional Chinese : 民和回族土族自治縣 ; pinyin : Mínhé Huízú Tǔzú Zìzhìxiàn ; Xiao'erjing : مٍهْ خُوِذُو تُوذُو ذِجِشِیًا ) is the easternmost county in Qinghai Province , China . It is under the administration of Haidong ( lit . Eastern Qinghai ) Region . Hui refers to the Chinese Muslims , whereas Tu refers to the ethnic group known as Monguor in the West and as Tu Zu in China . It borders the Honggu District of Gansu on the east , demarcated by the Datong River , a tributary to the Huangshui River , which eventually flows into the Yellow River . The County is multi-ethnic and significant to not only holding the most densely populated Tu Zu settlement in Sanchuan/Guanting in its southeastern portion , but also as the homeland of the legendary Emperor Yü the Great , who established the Xia Dynasty ( 2070-1600 BC ) , the first ever recorded dynasty in the ancient Chinese history based on recent archaeological discoveries ." } ] }, { "value": "3-191", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Xihai Ancient City", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Xihai jun gucheng yizhi 西海郡故城遗址", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Haiyan County 海晏县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Haiyan_County,_Qinghai", "summary": "Haiyan County ( Chinese : 海晏县 ; pinyin : Hǎiyàn Xiàn ; Tibetan : ཧའེ་ཡན་རྫོང་། , Wylie : ha ' e yan rdzong , ZYPY : Ha'êyan Zong ) is a county of Qinghai Province , China , located on the northeast shore of Qinghai Lake . It is under the administration of Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture ." } ] }, { "value": "3-212", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Reshui Tombs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Reshui muqun 热水墓群", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dulan County 都兰县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dulan_County", "summary": "Dulan County ( Mongolian : ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ ; Tibetan : ཏུའུ་ལན་རྫོང་ ; Chinese : 都兰县 ) is a county of east-central Qinghai province , China . It is under the administration of Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture ." } ] }, { "value": "4-71", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Longwu Temple", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Longwu_Temple", "summary": "Rongwo Monastery , is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Tongren County , Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture , Qinghai , China . It is 186 kilometres ( 116 mi ) from Xining ." } ] }, { "value": "Longwu si 隆务寺", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tongren County 同仁县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tongren_County", "summary": "Tongren County ( Tibetan : ཐུན་རིན་རྫོང་ , Wylie : thun rin rdzong ; Chinese : 同仁县 ; pinyin : Tóngrén Xiàn ) , known to Tibetans as Rebgong ( Tibetan : རེབ་གོང་ , རེབ་ཀོང་ , or རེབ་སྐོང་ ) in the historic region of Amdo is the capital and second smallest administrative subdivision by area within Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai , China . The county has an area of 3465 square kilometers and a population of ~80,000 ( 2002 ) , 75% Tibetan . The economy of the county includes agriculture and aluminium mining . The county has a number of Tibetan Buddhist temples and gompas , including the large and significant Rongwo Monastery of the Gelug school . It is known as a center of thangka painting . Regong arts were named on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in 2009 . In October , 2010 there were reports of large demonstrations in Tongren by Tibetan students who reportedly shouted the slogans , equality of ethnic groups and freedom of language ." } ] }, { "value": "4-187", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lajia Site", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lajia", "summary": "Lajia ( Chinese : 喇家 ; pinyin : Lǎjiā ) is an archaeological site located in Minhe County , Haidong Prefecture in Northwest China 's Qinghai province . Lajia is associated with the Qijia culture and was discovered by archaeologists in 2000 . The site covers an area of around 200,000 square meters ." } ] }, { "value": "Lajia yizhi 喇家遗址", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County 民和县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minhe_Hui_and_Tu_Autonomous_County", "summary": "Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County ( simplified Chinese : 民和回族土族自治县 ; traditional Chinese : 民和回族土族自治縣 ; pinyin : Mínhé Huízú Tǔzú Zìzhìxiàn ; Xiao'erjing : مٍهْ خُوِذُو تُوذُو ذِجِشِیًا ) is the easternmost county in Qinghai Province , China . It is under the administration of Haidong ( lit . Eastern Qinghai ) Region . Hui refers to the Chinese Muslims , whereas Tu refers to the ethnic group known as Monguor in the West and as Tu Zu in China . It borders the Honggu District of Gansu on the east , demarcated by the Datong River , a tributary to the Huangshui River , which eventually flows into the Yellow River . The County is multi-ethnic and significant to not only holding the most densely populated Tu Zu settlement in Sanchuan/Guanting in its southeastern portion , but also as the homeland of the legendary Emperor Yü the Great , who established the Xia Dynasty ( 2070-1600 BC ) , the first ever recorded dynasty in the ancient Chinese history based on recent archaeological discoveries ." } ] }, { "value": "5-126", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tawendaliha Site", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tawendaliha yizhi 塔温搭里哈遗址", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dulan County 都兰县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dulan_County", "summary": "Dulan County ( Mongolian : ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ ; Tibetan : ཏུའུ་ལན་རྫོང་ ; Chinese : 都兰县 ) is a county of east-central Qinghai province , China . It is under the administration of Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture ." } ] }, { "value": "5-127", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guide Confucian Temple and Yuhuang Pavilion", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guide wenmiao ji Yuhuang ge 贵德文庙及玉皇阁", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guide County 贵德县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guide_County", "summary": "Gui'de County is a county in the east of Qinghai Province , China . It is under the administration of Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture . In Tibetan it 's known as Trika . The area became part of Ming Dynasty China in 1370 , and the city 's earthen walls and buildings were built between 1375 and 1380 . The city was enlarged in 1590 . After the founding of the People 's Republic , the moats were filled in and the North and South gates were pulled down , as well as the towers . In 2010 work commenced to restore the gates and towers ." } ] }, { "value": "5-437", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zangniang Stupa and Sangzhou Temple", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zangniang Fota ji Sangzhou si 藏娘佛塔及桑周寺", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yushu County 玉树县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yushu_County", "summary": "Yushu ( Yüxü ) is a county-level city of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in southern Qinghai province , China . It comprises a surface area of 13,462 square kilometres ( 5,198 sq mi ) . In 2010 , the overall city 's population was 120,447 and 56,802 live within the city core . Yushu is the fourth largest city in Qinghai . The city seat is the town of Gyêgu ( also known as Yushu and Jiegu in Chinese ) , built in the valley of the Batang River , a right tributary of the Tongtian , which becomes the Jinsha at their confluence . All of these make up part of the Yangtze watershed ." } ] }, { "value": "5-438", "urls": [] }, { "value": "China 's first research center for nuclear weapons", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Di-yi ge hewuqi yanzhi jidi jiuzhi 第一个核武器研制基地旧址", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Haiyan County 海晏县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Haiyan_County,_Qinghai", "summary": "Haiyan County ( Chinese : 海晏县 ; pinyin : Hǎiyàn Xiàn ; Tibetan : ཧའེ་ཡན་རྫོང་། , Wylie : ha ' e yan rdzong , ZYPY : Ha'êyan Zong ) is a county of Qinghai Province , China , located on the northeast shore of Qinghai Lake . It is under the administration of Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture ." } ] }, { "value": "5-512", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Liuwan site", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Liuwan", "summary": "The Liuwan Museum of Ancient Painted Pottery is a ceramics museum located in Ledu District , Qinghai Province , China . The museum opened in 2004 and has a collection of 37,925 objects . It is the largest painted pottery museum in China ." } ] }, { "value": "Liuwan yizhi 柳湾遗址", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ledu County 乐都县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ledu_County", "summary": "Ledu District ( simplified Chinese : 乐都区 ; traditional Chinese : 樂都區 ; pinyin : Lèdū Qū ) is a district of the city of Haidong , Qinghai province , China . Nearby are Pinganyi and the city of Xining . Ledu used to be named Nianbo county before 1929 . The county dates back to 1724 . On 8 February 2013 Ledu was upgraded from a county into a district . Ledu District is served by the G6 Beijing-Lhasa Expressway ." } ] }, { "value": "6-211", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shenna Site", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shenna yizhi 沈那遗址", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Xining 西宁市", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Xining", "summary": "Xining ( simplified Chinese : 西宁 ; traditional Chinese : 西寧 Xīníng [ ɕí.nǐŋ ] ; Standard Tibetan : ཟི་ལིང་། Ziling ) is the capital of Qinghai province in western China , and the largest city on the Tibetan Plateau . It has 2,208,708 inhabitants at the 2010 census of whom 1,198,304 live in the built up area made of 4 urban districts . The city was a commercial hub along the Northern Silk Road 's Hexi Corridor for over 2000 years , and was a stronghold of the Han , Sui , Tang , and Song dynasties ' resistance against nomadic attacks from the west . Although long a part of Gansu province , Xining was added to Qinghai in 1928 . Xining holds sites of religious significance to Muslims and Buddhists , including the Dongguan Mosque and Ta'er Monastery . The city lies in the Huangshui River valley , and owing to its high altitude , has a cold semi-arid climate . It is connected by rail to Lhasa , Tibet and connected by high-speed rail to Lanzhou , Gansu and Ürümqi , Xinjiang ." } ] }, { "value": "6-212", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chorten of the Thirty Generals of Gesar of Ling and Dana Temple", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gesa'er sanshi da jiangjun Ling ta he Dana si 格萨尔三十大将军灵塔和达那寺", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nangqên County 囊谦县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nangqên_County", "summary": "Nangqên County , or Nangchen ( Tibetan : ནང་ཆེན་རྫོང་། , Wylie : nang chen rdzong , ZYPY : Nangqên Zong ) or Nangqian County ( simplified Chinese : 囊谦县 ; traditional Chinese : 囊謙縣 ; pinyin : Nángqiān Xiàn ) , is a county of the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and is the southernmost county-level division of Qinghai province , China , bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region to the south . It was one of the five kingdoms of the historical region of Kham . [ citation needed ] The county seat is Xangda ( shor mda / Template : Zh-Latn 香达镇 ) , built in a side valley and on the right bank of the Dza Chu ( upper reaches of the Mekong ) . In 2000 , the county 's population amounted to 57,387 people , inhabiting a surface of 11,539 km2 ( 4,455 sq mi ) ." } ] }, { "value": "6-805", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chuzang Temple", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chuzang", "summary": "N/A" } ] }, { "value": "Quezang si 却藏寺", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Huzhu Tu Autonomous County 互助县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Huzhu_Tu_Autonomous_County", "summary": "Huzhu Tu Autonomous County ( Chinese : 互助土族自治县 ; pinyin : Hùzhù Tǔzú Zìzhìxiàn ; Tu : Huzhu Mongghul njeenaa dagnagu xan ) , or in short Huzhu County ( 互助县 ; Hùzhù Xiàn ) , is an autonomous county under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Haidong , in the east of Qinghai province , China , bordering Gansu province to the northeast . It has an area of 3,321 km2 ( 1,282 sq mi ) and approximately 370,000 inhabitants ( 2004 ) . Its seat is the town of Weiyuan ( 威远镇 ) . The monastery of Chuzang , located in the town of Nanmenxia ( 南门峡镇 ) some 20 km ( 12 mi ) northwest of the seat of Huzhu County , is listed as a national monument of the People 's Republic of China ( since 2006 ) . The Xining Caojiabao Airport ( IATA : XNN , ICAO : ZLXN ) which serves Xining , capital of Qinghai Province , is located in the county ." } ] }, { "value": "6-806", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Buddhist Cave Temples with Tubo Rock Sculptures and Carvings of Beinang-gou", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bei Darirulai Foshikusi he Lebagou moya 贝大日如来佛石窟寺和勒巴沟摩崖", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 玉树县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yushu_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture", "summary": "Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture ( Tibetan : ཡུལ་ཤུལ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ། , ZYPY : Yüxü Poirig Ranggyong Kü , Chinese : 玉树藏族自治州 ; pinyin : Yùshù Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu , retranscribed into Tibetan as ཡུས་ཧྲུའུ། ) , also transliterated as Yüxü or Yulshul , is an autonomous prefecture of southwestern Qinghai province , China . Largely inhabited by Tibetans , the prefecture has an area of 188,794 square kilometres ( 72,894 sq mi ) and its seat is located in the town of Gyêgu in Yushu County , which is the place of the old Tibetan trade mart of Jyekundo . The official source of the Yellow River lies within the prefecture . Historically , the area belongs to the cultural realm of Kham in eastern Tibet . On 14 April 2010 , an earthquake struck the prefecture , registering a magnitude of 6.9 ( USGS , EMSC ) or 7.1 ( Xinhua ) . It originated in the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture , at 07:49 local time ." } ] }, { "value": "6-872", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gyanak Mani in Xinzhai", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Xinzhai Jiana mani 新寨嘉那嘛呢", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 玉树县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yushu_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture", "summary": "Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture ( Tibetan : ཡུལ་ཤུལ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ། , ZYPY : Yüxü Poirig Ranggyong Kü , Chinese : 玉树藏族自治州 ; pinyin : Yùshù Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu , retranscribed into Tibetan as ཡུས་ཧྲུའུ། ) , also transliterated as Yüxü or Yulshul , is an autonomous prefecture of southwestern Qinghai province , China . Largely inhabited by Tibetans , the prefecture has an area of 188,794 square kilometres ( 72,894 sq mi ) and its seat is located in the town of Gyêgu in Yushu County , which is the place of the old Tibetan trade mart of Jyekundo . The official source of the Yellow River lies within the prefecture . Historically , the area belongs to the cultural realm of Kham in eastern Tibet . On 14 April 2010 , an earthquake struck the prefecture , registering a magnitude of 6.9 ( USGS , EMSC ) or 7.1 ( Xinhua ) . It originated in the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture , at 07:49 local time ." } ] }, { "value": "6-1074", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Former Site of the Western Route Army", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Xunhua xilu hongjun geming jiuzhi 循化西路红军革命旧址", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Xunhua Salar Autonomous County 循化县", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County", "summary": "Xunhua Salar Autonomous County ( Chinese : 循化撒拉族自治县 ; pinyin : Xúnhuà Sǎlázú Zìzhìxiàn ; Salar : Göxdeñiz Velayat Yisır Salır Özbaşdak Yurt ) is an autonomous Salar county in the southeast of Haidong Prefecture of Qinghai Province , China . The county has an area of around 2,100 square kilometres ( 810 sq mi ) and approximately 110,000 inhabitants ( 2002 ) . In the east it borders on the province of Gansu , in the south and the west to the Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture , its postal code is 811100 , and its capital is the town of Jishi . The Salar language is the official language in Xunhua , as in all Salar autonomous areas . As of April 2009 Xunhua is also the site of a mosque containing the oldest hand-written copy of the Quran in China , believed to have been written sometime between the 8th and 13th centuries . Xunhua county is the location of the Bronze Age necropolis Suzhi ( Suzhi mudi 苏志墓地 ) of the Kayue culture . In 1917 the Hui Muslim General Ma Anliang ordered his younger brother Ma Guoliang to suppress a rebellion of Tibetans in Xunhua who rebelled because of taxes Ma Anliang imposed on them . Ma Anliang did not report it to the central government in Beijing and was reprimanded for it , and the Hui Muslim General Ma Qi was sent by the government to investigate the case and suppress the rebellion ." } ] }, { "value": "6-1075", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the Province of Qinghai , People 's Republic of China . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]", "uid": "Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_(Qinghai)_0", "intro": "This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the Province of Qinghai, People's Republic of China." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nature_centers_in_Mississippi", "title": "List of nature centers in Mississippi", "header": [ "Name", "Location", "County", "Region", "Summary" ], "data": [ { "value": "Box Environmental Education Center", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brooksville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brooksville,_Mississippi", "summary": "Brooksville is a town in Noxubee County , Mississippi , United States . The population was 1,223 at the 2010 census . The Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge is located west of the town , and the Black Prairie Wildlife Management Area is located to the north ." } ] }, { "value": "Noxubee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Noxubee_County,_Mississippi", "summary": "Noxubee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 11,545 . Its county seat is Macon . The name is derived from the Choctaw word nakshobi meaning to stink ." } ] }, { "value": "East Central", "urls": [] }, { "value": "website , operated by the Starkville School District , located on the 48,000-acre Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Starkville_School_District", "summary": "The Starkville-Oktibbeha Consolidated School District ( SOCSD ) , formerly Starkville Public School District , is a public school district based in Starkville , and Oktibbeha County Mississippi ( USA ) . In addition to Starkville , the district also serves minor dependents of people residing in family residences on the grounds of Mississippi State University , and the other communities and rural areas countywide due to the July 1 , 2015 consolidation with the Oktibbeha County School District ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sam_D._Hamilton_Noxubee_National_Wildlife_Refuge", "summary": "Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge is a 48,000 acres ( 190 km2 ) National Wildlife Refuge located in the U.S. state of Mississippi , in Noxubee , Oktibbeha , and Winston Counties . The refuge serves as a resting and feeding area for migratory birds and as example of proper land stewardship . Also , the refuge extensively manages land for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker ." } ] }, { "value": "Clinton Community Nature Center", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Clinton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clinton,_Mississippi", "summary": "Clinton is a city in Hinds County , Mississippi , United States . Situated in the Jackson metropolitan area , it is the tenth largest city in Mississippi . The population was 25,216 at the 2010 United States Census ." } ] }, { "value": "Hinds", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hinds_County,_Mississippi", "summary": "Hinds County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 245,285 , making it the most populous county in Mississippi . Its county seats are Raymond and Jackson , the state capital . The county is named for General Thomas Hinds , a hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 . Hinds County is a central part of the Jackson , MS Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is a professional , educational , business and industrial hub in the state . It is bordered on the northwest by the Big Black River and on the east by the Pearl River . It is one county width away from the Yazoo River and the southern border of the Mississippi Delta . In the 19th century , the rural areas of the county were devoted to cotton plantations worked by enslaved African Americans and depended on agriculture well into the 20th century . From 1877 to 1950 , this county had 22 lynchings , the highest number in the state . Mississippi has the highest total number of lynchings of any state ." } ] }, { "value": "Southwest", "urls": [] }, { "value": "website , 33 acres", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand_Bay_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve", "summary": "The Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve is one of the most biologically productive estuarine ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico region , supporting several rare or endangered plant and animal species , numerous important marine fishery resources , diverse habitat types and archaeological sites , in the U.S. State of Mississippi . The reserve encompasses coastal bay , expansive saltwater marshes , maritime pine forest , pine savanna and pitcher plant bogs . It supports extensive and productive oyster reefs and seagrass habitats . It also serves as nursery area for many of the Gulf of Mexico 's important recreational and commercial marine species , such as shrimp , blue crab , speckled trout , and red fish . As part of the Grand Bay Savannah Conservation Partnership , the Grand Bay Reserve is participating in a prescribed burn management program for the East Mississippi Sound Region . This project is widely supported by local and state government agencies as well as the oil and gas industry with facilities in adjacent fire-dependent woodlands . The Grand Bay Coastal Resources Center Interpretative Area is the headquarters for the Reserve and the Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge . Completed in 2009 , the Center features interpretive exhibits , classrooms , laboratories and a dormitory . Environmental education programs for and special events are offered . Visitor activities include hiking , boating , paddling , photography , fishing and hunting ." } ] }, { "value": "Moss Point", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moss_Point,_Mississippi", "summary": "Moss Point is a city in Jackson County , Mississippi , United States . The population was 13,704 at the 2010 census , down from 17,653 at the 2000 census . On August 29 , 2005 , Moss Point was hit by the strong east side of Hurricane Katrina , and much of the city was flooded or destroyed ( see details below ) . Moss Point is home to Trent Lott International Airport and the Mississippi Export Railroad ." } ] }, { "value": "Jackson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jackson_County,_Mississippi", "summary": "Jackson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 139,668 , making it the fifth-most populous county in Mississippi . Its county seat is Pascagoula . The county was named for Andrew Jackson , general in the United States Army and afterward President of the United States . Jackson County is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula , MS Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is located at the southeastern tip of the state ; with Jones and Greene counties , it has sandy soil and is in the Piney Woods area . It borders Alabama on its east side . The county was severely damaged by both Hurricane Camille in August 1969 and Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which caused catastrophic effects ." } ] }, { "value": "Southeast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18,400 acres , features the Grand Bay Coastal Resources Center Interpretative Area", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mississippi Museum of Natural Science", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mississippi_Museum_of_Natural_Science", "summary": "The Mississippi Museum of Natural Science is located in Jackson and is the largest museum in the state of Mississippi ." } ] }, { "value": "Jackson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi", "summary": "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ." } ] }, { "value": "Hinds", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Southwest", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Natural history museum , aquarium displays , 2.5 miles of nature trails , programs , located in LeFleur 's Bluff State Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/LeFleur's_Bluff_State_Park", "summary": "LeFleur 's Bluff State Park is a public recreation area located on the banks of the Pearl River off Interstate 55 within the city limits of Jackson , Mississippi . The state park is home to a 50-acre ( 20 ha ) lake , a 9-hole golf course , and the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science ." } ] }, { "value": "Pascagoula River Audubon Center", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Moss Point", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jackson", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Southeast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "website , operated by the National Audubon Society", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/National_Audubon_Society", "summary": "The National Audubon Society ( Audubon ) is a non-profit environmental organization dedicated to conservation . Located in the United States and incorporated in 1905 , Audubon is one of the oldest of such organizations in the world and uses science , education and grassroots advocacy to advance its conservation mission . It is named in honor of John James Audubon , a Franco-American ornithologist and naturalist who painted , cataloged , and described the birds of North America in his famous book Birds of America published in sections between 1827 and 1838 . The society has nearly 500 local chapters , each of which is an independent 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization voluntarily affiliated with the National Audubon Society , which often organize birdwatching field trips and conservation-related activities . It also coordinates the Christmas Bird Count held each December in the U.S. , a model of citizen science , in partnership with Cornell Lab of Ornithology , and the Great Backyard Bird Count each February . Together with Cornell , Audubon created eBird , an online database for bird observation . The National Audubon Society also has many global partners to help birds that migrate beyond the U.S. 's borders , including BirdLife International based in Great Britain , Bird Studies Canada , and many partners in Latin America and in the Caribbean . Audubon 's International Alliances Program ( IAP ) brings together people throughout the Western Hemisphere to work together to implement conservation solutions at Important Birds Areas ( IBA 's ) . The society 's main offices are in New York City and Washington , D.C. , and it has state offices in about 24 states . It also owns and operates a number of nature centers open to the public , located in urban settings , including New York City , Joplin , Phoenix , Dallas , and Los Angeles , as well as at bird refuges and other natural areas . Audubon Centers help to forge lifelong connections between people and nature , developing stewards for conservation among young and diverse communities ." } ] }, { "value": "Plymouth Bluff Center", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Columbus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Columbus,_Mississippi", "summary": "Columbus is a city in and the county seat of Lowndes County , on the eastern border of Mississippi , United States , located primarily east , but also north and northeast of the Tombigbee River , which is also referred to as the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway . It is approximately 146 miles ( 235 km ) northeast of Jackson , 92 miles ( 148 km ) north of Meridian , 63 miles ( 101 km ) south of Tupelo , 60 miles ( 97 km ) northwest of Tuscaloosa , Alabama , and 120 miles ( 193 km ) west of Birmingham , Alabama . The population was 25,944 at the 2000 census and 23,640 in 2010 . The population in 2018 was estimated to be 23,853 . Columbus is the principal city of the Columbus Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the larger Columbus-West Point Combined Statistical Area . Columbus is also part of the area of Mississippi called The Golden Triangle , consisting of Columbus , West Point and Starkville , in the counties of Lowndes , Clay and Oktibbeha ." } ] }, { "value": "Lowndes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lowndes_County,_Mississippi", "summary": "Lowndes County is a county located on the eastern border of the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 59,779 . Its county seat is Columbus . The county is named for U.S . Congressman William Jones Lowndes . Lowndes County comprises the Columbus , MS Micropolitan Statistical Area . Since the late 20th century , it has been designated as one of three counties in the Golden Triangle region of the state ." } ] }, { "value": "East Central", "urls": [] }, { "value": "website , operated by the Mississippi University for Women , outdoor education center with museum", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mississippi_University_for_Women", "summary": "Mississippi University for Women ( MUW or The W ) is a coeducational public university in Columbus , Mississippi . It was formerly the Industrial Institute and College for the Education of White Girls and later the Mississippi State College for Women . Men have been admitted to MUW since 1982 and now make up 19% of the student body ." } ] }, { "value": "Scranton Nature Center", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pascagoula", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi", "summary": "Pascagoula /pəskæɡulə/ pə-ska-goo-lə is a city in Jackson County , Mississippi , United States . It is the principal city of the Pascagoula Metropolitan Statistical Area , as a part of the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula Combined Statistical Area . The population was 22,392 at the 2010 census , down from 26,200 at the 2000 census . As of 2018 the estimated population was 21,685 . It is the county seat of Jackson County . The city is served by three airports : Mobile Regional Airport , 34 miles ( 55 km ) to the northeast in Alabama ; Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Pascagoula ; and the Trent Lott International Airport , 9 miles ( 14 km ) to the north in Jackson County . The current mayor of the city is Dane Maxwell ." } ] }, { "value": "Jackson", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Southeast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "website , operated by the City in IG Levy Park", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Strawberry Plains Audubon Center", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Holly Springs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi", "summary": "Holly Springs is a city in and the county seat of Marshall County , Mississippi , United States , at the border with southern Tennessee . Near the Mississippi Delta , the area was developed by European Americans for cotton plantations and was dependent on enslaved Africans . After the American Civil War , many freedmen continued to work in agriculture but as sharecroppers and tenant farmers . As the county seat , the city is a center of trade and court sessions . The population was 7,699 at the 2010 census , slight decrease in population in the 2000 census . The community includes several National Register of Historic Places listed properties and historic districts including Southwest Holly Springs Historic District , Holly Springs Courthouse Square Historic District , Depot-Compress Historic District , and East Holly Springs Historic District . Hillcrest Cemetery in Holly Springs contains the graves of five Confederate generals , and has been referred to as Little Arlington of the South ." } ] }, { "value": "Marshall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marshall_County,_Mississippi", "summary": "Marshall County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 37,144 . Its county seat is Holly Springs . The county is named for Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall . Marshall County is part of the Memphis , TN-MS-AR Metropolitan Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "North", "urls": [] }, { "value": "website , 2,500 acres , operated by the National Audubon Society , features restored 1850s mansion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/National_Audubon_Society", "summary": "The National Audubon Society ( Audubon ) is a non-profit environmental organization dedicated to conservation . Located in the United States and incorporated in 1905 , Audubon is one of the oldest of such organizations in the world and uses science , education and grassroots advocacy to advance its conservation mission . It is named in honor of John James Audubon , a Franco-American ornithologist and naturalist who painted , cataloged , and described the birds of North America in his famous book Birds of America published in sections between 1827 and 1838 . The society has nearly 500 local chapters , each of which is an independent 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization voluntarily affiliated with the National Audubon Society , which often organize birdwatching field trips and conservation-related activities . It also coordinates the Christmas Bird Count held each December in the U.S. , a model of citizen science , in partnership with Cornell Lab of Ornithology , and the Great Backyard Bird Count each February . Together with Cornell , Audubon created eBird , an online database for bird observation . The National Audubon Society also has many global partners to help birds that migrate beyond the U.S. 's borders , including BirdLife International based in Great Britain , Bird Studies Canada , and many partners in Latin America and in the Caribbean . Audubon 's International Alliances Program ( IAP ) brings together people throughout the Western Hemisphere to work together to implement conservation solutions at Important Birds Areas ( IBA 's ) . The society 's main offices are in New York City and Washington , D.C. , and it has state offices in about 24 states . It also owns and operates a number of nature centers open to the public , located in urban settings , including New York City , Joplin , Phoenix , Dallas , and Los Angeles , as well as at bird refuges and other natural areas . Audubon Centers help to forge lifelong connections between people and nature , developing stewards for conservation among young and diverse communities ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "This is a list of nature centers and environmental education centers in the state of Mississippi . To use the sortable tables : click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order ; click again for reverse alphabetical order . See also : List of nature centers in the United States", "uid": "List_of_nature_centers_in_Mississippi_0", "intro": "This is a list of nature centers and environmental education centers in the state of Mississippi. To use the sortable tables: click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order; click again for reverse alphabetical order." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo_de_la_URBA", "title": "Torneo de la URBA", "header": [ "Club", "City", "Estab", "Titles" ], "data": [ { "value": "Alumni", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asociación_Alumni", "summary": "Asociación Alumni , usually just Alumni , is an Argentine rugby union club located in Tortuguitas , Greater Buenos Aires . The senior squad currently competes at Top 12 , the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . The club has ties with former football club Alumni because both were established by Buenos Aires English High School students ." } ] }, { "value": "Tortuguitas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tortuguitas", "summary": "Tortuguitas is a city in Greater Buenos Aires , Argentina , located 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) northwest of Buenos Aires . The city is located in Malvinas Argentinas Partido ( county ) , and its population was 41,390 inhabitants as of the 2001 Census . Part of a vast estancia in colonial times owned by Alonso de Escobar , the land was bought in 1925 by the Blas País family when the Córdoba Central Railway was built though the area in 1925 . The establishment of the Tortugas Country Club by Antonio Maura in 1930 was followed by a stop nearby along the line known simply as Apeadero km 40 ( Km . 40 Stop ) . The stop was upgraded as a station along the General Belgrano Railway on June 9 , 1947 . The Blas País family began selling lots to developers as early as 1942 , and the numerous dairy farms in the area were gradually developed into residential subdivisions that gave Tortuguitas its bedroom community character . Despite being located near the northwest end of the Greater Buenos Aires metro area , Tortuguitas benefited from direct access to the city via Route 8 , which was converted into a freeway in the 1980s . This also promoted the development of a sizable manufacturing base in the eastern end of Tortuguitas , along Route 8 . The 88 hectares ( 220 acres ) Tortuguitas Industrial Park , formally designated in 1999 , includes the local affiliates of BASF , GE Plastics , and Unilever , as well as Molinos Río de la Plata 's Lucchetti pasta plant . The contiguous El Triángulo District includes among others the SKF Argentina plant ( 1972 ) and the Tortugas Open Mall ( 2010 ) . In 2015 , the DirecTV Arena , Argentina 's largest , opened in the city ." } ] }, { "value": "1951", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Atlético del Rosario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_del_Rosario", "summary": "Club Atlético del Rosario is an Argentine sports club from Rosario , Santa Fe . One of the oldest clubs still in existence in the country , Atlético del Rosario was a pioneer of football in Rosario , being the first team from that city to play in Primera División , the top division of the Argentine football league system . At international level , Rosario A.C. was also the first team outside Buenos Aires to win an international tournament , the Tie Cup on three occasions . Atlético was also a founding member of the Liga Rosarina de Football , the main body that organised the practice of association football in Rosario from 1905 to 1930 . Nowadays , Atlético del Rosario is mostly known for its rugby union team , having been a founding member of the River Plate Rugby Union Championship ( current Argentine Rugby Union ) in 1899 . The senior squad currently plays in URBA Top 12 , the highest division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . Club 's home venue and headquarters are located on Plaza Jewell . The ground , opened in 1889 , is the oldest in Argentina . The club also has a women 's field hockey team playing in the Litoral A championship , the first division of the Litoral Hockey Association league system . Apart from rugby and hockey , the club has a tennis section . Atlético del Rosario was also founding member of many sports bodies in Argentina , some of them are Argentine Rugby Union ( 1899 ) ; Liga Rosarina de Football ( 1905 ) , Argentine Tennis Association ( 1912 ) , Rosario Rugby Union ( 1928 ) , among others ." } ] }, { "value": "Rosario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rosario,_Santa_Fe", "summary": "Rosario ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈsaɾjo ] ) is the largest city in the central Argentina province of Santa Fe . The city is located 300 km ( 186 mi ) northwest of Buenos Aires , on the west bank of the Paraná River . Rosario is the third most populous city in the country , and is also the most populous city in Argentina that is not a provincial capital . With a growing and important metropolitan area , Greater Rosario has an estimated population of 1,276,000 as of 2012 [ update ] . One of its main attractions includes the neoclassical architecture that has been retained over the centuries in hundreds of residences , houses and public buildings . Rosario is the head city of the Rosario Department and is located at the heart of the major industrial corridor in Argentina . The city is a major railroad terminal and the shipping center for north-eastern Argentina . Ships reach the city via the Paraná River , which allows the existence of a 10-metre-deep ( 34 ft ) port . The Port of Rosario is subject to silting and must be dredged periodically . Exports include wheat , flour , hay , linseed and other vegetable oils , corn , sugar , lumber , meat , hides , and wool . Manufactured goods include flour , sugar , meat products , and other foodstuffs . The Rosario-Victoria Bridge , opened in 2004 , spans the Paraná River , connecting Rosario with the city of Victoria , across the Paraná Delta ." } ] }, { "value": "1867", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belgrano", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belgrano_Athletic_Club", "summary": "Belgrano Athletic Club is an Argentine amateur sports club from Belgrano , Buenos Aires . One of Argentina 's oldest institutions still in existence , Belgrano was one of the four clubs that founded the Argentine Rugby Union in 1899 . The senior team currently competes at Top 12 , the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . Belgrano Athletic was one of the most prominent teams during the first years of football in Argentina , having won three domestic league titles , one national cup and two international cups . Belgrano 's arch-rival during those years was Alumni , also from Belgrano neighborhood . Belgrano disaffiliated from the Argentine Association in late 1910s , focusing on rugby union and other sports . Football is no longer practised at the club . Belgrano 's field hockey team currently takes part of Metropolitano championships organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association . The club 's facilities are divided between two locations : its main building ( Sede Virrey del Pino ) sited in Belgrano and another one located in Pilar ( Anexo Pinazo ) . Apart from the sports mentioned above , several activities are practised at the club nowadays , such as bowls , cricket , gymnastics , pilates , squash , swimming , tennis and yoga ." } ] }, { "value": "Belgrano", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belgrano,_Buenos_Aires", "summary": "Belgrano is a leafy , northern barrio or neighborhood of the city of Buenos Aires , Argentina ." } ] }, { "value": "1896", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "C.A . San Isidro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Atlético_San_Isidro", "summary": "The Club Atlético de San Isidro ( mostly known for its acronym CASI ) is an Argentine sports club based in the city of San Isidro in Greater Buenos Aires . Originally established as a football club , San Isidro has gained recognition for its rugby union team , holding a record of 33 Torneo de la URBA championships . The senior squad currently competes at Top 12 , the top division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . San Isidro has also a notable past in football , with 28 consecutive seasons playing in Primera División , the top division of Argentine football league system until the club disaffiliated from the Association when the sport became professional in Argentina . Until then , San Isidro had achieved some international titles such as three Copa de Competencia Jockey Club , one Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and one international Tie Cup . Nowadays , football is practised at the institution with youth and senior amateur competitions for men and women . The field hockey section has women 's and men 's team competing at Metropolitano championships organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association . Apart from rugby , hockey and football , other disciplines hosted by San Isidro are artistic gymnastics , basque pelota , bowls , gaelic football , golf , squash , swimming , taekwondo and tennis ." } ] }, { "value": "San Isidro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Isidro,_Buenos_Aires", "summary": "San Isidro is a city in Greater Buenos Aires . It is located 27.9 km from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( CABA ) . It ranks as the province 's most affluent neighborhood . The center of San Isidro is a historic area with cobbled streets and old single-story houses . At the heart of Plaza Mitre is the neo-gothic San Isidro Cathedral built in 1898 . The sloping plaza , home to the recently opened Rugby Museum , hosts an antiques and crafts fair . The plaza leads down to the Río de la Plata , where the riverside park is popular with mate drinkers and tourists . The city is also known as the National Capital of Rugby being the cradle of many important players and hosting the national rugby union 's derby match between CASI and SIC . San Isidro is served by two rail lines , the Mitre Line and the Tren de la Costa ( Train of the Coast ) . The latter station is a vintage 1891 building designed in the style of British stations . The facility also houses a shopping arcade , a cinema complex and restaurants . The station is located just 200 meters from the San Isidro Cathedral ." } ] }, { "value": "1902", "urls": [] }, { "value": "33", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hindú", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hindú_Club", "summary": "Hindú Club is an Argentine sports club based in the Don Torcuato district of Greater Buenos Aires . The institution is mostly known for its rugby union team , which currently competes in the Top 12 , the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires ( URBA ) league system . Hindú has become one of the most successful rugby teams of Argentina , having won 18 titles since 1996 to present days . Apart from rugby , the club hosts other sports such as field hockey , football , futsal , tennis , gymnastics , golf and swimming ." } ] }, { "value": "Don Torcuato", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Don_Torcuato", "summary": "Don Torcuato is a town in the Tigre Partido of the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires , Argentina . It is named after Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear , ex-President of Argentina , as he had his ranch and residency there . Most of the streets are named after his immediate family and his governmental staff . Don Torcuato has two train stations on the Belgrano Norte Line with direct connection to Buenos Aires , and also the nearby Pascual Palazzo highway , part of the Pan-American Highway . It formerly had a general aviation airfield , bearing the same name ( Don Torcuato - ICAO : SADD ) , that was closed in January 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "1919", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La Plata RC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Plata_Rugby_Club", "summary": "La Plata Rugby Club is an Argentine rugby union club from the city of La Plata in Buenos Aires Province . The club currently plays in Top 12 , the first division of the URBA league system . The club has also a women 's rugby team competing in Torneo Femenino , organised by the same body ." } ] }, { "value": "La Plata", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Plata", "summary": "La Plata ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la ˈplata ] ) is the capital city of Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . According to the 2001 census [ INDEC ] , it has a population of 765,378 and its metropolitan area has 899,523 inhabitants . La Plata was planned and developed to serve as the provincial capital after the city of Buenos Aires was federalized in 1880 . It was officially founded by Governor Dardo Rocha on 19 November 1882 . Its construction is fully documented in photographs by Tomás Bradley Sutton . La Plata was briefly known as Ciudad Eva Perón ( Eva Perón City ) between 1952 and 1955 . The city is home to two important first division football teams : Estudiantes de La Plata and Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata ." } ] }, { "value": "1934", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Newman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Newman", "summary": "Club Newman is an Argentine sports club located in the city of Benavídez of Tigre Partido , Greater Buenos Aires . The club is mostly known for its rugby union team , which currently plays in the Top 12 , the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . Newman 's facilities also host other sports such as field hockey , football , golf , show jumping and tennis ." } ] }, { "value": "Benavídez", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pucará", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Pucará", "summary": "Club Pucará is an Argentine sports club based in the Burzaco district of Greater Buenos Aires . Pucará is mostly known for its rugby union and women 's field hockey teams . Other activities hosted by the club are gymnastics and swimming . The rugby union team currently plays in Top 12 , the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system ." } ] }, { "value": "Burzaco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Burzaco", "summary": "Burzaco is a city in Almirante Brown Partido , Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . It has an area of 22.77 km² , holds a population of 86,113 ( 2001 census [ INDEC ] ) . It is 27 kilometres from Buenos Aires city , to which it is linked by the Ferrocarril General Roca South . Although there were some farms in the area since at least since the end of the 18th century , Burzaco was first established as a town soon after the arrival of the railway in 1865 . The current city is the site of the country 's first ever National Flag monument , in Burzaco 's main square ." } ] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regatas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_de_Regatas_Bella_Vista", "summary": "Club de Regatas Bella Vista is an Argentine sports club from the Bella Vista district of Greater Buenos Aires . Founded in 1895 as a rowing club , Regatas later developed other sports activities , such as rugby union , field hockey , football and tennis . The rugby team currently plays at the Top 12 , the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . On the other hand , the hockey sections compete in tournaments organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association ( AHBA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Bella Vista", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bella_Vista,_Buenos_Aires", "summary": "Bella Vista is a localidad ( district ) in San Miguel Partido which lies at the northwest part of Greater Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . Bella Vista is a prosperous residential area , with a small but dynamic commercial zone . Bella Vista is located at 30 km from Buenos Aires city central business district . It can be reached by car through AU Panamericana or AU del Oeste and AU del Buen Ayre or through routes : 8 ( national route ) , 201 and 23 ( both provinciales ) . Another way to go to Bella Vista is by train , through the ex lines San Martin and General Urquiza . People from Bella Vista are called Bellavistenses The Club de Regatas Bella Vista , one of the most important Rugby Clubs of the URBA ( Buenos Aires Rugby Union ) , the Club Social Bella Vista and the Buenos Aires Golf , are located in this district . One of its most popular residents is Rodolfo Zapata ( popular singer ) and his son Rolo Zapata , a well known soccer player and coach . In 1990 , Zapata 's family founded Rolo Zapata Soccer Academy in Bella Vista . Currently is one of the elites soccer program in Argentina and United States ." } ] }, { "value": "1895", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "San Isidro Club", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Isidro_Club", "summary": "The San Isidro Club ( mostly known for its acronym SIC ) is an Argentine sports club based in the Boulogne Sur Mer district of Greater Buenos Aires . The club has gained recognition due to its rugby union team , being one of the most successful clubs of Argentina with 26 Torneo de la URBA championships won . SIC has also won 4 Nacional de Clubes tournaments . The senior team currently competes in Top 12 , the highest division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system while the field hockey team plays at tournaments organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association ( AHBA ) . The club also has a children association football section ." } ] }, { "value": "Boulogne", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Boulogne_Sur_Mer", "summary": "Boulogne Sur Mer is a town in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . It is in San Isidro Partido and forms part of the Greater Buenos Aires urban conurbation , 26 km ( 16,25 mi ) north of Buenos Aires . It has a population of 89,046 ( 2001 INDEC census ) . The town is named after the city of Boulogne-sur-Mer in northern France , where the Argentine general José de San Martín died in 1850 ." } ] }, { "value": "1935", "urls": [] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "San Luis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_San_Luis", "summary": "Club San Luis is an Argentine rugby union and field hockey club from the city of La Plata in Buenos Aires Province . The rugby team currently plays in the Top 12 , the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . Likewise , the hockey team competes at the tournaments organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association ( AHBA ) . San Luis ' main rival is fellow platense club La Plata ." } ] }, { "value": "La Plata", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Plata", "summary": "La Plata ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la ˈplata ] ) is the capital city of Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . According to the 2001 census [ INDEC ] , it has a population of 765,378 and its metropolitan area has 899,523 inhabitants . La Plata was planned and developed to serve as the provincial capital after the city of Buenos Aires was federalized in 1880 . It was officially founded by Governor Dardo Rocha on 19 November 1882 . Its construction is fully documented in photographs by Tomás Bradley Sutton . La Plata was briefly known as Ciudad Eva Perón ( Eva Perón City ) between 1952 and 1955 . The city is home to two important first division football teams : Estudiantes de La Plata and Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata ." } ] }, { "value": "1961", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Universitario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Buenos_Aires", "summary": "Club Universitario de Buenos Aires , commonly known for its acronym CUBA , is an Argentine sports club with headquarters in the autonomous city of Buenos Aires . Universitario hosts the practise of a large variety of sports and activities , including aikido , mountaineering , basketball , boxing , scuba diving , fencing , skiing , football , gymnastics , artistic gymnastics , golf , field hockey , judo , swimming , yachting , paddle tennis , basque pelota , rugby union , squash , taekwondo , tennis , volleyball , windsurf and yoga . One of the sports the club had gained more recognition is rugby union , which senior team currently plays in Top 12 , the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . CUBA has won 14 first division titles to date ." } ] }, { "value": "Villa de Mayo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Villa_de_Mayo", "summary": "Villa de Mayo is a town in the Malvinas Argentinas Partido of Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . It is located in the north west of Greater Buenos Aires urban conurbation around 39 km from Buenos Aires ." } ] }, { "value": "1918", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Clubs -- Current ( 2019 )", "section_text": "Teams competing at Top 12 in the 2019 season are : [ 13 ]", "uid": "Torneo_de_la_URBA_0", "intro": "The URBA Top 12 (formerly Torneo de la URBA, named Top 12 - Copa DirecTV for sponsorship reasons) is an Argentine rugby union club competition organised by the Buenos Aires Rugby Union (URBA). It is the top division of the Argentine rugby league system. Created on 10 April 1899 by the River Plate Rugby Union (current Argentine Rugby Union - UAR), the Top 12 is the oldest rugby competition in South America and one of the oldest club competitions in the world. Top 12 is one of the country's two main club competitions, along with Torneo del Interior, where clubs from the rest of the Provinces of Argentina take part. The championship runs from March to October. Despite of being from the city of Rosario in Santa Fe Province, Atlético del Rosario has taken part of Top 12 as founding member of the UAR. The other clubs from Rosario compete in tournaments organised by the Rosario governing body." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_Warriors_season", "title": "2011 New Zealand Warriors season", "header": [ "Name", "Position", "2010 Club" ], "data": [ { "value": "Anthony Gelling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anthony_Gelling", "summary": "Anthony Gelling ( born 18 October 1990 ) is a Cook Islands international rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row forward or centre for the Warrington Wolves in the Betfred Super League . He has previously played for the Wigan Warriors in the Super League , the New Zealand Warriors in the NRL and the Widnes Vikings in the Betfred Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "CE/SR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sydney Roosters NYC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sydney_Roosters", "summary": "The Sydney Roosters is an Australian professional rugby league football club based in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney . The club competes in the National Rugby League ( NRL ) competition and is one of the oldest and most successful clubs . The Roosters have won fifteen New South Wales Rugby League ( NSWRL ) and National Rugby League titles , and several other competitions . As a franchise , the Eastern Suburbs/Sydney City/Sydney Roosters have won 15 premierships , tying them with the St George Dragons . Only South Sydney Rabbitohs have won more premierships . The club holds the record for having the most wins and the second greatest margin of victory in a match in Australian rugby league history , and has won more minor premierships than any other club . The Roosters is one of only two clubs ( the other being the St. George Illawarra Dragons in 1999 ) to finish runners-up in its inaugural season . The Eastern Suburbs DRLFC is the only club to have played in each and every season at the elite level , and since the 1970s has often been dubbed the glamour club of the league . Coached by Trent Robinson along with captains Boyd Cordner and Jake Friend , the Roosters play their home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The club was founded in 1908 in Paddington , Sydney , as Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club ; in 1995 the club 's name was changed to the Sydney City Roosters , and in 2000 to the Sydney Roosters . The Bondi Junction and Moore Park-based Roosters have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with other Sydney-based clubs , especially the South Sydney Rabbitohs , a fellow foundation club based in neighbouring Redfern ." }, { "url": "/wiki/National_Youth_Competition_(rugby_league)", "summary": "The NRL Under-20s ( known commercially as the Holden Cup due to sponsorship from Holden ) was the top league of professional rugby league for players aged 20 years or younger in Australasia . Contested by sixteen teams , the Under-20s competition commenced in 2008 and was originally known as the Toyota Cup . The competition runs parallel to Australasia 's professional competition , the National Rugby League , with NYC matches played immediately prior to the NRL games . Similar to the NRL , the NYC enforces a salary cap and puts a heavy focus on life outside football for the players . The New Zealand Warriors were the most successful club in the competition 's short history , with three premierships from four Grand Final appearances ; in 2010 , 2011 and 2014 . In 2018 , the NRL Under-20s was replaced by state-based under-20s competitions in New South Wales and Queensland ." } ] }, { "value": "Darin Kingi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "HK", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Manurewa Marlins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manurewa_Marlins", "summary": "The Manurewa Marlins are a rugby league club based in Manurewa , New Zealand . In 2018 the Marlins will compete in Auckland Rugby League 's Sharman Cup competition . Between 2000 and 2003 they competed in the national Bartercard Cup competition ." } ] }, { "value": "Johnny Aranga", "urls": [] }, { "value": "FB/WG", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mt Albert Lions", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mt_Albert_Lions", "summary": "The Mount Albert Lions are a rugby league club based in Mount Albert , New Zealand . The Lions home ground is at Fowlds Park . Their patron is the former Prime Minister of New Zealand , Helen Clark . In 2008 and 2009 the Lions won the Fox Memorial . As of 2019 the team is coached by John Ackland ." } ] }, { "value": "Peter-George Rata", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PR/SR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Waicoa Bay Stallions", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Waicoa_Bay_Stallions", "summary": "The Wai-Coa-Bay Stallions were a rugby league team that represent the Upper Central Zone of the New Zealand Rugby League . The Zone comprises four districts : Waikato , Coastline Rugby League , Bay of Plenty , and Gisborne Tairawhiti Rugby League . The Stallions competed in the National Competition for the Albert Baskerville Trophy . The competition was re-organised in 2016 and the districts entered teams in their own right . Because they represented a vast area , the Stallions had a number of home grounds , hosting games in Huntly , Rotorua and Tauranga in 2014 . In 2014 , the Stallions were promoted to the National Premiership Grand Final , losing to the Canterbury Bulls 40-8 . It was the only time the Wai-Coa-Bay Stallions made a National Premiership Grand Final . In the past , the Wai-Coa-Bay Stallions competed in the now defunct Bartercard Cup rugby league competition . The team was then split up into Waikato and Bay of Plenty when the Bartercard Premiership started in 2008 ." } ] }, { "value": "Sema Mataora", "urls": [] }, { "value": "LK/HB", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Otahuhu Leopards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Otahuhu_Leopards", "summary": "The Otahuhu Leopards are a rugby league club based in Otahuhu , Auckland . Founded in 1911 , the club has produced 49 New Zealand national rugby league team . The club competes in the Fox Memorial competition run by Auckland Rugby League . Otahuhu has won the Fox Memorial Shield 12 times , the Rukatai Shield 16 times , Roope Rooster 12 times and the Stormont Shield 12 times ." } ] }, { "value": "Shaun Metcalf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CE/SR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Auckland Vulcans", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Auckland_Vulcans", "summary": "The Auckland Vulcans were an Auckland based rugby league club that participated in the New South Wales Cup . They were administered by the Rugby League Development Foundation . The team was selected from the Auckland Rugby League 's Fox Memorial Competition and also used New Zealand Warriors squad members not selected for NRL duty . In 2007 the team was known as the Auckland Lions . In 2011 the Vulcans made their first appearance in a grand final , eventually going down to the Canterbury Bankstown Bulldogs . They were replaced in the NSW Cup in 2014 by the New Zealand Warriors , who submitted their own team ." } ] }, { "value": "Sonny Walker", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WG/CE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pukekohe Pythons", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tulson Caird", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SR/LK", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Te Atatu Roosters", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Te_Atatu_Roosters", "summary": "The Te Atatu Roosters is a rugby league club based in Te Atatu , New Zealand . They participate in the Auckland Rugby League competition . They currently have 25 teams across schoolboy , junior and senior grades . The Roosters premier team began the 2019 season in the Fox Championship Qualifying Competition , but after qualifying first they gained entry to the Fox Championship competition where a top 4 finish will see them begin the 2020 season in the top division ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "Full-time Squad", "uid": "2011_New_Zealand_Warriors_season_1", "intro": "The New Zealand Warriors 2011 season was the New Zealand Warriors 17th first-grade season. The club competed in Australasia's National Rugby League. The coach of the team is Ivan Cleary while Simon Mannering is the club's captain. The Warriors lost to the Manly Sea Eagles 10-24 in the 2011 NRL Grand Final. The Junior Warriors won the Toyota Cup for the second consecutive year while the Auckland Vulcans finished second in the NSW Cup. The finals form of the Warriors in 2011 increased the NRL's television audience in New Zealand by 29 per cent this year." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Nations_Cup", "title": "1996 Nations Cup", "header": [ "Rank", "Name", "Nation", "TFP", "SP", "FS" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irina Slutskaya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irina_Slutskaya", "summary": "Irina Eduardovna Slutskaya ( Russian : Ири́на Эдуа́рдовна Слу́цкая ( listen ) ( help·info ) ; born 9 February 1979 ) is a Russian former figure skater . She is a two-time World champion ( 2002 , 2005 ) , two-time Olympic medalist ( silver in 2002 , bronze in 2006 ) , seven-time European champion ( 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 ) , a four-time Grand Prix Final champion ( 2000-2002 , 2005 ) and a four-time Russian national champion ( 2000-2002 , 2005 ) . She won a record total of 17 titles on the Grand Prix circuit . Slutskaya , known for her athletic ability , was the first female skater to land a triple lutz-triple loop combination . She is also known for her trademark double Biellmann spin with a foot change , which she also invented . With her women 's record seven European titles she is generally considered to be one of the most successful ladies ' singles skaters in Russian history ." } ] }, { "value": "Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russia", "summary": "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ." } ] }, { "value": "1.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tara Lipinski", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tara_Lipinski", "summary": "Tara Kristen Lipinski ( born June 10 , 1982 ) is an American former competitive figure skater , actor , and sports commentator . A former competitor in ladies ' singles , she is the 1998 Olympic champion , the 1997 World champion , a two-time Champions Series Final champion ( 1997-1998 ) , and the 1997 U.S. national champion . She was until 2019 , the youngest skater to win a U.S. Nationals , the youngest skater to win a World Figure Skating title , and was the youngest to win an Olympic gold medal . She is the first woman to complete a triple loop-triple loop combination , her signature jump , in competition . Lipinski retired from competitive figure skating in 1998 . She won every competition she entered during her professional career and was the youngest skater to win the World Professional Figure Skating Championships . She performed in over 300 live shows before retiring from figure skating in 2002 . Lipinski , along with sports commentator Terry Gannon and fellow figure skater and good friend Johnny Weir , commentated for skating in two Olympics ; they became NBC 's primary figure skating commentators in 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "3.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vanessa Gusmeroli", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vanessa_Gusmeroli", "summary": "Vanessa Gusmeroli ( born 19 September 1978 ) is a French former competitive figure skater and water skier . As a skater , she is the 1997 World bronze medalist and a three-time ( 2000-02 ) French national champion ." } ] }, { "value": "France", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/France", "summary": "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "5.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Olga Markova", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olga_Markova_(figure_skater)", "summary": "Olga Dmitriyevna Markova ( Russian : Ольга Дмитриевна Маркова , born 22 January 1974 ) is a Russian former competitive figure skater who currently works as a coach , choreographer , and technical specialist . She is a two-time European medalist ( bronze in 1994 and silver in 1995 ) , and the 1994 Russian national champion ." } ] }, { "value": "Russia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Russia", "summary": "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ." } ] }, { "value": "5.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Julia Vorobieva", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Julia_Vorobieva", "summary": "Julia Valeryevna Vorobieva ( Russian : Юлия Валерьевна Воробьёва ; born 25 June 1974 ) is a Russian-Azerbaijani figure skater who competed for the Soviet Union and Azerbaijan . She was a two-time Soviet national champion . She placed 7th at the 1991 European Championships and 10th at the 1991 World Championships for the Soviet Union , and 14th at the 1992 Winter Olympics for the Unified Team . In 1993 , Vorobieva began competing for Azerbaijan . She appeared at the 1998 Winter Olympics , placing 16th . In September 2000 , she began training and coaching in Odintsovo , near Moscow ." } ] }, { "value": "Azerbaijan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Azerbaijan", "summary": "Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program ." } ] }, { "value": "7.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elena Liashenko", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elena_Liashenko", "summary": "Elena Liashenko ( Ukrainian : Олена Анатоліївна Ляшенко Olena Anatoliyivna Liashenko ; Russian : Елена Анатольевна Ляшенко ; born August 9 , 1976 ) is a Ukrainian former competitive figure skater . She is a three-time European medalist ( silver in 2004 , bronze in 1995 and 2005 ) and won nine medals on the Grand Prix series , including three golds ( 1998 Skate Canada International , 2003 Cup of Russia , and 2003 Cup of China ) . She competed at four Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Ukraine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ukraine", "summary": "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ." } ] }, { "value": "9.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mojca Kopač", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mojca_Kopač", "summary": "Mojca Kopač ( born 2 May 1975 ) is a Slovenian former competitive figure skater . She is the 1993 Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion , the 1996 Golden Spin of Zagreb champion , and a nine-time Slovenian national champion . She represented her country at three Winter Olympics and qualified for the final segment twice - at the 1998 Olympics , where she placed 23rd , and the 2002 Olympics , where she placed 22nd . She reached the free skate at eleven European Championships and four World Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Slovenia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Slovenia", "summary": "Slovenia ( /sloʊˈviːniə , slə-/ ( listen ) sloh-VEE-nee-ə ; Slovene : Slovenija [ slɔˈʋèːnija ] ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : Republika Slovenija ( help·info ) , abbr . : RS ) , is a country located in Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . Slovenia covers 20,273 square kilometers ( 7,827 sq mi ) and has a population of 2.084 million . One of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia , Slovenia is now a parliamentary republic and member nation of the European Union , United Nations , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . Slovenia has a mostly mountainous terrain with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral , which has a sub-Mediterranean climate , and of the Julian Alps in the northwest , which have an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven . Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of Slavic , Germanic , and Romance languages and cultures ." } ] }, { "value": "9.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andrea Diewald", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrea_Diewald", "summary": "Andrea Diewald ( born 28 December 1981 ) is a German former competitive figure skater . She is a four-time German national medalist and competed twice at the World Junior Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Germany", "summary": "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ." } ] }, { "value": "13.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Susan Humphreys", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Susan_Humphreys", "summary": "Susan Anne Humphreys ( born October 30 , 1975 in Moose Jaw , Saskatchewan ) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater . She is the 1997 Canadian national champion and competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics . She now resides in Edmonton , Alberta and has three children . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canada", "summary": "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "14.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lenka Kulovaná", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lenka_Kulovaná", "summary": "Lenka Kulovaná ( born 25 October 1974 ) is a Czech former competitive figure skater . She is a three-time Prague Skate champion , the 1990 International de Paris silver medalist , and a three-time Czech national champion ." } ] }, { "value": "Czech Republic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Czech_Republic", "summary": "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ." } ] }, { "value": "14.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hiromi Sano", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Japan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Japan", "summary": "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ." } ] }, { "value": "17.0", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WD", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Astrid Hochstetter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Astrid_Hochstetter", "summary": "Astrid Hochstetter ( born 4 August 1979 ) is a German former figure skater who competed in ladies ' singles . She placed 14th at the 1994 World Junior Championships . In 1996 , she became the German national senior champion and was sent to the European Championships , where she placed 16th . Hochstetter was coached by Peter Meyer and belonged to ERC Westfalen in Dortmund . She retired from competition in January 1999 ." } ] }, { "value": "Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Germany", "summary": "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Results -- Ladies", "section_text": "", "uid": "1996_Nations_Cup_1", "intro": "The 1996 Nations Cup was the fourth event of six in the 1996-97\nISU Champions Series, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held in Gelsenkirchen on November 21-23. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1996-97 Champions Series Final." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Walk_of_Stars", "title": "Birmingham Walk of Stars", "header": [ "Number", "Recipient", "Induction date", "Profession", "Comments", "Location" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ozzy Osbourne", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne", "summary": "John Michael Ozzy Osbourne ( born 3 December 1948 ) is an English singer , songwriter , actor , and television personality . He rose to prominence during the 1970s as the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath , during which he adopted the nickname The Prince of Darkness . Osbourne was fired from the band in 1979 due to alcohol and drug problems , but he went on to have a successful solo career , releasing eleven studio albums , the first seven of which were all awarded multi-platinum certifications in the United States . Osbourne has since reunited with Black Sabbath on several occasions . He rejoined the band in 1997 and helped record the group 's final studio album 13 ( 2013 ) , before they embarked on a farewell tour which culminated in a final performance in their home city , Birmingham , England , in February 2017 . His longevity and success have earned him the informal title of Godfather of Heavy Metal . Osbourne 's total album sales from his years in Black Sabbath , combined with his solo work , is over 100 million . As a member of Black Sabbath , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as a solo artist and as a member of the band . Possessing a distinctive singing voice , Osbourne , as a native of Birmingham , is known for his strong Brummie accent - he has a star on the Birmingham Walk of Stars in his hometown as well as the Hollywood Walk of Fame . At the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards , he received the Global Icon Award . In 2015 , Osbourne received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . In the early 2000s , Osbourne became a reality television star , appearing as himself in the MTV reality show The Osbournes , alongside wife and manager Sharon and two of their three children , Kelly and Jack ." } ] }, { "value": "6 July 2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Musician", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Member of Black Sabbath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Black_Sabbath", "summary": "Black Sabbath were an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1968 by guitarist Tony Iommi , drummer Bill Ward , bassist Geezer Butler and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne . They are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music . The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath ( 1970 ) , Paranoid ( 1970 ) , and Master of Reality ( 1971 ) . The band had multiple line-up changes following Osbourne 's departure in 1979 , with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history . After previous iterations of the group called the Polka Tulk Blues Band and Earth , the band settled on the name Black Sabbath in 1969 . They distinguished themselves through occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and tuned-down guitars . Signing to Philips Records in November 1969 , they released their first single , Evil Woman in January 1970 . Their debut album , Black Sabbath , was released the following month . Though it received a negative critical response , the album was a commercial success , leading to a follow-up record , Paranoid , later in 1970 . The band 's popularity grew , and by 1973 's Sabbath Bloody Sabbath , critics were starting to respond favourably . Osbourne 's regular use of drugs and alcohol led to his firing in 1979 . He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′40″N 1°54′40″W / 52.47786°N 1.91099°W / 52.47786 ; -1.91099 ( Ozzy Osbourne )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jasper Carrott", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jasper_Carrott", "summary": "Jasper Carrott , OBE ( born Robert Norman Davis ; 14 March 1945 ) is an English comedian , actor and television presenter ." } ] }, { "value": "15 September 2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedian", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedian , actor and television presenter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "52°28′31″N 1°54′51″W / 52.47539°N 1.91416°W / 52.47539 ; -1.91416 ( Jasper Carrott )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Noddy Holder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Noddy_Holder", "summary": "Neville John Noddy Holder MBE ( born 15 June 1946 ) is an English musician and actor . He was the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the English band Slade , one of the UK 's most successful acts of the 1970s . Holder co-wrote most of Slade 's material with bass guitarist Jim Lea and is known for his unique and powerful voice ." } ] }, { "value": "9 December 2007", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Musician", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Member of Slade", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Slade", "summary": "Slade were an English rock band from Wolverhampton . They rose to prominence during the glam rock era in the early 1970s , achieving 17 consecutive top 20 hits and six number ones on the UK Singles Chart . The British Hit Singles & Albums names them the most successful British group of the 1970s based on sales of singles . They were the first act to have three singles enter the charts at number one ; all six of the band 's chart-toppers were penned by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea . As of 2006 , total UK sales stand at 6,520,171 , and their best-selling single , Merry Xmas Everybody , has sold in excess of one million copies . According to the 1999 BBC documentary It 's Slade , the band have sold over 50 million records worldwide . Following an unsuccessful move to the United States in 1975 , Slade 's popularity waned but was unexpectedly revived in 1980 when they were last-minute replacements for Ozzy Osbourne at the Reading Rock Festival . The band later acknowledged this to have been one of the highlights of their career . The original line-up split in 1992 , but the band re-formed later in the year as Slade II . The band have continued , with a number of line-up changes , to the present day . They have shortened the group name back to Slade . A number of diverse artists have cited Slade as an influence , including alternative rock icons Nirvana and the Smashing Pumpkins , punk pioneers Ramones , Sex Pistols , The Undertones , The Runaways and The Clash , glam metal bands Kiss , Mötley Crüe , Poison , Def Leppard , heavy metal bands Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot and pop-rock stalwarts The Replacements , Cheap Trick and Oasis ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′37″N 1°54′43″W / 52.47706°N 1.91200°W / 52.47706 ; -1.91200 ( Noddy Holder ) Coordinates : 52°28′37″N 1°54′43″W / 52.47706°N 1.91200°W / 52.47706 ; -1.91200 ( Noddy Holder )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system", "summary": "A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers , letters or symbols . [ note 1 ] The coordinates are often chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position and two or three of the numbers represent a horizontal position ; alternatively , a geographic position may be expressed in a combined three-dimensional Cartesian vector . A common choice of coordinates is latitude , longitude and elevation . To specify a location on a plane requires a map projection ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Murray Walker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Murray_Walker", "summary": "Graeme Murray Walker , OBE ( born 10 October 1923 ) is a semi-retired English motorsport commentator and journalist . He provided television commentary of live Formula 1 coverage for the BBC between 1976 and 1996 , after that of ITV between 1997 and 2001 . During his 23-year run as full-time commentator , Walker became known for his animated enthusiasm , authoritative voice and comical blunders - dubbed Murrayisms by fans - during live races . His commentary voice has been likened to a screech and resembles a 500cc engine being revved up . He is regarded by many as the greatest sports commentator of all time . He retired from full-time commentary after the 2001 United States Grand Prix , but has returned to broadcasting part-time in 2005 and has since made occasional appearances on the BBC , Channel 4 and Sky Sports F1 ." } ] }, { "value": "28 June 2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sports commentator", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sports_commentator", "summary": "In sports broadcasting , a sports commentator ( also known as sports announcer , sportscaster or play-by-play announcer ) gives a running commentary of a game or event in real time , usually during a live broadcast , traditionally delivered in the historical present tense . Radio was the first medium for sports broadcasts , and radio commentators must describe all aspects of the action to listeners who can not see it for themselves . In the case of televised sports coverage , commentators are usually presented as a voiceover , with images of the contest shown on viewers ' screens and sounds of the action and spectators heard in the background . Television commentators are rarely shown on screen during an event , though some networks choose to feature their announcers on camera either before or after the contest or briefly during breaks in the action ." } ] }, { "value": "BBC/ITV Formula One coverage", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Formula_One", "summary": "Formula One ( also known as Formula 1 or F1 ) is the highest class of single-seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) and owned by the Formula One Group . The World Drivers ' Championship , which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981 , has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950 . The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants ' cars must conform . A Formula One season consists of a series of races , known as Grands Prix ( French for 'grand prizes ' or 'great prizes ' ) , which take place worldwide on purpose-built circuits and on public roads . The results of each race are evaluated using a points system to determine two annual World Championships : one for drivers , the other for constructors . Drivers must hold valid Super Licences , the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA . The races must run on tracks graded 1 ( formerly A ) , the highest grade-rating issued by the FIA . Most events occur in rural locations on purpose-built tracks , but several events take place on city streets . Formula One cars are the fastest regulated road-course racing cars in the world , owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic downforce . The cars underwent major changes in 2017 , allowing wider front and rear wings , and wider tyres , resulting in peak cornering forces near 6.5 lateral g and top speeds of up to approximately 350 km/h ( 215 mph ) . As of 2019 [ update ] the hybrid engines are limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 rpm , the cars are very dependent on electronics and aerodynamics , suspension and tyres . Traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′42″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47847°N 1.90880°W / 52.47847 ; -1.90880 ( Murray Walker )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Archers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Archers", "summary": "The Archers is a British radio soap opera on BBC Radio 4 - the BBC 's main spoken-word channel - broadcast since 1951 . It was initially billed an everyday story of country folk and now , a contemporary drama in a rural setting . Having aired over 19,100 episodes , it is the world 's longest-running drama . Five pilot episodes were aired in 1950 and the first episode was broadcast nationally on 1 January 1951 . A significant show in British popular culture , and with over five million listeners , it is Radio 4 's most listened-to non-news programme , and with over one million listeners via the internet , the programme holds the record for BBC Radio online listening figures . In February 2019 , a panel of 46 broadcasting industry experts , of which 42 had a professional connection to the BBC , listed The Archers as the second-greatest radio programme of all time . Partly established with the aim towards educating farmers following World War II , The Archers soon became a popular source of entertainment for the population at large , attracting nine million listeners by 1953 ." } ] }, { "value": "12 September 2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Soap opera", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Long-running BBC Radio 4 serial", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/BBC_Radio_4", "summary": "BBC Radio 4 , part of BBC Radio , is owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation . It broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news , drama , comedy , science and history from the BBC 's headquarters at Broadcasting House , London . It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967 . The station controller is Mohit Bakaya . It is the second-most-popular domestic radio station in the UK , broadcast throughout the UK , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands on FM , LW and DAB , and can be received in eastern and south eastern counties of Ireland , the north of France and Northern Europe . It is also available through Freeview , Sky , Virgin Media and on the Internet . Its sister station , BBC Radio 4 Extra ( formerly BBC Radio 7 ) , complements the main channel by broadcasting repeats from the Radio 4 archive , extended versions of Radio 4 programmes and supplements to series such as The Archers and Desert Island Discs . It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One , heralded on air by the Greenwich Time Signal pips or the chimes of Big Ben . Radio 4 broadcasts the Shipping Forecast , which reached 150 years old in August 2017 . The pips are only accurate on FM , LW , and MW as there is a delay on DAB and digital radio of approximately 3 to 5 seconds , even longer online ( up to 23 seconds ) ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′42″N 1°54′35″W / 52.47825°N 1.90978°W / 52.47825 ; -1.90978 ( The Archers )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Norman Painting", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norman_Painting", "summary": "Norman George Painting OBE ( 23 April 1924 - 29 October 2009 ) was an English actor , broadcaster and writer . He played Phil Archer in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers from the pilot episodes aired on the BBC Midlands Home Service in summer 1950 , after the series went national on the Light Programme on 1 January 1951 , until his death in 2009 , when he was the longest-serving member of the cast . His last episode , recorded two days before he died , was broadcast on 22 November 2009 . The character lived on until Phil was found dead in his armchair in February 2010 . According to Guinness World Records , Painting held the world record for an actor playing a continuous role , a total of 59 years , which has now been surpassed by co-actor Lesley Saweard and co-star Patricia Greene ." } ] }, { "value": "12 September 2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Actor", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Voice of Phil Archer in The Archers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Phil_Archer", "summary": "Philip Walter Archer is a fictional character from the British BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers , played by Norman Painting . He made his first appearance on 29 May 1950 , the show 's pilot episode . The character later became the longest serving male character in the series . His longevity gave him something of the status of a 'patriarch ' in Ambridge ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′42″N 1°54′35″W / 52.47822°N 1.90985°W / 52.47822 ; -1.90985 ( Norman Painting )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tony Iommi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tony_Iommi", "summary": "Anthony Frank Iommi ( /aɪˈoʊmi/ ; born 19 February 1948 ) is an English guitarist , songwriter and producer . He was lead guitarist and one of the four founding members of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath . He was the band 's primary composer and sole continual member for nearly five decades . While working in a factory as a teenager , Iommi lost the tips of the middle and ring fingers of his right hand in an accident , an event which crucially impacted his playing style . Iommi briefly left Black Sabbath ( then known as Earth ) in 1968 to join Jethro Tull , but did not record any material with the band , and he subsequently returned to Black Sabbath in 1969 . In 2000 , he released his first solo album Iommi , followed by 2005 's Fused , which featured his former bandmate Glenn Hughes . After releasing Fused , he formed Heaven & Hell , which disbanded after Ronnie James Dio 's death in 2010 . Iommi was ranked number 25 in Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time . In 2011 , he published his autobiography , entitled Iron Man : My Journey through Heaven and Hell with Black Sabbath ." } ] }, { "value": "23 November 2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Musician", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Member of Black Sabbath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Black_Sabbath", "summary": "Black Sabbath were an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1968 by guitarist Tony Iommi , drummer Bill Ward , bassist Geezer Butler and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne . They are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music . The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath ( 1970 ) , Paranoid ( 1970 ) , and Master of Reality ( 1971 ) . The band had multiple line-up changes following Osbourne 's departure in 1979 , with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history . After previous iterations of the group called the Polka Tulk Blues Band and Earth , the band settled on the name Black Sabbath in 1969 . They distinguished themselves through occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and tuned-down guitars . Signing to Philips Records in November 1969 , they released their first single , Evil Woman in January 1970 . Their debut album , Black Sabbath , was released the following month . Though it received a negative critical response , the album was a commercial success , leading to a follow-up record , Paranoid , later in 1970 . The band 's popularity grew , and by 1973 's Sabbath Bloody Sabbath , critics were starting to respond favourably . Osbourne 's regular use of drugs and alcohol led to his firing in 1979 . He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′42″N 1°54′36″W / 52.47827°N 1.91012°W / 52.47827 ; -1.91012 ( Tony Iommi )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aston Villa F.C . 1982 Team", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C.", "summary": "Aston Villa Football Club ( nicknamed Villa ) is an English professional football club based in Aston , Birmingham . The club competes in the Premier League , the top tier of the English football league system . Founded in 1874 , they have played at their home ground , Villa Park , since 1897 . Aston Villa were one of the founder members of the Football League in 1888 and of the Premier League in 1992 . Villa are one of only five English clubs to have won the European Cup , in 1981-82 . They have also won the Football League First Division seven times , the FA Cup seven times , the League Cup five times , and the UEFA Super Cup once . Villa have a fierce local rivalry with Birmingham City and the Second City derby between the teams has been played since 1879 . The club 's traditional kit colours are claret shirts with sky blue sleeves , white shorts and sky blue socks . Their traditional club badge is of a rampant lion . The club is currently owned by the NSWE group , a company owned by the Egyptian billionaire Nassef Sawiris and the American billionaire Wes Edens ." }, { "url": "/wiki/1982_European_Cup_Final", "summary": "The 1982 European Cup Final was played on 26 May 1982 . English champions Aston Villa defeated West German league winners Bayern Munich 1-0 at De Kuip in Rotterdam , Netherlands to win the European Cup for the first , and so far , only time , and continue the streak of English teams winning the competition , being the sixth consecutive victory by an English side ." } ] }, { "value": "4 May 2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Football team", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Football_team", "summary": "A football team is a group of players selected to play together in the various team sports known as football . Such teams could be selected to play in a match against an opposing team , to represent a football club , group , state or nation , an all-star team or even selected as a hypothetical team ( such as a Dream Team or Team of the Century ) and never play an actual match ." } ] }, { "value": "1982 European Cup-winning team", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1982_European_Cup_Final", "summary": "The 1982 European Cup Final was played on 26 May 1982 . English champions Aston Villa defeated West German league winners Bayern Munich 1-0 at De Kuip in Rotterdam , Netherlands to win the European Cup for the first , and so far , only time , and continue the streak of English teams winning the competition , being the sixth consecutive victory by an English side ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′41″N 1°54′38″W / 52.47810°N 1.91054°W / 52.47810 ; -1.91054 ( Aston Villa F.C . )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tony 'Bomber ' Brown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tony_Brown_(English_footballer)", "summary": "Anthony Brown ( born 3 October 1945 in Oldham , Lancashire ) is an English former footballer who played as a wing half and an inside forward . He was often referred to by his nickname Bomber or Bomber Brown and was known for his spectacular goals . He joined West Bromwich Albion as a youth in 1961 and turned professional in 1963 . In the late 1960s and early 1970s Brown was part of an Albion team that built a reputation as a successful cup side , winning the 1966 Football League Cup Final and the 1968 FA Cup Final and finishing as runners-up in the League Cup in 1967 and 1970 . He was the top scorer in Division One in 1970-71 and received his only England cap at the end of that season . After relegation in 1973 , he helped Albion to win promotion back to Division One in 1976 . He scored 279 goals in 720 competitive games for Albion , both club records . Brown finished his playing career playing for the New England Tea Men , Torquay United and non-league Stafford Rangers . Since retiring from playing he has worked as a coach and a commentator ." } ] }, { "value": "17 May 2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Footballer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Association_football", "summary": "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ." } ] }, { "value": "Professional footballer from West Bromwich Albion F.C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C.", "summary": "West Bromwich Albion Football Club ( /ˈbrɒmɪdʒ , -ɪtʃ/ ) is an English professional football club based in West Bromwich , West Midlands , England . They currently play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The club was formed in 1878 and has played at its home ground , The Hawthorns , since 1900 . Albion were one of the founding members of the Football League in 1888 , the first professional football league in the world , and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of English football . They have been champions of England once , in 1919-20 , and have been runners-up twice . Albion have reached ten FA Cup finals , winning the Cup on five occasions . The first win came in 1888 , the year the league was founded , and the most recent in 1968 , their last major trophy . They also won the Football League Cup at the first attempt in 1966 . The club 's longest continuous period in the top division spanned 24 years between 1949 and 1973 , and from 1986 to 2002 they spent their longest ever spell out of the top division . The team has played in navy blue and white stripes for most of the club 's history ; and the club badge features a throstle perched on a hawthorn branch . Albion have a number of long-standing rivalries with other West Midlands clubs ; their traditional rivals being Aston Villa and Wolverhampton Wanderers . Albion contest the Black Country Derby with the latter ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′39″N 1°54′42″W / 52.47739°N 1.91158°W / 52.47739 ; -1.91158 ( Tony Brown )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Frank Skinner", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frank_Skinner", "summary": "Frank Skinner ( born Christopher Graham Collins ; 28 January 1957 ) is an English writer , comedian , TV and radio presenter , and actor . At the 2001 British Comedy Awards , he was awarded the Best Comedy Entertainment Personality . He presented or co-presented Fantasy Football League from 1994 to 2004 , The Frank Skinner Show from 1995 to 2005 , Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned from 2000 to 2005 and Room 101 from 2012 to 2018 . Since 2009 he has hosted The Frank Skinner Show on Absolute Radio , broadcast live on Saturdays and later released as a podcast . Along with David Baddiel , he provided vocals and wrote the lyrics for Three Lions , the official song in collaboration with Liverpudlian indie band The Lightning Seeds , to mark the England football team 's participation in the 1996 European Championships ( which was hosted in England ) ; he also reprised his role to release two subsequent versions of the song for the England team 's involvement in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup . The 1996 version is the only song ever to have four separate stints at number one in the UK singles chart with the same artists , the most recent coming in July 2018 following England reaching the semi-finals of the 2018 FIFA World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "1 August 2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedian", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Co-Host of Fantasy Football League", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fantasy_Football_League", "summary": "Fantasy Football League is a British television programme hosted by David Baddiel and Frank Skinner . The programme was inspired by the Fantasy Football phenomenon which started in the early 90s . It followed on from a BBC Radio 5 programme hosted by Dominik Diamond although the radio and TV versions overlapped by several months . Three series were broadcast from 14 January 1994 to 10 May 1996 ( followed by episodes during Euro 1996 ) . The show then moved to ITV for live specials on alternate nights throughout 1998 World Cup and then again through the 2004 European Championship . It is not known if the show is ever likely to return . In its absence , Baddiel and Skinner instead went on to produce a series of podcasts for The Times , documenting their experiences while travelling across Germany at the 2006 World Cup . The success of these led to the duo being signed by Absolute Radio , where they hosted a similar show from South Africa during the 2010 World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′38″N 1°54′41″W / 52.47727°N 1.91132°W / 52.47727 ; -1.91132 ( Frank Skinner )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gil Merrick", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gil_Merrick", "summary": "Gilbert Harold Gil Merrick ( 26 January 1922 - 3 February 2010 ) was an English footballer and football manager . Considered one of the best goalkeepers in the UK during the mid-1950s , Merrick was one in a long line of great Birmingham City keepers which included the likes of Johnny Schofield and Harry Hibbs . Merrick spent his entire career at Birmingham City , playing more than 700 times between 1939 and 1960 . He made 170 appearances during the Second World War and 485 in the Football League following the end of the war . He won 23 caps for the England national team , and played in the 1954 World Cup . After retirement as a player , he managed the club for four years . Birmingham City renamed the Railway Stand at their St Andrew 's stadium the Gil Merrick Stand for the start of the 2009-10 season ." } ] }, { "value": "September 2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Footballer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Association_football", "summary": "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ." } ] }, { "value": "Professional footballer from Birmingham City F.C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C.", "summary": "Birmingham City Football Club is a professional football club in Birmingham , England . Formed in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance , it was renamed Small Heath in 1888 , Birmingham in 1905 , and Birmingham City in 1943 . Since 2011 , the first team have competed in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . As Small Heath , they played in the Football Alliance before becoming founder members and first champions of the Football League Second Division . The most successful period in their history was in the 1950s and early 1960s . They achieved their highest finishing position of sixth in the First Division in the 1955-56 season and reached the 1956 FA Cup Final . Birmingham played in two Inter-Cities Fairs Cup finals , in 1960 , as the first English club side to reach a major European final , and again the following year . They won the League Cup in 1963 and again in 2011 . Birmingham have played in the top tier of English football for around half of their history : the longest period spent outside the top division , between 1986 and 2002 , included two brief spells in the third tier of English football , during which time they won the Football League Trophy twice . St Andrew 's has been their home ground since 1906 . They have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with Aston Villa , their nearest neighbours , with whom they play the Second City derby . The club 's nickname is Blues , after the colour of their kit , and the fans are known as Bluenoses ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′37″N 1°54′44″W / 52.47683°N 1.91230°W / 52.47683 ; -1.91230 ( Gil Merrick )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ray Graydon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ray_Graydon", "summary": "Raymond Jack Graydon ( born 21 July 1947 ) is an English former footballer and manager . In a 16-year professional career in the English Football League and North American Soccer League he scored 139 goals in 484 league and cup appearances . A winger , he began his career at hometown club Bristol Rovers in 1965 , and scored 38 goals from 155 league and cup competitions in a six season stay . He was sold on to Aston Villa for £50,000 in July 1971 , and went on to help Villa to win promotion out of the Third Division as champions in 1971-72 and then out of the Second Division in 1974-75 . He scored the only goal of the 1975 League Cup Final , and won the League Cup for a second time in 1977 . He was also nominated for the Second Division PFA Team of the Year in 1974-75 , and featured on the losing side in the 1972 FA Charity Shield . He was sold on to Coventry City for a fee of £35,000 in 1977 , and then moved to the United States to play for the Washington Diplomats in 1978 , where he picked up a runners-up medal for the 1978 President 's Cup Football Tournament . Later in the year he returned to England to play for Oxford United , and retired in 1981 . He coached at Southampton , Oxford United , Watford , Queens Park Rangers and Port Vale , before he was appointed manager of Walsall in May 1998 . He led the club to promotion out of the Second Division in 1998-99 , before repeating the feat via the play-offs in 2001 . He lost his job in January 2002 , and was appointed Bristol Rovers manager two months later . He was sacked in January 2004 , and later briefly served Leicester City as a first-team coach ." } ] }, { "value": "September 2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Footballer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Association_football", "summary": "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ." } ] }, { "value": "Former manager of Walsall F.C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Walsall_F.C.", "summary": "Walsall Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Walsall , West Midlands , England . The team competes in League Two , the fourth tier of the English football league system . The club 's nickname , The Saddlers , reflects Walsall 's status as a traditional centre for saddle manufacture . Walsall moved into their Bescot Stadium in 1990 , having previously played at nearby Fellows Park for almost a century . The team play in a red and white kit and their club crest features a swift . They hold rivalries with nearby Wolverhampton Wanderers and West Bromwich Albion , as well as farther away but more regularly contested rivalries with Shrewsbury Town and Port Vale . The club was founded in 1888 as Walsall Town Swifts , an amalgamation of Walsall Town and Walsall Swifts . :9 The club moved to the Football Alliance from the Midland Association the following year , before being invited to help found the Football League Second Division in 1892 . They failed re-election in 1895 , but were elected back into the Football League after one season in the Midland League . They failed re-election again in 1901 and this time spent two decades outside the Football League , primarily in the Birmingham & District League . Invited to help form the Football League Third Division North in 1921 , they would remain in the third tier for the next 37 years before becoming founder members of the Fourth Division . Walsall won the Fourth Division title in 1959-60 and then secured promotion out of the Third Division the following season , though were relegated in 1963 and again in 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′43″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47848°N 1.90879°W / 52.47848 ; -1.90879 ( Ray Graydon )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Julie Walters", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Julie_Walters", "summary": "Dame Julia Mary Walters DBE ( born 22 February 1950 ) [ citation needed ] is an English actress , writer and comedian . She is the recipient of four BAFTA TV Awards , two BAFTA Film Awards , a BAFTA Fellowship , and a Golden Globe . She has been nominated twice for an Academy Award , in the categories of Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress . Walters came to international prominence in 1983 , for playing the title role in Educating Rita . It was a role she had created on the West End stage and it earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . It also won her a BAFTA and a Golden Globe . She received a second Academy Award nomination , this time for Best Supporting Actress , for her role in the 2000 film Billy Elliot , which also won her a BAFTA . Her other film credits include Personal Services , Prick Up Your Ears ( both 1987 ) , Buster ( 1988 ) , Stepping Out ( 1991 ) , Sister My Sister ( 1994 ) , Girls ' Night , Titanic Town ( both 1998 ) , Calendar Girls ( 2003 ) , Wah-Wah ( 2005 ) , Driving Lessons ( 2006 ) , Becoming Jane ( 2007 ) , Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) and its sequel ( 2018 ) , Brave ( 2012 ) , Paddington ( 2014 ) and its sequel ( 2017 ) , Effie Gray ( 2014 ) , Brooklyn ( 2015 ) , Film Stars Do n't Die in Liverpool ( 2017 ) , and Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) . She played Molly Weasley in seven of the eight Harry Potter films ( 2001-2011 ) . On stage , she won an Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons . On television , she collaborated with Victoria Wood , and appeared with her in several television shows including Wood and Walters ( 1981 ) , Victoria Wood As Seen on TV ( 1985-1987 ) , Pat and Margaret ( 1994 ) , and dinnerladies ( 1998-2000 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "27 October 2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Actress/Comedian", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Star of Educating Rita & Harry Potter Films", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Educating_Rita_(film)", "summary": "Educating Rita is a British 1983 drama/comedy film directed by Lewis Gilbert with a screenplay by Willy Russell based on his 1980 stage play . The film stars Michael Caine , Julie Walters , Michael Williams and Maureen Lipman . It won multiple major awards for best actor and best actress and was nominated for three Academy Awards . Caine and Walters both won BAFTA and Golden Globe awards for best actor and actress . The British Film Institute ranked Educating Rita the 84th greatest British film of the 20th century ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)", "summary": "Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the eponymous novels by author J. K. Rowling . The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films , beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 ( 2011 ) . A spin-off prequel series will consist of five films started with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) , marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise . The series was mainly produced by David Heyman , and stars Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , and Emma Watson as the three leading characters : Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger . Four directors worked on the series : Chris Columbus , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , and David Yates . Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) , while the remaining films had their screenplays written by Steve Kloves . Production took place over ten years , with the main story arc following Harry Potter 's quest to overcome his arch-enemy Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the seventh and final novel in the series , was adapted into two feature-length parts . Part 1 was released in November 2010 , and Part 2 was released in July 2011 . Philosopher 's Stone and Deathly Hallows - Part 2 are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time , with the latter ranking as the twelfth highest-grossing film , having grossed over $ 1 billion . Without inflation adjustment , it is the third highest-grossing film series with $ 7.7 billion in worldwide receipts ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′28″N 1°54′57″W / 52.47434°N 1.91575°W / 52.47434 ; -1.91575 ( Julie Walters )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gary Newbon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gary_Newbon", "summary": "Gary Newbon MBE ( born 15 March 1945 in Cambridge , Cambridgeshire ) is a television sports presenter and executive . He attended Culford School near Bury St Edmunds where he captained the rugby first XV and edited the school magazine . Upon leaving school he became a junior reporter in Cambridge and then a freelance Fleet Street journalist reporting on tennis and rugby union . He began his television career at Westward TV in the 1960s , and then as an ATV sports reporter for their ATV Today programme in the early 1970s . The continuing illness of his boss , Controller of Sports Billy Wright , the former England football captain meant that he and a small team - including Trevor East - had to carry out Wright 's functions whilst covering up the extent of his ill-health . He himself later became Controller of Sports ( West Midlands ) for ATV and , later , Central Television , Newbon reported on football and hosted boxing and darts programmes for the ITV network , whilst hosting sports coverage on ATV and Central , while also presenting sports reports on the regional news programmes and performing his executive role . Newbon conducted post-match interviews , including a memorable exchange with Brian Clough after Nottingham Forest had lost 4-0 to Everton , when Newbon 's question about Forest 's lack of commitment was replied to with Because they 're just like you and me , Gary - a bunch of pansies , after which Clough kissed Newbon on the cheek and walked off . Newbon sparked a controversy in 1983 when he appeared to show two fingers to the QPR manager . Now retired from ITV after 36 years , he is currently a Sky Sports presenter . He hosted the football phone-in show You 're On Sky Sports , which is usually scheduled immediately after the evening 's main game . He hosts live greyhound racing on Sky Sports as well as Time of Our Lives . In 2004 , he presented a phone-in show on UK national radio station talkSPORT , Final Whistle , which was broadcast on Saturdays between 5.00pm and 8.00pm after the day 's league fixtures ." } ] }, { "value": "10 December 2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Television journalism", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Journalism", "summary": "Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on events . The word journalism applies to the occupation , as well as citizen journalists who gather and publish information . Journalistic media include print , television , radio , Internet , and , in the past , newsreels . Concepts of the appropriate role for journalism vary between countries . In some nations , the news media are controlled by government intervention and are not fully independent . In others , the news media are independent of the government but instead operate as private industry motivated by profit . In addition to the varying nature of how media organizations are run and funded , countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech and libel cases . The proliferation of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century . This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels , as people increasingly consume news through e-readers , smartphones , and other personal electronic devices , as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers , magazines , or television news channels . News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing , as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print . Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues ." } ] }, { "value": "Sports Reporter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "52°28′42″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47845°N 1.90880°W / 52.47845 ; -1.90880 ( Gary Newbon )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lenny Henry", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lenny_Henry", "summary": "Sir Lenworth George Henry CBE ( born 29 August 1958 ) is a British stand-up comedian , actor , singer , writer and television presenter , known for co-founding the charity Comic Relief , and appearing in TV programmes including children 's entertainment show Tiswas , sitcom Chef ! and The Magicians for BBC One . He is currently the Chancellor of Birmingham City University ." } ] }, { "value": "19 December 2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Actor/Comedian", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Presenter of Tiswas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tiswas", "summary": "Tiswas ( Today Is Saturday Watch And Smile ) is a British children 's television series that originally aired on Saturday mornings from 5 January 1974 to 3 April 1982 , and was produced for the ITV network by ATV . It was created by ATV continuity announcer Peter Tomlinson ( later to become a regular presenter on the show ) following a test period in 1973 when he tried out a few competitions and daft stuff between the programmes ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′43″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47849°N 1.90879°W / 52.47849 ; -1.90879 ( Lenny Henry )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Beverley Knight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beverley_Knight", "summary": "Beverley Knight , MBE ( born Beverley Anne Smith ; 22 March 1973 ) is an English recording artist and musical theatre actress who released her debut album , The B-Funk , in 1995 . Heavily influenced by American soul music icons such as Sam Cooke and Aretha Franklin , Knight has released eight studio albums to date . Widely labelled as one of Britain 's greatest soul singers , Knight is best known for her hit singles Greatest Day , Get Up ! , Shoulda Woulda Coulda and Come as You Are . In 2006 Knight solidified her transition into the mainstream by starring in the BBC music TV series Just the Two of Us , a role she reprised in 2007 . After releasing a platinum-selling compilation album in 2006 , Knight went on to tour the UK with a reformed Take That . She has also hosted four series of the BBC Radio 2 show Beverley 's Gospel Nights , which explores the origins and impact of gospel music . To date the show has run for four seasons and has featured interviews with stars such as Michelle Williams and Shirley Caesar . Knight is an ambassador for many charities such as Christian Aid and has travelled to areas affected by disease and poverty to help raise awareness . She is an active campaigner for anti-Aids organisations such as the Stop AIDS Campaign and The Terrence Higgins Trust and is also a vocal campaigner against homophobic lyrics in urban music . On Saturday , 15 August 2009 , she performed live at the fourth annual UK Black Pride event in Regent 's Park . On Friday 4 December 2009 , at the invitation of Sarah Brown , wife of the Prime Minister , Knight performed the two songs Shoulda Woulda Coulda and Gold to an invited audience at 10 Downing Street in support of the White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood Million Mums charity . After more than a decade in the music industry , Knight was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 2006 in recognition of her contribution to British music ." } ] }, { "value": "20 March 2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Singer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "52°28′42″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47846°N 1.90880°W / 52.47846 ; -1.90880 ( Beverley Knight )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Joan Armatrading", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joan_Armatrading", "summary": "Joan Anita Barbara Armatrading , MBE ( /ˈɑːrməˌtreɪdɪŋ/ , born 9 December 1950 ) is a British singer-songwriter and guitarist . A three-time Grammy Award nominee , Armatrading has also been nominated twice for BRIT Awards as Best Female Artist . She received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contemporary Song Collection in 1996 . In a recording career spanning 46 years , Armatrading has released 19 studio albums , as well as several live albums and compilations ." } ] }, { "value": "4 May 2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Singer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "52°28′42″N 1°54′35″W / 52.47828°N 1.90970°W / 52.47828 ; -1.90970 ( Joan Armatrading )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chris Tarrant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chris_Tarrant", "summary": "Christopher John Tarrant , OBE ( born 10 October 1946 ) is an English musician , radio and television broadcaster . He presented the ITV children 's television show Tiswas from 1974 to 1981 , and the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? from 1998 to 2014 . He was a Capital Radio host from 1984 to 2004 . Tarrant 's career began in 1964 , when he was hired by the since-dissolved television network ATV . He presented ATV Today , a current affairs programme serving the Midlands area of England , until 1982 . Tarrant rose to prominence after becoming a co-host on Tiswas , the children 's television show broadcast on a Saturday morning from 1974 to 1981 . In January 1982 , along with Bob Carolgees , John Gorman , Randolph Sutherland and Lenny Henry , Tarrant launched a late-night show , O.T.T. , thought of as an adult version of Tiswas , but it did not prove popular . Tarrant was a Capital Radio host from 1984 to 2004 , presenting the early-morning show Capital Breakfast . The show was highly popular , increasing Capital Radio 's audience share in London . Tarrant hosted the ITV game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? from 1998 to 2014 , while also providing some audio recordings for some console games , and a tabletop game made by Tiger Electronics based on the show ." } ] }, { "value": "August 2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Broadcaster", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Wants_To_Be_A_Millionaire", "summary": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( abbreviated WWTBAM and informally known as simply Millionaire ) is an international television game show franchise of British origin , created by David Briggs , Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight . In its format , currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television , contestants tackle a series of multiple-choice questions to win large cash prizes in a format that twists on many game show genre conventions - only one contestant plays at a time , similar to radio quizzes ; contestants are given the question before attempting an answer , and have no time limit to answer questions ; and the amount offered increases as they tackle questions that become increasingly difficult . The maximum cash prize offered in most versions of the format is one million of the local currency . The original British version debuted on 4 September 1998 on the ITV network and was aired until its final episode on 11 February 2014 . A revived series of seven episodes to commemorate its 20th anniversary aired from 5 to 11 May 2018 . The revival received mostly positive reviews from critics and fans , as well as high viewing figures , leading ITV to renew the show for another series . Since its debut , international variants of the game show have been aired in around 160 countries worldwide ." } ] }, { "value": "52°28′42″N 1°54′33″W / 52.47841°N 1.90921°W / 52.47841 ; -1.90921 ( Chris Tarrant )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Birmingham Royal Ballet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birmingham_Royal_Ballet", "summary": "Birmingham Royal Ballet ( BRB ) is one of the three major ballet companies of the United Kingdom , alongside The Royal Ballet and the English National Ballet . Founded as the Sadler 's Wells Theatre Ballet , the company was established in 1946 as a sister company to the earlier Sadler 's Wells company , which moved to the Royal Opera House that same year , subsequently becoming known as The Royal Ballet . The new company was formed under the direction of John Field and remained at Sadler 's Wells for many years , becoming known as the Sadler 's Wells Royal Ballet in 1977 . It also toured the UK and abroad , before relocating to Birmingham in 1990 , where it uses the Birmingham Hippodrome stage when performing in the city . Birmingham Royal Ballet has extensive custom-built facilities , including a suite of dance studios , the Jerwood Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Dance Injuries and a studio theatre known as the Patrick Centre . In 1997 , the Birmingham Royal Ballet became independent of The Royal Ballet in London ." } ] }, { "value": "September 2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dance", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "52°28′42″N 1°54′34″W / 52.47844°N 1.90947°W / 52.47844 ; -1.90947 ( Birmingham Royal Ballet )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "David Bintley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_Bintley", "summary": "Sir David Julian Bintley CBE ( born 17 September 1957 ) is an English former ballet dancer , the artistic director of the Birmingham Royal Ballet , and co-artistic director of the New National Theatre Tokyo ballet company ." } ] }, { "value": "September 2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dance", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "52°28′42″N 1°54′34″W / 52.47842°N 1.90955°W / 52.47842 ; -1.90955 ( David Bintley )", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Stars honoured", "section_text": "", "uid": "Birmingham_Walk_of_Stars_0", "intro": "The Broad Street Walk of Stars is a walk of fame-style installation on the pedestrian pavement of Broad Street, Birmingham, England, which honours notable people from the Birmingham area or with significant connections with it. The scheme is organised and funded by the Broad Street Business Improvement District." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament", "title": "2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament", "header": [ "School", "Conference", "Record ( Conf )", "Berth", "Last NCAA Appearance" ], "data": [ { "value": "Alcorn State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alcorn_State_Braves_baseball", "summary": "The Alcorn State Braves baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of Alcorn State University in Lorman , Mississippi , United States . The program 's first season was in 1959 , and it has been a member of the NCAA Division I Southwestern Athletic Conference since the start of the 1963 season . Its home venue is the Foster Baseball Field at McGowan Stadium , located on Alcorn State 's campus . Bretton Richardson is the team 's head coach starting in the 2016 season . The program has appeared in 1 NCAA Tournaments . It has won one conference tournament championships and 0 regular season conference titles . As of the start of the 2018 Major League Baseball season , 1 former Brave has appeared in Major League Baseball ." } ] }, { "value": "SWAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ." } ] }, { "value": "26-27 ( 19-4 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won SWAC Tourney", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First NCAA Appearance", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arkansas-Little Rock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arkansas–Little_Rock_Trojans_baseball", "summary": "The Little Rock Trojans baseball team , is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock , Arkansas , United States . The team is a member of the Sun Belt Conference , which is part of the NCAA Division I . The team plays its home games at Gary Hogan Field in Little Rock , Arkansas . On July 1 , 2015 , the Trojans officially announced they would no longer be branded as Arkansas-Little Rock or UALR , but will be the Little Rock Trojans effective immediately ." } ] }, { "value": "Sun Belt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference", "summary": "The Sun Belt Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that has been affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I since 1976 . Originally a non-football conference , the Sun Belt began sponsoring football in 2001 . Its football teams participate in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . The 12 member institutions of the Sun Belt are distributed primarily across the southern United States ." } ] }, { "value": "24-32 ( 10-20 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won Sun Belt Tourney", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First NCAA Appearance", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Austin Peay State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Austin_Peay_State_Governors_baseball", "summary": "The Austin Peay Governors are the intercollegiate athletic teams of Austin Peay State University ( APU ) , located in Clarksville , Tennessee , United States . The Governors athletic program is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) and competes at the NCAA Division I level including the Football Championship Subdivision . The Austin Peay mascot is The Governor , and the school colors are red and white . While the women 's teams were formerly known as the Lady Govs , the school emphasizes that all teams are now Governors ." } ] }, { "value": "OVC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference", "summary": "The Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States . It participates in Division I of the NCAA ; the conference 's football programs compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ; formerly known as Division I-AA ) , the lower of two levels of Division I football competition . The OVC has 12 members , 9 of which compete in football in the conference ." } ] }, { "value": "33-22 ( 17-6 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won OVC Tourney", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2007 ( Nashville Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belmont", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belmont_Bruins_baseball", "summary": "The Belmont Bruins baseball team ( formerly the Belmont Rebels ) is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Belmont University in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . The team is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The team plays its home games at E. S. Rose Park in Nashville . The Bruins are coached by Dave Jarvis ." } ] }, { "value": "Atlantic Sun", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference", "summary": "The Atlantic Sun Conference , branded as the ASUN Conference , is a collegiate athletic conference operating mostly in the Southeastern United States . The league participates at the NCAA Division I level , and does not sponsor football . Originally established as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) in 1978 , its headquarters are located in Macon , Georgia . The conference has seen several changes in its membership in recent years . First , the 2014 departure of East Tennessee State University and Mercer University to the Southern Conference left the ASUN with eight members . Northern Kentucky University ( transitioning from NCAA Division II sports to Division I ) left the conference to join the Horizon League and was replaced by the New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) , previously the only Division I basketball independent , in 2015 . The ASUN membership expanded to nine members in 2018 . The University of South Carolina Upstate ( USC Upstate ) left the ASUN to join the Big South Conference after the 2017-18 season , but two new schools joined . The University of North Alabama arrived from the Division II Gulf South Conference , and Liberty University left the Big South for the ASUN . The ASUN 's next change of membership will occur in 2020-21 with the arrival of Bellarmine University from the Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "36-24 ( 17-13 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won A-Sun Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Atlantic_Sun_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Atlantic Sun Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Ken Dugan Field at Stephen Lee Marsh Stadium on the campus of Lipscomb University in Nashville , TN from May 25 through 28 . Belmont won its first tournament championship to earn the Atlantic Sun Conference 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "First NCAA Appearance", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bethune-Cookman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bethune-Cookman_Wildcats_baseball", "summary": "The Bethune-Cookman Wildcats are the athletic teams that represent Bethune-Cookman University in Daytona Beach , Florida . They compete in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision primarily competing in the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) for all sports . Bethune-Cookman fields 15 teams , 7 men 's and 8 women 's , and have won 31 MEAC titles ; 14 in baseball , 1 in bowling , 1 in men 's cross country , 2 in women 's cross country , 3 in football , 2 in women 's indoor track and field , 6 in softball and 2 in women 's tennis in history of their athletic program" } ] }, { "value": "MEAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose full members are historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southeastern and the Mid-Atlantic United States . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I , and in football , in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Currently , the MEAC has automatic qualifying bids for NCAA postseason play in baseball ( since 1994 ) , men 's basketball ( since 1981 ) , women 's basketball ( since 1982 ) , football ( 1996-2015 ) , softball ( since 1995 ) , men and women 's tennis ( since 1998 ) , and volleyball ( since 1994 ) . Bowling was officially sanctioned as a MEAC governed sport in 1999 . Before that season , the MEAC was the first conference to secure NCAA sanctioning for women 's bowling by adopting the club sport prior to the 1996-97 school year ." } ] }, { "value": "35-22 ( 18-0 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won MEAC Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The top six finishers from the regular season were seeded one through six based on conference winning percentage only , with the top seed playing the sixth seed , second seed playing the fifth , and so on for first round matchups . The winners advanced in the winners ' bracket , while first round losers played elimination games . The format meant that Coppin State was left out of the field ." } ] }, { "value": "2010 ( Gainesville Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cal State Fullerton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_baseball", "summary": "The Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball team represents California State University , Fullerton in NCAA Division I college baseball . Since beginning Division I play in 1975 , the Titans have never had a losing season . They are supplied by Easton . Along with the other CSUF athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big West Conference . Since its early days , Titan Baseball has been considered an elite program in college baseball , making 18 College World Series appearances and winning 4 national championships ( 1979 , 1984 , 1995 , and 2004 ) . The Titans have made an appearance in every NCAA Tournament since 1992 . The Titans play their home games on Fullerton 's campus at Goodwin Field and are currently coached by Rick Vanderhook ." } ] }, { "value": "Big West", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_West_Conference", "summary": "The Big West Conference ( BWC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference whose member institutions participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The conference was originally formed in 1969 as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) , and in 1988 was renamed the Big West Conference . The conference stopped sponsoring college football after the 2000 season ." } ] }, { "value": "39-15 ( 18-5 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Regular Season Champion", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2010 ( Los Angeles Super Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charlotte", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charlotte_49ers_baseball", "summary": "The Charlotte 49ers baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in Charlotte , North Carolina , United States . The team is a member of Conference USA , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I. Charlotte 's first baseball team was fielded in 1979 . The team plays its home games at Robert and Mariam Hayes Stadium in Charlotte , North Carolina . The 49ers are coached by Robert Woodard ." } ] }, { "value": "Atlantic 10", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlantic_10_Conference", "summary": "The Atlantic 10 Conference ( A-10 ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's ( NCAA ) Division I . The A-10 's member schools are located in states mostly on the United States Eastern Seaboard , as well as some in the Midwest - Massachusetts , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Virginia , Ohio , and Missouri as well as in the District of Columbia . Although some of its members are state-funded , half of its membership is made up of private , Catholic institutions . Despite the name , there are 14 full-time members , and two affiliate members that participate in women 's field hockey only . The current commissioner is Bernadette McGlade , who began her tenure in 2008 ." } ] }, { "value": "42-14 ( 17-7 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won A-10 Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Atlantic_10_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Championship was held from May 25-28 at Campbell 's Field in Camden , NJ . It featured the top six regular-season finishers of the conference 's 13 teams . Top-seeded Charlotte defeated Richmond in the title game to win the tournament for the third time , earning the A-10 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "2008 ( Raleigh Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Coastal Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_Chanticleers_baseball", "summary": "The Coastal Carolina Chanticleers baseball program has been the university 's most consistent program in terms of success . Head Coach Gary Gilmore ( 903-464-1 at CCU , 1,156-566-3 overall ) has led the Chanticleers to 16 NCAA Regional appearances and three Super Regional appearances since being hired in 1996 . The program has received # 1 regional seeds on five occasions ( 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2018 ) and won 50+ games in 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , and 2016 . In addition , the Chanticleers hosted NCAA Regionals in 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , and 2018 . The program hosted a Super Regional in 2010 . Future Chicago White Sox major league pitcher Brad Goldberg played for the team in 2009-10 , making 18 appearances ( 17 in relief ) in those two seasons . In 2010 Coastal went 29-0 in Big South play , winning both the regular season Big South Championship and the Big South Tournament Championship plus the Regional , but lost in the Super Regionals 2-0 to the University of South Carolina . In 2016 , Coastal went 21-3 in Big South play , winning the regular season Conference Championship and the Conference Tournament . In the 2016 post-season , Coastal won the Raleigh Regional by beating the NC State Wolfpack 2-0 . The Chanticleers went on to beat the LSU Tigers 2-0 in the Baton Rouge Super Regionals , and ultimately got to the 2016 CWS Final and defeated Arizona two games to one to win the National Championship . The title game finished mere hours before Coastal officially left the Big South Conference , the school 's home since 1983 ( 1984 baseball season ) , for the Sun Belt Conference . The state 's governor Nikki Haley proclaimed July 1 , 2016 , the day after the title game and also Coastal 's first official day as a Sun Belt member , Chanticleer Baseball National Championship Day throughout South Carolina ." } ] }, { "value": "Big South", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_South_Conference", "summary": "The Big South Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I . Originally a non-football conference , the Big South began sponsoring football in 2002 . Its football teams are part of the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . The Big South , founded in 1983 , is firmly rooted in the South Atlantic region of the United States , with full member institutions located in North Carolina , South Carolina , and Virginia . Associate members are located in Alabama , Georgia , and New Jersey ." } ] }, { "value": "41-18 ( 20-7 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won Big South Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Big_South_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament was the postseason baseball tournament for the Big South Conference , held from May 24-28 , 2011 , at Gray-Minor Stadium on the campus of the Virginia Military Institute . The top eight regular season finishers of the ten eligible teams met in the double-elimination tournament . Presbyterian was not eligible for postseason play in any sport until the 2012-2013 academic year due to its transition to Division I . Top seeded Coastal Carolina won their twelfth championship and earned the conference 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "2010 ( Myrtle Beach Super Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Creighton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Creighton_Bluejays_baseball", "summary": "The Creighton Bluejays baseball team represents the Creighton University in NCAA Division I college baseball . Creighton competes as a member of the Big East Conference and plays its home games at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha . Creighton 's baseball team played its first Big East season in 2014 . They are coached by Ed Servais who is entering his twelfth season as head coach of the Bluejays . His record at Creighton is 389-230 ( .628 winning percentage ) . The team plays its home games at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha , also the home of the College World Series , an event which the Bluejays baseball programs serves as the official host school for , providing each of the schools in the tournament practice facilities , training assistance , and assisting with game scoring . Prior to the opening of TD Ameritrade Park , the program played games at the Creighton Sports Complex and Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium in South Omaha , which was also the home of the NCAA College World Series and the Omaha Royals ( now known as the Omaha Storm Chasers ) of the Pacific Coast League ." } ] }, { "value": "Missouri Valley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference", "summary": "The Missouri Valley Conference ( also called MVC or simply The Valley ) is the third-oldest collegiate athletic conference in the United States . Currently , its members are located in the midwestern United States ." } ] }, { "value": "44-14 ( 15-6 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won MVC Tourney", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2007 ( Fayetteville Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Florida_Gators_baseball_team", "summary": "The 2011 Florida Gators baseball team represented the University of Florida in the sport of baseball during the 2011 college baseball season . The Gators competed in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They played their home games at Alfred A. McKethan Stadium , on the university 's Gainesville , Florida campus . The team was coached by Kevin O'Sullivan , who was in his fourth season at Florida . The Gators began the season looking to improve upon their appearance in the 2010 College World Series , where they were eliminated after their first two games . After winning the SEC Tournament , the Gators advanced to the best-of-three 2011 College World Series Finals , where they were defeated by South Carolina in two games ." } ] }, { "value": "SEC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southeastern_Conference", "summary": "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ." } ] }, { "value": "44-16 ( 22-8 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won SEC Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Southeastern_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Regions Park in Hoover , AL from May 25 through May 29 , 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "2010 ( CWS 7th Place )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fresno State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fresno_State_Bulldogs_baseball", "summary": "The Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team represents Fresno State in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Fresno State athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Mountain West Conference . The Bulldogs play their home games on campus at Pete Beiden Field , and they are currently coached by Mike Batesole ." } ] }, { "value": "WAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ." } ] }, { "value": "40-14 ( 17-7 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won WAC Tourney", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009 ( Irvine Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Georgia Southern", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Georgia_Southern_Eagles_baseball", "summary": "The Georgia Southern Eagles baseball team is the intercollegiate baseball team representing Georgia Southern University . It began in 1933 . The program competes in NCAA Division I . The team is led by head coach Rodney Hennon , who is in his 15th year at Georgia Southern . The Eagles are part of the Sun Belt Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Southern", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southern_Conference", "summary": "The Southern Conference ( SoCon ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . Southern Conference football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-AA ) . Member institutions are located in the states of Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . Established in 1921 , the Southern Conference ranks as the fifth-oldest major college athletic conference in the United States , and either the third- or fourth-oldest in continuous operation , depending on definitions . Among conferences currently in operation , the Big Ten ( 1896 ) and Missouri Valley ( 1907 ) are indisputably older . The Pac-12 Conference did not operate under its current charter until 1959 , but claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference , founded in 1915 , as its own . The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was founded in 1914 , but ceased operation in 1996 . The Big Eight Conference claimed the same history as the Missouri Valley from 1907 to 1928 during its existence ; though it essentially merged with four SWC members to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 , the Big 12 does not claim the Big Eight 's legacy . The Ivy League was formally organized in 1954 with athletic competition starting in 1955 , but claims the history of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which competed from 1901 to 1955 , as its own . The SoCon was the first conference to use the three-point field goal in basketball in a November 29 , 1980 game at Western Carolina against Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) , where Ronnie Carr shot the historic shot from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) away and the Catamounts won 77-70 . The Southern Conference is considered one of the stronger football conferences in the Football Championship Subdivision and is considered a mid-major conference in basketball . It has also garnered considerable national attention from its recent success in these sports : in particular , former member , three-time Division I NCAA Football champion Appalachian State Mountaineers , who stunned the fifth-ranked Michigan Wolverines 34-32 on September 1 , 2007 ; from the Davidson Wildcats , who reached the Elite Eight in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by upsetting power programs Gonzaga ( a mid-major school which became a power program in the 2000s ) , Georgetown , and Wisconsin ." } ] }, { "value": "35-24 ( 18-12 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won SoCon Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Southern_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Joseph P. Riley , Jr. Park in Charleston , SC from May 25 through May 29 . Fourth seeded Georgia Southern won the tournament and earned the Southern Conference 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament . It was Georgia Southern 's fifth SoCon tournament win and second in three years . The tournament used a double-elimination format . Only the top eight teams participate , so Wofford , Davidson , and The Citadel were not in the field ." } ] }, { "value": "2009 ( Fullerton Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini_baseball", "summary": "The Illinois Fighting Illini baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Champaign , Illinois , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Ten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference", "summary": "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ." } ] }, { "value": "28-25 ( 15-9 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won Big Ten Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Big_Ten_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Huntington Park in Columbus , Ohio from May 23 through 26 . Top seeded Illinois won their fourth tournament title and claimed the Big Ten Conference 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "2000 ( Clemson Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "James Madison", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes_baseball", "summary": "The JMU baseball team 's head coach is Marlin Ikenberry . Founded in 1970 , the JMU baseball team played at Long Field at Mauck Stadium through the end of the 2009 season . In 2010 they opened play at Eagle Field at Veterans Memorial Park , the school 's new baseball and softball complex . The Diamond Dukes , as the team is known , have compiled a 1092-670-8 all-time record and have made the NCAA Tournament nine times , most recently in 2011 . Billy Sample is JMU 's most famous baseball alumnus , who played in 862 career major league games with the Texas Rangers , New York Yankees , and Atlanta Braves . In the 2006 season , JMU had the top-two home run hitters in Division I . One of them , Kellen Kulbacki , placed in the top five in all three of the triple crown categories . Kulbacki received the 2006 National Player of the Year award as a sophomore . In 2008 , the Dukes won their first CAA Championship defeating Towson University qualifying the team for the 2008 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament hosted by North Carolina State University in Raleigh , NC . The Dukes also won the CAA Championship in 2011 defeating Old Dominion University qualifying the team for the 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "Colonial Athletic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonial_Athletic_Association", "summary": "The Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I whose full members are located in East Coast states from Massachusetts to South Carolina . Most of its members are public universities , and the conference is headquartered in Richmond . The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of four schools in the Northeast ( of five that joined from rival conference America East ) after the turn of the 21st century , which added balance to the conference . The CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league . It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports ( although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports ) . As of 2006 , it organizes championships in 21 men 's and women 's sports . The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football . For the 2007 football season , all of the Atlantic 10 Conference 's football programs joined the CAA football conference , as agreed in May 2005 ." } ] }, { "value": "40-17 ( 21-9 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won CAA Tourney", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008 ( Raleigh Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kent State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kent_State_Golden_Flashes_baseball", "summary": "The Kent State Golden Flashes baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Kent State University in Kent , Ohio , United States . The team competes at the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as a member of the Mid-American Conference . The head coach is retired Major League Baseball player Jeff Duncan , who was hired in June 2013 . Baseball was established at Kent State in 1914 and the team was known as the Normal Nine . It is the second-oldest athletic team at Kent State University after the men 's basketball team . Kent State began play in the Mid-American Conference in 1951 , winning their first conference title in 1964 and making their first appearance in the NCAA Tournament . Through the 2018 season , the Flashes have won 15 Mid-American Conference regular-season titles , 12 MAC tournament titles , 12 MAC East division titles , and have made 14 NCAA tournament appearances . The 2012 season marked the team 's first appearance in the College World Series . Home games are held at Schoonover Stadium , the team 's home field since 1966 . The stadium , previously known as Gene Michael Field , was renovated in 2005 and received additional upgrades in 2007 , 2008 , and 2013 . Additionally , the Flashes have an indoor practice facility , the David and Peggy Edmonds Baseball and Softball Training Facility , which opened in 2014 . Kent State has produced a number of players who have gone on to play professionally at the Major League level , including Thurman Munson , Andy Sonnanstine , Emmanuel Burriss , and Dustin Hermanson ." } ] }, { "value": "Mid-American", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mid-American_Conference", "summary": "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ." } ] }, { "value": "43-15 ( 21-5 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won MAC Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Mid-American_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Mid-American Conference Baseball Tournament took place from May 25-28 . The top eight regular season finishers of the league 's twelve teams , regardless of division , met in the double-elimination tournament held at V.A . Memorial Stadium in Chillicothe , Ohio . Kent State won their third consecutive tournament , and ninth overall , to earn the conference 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "2010 ( Los Angeles Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Maine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears_baseball", "summary": "The Maine Black Bears baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of the University of Maine , located in Orono , Maine . It is the university 's oldest athletic program , having begun play in 1881 . It has been a member of the NCAA Division I America East Conference since its founding ( as the North Atlantic Conference ) at the start of the 1990 season . Its home venue is Mahaney Diamond , located on the university 's campus . Nick Derba is the head coach . He was named interim head coach prior to the 2017 season . The program has appeared in 16 NCAA Tournaments and seven College World Series . In conference postseason play , it has won eight ECAC Tournaments and five America East Tournaments . In conference regular season play , it has won five America East titles ( three of those when the league was known as the North Atlantic Conference ) . 19 former Black Bears have appeared in Major League Baseball ." } ] }, { "value": "America East", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/America_East_Conference", "summary": "The America East Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA Division I , whose members are located mainly in the Northeastern United States , specifically New England . Its nine members include the public flagship universities of three states , and one private university ." } ] }, { "value": "32-22 ( 18-6 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won AEC Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_America_East_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 America East Conference Baseball Tournament took place from May 25-27 at Joe Nathan Field in Stony Brook , New York . The top four regular season finishers of the league 's six teams qualified for the double-elimination tournament . In the championship game , second-seeded Maine defeated fourth-seeded Albany , 10-1 , to win its fifth tournament championship ( its second under head coach Steve Trimper ) . As a result , Maine received the America East 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "2006 ( Chapel Hill Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Manhattan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manhattan_Jaspers_baseball", "summary": "The Manhattan Jaspers baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Manhattan College in New York City , New York . The team is a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . Beginning in 2015 , the team will play its home games in Dutchess Stadium in Fishkill , New York . The Jaspers are coached by Mike Cole ." } ] }, { "value": "MAAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC , /mæk/ ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated in NCAA Division I , consisting of eleven schools coming from three states of the northeastern United States : Connecticut , New Jersey , and New York . The members are all relatively small private institutions , many of them Catholic or formerly Catholic , the only exceptions being three private but secular institutions : Rider University and the conference 's two newest members , Monmouth and Quinnipiac Universities . The conference headquarters is located in Edison , New Jersey . The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference sponsors 22 sports and has many associate member institutions . Richard J. Ensor is the commissioner of the MAAC , a post he has held since 1988 ." } ] }, { "value": "34-17 ( 20-2 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won MAAC Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament took place from May 24-27 . The top four regular season finishers of the league 's teams met in the double-elimination tournament held at Mercer County Waterfront Park in Trenton , New Jersey . Manhattan won their second tournament championship and earned the conference 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "2006 ( Lincoln Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Navy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen_baseball", "summary": "The Navy Midshipmen baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis , Maryland , United States . The team is a member of the Patriot League , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . Navy 's first baseball team was fielded in 1893 . The team plays its home games at Terwilliger Brothers Field at Max Bishop Stadium in Annapolis , Maryland . The Midshipmen are coached by Paul Kostacopoulos ." } ] }, { "value": "Patriot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Patriot_League", "summary": "The Patriot League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising private institutions of higher education and two United States service academies based in the Northeastern United States . Outside the Ivy League , it is among the most selective group of higher education institutions in NCAA Division I and has a very high student-athlete graduation rate for both the NCAA graduation success rate and the federal graduation rate . The Patriot League consists of 10 core members : American University , the United States Military Academy ( Army ) , Boston University , Bucknell University , Colgate University , College of the Holy Cross , Lafayette College , Lehigh University , Loyola University Maryland and the United States Naval Academy ( Navy ) . All 10 core members participate in the NCAA 's Division I for all Patriot League sports that they offer . Since not all schools sponsor every available NCAA sport , such as ice hockey and wrestling , most schools are affiliated with other collegiate conferences . Additionally , the Patriot League has a unique arrangement for football . Bucknell , Colgate , Holy Cross , Lafayette , and Lehigh are members of the Patriot League 's Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) conference . Of the five other conference members , American , Boston University and Loyola Maryland do not sponsor football while Army and Navy play in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ; Army is an independent while Navy currently competes as an associate member of the American Athletic Conference . Four other private institutions are Patriot League members only for specific sports and are referred to as 'Patriot League associate members . ' Fordham University and Georgetown University are associate members in football , while MIT is an associate member in women 's rowing and University of Richmond is an associate member in women 's golf ." } ] }, { "value": "33-23-1 ( 12-8 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won Patriot League Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Patriot_League_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Patriot League Baseball Tournament was held on consecutive weekends with the semifinals held May 14-15 and the finals May 23-24 , 2011 to determine the champion of the Patriot League for baseball for the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The event matched the top four finishers of the six team league in a double-elimination tournament . Top seeded Navy won their fifth championship and claimed the Patriot 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament . Ben Nelson of Navy was named Tournament Most Valuable Player ." } ] }, { "value": "2002 ( Winston-Salem Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Mexico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Mexico_Lobos_baseball", "summary": "New Mexico Lobos baseball is a college baseball program of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque , New Mexico . The first team was fielded in 1899 and posted a 1,708-537-14 ( .526 ) record through the 2014 season . The Lobos have won three conference tournaments , finished first in regular season conference play eight times , and appeared in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship 5 times . The team plays their home games on the University of New Mexico campus at Santa Ana Star Field . Ray Birmingham has been the head coach of the Lobos since the 2008 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Mountain West", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference", "summary": "The Mountain West Conference ( MW ) is one of the collegiate athletic conferences affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) ( formerly I-A ) . The MW officially began operations in July 1999 . Geographically , the MW covers a broad expanse of the Western United States , with member schools located in California , Colorado , Hawaii , Idaho , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming . Craig Thompson has served as Commissioner of the MW since its founding in 1999 . The charter members of the MW included the United States Air Force Academy , Brigham Young University , Colorado State University , San Diego State University , the University of New Mexico , the University of Nevada , Las Vegas , the University of Utah , and the University of Wyoming . Before forming the Mountain West Conference , seven of its eight charter members had been longtime members of the Western Athletic Conference , and half of these had been charter members of that conference from 1962 . Overall , each school that has ever been either a full or football-only member of the MW spent at least three years in the WAC before joining the Mountain West ." } ] }, { "value": "20-39 ( 10-14 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won MWC Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Mountain_West_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Mountain West Conference Baseball Tournament took place from May 24-28 The top six regular season finishers of the league 's seven teams met in the double-elimination tournament held at San Diego State 's Tony Gwynn Stadium . Sixth seeded New Mexico won their first Mountain West Conference Baseball Championship with a championship game score of 4-2 and earned the conference 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "2010 ( Fullerton Regional )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Oral Roberts", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oral_Roberts_Golden_Eagles_baseball", "summary": "The Oral Roberts Golden Eagles baseball team is the intercollegiate baseball team of Oral Roberts University . It plays in the NCAA Division I Summit League . The team won the Mid-Con and Summit League regular season and tournament titles for 15 years straight between 1998 and 2012 . Upon returning to the Summit League , the team repeated the feat in 2015 and 2016 . In 2006 , they advanced to the NCAA Super Regional ." } ] }, { "value": "Summit", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Summit_League", "summary": "The Summit League , or The Summit , is an NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletic conference with its membership mostly located in the Midwestern United States from Indiana and Illinois on the East of the Mississippi River to the Dakotas and Nebraska on the West , with additional members in the Western state of Colorado and the Southern state of Oklahoma . Founded as the Association of Mid-Continent Universities in 1982 , it was rebranded as the Mid-Continent Conference in 1989 . On June 1 , 2007 , the conference changed its name from the Mid-Continent Conference . League headquarters are in Sioux Falls , South Dakota . The membership currently consists of nine full members plus four associate members . In July 2020 , the University of Missouri-Kansas City will return as a full member after a seven-year absence with the new athletic identity of the Kansas City Roos , while Purdue University Fort Wayne will leave for the Horizon League . A total of 31 schools have been full members , but the only charter member remaining in the league today is Western Illinois University ." } ] }, { "value": "35-20 ( 21-7 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Won Summit Tourney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_Summit_League_Baseball_Tournament", "summary": "The 2011 Summit League Baseball Tournament took place from May 24-26 . The top four regular season finishers of the league 's seven teams met in the double-elimination tournament held at the City of Sioux Falls , South Dakota 's Sioux Falls Stadium . Oral Roberts won their fourteenth consecutive championship , claiming the tournament title every year but one of the fifteenth seasons that they have been in the league , and represented The Summit League in the 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament ." } ] }, { "value": "2010 ( Norman Regional )", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Bids -- Automatic bids", "section_text": "Conference champions from 30 Division I conferences earned automatic bids to regionals . The remaining 34 spots were awarded to schools as at-large invitees .", "uid": "2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament_0", "intro": "The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday, June 3, 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha, Nebraska on June 29, 2011. The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams. Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences, and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bettany", "title": "Paul Bettany", "header": [ "Year", "Film", "Role", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "1994", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wycliffe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wycliffe_(TV_series)", "summary": "Wycliffe is a British television series , based on W. J. Burley 's novels about Detective Superintendent Charles Wycliffe . It was produced by HTV and broadcast on the ITV Network , following a pilot episode on 7 August 1993 , between 24 July 1994 and 5 July 1998 . The series was filmed in Cornwall , with a production office in Truro . Music for the series was composed by Nigel Hess , who was nominated for the Royal Television Society award for the best original television theme in 1997 . Wycliffe is played by Jack Shepherd , assisted by DI Doug Kersey ( Jimmy Yuill ) and DI Lucy Lane ( Helen Masters ) . Each episode deals with a murder investigation . In the early series , the stories are adapted from Burley 's books and are in classic whodunit style , often with quirky characters and plot elements . In later seasons , the tone becomes more naturalistic and there is more emphasis on internal politics within the police ." } ] }, { "value": "Ian Greaves", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : The Pea Green Boat", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Bill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Bill", "summary": "The Bill is a British police procedural television series , first broadcast on ITV from 16 October 1984 until 31 August 2010 . The programme originated from a one-off drama , Woodentop , broadcast in August 1983 . The programme focused on the lives and work of one shift of police officers , rather than on any particular aspect of police work . The Bill was the longest-running police procedural television series in the United Kingdom , and among the longest running of any British television series at the time of its cancellation . The title originates from Old Bill , a slang term for the police . Although highly acclaimed by fans and critics , the series attracted controversy on several occasions . An episode broadcast in 2008 was criticised for featuring fictional treatment for multiple sclerosis . The series has also faced more general criticism concerning its levels of violence , particularly prior to 2009 , when it occupied a pre-watershed slot . The Bill won several awards , including BAFTAs , a Writers ' Guild of Great Britain award , and Best Drama at the Inside Soap Awards in 2009 , this being the series ' fourth consecutive win . Throughout its 26-year run , the programme was always broadcast on the main ITV network . In later years , episodes of the show were repeated on ITV3 on their week of broadcast . The series has also been repeated on other digital stations , including Gold , Alibi , Watch , Dave , and Drama ." } ] }, { "value": "Jake Connolly", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : The Right Thing", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1997", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sharpe 's Waterloo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sharpe's_Waterloo_(TV_programme)", "summary": "Sharpe 's Waterloo is a British television drama , the 14th part of a series that follows the career of Richard Sharpe , a fictional British soldier during the Napoleonic Wars . The adaptation is based on the novel of the same name by Bernard Cornwell ." } ] }, { "value": "Prince William of Orange", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands", "summary": "William II ( Willem Frederik George Lodewijk , anglicized as William Frederick George Louis ; 6 December 1792 - 17 March 1849 ) was King of the Netherlands , Grand Duke of Luxembourg , and Duke of Limburg . William II was the son of William I and Wilhelmine of Prussia . When his father , who up to that time ruled as sovereign prince , proclaimed himself king in 1815 , he became Prince of Orange as heir apparent of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . With the abdication of his father on 7 October 1840 , William II became king . During his reign , the Netherlands became a parliamentary democracy with the new constitution of 1848 . William II was married to Anna Pavlovna of Russia . They had four sons and one daughter . William II died on 17 March 1849 and was succeeded by his son William III ." } ] }, { "value": "Television film", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Television_film", "summary": "A television film is a feature-length motion picture that is produced and originally distributed by or to a television network , in contrast to theatrical films made explicitly for initial showing in movie theaters . Such a production has also been called a TV movie , TV film , television movie , telefilm , [ a ] telemovie , motion picture made for television , made-for-television movie , made-for-television film , direct-to-TV movie , direct-to-TV film , movie of the week , feature-length drama , single drama and original movie ." } ] }, { "value": "1998", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Coming Home", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Coming_Home_(TV_serial)", "summary": "Coming Home is a 1998 British serial directed by Giles Foster . The teleplay by John Goldsmith is based on the novel of the same name by Rosamunde Pilcher . Produced by Yorkshire Television , it was broadcast in two parts by ITV in April 1998 ." } ] }, { "value": "Edward Carey-Lewis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Television serial", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1998", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Killer Net", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Killer_Net", "summary": "Killer Net is a British television crime drama mini series , first broadcast on Channel 4 in May 1998 . The drama was written and produced by Lynda La Plante , directed by Geoffrey Sax and featured a cast of up and coming actors . One of the main selling points of the series was that it starred Jason Orange of Take That , but it was also one of the introductions to the small screen of Paul Bettany ." } ] }, { "value": "Joe Hunter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Television miniseries", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1999", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Every Woman Knows a Secret", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Every_Woman_Knows_a_Secret", "summary": "Every Woman Knows a Secret is a 1999 British television drama series written by William Humble based on the novel by Rosie Thomas . The series aired on ITV from 18 March to 1 April 1999 is both set and filmed in Berkshire ." } ] }, { "value": "Rob", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Television miniseries", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "David Copperfield", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_Copperfield_(2000_film)", "summary": "David Copperfield is a 2000 American-Irish made-for-television film adaptation of Charles Dickens 's 1850 novel of the same name . It was filmed in Ireland , and broadcast on TNT as a Hallmark Entertainment production on December 10-11 , 2000 ." } ] }, { "value": "James Steerforth", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Television film", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Manhunt : Unabomber", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manhunt:_Unabomber", "summary": "Manhunt : Unabomber is an American drama miniseries created by Andrew Sodroski , Jim Clemente , and Tony Gittelson , starring Sam Worthington and Paul Bettany . It depicts a fictionalized account of the FBI 's hunt for the Unabomber and premiered on Discovery Channel on August 1 , 2017 . On July 17 , 2018 , it was reported that Charter Communications was in advanced negotiations with the series ' producers to pick up the series , now considered an anthology series , for two seasons to be aired on their Spectrum cable service . The first of these potential seasons reportedly would follow Eric Rudolph , known as the Olympic Park Bomber . On January 18 , 2020 , it was announced that the second season titled Manhunt : Deadly Games will premiere on February 3 , 2020 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ted Kaczynski", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski", "summary": "Theodore John Kaczynski ( /kəˈzɪnski/ ; born May 22 , 1942 ) , also known as the Unabomber ( /ˈjuːnəbɒmər/ ) , is an American domestic terrorist , anarchist , and former mathematics professor . He was a mathematics prodigy , but he abandoned an academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle . Between 1978 and 1995 , he killed three people and injured 23 others in an attempt to start a revolution by conducting a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology . In 1971 , Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water near Lincoln , Montana , where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient . He witnessed the destruction of the wilderness surrounding his cabin and concluded that living in nature was untenable ; he began his bombing campaign in 1978 . In 1995 , he sent a letter to The New York Times and promised to desist from terrorism if The Times or The Washington Post published his essay Industrial Society and Its Future , in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom and dignity by modern technologies that require large-scale organization . Kaczynski was the subject of the longest and most expensive investigation in the history of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . Before his identity was known , the FBI used the acronym UNABOM ( University and Airline Bomber ) to refer to his case , which resulted in the media naming him the Unabomber . The FBI and Attorney General Janet Reno pushed for the publication of Industrial Society and Its Future , which led to a tip from Kaczynski 's brother David , who recognized the writing style . After his arrest in 1996 , Kaczynski tried unsuccessfully to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wanted him to plead insanity in order to avoid the death penalty , as he did not believe that he was insane . In 1998 , a plea bargain was reached under which he pleaded guilty to all charges and was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole ." } ] }, { "value": "Television miniseries", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2020", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WandaVision", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WandaVision", "summary": "WandaVision is an upcoming American web television miniseries created for Disney+ by Jac Schaeffer , based on the Marvel Comics characters Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch and Vision . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The events of the series take place after the 2019 film Avengers : Endgame . The series is produced by Marvel Studios , with Schaeffer serving as head writer and Matt Shakman directing . Elizabeth Olsen and Paul Bettany reprise their roles as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch and Vision , respectively , from the film series . Teyonah Parris , Kat Dennings , Randall Park , and Kathryn Hahn also star . By September 2018 , Marvel Studios was developing a number of limited series for Disney+ , centered on supporting characters from the MCU films such as Maximoff and Vision , with Olsen and Bettany expected to return . Schaeffer was hired in January 2019 , the series was officially announced that April , and Shakman joined in August . Filming began in Atlanta , Georgia in November 2019 . WandaVision is scheduled to premiere in December 2020 , and will consist of six episodes ." } ] }, { "value": "Vision", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Disney+ exclusive ; in production", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Disney+", "summary": "Disney+ ( pronounced Disney Plus ) is an American subscription video on-demand streaming service owned and operated by the Direct-to-Consumer & International ( DTCI ) division of The Walt Disney Company . The service primarily distributes films and television series produced by The Walt Disney Studios and Walt Disney Television , with the service advertising content from Disney 's Marvel , National Geographic , Pixar , and Star Wars brands in particular . Original films and television series are also distributed on Disney+ , with ten films and seven series having been produced for the platform as of November 2019 [ update ] . Serving adjacent to Disney 's other streaming platforms - the general programming-oriented Hulu and the sports-oriented ESPN+ - Disney+ focuses on family-oriented entertainment , and features no R-rated or TV-MA-rated programming . Disney+ relies on technology developed by Disney Streaming Services , originally established as BAMTech in 2015 , when it was spun off from MLB Advanced Media ( MLBAM ) . Disney increased its ownership share of BAMTech to a controlling stake in 2017 , and subsequently transferred ownership to DTCI as part of a corporate restructure in anticipation of Disney 's acquisition of 21st Century Fox . With BAMTech helping to launch ESPN+ in early 2018 , and Disney 's streaming distribution deal with Netflix ending in 2019 , Disney took the opportunity to use technologies being developed for ESPN+ to establish a Disney-branded streaming service that would feature its content . Production of films and television shows to feature exclusively on the platform began in late 2017 ; Marvel 's original series for Netflix were cancelled in favor of Marvel Cinematic Universe series for Disney+ . Disney+ debuted on November 12 , 2019 , in the United States , Canada , and the Netherlands . The service was expanded to Australia , New Zealand , and Puerto Rico a week later , and will be expanded to select European countries and India in March 2020 . Further expansions are planned for Europe and Latin America in late 2020 through 2021 , as Disney 's existing international streaming distribution deals with competing services expire . Upon launch , the service was met with positive reception of its content library , but was criticized for technical problems ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Filmography -- Television", "section_text": "", "uid": "Paul_Bettany_1", "intro": "Paul Bettany (born 27 May 1971) is a British-American actor. He is known for his role as J.A.R.V.I.S. and Vision in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), The Avengers (2012), Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018). He first came to the attention of mainstream audiences when he appeared in the British film Gangster No. 1 (2000), and director Brian Helgeland's film A Knight's Tale (2001). He has gone on to appear in a wide variety of films, including A Beautiful Mind (2001), Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003), Dogville (2003), Wimbledon (2004), The Da Vinci Code (2006), Margin Call (2011), and Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018). He has been nominated for various awards, including BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Bettany is married to American actress Jennifer Connelly, with whom he has two children." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Toronto", "title": "Media in Toronto", "header": [ "Frequency", "Call sign", "Branding", "Format", "Owner" ], "data": [ { "value": "FM 88.1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FM_radio", "summary": "FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation ( FM ) . Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity - that is , more accurate reproduction of the original program sound - than other broadcasting technologies , such as AM broadcasting or DAB radio . Therefore , FM is used for most broadcasts of music . FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies ." } ] }, { "value": "CIND-FM", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CIND-FM", "summary": "CIND-FM , branded as Indie88 , is an FM radio station in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , broadcasting at 88.1 MHz . The station , which broadcasts an indie format , had its soft launch on July 31 , 2013 , and had its official launch on September 3 , 2013 . The station is the first entry into the Toronto market for Central Ontario Broadcasting , which also owns CFJB-FM and CKMB-FM in the outlying city of Barrie . Indie88 , as the station is branded , places a priority on on-air and online interaction with its audience . Indie88 's offices and studios are located on Hanna Avenue in Toronto 's Liberty Village , while its transmitter is located on top of First Canadian Place in Toronto 's Financial District ." } ] }, { "value": "Indie88", "urls": [] }, { "value": "indie rock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Indie_rock", "summary": "Indie rock is a genre of rock music that originated in the United States and United Kingdom in the 1970s . Originally used to describe independent record labels , the term became associated with the music they produced and was initially used interchangeably with alternative rock . As grunge and punk revival bands in the US and Britpop bands in the UK broke into the mainstream in the 1990s , it came to be used to identify those acts that retained an outsider and underground perspective . In the 2000s , as a result of changes in the music industry and the growing importance of the Internet , some indie rock acts began to enjoy commercial success , leading to questions about its meaningfulness as a term . Sometimes used interchangeably with guitar pop rock , in the mid-1980s , the term indie ( or indie pop ) began to be used to describe the music produced on punk and post-punk labels . Some prominent indie rock record labels were founded during the 1980s . During the 1990s , grunge bands broke into the mainstream , and the term alternative lost its original counter-cultural meaning . The term indie rock became associated with the bands and genres that remained dedicated to their independent status . By the end of the 1990s , indie rock developed several subgenres and related styles , including lo-fi , noise pop , emo , slowcore , post-rock , and math rock . In the 2000s , changes in the music industry and in music technology enabled a new wave of indie rock bands to achieve mainstream success . In the early 2000s , a new group of bands that played a stripped-down , back-to-basics version of guitar rock emerged into the mainstream . The commercial breakthrough from these scenes was led by four bands : The Strokes , The White Stripes , The Hives and The Vines ." } ] }, { "value": "Central Ontario Broadcasting", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Central_Ontario_Broadcasting", "summary": "Central Ontario Broadcasting is a Canadian media company , which operates in Southern and Central Ontario . Founded in 1988 , Central Ontario Broadcasting independently owns and operates three radio stations : Indie88 in Toronto , and Rock 95 and 107.5 Kool FM in Barrie ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 88.9", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FM_radio", "summary": "FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation ( FM ) . Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity - that is , more accurate reproduction of the original program sound - than other broadcasting technologies , such as AM broadcasting or DAB radio . Therefore , FM is used for most broadcasts of music . FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies ." } ] }, { "value": "CIRV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CIRV-FM", "summary": "CIRV-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 88.9 FM in Toronto , Ontario . The station airs a multicultural programming format . CIRV 's studios are located in Brampton , while its transmitter is located atop First Canadian Place in Toronto 's Financial District . Matching sister stations CKYE-FM and CKYR-FM , it rebranded itself in 2019 as RED FM with Red standing for Reflecting Ethnic Diversity . The station 's main channel predominantly carries musical programming in Punjabi , Hindi , and Urdu ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "multilingual", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Multilingual", "summary": "Multilingualism is the use of more than one language , either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers . It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world 's population . More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue ; but many read and write in one language . Always useful to traders , multilingualism is advantageous for people wanting to participate in globalization and cultural openness . Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet , individuals ' exposure to multiple languages is becoming increasingly possible . People who speak several languages are also called polyglots . Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood , the so-called first language ( L1 ) . The first language ( sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue ) is acquired without formal education , by mechanisms about which scholars disagree . Children acquiring two languages natively from these early years are called simultaneous bilinguals . It is common for young simultaneous bilinguals to be more proficient in one language than the other . People who know more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals . Multilingualism in computing can be considered part of a continuum between internationalization and localization ." } ] }, { "value": "Frank Alvarez", "urls": [] }, { "value": "FM 89.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CIUT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CIUT-FM", "summary": "CIUT-FM is a campus and community radio station owned and operated by the University of Toronto . The station broadcasts live and continuously from Toronto on the 89.5 FM frequency . Programming can also be heard nationally via channel 826 on Shaw Direct , and over the internet via the CIUT website . The station is financially supported by donations and an undergraduate student levy . CIUT-FM also broadcasts a Punjabi and Urdu language station , Sur Sagar Radio on a Subsidiary Communications Multiplex Operation frequency . CIUT 's studios are located on Tower Road on the University of Toronto campus , while its transmitter is located atop First Canadian Place in Toronto 's Financial District ." } ] }, { "value": "University of Toronto Community Radio", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Toronto", "summary": "The University of Toronto ( U of T or UToronto ) is a public research university in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , located on the grounds that surround Queen 's Park . It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King 's College , the first institution of higher learning in the colony of Upper Canada . Originally controlled by the Church of England , the university assumed its present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution . As a collegiate university , it comprises eleven colleges each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs and significant differences in character and history . The university also operates two satellite campuses located in Scarborough and Mississauga . Academically , the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory , known collectively as the Toronto School . The university was the birthplace of insulin and stem cell research , and was the site of the first practical electron microscope , the development of deep learning , multi-touch technology , the identification of the first black hole Cygnus X-1 , and the development of the theory of NP-completeness . It receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university and is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States , the other being McGill University . The Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches , with long and storied ties to gridiron football , rowing and ice hockey . The earliest recorded college football game was played in the University of Toronto 's University College in the early 1860s . The university 's Hart House is an early example of the North American student centre , simultaneously serving cultural , intellectual , and recreational interests within its large Gothic-revival complex . The University of Toronto has educated three Governors General of Canada , four Prime Ministers of Canada , three foreign leaders , and fourteen Justices of the Supreme Court ." } ] }, { "value": "campus / community", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Campus_radio", "summary": "Campus radio ( also known as college radio , university radio or student radio ) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college , university or other educational institution . Programming may be exclusively by students , or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based . Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel , sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming , while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters . Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments , and have very different characteristics from one country to the next . One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness - or , in some countries , even a licensing requirement - to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits . Because of this , campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends , including genres such as punk and new wave , alternative rock , indie rock and hip hop , long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream . Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists . Campus radio supported U2 and REM Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news ( often local ) , sports ( often relating to the campus ) , and spoken word programming as well as general music . Often the radio format is best described as a freeform , with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts . A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet . Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air , many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting , closed circuit or carrier current systems , often to on-campus listeners only . Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Community_radio", "summary": "Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting . Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest . They broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local , specific audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters . Community radio stations are operated , owned , and influenced by the communities they serve . They are generally nonprofit and provide a mechanism for enabling individuals , groups , and communities to tell their own stories , to share experiences and , in a media-rich world , to become creators and contributors of media . In many parts of the world , community radio acts as a vehicle for the community and voluntary sector , civil society , agencies , NGOs and citizens to work in partnership to further community development aims , in addition to broadcasting . There is legally defined community radio ( as a distinct broadcasting sector ) in many countries , such as France , Argentina , South Africa , Australia and Ireland . Much of the legislation has included phrases such as social benefit , social objectives and social gain as part of the definition . Community radio has developed differently in different countries , and the term has somewhat different meanings in the United Kingdom , Ireland , the United States , Canada and Australia , where freedom of speech laws and de facto realities differ ." } ] }, { "value": "University of Toronto campus radio", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Toronto", "summary": "The University of Toronto ( U of T or UToronto ) is a public research university in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , located on the grounds that surround Queen 's Park . It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King 's College , the first institution of higher learning in the colony of Upper Canada . Originally controlled by the Church of England , the university assumed its present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution . As a collegiate university , it comprises eleven colleges each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs and significant differences in character and history . The university also operates two satellite campuses located in Scarborough and Mississauga . Academically , the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory , known collectively as the Toronto School . The university was the birthplace of insulin and stem cell research , and was the site of the first practical electron microscope , the development of deep learning , multi-touch technology , the identification of the first black hole Cygnus X-1 , and the development of the theory of NP-completeness . It receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university and is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States , the other being McGill University . The Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches , with long and storied ties to gridiron football , rowing and ice hockey . The earliest recorded college football game was played in the University of Toronto 's University College in the early 1860s . The university 's Hart House is an early example of the North American student centre , simultaneously serving cultural , intellectual , and recreational interests within its large Gothic-revival complex . The University of Toronto has educated three Governors General of Canada , four Prime Ministers of Canada , three foreign leaders , and fourteen Justices of the Supreme Court ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Campus_radio", "summary": "Campus radio ( also known as college radio , university radio or student radio ) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college , university or other educational institution . Programming may be exclusively by students , or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based . Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel , sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming , while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters . Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments , and have very different characteristics from one country to the next . One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness - or , in some countries , even a licensing requirement - to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits . Because of this , campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends , including genres such as punk and new wave , alternative rock , indie rock and hip hop , long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream . Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists . Campus radio supported U2 and REM Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news ( often local ) , sports ( often relating to the campus ) , and spoken word programming as well as general music . Often the radio format is best described as a freeform , with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts . A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet . Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air , many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting , closed circuit or carrier current systems , often to on-campus listeners only . Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 90.3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CJBC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CJBC-FM", "summary": "CJBC-FM is a public Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 90.3 MHz in Toronto , Ontario . A French-language station , it airs the programming of Radio-Canada 's Ici Musique network . CJBC 's studios are located in the Canadian Broadcasting Centre , while its transmitter is located atop First Canadian Place in Toronto 's Financial District . The station launched in 1992 . It is a sister station to AM 860 CJBC , which is part of the Ici Radio-Canada Première network . In December 2017 , CJBC-FM added an HD Radio feed to broadcast high-quality digital radio signals throughout much of Toronto . CJBC-FM has retransmitters in Windsor and Paris ." } ] }, { "value": "Ici Musique", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ici_Musique", "summary": "Ici Musique ( stylized as ICI Musique ) is the French-language music radio service of Canada 's national public broadcaster , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( Société Radio-Canada ) . It is the French equivalent of the English CBC Music , although it has a different programming focus ." } ] }, { "value": "public music", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Public_broadcasting", "summary": "Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation", "summary": "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 91.1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CJRT", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CJRT-FM", "summary": "CJRT-FM is a Canadian public radio station which broadcasts at 91.1 FM in Toronto , Ontario as JAZZ.FM91 . CJRT 's studios are on Pardee Avenue in the Liberty Village neighbourhood of Toronto . Its transmitter is on top of the CN Tower . The station is available on Bell TV as channel 960 , on cable FM , and digital cable audio services in Ontario ." } ] }, { "value": "JAZZ-FM91", "urls": [] }, { "value": "jazz / public", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jazz", "summary": "Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans , United States . It originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Jazz is seen by many as America 's classical music . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African-American and European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of America 's original art forms . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to different styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician 's music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Public_radio", "summary": "Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "CJRT-FM Inc", "urls": [] }, { "value": "FM 91.9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CHIN-1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHIN_(AM)", "summary": "CHIN is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts multilingual programming at 1540 AM in Toronto , Ontario . It is a Class B station broadcasting on a clear-channel shared by The U.S. and The Bahamas . It is owned by CHIN Radio/TV International , and also has an FM rebroadcaster at 91.9 to fill in reception gaps in parts of the Toronto area . This should not be confused with CHIN-FM , which offers a distinct program schedule . CHIN 's studios are located on College Street in the Palmerston-Little Italy neighbourhood of Toronto , while its AM transmitters are located on Lakeshore Avenue on the Toronto Islands , and the FM rebroadcaster is located atop an apartment tower complex near Bathurst and Sheppard in Toronto 's Clanton Park neighbourhood . The station , one of Canada 's first multilingual broadcast outlets along with Montreal 's CFMB , was launched in 1966 by Toronto broadcaster Johnny Lombardi . CHIN-FM was launched the following year , and a second FM signal acting as the AM station 's FM rebroadcaster was added in 1997 ( at 101.3 MHz ) with the call letters CHIN-1-FM . On April 17 , 2003 , Radio 1540 Ltd. was given approval to change the frequency of CHIN-1-FM Toronto from 101.3 MHz to 91.9 MHz and to increase the effective radiated power from 22 to 35 watts . CHIN 's lineup consists primarily of Chinese ( Cantonese & Mandarin ) and Italian programming in the mornings and Tamil programming in the evenings and overnight . It also airs Albanian , Bengali , Bosnian , Bulgarian , Croatian , German , Greek , Irish , Jewish , Russian , Somali and Ukrainian programming on Saturdays and Sundays . On January 14 , 2011 , CHIN received approval to increase the effective radiated power for the CHIN-FM-1 91.9 FM transmitter from 161 to 1,850 watts ( maximum ERP from 350 to 5,000 watts with an antenna height above average terrain of 86 metres ) . On February 10 , 2016 , CHIN dropped the simulcast of China Radio International in the evening and overnight hours and replaced it with dance music-formatted programming originating from internet broadcaster DJFM Toronto ." } ] }, { "value": "CHIN Radio", "urls": [] }, { "value": "multilingual", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Multilingual", "summary": "Multilingualism is the use of more than one language , either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers . It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world 's population . More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue ; but many read and write in one language . Always useful to traders , multilingualism is advantageous for people wanting to participate in globalization and cultural openness . Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet , individuals ' exposure to multiple languages is becoming increasingly possible . People who speak several languages are also called polyglots . Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood , the so-called first language ( L1 ) . The first language ( sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue ) is acquired without formal education , by mechanisms about which scholars disagree . Children acquiring two languages natively from these early years are called simultaneous bilinguals . It is common for young simultaneous bilinguals to be more proficient in one language than the other . People who know more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals . Multilingualism in computing can be considered part of a continuum between internationalization and localization ." } ] }, { "value": "CHIN Radio/TV International", "urls": [] }, { "value": "FM 92.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CKIS", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKIS-FM", "summary": "CKIS-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 92.5 MHz in Toronto , Ontario . Owned by Rogers Media , the station broadcasts a Top 40 ( CHR ) format branded as KiSS 92.5 . The station is one of two top-40 stations licensed to the city of Toronto ( the other being CKFM-FM ) . CKIS 's studios are located at the Rogers Building at Bloor and Jarvis Streets in the northeastern corner of downtown Toronto , while its transmitter is located atop First Canadian Place ." } ] }, { "value": "KiSS 92.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CHR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio", "summary": "Contemporary hit radio ( also known as CHR , contemporary hits , hit list , current hits , hit music , top 40 , or pop radio ) is a radio format that is common in the United States , Brazil , United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , New Zealand , Australia , the Philippines , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , China , Hong Kong , Taiwan , Japan , South Korea , Trinidad and Tobago , and South Africa , that focuses on playing current and recurrent popular music as determined by the top 40 music charts . There are several subcategories , dominantly focusing on rock , pop , or urban music . Used alone , CHR most often refers to the CHR-pop format . The term contemporary hit radio was coined in the early 1980s by Radio & Records magazine to designate top 40 stations which continued to play hits from all musical genres as pop music splintered into adult contemporary , urban contemporary and other formats . The term top 40 is also used to refer to the actual list of hit songs , and , by extension , to refer to pop music in general . The term has also been modified to describe top 50 ; top 30 ; top 20 ; top 10 ; hot 100 ( each with its number of songs ) and hot hits radio formats , but carrying more or less the same meaning and having the same creative point of origin with Todd Storz as further refined by Gordon McLendon as well as Bill Drake . The format became especially popular in the mid-sixties as radio stations constrained disc jockeys to numbered play lists in the wake of the payola scandal ." } ] }, { "value": "Rogers Media", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rogers_Media", "summary": "Rogers Media Inc. is a subsidiary of Rogers Communications that owns Canada 's largest publishing company , Rogers Publishing Limited , which has more than 70 consumer and business publications . Rogers Media also owns 52 radio stations and several television properties , including terrestrial television stations and cable television channels ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 93.5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CFXJ", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CFXJ-FM", "summary": "CFXJ-FM ( 93.5 FM , Flow 93.5 ) is a radio station in Toronto . Owned by Stingray Group , it broadcasts an urban contemporary format , and was Canada 's first station to adopt the format upon its launch in 2001 . CFXJ 's studios are located at Yonge and St. Clair in Toronto 's Deer Park neighbourhood , while its transmitter is located at the top of First Canadian Place in Toronto 's Financial District ." } ] }, { "value": "Flow 93-5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "rhythmic CHR / hip hop / dance", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rhythmic_CHR", "summary": "Rhythmic contemporary , also known as Rhythmic Top 40 , Rhythmic CHR or rhythmic crossover , is a primarily American music-radio format that includes a mix of EDM , upbeat rhythmic pop , hip hop and upbeat R & B hits . Rhythmic contemporary never uses rock or country in its airplay , but it may occasionally use a reggae , Latin , reggaeton , or a Christian/gospel hit . Essentially , the format is a cross between mainstream radio and urban contemporary radio formats ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hip_hop_music", "summary": "Hip hop music , also called hip-hop or rap music , is a genre of popular music developed in the United States by inner-city African Americans and Latino Americans in the Bronx borough of New York City in the 1970s . It consists of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping , a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted . It developed as part of hip hop culture , a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements : MCing/rapping , DJing/scratching with turntables , break dancing , and graffiti writing . Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records ( or synthesized beats and sounds ) , and rhythmic beatboxing . While often used to refer solely to rapping , hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture . The term hip hop music is sometimes used synonymously with the term rap music , though rapping is not a required component of hip hop music ; the genre may also incorporate other elements of hip hop culture , including DJing , turntablism , scratching , beatboxing , and instrumental tracks ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dance_music", "summary": "Dance music is music composed specifically to facilitate or accompany dancing . It can be either a whole musical piece or part of a larger musical arrangement . In terms of performance , the major categories are live dance music and recorded dance music . While there exist attestations of the combination of dance and music in ancient times ( for example Ancient Greek vases sometimes show dancers accompanied by musicians ) , the earliest Western dance music that we can still reproduce with a degree of certainty are the surviving medieval dances . In the Baroque period , the major dance styles were noble court dances ( see Baroque dance ) . In the classical music era , the minuet was frequently used as a third movement , although in this context it would not accompany any dancing . The waltz also arose later in the classical era . Both remained part of the romantic music period , which also saw the rise of various other nationalistic dance forms like the barcarolle , mazurka , ecossaise , ballade and polonaise . Modern popular dance music initially emerged from late 19th century 's Western ballroom and social dance music . During the early 20th century , ballroom dancing gained popularity among the working class who attended public dance halls . Dance music became enormously popular during the 1920s . In the 1930s , called the Swing era , Swing music was the popular dance music in America ." } ] }, { "value": "Newcap Radio", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Newcap_Radio", "summary": "Newfoundland Capital Corporation Ltd. , operating as Newcap Radio , was a Canadian radio broadcasting conglomerate based in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Founded by Harold R. Steele , the company owned 101 radio stations in Canada ( making it the second-largest radio conglomerate in Canada behind Bell Media ) particularly in Newfoundland and Labrador , and Alberta , as well as two television stations in Lloydminster ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 94.1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CBL", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CBL-FM", "summary": "CBL-FM ( 94.1 MHz ) is the flagship station of the CBC Music network . It is a non-commercial station , licensed to Toronto , Ontario , and is owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . CBL-FM 's studios and offices are located at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre , on Front Street West , while its transmitter is located atop the CN Tower ." } ] }, { "value": "CBC Music", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CBC_Music", "summary": "CBC Music ( formerly known as CBC FM , CBC Stereo and CBC Radio 2 ) is a Canadian FM radio network operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It used to concentrate on classical music and jazz . In 2007 and 2008 , the network transitioned towards a new adult music format with a variety of genres , with the classical genre generally restricted to midday hours . In 2009 , Radio 2 averaged 2.1 million listeners weekly , and it was the second largest radio network in Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "public music", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Public_broadcasting", "summary": "Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation", "summary": "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 95.9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CJKX-FM-2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CJKX-FM", "summary": "CJKX-FM is a Canadian radio station . Although its official city of licence is Ajax , Ontario , the station operates from studios in Oshawa , Ontario with co-owned stations CKDO and CKGE-FM . Airing at 95.9 FM , the station broadcasts a country music format branded as KX96 . The station was launched in 1967 as AM 1390 CHOO . The station was acquired in 1973 by Community Communications , and in 1977 by Golden West Broadcasting . In 1994 , the station was acquired by its current owner , Durham Radio , and moved to its current FM frequency . In 1999 , the station added a 5 kW rebroadcaster ( CJKX-FM-1 ) in Sunderland , operating on 89.9 FM . In 2006 , CJKX was approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission to add a rebroadcaster ( CJKX-FM-2 ) in downtown Toronto , to operate on 95.9 FM , the same frequency as the main station . That rebroadcaster 's transmitter is located atop the First Canadian Place . Note : The CHOO callsign was formerly used at a station , ( now defunct ) in Tofino , British Columbia from 2000-2002 . The current CHOO callsign is now currently being used at a radio station Drumheller , Alberta , known today as CHOO-FM . Both of these stations that used the CHOO callsign have no relation to CJKX-FM ." } ] }, { "value": "KX96", "urls": [] }, { "value": "country", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Country_music", "summary": "Country music , also known as country and western ( or simply country ) , and hillbilly music , is a genre of popular music that takes its roots from genres such as American folk music ( especially Appalachian and Western music ) and blues . Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920s . Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms , folk lyrics , and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos , electric and acoustic guitars , steel guitars ( such as pedal steels and dobros ) , and fiddles as well as harmonicas . Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history . According to Lindsey Starnes , the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music ; it came to encompass Western music , which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots , in the mid-20th century . In 2009 in the United States , country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute , and second most popular in the morning commute . The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres . The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans and/or blue-collar American life , who blended popular songs , Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes , traditional English ballads , cowboy songs , and the musical traditions of various groups of European immigrants ." } ] }, { "value": "Durham Radio", "urls": [] }, { "value": "FM 96.3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CFMZ", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CFMZ-FM", "summary": "CFMZ-FM ( The New Classical 96.3 FM ) is a Canadian FM radio station licensed to Toronto , Ontario . Broadcasting on 96.3 MHz , the station is owned by ZoomerMedia and airs a classical music radio format . CFMZ 's studios are located on Jefferson Avenue in Liberty Village , while its transmitter is located atop First Canadian Place in downtown Toronto . CFMZ-FM , along with its sister stations , CFMX-FM in Cobourg and CFMO-FM in Collingwood , are among only five commercial broadcasters in Canada with a purely classical music format . CFMZ-FM and its sister stations are the only one that broadcasts in English . CJPX-FM Montreal and CJSQ-FM Quebec City broadcast in French . It is currently the third most listened-to private station in the market , behind Adult Contemporary 98.1 CHFI-FM and Classic Hits 97.3 CHBM-FM ." } ] }, { "value": "Classical 96.3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "classical music", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/European_classical_music", "summary": "Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western culture , including both liturgical ( religious ) and secular music . While a more precise term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 ( the Classical period ) , this article is about the broad span of time from before the 6th century AD to the present day , which includes the Classical period and various other periods . The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900 , which is known as the common-practice period ." } ] }, { "value": "ZoomerMedia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ZoomerMedia", "summary": "ZoomerMedia Limited is a group of Canadian media operations controlled by Moses Znaimer . According to Znaimer , these media outlets primarily target what he calls zoomers or baby boomers with zip , defined as people in their 50s , 60s and 70s who want to remain socially and culturally engaged and active . ZoomerMedia was formed in December 2007 following Znaimer 's acquisition and merger of Kemur Publishing , publishers of CARP Magazine , and website operator Fifty-Plus.Net International . It provides marketing , membership , and other services to CARP ( formerly the Canadian Association of Retired Persons ) , of which Znaimer serves as executive director , and publishes Zoomer Magazine ( the renamed CARP Magazine ) . The company also operates several Internet properties including a portal and a social networking site , all targeted to older adult audiences . In addition , Znaimer previously personally owned a variety of other assets through his privately held company , MZ Media , that were also unofficially considered part of the ZoomerMedia group . These included southern Ontario classical music radio stations CFMZ-FM and CFMX-FM ( Classical 96 and Classical 103 respectively ) , adult standards station CFZM Toronto ( AM 740 ) , and the annual IdeaCity conference . In June 2009 , ZoomerMedia Limited announced a deal to acquire the broadcasting assets of S-VOX , which includes conventional stations CHNU-TV and CIIT-TV along with specialty channels VisionTV and One : the Body , Mind & Spirit channel , for $ 25 million . As part of the transaction and a related private placement , Znaimer also merged MZ Media into ZoomerMedia . Following the transactions ( which required the approval of minority shareholders and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) ) , Znaimer owns 66% of the combined company , and insurance company Fairfax Financial owns 28% . All of these transactions were completed on June 30 , 2010 . In December 2014 , ZoomerMedia was reportedly in talks with Quebecor to acquire the Sun News Network ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 96.9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CKHC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKHC-FM", "summary": "CKHC-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 96.9 FM in Toronto , Ontario . It is the campus radio station of the city 's Humber College . CKHC 's studios and transmitter are located at the Humber College 's North Campus building on Humber College Boulevard . The station was licensed by the CRTC in 2004 as a developmental FM station . CKHC was the first radio station in Canada to voluntarily adopt a 100 per cent Canadian content playlist . In 2007 , the station was approved for a campus instructional license and an increase in power . It can now be heard at a radius of 10 km around the Humber North campus . The station is known on-air as 96.9 Radio Humber . Programming includes a daily news magazine show @ Humber , which airs Monday to Friday at 12 and again at 6 p.m. Jazz from Humber 's renowned music program at 8 a.m. and midnight , along with a daily sports show , Humber Sportsdrive at 5:30 p.m ." } ] }, { "value": "Radio Humber", "urls": [] }, { "value": "campus radio", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Campus_radio", "summary": "Campus radio ( also known as college radio , university radio or student radio ) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college , university or other educational institution . Programming may be exclusively by students , or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based . Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel , sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming , while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters . Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments , and have very different characteristics from one country to the next . One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness - or , in some countries , even a licensing requirement - to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits . Because of this , campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends , including genres such as punk and new wave , alternative rock , indie rock and hip hop , long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream . Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists . Campus radio supported U2 and REM Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news ( often local ) , sports ( often relating to the campus ) , and spoken word programming as well as general music . Often the radio format is best described as a freeform , with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts . A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet . Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air , many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting , closed circuit or carrier current systems , often to on-campus listeners only . Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station ." } ] }, { "value": "Humber College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Humber_College", "summary": "The Humber Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning , commonly known as Humber College , was founded in 1967 . Humber is a publicly funded college in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Humber has three main campuses , Humber North campus , Lakeshore campus , and Humber Orangeville campus ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 97.3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CHBM", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHBM-FM", "summary": "CHBM-FM is a radio station in Toronto , Ontario , Canada broadcasting at 97.3 FM . The station currently broadcasts a classic hits music format branded as boom 97.3 . CHBM 's studios are located at Yonge Street and St. Clair Avenue in Toronto 's Deer Park neighbourhood , while their transmitter is located atop the CN Tower . The station 's playlist contains songs from the 1970s , 1980s and 1990s , with a core focus on music released in the 1980s , while also playing select songs from the 1960s and early 2000s ." } ] }, { "value": "boom 97.3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "adult hits", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adult_hits", "summary": "Adult hits ( sometimes also called variety hits ) is a radio format that draws from a wide array of popular music . The format typically focuses on adult contemporary , pop , and rock hits from the 1970s through at least the 1990s . Adult hits is essentially a deeper version of the classic hits format today , but at the inception of the format in the mid-2000s , the two formats were separate entities ." } ] }, { "value": "Newcap Radio", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Newcap_Radio", "summary": "Newfoundland Capital Corporation Ltd. , operating as Newcap Radio , was a Canadian radio broadcasting conglomerate based in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Founded by Harold R. Steele , the company owned 101 radio stations in Canada ( making it the second-largest radio conglomerate in Canada behind Bell Media ) particularly in Newfoundland and Labrador , and Alberta , as well as two television stations in Lloydminster ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 98.1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CHFI", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHFI-FM", "summary": "CHFI-FM ( 98.1 FM ) - branded 98.1 CHFI - is a commercial adult contemporary radio station licensed to Toronto , Ontario . Owned by Rogers Media , it serves the Greater Toronto Area . The CHFI-FM studios are located at the Rogers Building on the northwest corner of Bloor and Jarvis Streets in downtown Toronto , while the station transmitter is located atop the CN Tower . Besides a standard analog transmission , CHFI-FM is also available online . CHFI is currently the most listened to station in the Toronto radio market according to the Numeris ratings ." } ] }, { "value": "98.1 CHFI", "urls": [] }, { "value": "adult contemporary", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adult_contemporary", "summary": "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ." } ] }, { "value": "Rogers Media", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rogers_Media", "summary": "Rogers Media Inc. is a subsidiary of Rogers Communications that owns Canada 's largest publishing company , Rogers Publishing Limited , which has more than 70 consumer and business publications . Rogers Media also owns 52 radio stations and several television properties , including terrestrial television stations and cable television channels ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 98.7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CKFG", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKFG-FM", "summary": "CKFG-FM is a Canadian radio station which broadcasts an urban adult contemporary format at 98.7 FM in Toronto , Ontario . CKFG 's studios are located on Kern Road in the Don Mills neighbourhood of North York , while its transmitter is located at the top of First Canadian Place in Downtown Toronto . The station is targeted to the local Black Canadian community and began broadcasting on October 3 , 2011 . The station airs a mix of R & B , soul music , reggae , soca , hip hop , world beat , gospel , and smooth jazz that targets the 25-54 age demographic within the Caribbean and African communities ." } ] }, { "value": "G98.7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Urban contemporary / smooth jazz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Urban_contemporary", "summary": "Urban contemporary , also known as urban pop , or just simply urban , is a music radio format . The term was coined by New York radio DJ Frankie Crocker in the early to mid-1970s . Urban contemporary radio stations feature a playlist made up entirely of genres such as R & B , pop-rap , British R & B , quiet storm , adult contemporary , hip hop , Latin music such as Latin pop , Chicano R & B and Chicano rap , and Caribbean music such as reggae . Urban contemporary was developed through the characteristics of genres such as R & B and soul . Largely a US phenomenon , virtually all urban contemporary formatted radio stations in the United States are located in cities that have sizeable African-American populations , such as New York City , Washington , D.C. , Detroit , Atlanta , Miami , Chicago , Cleveland , Philadelphia , Montgomery , Memphis , St. Louis , Newark , New Orleans , Cincinnati , Dallas , Houston , Oakland , Los Angeles , Trenton , Flint , Baltimore , Boston , Birmingham , Savannah , and Jackson . Urban contemporary includes the more contemporary elements of R & B and may incorporate production elements found in urban pop , urban Euro-pop , urban rock , and urban alternative ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Smooth_jazz", "summary": "Smooth jazz is a genre of commercially oriented crossover jazz that became dominant in the 1980s and early 1990s ." } ] }, { "value": "Intercity Broadcasting", "urls": [] }, { "value": "FM 99.1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CBLA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CBLA-FM", "summary": "CBLA-FM is a Canadian radio station . It is the flagship station of the CBC Radio One network , broadcasting at 99.1 FM in Toronto , Ontario . CBLA 's studios are located at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre , while its transmitter is located atop the First Canadian Place ." } ] }, { "value": "CBC Radio One", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CBC_Radio_One", "summary": "CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming . It is available on AM and FM to 98 percent of Canadians and overseas over the Internet , and through mobile apps . A modified version of Radio One , with local content replaced by additional airings of national programming , is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169 . It is downlinked to subscribers via SiriusXM Canada and its U.S.-based counterpart , Sirius XM Satellite Radio . In 2010 , Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week . It was the largest radio network in Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "public news / talk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Public_broadcasting", "summary": "Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]" }, { "url": "/wiki/News_radio", "summary": "All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Talk_radio", "summary": "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ." } ] }, { "value": "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation", "summary": "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 99.9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CKFM", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CKFM-FM", "summary": "CKFM-FM , branded as 99.9 Virgin Radio , is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 99.9 FM in Toronto , Ontario . The station is owned by Bell Media . The station airs a Top 40/CHR format ( as it reports to BDS and Mediabase as a Canadian Top 40 Airplay panel Canadian CHR reporter ) and is the flagship of Canada 's Virgin Radio stations . CKFM 's studios are located at 250 Richmond Street West in the Entertainment District , while its transmitter is located at the top of the CN Tower ." } ] }, { "value": "99-9 Virgin Radio", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CHR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio", "summary": "Contemporary hit radio ( also known as CHR , contemporary hits , hit list , current hits , hit music , top 40 , or pop radio ) is a radio format that is common in the United States , Brazil , United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , New Zealand , Australia , the Philippines , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , China , Hong Kong , Taiwan , Japan , South Korea , Trinidad and Tobago , and South Africa , that focuses on playing current and recurrent popular music as determined by the top 40 music charts . There are several subcategories , dominantly focusing on rock , pop , or urban music . Used alone , CHR most often refers to the CHR-pop format . The term contemporary hit radio was coined in the early 1980s by Radio & Records magazine to designate top 40 stations which continued to play hits from all musical genres as pop music splintered into adult contemporary , urban contemporary and other formats . The term top 40 is also used to refer to the actual list of hit songs , and , by extension , to refer to pop music in general . The term has also been modified to describe top 50 ; top 30 ; top 20 ; top 10 ; hot 100 ( each with its number of songs ) and hot hits radio formats , but carrying more or less the same meaning and having the same creative point of origin with Todd Storz as further refined by Gordon McLendon as well as Bill Drake . The format became especially popular in the mid-sixties as radio stations constrained disc jockeys to numbered play lists in the wake of the payola scandal ." } ] }, { "value": "Bell Media", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bell_Media", "summary": "Bell Media Inc. ( Canadian French : Bell Média ) is the mass media subsidiary of BCE Inc. ( also known as Bell Canada Enterprises , the parent company of the former telephone monopoly Bell Canada ) . Its operations include television broadcasting and production ( including the CTV and CTV 2 television networks ) , radio broadcasting ( through iHeartRadio Canada ) , digital media ( including CraveTV ) and Internet properties including Sympatico.ca . Bell Media is the successor-in-interest to Baton Broadcasting ( later CTV Inc. ) , one of Canada 's first private-sector television broadcasters . The company in its current form was originally established as Bell Globemedia by BCE and the Thomson family in 2001 combining CTV Inc. , which Bell had acquired the previous year , and the operations of the Thomsons ' The Globe and Mail . Bell sold the majority of its interest in 2006 ( at which point the company was renamed CTVglobemedia ) , but re-acquired the entire company , excluding the Globe , in 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 100.7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CHIN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHIN-FM", "summary": "CHIN-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts multilingual programming at FM 100.7 in Toronto , Ontario . It should not be confused with FM 91.9 , a rebroadcaster of AM sister station CHIN with a different programming schedule . Both stations are owned by CHIN Radio/TV International . CHIN-FM 's studios are located on College Street in the Palmerston-Little Italy neighbourhood of Toronto , while its transmitter is located atop the CN Tower . The station was launched in 1967 by Toronto broadcaster Johnny Lombardi , a year after the AM station 's launch . CHIN 's daytime programming is primarily in Italian , Portuguese , Cantonese , Mandarin and Tamil , with some Gujarati , Hindi , Jewish , Polish , Punjabi , Serbian , Slovenian , Spanish , Turkish and Urdu programming airing in the evenings and on weekends . CHIN broadcasts a late night show called Club 246 . It runs for 5 hours starting between midnight and 1 AM . The show plays a mix of trance , groove and dance music . It is broadcast in English rather than the usual mix of multilingual daytime programming ." } ] }, { "value": "CHIN Radio", "urls": [] }, { "value": "multilingual", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Multilingual", "summary": "Multilingualism is the use of more than one language , either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers . It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world 's population . More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue ; but many read and write in one language . Always useful to traders , multilingualism is advantageous for people wanting to participate in globalization and cultural openness . Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet , individuals ' exposure to multiple languages is becoming increasingly possible . People who speak several languages are also called polyglots . Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood , the so-called first language ( L1 ) . The first language ( sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue ) is acquired without formal education , by mechanisms about which scholars disagree . Children acquiring two languages natively from these early years are called simultaneous bilinguals . It is common for young simultaneous bilinguals to be more proficient in one language than the other . People who know more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals . Multilingualism in computing can be considered part of a continuum between internationalization and localization ." } ] }, { "value": "CHIN Radio/TV International", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CHIN_Radio/TV_International", "summary": "CHIN Radio/TV International ( legally known as Radio 1540 Limited ) is a Canadian radio and television broadcasting company , which owns and operates four radio stations and a television program production unit , all targeting multilingual communities . The company also holds the annual CHIN Picnic . CHIN 's studios are located on College Street in the Palmerston-Little Italy neighbourhood of Toronto ." } ] }, { "value": "FM 101.3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CJSA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CJSA-FM", "summary": "CJSA-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts at 101.3 MHz in Toronto , Ontario . The station broadcasts in 22 languages reaching a majority of the South Asian audience . True to its name , Canadian Multicultural Radio , CJSA serves well over 16 cultural and ethnic groups . CJSA 's studios are located on Rexdale Boulevard in Etobicoke , while its transmitter is located atop First Canadian Place . The station 's programming primarily targets South Asian communities , with programming in languages including Bengali , Gujarati , Hindi , Kannada , Konkani , Macedonian ( Voice of Macedonia ) , Malayalam , Marathi , Nepali , Punjabi , Sinhalese , Somali , Tamil , Tagalog ( FilTown Radio ) , Telugu ( Morning Raaga ) , Tibetan , Twi and Urdu ( Radio Pakistan Toronto ) . CJSA signed on in 2004 , adopting a frequency formerly used by CHIN as a rebroadcaster to fill in reception gaps . CHIN 's FM rebroadcaster now airs on 91.9 FM . The CJSA call sign also formerly belonged to a tourist information station in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts , Quebec . Operated by the town 's chamber of commerce , that station voluntarily surrendered its broadcast license in 2002 . The former CJSA has no relation to the current CJSA-FM in Toronto . In December 2013 , CJSA signed on HD Radio operations . CJSA airs Tamil language programming on their HD-2 subchannel ." } ] }, { "value": "Diversity FM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "multilingual", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Multilingual", "summary": "Multilingualism is the use of more than one language , either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers . It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world 's population . More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue ; but many read and write in one language . Always useful to traders , multilingualism is advantageous for people wanting to participate in globalization and cultural openness . Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet , individuals ' exposure to multiple languages is becoming increasingly possible . People who speak several languages are also called polyglots . Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood , the so-called first language ( L1 ) . The first language ( sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue ) is acquired without formal education , by mechanisms about which scholars disagree . Children acquiring two languages natively from these early years are called simultaneous bilinguals . It is common for young simultaneous bilinguals to be more proficient in one language than the other . People who know more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals . Multilingualism in computing can be considered part of a continuum between internationalization and localization ." } ] }, { "value": "Diversity Media Group", "urls": [] }, { "value": "FM 102.1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CFNY", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CFNY-FM", "summary": "CFNY-FM , branded as 102.1 the Edge , is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 102.1 FM in the Greater Toronto Area , licensed to the suburb of Brampton . The station rose to prominence in the 1970s and 1980s due to its freestyle DJing format and unique ( at that point ) choice to play alternative music . Following a number of years hallmarked by the station changing hands several times , internal morale problems and a listener rebellion as a result of management decisions , the station eventually evolved into its current modern rock format owned by Corus Entertainment . Its studios are in Downtown Toronto at Corus Quay on Toronto 's Harbourfront and its transmitter is located atop the CN Tower ." } ] }, { "value": "102.1 The Edge", "urls": [] }, { "value": "modern rock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Modern_rock", "summary": "Modern rock is rock music made between the late 1970s to present day . Some radio stations use this term to distinguish themselves from classic rock , which is based in 1960s-1980s rock music ." } ] }, { "value": "Corus Entertainment", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corus_Entertainment", "summary": "Corus Entertainment is a Canadian mass media and broadcasting company . Formed in 1999 as a spin-off from Shaw Communications , it is headquartered at Corus Quay in Toronto , Ontario , and has prominent holdings in the radio , publishing , and television industries . Corus Entertainment 's voting majority is held by the company 's founder JR Shaw and his family , and a 40% stake of Corus stock was formerly held by Shaw Communications . Corus has a large presence in Canadian broadcasting , as owner of the national Global Television Network ( 15 conventional stations ) , 39 radio stations , and a portfolio of 34 specialty television services . Corus is dominant in Canada 's children 's television industry through its ownership of the domestic YTV , Teletoon , and Treehouse TV networks , the animation studio Nelvana and book publisher Kids Can Press , and localized versions of the Cartoon Network , Disney Channel , Disney Junior , Disney XD , and Nickelodeon brands . The second incarnation of Shaw 's media division - formed from the properties of the bankrupt Canwest Global - was subsumed by Corus on April 1 , 2016 , giving it control of the over-the-air Global network and 19 additional specialty channels . In May 2019 , Shaw announced that it would sell its shares in Corus for roughly $ 500 million ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Radio -- Toronto stations", "section_text": "", "uid": "Media_in_Toronto_2", "intro": "This is a list of television and radio stations along with a list of media outlets in and around Toronto, Ontario, Canada, including the Greater Toronto Area. Toronto is Canada's largest media market, and the fourth-largest market in North America (behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago)." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Series_of_Poker", "title": "2004 World Series of Poker", "header": [ "Number", "Event", "Winner", "Prize", "Runner-up" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 500 Casino Employee 's Limit Hold'em", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Betting_(poker)", "summary": "In the game of poker , the play largely centers on the act of betting , and as such , a protocol has been developed to speed up play , lessen confusion , and increase security while playing . Different games are played using different types of bets , and small variations in etiquette exist between cardrooms , but for the most part the following rules and protocol are observed by the majority of poker players ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hold'em", "summary": "Texas hold 'em ( also known as Texas holdem , hold 'em , and holdem ) is one of the most popular variants of the card game of poker . Two cards , known as hole cards , are dealt face down to each player , and then five community cards are dealt face up in three stages . The stages consist of a series of three cards ( the flop ) , later an additional single card ( the turn or fourth street ) , and a final card ( the river or fifth street ) . Each player seeks the best five card poker hand from any combination of the seven cards of the five community cards and their two hole cards . Players have betting options to check , call , raise , or fold . Rounds of betting take place before the flop is dealt and after each subsequent deal . The player who has the best hand and has not folded by the end of all betting rounds wins all of the money bet for the hand , known as the pot . Texas hold 'em is the H game featured in HORSE and in HOSE ." } ] }, { "value": "Carl Nessel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carl_Nessel", "summary": "Carl Nessel ( born 1947 ) , nicknamed Coach , is an American poker player . In 2004 , he was a retired fire fighter and part-time poker tournament employee who won a bracelet in the Casino Employees Championship event at the World Series of Poker . Prior to the 2004 WSOP , Nessel was a regular poker player around Thousand Oaks , California and worked part-time at various poker tournaments around the city . At the 2004 WSOP , Nessel was employed as a Chip Runner . To get to any final table , let alone the World Series , is an accomplishment that goes beyond anything else in poker , the Coach said . I saw light at the end of the tunnel when I got ( heads-up against Pockat ) , but the light turned out to be a train . Nessel 's lifetime winnings exceed $ 83,000 ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 40,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cory Pocket", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 2,000 No Limit Hold'em", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Betting_(poker)", "summary": "In the game of poker , the play largely centers on the act of betting , and as such , a protocol has been developed to speed up play , lessen confusion , and increase security while playing . Different games are played using different types of bets , and small variations in etiquette exist between cardrooms , but for the most part the following rules and protocol are observed by the majority of poker players ." } ] }, { "value": "James Vogl", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 400,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shawn Rice", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 1,500 Seven Card Stud", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Seven_card_stud", "summary": "Seven-card stud , also known as Seven-Toed Pete or Down-The-River is a variant of stud poker . Until the recent increase in popularity of Texas hold 'em , seven-card stud was the most widely played poker variant in home games across the United States , and in casinos in the eastern part of the country . Two to eight players is common , though eight may require special rules for the last cards dealt if no players fold . With experienced players who fold often , even playing with nine players is possible . In casino play , it is common to use a small ante and bring-in . In home games , it is typical to use an ante only . Seven-card stud is the S game in HORSE and similar mixed game formats ." } ] }, { "value": "Ted Forrest", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ted_Forrest", "summary": "Ted Forrest ( born September 24 , 1964 ) is an American professional poker player , currently residing in Las Vegas , Nevada ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 111,440", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chad Brown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chad_Brown_(poker_player)", "summary": "Chad Brown ( August 13 , 1961 - July 2 , 2014 ) was an American actor , poker player and color commentator , based in Los Angeles , California ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 1,500 Limit Hold-em", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aaron Katz", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 234,940", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Richard Gardner-Brown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 1,500 Omaha Hi-Lo Split", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Omaha_hold'em", "summary": "Omaha hold 'em ( also known as Omaha holdem or simply Omaha ) is a community card poker game similar to Texas hold 'em , where each player is dealt four cards and must make his or her best hand using exactly two of them , plus exactly three of the five community cards . The exact origin of the game is unknown , but casino executive Robert Turner first brought Omaha into a casino setting when he introduced the game to Bill Boyd , who offered it as a game at the Las Vegas Golden Nugget Casino ( calling it Nugget Hold'em ) . Omaha uses a 52-card French deck . Limit Omaha hold 'em 8-or-better is the O game featured in H.O.R.S.E . Both limit Omaha/8 and pot limit Omaha high are featured in the 8-Game ." } ] }, { "value": "Curtis Bibb", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 160,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Paul Phillips", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paul_Phillips_(poker_player)", "summary": "Paul Phillips ( born August 9 , 1972 in San Francisco , California ) is an American software developer , entrepreneur and poker player ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 1,500 Pot Limit Hold'Em", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Betting_(poker)", "summary": "In the game of poker , the play largely centers on the act of betting , and as such , a protocol has been developed to speed up play , lessen confusion , and increase security while playing . Different games are played using different types of bets , and small variations in etiquette exist between cardrooms , but for the most part the following rules and protocol are observed by the majority of poker players ." } ] }, { "value": "Minh Nguyen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minh_Nguyen", "summary": "Minh Van Nguyen ( Vietnamese : Nguyễn Văn Minh ; born May 15 ) , a Vietnamese American professional poker player , is a two-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner residing in Bell Gardens , California . Nguyen learned to play poker from his cousin , poker professional Men Nguyen , and has gone on to become a regular on the poker tournament circuit since 1999 . Nguyen finished 24th in the $ 10,000 no limit hold'em main event at the 2002 World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) , earning $ 40,000 . He went on to win a bracelet at the 2003 World Series of Poker in the $ 1,500 seven-card stud hi-lo split event , and would finish 11th in the Main Event later that year . Nguyen earned a second WSOP bracelet at the 2004 WSOP in the $ 1,500 pot limit hold'em event , and finished 2nd to Mark Seif in the $ 1,500 no limit hold'em event at the 2005 WSOP . Nguyen finished in 7th place at the inaugural Doyle Brunson North American Poker Championship , earning $ 60,000 . He also finished in 8th place at the 2005 World Poker Finals , earning $ 172,800 ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 155,420", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lorne Persons", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 1,000 No-Limit Hold'Em", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gerry Drehobl", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 365,900", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John Juanda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Juanda", "summary": "Johnson John Juanda ( born July 8 , 1971 ) is an Indonesian-born American professional poker player based in Marina del Rey , California . He has won five World Series of Poker bracelets ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 2,000 Pot Limit Omaha", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chau Giang", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chau_Giang", "summary": "Chau Tu Giang ( born July 2 , 1955 in Vietnam ) is a Vietnamese-born American professional poker player of Chinese descent , who is a three-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and a three-time final tablist of the World Poker Tour with over $ 3 million in live tournament winnings alone ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 187,920", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robert Williamson III", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Williamson_III", "summary": "Robert Williamson III ( born November 7 , 1970 ) is an American poker player from Dallas , Texas . Williamson grew up with three sisters and his best friend , Chris Caywood in Granbury , Texas and received B.B.A . degrees in finance and real estate from Angelo State University in San Angelo . He began playing aged 10 or 11 , after being introduced to the game by his father . He quotes Russ Hamilton as the player he has learned from the most . Williamson is known as an Omaha specialist , with numerous notable finishes in World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) Omaha tournaments . Williamson had gastric bypass surgery between 2002 and 2005 , reducing his weight from 400 lb to 200 lb . He now claims to be half the man [ he ] used to be . As of 2009 , his total live tournament winnings exceed $ 1,900,000 . His 20 cashes at the WSOP account for $ 1,101,976 of those winnings . In 2015 , Williamson has consistently finished high in the $ 100 daily no limit hold'em tournaments at the Aria . Williamson and his wife , Cate Wakem-Williamson , own a high-end custom gaming jewelry line , Robert Williamson III Designs ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 1,500 No Limit Hold 'Em", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scott Fischman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scott_Fischman", "summary": "Scott Fischman ( born 1980 in Langhorne , Pennsylvania ) is an American professional poker player based in Las Vegas , Nevada ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 300,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Joe Awada", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joe_Awada", "summary": "Joe Awada ( born Yehia Awada ; Arabic : يحيى عواضة ; born March 12 , 1959 in Beirut , Lebanon ) is a professional poker player , based in Las Vegas , Nevada . Awada moved from Lebanon to the United States in his early teenage years , working as a juggler , eventually touring with the Harlem Globetrotters . After a car accident , he began working as a casino dealer and eventually became a regular on the poker tournament circuit . At the 2004 World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) , Awada finished second to Scott Fischman in the $ 1,500 no limit hold'em event . Awada would have won the gold bracelet in that tournament were it not for a bad beat on the river that kept Fischman alive - Fischman won the tournament on the very next hand . Later in the same WSOP , Awada won a gold bracelet in the $ 5,000 seven-card stud event , defeating Marcel Lüske . Three months later , he made the final table of the World Poker Tour ( WPT ) third season event won by Doyle Texas Dolly Brunson . Awada nearly went back to back , finishing fifth in the seven card stud championship the following year . The final table included John Phan , Chip Jett , Keith Sexton and eventual champion Jan Sørensen . Awada has also won an event on the Ultimate Poker Challenge and made the final table of a World Series of Poker circuit event . As of 2018 , his total live tournament winnings exceed $ 1,040,000 . His 9 cashes as the WSOP account for $ 580,759 of those winnings ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 2,000 Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo Split", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cyndy Violette", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cyndy_Violette", "summary": "Cyndy Violette ( born August 19 , 1959 in Queens , New York ) is an American professional poker player who won a World Series of Poker bracelet in 2004 ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 135,900", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pete Kaufman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 2,500 Limit Hold'Em", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eli Balas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eli_Balas", "summary": "Eli Balas is an Israeli professional poker player , based in Las Vegas , Nevada . Balas has won 3 bracelets at the World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) . He has also finished 2nd in 5 WSOP preliminary events . Balas finished on the television bubble , which was 7th place , for the inaugural World Poker Tour ( WPT ) event and made two final tables of the Ultimate Poker Challenge . As of 2008 , his total live tournament winnings exceed $ 1,300,000 . His 24 cashes at the WSOP account for $ 1,148,041 of those winnings ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 174,440", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Steve Shkolnik", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 2,000 H.O.R.S.E", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scott Fischman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scott_Fischman", "summary": "Scott Fischman ( born 1980 in Langhorne , Pennsylvania ) is an American professional poker player based in Las Vegas , Nevada ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 100,200", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John Cover", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 5,000 No Limit Hold'Em", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Thomas Keller", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_Keller_(card_player)", "summary": "Thomas Keller ( born October 14 , 1980 in Ann Arbor , Michigan ) is an American professional poker player , residing in Scottsdale , Arizona and Las Vegas , Nevada . He is the brother of Shawn Lightning Keller . Keller graduated from Stanford University with a degree in economics in 2002 . He began playing poker while at Stanford , having been influenced by the movie Rounders . Like David Williams and Noah Boeken , Keller credits his experience of playing Magic : The Gathering as a helpful factor in his poker career . In Phoenix , his jump from playing low limits to the biggest high-stakes games happened quickly . One local story is that Keller won so many $ 100 chips at Casino Arizona that the casino ran out , forcing high limit players to buy chips from him , which he sold from the trunk of his car . Keller has said the story is absurd , but the fact it persists attests to how well Keller did in high limit games during the era . In December 2003 , Keller won the $ 281,525 first prize in the $ 2,500 no limit hold'em event of the Five Diamond World Poker Classic , defeating Allen Cunningham in the final heads-up confrontation . He went on to defeat Martin de Knijff to win a World Series of Poker bracelet in 2004 in the $ 5,000 no limit hold'em event . Keller also appeared on the World Poker Tour ( WPT ) Young Guns of Poker invitational , where he finished 4th . He is also a part of Robert Williamson III 's Team America in the Poker Nations Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 382,020", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Martin De Knijff", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martin_De_Knijff", "summary": "Martin de Knijff ( born 2 October 1972 ) is a professional sports bettor and high-stakes poker player from Gothenburg , Sweden . His last name is from his Dutch father . His mother is Swedish . The family moved to Falkenberg when Martin was 5 and in 1992 Martin left to go to Stockholm and from there to Las Vegas where he currently lives . Martin started playing poker aged 15 ( mostly 5-card draw ) but became fond of Omaha and Hold-Em when introduced to them . He considers Doyle Brunson 's book Super/System to be the best poker book ever written . [ citation needed ] He first made a name for himself in the poker world with a 13th-place finish in the 2002 World Series of Poker Main Event , earning himself $ 60,000 . In the World Poker Tour , he finished 15th in the series 1 championship , winning $ 26,664 ; and went on to win the same tournament the following year , earning a then-record-breaking $ 2,728,356 . Less than a month later his success continued with a 2nd-place finish in the $ 5,000 No Limit Hold-Em event at the 2004 World Series of Poker . Martin wrote an article for Card Player magazine in 2005 encouraging tournament backers to reveal themselves . It was met with mixed reactions from poker professionals . As of his last tournament cash in 2008 , his total live tournament winnings exceed $ 3,370,000 ." } ] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 1,500 Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo Split", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hasan Habib", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hasan_Habib", "summary": "Hasan Habib ( born 19 April 1962 in Karachi , Pakistan ) is a Pakistani American professional poker player . During his early years in Pakistan , Habib was the Pakistan 14-and-under National Tennis Champion . Habib went to America at the age of 18 to study business at the University of Redlands . He also once owned a nationwide chain of video stores . He began playing casino poker in 1985 , and had his first poker tournament cash in 1993 . In 2004 , he finished second to Martin De Knijff in the World Poker Tour ( WPT ) $ 25,000 Championship , receiving a $ 1,372,223 prize . Later in the year he finished on the television bubble at the WPT $ 15,000 Five-Diamond World Poker Classic , gaining a further $ 108,906 . He eventually won a World Series of Poker bracelet for the $ 1,500 Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo Split event ( $ 93,060 ) in 2004 . The following year he made the final table of the $ 25,000 WPT Championship again . He finished in third place ( $ 896,375 ) , but also had a stake on eventual winner Tuan Le . Observers have commented that this may have affected the interaction between them on the final table , however Habib has made it clear he was still playing to win , citing that the endorsements would have made it more financially viable . As of 2015 , he has cashed twenty-five times in the World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) , including a 2nd-place finish in $ 2,500 Omaha Hi-Lo Split event in 2000 , and a 4th-place finish in the $ 10,000 no limit Texas hold 'em Main Event in the same year , for which he took home $ 326,000 ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 93,060", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tommy Polk", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 2,000 Limit Hold ' Em", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Daniel Negreanu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daniel_Negreanu", "summary": "Daniel Negreanu ( /nɪˈɡrɑːnoʊ/ ; born July 26 , 1974 ) is a Canadian professional poker player who has won six World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) bracelets and two World Poker Tour ( WPT ) championship titles . The independent poker ranking service Global Poker Index ( GPI ) recognized Negreanu as the best poker player of the decade in 2014 . As of 2019 , he is the third biggest live tournament poker winner of all time ( behind only Justin Bonomo and Bryn Kenney ) , having accumulated over $ 42,000,000 in prize money . He was named the WSOP Player of the Year in 2004 , and in 2013 , making him the first and only player to receive the accolade more than once . He was also the 2004-2005 WPT Player of the Year . He is the first player to make a final table at each of the three WSOP bracelet-awarding locations ( Las Vegas , Europe , and Asia-Pacific ) and the first to win a bracelet at each . In 2014 , he was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 169,100", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chris Hinchcliffe", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 5,000 No-Limit Deuce to Seven Draw", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Draw_(poker)", "summary": "A poker player is drawing if they have a hand that is incomplete and needs further cards to become valuable . The hand itself is called a draw or drawing hand . For example , in seven-card stud , if four of a player 's first five cards are all spades , but the hand is otherwise weak , they are drawing to a flush . In contrast , a made hand already has value and does not necessarily need to draw to win . A made starting hand with no help can lose to an inferior starting hand with a favorable draw . If an opponent has a made hand that will beat the player 's draw , then the player is drawing dead ; even if they make their desired hand , they will lose . Not only draws benefit from additional cards ; many made hands can be improved by catching an out - and may have to in order to win ." } ] }, { "value": "Barry Greenstein", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Barry_Greenstein", "summary": "Barry Greenstein ( born December 30 , 1954 in Chicago , Illinois ) is an American professional poker player . He has won a number of major events , including three at the World Series of Poker and two on the World Poker Tour . Greenstein donates his profit from tournament winnings to charities , primarily Children , Incorporated , earning him the nickname the Robin Hood of poker . He was elected into the Poker Hall of Fame in 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 296,200", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chris Ferguson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chris_Ferguson", "summary": "Christopher Philip Ferguson ( born April 11 , 1963 ) is an American professional poker player . He has won six World Series of Poker events , including the 2000 WSOP Main Event , and the 2008 NBC National Heads-Up Poker Championship . On September 20 , 2011 , the U.S. Justice Department filed a motion to amend a civil complaint , complaining that Ferguson and three other directors of the poker website Full Tilt Poker were running a Ponzi scheme that paid out $ 444 million of customer money to themselves and the firm 's owners ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 1,500 Limit Hold 'Em Shootout", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kathy Liebert", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kathy_Liebert", "summary": "Kathleen H. Liebert ( born October 1 , 1967 in Tennessee ) is an American professional poker player ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 110,180", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kevin Song", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kevin_Song", "summary": "Kevin Song is a Korean-American professional poker player who started playing poker since 1980 and began playing in poker tournaments since 1994 where he has cashed in many of them throughout his poker career , among them are 39 cashes at the World Series of Poker including winning the 1997 World Series of Poker $ 2,000 buy-in Limit Hold'em event ." } ] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 1,500 No-Limit Hold 'Em Shootout", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Phi Nguyen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Phi_Nguyen", "summary": "Hung Phi Nguyen is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player who is a two time World Series of Poker bracelet winner with multiple live tournament results adding up to over $ 1.8 million in career earnings ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 180,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kirill Gerasimov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kirill_Gerasimov", "summary": "Kirill Gerasimov ( Russian : Кирилл Герасимов , born June 5 , 1971 in Moscow , Soviet Union ) is a Russian professional poker player ." } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 2,000 Omaha Hi-Lo Split", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Annie Duke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Annie_Duke", "summary": "Anne LaBarr Duke ( née Lederer ; September 13 , 1965 ) is an American professional poker player and author . She holds a World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) gold bracelet from 2004 and used to be the leading money winner among women in WSOP history ( a title now held by Vanessa Selbst ) . Duke won the 2004 World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions and the National Heads-Up Poker Championship in 2010 . She has written a number of instructional books for poker players , including Decide to Play Great Poker and The Middle Zone , and she published her autobiography , How I Raised , Folded , Bluffed , Flirted , Cursed , and Won Millions at the World Series of Poker , in 2005 . Duke co-founded the non-profit Ante Up for Africa with actor Don Cheadle in 2007 to benefit charities working in African nations , and has raised money for other charities and non-profits through playing in and hosting charitable poker tournaments . She has been involved in advocacy on a number of poker-related issues including advocating for the legality of online gambling and for players ' rights to control their own image . Duke was co-founder , executive vice president , and commissioner of the Epic Poker League from 2011 to 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 137,860", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ron Graham", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "$ 1,000 Ladies Limit Hold 'Em", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hung Doan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hung_Doan", "summary": "Hung Doan is an American poker player and a World Series of Poker bracelet winner . She was a World Series of Poker champion in the 2004 $ 1,000 Ladies - Limit Hold'em event . As of 2014 , her total live tournament winnings exceed $ 70,000 ." } ] }, { "value": "$ 58,530", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Millie Shiu", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Preliminary events", "section_text": "", "uid": "2004_World_Series_of_Poker_0", "intro": "The 2004 World Series of Poker (WSOP) was held at Binion's Horseshoe after Harrah's Entertainment purchased the casino and the rights to the tournament in January. Harrah's announced that future WSOP tournaments will be held in a moving circuit of member casinos." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge-Isanti_Bluejacket_Football", "title": "Cambridge-Isanti Bluejacket Football", "header": [ "Institution", "Location ( Population )", "Established", "Joined M8", "Enrollment", "Nickname" ], "data": [ { "value": "Big Lake High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Lake_High_School", "summary": "Big Lake High School is a four-year public high school located in Big Lake , Minnesota . As of 2018 , 951 students grades 9-12 are enrolled . The school 's principal is Robert Dockendorf and the assistant principal is Angela Charboneau-Folch . Big Lake High is part of the Big Lake Public School District 727 , led by Superintendent Steve Westerberg . As of 2018 , Big Lake High School offers a variety of over 150 courses across 14 departments . Classes run on a trimester system , with every Wednesday including a Hornet Hour after fourth period . This session is a time for students to meet with advisors , work on math/reading skills , and host school-wide assemblies . Along with the many standard academic programs , Big Lake Schools partners with multiple outside groups to provide a larger range of options to explore their education . Starting their junior year , students are permitted to take college-level courses both on and off campus . College in the Classroom ( CIC ) is a program allowing Big Lake staff to teach courses that grant students college credit . Students may also enroll in part or full-time PSEO programs , which allow students to learn on-campus at college campuses . Another option offered to students is taking courses through Wright Technical Center , an alternative school located in Buffalo , Minnesota ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Lake , Minnesota ( 10,060 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Lake,_Minnesota", "summary": "Big Lake is a city in Sherburne County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 10,060 at the 2010 census . U.S. Highway 10 and Minnesota State Highway 25 are two of the main routes in Big Lake . Big Lake is located 41 miles northwest of Minneapolis ; and 27 miles southeast of St . Cloud ." } ] }, { "value": "1900", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "857", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hornets", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Buffalo High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo_High_School_(Buffalo,_Minnesota)", "summary": "Buffalo High School is located in Buffalo , Minnesota , Minnesota , United States off the intersection of County Road 35 and Dague Avenue . There are three communities that contribute students : Buffalo , Minnesota , Hanover , Minnesota , and Montrose , Minnesota , which has helped BHS grow into a large school of 2,108 students ( Senior Class : 555 ) ( Junior Class : 504 ) ( Sophomore Class : 528 ) ( Freshmen Class : 521 ) in the 2018-2019 school year , with a staff of approximately 385 ." } ] }, { "value": "Buffalo , Minnesota ( 10,097 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo,_Minnesota", "summary": "Buffalo is a city , located 42 miles northwest of Minneapolis in Wright County , Minnesota . The population was 15,453 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat . Minnesota State Highways 25 and 55 are two of the main routes in the city ." } ] }, { "value": "1898", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,626", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bison", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cambridge-Isanti High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cambridge-Isanti_High_School", "summary": "Cambridge-Isanti High School is a four-year public high school located in Cambridge , Minnesota , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Cambridge , Minnesota ( 5,520 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cambridge,_Minnesota", "summary": "Cambridge is a city in Isanti County , Minnesota , United States , located at the junction of Minnesota State Highways 65 and 95 . The population was 8,111 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Isanti County . It is located along the Rum River and the BNSF Railway . Cambridge is notable for having the highest percentage of Swedish Americans of any city in the United States with a population of over 5,000 people ." } ] }, { "value": "1869", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,367", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bluejackets", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Duluth Denfeld High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Denfeld_High_School", "summary": "Duluth Denfeld High School , also known as Denfeld High School , is one of two high schools in Duluth , Minnesota along with Duluth East as of 2011 after the closure of Duluth Central and the previous closing of Morgan Park HS in 1982 . Serving over 1000 students from grades nine to twelve , Denfeld High School has become a West Duluth landmark . The school is known for its architecture , including a historic auditorium and a 120-foot clock tower visible from Grand Avenue ." } ] }, { "value": "Duluth , Minnesota ( 86,918 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota", "summary": "Duluth /dəˈluːθ/ ( listen ) is a major port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Saint Louis County . Duluth has a population of 85,884 and is the 4th largest city in Minnesota . It is the 2nd largest city on Lake Superior , after Thunder Bay , Ontario . It has the largest metropolitan area on the lake , with a population of 279,771 in 2010 , the second-largest in the state . Situated on the north shore of Lake Superior at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes , Duluth is accessible to oceangoing vessels from the Atlantic Ocean 2,300 miles ( 3,700 km ) away via the Great Lakes Waterway and the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Duluth forms a metropolitan area with neighboring Superior , Wisconsin ; together they are called the Twin Ports . The cities share the Duluth-Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes ' largest port , transporting coal , iron ore ( taconite ) , and grain . A tourist destination for the Midwest , Duluth features the United States ' only all-freshwater aquarium , the Great Lakes Aquarium ; the Aerial Lift Bridge , which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor ; and Minnesota Point ( known locally as Park Point ) , the world 's longest freshwater baymouth bar , spanning 6 miles ( 10 km ) . The city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesota 's North Shore . The city is named for Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut , the first known European explorer of the area ." } ] }, { "value": "1926", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,034", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hunters", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Duluth East High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Duluth_East_High_School", "summary": "East High School is a public secondary school in Duluth , Minnesota , United States . It educates students in grades nine through twelve . It first opened its doors in 1927 as a junior high school . In 1950 , it became a senior high school to serve the growing student population . Duluth East High School employs a schedule that allows students to take six 50-minute classes a day . It also offers an optional zero hour , for students to take a schedule of seven classes . There are limited options for taking zero hour courses , and they are held before the official start of the school day . Duluth East High School offers many courses to serve its students . These courses include Advanced Placement ( AP ) classes , Post Secondary Enrollment Options ( PSEO ) , vocational classes , special education , honors , and basic classes . As part of the Duluth Public Schools Red Plan , East High School was moved into the renovated and expanded Ordean Middle School building in 2011 . Ordean East Middle School was moved into the former East High School building located at 2900 East Fourth Street ." } ] }, { "value": "Duluth , Minnesota ( 86,918 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota", "summary": "Duluth /dəˈluːθ/ ( listen ) is a major port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Saint Louis County . Duluth has a population of 85,884 and is the 4th largest city in Minnesota . It is the 2nd largest city on Lake Superior , after Thunder Bay , Ontario . It has the largest metropolitan area on the lake , with a population of 279,771 in 2010 , the second-largest in the state . Situated on the north shore of Lake Superior at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes , Duluth is accessible to oceangoing vessels from the Atlantic Ocean 2,300 miles ( 3,700 km ) away via the Great Lakes Waterway and the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Duluth forms a metropolitan area with neighboring Superior , Wisconsin ; together they are called the Twin Ports . The cities share the Duluth-Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes ' largest port , transporting coal , iron ore ( taconite ) , and grain . A tourist destination for the Midwest , Duluth features the United States ' only all-freshwater aquarium , the Great Lakes Aquarium ; the Aerial Lift Bridge , which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor ; and Minnesota Point ( known locally as Park Point ) , the world 's longest freshwater baymouth bar , spanning 6 miles ( 10 km ) . The city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesota 's North Shore . The city is named for Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut , the first known European explorer of the area ." } ] }, { "value": "1928", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,503", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greyhounds", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monticello High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monticello_High_School_(Minnesota)", "summary": "Monticello High School is a public high school located in Monticello , Minnesota , United States . The Principal is Mike Carr and the Vice Principal is John Reeves . The current high school was constructed in the late '90 's by architects Rego and Youngquist and officially opened in September 1999 . Monticello High School ( enrollment 1,298 ) is Wright County 's third largest school . The nickname for the school 's athletic teams is the Magic . Monticello residents appreciate and expect a high level of service from their Community Education Department and school recreation programs . In an effort to maximize communication with parents , Monticello High School utilizes an on-line program called Parent Portal where parents can access student grades , attendance , and assignments . Also , community demand for recreation opportunities is high ." } ] }, { "value": "Monticello , Minnesota ( 12,759 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Monticello,_Minnesota", "summary": "Monticello ( /ˌmɒntɪˈsɛloʊ/ MON-tih-SEL-oh ) is a city next to the Mississippi River in Wright County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 12,759 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "1888", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,087", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Magic", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rogers High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rogers_High_School_(Minnesota)", "summary": "Rogers High School is a public high school located in Rogers , Minnesota , United States , and is part of the Elk River School District 728 ." } ] }, { "value": "Rogers , Minnesota ( 8,597 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rogers,_Minnesota", "summary": "Rogers is a city in Hennepin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 8,597 at the 2010 census . However , the population increased to over 11,000 upon the annexation of surrounding Hassan Township in 2012 . The population of Hassan Township was 2,600 in 2010 , giving the current city a population base of 11,197 as of the census . In the 2010 census , the center of population of Minnesota was located in Rogers . The city is a northwest suburb of the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area . Located on either side of Interstate 94 , with Minnesota State Highway 101 running north , Rogers has been teeming with growth for the past 20 years . The 2000-2010 ( 8,597 ) population growth rate was +139.6% ." } ] }, { "value": "2003", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,161", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Royals", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. Michael-Albertville High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Michael-Albertville_High_School", "summary": "St. Michael-Albertville High School ( also referred to as STMA High School ) is a public high school located in St. Michael , Minnesota , United States . Known as STMA for short , the high school located to a new building which opened for the 2009-2010 school year . It is currently the second largest high school building in the state of Minnesota . [ citation needed ] Its Performing Arts Center ( PAC ) stands as the largest in the state as well and is often compared to many college-level PACs . A formal dedication of the school took place on September 20 , 2009 . Student achievement ranks in the top 7% in Science , 12% in Math and 15% in English among Minnesota schools . ACT scores rank STMA in the top 15% of Minnesota high schools and STMA High School is recognized as an AP Honor Roll school . The school also houses a new Activity Center , which includes an indoor running track and raised walking track , six interchangeable basketball/volleyball courts and a state of the art , 5000 square ft. fitness center/weight room . All the machines and equipment were donated by Matt Spaeth . The school district is well known for its athletic departments , especially the school 's wrestling team which are the 8X state championships and the school 's football team , which won the state championships for the first time in 2015 On February 7 , 2017 , the STMA community voted to approve a $ 36.1 million bond referendum . Bond projects included improvements in the areas of safety , technology , maintenance , and activities . 12 classrooms were added along with a new stadium and more security ." } ] }, { "value": "St. Michael , Minnesota ( 16,399 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Michael,_Minnesota", "summary": "St. Michael is a city in eastern Wright County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 16,399 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,314", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Knights", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Mississippi 8 Conference", "section_text": "", "uid": "Cambridge-Isanti_Bluejacket_Football_0", "intro": "The Cambridge-Isanti Bluejacket football program represents Cambridge-Isanti High School in high school varsity football in the Mississippi 8 Conference. The program was established in 1910. Until 2007, the Cambridge-Isanti Bluejackets were the winningest high school football program in Minnesota. The school's head coach George Larson is number three on the list of most career victories as a high school head coach." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_ski_jumping", "title": "List of Olympic medalists in ski jumping", "header": [ "Games", "Gold", "Silver", "Bronze" ], "data": [ { "value": "1924 Chamonix details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Winter Olympics , one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Monday 4 February 1924 . The event was unusual in that the bronze medalist was not determined for fifty years . Thorleif Haug was awarded third place at the event 's conclusion , but a clerical error in calculating Haug 's score was discovered in 1974 by Jacob Vaage , who further determined Anders Haugen of the United States , who had finished fourth , had actually scored 0.095 points more than Haug . The International Olympic Committee verified this , and in Oslo in September 1974 , Haug 's daughter presented the medal to the 86-year-old Haugen ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1924 Winter Olympics , one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Monday 4 February 1924 . The event was unusual in that the bronze medalist was not determined for fifty years . Thorleif Haug was awarded third place at the event 's conclusion , but a clerical error in calculating Haug 's score was discovered in 1974 by Jacob Vaage , who further determined Anders Haugen of the United States , who had finished fourth , had actually scored 0.095 points more than Haug . The International Olympic Committee verified this , and in Oslo in September 1974 , Haug 's daughter presented the medal to the 86-year-old Haugen ." } ] }, { "value": "Jacob Tullin Thams Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacob_Tullin_Thams", "summary": "Jacob Tullin Tulla Thams ( April 7 , 1898 - July 27 , 1954 ) was a Norwegian Olympian ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France ." } ] }, { "value": "Narve Bonna Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Narve_Bonna", "summary": "Narve Bonna ( 16 January 1901 - 2 March 1976 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . Born in Bærum and representing Lommedalens IL , Bonna won the first Olympic ski jumping silver medal at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France ." } ] }, { "value": "Anders Haugen United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anders_Haugen", "summary": "Anders Olsen Haugen ( October 24 , 1888 - April 14 , 1984 ) was an American ski jumper who won four national ski jumping championships . He competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix and the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz . Anders Haugen was the first and , as of 2016 , only American to win an Olympic medal for ski jumping ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The United States competed at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France ." } ] }, { "value": "1928 St. Moritz details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The men 's ski jumping at the 1928 Winter Olympics took place at the 70-meter ( 230 ft ) Olympiaschanze in St. Moritz , Switzerland , on 18 February . Thirty-eight competitors from thirteen nations competed , with the event being won by Norway 's Alf Andersen ahead of countryman Sigmund Ruud and Czechoslovakia 's Rudolf Burkert . Norway sent a strong contingent with four jumpers able to win the event , including reigning Olympic and world champion Jacob Tullin Thams . Andersen had won all eight Norwegian qualification events . World record holder Nels Nelsen from Canada was not permitted to participate due to financial problems . Japan participated in an international ski jumping competition for the first time , also becoming the first Asian country to do so . After the first jump , three Norwegians were in the lead . A 40-minute discussion erupted regarding the speed , with Central European jumpers wanting it increased . This was complied with by the jury , resulting in falls by several favorites , including the most vocal speed increase proponents , Gérard Vuilleumier and Bruno Trojani . Andersen and Ruud won by reducing their speed on the in-run ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The men 's ski jumping at the 1928 Winter Olympics took place at the 70-meter ( 230 ft ) Olympiaschanze in St. Moritz , Switzerland , on 18 February . Thirty-eight competitors from thirteen nations competed , with the event being won by Norway 's Alf Andersen ahead of countryman Sigmund Ruud and Czechoslovakia 's Rudolf Burkert . Norway sent a strong contingent with four jumpers able to win the event , including reigning Olympic and world champion Jacob Tullin Thams . Andersen had won all eight Norwegian qualification events . World record holder Nels Nelsen from Canada was not permitted to participate due to financial problems . Japan participated in an international ski jumping competition for the first time , also becoming the first Asian country to do so . After the first jump , three Norwegians were in the lead . A 40-minute discussion erupted regarding the speed , with Central European jumpers wanting it increased . This was complied with by the jury , resulting in falls by several favorites , including the most vocal speed increase proponents , Gérard Vuilleumier and Bruno Trojani . Andersen and Ruud won by reducing their speed on the in-run ." } ] }, { "value": "Alf Andersen Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alf_Andersen", "summary": "Alf Steen Andersen ( 15 May 1906 - 12 April 1975 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . He was born in Drammen , but represented the Oslo clubs Sandaker , Skeid and Lyn . He won the gold medal in the individual large hill at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz . He also won a bronze medal in the individual large hill at the 1935 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Vysoké Tatry . He died in 1975 in Frogn ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland . Norway ranked first in the total medal count , as they had in the inaugural 1924 Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Sigmund Ruud Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sigmund_Ruud", "summary": "Sigmund Ruud ( 30 December 1907 - 7 April 1994 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . Together with his brothers Birger and Asbjørn , he dominated ski jumping in the 1920s and 1930s . At the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Sigmund earned a silver medal . At the 1929 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , he won the ski jumping competition while earning a bronze at the 1930 event . Sigmund also competed in the ski jumping competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival , which first began in 1933 . He also competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in the ski jumping event , but finished seventh due to appendicitis . Additionally , Sigmund wanted to compete in the first alpine skiing events at the 1936 Winter Olympics , though he did not start . For his contributions in ski jumping , Sigmund earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1949 , the last of the three Ruud brothers to do so . Sigmund was the only one of the three not to win the Holmenkollen ski jumping competition . Sigmund Ruud and fellow Norwegian ski jumper Jacob Tullin Thams are considered co-creators of the Kongsberger technique after World War I , a ski jumping technique that was the standard until it was superseded by the Daescher technique in the 1950s . Ruud also served as chairman of the FIS Ski Jumping Committee in 1946-1955 and 1959-1967 . He owned and ran a sport shop in Oslo ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland . Norway ranked first in the total medal count , as they had in the inaugural 1924 Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Rudolf Burkert Czechoslovakia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rudolf_Burkert", "summary": "Rudolf Burkert ( 31 October 1904 - 7 June 1985 ) was an Ethnic German Czechoslovak Nordic skier who competed in the 1920s and 1930s . He won a bronze medal in the ski jumping individual large hill competition at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , the first Winter Olympics medal in Czechoslovak history . He also finished 12th in the nordic combined event at those Olympics . Burkert won two medals in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , earning a nordic combined gold in 1927 and a ski jumping silver in 1933 . He was born in Polubný , Kořenov , Bohemia . In 1968 he emigrated to West Germany , where he died in 1985 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Czechoslovakia competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland . Rudolf Burkert won first Czechoslovak medal from Winter Olympics . Libuše Veselá was first Czechoslovak woman to take part in Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "1932 Lake Placid details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1932 Winter Olympics one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Friday , February 12 , 1932 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1932 Winter Olympics one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Friday , February 12 , 1932 ." } ] }, { "value": "Birger Ruud Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birger_Ruud", "summary": "Birger Ruud ( 23 August 1911 - 13 June 1998 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . Born in Kongsberg , Birger Ruud , with his brothers Sigmund and Asbjørn , dominated international jumping in the 1930s , winning three world championships in 1931 , 1935 and 1937 . Ruud also won the Olympic gold medal in 1932 and 1936 , the first repeat winner of ski jumping gold . He also was an accomplished alpine skier , winning a bronze medal in the combined at the 1935 world championships . Ruud won the Holmenkollen ski jumping competition in 1934 and shared the Holmenkollen medal in 1937 with Olaf Hoffsbakken and Martin P. Vangsli ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Hans Beck Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hans_Beck_(ski_jumper)", "summary": "Hans Beck ( 25 April 1911 - 10 April 1996 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper who won a silver medal in the large hill individual event at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York . Having been in the lead after the first round , he was overcome by Birger Ruud , who hailed from the same city , in the second round . Born in Kongsberg , [ citation needed ] he represented Kongsberg IF . He married in 1949 , and had two children . After his active career he worked as a seller of sports gear ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Kaare Wahlberg Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kaare_Wahlberg", "summary": "Kaare Wahlberg ( July 3 , 1912 - February 29 , 1988 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper who won a bronze medal in the Individual Large Hill at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York . At the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , he finished fourth . He also finished fifth in the Individual Normal Hill at the 1931 Nordic skiing World Championships ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1936 Winter Olympics , one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Sunday , 16 February 1936 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1936 Winter Olympics , one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Sunday , 16 February 1936 ." } ] }, { "value": "Birger Ruud Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birger_Ruud", "summary": "Birger Ruud ( 23 August 1911 - 13 June 1998 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . Born in Kongsberg , Birger Ruud , with his brothers Sigmund and Asbjørn , dominated international jumping in the 1930s , winning three world championships in 1931 , 1935 and 1937 . Ruud also won the Olympic gold medal in 1932 and 1936 , the first repeat winner of ski jumping gold . He also was an accomplished alpine skier , winning a bronze medal in the combined at the 1935 world championships . Ruud won the Holmenkollen ski jumping competition in 1934 and shared the Holmenkollen medal in 1937 with Olaf Hoffsbakken and Martin P. Vangsli ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "Sven Eriksson Sweden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sven_Selånger", "summary": "Sven Selånger ( born Sven Ivan Eriksson , 19 March 1907 - 9 November 1992 ) was a Swedish Nordic skier . He competed at the 1928 , 1932 and 1936 Olympics in the Nordic combined and ski jumping events and won a silver in the jumping in 1936 . In 1932 he finished fourth in the jumping and fifth in the Nordic combined . He was the Swedish Olympic flag bearer in 1932 and 1936 . Selånger won ski jumping bronze medals at the 1931 , 1933 , and 1934 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and a gold medal in the 1933 nordic combined event . He won the Holmenkollen ski festival 's ski jumping competition in 1939 , the first non-Norwegian to do so . In 1939 , Selånger became the first non-Norwegian to receive the Holmenkollen medal . He also won the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 1939 . Selånger was a bandy player in the 1920s . He competed in skiing as Sven Eriksson until the 1936 Winter Olympics , and then changed his surname to Selånger , after his hometown , to avoid being confused with numerous other Swedes named Eriksson . In retirement he returned to bandy , as a player and coach for IK Viking , and worked as a sporting goods trader ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Sweden competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "Reidar Andersen Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Reidar_Andersen", "summary": "Reidar Andersen ( 20 April 1911 - 15 December 1991 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper who competed in the 1930s . He won a ski jumping bronze at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen . In addition , he won ski jumping silver medals at the 1930 , 1935 , and 1937 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Andersen won the Holmenkollen ski festival 's men 's ski jumping competition in 1936 , 1937 , and 1938 , the only person to ever win this event three straight years . In 1938 , Andersen shared the Holmenkollen medal with fellow Norwegian Johan R. Henriksen ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "1948 St. Moritz details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1948 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 7 February . The competition took place at Olympiaschanze with a K-Point of 68m ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1948 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 7 February . The competition took place at Olympiaschanze with a K-Point of 68m ." } ] }, { "value": "Petter Hugsted Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Petter_Hugsted", "summary": "Petter Hugsted ( 11 July 1921 - 19 May 2000 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper who won the gold medal in the individual large hill event at the 1948 Olympics . Hugsted won junior competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1940 . His career was impeded during World War II , when he was held in the Grini concentration camp during the German occupation of Norway . After the war he placed third at the Holmenkollen in 1947 and 1948 , in the senior category . He won the ski jumping competition at Lahti in 1947 and the Open U.S. Championships in Salt Lake City in 1949 . He retired in 1951 after finishing 13th at Holmenkollen . Besides skiing Hugsted played association football for the national B-team . He lived his whole life in Kongsberg , and devoted much energy to the creation and curatorship of the Kongsberg Skiing Museum , together with his friend and fellow ski jumper Birger Ruud ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "Birger Ruud Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birger_Ruud", "summary": "Birger Ruud ( 23 August 1911 - 13 June 1998 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . Born in Kongsberg , Birger Ruud , with his brothers Sigmund and Asbjørn , dominated international jumping in the 1930s , winning three world championships in 1931 , 1935 and 1937 . Ruud also won the Olympic gold medal in 1932 and 1936 , the first repeat winner of ski jumping gold . He also was an accomplished alpine skier , winning a bronze medal in the combined at the 1935 world championships . Ruud won the Holmenkollen ski jumping competition in 1934 and shared the Holmenkollen medal in 1937 with Olaf Hoffsbakken and Martin P. Vangsli ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "Thorleif Schjelderup Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thorleif_Schjelderup", "summary": "Thorleif Schjelderup ( 20 January 1920 - 28 May 2006 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper , author and environmentalist . He was born to Ferdinand Schjelderup and Marie Leigh Vogt . His father was a Supreme Court judge , a mountaineering pioneer , and a leader of the Norwegian resistance movement during World War II . His son grew up in Oslo , where he took up ski jumping . He placed fourth at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1940 and second in 1946 and 1948 . In 1948 he also won bronze medals at the national championships and Winter Olympics and graduated in law from the Oslo University . On 15 March 1950 he became the first Norwegian athlete to break the 100 m barrier when he jumped over 106 m in Planica , Yugoslavia . He retired in 1953 to become a ski jumping coach with Italian ( 1953-56 ) and Norwegian national teams ( 1956-1962 ) . Besides ski jumping Schjelderup was known as an author , photographer and environmentalist who traveled around the country to promote outdoor activities . He published 10 books , mostly about ski jumping and nature , including the first Norwegian textbook on environmentalism for the elementary school in 1973 . Schjelderup was married to the Norwegian actress and playwright Sossen Krohg from 1942 to 1947 . In 1948 he met the African-American singer Anne Brown ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "1952 Oslo details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , one ski jumping event was contested . The competition took place at the Holmenkollen ski jump with a K-Point of 72 m ( 236 ft ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , one ski jumping event was contested . The competition took place at the Holmenkollen ski jump with a K-Point of 72 m ( 236 ft ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Arnfinn Bergmann Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arnfinn_Bergmann", "summary": "Arnfinn Bergmann ( 14 October 1928 - 13 February 2011 ) was a ski jumper from Norway . He won the individual large hill event at the 1952 Olympics and 1952 Holmenkollen ski festival and placed third at the 1950 World Championships . In 1956 he was awarded the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Borghild Niskin and Arne Hoel ) . As a junior Bergmann won the national title and the ski jumping competition in Holmenkollen in 1948 . The same year he won the national football title with SK Freidig . Next year he started competing as a senior and placed third at the national championships . In 1950 he was included to the national team and unexpectedly won a bronze medal at the world championships . For the 1950-51 season he stayed in Canada , where he won his every competition . In 1952 he returned to Norway and won the Olympic gold medal , the Holmenkollen and the national championships . He defended his national title in 1953 , but got injured in early 1954 and missed the season . He qualified for the 1956 Olympics , but withdrew due to a flu . In 1958 he was included to the 1958 World Championships team , after he unexpectedly won the national title , but he withdrew again , for unknown reasons ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway was the host nation for the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . By winning 7 gold medals , Norway had the most golds at these games . This would be the last time a host country would win the most gold medals at the Winter Olympics until Canada won the most gold medals at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver ." } ] }, { "value": "Torbjørn Falkanger Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Torbjørn_Falkanger", "summary": "Torbjørn Falkanger ( 8 October 1927 in Trondheim - 16 July 2013 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper who was active in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Falkanger earned a silver medal at the 1952 Winter Olympics in ski jumping and also won the Holmenkollen ski festival ski jumping competition twice ( 1949 and 1950 ) . For his ski jumping efforts , Falkanger was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1952 ( Shared with Stein Eriksen , Heikki Hasu and Nils Karlsson . ) Falkanger also took the Olympic Oath at the 1952 games in Oslo . His career ended a few months ahead of the 1956 Winter Olympics , due to a fall in the ski jumping hill ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway was the host nation for the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . By winning 7 gold medals , Norway had the most golds at these games . This would be the last time a host country would win the most gold medals at the Winter Olympics until Canada won the most gold medals at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver ." } ] }, { "value": "Karl Holmström Sweden", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Karl_Holmström", "summary": "Karl Bratt-Kalle Holmström ( 21 March 1925 - 22 June 1974 ) was a Swedish ski jumper who won a bronze medal in the individual large hill at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . He died in a road accident aged 49 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Sweden competed at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , Norway ." } ] }, { "value": "1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1956 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 5 February The competition took place at the Trampolino Olimpico Italia with a K-Point of 72m ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1956 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 5 February The competition took place at the Trampolino Olimpico Italia with a K-Point of 72m ." } ] }, { "value": "Antti Hyvärinen Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Antti_Hyvärinen", "summary": "Antti Abram Hyvärinen ( 21 June 1932 - 13 January 2000 ) was a Finnish ski jumper and coach . He competed at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics in the normal hill event and finished in seventh and first place , respectively , becoming the first non-Norwegian ski jumper to win an Olympic gold medal . In 1956 he also served as the flag bearer for Finland at the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics and won the jumping event at the Holmenkollen Ski Festival . While preparing for the 1958 World Championships , Hyvärinen fell and broke his hip , which resulted in an early retirement in November 1957 . From 1960 to 1964 he worked as the head coach of the Finnish ski jumping team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ." } ] }, { "value": "Aulis Kallakorpi Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aulis_Kallakorpi", "summary": "Aulis Kallakorpi ( 1 January 1929 in Kuusankoski - 15 May 2005 in Mikkeli ) was a Finnish ski jumper . He won a silver medal in the Individual large hill event at the 1956 Winter Olympics . Kallakorpi also won the ski jumping event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1955 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ." } ] }, { "value": "Harry Glaß United Team of Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harry_Glaß", "summary": "Harry Glaß ( 11 October 1930 - 13 December 1997 ) was a German ski jumper . Born in Klingenthal , he won a Bronze medal in the Individual Large Hill event at the 1956 Winter Olympics . Glaß , who is not related to fellow East German jumper Henry Glaß of the 1970s , started training as jumper in 1952 , and became a member of the GDR-team in 1953 . A change in style after 1954 helped him win the medal in 1956 . The ski jump career of the Volkspolizei police man , GDR champion of 1954 , 1955 , 1956 and 1958 , ended in 1960 due to a fall during Vierschanzentournee at Bergiselschanze . A later attempt for a comeback failed . He died in Rodewisch in December 1997 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Germany was represented at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy by a United Team of Germany of athletes from the ( Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG ) , West Germany ) and , for the first time , also from the ( German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) , East Germany ) which had not joined in 1952 . The results were rather disappointing as only 2 medals were scored against emerging competition . Rosa Ossi Reichert won Gold at the women 's giant slalom , and Harry Glaß took Bronze in the K90 individual jump ." } ] }, { "value": "1960 Squaw Valley details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1960 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 28 February , taking place at Papoose Peak Jumps . The competition scheduled two jumps per entrant . Standings were determined by a point system under the parameters of combined distance points and style points awarded for each attempt , judged by a panel of 5 officials . This event marked the first time the Däscher Technique was used in ski jumping competitions ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1960 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 28 February , taking place at Papoose Peak Jumps . The competition scheduled two jumps per entrant . Standings were determined by a point system under the parameters of combined distance points and style points awarded for each attempt , judged by a panel of 5 officials . This event marked the first time the Däscher Technique was used in ski jumping competitions ." } ] }, { "value": "Helmut Recknagel United Team of Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Helmut_Recknagel", "summary": "Helmut Recknagel ( born 20 March 1937 in Steinbach-Hallenberg ) is an East German former ski jumper who was active in the late 1950s and early 1960s . He earned a gold medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics in ski jumping and also won the Holmenkollen ski festival ski jumping competition twice ( 1957 and 1960 ) . At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , he won three medals : a bronze in 1958 and two medals in 1962 , a gold in the individual large hill and a bronze in the individual normal hill . For his ski jumping efforts , Recknagel was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1960 ( Shared with Sixten Jernberg , Sverre Stensheim , and Tormod Knutsen ) . He was the first German to win the Holmenkollen medal ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Athletes from East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ; GDR ) and West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ; FRG ) competed together as the United Team of Germany at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Niilo Halonen Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Niilo_Halonen", "summary": "Kalle Niilo Ponteva Halonen ( born 25 December 1940 in Kouvola ) is a Finnish former ski jumper who competed between 1960 and 1967 . His biggest success was the silver medal in the individual large hill at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley . Halonen also won the bronze medal in the individual large hill at the 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane . He also finished second as well in a normal hill competition in Germany in 1964 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , California , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Otto Leodolter Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Otto_Leodolter", "summary": "Otto Leodolter ( born 18 March 1936 in Mariazell ) was an Austrian ski jumper who competed between 1955 and 1964 . His biggest success was a Bronze medal in the Individual Large Hill at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley . Leodolter is the first Austrian to earn a medal in Nordic skiing ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Austria_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Austria competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "1964 Innsbruck details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 31 January to 9 February , with the large hill event taking place at Bergiselschanze , and the normal hill event at Seefeld . For the first time at the olympics , more than one ski jumping event was contested , with the addition of a large hill competition ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1964 Winter Olympics was held in Bergiselschanze . It occurred on 9 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Toralf Engan Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toralf_Engan", "summary": "Toralf Engan ( born 1 October 1936 ) is a retired Norwegian ski jumper . At the 1964 Winter Olympics he won the large hill and placed second in the new normal hill event . His other victories include the Four Hills Tournament , which he had won the preceding season , as well as the 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the individual normal hill ( the first ever in that event ) . Engan won the ski jumping normal hill event at the 1962 Holmenkollen ski festival , the same year he won the Holmenkollen medal . Engan retired after the 1966 season . Later he worked as a national ski jumping coach in 1967-69 , and settled in Trondheim with his family ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria ." } ] }, { "value": "Veikko Kankkonen Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Veikko_Kankkonen", "summary": "Veikko Kankkonen ( born 5 January 1940 ) is a retired Finnish ski jumper who competed at the 1960 , 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics . He won two medals in 1964 with a gold in the individual normal hill and a silver in the individual large hill event . That same year he won the jumping competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival , which also earned him the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Eero Mäntyranta , Georg Thoma , and Halvor Næs ) . He also won the Four Hills Tournament and served as the flag bearer for Finland at the 1968 Olympics . Besides skiing Kankkonen played baseball for the Maila-Veikot Lahti club in the national championships of 1963-64 . He also regularly competed in golf at the national level , with the best result of fourth place . Kankkonen was a turner by trade and later worked as a ski jumping coach . His son Anssi Kankkonen became a professional golfer , but he also competed in ski jumping and won a national title in 1985 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria ." } ] }, { "value": "Torgeir Brandtzæg Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Torgeir_Brandtzæg", "summary": "Torgeir Torbjørn Brandtzæg ( born 6 October 1941 ) is a retired Norwegian ski jumper who won bronze medals both in the large hill and normal hill at the 1964 Winter Olympics . Brandtzæg placed fifth in the Four Hills Tournament in 1963 ; he won it in 1965 , placing first in three out of four events . He also held the national jumping titles in 1963-1965 . In 1965 , while competing in Finland , he broke his leg in three places and was forced to retire . After that he married and became a farmer in Sparbu . One of his sons , Roy Brandtzæg , became a European powerlifting champion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria ." } ] }, { "value": "1968 Grenoble details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1968 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 11 to 18 February , with the large hill event taking place at Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte , and the normal hill event at Autrans ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1968 Winter Olympics was held in Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte . It occurred on 18 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Vladimir Belousov Soviet Union", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vladimir_Belousov_(ski_jumper)", "summary": "Vladimir Pavlovich Belousov ( Russian : Владимир Павлович Белоусов ; born 14 July 1946 ) is a Soviet former ski jumper . He was the only Soviet ski jumper to medal at the Olympics and is the only person from the Soviet Union or Russia to win a gold medal in ski jumping in both the Winter Olympics and the Holmenkollen . He was awarded the Medal For Labour Valour in 1969 and the Order of Friendship in 2011 . Belousov won a gold medal in the individual large hill at the 1968 Olympics , placing eighth in the normal hill . At the Holmenkollen ski festival , he won the ski jumping competition in 1968 and 1970 . He became the Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1968 and won the USSR Championship in 1969 . In 1978 he graduated from the Military Institute of Physical Culture and later worked as a coach ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The Soviet Union ( USSR ) competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France ." } ] }, { "value": "Jiří Raška Czechoslovakia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jiří_Raška", "summary": "Jiří Raška ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈjɪr̝iː ˈraʃka ] ; 4 February 1941 - 20 January 2012 ) was a Czech skier . He is regarded as the most famous Czech ski jumper , Olympic winner of the century ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Czechoslovakia competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France ." } ] }, { "value": "Lars Grini Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lars_Grini", "summary": "Lars Grini ( born 29 June 1944 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper who competed between 1966 and 1972 . His best-known successes were at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , where he won a bronze medal in the individual large hill event , and another bronze medal in the individual normal hill at the 1970 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . He represented the club SFK Lyn ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France ." } ] }, { "value": "1972 Sapporo details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1972 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 6 to 11 February , with the large hill event taking place at Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium , and the normal hill event at Miyanomori Ski Jump Stadium ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1972 Winter Olympics was held in Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium . It occurred on 11 February . In the competition on the Okurayama jumping hill , conditions were variable and unfair according to a Norwegian account of the 1972 Games published in 2006 , and the result is described as the greatest surprise of all time on the jumping hill . In the first run , the 19-year-old Zakopane mechanic Wojciech Fortuna completed a leap of 111 metres , while Manfred Wolf of East Germany was runner-up after the first run having jumped 107 metres . Jiří Raška , Gariy Napalkov and Tauno Käyhkö , all counted among the favourites according to Jorsett 's account , were all more than 12 metres behind , Yukio Kasaya , who won on the normal hill , landed on 90 metres , and Ingolf Mork , the 1972 Four Hills Tournament winner , touched down on 88 metres . Fortuna 's second jump was a more modest 87.5 metres ; still , the tenths of a point remained on his side . Again according to Jorsett , Steiner ( 103 metres ) , Schmidt ( 101 metres ) and Käyhkö ( 100.5 metres ) got lucky with the wind in the second run , but all finished within 0.7 points of Fortuna . This was the smallest margin between first and fourth to date . Pudgar 's eighth place was the best placing by a Yugoslav at the Winter Olympics until Matjaž Debelak won bronze at the 1988 Winter Olympic Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Wojciech Fortuna Poland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wojciech_Fortuna", "summary": "Wojciech Fortuna ( born 6 August 1952 ) is a Polish former ski jumper who won the Olympic Gold Medal in the Large Hill at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo . In the Normal Hill he finished 6th . The Gold Medal was Poland 's first - and the only gold until Vancouver 2010 - in the Winter Olympics history . He competed from 1972 to 1976 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Poland_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Poland competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , Japan ." } ] }, { "value": "Walter Steiner Switzerland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Walter_Steiner", "summary": "Walter Steiner ( born 15 February 1951 ) is a Swiss former ski jumper who competed in the 1970s . Steiner earned a ski jumping silver medal in the Individual large hill at the 1972 Winter Olympics . He also won the ski jumping competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1974 and won the Ski-flying World Championships in 1972 and 1977 . Steiner was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1977 ( shared with Helena Takalo and Hilkka Kuntola ) . As of 2012 he resides in the Swedish rural town of Falun , working as a gardener ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Switzerland competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , Japan ." } ] }, { "value": "Rainer Schmidt East Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rainer_Schmidt_(ski_jumper)", "summary": "Rainer Schmidt ( born 1 August 1948 in Langewiesen , Thuringia ) is an East German former ski jumper who competed from 1972 to 1976 . He won the bronze medal in the individual large hill competition at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo . Schmidt won the Four Hills Tournament in 1973 and earned a silver medal at the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships in 1975 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , Japan ." } ] }, { "value": "1976 Innsbruck details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1976 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 7 to 15 February , with the large hill event taking place at Bergiselschanze , and the normal hill event at Seefeld ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1976 Winter Olympics was held in Bergiselschanze . It occurred on 15 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Karl Schnabl Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Karl_Schnabl", "summary": "Karl Schnabl ( born March 8 , 1954 in Achomitz , community Hohenthurn , Carinthia ) is an Austrian former ski jumper who competed during the 1970s . His best-known successes were at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , where he won a gold medal in the individual large hill event and a bronze medal in the individual normal hill event . He also won the ski jumping event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1976 . Schnabl also won bronze at the FIS Ski Flying World Championships in 1975 . He also finished fourth in the individual large hill event at the 1978 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti . Since finishing medical school at Innsbruck University , he has been working as a doctor in sports medicine until he retired in 2019 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Austria_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Austria was the host nation for the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . It was the second time that Austria had hosted the Winter Games , after the 1964 Winter Olympics , also in Innsbruck ." } ] }, { "value": "Toni Innauer Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toni_Innauer", "summary": "Anton Innauer ( born 1 April 1958 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Austria_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Austria was the host nation for the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . It was the second time that Austria had hosted the Winter Games , after the 1964 Winter Olympics , also in Innsbruck ." } ] }, { "value": "Henry Glaß East Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Glaß", "summary": "Henry Glaß ( born 15 February 1953 in Rodewisch ) is an East German former ski jumper who competed during the 1970s . His best-known success was at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , where he won a bronze medal in the individual large hill Event . Glaß also won a silver in the individual normal hill at the 1978 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti and a bronze at the 1977 Ski-Flying World Championships in Vikersund . He was trained by Harry Glaß to whom he is unrelated ." }, { "url": "/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria ." } ] }, { "value": "1980 Lake Placid details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1980 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 17 February to 23 February , taking place at Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1980 Winter Olympics was held in Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex . It occurred on 23 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Jouko Törmänen Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jouko_Törmänen", "summary": "Jouko Sihveri Törmänen ( 10 April 1954 - 3 January 2015 ) was a Finnish ski jumper ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Hubert Neuper Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hubert_Neuper", "summary": "Hubert Neuper ( born 29 September 1960 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper . He was the winner of the first FIS Ski Jumping World Cup title in 1979/80 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Austria_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Austria competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Jari Puikkonen Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jari_Puikkonen", "summary": "Jari Markus Puikkonen ( born 25 June 1959 ) is a Finnish former ski jumper ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "1984 Sarajevo details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1984 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 12 February to 18 February , taking place at Igman Olympic Jumps ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1984 Winter Olympics was held in Igman Olympic Jumps . It occurred on 18 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Matti Nykänen Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matti_Nykänen", "summary": "Matti Ensio Nykänen ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( 17 July 1963 - 4 February 2019 ) was a Finnish ski jumper who competed from 1981 to 1991 . Widely considered to be the greatest male ski jumper of all time , he won five Winter Olympic medals ( four gold ) , nine World Championship medals ( five gold ) , and 22 Finnish Championship medals ( 14 gold ) . Most notably , he won three gold medals at the 1988 Winter Olympics , becoming , along with Yvonne van Gennip of the Netherlands , the most medaled athlete at that Olympiad . Nykänen is the only ski jumper in history to have won all five of the sport 's major events : a gold medal at the Winter Olympics ( three times ) , the Ski Jumping World Championships ( once ) , the Ski Flying World Championships ( once ) , four World Cup overall titles , and the Four Hills Tournament ( twice ) . His four World Cup titles is an all-time record shared with Adam Małysz and Sara Takanashi . Nykänen remains the only male five-time ski flying world record holder in history . From the 1990s onwards , Nykänen 's status as a celebrity was mainly fueled by his personal relationships , his career as a pop singer , and various incidents often related to heavy use of alcohol and violent behaviour . He was sentenced to 26 months in prison following a stabbing incident in 2004 , and again for 16 months following an aggravated assault on his wife in 2009 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia ." } ] }, { "value": "Jens Weißflog East Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jens_Weißflog", "summary": "Jens Weißflog ( born 21 July 1964 ) is a German former ski jumper . He is one of the best and most successful ski jumper in the history of the sport . Only Finns Matti Nykänen and Janne Ahonen , Poles Adam Małysz and Kamil Stoch and Austrian Gregor Schlierenzauer have won more World Cup victories ." }, { "url": "/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia ." } ] }, { "value": "Pavel Ploc Czechoslovakia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pavel_Ploc", "summary": "Pavel Ploc ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈpavɛl ˈplots ] , born 15 June 1964 ) is a Czech former ski jumper who competed for Czechoslovakia , winning two Olympic medals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Czechoslovakia competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia ." } ] }, { "value": "1988 Calgary details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 14 February to 24 February , taking place at Canada Olympic Park . The Calgary Games featured the addition of a new event , the first program change since 1964 , with the debut of the team event . Britain 's Eddie The Eagle Edwards achieved celebrity by finishing last in both individual events , with less than half the points of the second-last competitor ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1988 Winter Olympics was held in Canada Olympic Park . It occurred on 23 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Matti Nykänen Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matti_Nykänen", "summary": "Matti Ensio Nykänen ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( 17 July 1963 - 4 February 2019 ) was a Finnish ski jumper who competed from 1981 to 1991 . Widely considered to be the greatest male ski jumper of all time , he won five Winter Olympic medals ( four gold ) , nine World Championship medals ( five gold ) , and 22 Finnish Championship medals ( 14 gold ) . Most notably , he won three gold medals at the 1988 Winter Olympics , becoming , along with Yvonne van Gennip of the Netherlands , the most medaled athlete at that Olympiad . Nykänen is the only ski jumper in history to have won all five of the sport 's major events : a gold medal at the Winter Olympics ( three times ) , the Ski Jumping World Championships ( once ) , the Ski Flying World Championships ( once ) , four World Cup overall titles , and the Four Hills Tournament ( twice ) . His four World Cup titles is an all-time record shared with Adam Małysz and Sara Takanashi . Nykänen remains the only male five-time ski flying world record holder in history . From the 1990s onwards , Nykänen 's status as a celebrity was mainly fueled by his personal relationships , his career as a pop singer , and various incidents often related to heavy use of alcohol and violent behaviour . He was sentenced to 26 months in prison following a stabbing incident in 2004 , and again for 16 months following an aggravated assault on his wife in 2009 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "Erik Johnsen Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Erik_Johnsen", "summary": "Erik Johnsen ( born 4 July 1965 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . This was the first time and till now the only time Norway failed to win a gold medal in the Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Matjaž Debelak Yugoslavia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matjaž_Debelak", "summary": "Matjaž Debelak ( born 27 August 1965 in Braslovče ) is a Slovenian former ski jumper who competed for Yugoslavia from 1986 to 1990 . His best-known successes were at the 1988 Winter Olympics , where he earned two medals with a silver in the team large hill event and a bronze in the individual large hill event . Debelak 's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was a 6th in the individual normal hill in 1989 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Athletes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "1992 Albertville details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 9 February to 16 February , taking place at Tremplin du Praz ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1992 Winter Olympics was held in Tremplin du Praz . It occurred on 16 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Toni Nieminen Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Toni_Nieminen", "summary": "Toni Markus Nieminen ( born 31 May 1975 ) is a Finnish former ski jumper who competed from 1991 to 2004 , with a brief comeback in 2016 . He is one of the most successful contemporary ski jumpers from Finland , having won the World Cup in 1991 , the Four Hills Tournament in 1992 , and three medals at the 1992 Winter Olympics . He remains the youngest ever Winter Olympic gold medalist , at 16 years and 261 days . Additionally , he is known for being the first male ski jumper to land a jump surpassing 200 metres ( 660 ft ) , which he achieved in 1994 with a world record of 203 m ( 666 ft ) in Planica ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France ." } ] }, { "value": "Martin Höllwarth Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martin_Höllwarth", "summary": "Martin Höllwarth ( born 13 April 1974 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Austria_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Austria competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France ." } ] }, { "value": "Heinz Kuttin Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Heinz_Kuttin", "summary": "Heinz Kuttin ( born 5 January 1971 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Austria_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Austria competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France ." } ] }, { "value": "1994 Lillehammer details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 20 February to 25 February , taking place at Lysgårdsbakken ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1994 Winter Olympics was held in Lysgårdsbakken . It occurred on 20 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Jens Weißflog Germany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jens_Weißflog", "summary": "Jens Weißflog ( born 21 July 1964 ) is a German former ski jumper . He is one of the best and most successful ski jumper in the history of the sport . Only Finns Matti Nykänen and Janne Ahonen , Poles Adam Małysz and Kamil Stoch and Austrian Gregor Schlierenzauer have won more World Cup victories ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Germany_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Germany at the 1994 Winter Olympics . 112 athletes , 79 men and 33 women participated in 11 sports . Germany came third in the medal rankings with 9 gold , 7 silver and 8 bronze medals . The biathlete Mark Kirchner was Germany 's flagbearer under the opening ceremony ." } ] }, { "value": "Espen Bredesen Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Espen_Bredesen", "summary": "Espen Bredesen ( born 2 February 1968 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway was the host nation for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . It was the second time that Norway had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , after the 1952 Games in Oslo . In 1994 , Norway finished second in the medal ranking to Russia , with strong results in the skiing events . During the games , Norway set a record : most gold medals won by a host nation , with 10 . The United States tied it when they hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , but Canada broke it during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver ." } ] }, { "value": "Andreas Goldberger Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andreas_Goldberger", "summary": "Andreas Andi Goldberger ( born 29 November 1972 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper who competed from 1991 to 2005 . In 1997 Goldberger admitted to the use of cocaine , and was given a six-month ban by the Austrian Ski Association ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Austria_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Austria competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway ." } ] }, { "value": "1998 Nagano details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 11 February to 17 February , taking place at Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1998 Winter Olympics was held in Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium . It occurred on 15 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Kazuyoshi Funaki Japan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kazuyoshi_Funaki", "summary": "Kazuyoshi Funaki ( 船木 和喜 , Funaki Kazuyoshi ) ( born 27 April 1975 ) is a Japanese ski jumper . He ranked among the most successful sportsmen of its discipline , particularly in the 1990s . Funaki is known for his special variant of the V-style , in which the body lies flatter between the skis than usual ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Japan_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Japan was the host nation for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . It was the second time that Japan has hosted the Winter Games , after the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , and the third time overall , after the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo ." } ] }, { "value": "Jani Soininen Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jani_Soininen", "summary": "Jani Markus Soininen ( born 12 November 1972 ) is a Finnish former ski jumper ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan ." } ] }, { "value": "Masahiko Harada Japan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Masahiko_Harada", "summary": "Masahiko Harada ( 原田 雅彦 , Harada Masahiko ) ( born 9 May 1968 ) is a Japanese former ski jumper . He is best remembered for a meltdown at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , which cost the Japanese national team a victory , and his subsequent redemption at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano ; the latter of which led to him being affectionately called Happy Harada ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Japan_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Japan was the host nation for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . It was the second time that Japan has hosted the Winter Games , after the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , and the third time overall , after the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo ." } ] }, { "value": "2002 Salt Lake City details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 2002 Winter Olympics , consisted of three events held from 10 February to 13 February , taking place at Park City ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 2002 Winter Olympics was held in Park City , United States . The competition went for two days , with the qualifying round on February 12 and the final rounds on February 13 ." } ] }, { "value": "Simon Ammann Switzerland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Simon_Ammann", "summary": "Simon Simi Ammann ( /ˈsiːmɒn/ ; born 25 June 1981 ) is a Swiss ski jumper . He is one of the most successful athletes in the history of the sport , having won four individual Winter Olympic gold medals , in 2002 and 2010 , and is the only ski jumper to have achieved the gold double-double at the Winter Olympics . His other achievements include winning the 2007 Ski Jumping World Championships , the 2010 Ski Flying World Championships , the 2010 Nordic Tournament , and the 2010 Ski Jumping World Cup overall title ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Switzerland competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Adam Małysz Poland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adam_Małysz", "summary": "Adam Henryk Małysz ( [ ˈadam ˈmawɨʂ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 December 1977 ) is a Polish former ski jumper and rally driver . In ski jumping he competed from 1995 to 2011 , and is one of the most successful athletes in the history of the sport . His many accomplishments include four World Cup titles ( a record shared with Matti Nykänen and Sara Takanashi ) , four individual Winter Olympic medals , four individual World Championship gold medals ( an all-time record ) , 39 individual World Cup competition wins , 96 World Cup podiums ( individual and team ) , and being the only ski jumper to win three consecutive World Cup titles . He is also a winner of the Four Hills Tournament , the only three-time winner of the Nordic Tournament , and a former ski flying world record holder . After retiring from ski jumping , Małysz competed in the Dakar Rally in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 finishing 37th , 15th and 13th respectively . He currently acts as a director-coordinator of ski jumping and Nordic combined at the Polish Ski Federation" }, { "url": "/wiki/Poland_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Poland competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . The two medals won by Adam Małysz were the first for Poland in the Winter Olympic Games since 1972 ." } ] }, { "value": "Matti Hautamäki Finland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matti_Hautamäki", "summary": "Matti Antero Hautamäki ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈmɑtːi ˈɑntero ˈhɑutɑmæki ] ; born 14 July 1981 ) is a Finnish former ski jumper who competed from 1997 to 2012 . He is one of Finland 's most successful ski jumpers , having won sixteen individual World Cup competitions ; multiple medals at the Winter Olympics , Ski Jumping World Championships , and Ski Flying World Championships ; the Nordic Tournament twice ; and four ski flying world records ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Finland_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Finland competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . The nation won all Nordic combined events , most notably Samppa Lajunen , in the individual events ." } ] }, { "value": "2006 Turin details", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 2006 Winter Olympics , was held over nine days , from 11 February to 20 February . Three events were contested in Pragelato ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual", "summary": "The Men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Pragelato , Italy . It began on 17 February , and concluded on 18 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Thomas Morgenstern Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_Morgenstern", "summary": "Thomas Morgenstern ( born 30 October 1986 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper who competed from 2002 to 2014 . He is one of the sport 's most successful contemporary athletes , having won the World Cup overall title twice , the Four Hills Tournament and the Nordic Tournament once each , eight World Championship gold medals ( one individual , seven team ) , and three Winter Olympic gold medals ( one individual , two team ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Austria competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy ." } ] }, { "value": "Andreas Kofler Austria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andreas_Kofler", "summary": "Andreas Kofler ( born 17 May 1984 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Austria competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy ." } ] }, { "value": "Lars Bystøl Norway", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lars_Bystøl", "summary": "Lars Kristian Bystøl ( born 4 December 1978 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper who competed from 2002 to 2008 . His career highlights include an individual gold medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics , one individual World Cup victory , a gold medal in the Ski Flying World Championships , and two World Championship bronze medals in team competitions ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Norway_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Norway sent 74 athletes to the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . At the 2002 Winter Olympics Norway won the most gold medals , and before the Turin games , Norwegian sports officials were aiming for more than the 25 medals they won in Salt Lake City - the president of the Norwegian Skiing Federation Sverre Seeberg was quoted saying he thought Norway would win 25 medals in the skiing events alone ( alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , freestyle skiing , Nordic combined and ski jumping ) . The Norwegian Olympic Committee aimed for Norway to be the best nation measured in the number of gold medals . However , Norway won only two gold medals in the games . In addition to the skiing events , Norway also qualified athletes in biathlon , curling , skeleton , snowboarding and speed skating . In addition to IOC qualifying times , the Norwegian Olympic Committee have required that athletes need to place themselves once in the top six or twice in the top twelve in major individual events in the sport to be selected . Curler Pål Trulsen served as flag bearer at the opening ceremony ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Men -- Large hill individual", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_ski_jumping_0", "intro": "This is the complete list of Olympic medalists in ski jumping." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_Medal_of_Honor_recipients", "title": "List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients", "header": [ "Name", "Rank", "Branch", "Unit", "Place of action", "Date of action" ], "data": [ { "value": "Leonard L. Alvarado", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leonard_L._Alvarado", "summary": "Leonard Louis Alvarado ( February 13 , 1947 - August 12 , 1969 ) was a U.S. Army posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor during the Vietnam War . Alvarado joined the Army in 1968 , and served as a specialist four . While on an exercise to rescue a trapped American platoon in Phuoc Long Province , Alvarado 's company was attacked by the besiegers , and it was pinned down . Alvarado was wounded several times , but took out several enemy gun positions . While in the process of covering suppressing fire , Alvarado died of his wounds . He was awarded a posthumous Medal of Honor in 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Specialist four", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Company D , 2d Battalion , 12th Cavalry , 1st Cavalry Division", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Phuoc Long province , South Vietnam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aug. 12 , 1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roy P. Benavidez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Roy_P._Benavidez", "summary": "Master Sergeant Raul Perez Roy Benavidez ( August 5 , 1935 - November 29 , 1998 ) was a member of the United States Army Special Forces ( Studies and Observations Group ) and retired United States Army master sergeant who received the Medal of Honor for his valorous actions in combat near Lộc Ninh [ disambiguation needed ] , South Vietnam on May 2 , 1968 ." } ] }, { "value": "Master sergeant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Master_sergeant", "summary": "A master sergeant is the military rank for a senior non-commissioned officer in the armed forces of some countries ." } ] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Detachment B-56 , 5th Special Forces", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Loc Ninh , Vietnam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 2 , 1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Felix M. Conde-Falcon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Felix_M._Conde-Falcon", "summary": "Félix Modesto Conde Falcón [ a ] ( February 28 , 1938 - April 4 , 1969 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the Medal of Honor . Born in Juncos , Puerto Rico , he joined the United States Army in April 1963 in Chicago , Illinois . He was killed during combat operations in Ap Tan Hoa , South Vietnam , on April 4 , 1969 . He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor by President Barack Obama in a March 18 , 2014 ceremony in the White House . The award comes through the Defense Authorization Act which called for a review of Jewish American and Hispanic American veterans from World War II , the Korean War and the Vietnam War to ensure that no prejudice was shown to those deserving the Medal of Honor ." } ] }, { "value": "Staff sergeant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Staff_sergeant", "summary": "Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services ." } ] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Company D , 1st Battalion , 505th Infantry , 3d Brigade , 82d Airborne Division", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ap Tan Hoa , South Vietnam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "April 4 , 1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emilio A . De La Garza *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emilio_A._De_La_Garza", "summary": "Emilio Albert De La Garza , Jr. ( June 23 , 1949 - April 11 , 1970 ) was a United States Marine Corps lance corporal who was posthumously presented the nation 's highest military honor - the Medal of Honor - for heroism above and beyond the call of duty on April 11 , 1970 in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "Lance corporal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lance_corporal", "summary": "Lance corporal is a military rank , used by many armed forces worldwide , and also by some police forces and other uniformed organisations . It is below the rank of corporal , and is typically the lowest non-commissioned officer , usually equivalent to the NATO Rank Grade OR3 ." } ] }, { "value": "Marine Corps", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps", "summary": "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ." } ] }, { "value": "Company E 2nd Battalion , 1st Marines", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2nd_Battalion,_1st_Marines", "summary": "2nd Battalion , 1st Marines ( 2/1 ) is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based out of Camp Horno on Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , California . Nicknamed The Professionals , the battalion consists of approximately 1,200 Marines and sailors . Normally they fall under the command of the 1st Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division ." } ] }, { "value": "Da Nang", "urls": [] }, { "value": "April 11 , 1970", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ralph E. Dias *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ralph_E._Dias", "summary": "Private First Class Ralph Ellis Dias ( July 15 , 1950-November 12 , 1969 ) was a United States Marine who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for heroism in Vietnam in November 1969 ." } ] }, { "value": "Private first class", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Private_first_class", "summary": "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ." } ] }, { "value": "Marine Corps", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps", "summary": "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ." } ] }, { "value": "1st Battalion , 7th Marines", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1st_Battalion,_7th_Marines", "summary": "The 1st Battalion , 7th Marines ( 1/7 ) is an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps . It is based at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms , consists of approximately 1,000 Marines , and is part of the 1st Marine Division . Famous Marines who have served in 1/7 include General Raymond G. Davis , General James Mattis , Lieutenant General Lewis Chesty Puller , and Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Quang Nam Province", "urls": [] }, { "value": "November 12 , 1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jesus S. Duran", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jesus_S._Duran", "summary": "Jesus Santiago Duran ( July 26 , 1948 - February 17 , 1977 ) was a U.S. Army veteran of the Vietnam War , and a recipient of the Medal of Honor ." } ] }, { "value": "Specialist four", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Company E , 2d Battalion , 5th Cavalry , 1st Cavalry Division ( Airmobile )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "South Vietnam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "April 10 , 1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Santiago J. Erevia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Santiago_J._Erevia", "summary": "Santiago Jesus Erevia ( December 15 , 1945 - March 22 , 2016 ) was a U.S. Army veteran of the Vietnam War and a recipient of the Medal of Honor ." } ] }, { "value": "Specialist four", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Company C , 1st Battalion ( Airmobile ) , 501st Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/501st_Infantry_Regiment", "summary": "The 501st Airborne Infantry Regiment ( 501st AIR ) , previously the 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment ( 501st PIR ) and later 501st Infantry Regiment ( 501st IR ) , is an airborne forces regiment of the United States Army , with a long history , having served in World War II and the Vietnam War , both as part of the 101st Airborne Division , as well as the War in Afghanistan . It is the first airborne unit by designation in the United States Armed Forces . Its 1st Battalion is assigned to the 4th Brigade Combat Team ( Airborne ) , 25th Infantry Division , located at Fort Richardson , Alaska . Its 2nd Battalion is assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team , 82nd Airborne Division , located at Fort Bragg , North Carolina ." }, { "url": "/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division", "summary": "The 101st Airborne Division ( Screaming Eagles ) is a specialized modular light infantry division of the US Army trained for air assault operations . The Screaming Eagles has been referred to as the tip of the spear by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and the most potent and tactically mobile of the U.S. Army 's divisions by former Chief of Staff of the Army GEN Edward C. Meyer ( ret ) . The 101st Airborne is able to plan , coordinate , and execute brigade-size air assault operations capable of seizing key terrain in support of operational objectives , and is capable of working in austere environments with limited or degraded infrastructure . These particular operations are conducted by highly mobile teams covering extensive distances and engaging enemy forces behind enemy lines . According to the author of Screaming Eagles : 101st Airborne Division , its unique battlefield mobility and high level of training have kept it in the vanguard of US land combat forces in recent conflicts . More recently , the 101st Airborne has been performing foreign internal defense and counterterrorism operations within Iraq and Afghanistan . The 101st Airborne Division has a history that is nearly a century long . During World War II , it was renowned for its role in Operation Overlord ( the D-Day landings and airborne landings on 6 June 1944 , in Normandy , France ) , Operation Market Garden , the liberation of the Netherlands and its action during the Battle of the Bulge around the city of Bastogne , Belgium . During the Vietnam War , the 101st Airborne Division fought in several major campaigns and battles , including the Battle of Hamburger Hill in May 1969 . In mid-1968 , it was reorganized and redesignated as an airmobile division and then in 1974 as an air assault division . The titles reflect the division 's shift from airplanes to helicopters as the primary method of delivering troops into combat . Many current members of the 101st are graduates of the US Army Air Assault School ." } ] }, { "value": "Tam Ky", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Daniel Fernandez *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daniel_D._Fernández", "summary": "Daniel D. Fernández ( June 30 , 1944 - February 18 , 1966 ) was a United States Army soldier in the Vietnam War who received the U.S. military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . Fernández was awarded the medal for his actions in Hậu Nghĩa province , Republic of Vietnam , in February 1966 - throwing himself on a live grenade , he sacrificed his life to save lives of the soldiers around him ." } ] }, { "value": "Specialist four", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Company C , 1st Battalion , 5th Infantry ( Mechanized ) 25th Infantry Division", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hau Nghia Province", "urls": [] }, { "value": "February 18 , 1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Candelario Garcia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Candelario_Garcia", "summary": "Candelario Garcia , Jr. ( February 26 , 1944 - January 10 , 2013 ) was a United States Army veteran of the Vietnam War , and a recipient of the Medal of Honor ." } ] }, { "value": "Sergeant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sergeant", "summary": "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ." } ] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lai Khe , South Vietnam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dec. 8 , 1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alfredo Cantu Gonzalez *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfredo_Cantu_Gonzalez", "summary": "Alfredo Cantu Freddy Gonzalez ( May 23 , 1946 - February 4 , 1968 ) was a United States Marine Corps sergeant who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for service in the Battle of Huế during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "Sergeant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sergeant", "summary": "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ." } ] }, { "value": "Marine Corps", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps", "summary": "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ." } ] }, { "value": "Company A 1st Battalion , 1st Marines", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1st_Battalion,_1st_Marines", "summary": "1st Battalion 1st Marines ( 1/1 ) is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based out of Camp Pendleton , California , consisting of anywhere from 800 to 2,000 Marines and Sailors , but the number fluctuates depending on the Battalion 's mission . They fall under the command of the 1st Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division . Commonly referred to as The first of the First ." } ] }, { "value": "Hue City", "urls": [] }, { "value": "February 4 , 1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jose Francisco Jimenez *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jose_Francisco_Jimenez", "summary": "José Francisco Jo Jo Jiménez ( March 20 , 1946 - August 28 , 1969 ) was a United States Marine Corps Lance Corporal who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for heroism in the Vietnam War in August 1969 ." } ] }, { "value": "Lance corporal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lance_corporal", "summary": "Lance corporal is a military rank , used by many armed forces worldwide , and also by some police forces and other uniformed organisations . It is below the rank of corporal , and is typically the lowest non-commissioned officer , usually equivalent to the NATO Rank Grade OR3 ." } ] }, { "value": "Marine Corps", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps", "summary": "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ." } ] }, { "value": "Company K 3rd Battalion , 7th Marines 1st Marine Division", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_7th_Marines", "summary": "The 3rd Battalion 7th Marine Regiment ( 3/7 ) is an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps . They are based at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms and consist of approximately 800 Marines . The battalion falls under the command of the 7th Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division . The battalion has seen combat in World War II , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , the Gulf War and was a part of the main effort during the initial invasion of Iraq in 2003 . In the Global War on Terror , the battalion has seen eleven sequential combat deployments ; five in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom , three in support of Operation Enduring Freedom , and three in support Operation Inherent Resolve . The unit has a long , decorated history with countless achievements . Its members were described as true professionals by embedded reporters during the 2003 invasion of Iraq ." } ] }, { "value": "Quang Nam Province", "urls": [] }, { "value": "August 28 , 1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Miguel Keith *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miguel_Keith", "summary": "Miguel Keith ( June 2 , 1951 - May 8 , 1970 ) was a United States Marine who posthumously received the United States 's highest military decoration - the Medal of Honor for heroism in Vietnam in May 1970 . Despite being severely wounded , he advanced on enemy attackers , allowing his platoon to rout the attack of a numerically superior enemy force ." } ] }, { "value": "Lance corporal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lance_corporal", "summary": "Lance corporal is a military rank , used by many armed forces worldwide , and also by some police forces and other uniformed organisations . It is below the rank of corporal , and is typically the lowest non-commissioned officer , usually equivalent to the NATO Rank Grade OR3 ." } ] }, { "value": "Marine Corps", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps", "summary": "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ." } ] }, { "value": "III Marine Amphibious Force", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quang Ngai Province", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 8 , 1970", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Carlos Lozada *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carlos_Lozada", "summary": "Carlos James Lozada ( September 6 , 1946 - November 20 , 1967 ) was a member of the United States Army who was one of nine Puerto Ricans who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for their actions in combat ." } ] }, { "value": "Private first class", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Private_first_class", "summary": "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ." } ] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Company A , 2nd Battalion , 502d Infantry , 173d Airborne Brigade", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dak To", "urls": [] }, { "value": "November 20 , 1967", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alfred V. Rascon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_V._Rascon", "summary": "Alfred Velazquez Rascon ( born September 10 , 1945 ) is a retired United States Army lieutenant colonel . In 2000 , he was awarded the Medal of Honor - the United States ' highest military decoration - for his actions as a medic near Long Khánh Province during the Vietnam War . On more than one occasion Rascon exposed himself to enemy fire and grenades by covering the bodies of those whom he was aiding with his own . In addition to Vietnam , Rascon also served as a medical officer in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq ." } ] }, { "value": "Specialist four", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Reconnaissance Platoon , Headquarters Company , 1st Battalion ( Airborne ) , 503rd Infantry,173d Airborne Brigade", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Republic of Vietnam", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam", "summary": "South Vietnam , officially the Republic of Vietnam ( RVN ; Vietnamese : Việt Nam Cộng Hòa ; French : République du Viêt Nam ) , was a country that existed from 1955 to 1975 , the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War . It received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam ( a self-governing entity in the French Empire ) , which was a constitutional monarchy ( 1949-1955 ) . The country was renamed the Republic of Vietnam in 1955 . Its capital was Saigon ( now Ho Chi Minh City ) . South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north , Laos to the northwest , Cambodia to the southwest , Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest , and the Philippines , Malaysia , Brunei , and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast . The Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed on 26 October 1955 , with Ngô Đình Diệm as its first president , after having briefly served as premier under Emperor Bảo Đại who was exiled . Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations . It had membership in several special committees of the United Nations , but its application for full membership was rejected in 1957 because of a Soviet veto ( neither South nor North Vietnam were members of the UN during the Vietnam War , but the united Vietnam became a member state in 1977 ) . South Vietnam 's origins can be traced to the French colony of Cochinchina , which consisted of the southern third of Vietnam which was Cochinchina [ Nam Kỳ ] , a subdivision of French Indochina , and the southern half of Central Vietnam or Annam [ Trung Kỳ ] which was a French protectorate . After the Second World War , the anti-Japanese Việt Minh guerrilla forces , led by Ho Chi Minh , proclaimed the establishment of a Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi in September 1945 , issuing a Declaration of Independence modeled on the US one from 1776 . In 1949 , anti-communist Vietnamese politicians formed a rival government in Saigon led by former emperor Bảo Đại . Bảo Đại was deposed by Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in 1955 , who proclaimed himself president after a referendum ." } ] }, { "value": "March 16 , 1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Louis R. Rocco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louis_R._Rocco", "summary": "Chief Warrant Officer Two Louis Richard Rocco ( November 19 , 1938 - October 31 , 2002 ) was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor - the United States ' highest military decoration - for his actions near the village of Katum , in the Republic of Vietnam , during the Vietnam War . Despite being wounded , Rocco saved three comrades from a burning helicopter ." } ] }, { "value": "Sergeant first class", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sergeant_first_class", "summary": "Sergeant First Class ( SFC ) is a military rank in some militaries and other uniformed organizations around the world , typically that of a senior non-commissioned officer ." } ] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Advisory Team 162 , United States Military Assistance Command", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Northeast of Katum , Republic of Vietnam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "May 24 , 1970", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jose Rodela", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jose_Rodela", "summary": "Jose Rodela ( born June 15 , 1937 ) is a U.S. Army veteran of the Vietnam War and a recipient of the Medal of Honor ." } ] }, { "value": "Sergeant first class", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sergeant_first_class", "summary": "Sergeant First Class ( SFC ) is a military rank in some militaries and other uniformed organizations around the world , typically that of a senior non-commissioned officer ." } ] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Detachment B-36 , Company A , 5th Special Forces Group ( Airborne ) , 1st Special Forces", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Phuoc Long Province , South Vietnam", "urls": [] }, { "value": "September 1 , 1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Euripides Rubio *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Euripides_Rubio", "summary": "Captain Eurípides Rubio ( March 1 , 1938 - November 8 , 1966 ) was a United States Army officer and one of nine Puerto Ricans who were posthumously awarded the United States ' highest military decoration for valor , the Medal of Honor , for actions on November 8 , 1966 , during the Vietnam War . Rubio was a member of the United States Army , Headquarters & Headquarters Company , 1st Battalion , 28th Infantry Regiment ( Black Lions ) , 1st Infantry Division , Republic of Vietnam ." } ] }, { "value": "Captain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)", "summary": "In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version ." } ] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 1st Battalion , 28th Infantry , 1st Infantry Division", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tay Ninh Province", "urls": [] }, { "value": "November 8 , 1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hector Santiago-Colon *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hector_Santiago-Colon", "summary": "Héctor Santiago-Colón [ note 1 ] ( December 20 , 1942 - June 28 , 1968 ) is one of nine Puerto Ricans who have been posthumously presented with the Medal of Honor , the highest military decoration awarded by the United States . His actions on June 28 , 1968 during the Vietnam War saved the lives of his comrades ." } ] }, { "value": "Specialist four", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Company B , 5th Battalion , 7th Cavalry , 1st Cavalry Division ( airmobile )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quang Tri Province", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quang_Tri_Province", "summary": "Quảng Trị ( Vietnamese : [ kwa᷉ːŋ ʈîˀ ] ( listen ) ) is a province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam , north of the former imperial capital of Huế ." } ] }, { "value": "June 28 , 1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elmelindo Rodrigues Smith *", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elmelindo_Rodrigues_Smith", "summary": "Sergeant First Class Elmelindo Rodrigues Smith [ note 1 ] ( July 27 , 1935 - February 16 , 1967 ) was a United States Army soldier , of Hispanic-Asian descent , who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Vietnam War . Despite being severely wounded , Smith inspired his men to beat back an enemy assault ." } ] }, { "value": "Sergeant first class", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sergeant_first_class", "summary": "Sergeant First Class ( SFC ) is a military rank in some militaries and other uniformed organizations around the world , typically that of a senior non-commissioned officer ." } ] }, { "value": "Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army", "summary": "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Company C , 2d Battalion , 8th Infantry , 4th Infantry Division", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Republic of Vietnam", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam", "summary": "South Vietnam , officially the Republic of Vietnam ( RVN ; Vietnamese : Việt Nam Cộng Hòa ; French : République du Viêt Nam ) , was a country that existed from 1955 to 1975 , the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War . It received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam ( a self-governing entity in the French Empire ) , which was a constitutional monarchy ( 1949-1955 ) . The country was renamed the Republic of Vietnam in 1955 . Its capital was Saigon ( now Ho Chi Minh City ) . South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north , Laos to the northwest , Cambodia to the southwest , Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest , and the Philippines , Malaysia , Brunei , and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast . The Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed on 26 October 1955 , with Ngô Đình Diệm as its first president , after having briefly served as premier under Emperor Bảo Đại who was exiled . Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations . It had membership in several special committees of the United Nations , but its application for full membership was rejected in 1957 because of a Soviet veto ( neither South nor North Vietnam were members of the UN during the Vietnam War , but the united Vietnam became a member state in 1977 ) . South Vietnam 's origins can be traced to the French colony of Cochinchina , which consisted of the southern third of Vietnam which was Cochinchina [ Nam Kỳ ] , a subdivision of French Indochina , and the southern half of Central Vietnam or Annam [ Trung Kỳ ] which was a French protectorate . After the Second World War , the anti-Japanese Việt Minh guerrilla forces , led by Ho Chi Minh , proclaimed the establishment of a Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi in September 1945 , issuing a Declaration of Independence modeled on the US one from 1776 . In 1949 , anti-communist Vietnamese politicians formed a rival government in Saigon led by former emperor Bảo Đại . Bảo Đại was deposed by Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in 1955 , who proclaimed himself president after a referendum ." } ] }, { "value": "February 16 , 1967", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jay R. Vargas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jay_R._Vargas", "summary": "Jay R. Vargas ( born July 29 , 1938 ) , is an American and a retired United States Marine Corps colonel who served in the Vietnam War . He received the Medal of Honor for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty in action , in 1968 . Vargas is one of four brothers who has served in combat in the United States Armed Forces in time of war - World War II , the Korean War , and the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "Captain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)", "summary": "In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version ." } ] }, { "value": "Marine Corps", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps", "summary": "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ." } ] }, { "value": "Company G 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2nd_Battalion,_4th_Marines", "summary": "2nd Battalion , 4th Marines ( 2/4 ) is an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps . The battalion , nicknamed the Magnificent Bastards , is based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , California and is a part of the 4th Marine Regiment and 1st Marine Division ." } ] }, { "value": "Dai Do", "urls": [] }, { "value": "April 30 , 1968 - May 2 , 1968", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Vietnam War", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Hispanic_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_3", "intro": "The Medal of Honor was introduced during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously. Sixty men of Hispanic heritage have been awarded the Medal of Honor. Of the sixty Medals of Honor presented to Hispanics, two were presented to members of the United States Navy, thirteen to members of the United States Marine Corps and forty-six to members of the United States Army. Forty-two Medals of Honor were presented posthumously. The first recipient was Corporal Joseph H. De Castro of the Union Army for his actions at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 3, 1863, during the American Civil War and the most recent recipient is Sergeant First Class Leroy Petry for his actions in Afghanistan. Corporal De Castro was a member of the Massachusetts Infantry, a militia that was not part of the regular army; however, Private David Bennes Barkley was a member of the regular army during World War I and has been recognized as the Army's first Hispanic Medal of Honor recipient. In 1864, Seaman John Ortega became the first Hispanic member of the U.S. Navy to receive the Medal of Honor and in 1900, Private France Silva became the first person of Hispanic descent in the U.S. Marine Corps to receive the medal. President Barack Obama awarded the Medal of Honor to 17 Hispanics on a March 18, 2014 in a ceremony in the White House. The award comes through the National Defense Authorization Act which called for a review of Jewish American and Hispanic American veterans from WWII, the Korean War and the Vietnam War to ensure that no prejudice was shown to those deserving the Medal of Honor. Fifteen recipients were born outside the United States mainland, one each in Chile and Spain, five in Mexico and eight in Puerto Rico." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksys_Games", "title": "Aksys Games", "header": [ "Title", "First release", "Developer ( s )", "Platform ( s )" ], "data": [ { "value": "Guilty Gear Xrd : Sign", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guilty_Gear_Xrd", "summary": "Guilty Gear Xrd [ a ] ( Japanese : ギルティギア イグザード , Hepburn : Giruti Gia Iguzādo ) is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . The 5th main ( 16th overall ) installment in the Guilty Gear series , Guilty Gear Xrd was developed using Unreal Engine 3 , with cel-shaded graphics in place of the series traditional hand drawn sprites . Following the storyline of the last game in the series , Guilty Gear 2 : Overture , it introduced seven new characters . The first Xrd game , Guilty Gear Xrd -Sign- was released in arcades on February 20 , 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 in Japan and North America in December of the same year . A digital-only release happened in Europe in June 2015 , and it was brought to Microsoft Windows via Steam on December 9 , 2015 . The game has been praised for its cel-shaded graphics and approachable gameplay , but criticized for its non-interactive story mode and smaller roster of characters . A sequel follow-up , [ b ] titled Guilty Gear Xrd -Revelator- , was released on consoles in May-June 2016 . An update title to Revelator titled Guilty Gear Xrd Rev 2 was announced at Arc System Works Fighting Game Award 2016 on January 14 , 2017 and released for Arcades in March 2017 , while PS3 , PS4 and PC versions were released worldwide at the end of May 2017 . The Rev 2 update patch for those who bought Revelator on PlayStation Store or Steam was released as a paid-DLC . The PS4 also received an exclusive physical disc version ." } ] }, { "value": "December 16 , 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arc System Works", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arc_System_Works", "summary": "Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/BlazBlue:_Chrono_Phantasma", "summary": "BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma , released in Japan as BlazBlue : Chronophantasma ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ , BureiBurū Kuronofantazuma ) , is a 2-D fighting game developed by Arc System Works . It is the third game of the Blazblue series , set after the events of BlazBlue : Continuum Shift . The game was originally to be released first as an arcade game in the early fourth quarter of 2012 , which was later pushed forward to November 2012 . A PlayStation 3 version of the game was released in Japan on October 24 , 2013 , while it was released in the United States on March 25 , 2014 . Due to limited hardware and disc space the game was not released on the Xbox 360 . An updated version of the game titled BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma Ekusutendo , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma Extend ) , dubbed as BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma 2.0 ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ ２.０ , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma 2.0 , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma 2.0 ) in the Arcade version , was originally released for Arcades in October 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in April 2015 . It was released on June 30 , 2015 in North America , with the European region version releasing on October 23 , 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "June 30 , 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arc System Works", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arc_System_Works", "summary": "Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "Aegis of Earth : Protonovus Assault", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aegis_of_Earth:_Protonovus_Assault", "summary": "Aegis of Earth : Protonovus Assault ( 絶対迎撃ウォーズ , Zettai Geigeki Wars : Metropolis Defenders ) is a 2015 real-time tactics video game developed and published by Acquire in Japan , with a western release by Aksys Games ( North America ) and PQube ( Europe ) coming the following year ." } ] }, { "value": "March 15 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Acquire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Acquire_(company)", "summary": "Acquire Corp. ( 株式会社アクワイア , Kabushikigaisha Akuwaia ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher , mainly known for their Tenchu and Way of the Samurai series ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "BlazBlue : Central Fiction", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/BlazBlue:_Central_Fiction", "summary": "BlazBlue : Central Fiction , released in Japan as BlazBlue : Centralfiction ( ブレイブルー セントラルフィクション , BureiBurū : Sentorarufikushon ) is a 2-D fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . It is the fourth game in the BlazBlue series , and is set after the events of BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma . It is also the final game with Ragna as the main protagonist . and serves as the conclusion of the Azure Saga that began in Calamity Trigger . Aksys Games confirmed that Central Fiction will not be receiving an English dub , making it the only BlazBlue title that was not dubbed at launch . In wake of the news that Central Fiction would not be dubbed , fans created a Change.org petition requesting an English dub via DLC ." } ] }, { "value": "October 6 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arc System Works", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arc_System_Works", "summary": "Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "Chronicles of Teddy : Harmony of Exidus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chronicles_of_Teddy:_Harmony_of_Exidus", "summary": "Chronicles of Teddy : Harmony of Exidus , known in its original Windows release as Finding Teddy 2 , is a 2015 action-adventure platform game created by French indie studio LookAtMyGame ." } ] }, { "value": "March 29 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "LookAtMyGame", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4 ( PSN )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." }, { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_Network", "summary": "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ." } ] }, { "value": "Guilty Gear Xrd : Revelator", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guilty_Gear_Xrd", "summary": "Guilty Gear Xrd [ a ] ( Japanese : ギルティギア イグザード , Hepburn : Giruti Gia Iguzādo ) is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . The 5th main ( 16th overall ) installment in the Guilty Gear series , Guilty Gear Xrd was developed using Unreal Engine 3 , with cel-shaded graphics in place of the series traditional hand drawn sprites . Following the storyline of the last game in the series , Guilty Gear 2 : Overture , it introduced seven new characters . The first Xrd game , Guilty Gear Xrd -Sign- was released in arcades on February 20 , 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 in Japan and North America in December of the same year . A digital-only release happened in Europe in June 2015 , and it was brought to Microsoft Windows via Steam on December 9 , 2015 . The game has been praised for its cel-shaded graphics and approachable gameplay , but criticized for its non-interactive story mode and smaller roster of characters . A sequel follow-up , [ b ] titled Guilty Gear Xrd -Revelator- , was released on consoles in May-June 2016 . An update title to Revelator titled Guilty Gear Xrd Rev 2 was announced at Arc System Works Fighting Game Award 2016 on January 14 , 2017 and released for Arcades in March 2017 , while PS3 , PS4 and PC versions were released worldwide at the end of May 2017 . The Rev 2 update patch for those who bought Revelator on PlayStation Store or Steam was released as a paid-DLC . The PS4 also received an exclusive physical disc version ." } ] }, { "value": "June 7 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arc System Works", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arc_System_Works", "summary": "Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "Exist Archive : The Other Side of the Sky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Exist_Archive", "summary": "Exist Archive : The Other Side of the Sky ( Japanese : イグジストアーカイヴ , Hepburn : Igujisuto Ākaivu ) is a role-playing video game developed and published by Spike Chunsoft , with assistance from tri-Ace , for the PlayStation Vita and PlayStation 4 video game consoles . It was released in Japan in December 2015 , and worldwide in October 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "October 18 , 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Spike Chunsoft , tri-Ace", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Spike_Chunsoft", "summary": "Spike Chunsoft Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社スパイク・チュンソフト , Hepburn : Kabushikigaisha Supaiku Chunsofuto ) is a Japanese video game development and localization company specializing in role-playing game ( RPG ) , visual novel ( VN ) and adventure game ( ADV ) titles . The company was founded in 1984 as Chunsoft Co. , Ltd and merged with Spike in 2012 . It is owned by Dwango . They created RPGs such as the first five Dragon Quest installments and the Mystery Dungeon franchise as Chunsoft , and the Conception series as Spike Chunsoft . They also created VN and ADV titles such as The Portopia Serial Murder Case , the Sound Novel series ( consisting of Otogirisō , Kamaitachi no Yoru , Machi and 428 : Shibuya Scramble ) and the Zero Escape series as Chunsoft , and the Danganronpa franchise as Spike Chunsoft ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tri-Ace", "summary": "N/A" } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "Guilty Gear Xrd : Rev 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guilty_Gear_Xrd", "summary": "Guilty Gear Xrd [ a ] ( Japanese : ギルティギア イグザード , Hepburn : Giruti Gia Iguzādo ) is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . The 5th main ( 16th overall ) installment in the Guilty Gear series , Guilty Gear Xrd was developed using Unreal Engine 3 , with cel-shaded graphics in place of the series traditional hand drawn sprites . Following the storyline of the last game in the series , Guilty Gear 2 : Overture , it introduced seven new characters . The first Xrd game , Guilty Gear Xrd -Sign- was released in arcades on February 20 , 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 in Japan and North America in December of the same year . A digital-only release happened in Europe in June 2015 , and it was brought to Microsoft Windows via Steam on December 9 , 2015 . The game has been praised for its cel-shaded graphics and approachable gameplay , but criticized for its non-interactive story mode and smaller roster of characters . A sequel follow-up , [ b ] titled Guilty Gear Xrd -Revelator- , was released on consoles in May-June 2016 . An update title to Revelator titled Guilty Gear Xrd Rev 2 was announced at Arc System Works Fighting Game Award 2016 on January 14 , 2017 and released for Arcades in March 2017 , while PS3 , PS4 and PC versions were released worldwide at the end of May 2017 . The Rev 2 update patch for those who bought Revelator on PlayStation Store or Steam was released as a paid-DLC . The PS4 also received an exclusive physical disc version ." } ] }, { "value": "May 25 , 2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Arc System Works", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arc_System_Works", "summary": "Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "Under Night In-Birth Exe : Late [ st ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Under_Night_In-Birth", "summary": "Under Night In-Birth ( アンダーナイトインヴァース , Andā naito invāsu ) is a visual novel and 2D fighting game co-developed by Ecole Software and French-Bread , known for the licensed fighting game , Type-Moons Melty Blood series . Since its initial arcade release in Japan , Under Night In-Birth has received numerous version updates , adjusting various system features and character attributes as well as adding several new playable characters to the roster ." } ] }, { "value": "Late 2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ecole Software , French Bread", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ecole_Software", "summary": "Ecole Software ( 株式会社エコールソフトウェア ECOLE SOFTWARE CORPORATION ) , commonly known as Ecole , is a Japanese corporation dealing in the development and sale of arcade and console video games , which was established on March 31 , 1989 , with representative director Yoshiyuki Manabe . Although the company was initially established in the Harbor Ward of Osaka City , the company is currently headquartered in Nishinomiya City of Hyogo Prefecture . Prior to entering the video game industry , Ecole was involved in CAD software development . The company marked its entrance into the industry by its release of Pappara : Paoon on November 22 , 1995 . That was shortly followed by the release of light gun shooter Death Crimson , which became an instant hit . In addition , the puzzle game Musapeys Choco Marker received high rankings among puzzle gamers . Ecole is also known for its role in gal games like Raindia , which features attractive characters , and gay games like Coxbax . However , the company has shifted its industry focus ever since the release of its greatly-successful arcade game Melty Blood . Act Cadenza . Ecole is mostly known associate with a video game developer company French Bread on mostly producing 2D fighting game products ." }, { "url": "/wiki/French_Bread_(game_developer)", "summary": "French Bread is a video game developer founded in 1995 as Watanabe Production ( 渡辺製作所 , Watanabe Seisakujo ) . Originally a dōjin circle , French Bread became well known for their work in 2D fighting games , particularly the Melty Blood series . In recent years , they have also worked on other licensed-based fighting games such as Dengeki Bunko Fighting Climax and their own original IP , Under Night In-Birth ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "School Girl/Zombie Hunter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/School_Girl/Zombie_Hunter", "summary": "SG/ZH School Girl/Zombie Hunter is a shooting video game . The game has been released in Japan on 12 January 2017 It has been described as a Zombie Panic shooting Action ( ゾンビパニック・シューティングアクション ) and it is considered within the Onechanbara videogames series : the setting is , in fact , the same universe . However , differently from the Onechanbara 's games , the game is set in a private institute attacked by zombies while five young girls students have to fight for their survival ." } ] }, { "value": "Late 2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tamsoft", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tamsoft", "summary": "Tamsoft Corporation ( 株式会社タムソフト , Kabushiki Gaisha Tamu Sofuto ) is a Japanese video game developer , founded on 26 June 1992 . Some of their most popular games were released for Sony 's PlayStation console , including the Battle Arena Toshinden series , early Choro Q games and Guardian 's Crusade . Tamsoft has also worked on the PlayStation 2 port of Sega 's Virtua Tennis 2 and Itadaki Street 3 for Enix , as well as several games in D3 Publisher 's Simple 2000 series . Some other famous series are Dream Club , OneeChanbara and Senran Kagura ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "Tokyo Xanadu eX+", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tokyo_Xanadu_eX+", "summary": "Tokyo Xanadu [ a ] is an action role-playing game developed by Nihon Falcom . The game is a part of the Xanadu series , and was developed out of Nihon Falcom 's desire to create a game of a different type and setting than their other role-playing game franchises , The Legend of Heroes and Ys . The game was first released in Japan for the PlayStation Vita in September 2015 , and worldwide in June 2017 . An enhanced version of the game , Tokyo Xanadu eX+ , was released in Japan for the PlayStation 4 in September 2016 , and worldwide in December 2017 , in addition to a Microsoft Windows version ." } ] }, { "value": "2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Falcom", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nihon_Falcom", "summary": "Nihon Falcom Corporation ( 日本ファルコム株式会社 , Nihon Farukomu Kabushiki Kaisha ) is a Japanese video game company who primarily develop role-playing video games , most notably in the Ys and The Legend of Heroes series . The company was founded in 1981 , making them one of the oldest role-playing game developers still in existence today . They are credited with pioneering the action role-playing game genre , the Japanese role-playing game industry , and the development of the personal computer software industry in Japan as a whole ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "Code : Realize ~Bouquet of Rainbows~", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Code:_Realize_−_Guardian_of_Rebirth", "summary": "Code : Realize − Guardian of Rebirth [ a ] is an otome visual novel video game developed by Otomate for PlayStation Vita , released in 2014 in Japan and in 2015 in North America and Europe . The game features a steampunk aesthetic and a cast of literary and historical figures , including Arsène Lupin , Abraham Van Helsing , Victor Frankenstein , Impey Barbicane , and Count Saint-Germain . A fan disc , Code : Realize − Future Blessings , [ b ] was released on November 26 , 2016 . Aksys Games localized both games in English . A second fan disc , Code : Realize − Shirogane no Kiseki will be released for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in Japan . An anime television series adaptation by M.S.C aired from October 7 to December 23 , 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "2018", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Otomate", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Otomate", "summary": "Idea Factory ( アイディアファクトリー株式会社 , Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former employees of Data East on October 26 , 1994 headed by company chairman Shingo Kuwana and president Yoshiteru Sato . On 30 September 2013 , Idea Factory opened their international branch based in California , under the name Idea Factory International . A subsection of Idea Factory develops otome games , under the name of Otomate ." } ] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "Death Mark", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Death_Mark", "summary": "Spirit Hunter : Death Mark [ a ] is a horror visual novel adventure game developed by Experience , and is the first entry in the Spirit Hunter [ b ] series . It was originally released by Experience in Japanese in 2017 for PlayStation Vita , and for PlayStation 4 , Nintendo Switch and Xbox One ; Aksys Games released the game in English for the same platforms except Xbox One , and additionally released a Microsoft Windows version in both English and Japanese . It is followed by two sequels : 2018 's Spirit Hunter : NG , and the upcoming Shibito Magire . The game was directed by Motoya Ataka and produced by Hajime Chikami , with art by Rui Tomono and Fumiya Sumio , and music by Naoaki Jimbo . It was well received by critics ." } ] }, { "value": "2018", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Experience Inc", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] }, { "value": "NG ( Visual Novel )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2019", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Experience Inc", "urls": [] }, { "value": "PlayStation 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PlayStation_4", "summary": "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Video games -- Console games", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_video_games_published_by_Aksys_Games_2", "intro": "Aksys Games Localization, Inc. is a video game publisher that specializes in translating and localizing Japanese video games for English-speaking markets. It was founded by Akibo Shieh in 2006. Some of its clients include Namco Bandai Games, Xseed Games, and Atlus USA. Aksys Games is best known for its involvement in the Guilty Gear series. It has become a full-fledged game publisher with the announcement of Eagle Eye Golf for PlayStation 2, and has expressed a desire to publish for all current platforms from Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony. The company's name is coincidentally similar to Arc System Works, with whom it has a partnership. Despite their similar names, and the partnership between them, neither company owns the other. Aksys Games publishes many games for Arc System Works in North America, and has even assisted the latter in releasing the Bit.Trip series in Japan. Aksys is also the North American distributor for the European publisher Rising Star Games." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_NFL/AFL_Draft", "title": "1968 NFL/AFL Draft", "header": [ "Original NFL team", "Player", "Pos", "College", "Conf" ], "data": [ { "value": "Atlanta Falcons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Atlanta_Falcons_season", "summary": "The 1968 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's third year in the National Football League ( NFL ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Grady Allen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grady_Allen", "summary": "Grady Lynn Allen ( January 1 , 1946 - December 4 , 2012 ) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for five seasons for the Atlanta Falcons . Born in San Augustine , Texas , Allen played defensive end for Texas A & M from 1965 to 1967 . During his senior year , he was a team captain , was given the annual Aggie Heart award by the team , earned all Southwest Conference honors , and helped the team to its first Cotton Bowl appearance in 27 years , where they upset Alabama 20-16 . Not chosen in the NFL draft , Allen played as a reserve linebacker in 59 games for the Atlanta Falcons over 5 seasons from 1968 until 1972 , recording 2 interceptions and 3 fumble recoveries . Allen played in all 14 games each season , except for 1971 , where an injury limited him to 3 games . Allen was inducted into the Texas A & M Hall of Fame in 1995 and served as president of the Texas A & M Lettermens Association in 2006 . Allen died of cardiac arrest on December 4 , 2012 . He is survived by his wife Kay and three children : Geoff , Dennis , who was the former Head Coach of the Oakland Raiders and is currently serving as the defensive co-coordinator of the New Orleans Saints . and Ann Marie ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "Texas A & M", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Texas_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Texas A & M Aggies football team represented Texas A & M University in the 1967 NCAA University Division football season as a member of the Southwest Conference ( SWC ) . The Aggies were led by head coach Gene Stallings in his third season and finished with a record of seven wins and four losses ( 7-4 overall , 6-1 in the SWC ) , as Southwest Conference champions and with a victory in the Cotton Bowl Classic over Alabama ." } ] }, { "value": "SWC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southwest_Conference", "summary": "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Atlanta Falcons", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Atlanta_Falcons_season", "summary": "The 1968 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's third year in the National Football League ( NFL ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Harmon Wages", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harmon_Wages", "summary": "Harmon Leon Wages ( born May 18 , 1946 ) is an American former college and professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League ( NFL ) for five seasons during the 1960s and 1970s . He played college football for the University of Florida , and thereafter , he played professionally for the Atlanta Falcons of the NFL ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Florida_Gators_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . The season was the eighth for Ray Graves as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team . Graves ' 1967 Florida Gators posted a 6-4 overall record and a 4-2 record in the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , tying for third among the ten SEC teams ." } ] }, { "value": "SEC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southeastern_Conference", "summary": "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ." } ] }, { "value": "Cincinnati Bengals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Cincinnati_Bengals_season", "summary": "The 1968 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's first year in professional football . Paul Brown , who left the Cleveland Browns following the 1962 season with National Football League ( NFL ) record of 115-49-6 , seven conference titles , and three NFL championships , had the urge to get back into football . His son Mike Brown did a study on pro football expansion and recommended Cincinnati as a potential site . In 1965 , Brown met with Ohio Governor James Rhodes and the two agreed the state could accommodate a second pro football team . 1966 - Fearful the Cincinnati Reds baseball team would leave town and feeling pressure from local businessmen pushing for a pro football franchise , Cincinnati 's city council approved the construction of Riverfront Stadium . 1967 - Brown 's group was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) expansion franchise . Brown named the team the Bengals , the name of Cincinnati 's pro teams in the old AFL of the late 1930s . The Bengals acquired their first player late in the year when they traded two draft picks to Miami for quarterback John Stofa . 1968 - The Bengals were awarded 40 veteran players in the allocation draft . In the college draft , they selected University of Tennessee center Bob Johnson as their first pick . The Bengals lost their first preseason game 38-14 to the Kansas City Chiefs before 21,682 fans at the University of Cincinnati 's Nippert Stadium . The Bengals upset the Denver Broncos 24-10 and the Buffalo Bills 34-23 in their first two regular-season home games ." } ] }, { "value": "Bill Peterson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bill_Peterson_(linebacker)", "summary": "Bill Peterson is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for five seasons for the Cincinnati Bengals one season with Kansas City Chiefs and one season with New England Patriots ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "San Jose State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_San_Jose_State_Spartans_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State College [ note 1 ] during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . San Jose State played as an Independent in 1967 . The team was led by third-year head coach Harry Anderson , and played home games at Spartan Stadium in San Jose , California . The Spartans finished the 1967 season with a record of two wins and seven losses ( 2-7 ) . Overall , the team was outscored by its opponents 166-286 for the season ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Cincinnati Bengals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Cincinnati_Bengals_season", "summary": "The 1968 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's first year in professional football . Paul Brown , who left the Cleveland Browns following the 1962 season with National Football League ( NFL ) record of 115-49-6 , seven conference titles , and three NFL championships , had the urge to get back into football . His son Mike Brown did a study on pro football expansion and recommended Cincinnati as a potential site . In 1965 , Brown met with Ohio Governor James Rhodes and the two agreed the state could accommodate a second pro football team . 1966 - Fearful the Cincinnati Reds baseball team would leave town and feeling pressure from local businessmen pushing for a pro football franchise , Cincinnati 's city council approved the construction of Riverfront Stadium . 1967 - Brown 's group was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) expansion franchise . Brown named the team the Bengals , the name of Cincinnati 's pro teams in the old AFL of the late 1930s . The Bengals acquired their first player late in the year when they traded two draft picks to Miami for quarterback John Stofa . 1968 - The Bengals were awarded 40 veteran players in the allocation draft . In the college draft , they selected University of Tennessee center Bob Johnson as their first pick . The Bengals lost their first preseason game 38-14 to the Kansas City Chiefs before 21,682 fans at the University of Cincinnati 's Nippert Stadium . The Bengals upset the Denver Broncos 24-10 and the Buffalo Bills 34-23 in their first two regular-season home games ." } ] }, { "value": "Tom Sherman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tom_Sherman_(American_football)", "summary": "Thomas Joseph Sherman ( born December 5 , 1945 ) was an American football quarterback for the American Football League 's Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 ) , Boston Patriots ( 1968-69 ) , and Buffalo Bills ( 1969 ) . In two seasons in the AFL , he played in 19 games and completed 92 of 228 passes for 1,219 Yards , 13 touchdowns and 16 interceptions . He also had 58 rushing attempts for 468 yards and 1 touchdown . Sherman signed with the New York Stars of the World Football League in 1974 . The Stars moved to Charlotte , North Carolina midway through the 1974 WFL season and became the Hornets . Tom played for the Charlotte Hornets in 1975 until the league folded in the twelfth week of the season on October 22 , 1975 ." } ] }, { "value": "QB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." } ] }, { "value": "Penn State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park , Pennsylvania ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Cincinnati Bengals", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Cincinnati_Bengals_season", "summary": "The 1968 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's first year in professional football . Paul Brown , who left the Cleveland Browns following the 1962 season with National Football League ( NFL ) record of 115-49-6 , seven conference titles , and three NFL championships , had the urge to get back into football . His son Mike Brown did a study on pro football expansion and recommended Cincinnati as a potential site . In 1965 , Brown met with Ohio Governor James Rhodes and the two agreed the state could accommodate a second pro football team . 1966 - Fearful the Cincinnati Reds baseball team would leave town and feeling pressure from local businessmen pushing for a pro football franchise , Cincinnati 's city council approved the construction of Riverfront Stadium . 1967 - Brown 's group was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) expansion franchise . Brown named the team the Bengals , the name of Cincinnati 's pro teams in the old AFL of the late 1930s . The Bengals acquired their first player late in the year when they traded two draft picks to Miami for quarterback John Stofa . 1968 - The Bengals were awarded 40 veteran players in the allocation draft . In the college draft , they selected University of Tennessee center Bob Johnson as their first pick . The Bengals lost their first preseason game 38-14 to the Kansas City Chiefs before 21,682 fans at the University of Cincinnati 's Nippert Stadium . The Bengals upset the Denver Broncos 24-10 and the Buffalo Bills 34-23 in their first two regular-season home games ." } ] }, { "value": "Sam Wyche", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sam_Wyche", "summary": "Samuel David Wyche ( /hwaɪʃ/ wysh ; January 5 , 1945 - January 2 , 2020 ) was an American professional football player and coach . He was a player and head coach for the Cincinnati Bengals and a quarterbacks coach for the San Francisco 49ers . As head coach , he led the Bengals to Super Bowl XXIII , which they lost to the 49ers 20-16 , relinquishing the lead on a last-minute touchdown . He was also known for introducing the use of the no-huddle offense as a standard offense ( as opposed to use at the end of the half ) . Wyche coached Cincinnati from 1984 to 1991 , and his 64 wins with the Bengals were the most by a coach in franchise history until he was surpassed by Marvin Lewis in 2011 . Wyche also played for the Washington Redskins , Detroit Lions , and St. Louis Cardinals . He also coached at the University of South Carolina and Indiana University , and for the San Francisco 49ers , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and Buffalo Bills ." } ] }, { "value": "QB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." } ] }, { "value": "Furman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Furman_Paladins_football", "summary": "The Furman Paladins football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Furman University located in the state of South Carolina . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Southern Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1889 . The team plays its home games at the 16,000 seat Paladin Stadium . They are coached by Clay Hendrix ." } ] }, { "value": "SoCon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southern_Conference", "summary": "The Southern Conference ( SoCon ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . Southern Conference football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-AA ) . Member institutions are located in the states of Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . Established in 1921 , the Southern Conference ranks as the fifth-oldest major college athletic conference in the United States , and either the third- or fourth-oldest in continuous operation , depending on definitions . Among conferences currently in operation , the Big Ten ( 1896 ) and Missouri Valley ( 1907 ) are indisputably older . The Pac-12 Conference did not operate under its current charter until 1959 , but claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference , founded in 1915 , as its own . The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was founded in 1914 , but ceased operation in 1996 . The Big Eight Conference claimed the same history as the Missouri Valley from 1907 to 1928 during its existence ; though it essentially merged with four SWC members to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 , the Big 12 does not claim the Big Eight 's legacy . The Ivy League was formally organized in 1954 with athletic competition starting in 1955 , but claims the history of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which competed from 1901 to 1955 , as its own . The SoCon was the first conference to use the three-point field goal in basketball in a November 29 , 1980 game at Western Carolina against Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) , where Ronnie Carr shot the historic shot from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) away and the Catamounts won 77-70 . The Southern Conference is considered one of the stronger football conferences in the Football Championship Subdivision and is considered a mid-major conference in basketball . It has also garnered considerable national attention from its recent success in these sports : in particular , former member , three-time Division I NCAA Football champion Appalachian State Mountaineers , who stunned the fifth-ranked Michigan Wolverines 34-32 on September 1 , 2007 ; from the Davidson Wildcats , who reached the Elite Eight in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by upsetting power programs Gonzaga ( a mid-major school which became a power program in the 2000s ) , Georgetown , and Wisconsin ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver Broncos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Denver_Broncos_season", "summary": "The 1968 Denver Broncos season was the ninth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . Led by second-year head coach and general manager Lou Saban , the Broncos improved their record from the previous season by posting a record of five wins and nine losses . They finished fourth in the AFL 's Western division for the sixth straight season ; the expansion Cincinnati Bengals finished fifth , allowing Denver to escape the cellar . There were threats of the Broncos relocating to Atlanta , Chicago , and Birmingham , Alabama . The 1968 season was the first in which Denver wore blue helmets with the trademark orange D logo . They wore this uniform through the 1973 season , altering the shade of orange in their jerseys in 1974 ; helmets remained the same until the 1997 season . In 1968 , Bears Stadium was sold to the city of Denver , which renamed it Mile High Stadium and built the upper deck along the west side , raising capacity to 50,657 ." } ] }, { "value": "Joe DiVito", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joe_DiVito", "summary": "Joseph Charles DiVito ( born September 2 , 1945 ) is a former American collegiate and Professional Football quarterback and punter for the Boston College Eagles and the Denver Broncos of the American Football League ." } ] }, { "value": "P / QB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Punter_(football)", "summary": "A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . The Eagles were led by sixth-year head coach Jim Miller and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . Boston College finished with a record of 4-6 for the second consecutive year . Head coach Jim Miller resigned at the end of the season , finishing with an overall record of 34-24 in six seasons at Boston College ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver Broncos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Denver_Broncos_season", "summary": "The 1968 Denver Broncos season was the ninth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . Led by second-year head coach and general manager Lou Saban , the Broncos improved their record from the previous season by posting a record of five wins and nine losses . They finished fourth in the AFL 's Western division for the sixth straight season ; the expansion Cincinnati Bengals finished fifth , allowing Denver to escape the cellar . There were threats of the Broncos relocating to Atlanta , Chicago , and Birmingham , Alabama . The 1968 season was the first in which Denver wore blue helmets with the trademark orange D logo . They wore this uniform through the 1973 season , altering the shade of orange in their jerseys in 1974 ; helmets remained the same until the 1997 season . In 1968 , Bears Stadium was sold to the city of Denver , which renamed it Mile High Stadium and built the upper deck along the west side , raising capacity to 50,657 ." } ] }, { "value": "Terry Erwin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Terry_Erwin_(American_football)", "summary": "Terrence Lester Erwin ( Born August 30 , 1946 in Weymouth , Massachusetts ) is a former American football player . He played college football for the Boston College Eagles and spent one season in the American Football League with the Denver Broncos ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Boston College", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . The Eagles were led by sixth-year head coach Jim Miller and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . Boston College finished with a record of 4-6 for the second consecutive year . Head coach Jim Miller resigned at the end of the season , finishing with an overall record of 34-24 in six seasons at Boston College ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Denver Broncos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Denver_Broncos_season", "summary": "The 1968 Denver Broncos season was the ninth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . Led by second-year head coach and general manager Lou Saban , the Broncos improved their record from the previous season by posting a record of five wins and nine losses . They finished fourth in the AFL 's Western division for the sixth straight season ; the expansion Cincinnati Bengals finished fifth , allowing Denver to escape the cellar . There were threats of the Broncos relocating to Atlanta , Chicago , and Birmingham , Alabama . The 1968 season was the first in which Denver wore blue helmets with the trademark orange D logo . They wore this uniform through the 1973 season , altering the shade of orange in their jerseys in 1974 ; helmets remained the same until the 1997 season . In 1968 , Bears Stadium was sold to the city of Denver , which renamed it Mile High Stadium and built the upper deck along the west side , raising capacity to 50,657 ." } ] }, { "value": "Billy Van Heusen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Billy_Van_Heusen", "summary": "Billy Van Heusen ( born August 27 , 1946 ) is a former professional football punter and wide receiver who played for the Denver Broncos from 1968 to 1976 . On Oct 6 , 1968 , he tied a franchise record with 12 punts against the Cincinnati Bengals" } ] }, { "value": "P / WR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Punter_(football)", "summary": "A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wide_receiver", "summary": "A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist ." } ] }, { "value": "Maryland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . In their first season under head coach Bob Ward , the Terrapins compiled a 0-9 record ( 0-6 in conference ) , finished in last place in the Atlantic Coast Conference , and were outscored by their opponents 231 to 46 . The team 's statistical leaders included Chuck Drimal with 669 passing yards , Billy Lovett with 499 rushing yards , and Rick Carlson with 309 receiving yards ." } ] }, { "value": "ACC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference", "summary": "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ." } ] }, { "value": "Green Bay Packers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "summary": "The 1968 Green Bay Packers season was their 50th season overall and the 48th season in the National Football League . The club posted a 6-7-1 record under first-year head coach Phil Bengston , earning them a third-place finish in the Central Division of the Western Conference . It was also the Packers ' first losing season since 1958 ." } ] }, { "value": "Errol Mann", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Errol_Mann", "summary": "Errol Denis Mann ( June 27 , 1941 - April 11 , 2013 ) was an American football placekicker who played in the National Football League from 1968-1978 . He was a member of the Oakland Raiders ' Super Bowl XI winning team . When attempting kicks , he used the straight-on style which is now almost never used by placekickers ." } ] }, { "value": "K", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Placekicker", "summary": "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ." } ] }, { "value": "North Dakota", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Sioux_football", "summary": "The North Dakota Fighting Hawks represent the University of North Dakota , competing as an independent program in the NCAA Division I 's Football Championship Subdivision . From 1973 to 2008 , they played in the NCAA 's NCAA Division II , winning the National Championship in 2001 . From 1955 to 1972 , they competed in the NCAA 's College Division where they participated in and won three bowl games . North Dakota fielded its first football team in 1894 . In 1922 , they were one of the 9 charter members of the North Central Conference , where they competed until 2008 when they upgraded all of their athletic programs to the Division I level and joined the Great West Conference . They joined the Big Sky Conference in 2012 . UND has won 26 conference championships , including 14 outright titles . They have qualified for NCAA postseason play 18 times , most recently in 2019 . North Dakota was ineligible for post season play during its transition to Division I from 2008 to 2011 . North Dakota left the Big Sky Conference for all sports in 2018 , joining the Summit League . Their football program will join the Missouri Valley Football Conference in 2020 . Although being classified as an independent for football in 2018 and 2019 , they will continue to play a full Big Sky schedule and their games will count in the conference standings for their opponents but the Fighting Hawks will be ineligible to win the conference championship ." } ] }, { "value": "NCIAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Central_Conference", "summary": "The North Central Conference ( NCC ) , also known as North Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference , was a college athletic conference which operated in the north central United States . It participated in the NCAA 's Division II ." } ] }, { "value": "Houston Oilers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Houston_Oilers_season", "summary": "The 1968 Houston Oilers season was the 9th season for the Houston Oilers as a professional AFL franchise ; The team would play their home games in the Houston Astrodome . The Oilers would become the first team in professional football to play their games in a domed stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "Steve Quinn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Steve_Quinn", "summary": "Stephen Timothy Steve Quinn ( born February 11 , 1946 in Pittsburg , Kansas , United States ) is a former American football center who played one season for the American Football League 's Houston Oilers ." } ] }, { "value": "C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)", "summary": "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ." } ] }, { "value": "Notre Dame", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind . ( Univ . )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_University_Division_independent_schools", "summary": "National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member ." } ] }, { "value": "Miami Dolphins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Miami_Dolphins_season", "summary": "The 1968 Miami Dolphins season was the team 's third in the American Football League ( AFL ) . The team improved on their 4-10 record from 1967 , finishing the season 5-8-1 and moving one place up in the AFL Eastern Division . In week 6 , the Dolphins tied the Buffalo Bills , 14-14 , the first tie in Dolphins history . The team was probably best known as being the first team to lose as the home team to the Cincinnati Bengals , as their week 11 loss to the Bengals turned out to be the Bengals ' only road win during their 1968 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Manny Fernandez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Manny_Fernandez_(American_football)", "summary": "Manuel Jose Fernandez ( born July 3 , 1946 ) is a retired American football player who played eight seasons for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League . He played in three consecutive Super Bowls for the Dolphins in the 1971 , 1972 , and 1973 seasons ." } ] }, { "value": "DE", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defensive_end", "summary": "Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played ." } ] }, { "value": "Utah", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Utah_Utes_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Utah Redskins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . Head coach Mike Giddings led the team to a 2-3 mark in the WAC and 4-7 overall ." } ] }, { "value": "WAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ." } ] }, { "value": "New Orleans Saints", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_New_Orleans_Saints_season", "summary": "The 1968 New Orleans Saints season was the team 's second as a member of the National Football League ( NFL ) . They improved on their previous season 's output of 3-11 , winning four games . The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season , and finished third in the Century Division of the NFL Eastern Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Tony Baker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tony_Baker_(running_back,_born_1945)", "summary": "Vernon Anthony Touchdown Tony Baker ( February 16 , 1945 - August 9 , 1998 ) was an American football running back in the National Football League . He played from 1968 to 1975 , and played for the New Orleans Saints , the Philadelphia Eagles , the Los Angeles Rams , and finally , the San Diego Chargers , ending his career with one Pro Bowl appearance in 1969 . Baker graduated from Burlington Community High School in 1963 , earning a scholarship to Iowa State University the following year where he would graduate in 1966 . He then played Semi-Pro ball for a season and a half , before being discovered by a talent scout for the New Orleans Saints . He would sign a contract with the Saints , and begin his NFL career the following year , making an appearance in the Pro Bowl in his second season . It was during this rookie season that sports broadcaster Howard Cosell gave him the nickname Touchdown Tony . He would end his career in 1975 , playing with the San Diego Chargers as a backup . On August 10 , 1998 , Baker was killed in a car accident on U.S. Route 61 , approximately 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of Burlington , Iowa following a high school class reunion . He was buried in Aspen Grove Cemetery in Burlington , next to his mother , with many of his old NFL teammates in attendance . His burial plot was chosen by his family with two trees in the distance appearing as though they were goalpost uprights . A misprint on his headstone has him named Vernon G. Baker , instead of Vernon A. Baker ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Iowa State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_Iowa_State_Cyclones_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State University in the Big Eight Conference during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . In their tenth and final year under head coach Clay Stapleton , the Cyclones compiled a 2-8 record ( 1-6 against conference opponents ) , finished in seventh place in the conference , and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 275 to 86 . They played their home games at Clyde Williams Field in Ames , Iowa . Dave Mayberry and Don Stanley were the team captains ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Eight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference", "summary": "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ." } ] }, { "value": "New York Jets", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_New_York_Jets_season", "summary": "The 1968 New York Jets season was the ninth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . The team had the most successful season in franchise history . Trying to improve upon their 8-5-1 record of 1967 , they won the AFL Eastern Division with an 11-3 record . They defeated the defending champion Oakland Raiders in the AFL championship game , and earned the right to play in Super Bowl III against the NFL champion Baltimore Colts . In a stunning upset , marked by fourth-year quarterback Joe Namath 's famous guarantee of victory , the Jets defeated the heavily favored Colts 16-7 . The Jets have yet to return to the Super Bowl and makes them along with the New Orleans Saints and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers the only teams to have been to just one Super Bowl and win it . On April 2 , 2007 , NFL Network aired America 's Game : The Super Bowl Champions , the 1968 New York Jets , with team commentary from Joe Namath , Gerry Philbin and Don Maynard , and narrated by Alec Baldwin ." } ] }, { "value": "John Dockery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Dockery", "summary": "John Dockery ( September 6 , 1944 ) is an American sportscaster and former American football defensive back who played for the New York Jets and later the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1968 to 1973 . He graduated from Brooklyn Preparatory a Jesuit High School where he lettered in Football , Basketball , and Baseball . He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Jets out of Harvard . He spent the last two years of his playing career with the Steelers . In 1965 , he played collegiate summer baseball for the now defunct Sagamore Clouters of the Cape Cod Baseball League . A first-baseman , Dockery played alongside future major league manager Bob Schaefer under Clouters ' manager Lou Lamoriello , who skippered the team to the 1965 league title . Following his retirement , Dockery went on to co-host Sports Extra on WNYW Channel 5 in New York City with Bill Mazer . He also served as a color analyst for College Football on ABC and NFL on CBS telecasts as well as a sideline reporter for College Football on CBS and Notre Dame Football on NBC . Dockery served as a sideline reporter for Monday Night Football broadcasts on Westwood One radio from 1999 to 2007 . Prior to that , he served as analyst for the network 's Sunday Night Football radiocasts , as well as sideline reporter for other games . Dockery continues to serve the game of football by co-organizing a youth football camp with Joe Namath that is in this 44th year . Additionally after his sports career Dockery founded Cambridge Corporate Services in 1998 , a New York-based outsourcing service provider ." } ] }, { "value": "S", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)", "summary": "Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender ." } ] }, { "value": "Harvard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football", "summary": "The Harvard Crimson football program represents Harvard University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I-AA ) . Harvard 's football program is one of the oldest in the world , having begun competing in the sport in 1873 . The Crimson has a legacy that includes thirteen national championships and 20 College Football Hall of Fame inductees , including the first African-American college football player William H. Lewis , Huntington Tack Hardwick , Barry Wood , Percy Haughton , and Eddie Mahan . Harvard is the eighth winningest team in NCAA Division I football history ." } ] }, { "value": "Ivy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ivy_League", "summary": "The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times ." } ] }, { "value": "Philadelphia Eagles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "summary": "The 1968 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise 's 36th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . They failed to improve on their previous output of 6-7-1 , winning only two games . Eagles fans expected to get O.J . Simpson if they went winless . They finished 2-12 , but the Buffalo Bills went 1-12-1 and got Simpson with the first pick . Before they won their twelfth game , the Eagles were on target for a winless season at 0-11 . They were the first team in the NFL proper to lose eleven consecutive games in one season since their own 1936 season , though in the AFL the 1962 Oakland Raiders lost their first thirteen games . One of the most infamous incidents in Philadelphia sports history came at halftime of the final game of the dismal 1968 season , when the Eagles were on their way to losing to the Minnesota Vikings . The Eagles had planned a Christmas pageant for halftime of the December 15 game , but the condition of the field was too poor . Instead , the team asked a fan dressed as Santa Claus to run onto the field to celebrate with a group of cheerleaders . The fans , in no mood to celebrate , loudly booed and threw snowballs at Santa Claus ." } ] }, { "value": "Wayne Colman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wayne_Colman", "summary": "Wayne Charles Colman ( born April 13 , 1946 in Ventnor City , New Jersey ) is a former American football linebacker who played nine seasons in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles and New Orleans Saints . He played college football at Temple University . A native of Ventnor , Colman played at Atlantic City High School and played in college for the Temple Owls football team ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "Temple", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Temple_Owls_football", "summary": "The Temple Owls football team represents Temple University in the sport of college football . The Temple Owls compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) . They play their home games at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Owls were a football-only member of the Big East Conference from 1991 until 2004 . Temple was expelled from the league due to a lack of commitment to the football program from university officials . Temple played the 2005 and 2006 seasons as an independent before playing in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) from 2007 to 2011 . In March 2012 , the Owls rejoined the Big East Conference , with football membership beginning in the 2012 season and all other sports beginning conference play in 2013 . That same year , the conference was renamed the American Athletic Conference after several basketball-only schools split off to form a new conference that kept the Big East name . Temple is the last original Big East football member still in the American Athletic Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "MASCAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Middle_Atlantic_Conferences", "summary": "The Middle Atlantic Conferences ( MAC ) is an umbrella organization of three athletic conferences that competes in the NCAA 's Division III . The 17 member colleges are in the Mid-Atlantic United States . The organization is divided into two main conferences : the MAC Commonwealth and the MAC Freedom . A third conference , named the Middle Atlantic Conference ( singular ) , draws members from both the Commonwealth and Freedom conferences and sponsors sports that only a certain set of members participate in , such as track & field and cross country ." } ] }, { "value": "St. Louis Cardinals ( NFL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)_season", "summary": "The 1968 St. Louis Cardinals season was the 49th season the team was in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team improved on their previous output of 6-7-1 , winning nine games . Despite the improvement , they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 20th consecutive season ." } ] }, { "value": "Cid Edwards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cid_Edwards", "summary": "Cleophus Cid Edwards , ( born October 10 , 1943 in Selma , Alabama - died April 6 , 2013 ) was a graduate from Tennessee State University who played professional American football in the NFL from 1968 to 1975 . Edwards , a running back , in his play for the San Diego Chargers , had one particularly good year , 1972 , wherein the Chargers ' offense largely consisted of lobbing screen passes to Edwards , who would rumble down field for much positive yardage . He is in a sense an obscure folk hero in Chargers lore ." } ] }, { "value": "RB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Tennessee State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Tigers_football", "summary": "The Tennessee State Tigers are the college football team representing the Tennessee State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship as a member of the Ohio Valley Conference ." } ] }, { "value": "Ind . ( Coll . )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_independent_schools", "summary": "NCAA Division II independent schools are four-year institutions that are not formally affiliated with any athletic conference . Schools that are members of a conference may also field intercollegiate teams in football , lacrosse , soccer , wrestling , and other sports not affiliated with a conference , usually due to their primary conference not having enough teams in a certain sport to enable sponsorship of the sport by that conference ." } ] }, { "value": "San Diego Chargers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_San_Diego_Chargers_season", "summary": "The 1968 Season was the 9th season for the San Diego Chargers as a professional AFL franchise ; the team improved on their 8-5-1 record from 1967 , finishing at 9-5 ." } ] }, { "value": "Jim Fetherston", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jim_Fetherston", "summary": "Jim Fetherston ( born June 1 , 1945 ) is a former American football linebacker . He played for the San Diego Chargers from 1968 to 1969 ." } ] }, { "value": "LB", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "California", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1967_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "summary": "The 1967 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) during the 1967 NCAA University Division football season . In their fourth year under head coach Ray Willsey , the Golden Bears compiled a 5-5 record ( 2-3 against AAWU opponents ) , finished in sixth place in the AAWU , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 195 to 155 . The highlight of the season was Cal 's beating Stanford and wining the Big Game for the first time in seven years . The team 's statistical leaders included Barry Bronk with 708 passing yards , Paul Williams with 432 rushing yards , and Wayne Stewart with 503 receiving yards ." } ] }, { "value": "AAWU", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pac-12_Conference", "summary": "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ." } ] }, { "value": "San Francisco 49ers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1968_San_Francisco_49ers_season", "summary": "The 1968 San Francisco 49ers season was the team 's 19th year with the National Football League , their 23rd season overall and the first for the team with new head coach Dick Nolan ." } ] }, { "value": "Woody Peoples", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Woody_Peoples", "summary": "Woodrow Peoples , Jr. ( August 16 , 1943 - October 12 , 2010 ) was an American football offensive lineman . The undrafted Grambling State University standout was a two-time Pro Bowler with the San Francisco 49ers , and a member of the 1980 National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles during his 13-year National Football League ( NFL ) career . Peoples was inducted into the American Football Association 's Semi Pro Football Hall of Fame 1989 ." } ] }, { "value": "G", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)", "summary": "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ." } ] }, { "value": "Grambling State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grambling_State_Tigers_football", "summary": "The Grambling State Tigers are the college football team representing the Grambling State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . The prominence of Grambling football is longstanding . The Tigers , under Hall of Fame coach Eddie Robinson ( who guided them to 408 victories in 55 seasons from 1941 to 1942 and 1945 to 1997 ) , were built as a small-school powerhouse with more than 200 players who played professional football . On September 24 , 1976 , Grambling State and Morgan State became the first collegiate football teams from the United States to play a game in the continent of Asia . GSU defeated Morgan State 42-16 in Tokyo , Japan . In fall 1977 , the GSU Tigers were invited back to Tokyo where they defeated Temple University 35-32 in the inaugural Mirage Bowl game . Among its accomplishments include : 15 Black college football national championships ( tied for second most in HBCU history ) and 26 Conference Championships ( 1 Midwest Conference & 25 SWAC ) . The Tigers have won the most SWAC Championships to date ." } ] }, { "value": "SWAC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference", "summary": "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Notable undrafted players", "section_text": "† = Pro Bowler [ 3 ]", "uid": "1968_American_Football_League_Draft_0", "intro": "The 1968 National Football League draft was part of the common draft, in the second year in which the NFL and AFL held a joint draft of college players. It took place at the Belmont Plaza Hotel in New York City on January 30-31, 1968. This was the last draft until 1980 in which the Washington Redskins exercised their first-round pick. Most of them were traded away by coach George Allen between 1971 and 1977 due to Allen's well-known preference for veteran players over rookies." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Canada", "title": "List of oldest buildings in Canada", "header": [ "Building", "Built", "City" ], "data": [ { "value": "Peter Secord House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1782", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Niagara-on-the-Lake ( St. Davids )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake", "summary": "Niagara-on-the-Lake is a town in Ontario , Canada . It is located on the Niagara Peninsula at the point where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario , across the river from New York , United States . Niagara-on-the-Lake is in the Niagara Region of Ontario , and is the only town in Canada that has a Lord Mayor . It has a population of 17,511 ( 2016 ) . Niagara-on-the-Lake is important in the history of Canada : it served as the first capital of the Province of Upper Canada , the predecessor of Ontario , called Newark from 1792 to 1797 . During the War of 1812 , the town , the two former villages of St. David 's and Queenston , and Fort George were the site of numerous battles following the American invasion of Upper Canada , and the town was razed . Niagara-on-the-Lake is home to the oldest Anglican and Catholic churches in Ontario , and the oldest surviving golf course in North America . Today , Niagara-on-the-Lake draws tourists with its quaint colonial-style buildings , the Shaw Festival , Fort George , wineries , an outlet mall on the highway , and its proximity to Niagara Falls . The Niagara Region has the second-highest percentage of seniors in Ontario . Niagara-on-the-Lake has been rated among the best places to retire in Ontario according to Comfort Life , a publication for seniors ." } ] }, { "value": "Peter Secord Grist Mill", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1782-1783", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Niagara-on-the-Lake ( St. Davids )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake", "summary": "Niagara-on-the-Lake is a town in Ontario , Canada . It is located on the Niagara Peninsula at the point where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario , across the river from New York , United States . Niagara-on-the-Lake is in the Niagara Region of Ontario , and is the only town in Canada that has a Lord Mayor . It has a population of 17,511 ( 2016 ) . Niagara-on-the-Lake is important in the history of Canada : it served as the first capital of the Province of Upper Canada , the predecessor of Ontario , called Newark from 1792 to 1797 . During the War of 1812 , the town , the two former villages of St. David 's and Queenston , and Fort George were the site of numerous battles following the American invasion of Upper Canada , and the town was razed . Niagara-on-the-Lake is home to the oldest Anglican and Catholic churches in Ontario , and the oldest surviving golf course in North America . Today , Niagara-on-the-Lake draws tourists with its quaint colonial-style buildings , the Shaw Festival , Fort George , wineries , an outlet mall on the highway , and its proximity to Niagara Falls . The Niagara Region has the second-highest percentage of seniors in Ontario . Niagara-on-the-Lake has been rated among the best places to retire in Ontario according to Comfort Life , a publication for seniors ." } ] }, { "value": "Mohawk Chapel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mohawk_Chapel", "summary": "Her Majesty 's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks in Brantford , Ontario is the oldest surviving church building in Ontario and was the first Anglican church in Upper Canada . It is one of only three Chapels Royal in Canada . In 1981 , the chapel was designated a National Historic Site of Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "1785", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brantford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brantford", "summary": "Brantford ( 2016 population 97,496 ; CMA population 134,203 ) is a city in southwestern Ontario , Canada , founded on the Grand River . It is surrounded by Brant County , but is politically separate with a municipal government of its own that is fully independent of the county 's municipal government . Brantford is named after Joseph Brant , an important Mohawk chief during the American Revolutionary War and later , who led his people in their first decades in Upper Canada . Many of his descendants , and other First Nations citizens , live on the nearby Reserve of Six Nations of the Grand River , 20 kilometers from Brantford ; it is the most populous reserve in Canada . Brantford is known as the Telephone City as the city 's famous resident , Alexander Graham Bell , invented the first telephone at his father 's homestead , Melville House , now the Bell Homestead ." } ] }, { "value": "Hawley House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1785", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bath,_Ontario", "summary": "Loyalist is a township in central eastern Ontario , Canada on Lake Ontario . It is in Lennox and Addington County and consists of two parts : the mainland and Amherst Island . It was named for the United Empire Loyalists , who settled in the area after the American Revolution . Loyalist Township was formed on January 1 , 1998 , through the amalgamation of Amherst Island Township , Ernestown Township , and Bath Village ." } ] }, { "value": "Secord ~ Paxton House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1785-1790", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Niagara-on-the-Lake ( St. Davids )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake", "summary": "Niagara-on-the-Lake is a town in Ontario , Canada . It is located on the Niagara Peninsula at the point where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario , across the river from New York , United States . Niagara-on-the-Lake is in the Niagara Region of Ontario , and is the only town in Canada that has a Lord Mayor . It has a population of 17,511 ( 2016 ) . Niagara-on-the-Lake is important in the history of Canada : it served as the first capital of the Province of Upper Canada , the predecessor of Ontario , called Newark from 1792 to 1797 . During the War of 1812 , the town , the two former villages of St. David 's and Queenston , and Fort George were the site of numerous battles following the American invasion of Upper Canada , and the town was razed . Niagara-on-the-Lake is home to the oldest Anglican and Catholic churches in Ontario , and the oldest surviving golf course in North America . Today , Niagara-on-the-Lake draws tourists with its quaint colonial-style buildings , the Shaw Festival , Fort George , wineries , an outlet mall on the highway , and its proximity to Niagara Falls . The Niagara Region has the second-highest percentage of seniors in Ontario . Niagara-on-the-Lake has been rated among the best places to retire in Ontario according to Comfort Life , a publication for seniors ." } ] }, { "value": "Joseph Clement House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1786", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Niagara on the Lake ( St. Davids )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Daniel Reynolds House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1786", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wellington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wellington,_Ontario", "summary": "Wellington is an unincorporated place and community in Prince Edward County in eastern Ontario , Canada . It has a population of 1,860 ( 2011 Census ) and is estimated to grow by 2032 to double that figure . The community is on the shore of both Lake Ontario and West Lake in the southwest of the county , and is a geographic hub for exploring much of Prince Edward County 's wine region . The renowned Sandbanks Beach , the northernmost of Sandbanks Provincial Park 's beaches , lands in the Village of Wellington , where it is called Wellington Rotary Beach . It is separated from the Sandbanks Provincial Park by a canal through the beach to Wellington Harbour . Wellington Rotary Beach , completed in 2009 , has a boat launch , boardwalk , picnic tables , sun shelter , washrooms , changerooms and an interpretive walkway ." } ] }, { "value": "Nelles-Fitch House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1791 ( rear portion is from 1787 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grimsby", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grimsby,_Ontario", "summary": "Grimsby is a town on Lake Ontario in the Niagara Region , Ontario , Canada . Grimsby is a part of the Hamilton Census Metropolitan Area . It is named after the English fishing town of Grimsby in north-east Lincolnshire . The majority of residents reside in the area bounded by Lake Ontario and the Niagara Escarpment . The escarpment ( colloquially known as 'the mountain ' ) is home to a section of the Bruce Trail . Grimsby has experienced significant growth over the past decade as the midpoint between Hamilton and St. Catharines . Growth is limited by the natural boundaries of Lake Ontario and the Niagara Escarpment . Some residents feel development is detrimental to the town as orchards close to the town centre are used for residential development ; however , most of the orchards in Grimsby were replaced by houses between the 1950s and 1980s and very few orchards remain . Some notable attractions in Grimsby are the local skatepark , the Grimsby Museum , the Grimsby Public Library , the Grimsby Public Art Gallery , the West Niagara YMCA , the Danish Church and the hockey arena ( Peach King Centre ) , home of the Grimsby Peach Kings ." } ] }, { "value": "Lake Lodge", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1792", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Niagara-on-the-Lake", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake", "summary": "Niagara-on-the-Lake is a town in Ontario , Canada . It is located on the Niagara Peninsula at the point where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario , across the river from New York , United States . Niagara-on-the-Lake is in the Niagara Region of Ontario , and is the only town in Canada that has a Lord Mayor . It has a population of 17,511 ( 2016 ) . Niagara-on-the-Lake is important in the history of Canada : it served as the first capital of the Province of Upper Canada , the predecessor of Ontario , called Newark from 1792 to 1797 . During the War of 1812 , the town , the two former villages of St. David 's and Queenston , and Fort George were the site of numerous battles following the American invasion of Upper Canada , and the town was razed . Niagara-on-the-Lake is home to the oldest Anglican and Catholic churches in Ontario , and the oldest surviving golf course in North America . Today , Niagara-on-the-Lake draws tourists with its quaint colonial-style buildings , the Shaw Festival , Fort George , wineries , an outlet mall on the highway , and its proximity to Niagara Falls . The Niagara Region has the second-highest percentage of seniors in Ontario . Niagara-on-the-Lake has been rated among the best places to retire in Ontario according to Comfort Life , a publication for seniors ." } ] }, { "value": "Meyer 's Mill", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1792", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Belleville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario", "summary": "Belleville ( Canada 2016 Census population 50,716 ; census agglomeration population 103,472 ) is a city located at the mouth of the Moira River on the Bay of Quinte in Southern ( Central ) Ontario , Canada , along the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor . It is the seat of Hastings County , but politically independent of it , and is the centre of the Bay of Quinte Region ." } ] }, { "value": "Queen 's Rangers ' Cabin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1792", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hamilton ( Flamborough )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario", "summary": "Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario . An industrialized city in the Golden Horseshoe at the west end of Lake Ontario , Hamilton has a population of 536,917 , and its census metropolitan area , which includes Burlington and Grimsby , has a population of 747,545 . The city is 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) southwest of Toronto , with which the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) is formed . On January 1 , 2001 , the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the amalgamation of the original city with other municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth . Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians . Since 1981 , the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario . Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens , the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum , the Bruce Trail , McMaster University , Redeemer University College and Mohawk College . McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 77th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2018-19 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Flamborough,_Ontario", "summary": "Flamborough is a district and former municipality in the city of Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . For most of its existence before amalgamation with Hamilton in 2001 , Flamborough comprised the former townships of East Flamborough , West Flamborough , and Beverly , as well as the village of Waterdown . The largest suburban community is the former village of Waterdown containing perhaps one third of its thirty thousand or so inhabitants . Other Flamborough communities include Carlisle , Christie 's Corners , Clappison 's Corners , Copetown , Freelton , Greensville , Lynden , Kirkwall , Millgrove , Mountsberg , Orkney , Peter 's Corners , Rockton , Troy , Sheffield , Valens , Strabane and Westover ." } ] }, { "value": "Sir John Johnson House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1792 ( oldest part )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Williamstown , Ontario", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Williamstown,_Ontario", "summary": "South Glengarry is a township in eastern Ontario , Canada on the Saint Lawrence River in the United Counties of Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry ." } ] }, { "value": "Old Hay Bay Church", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1792", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Adolphustown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adolphustown", "summary": "Adolphustown is a geographic area located in Greater Napanee , Ontario , Canada , on the Adolphus Reach of the Bay of Quinte in Lake Ontario . Adolphustown is now part of the town of Greater Napanee . The rural character of the Adolphustown region remains largely undisturbed today and the area , with its picturesque lakefront location , remains popular for the cultivation of apples and strawberries ." } ] }, { "value": "Fairfield House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1793", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bath,_Ontario", "summary": "Loyalist is a township in central eastern Ontario , Canada on Lake Ontario . It is in Lennox and Addington County and consists of two parts : the mainland and Amherst Island . It was named for the United Empire Loyalists , who settled in the area after the American Revolution . Loyalist Township was formed on January 1 , 1998 , through the amalgamation of Amherst Island Township , Ernestown Township , and Bath Village ." } ] }, { "value": "De Puisaye House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1794", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Niagara-on-the-Lake", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake", "summary": "Niagara-on-the-Lake is a town in Ontario , Canada . It is located on the Niagara Peninsula at the point where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario , across the river from New York , United States . Niagara-on-the-Lake is in the Niagara Region of Ontario , and is the only town in Canada that has a Lord Mayor . It has a population of 17,511 ( 2016 ) . Niagara-on-the-Lake is important in the history of Canada : it served as the first capital of the Province of Upper Canada , the predecessor of Ontario , called Newark from 1792 to 1797 . During the War of 1812 , the town , the two former villages of St. David 's and Queenston , and Fort George were the site of numerous battles following the American invasion of Upper Canada , and the town was razed . Niagara-on-the-Lake is home to the oldest Anglican and Catholic churches in Ontario , and the oldest surviving golf course in North America . Today , Niagara-on-the-Lake draws tourists with its quaint colonial-style buildings , the Shaw Festival , Fort George , wineries , an outlet mall on the highway , and its proximity to Niagara Falls . The Niagara Region has the second-highest percentage of seniors in Ontario . Niagara-on-the-Lake has been rated among the best places to retire in Ontario according to Comfort Life , a publication for seniors ." } ] }, { "value": "Bajus Brewery", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1794-1795", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kingston", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario", "summary": "Kingston is a city in Eastern Ontario , Canada . It is on the eastern end of Lake Ontario , at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River ( south end of the Rideau Canal ) . The city is midway between Toronto , Ontario and Montreal , Quebec . The Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east . Kingston is nicknamed the Limestone City because of the many heritage buildings constructed using local limestone . Growing European exploration in the 17th century , and the desire for the Europeans to establish a presence close to local Native occupants to control trade , led to the founding of a French trading post and military fort at a site known as Cataraqui ( generally pronounced kah-tah-ROCK-way ) in 1673 . This outpost , called Fort Cataraqui , and later Fort Frontenac , became a focus for settlement . Cataraqui would be renamed Kingston after the British took possession of the fort , and Loyalists began settling the region in the 1780s . Kingston was named the first capital of the United Province of Canada on February 10 , 1841 . While its time as a capital city was short ( ending in 1844 ) , the community has remained an important military installation . Kingston was the county seat of Frontenac County until 1998 . Kingston is now a separate municipality from the County of Frontenac ." } ] }, { "value": "Fairfield-Gutzeit House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1796", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bath,_Ontario", "summary": "Loyalist is a township in central eastern Ontario , Canada on Lake Ontario . It is in Lennox and Addington County and consists of two parts : the mainland and Amherst Island . It was named for the United Empire Loyalists , who settled in the area after the American Revolution . Loyalist Township was formed on January 1 , 1998 , through the amalgamation of Amherst Island Township , Ernestown Township , and Bath Village ." } ] }, { "value": "Brown-Jouppien House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1796 back/1802 front", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. Catharines", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Catharines", "summary": "St. Catharines is the largest city in Canada 's Niagara Region and the sixth largest urban area in Ontario , with 96.13 square kilometres ( 37.1 sq mi ) of land and 133,113 residents in 2016 . It lies in Southern Ontario , 51 kilometres ( 32 mi ) south of Toronto across Lake Ontario , and is 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) inland from the international boundary with the United States along the Niagara River . It is the northern entrance of the Welland Canal . Residents of St. Catharines are known as St. Cathariners . St. Catharines carries the official nickname The Garden City due to its 1,000 acres ( 4 km2 ) of parks , gardens , and trails . St. Catharines is between the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) and the Canada-U.S. border at Fort Erie . Manufacturing is the city 's dominant industry , as noted by the heraldic motto , Industry and Liberality . General Motors of Canada , Ltd. , the Canadian subsidiary of General Motors , was the city 's largest employer , a distinction now held by the District School Board of Niagara . THK Rhythm Automotive , formerly TRW , operates a plant in the city , though in recent years employment there has shifted from heavy industry and manufacturing to services . St. Catharines lies on one of the main telecommunications backbones between Canada and the United States , and as a result a number of call centres operate in the city . It is designated an Urban Growth Centre by the Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe , intended to achieve a minimum density target of 150 jobs and residents combined per hectare by 2032 or earlier ." } ] }, { "value": "Park House Museum", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Park_House_Museum", "summary": "Park House is a historic house museum , located in Amherstburg , Ontario , Canada . It was built in 1796 in Detroit , but moved to Amherstburg in 1799 . It has had many owners , the best-known being the Park family who owned it 102 years . In 1972 it was purchased by the Rotary Club of Amherstburg , becoming a local history museum and being renovated to portray life in the 1850s ." } ] }, { "value": "1796", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Amherstburg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amherstburg", "summary": "Amherstburg ( 2016 population : 21,936 , urban area : 13,910 ) is a town near the mouth of the Detroit River in Essex County , Ontario , Canada . In 1796 , Fort Malden was established here , stimulating growth in the settlement . The fort has been designated as a National Historic Site . The town is approximately 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) south of the U.S. city of Detroit , Michigan , facing Wyandotte , Grosse Ile Township , Brownstown Charter Township , Trenton , and Gibraltar , Michigan . It is part of the Windsor census metropolitan area ." } ] }, { "value": "Whirlpool House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1796", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Niagara Falls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario", "summary": "Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is on the western bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario , with a population of 88,071 at the 2016 census . The municipality was incorporated on 12 June 1903 . Across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls , New York . The Niagara River flows over Niagara Falls at this location , creating a natural spectacle which attracts millions of tourists each year . The tourist area , which stretches along the Niagara Parkway and promenade , is particularly concentrated at the brink of the falls . Apart from the river 's natural attractions , it includes observation towers , high-rise hotels , souvenir shops , museums , indoor water parks , casinos and theatres , mostly with colourful neon billboards and advertisements . Farther to the north or south , golf courses are operated alongside historic sites from the War of 1812 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Ontario", "section_text": "See also : List of oldest buildings and structures in Kitchener-Waterloo , List of historic buildings in Markham , and List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto The following is a list of oldest buildings and structures in Ontario constructed prior to 1830 , excluding the cities of Markham , Toronto , and the Kitchener-Waterloo area .", "uid": "List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Canada_7", "intro": "This is a list of the oldest surviving buildings and structures of significance in each province and territory of Canada." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships", "title": "Biathlon World Championships", "header": [ "Season", "Winner", "Runner-up", "Third" ], "data": [ { "value": "1984", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1984", "summary": "The 1st women 's Biathlon World Championships were held in 1984 in Chamonix , France ." } ] }, { "value": "Venera Chernyshova ( USSR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Venera_Chernyshova", "summary": "Venera Mikhailovna Chernyshova ( Russian : Венера Михайловна Чернышова ; born 5 March 1954 ) is a former Soviet biathlete . Chernyshova was a part of the Soviet biathlon team during the 1980s . In five World Championships for women from 1984 to 1988 , Chernyshova won five gold medals with the Soviet relay team . At the 1984 World Championships Chernyshova became the first female World Champion in the 10 km individual and the 5 km sprint . With the Soviet relay team she also won the first relay at the World Championships for women . Chernyshova also won individual medals at the 1985 World Championships with a bronze in the sprint , at the 1987 World Championships with a silver in the sprint and at the 1988 World Championships with a bronze in the individual . With seven gold , one silver and two bronze medals , Chernyshova is one of the most successful biathletes at the World Championships of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "Liudmila Zabolotnaya ( USSR )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tatiana Brylina ( USSR )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1985", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1985", "summary": "The 21st Biathlon World Championships for men were held in 1985 for the second time in Ruhpolding , in the then West Germany . The 2nd women 's world championships were held in Egg am Etzel , Switzerland ." } ] }, { "value": "Kaija Parve ( USSR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kaija_Parve", "summary": "Kaija Parve-Helinurm ( born 14 June 1964 in Tallinn ) is a former and so far most successful Estonian biathlete . She used to be a cross-country skier ( became Estonian champion in 1983 ) , but after hearing that there was a possibility to participate in World Championships , Parve switched to biathlon . After spending 7 years with Soviet biathlon team , she retired in 1990 due to pregnancy and getting married . In 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , women 's biathlon was held for the first time . The contestants , who won medals , had been beaten by Kaija with several minutes just few years earlier ." } ] }, { "value": "Sanna Grønlid ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sanna_Grønlid", "summary": "Sanna Grønlid ( born 2 May 1959 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete , world champion and world cup winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Eva Korpela ( SWE )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eva_Korpela", "summary": "Eva Korpela ( born 1958 ) is a former Swedish biathlete , world champion and world cup winner ." } ] }, { "value": "1986", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1986", "summary": "The 22nd Biathlon World Championships for men were held in 1986 in Oslo , Norway . The 3rd women 's world championships were held in Falun , Sweden ." } ] }, { "value": "Eva Korpela ( SWE )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eva_Korpela", "summary": "Eva Korpela ( born 1958 ) is a former Swedish biathlete , world champion and world cup winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Siv Bråten ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Siv_Bråten_Lunde", "summary": "Siv Bråten Lunde ( born 31 December 1960 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete who received five medals in the world championships during her career . She is now a teacher at Trysil Ungdomsskole . She has also helped Nikolai Hansen Bakken ." } ] }, { "value": "Sanna Grønlid ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sanna_Grønlid", "summary": "Sanna Grønlid ( born 2 May 1959 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete , world champion and world cup winner ." } ] }, { "value": "1987", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1987", "summary": "The 23rd Biathlon World Championships for men were held in 1987 for the second time in Lake Placid , New York , United States . The 4th women 's world championships were held in Lahti , Finland ." } ] }, { "value": "Sanna Grønlid ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sanna_Grønlid", "summary": "Sanna Grønlid ( born 2 May 1959 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete , world champion and world cup winner ." } ] }, { "value": "Kaija Parve ( USSR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kaija_Parve", "summary": "Kaija Parve-Helinurm ( born 14 June 1964 in Tallinn ) is a former and so far most successful Estonian biathlete . She used to be a cross-country skier ( became Estonian champion in 1983 ) , but after hearing that there was a possibility to participate in World Championships , Parve switched to biathlon . After spending 7 years with Soviet biathlon team , she retired in 1990 due to pregnancy and getting married . In 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , women 's biathlon was held for the first time . The contestants , who won medals , had been beaten by Kaija with several minutes just few years earlier ." } ] }, { "value": "Tuija Vuoksiala ( FIN )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tuija_Vuoksiala", "summary": "Tuija Vuoksiala ( born 25 August 1961 ) is a Finnish biathlete . She competed in three events at the 1994 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "1988", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1988", "summary": "The 5th women 's world championships were held in 1988 for the second time in Chamonix , France . This was the last time that separate world championships were held for women ." } ] }, { "value": "Anne Elvebakk ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anne_Elvebakk", "summary": "Anne Elisabeth Elvebakk ( born 10 May 1966 in Voss ) is a former biathlete from Norway . She has received twelve World championship medals . In 1988 she won the biathlon world cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Elin Kristiansen ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elin_Kristiansen", "summary": "Elin Kristiansen ( born 9 July 1968 ) is a former biathlete from Norway . She won two individual World Championships medals , one in 1988 when she won silver at the 10 km event and a bronze in 1990 from the sprint event . Her best Winter Olympic Games placing came in the 1994 Winter Olympics , when she finished fourth in the relay event , and her best individual placing was ninth , from the individual at the Olympic games 1992 in Albertville ." } ] }, { "value": "Venera Chernyshova ( USSR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Venera_Chernyshova", "summary": "Venera Mikhailovna Chernyshova ( Russian : Венера Михайловна Чернышова ; born 5 March 1954 ) is a former Soviet biathlete . Chernyshova was a part of the Soviet biathlon team during the 1980s . In five World Championships for women from 1984 to 1988 , Chernyshova won five gold medals with the Soviet relay team . At the 1984 World Championships Chernyshova became the first female World Champion in the 10 km individual and the 5 km sprint . With the Soviet relay team she also won the first relay at the World Championships for women . Chernyshova also won individual medals at the 1985 World Championships with a bronze in the sprint , at the 1987 World Championships with a silver in the sprint and at the 1988 World Championships with a bronze in the individual . With seven gold , one silver and two bronze medals , Chernyshova is one of the most successful biathletes at the World Championships of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "1989", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1989", "summary": "The 24th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1989 in Feistritz , Austria . These world championships were the first to hold the men 's and women 's championships simultaneously ." } ] }, { "value": "Petra Schaaf ( FRG )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Petra_Behle", "summary": "Petra Behle ( born Petra Schaaf on 5 January 1969 in Offenbach am Main ) is a former German biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "Anne Elvebakk ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anne_Elvebakk", "summary": "Anne Elisabeth Elvebakk ( born 10 May 1966 in Voss ) is a former biathlete from Norway . She has received twelve World championship medals . In 1988 she won the biathlon world cup ." } ] }, { "value": "Svetlana Davidova ( USSR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Svetlana_Petcherskaia", "summary": "Svetlana Vladimirovna Petcherskaia ( Russian : Светлана Владимировна Печёрская ) ; ( née Davidova ) , born November 14 , 1968 in Sverdlovsk , is a former Soviet Union biathlete . The first time women 's biathlon was contested at the Winter Olympics in Albertville in 1992 , Petcherskia won a silver medal in the women 's 15 km individual for the Unified Team . In the 1990/91 season she won the overall world cup . In 1990 she became world champion in the 15 km . During her career she won a total of 7 gold medals at World Championships , together with 3 silver medals and 1 bronze ." } ] }, { "value": "1990", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1990", "summary": "The 25th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1990 for the third time in Minsk , Belarus , at that time part of the Soviet Union , in Oslo , Norway and in Kontiolahti , Finland . Due to unconducive weather conditions during the season it was only possible to hold the individual competitions in Minsk . The sprints , the women 's relay and team events were held in Oslo and the men 's relay was finally held in Kontiolahti ." } ] }, { "value": "Svetlana Davidova ( USSR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Svetlana_Petcherskaia", "summary": "Svetlana Vladimirovna Petcherskaia ( Russian : Светлана Владимировна Печёрская ) ; ( née Davidova ) , born November 14 , 1968 in Sverdlovsk , is a former Soviet Union biathlete . The first time women 's biathlon was contested at the Winter Olympics in Albertville in 1992 , Petcherskia won a silver medal in the women 's 15 km individual for the Unified Team . In the 1990/91 season she won the overall world cup . In 1990 she became world champion in the 15 km . During her career she won a total of 7 gold medals at World Championships , together with 3 silver medals and 1 bronze ." } ] }, { "value": "Elena Golovina ( USSR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elena_Golovina", "summary": "Elena Golovina ( Russian : Елена Викторовна Головина ; born 16 February 1961 ) is a retired Soviet , later Russian biathlete . She has participated at the 1992 Winter Olympics . Golovina won the Overall World Cup in 1988-89 World Cup season . Golovina claimed 12 medals at Biathlon World Championships : ten gold , one silver and one bronze . She is second most successful woman of all time at Biathlon World Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Petra Schaaf ( FRG )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Petra_Behle", "summary": "Petra Behle ( born Petra Schaaf on 5 January 1969 in Offenbach am Main ) is a former German biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "1991", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1991", "summary": "The 26th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1991 for the second time in Lahti , Finland ." } ] }, { "value": "Petra Schaaf ( GER )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Petra_Behle", "summary": "Petra Behle ( born Petra Schaaf on 5 January 1969 in Offenbach am Main ) is a former German biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "Grete Ingeborg Nykkelmo ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grete_Ingeborg_Nykkelmo", "summary": "Grete Ingeborg Nykkelmo ( born 25 December 1961 ) is a former biathlete and cross-country skier from Norway . She competed in both events from 1982 to 1992 . She won four medals at the 1985 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Seefeld with a gold in the 20 km , a silver in the 4 × 5 km relay , and bronzes in the 5 km and 10 km . At the 1991 Biathlon World Championships in Lahti , she won a gold medal in the 7.5 km sprint and silvers in the 15 km individual and the 3 × 7.5 km relay . In 1980 she became Norwegian champion in 10 km cross-country running , representing Selbu IL . On the same distance she won one silver medal ( 1981 ) and three bronze medals ( 1979 , 1982 , 1985 ) . Nykkelmo won the Egebergs Ærespris in 1990 for her top achievements and also won one additional cross-country skiing event in 20 km in 1986 ." } ] }, { "value": "Iva Schkodreva ( BUL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Iva_Karagiozova-Shkodreva", "summary": "Iva Karagiozova-Shkodreva ( Bulgarian : Ива Карагьозова-Шкодрева ) ( born September 21 , 1971 , Samokov , Bulgaria ) is a former Bulgarian biathlete . She competed at the 1992 , 1994 and 2002 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "1993", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1993", "summary": "The 28th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1993 in Borovets , Bulgaria ." } ] }, { "value": "Petra Schaaf ( GER ) ( 3 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Petra_Behle", "summary": "Petra Behle ( born Petra Schaaf on 5 January 1969 in Offenbach am Main ) is a former German biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "Myriam Bédard ( CAN )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Myriam_Bédard", "summary": "Myriam Bédard , MSC ( born December 22 , 1969 ) is a Canadian retired biathlete . She represented Canada at two Winter Olympics winning gold medals , and a bronze medal . As of 2018 , Bédard is the only Canadian biathlete , male or female , ever to win an Olympic medal , and the only North American biathlete ever to win Olympic gold ." } ] }, { "value": "Svetlana Paramygina ( BLR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Svetlana_Paramygina", "summary": "Svetlana Paramygina ( sometimes Paramyguina ) ( Belarusian : Святлана Парамыгіна ) ( born April 5 , 1965 in Sverdlovsk , Russian SFSR ) is a former Belarusian biathlete . Her international biathlon career began in 1983 . In the 1993/1994 season she won the overall World Cup . The following year she finished second overall . At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . She won a silver medal in the sprint event . After the 2000/2001 season she retired as a biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "1995", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1995", "summary": "The 30th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1995 for the third time in Antholz-Anterselva , Italy ." } ] }, { "value": "Corinne Niogret ( FRA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corinne_Niogret", "summary": "Corinne Niogret ( born 20 November 1972 in Nantua , Ain ) is a former French biathlete . She won 2 Olympic medals and 15 medals in the Biathlon World Championships . In 1999/2000 she finished 3rd in the overall World Cup , and she has a total of 8 victories in World Cup races ." } ] }, { "value": "Uschi Disl ( GER )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uschi_Disl", "summary": "Ursula Uschi Disl ( born 15 November 1970 in Bad Tölz , West Germany ) is a German former biathlete . During her competitive career Disl was a 19-year veteran of biathlon and was a five time olympian , with two Olympic gold medals from the 4 × 7.5 km relays in 1998 and 2002 . She also has four silver medals ( two in 7.5 km sprint ( 1998 and 2002 ) , one in 4 × 7.5 km relay ( 1994 ) , and one in 3 × 7.5 km relay ( 1992 ) ) , and three bronze medals ( two in 15 km individual , 1994 and 1998 , and one in 12.5 km mass start , 2006 ) . She also has two World Championship individual titles , both won in Hochfilzen , Austria , in March 2005 , in the 7.5 km sprint and the 10 km pursuit . Dubbed Turbo-Disl by the German media , she lay second in the Biathlon World Cup table at the beginning of the Olympics behind fellow country-woman Kati Wilhelm , and finished fifth in the overall standings for the 2004/05 season . She has finished second overall three times in the Biathlon World Cup ( 1995/96 , 1996/97 and 1997/98 ) and has won forty World Cup races ( 28 single and 12 relay/team victories ) . This includes three wins at the Holmenkollen ski festival biathlon competition with one in 1995 ( sprint ) and two in 1996 ( sprint , pursuit ) . 2006 was Disl 's last Olympics and her final season . On 18 December 2005 , Disl was named German sportswoman of the year , becoming the first biathlete awarded , and beating speed skater Anni Friesinger and discus thrower Franka Dietzsch . Since 2012 , she resides with her Swedish boyfriend Tomas Söderberg in Sweden , and , like most German Nordic skiers , is in the military as a border patrol guard . They have two children ." } ] }, { "value": "Ekaterina Dafovska ( BUL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ekaterina_Dafovska", "summary": "Ekaterina Dafovska ( Bulgarian : Екатерина Дафовска ) ( born 28 November 1975 , Chepelare , Bulgaria ) is a Bulgarian biathlete . She did not take up the biathlon until 1992 . She made the national team in 1993 and came in 29th in the 15-kilometer competition at the Lillehammer Olympics the following year . She won a gold Olympic medal at the 15 km Individual event during the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . As of 2018 [ update ] , her gold medal is the only one won by a Bulgarian at a Winter Olympic games . Dafovska is an administrator from Chepelare ." } ] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1996", "summary": "The 31st Biathlon World Championships were held in 1996 for the third time in Ruhpolding , Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "Emmanuelle Claret ( FRA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emmanuelle_Claret", "summary": "Emmanuelle Claret ( 30 October 1968 - 11 May 2013 ) was a French biathlete . Her best performance came in 1996 when she became world champion in the Biathlon World Championships 1996 in Ruhpolding at 15 km . She also won a silver medal with the French relay at the same championships . She won the overall World Cup in 1996 . She has won three individual victories in the world cup . She died of leukemia on 11 May 2013 , aged 44 ." } ] }, { "value": "Olga Melnik ( RUS )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olga_Melnik", "summary": "Olga Ivanovna Melnik ( Russian : Ольга Ивановна Мельник ; born 12 May 1974 in Sovetsky , Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug ) is a Russian biathlete . At the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , she received a silver medal with the Russian relay team , which consisted of herself , Galina Koukleva , Albina Akhatova and Olga Romasko ." } ] }, { "value": "Olena Petrova ( UKR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olena_Petrova", "summary": "Olena Petrova ( formerly Elena Petrova ; born 24 September 1972 in Sharkan , Udmurtia ) is a former Ukrainian biathlete . Petrova had switched to competing for Ukraine when she was unable to land a spot on the Russian team . She is a Merited Master of Sports of Ukraine and a former member of Dynamo ( Ukraine ) . She débuted on the World Cup circuit in 1992 . Petrova ended her career in January 2008 ; to become a youth coach in Ukraine . She is a member of the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine ." } ] }, { "value": "1997", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1997", "summary": "The 32nd Biathlon World Championships were held in 1997 in Brezno-Osrblie , Slovakia . The pursuit races were contested for the first time in the world championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Magdalena Forsberg ( SWE )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Magdalena_Forsberg", "summary": "Magdalena Magda Forsberg ( born 25 July 1967 as Magdalena Wallin ) is a former Swedish cross-country skier and biathlete . She was the dominating female biathlete from 1997 to 2002 , when she retired , winning the Biathlon World Cup for six years straight . She is also a six-times world champion , a two-times Olympic bronze medalist , and holds the record for the most World Cup victories in women 's biathlon . She has been married to Henrik Forsberg , also a biathlete and cross-country skier , since mid-1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "Olena Zubrilova ( UKR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olena_Zubrilova", "summary": "Olena Zubrilova ( Belarusian : Алена Зубрылава Alena Zubrylava , Ukrainian : Олена Миколаївна Зубрилова , Russian : Елена Николаевна Зубрилова ; born February 25 , 1973 in Shostka , Ukrainian SSR ) is a Ukrainian born biathlete who has been competing for Belarus since 2002 . Prior to that , she had competed for Ukraine from 1991 until she changed her citizenship to Belarus in 2002 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ekaterina Dafovska ( BUL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ekaterina_Dafovska", "summary": "Ekaterina Dafovska ( Bulgarian : Екатерина Дафовска ) ( born 28 November 1975 , Chepelare , Bulgaria ) is a Bulgarian biathlete . She did not take up the biathlon until 1992 . She made the national team in 1993 and came in 29th in the 15-kilometer competition at the Lillehammer Olympics the following year . She won a gold Olympic medal at the 15 km Individual event during the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . As of 2018 [ update ] , her gold medal is the only one won by a Bulgarian at a Winter Olympic games . Dafovska is an administrator from Chepelare ." } ] }, { "value": "1999", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1999", "summary": "The 34th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1999 in Kontiolahti , Finland . Due to the cold , the individual and the mass start events were moved to Oslo , Norway . The mass start was contested for the first time in the world championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Olena Zubrilova ( UKR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olena_Zubrilova", "summary": "Olena Zubrilova ( Belarusian : Алена Зубрылава Alena Zubrylava , Ukrainian : Олена Миколаївна Зубрилова , Russian : Елена Николаевна Зубрилова ; born February 25 , 1973 in Shostka , Ukrainian SSR ) is a Ukrainian born biathlete who has been competing for Belarus since 2002 . Prior to that , she had competed for Ukraine from 1991 until she changed her citizenship to Belarus in 2002 ." } ] }, { "value": "Corinne Niogret ( FRA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corinne_Niogret", "summary": "Corinne Niogret ( born 20 November 1972 in Nantua , Ain ) is a former French biathlete . She won 2 Olympic medals and 15 medals in the Biathlon World Championships . In 1999/2000 she finished 3rd in the overall World Cup , and she has a total of 8 victories in World Cup races ." } ] }, { "value": "Albina Akhatova ( RUS )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Albina_Akhatova", "summary": "Albina Khamitovna Akhatova ( Russian : Альби́на Хами́товна Аха́това , Tatar : Albina Xəmit qızı Axatova ; born November 13 , 1976 ) is a Russian former biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "2000", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2000", "summary": "The 35th Biathlon World Championships were held for the second time in Oslo , Norway from February 19 to February 26 , 2000 . Due to fog , the men 's relay was moved to Lahti , Finland on March 11 ." } ] }, { "value": "Corinne Niogret ( FRA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corinne_Niogret", "summary": "Corinne Niogret ( born 20 November 1972 in Nantua , Ain ) is a former French biathlete . She won 2 Olympic medals and 15 medals in the Biathlon World Championships . In 1999/2000 she finished 3rd in the overall World Cup , and she has a total of 8 victories in World Cup races ." } ] }, { "value": "Shumei Yu ( CHN )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shumei_Yu", "summary": "Shumei Yu ( born October 20 , 1977 in Dalian ) is a Chinese former cross-country skier and biathlete . She competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Magdalena Forsberg ( SWE )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Magdalena_Forsberg", "summary": "Magdalena Magda Forsberg ( born 25 July 1967 as Magdalena Wallin ) is a former Swedish cross-country skier and biathlete . She was the dominating female biathlete from 1997 to 2002 , when she retired , winning the Biathlon World Cup for six years straight . She is also a six-times world champion , a two-times Olympic bronze medalist , and holds the record for the most World Cup victories in women 's biathlon . She has been married to Henrik Forsberg , also a biathlete and cross-country skier , since mid-1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "2001", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2001", "summary": "The 36th Biathlon World Championships were held in 2001 for the second time in Pokljuka , Slovenia ." } ] }, { "value": "Magdalena Forsberg ( SWE )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Magdalena_Forsberg", "summary": "Magdalena Magda Forsberg ( born 25 July 1967 as Magdalena Wallin ) is a former Swedish cross-country skier and biathlete . She was the dominating female biathlete from 1997 to 2002 , when she retired , winning the Biathlon World Cup for six years straight . She is also a six-times world champion , a two-times Olympic bronze medalist , and holds the record for the most World Cup victories in women 's biathlon . She has been married to Henrik Forsberg , also a biathlete and cross-country skier , since mid-1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "Liv Grete Poirée ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Liv_Grete_Skjelbreid_Poirée", "summary": "Liv Grete Skjelbreid ( born 7 July 1974 ) from Hålandsdal , Fusa , near the city of Bergen in western Norway , is a former professional biathlete . On 20 March 2006 , Liv Grete announced her retirement , effective at the end of the season which ended on 26 March at the Holmenkollen . She said that she was retiring because of her young daughter , Emma , her family and because she did not have the motivation to continue ." } ] }, { "value": "Olena Zubrilova ( UKR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olena_Zubrilova", "summary": "Olena Zubrilova ( Belarusian : Алена Зубрылава Alena Zubrylava , Ukrainian : Олена Миколаївна Зубрилова , Russian : Елена Николаевна Зубрилова ; born February 25 , 1973 in Shostka , Ukrainian SSR ) is a Ukrainian born biathlete who has been competing for Belarus since 2002 . Prior to that , she had competed for Ukraine from 1991 until she changed her citizenship to Belarus in 2002 ." } ] }, { "value": "2003", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2003", "summary": "The 38th Biathlon World Championships were held in 2003 in Khanty-Mansiysk , Russia ." } ] }, { "value": "Kateřina Holubcová ( CZE )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kateřina_Holubcová", "summary": "Kateřina Holubcová-Jakešová ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈkatɛr̝ɪna ˈɦoluptsovaː ] ) ( born June 28 , 1976 in Ústí nad Labem ) is a former Czech biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "Olena Zubrilova ( BLR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olena_Zubrilova", "summary": "Olena Zubrilova ( Belarusian : Алена Зубрылава Alena Zubrylava , Ukrainian : Олена Миколаївна Зубрилова , Russian : Елена Николаевна Зубрилова ; born February 25 , 1973 in Shostka , Ukrainian SSR ) is a Ukrainian born biathlete who has been competing for Belarus since 2002 . Prior to that , she had competed for Ukraine from 1991 until she changed her citizenship to Belarus in 2002 ." } ] }, { "value": "Gunn Margit Andreassen ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gunn_Margit_Andreassen", "summary": "Gunn Margit Aas Andreassen ( born 23 July 1973 in Kristiansand ) is a former Norwegian biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "2004", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2004", "summary": "The 39th Biathlon World Championships were held in 2004 in Oberhof , Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "Olga Pyleva ( RUS )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olga_Medvedtseva", "summary": "Olga Valeryevna Medvedtseva ( Russian : Ольга Валерьевна Медведцева ) , former Pyleva ( Russian : Пылёва ) , née Zamorozova ( Russian : Заморозова ) , ( born 7 July 1975 ) is a former Russian biathlete . At the 2002 Winter Olympics she won an individual gold medal in the 10 km pursuit , as well as the bronze medal in the team relay . Pyleva also won twice at the Holmenkollen ski festival biathlon competition during the 2004-05 season in the sprint and pursuit events . She retired after the 2009-10 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Albina Akhatova ( RUS )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Albina_Akhatova", "summary": "Albina Khamitovna Akhatova ( Russian : Альби́на Хами́товна Аха́това , Tatar : Albina Xəmit qızı Axatova ; born November 13 , 1976 ) is a Russian former biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "Olena Petrova ( UKR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Olena_Petrova", "summary": "Olena Petrova ( formerly Elena Petrova ; born 24 September 1972 in Sharkan , Udmurtia ) is a former Ukrainian biathlete . Petrova had switched to competing for Ukraine when she was unable to land a spot on the Russian team . She is a Merited Master of Sports of Ukraine and a former member of Dynamo ( Ukraine ) . She débuted on the World Cup circuit in 1992 . Petrova ended her career in January 2008 ; to become a youth coach in Ukraine . She is a member of the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine ." } ] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2005", "summary": "The 40th Biathlon World Championships were held in 2005 for the third time in Hochfilzen , Austria from 4 to 13 March . Approximately 80,000 spectators went to see the competitions . The mixed relay , contested for the first time in the World Championships , was held in Khanty-Mansiysk , Russia ." } ] }, { "value": "Andrea Henkel ( GER )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrea_Henkel", "summary": "Andrea Burke , née Henkel ( born December 10 , 1977 ) is a retired German professional biathlete and the younger sister of Manuela Henkel , a successful cross-country skier . She trained at SV Großbreitenbach . Andrea Henkel started out as a cross-country skier but later specialised in biathlon when women 's biathlon became an Olympic sport . Since the 1998/99 season , she was a regular member of the German team in the Biathlon World Cup . After several top-ten results , she could win her first World Cup event in 1999 , her second year . She was most successful in the 2006/07 season , which she finished first in the overall standings . Henkel has won four Olympic medals : one gold medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in the 15 km individual , and a gold ( 2002 ) , silver ( 2006 ) and bronze ( 2010 ) medal in relay competitions . She is also the first biathlete to become world champion in each individual event : 2005 in the 15 km individual , 2007 in the 12.5 km mass start , and 2008 in the 7.5 km sprint and subsequent 10 km pursuit . She has won a total of eight gold , six silver and two bronze medals at world championships . She retired from the sport at the end of the 2013/14 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Ribo Sun ( CHN )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sun_Ribo", "summary": "Sun Ribo ( born December 18 , 1976 in Zhangwu ) is a former Chinese biathlete who competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics , the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2006 Winter Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "Linda Tjørhom ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linda_Grubben", "summary": "Linda Grubben ( née Linda Tjørhom ; 13 September 1979 in Stavanger ) is a retired Norwegian biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "2007", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2007", "summary": "The 41st Biathlon World Championships were held in 2007 for the fourth time in Antholz-Anterselva , Italy from February 2 to February 11 ." } ] }, { "value": "Linda Grubben ( NOR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linda_Grubben", "summary": "Linda Grubben ( née Linda Tjørhom ; 13 September 1979 in Stavanger ) is a retired Norwegian biathlete ." } ] }, { "value": "Florence Baverel-Robert ( FRA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florence_Baverel-Robert", "summary": "Florence Baverel ( born 24 May 1974 in Pontarlier , Doubs ) , is a retired French biathlete who competed in the biathlon at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . Baverel-Robert won the gold medal in the women 's 7.5 km sprint . She placed 26th in the women 's 15 km individual event , 5th in the 12.5 km mass start and 13th in the 10 km pursuit final . She married fellow French biathlete Julien Robert . They have one daughter Rose . Now they are divorced . At the end of the 2006-07 World Cup season , which she finished in 5th place in the overall standings ( her best career result ) , she announced the end of her career ." } ] }, { "value": "Martina Glagow ( GER )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martina_Beck", "summary": "Martina Molly Beck ( born Martina Glagow ; 21 September 1979 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , West Germany ) , is a retired German biathlete . She now lives in Mittenwald in Bavaria . She was most successful in the 2002-03 season , when she was the first German to win the women 's overall Biathlon World Cup . She is also a three-times world champion and three-times Olympic silver medalist . She married the Austrian biathlete Günther Beck on 24 July 2008 and is now known as Martina Beck . She has one daughter named Hilde ( born 1 April 2011 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2008", "summary": "The 42nd Biathlon World Championships were held in Östersund , Sweden from 8 to 17 February 2008 . It was the second time Östersund was hosting the Biathlon World Championships , the first being in 1970 . It was also 50 years after the first Biathlon World Championships , which were held 1958 in Saalfelden , Austria . There were a total of 11 competitions : sprint , pursuit , individual , mass start , and relay races for men and women , and the relatively new mixed relay . The championships were dominated by the German , Norwegian , and Russian teams , which would win every competition and 28 of the 33 available medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Ekaterina Iourieva ( RUS )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ekaterina_Iourieva", "summary": "Ekaterina Valeryevna Iourieva ( Russian : Екатерина Валерьевна Юрьева ; born June 11 , 1983 in Chaykovsky , Perm Krai ) is a Russian former biathlete and 2008 World Champion in the 15 km individual . She was known for her outstanding shooting speed ." } ] }, { "value": "Martina Glagow ( GER )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martina_Beck", "summary": "Martina Molly Beck ( born Martina Glagow ; 21 September 1979 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , West Germany ) , is a retired German biathlete . She now lives in Mittenwald in Bavaria . She was most successful in the 2002-03 season , when she was the first German to win the women 's overall Biathlon World Cup . She is also a three-times world champion and three-times Olympic silver medalist . She married the Austrian biathlete Günther Beck on 24 July 2008 and is now known as Martina Beck . She has one daughter named Hilde ( born 1 April 2011 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Oksana Khvostenko ( UKR )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oksana_Khvostenko", "summary": "Oksana Khvostenko ( Ukrainian : Оксана Хвостенко ) ( born November 27 , 1977 in Chernihiv ) is a Ukrainian biathlete . She is a multiple medalist at the World Championships . In 2008 together with Andriy Deryzemlya she won World Team Challenge ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Women -- Individual ( 15 km )", "section_text": "This event was first held in 1984 . Through 1988 the distance was 10 km .", "uid": "Biathlon_World_Championships_6", "intro": "The first Biathlon World Championships (BWCH) was held in 1958, with individual and team contests for men. The number of events has grown significantly over the years. Beginning in 1984, women biathletes had their own World Championships, and finally, from 1989, both genders have been participating in joint BWCHs. In 1978 the development was enhanced by the change from the large army rifle calibre to a small bore rifle, while the range to the target was reduced from 150 to 50 meters." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inactive_United_States_Navy_aircraft_squadrons", "title": "List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons", "header": [ "Designation", "Nickname", "Aircraft", "Establishment and Redesignation ( if applicable ) Dates", "Disestablished as", "Disestablished Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "RVAH-1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RVAH-1", "summary": "RVAH-1 was a Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron of the U.S. Navy . Originally established as Heavy Attack Squadron One ( VAH-1 ) on 1 November 1955 , it was redesignated as Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron One ( RVAH-1 ) on 1 September 1964 . The squadron was disestablished on 29 January 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "Smokin ' Tigers", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RA-5C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RA-5C", "summary": "The North American A-5 Vigilante was an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy . It set several world records , including long-distance speed and altitude records . Until the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations , it was designated the A3J Vigilante . The aircraft briefly replaced the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior as the Navy 's primary nuclear-strike aircraft , but its RA-5C tactical strike reconnaissance variant saw extensive service during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "VAH-1 : 1 Nov 1955-1 Sep 1964 ( same sqdn listed in VAH section ) RVAH-1 : 1 Sep 1964 - 29 Jan 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-1 Disestablished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29 January 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RVAH-3", "summary": "RVAH-3 was a Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron of the U.S. Navy that served as the Fleet Replacement Squadron ( FRS ) for the RVAH community . Originally established as Heavy Attack Squadron Three ( VAH-3 ) on 15 June 1956 , it was redesignated as Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron Three ( RVAH-3 ) on 1 July 1964 . The squadron was disestablished on 17 August 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "Sea Dragons", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RA-5C TA-3B TA-4J", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RA-5C", "summary": "The North American A-5 Vigilante was an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy . It set several world records , including long-distance speed and altitude records . Until the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations , it was designated the A3J Vigilante . The aircraft briefly replaced the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior as the Navy 's primary nuclear-strike aircraft , but its RA-5C tactical strike reconnaissance variant saw extensive service during the Vietnam War ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior", "summary": "The Douglas A-3 Skywarrior was a jet-powered strategic bomber developed and produced by the Douglas Aircraft Company . It was designed by Douglas on behalf of the United States Navy , which sought a carrier-capable strategic bomber . During July 1949 , Douglas was awarded the contract to produce its design , having bested eight other aircraft companies ' submissions . Unlike rival designs , which had aimed for a 100,000 lb ( 45,000 kg ) maximum take-off weight , the Skywarrior was developed for a 68,000 lb ( 31,000 kg ) take-off weight , facilitating its use from the navy 's existing Midway-class aircraft carriers . Large portions of the aircraft were produced by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation , including its early Westinghouse J40 turbojet engines , which failed to meet promises and were replaced by the rival Pratt & Whitney J57 engine by mid-1953 . On 28 October 1952 , the prototype XA3D-1 performed the type 's maiden flight . On 31 March 1956 , the Skywarrior entered squadron service with the Navy . Initially used in the nuclear-armed strategic bomber role , the emergence of effective ballistic missiles led to this mission being deprioritised by the early 1960s . Throughout the majority of its later service life , the Skywarrior was tasked with various secondary missions , which included use as an electronic warfare platform , tactical reconnaissance aircraft , and high capacity aerial refueling tanker . It was among the longest serving carrier-based aircraft in history , having entered service during the mid-1950s and withdrawn from use in 1991 . Throughout its service , the Skywarrior was the heaviest operational aircraft to operate from an aircraft carrier , which contributed to its nickname of Whale . The Skywarrior is one of only two U.S. Navy attack aircraft intended as a strategic bomber to enter full-scale service , the other being its predecessor , the North American AJ Savage ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk", "summary": "The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk is a single-seat subsonic carrier-capable attack aircraft developed for the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps in the early 1950s . The delta-winged , single turbojet engined Skyhawk was designed and produced by Douglas Aircraft Company , and later by McDonnell Douglas . It was originally designated A4D under the U.S. Navy 's pre-1962 designation system . The Skyhawk is a relatively lightweight aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight of 24,500 pounds ( 11,100 kg ) and has a top speed of more than 670 miles per hour ( 1,080 km/h ) . The aircraft 's five hardpoints support a variety of missiles , bombs and other munitions . It is capable of carrying a bomb load equivalent to that of a World War II-era Boeing B-17 bomber , and can deliver nuclear weapons using a low-altitude bombing system and a loft delivery technique . The A-4 was originally powered by the Wright J65 turbojet engine ; from the A-4E onwards , the Pratt & Whitney J52 engine was used . Skyhawks played key roles in the Vietnam War , the Yom Kippur War , and the Falklands War . Sixty years after the aircraft 's first flight in 1954 , some of the 2,960 produced ( through February 1979 ) remain in service with the Argentine Air Force and the Brazilian Naval Aviation ." } ] }, { "value": "VAH-3 : 14 Jun 1956-1 Jul 1964 ( same sqdn listed in VAH section ) RVAH-3 : 1 Jul 1964 - 17 Aug 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-3 Disestablished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17 August 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-5", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RVAH-5", "summary": "RVAH-5 was a Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron of the U.S. Navy . Originally established as Composite Squadron Five ( VC-5 ) at NAS Moffett Field , California on 9 September 1948 , it was redesignated as Heavy Attack Squadron Five ( VAH-5 ) on 1 November 1955 and was later redesignated as Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron Five ( RVAH-5 ) in May 1964 . The squadron was disestablished on 30 September 1977 ." } ] }, { "value": "Savage Sons", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RA-5C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RA-5C", "summary": "The North American A-5 Vigilante was an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy . It set several world records , including long-distance speed and altitude records . Until the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations , it was designated the A3J Vigilante . The aircraft briefly replaced the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior as the Navy 's primary nuclear-strike aircraft , but its RA-5C tactical strike reconnaissance variant saw extensive service during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "VC-5 ( 2nd ) : 9 Sep 1948-1 Nov 1955 ( same sqdn listed in VC section ) VAH-5 : 1 Nov 1955-May 1956 ( same sqdn listed in VAH section ) RVAH-5 : May 1956-30 Sep 1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-5 Disestablished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "30 September 1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-6", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RVAH-6", "summary": "RVAH-6 was a Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron of the U.S. Navy . Originally established as Composite Squadron Six ( VC-6 ) on 6 January 1950 , it was redesignated as Heavy Attack Squadron Six ( VAH-6 ) on 1 July 1956 and was redesignated as Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron Six ( RVAH-6 ) on 23 September 1965 . The squadron was disestablished on 20 October 1978 ." } ] }, { "value": "Fleurs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RA-5C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RA-5C", "summary": "The North American A-5 Vigilante was an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy . It set several world records , including long-distance speed and altitude records . Until the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations , it was designated the A3J Vigilante . The aircraft briefly replaced the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior as the Navy 's primary nuclear-strike aircraft , but its RA-5C tactical strike reconnaissance variant saw extensive service during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "VC-6 ( 2nd ) : 6 Jan 1950-1 Jul 1956 ( same sqdn listed in VC section ) VAH-6 : 1 Jul 1956-23 Sep 1965 ( same sqdn listed VAH section ) RVAH-6 : 23 Sep 1965 - 20 Oct 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-6 Disestablished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20 October 1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-7", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RVAH-7", "summary": "RVAH-7 was a reconnaissance attack ( heavy ) squadron of the U.S. Navy . Originally established as Composite Squadron Seven ( VC-7 ) on 10 August 1950 , it was redesignated as Heavy Attack Squadron Seven ( VAH-7 ) on 1 November 1955 and was redesignated again as Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron Seven ( RVAH-7 ) on 1 December 1964 . The squadron was disestablished on 28 September 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "Peacemakers of the Fleet", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RA-5C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RA-5C", "summary": "The North American A-5 Vigilante was an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy . It set several world records , including long-distance speed and altitude records . Until the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations , it was designated the A3J Vigilante . The aircraft briefly replaced the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior as the Navy 's primary nuclear-strike aircraft , but its RA-5C tactical strike reconnaissance variant saw extensive service during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "VC-7 ( 2nd ) : 10 Aug 1950-1 Nov 1955 ( same sqdn listed in VC section ) VAH-7 : 1 Nov 1955-1 Dec 1964 ( same sqdn listed in VAH section ) RVAH-7 : 1 Dec 1964 - 28 Sep 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-7 Disestablished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "28 September 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-9", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RVAH-9", "summary": "RVAH-9 was a Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron of the U.S. Navy . Originally established as Composite Squadron Nine ( VC-9 ) on 15 January 1953 , it was redesignated as Heavy Attack Squadron Nine ( VAH-9 ) on 1 November 1955 and was redesignated as Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron Nine ( RVAH-9 ) on 3 June 1964 . The squadron was disestablished on 30 September 1977 ." } ] }, { "value": "Hoot Owls", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RA-5C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RA-5C", "summary": "The North American A-5 Vigilante was an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy . It set several world records , including long-distance speed and altitude records . Until the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations , it was designated the A3J Vigilante . The aircraft briefly replaced the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior as the Navy 's primary nuclear-strike aircraft , but its RA-5C tactical strike reconnaissance variant saw extensive service during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "VC-9 ( 2nd ) : 15 Jan 1953-1 Nov 1955 ( same sqdn listed in VC section ) VAH-9 : 1 Nov 1955-3 Jun 1964 ( same sqdn listed in VAH section ) RVAH-9 : 3 Jun 1964 - 30 Sep 1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-9 Disestablished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "30 September 1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-11", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RVAH-11", "summary": "RVAH-11 was a Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron of the U.S. Navy . Originally established as Composite Squadron Eight ( VC-8 ) on 3 December 1951 , it was redesignated Heavy Attack Squadron Eleven ( VAH-11 ) on 1 November 1955 and was redesignated as Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron Eleven ( RVAH-11 ) on 1 July 1966 . The squadron was disestablished on 1 June 1975 ." } ] }, { "value": "Checkertails", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RA-5C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RA-5C", "summary": "The North American A-5 Vigilante was an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy . It set several world records , including long-distance speed and altitude records . Until the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations , it was designated the A3J Vigilante . The aircraft briefly replaced the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior as the Navy 's primary nuclear-strike aircraft , but its RA-5C tactical strike reconnaissance variant saw extensive service during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "VC-8 ( 2nd ) : 3 Dec 1951-1 Nov 1955 ( same sqdn listed in VC section ) VAH-11 : 1 Nov 1955-1 Jul 1966 ( same sqdn listed in VAH section ) RVAH-11 : 1 Jul 1966 - 1 Jun 1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-11 Disestablished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 June 1975", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-12", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RVAH-12", "summary": "RVAH-12 was a Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron of the U.S. Navy . The squadron was established on 1 July 1965 and disestablished on 2 July 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "Speartips", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RA-5C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RA-5C", "summary": "The North American A-5 Vigilante was an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy . It set several world records , including long-distance speed and altitude records . Until the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations , it was designated the A3J Vigilante . The aircraft briefly replaced the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior as the Navy 's primary nuclear-strike aircraft , but its RA-5C tactical strike reconnaissance variant saw extensive service during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "RVAH-12 : 1 Jul 1965 - 2 Jul 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-12 Disestablished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2 July 1979", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-13", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RVAH-13", "summary": "RVAH-13 was a Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron of the U.S. Navy . Originally established as Heavy Attack Squadron Thirteen ( VAH-13 ) on 3 January 1961 it was redesignated as Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron Thirteen ( RVAH-13 ) on 1 November 1964 . The squadron was disestablished on 30 June 1976 ." } ] }, { "value": "Bats", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RA-5C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RA-5C", "summary": "The North American A-5 Vigilante was an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy . It set several world records , including long-distance speed and altitude records . Until the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations , it was designated the A3J Vigilante . The aircraft briefly replaced the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior as the Navy 's primary nuclear-strike aircraft , but its RA-5C tactical strike reconnaissance variant saw extensive service during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "VAH-13 : 3 Jan 1961-1 Nov 1964 ( same sqdn listed in VAH section ) RVAH-13 : 1 Nov 1964 - 30 Jun 1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-13 Disestablished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "30 June 1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-14", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RVAH-14", "summary": "RVAH-14 was a Reconnaissance Attack ( Heavy ) Squadron of the U.S. Navy . The squadron was established on 14 February 1968 and disestablished on 1 May 1974 ." } ] }, { "value": "Eagle Eyes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RA-5C", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/RA-5C", "summary": "The North American A-5 Vigilante was an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy . It set several world records , including long-distance speed and altitude records . Until the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations , it was designated the A3J Vigilante . The aircraft briefly replaced the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior as the Navy 's primary nuclear-strike aircraft , but its RA-5C tactical strike reconnaissance variant saw extensive service during the Vietnam War ." } ] }, { "value": "RVAH-14 : 14 Feb 1968 - 1 May 1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "RVAH-14 Disestablished", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1 May 1976", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Squadron Designations last used between 1948 and 1979 -- RVAH : Disestablished Reconnaissance Attack squadrons", "section_text": "The RVAH designation was created in 1964 when the Navy 's nuclear bomber role was ended and the Heavy Attack ( VAH ) squadrons which were then equipped with the A-5A Vigilante nuclear bombers were converted to Reconnaissance squadrons and their A-5A nuclear bombers were converted to RA-5C reconnaissance aircraft . Those VAH squadrons which were then still equipped with the A-3B remained designated Heavy Attack ( VAH ) squadrons . The designation was retired in 1979 with the disestablishment of the last RA-5C squadron .", "uid": "List_of_inactive_United_States_Navy_aircraft_squadrons_8", "intro": "There are hundreds of US Navy aircraft squadrons which are not currently active dating back to before World War II (the U.S. Navy operated aircraft prior to World War I, but it did not organize them in squadrons until after that war). To be more accurate: there are hundreds of former U.S. Navy aircraft squadrons which have been disestablished and no longer exist and there are approximately 40 or so U.S. Navy aircraft squadrons which have been deactivated and which currently exist only on paper in an inactive status. These disestablished and/or deactivated squadrons are sometimes incorrectly referred to as decommissioned squadrons, but proper usage prior to 1998, was that squadrons were established and disestablished and after 1998, squadrons are established, deactivated and sometimes reactivated. It has never been correct to refer to U.S. Navy aircraft squadrons as being commissioned and decommissioned, ships are commissioned and decommissioned, U.S. Navy aircraft squadrons are not." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books", "title": "List of best-selling books", "header": [ "Book", "Author ( s )", "Original language", "First published", "Approximate sales", "Genre" ], "data": [ { "value": "The Lord of the Rings", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings", "summary": "The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien . The story began as a sequel to Tolkien 's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit , but eventually developed into a much larger work . Written in stages between 1937 and 1949 , The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . The title of the novel refers to the story 's main antagonist , the Dark Lord Sauron , [ a ] who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth . From quiet beginnings in the Shire , a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside , the story ranges across Middle-earth , following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters , most notably the hobbits Frodo , Sam , Merry and Pippin . Although generally known to readers as a trilogy , the work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set , the other to be The Silmarillion , but this idea was dismissed by his publisher . For economic reasons , The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 . The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers and The Return of the King . Structurally , the novel is divided internally into six books , two per volume , with several appendices of background material included at the end . Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume . The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages . Tolkien 's work has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins ." } ] }, { "value": "J. R. R. Tolkien", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien", "summary": "John Ronald Reuel Tolkien CBE FRSL ( /ruːl ˈtɒlkiːn/ ; [ a ] 3 January 1892 - 2 September 1973 ) was an English writer , poet , philologist , and academic , who authored the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , and The Silmarillion . He served as the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and Fellow of Pembroke College , Oxford , from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College , Oxford , from 1945 to 1959 . He was at one time a close friend of C. S. Lewis - they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings . Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972 . After Tolkien 's death , his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father 's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts , including The Silmarillion . These , together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings , form a connected body of tales , poems , fictional histories , invented languages , and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and Middle-earth [ b ] within it . Between 1951 and 1955 , Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings . While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien , the great success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre . This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the father of modern fantasy literature - or , more precisely , of high fantasy . In 2008 , The Times ranked him sixth on a list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 . Forbes ranked him the fifth top-earning dead celebrity in 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1954", "urls": [] }, { "value": "150 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fantasy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fantasy", "summary": "Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction set in a fictional universe , often inspired by real world myth and folklore . Its roots are in oral traditions , which then became fantasy literature and drama . From the twentieth century it has expanded further into various media , including film , television , graphic novels , manga and video games . Fantasy is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes respectively , though these genres overlap . In popular culture , the fantasy genre predominantly features settings of a medieval nature . In its broadest sense , however , fantasy consists of works by many writers , artists , filmmakers , and musicians from ancient myths and legends to many recent and popular works ." } ] }, { "value": "The Little Prince ( Le Petit Prince )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Little_Prince", "summary": "The Little Prince ( French : Le Petit Prince , pronounced [ lə p ( ə ) ti pʁɛ̃s ] ) is a novella by French aristocrat , writer , and aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry . It was first published in English and French in the US by Reynal & Hitchcock in April 1943 , and posthumously in France following the liberation of France as Saint-Exupéry 's works had been banned by the Vichy Regime . The story follows a young prince who visits various planets in space , including Earth , and addresses themes of loneliness , friendship , love , and loss . Despite its style as a children 's book , The Little Prince makes poignant observations about life and human nature . The Little Prince became Saint-Exupéry 's most successful work , selling an estimated 140 million copies worldwide , which makes it one of the best-selling and most translated books ever published . [ Note 2 ] It has been translated into 361 languages and dialects . The Little Prince has been adapted to numerous art forms and media , including audio recordings , radio plays , live stage , film , television , ballet , and opera ." } ] }, { "value": "Antoine de Saint-Exupéry", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exupéry", "summary": "Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger , comte de Saint-Exupéry , simply known as de Saint-Exupéry ( UK : /ˌsæ̃tɪɡˈzuːpɛri/ , US : /-ɡzuːpeɪˈriː/ , French : [ ɑ̃twan də sɛ̃t‿ɛɡzypeʁi ] ; 29 June 1900 - 31 July 1944 ) , was a French writer , poet , aristocrat , journalist , and pioneering aviator . He became a laureate of several of France 's highest literary awards and also won the United States National Book Award . He is best remembered for his novella The Little Prince ( Le Petit Prince ) and for his lyrical aviation writings , including Wind , Sand and Stars and Night Flight . Saint-Exupéry was a successful commercial pilot before World War II , working airmail routes in Europe , Africa , and South America . He joined the French Air Force at the start of the war , flying reconnaissance missions until France 's armistice with Germany in 1940 . After being demobilised from the French Air Force , he travelled to the United States to help persuade its government to enter the war against Nazi Germany . He spent 27 months in America , during which he wrote three of his most important works , then joined the Free French Air Force in North Africa - although he was far past the maximum age for such pilots and in declining health . He disappeared and is believed to have died while on a reconnaissance mission over the Mediterranean in July 1944 . Prior to the war , Saint-Exupéry had achieved fame in France as an aviator . His literary works posthumously boosted his stature to national hero status in France , including The Little Prince which has been translated into 300 languages . He earned further widespread recognition with international translations of his other works . His 1939 philosophical memoir Terre des hommes ( titled Wind , Sand and Stars in English ) became the name of an international humanitarian group ; it was also used as the central theme of Expo 67 in Montreal , Quebec ." } ] }, { "value": "French", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "140 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fantasy ( picture book )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fantasy", "summary": "Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction set in a fictional universe , often inspired by real world myth and folklore . Its roots are in oral traditions , which then became fantasy literature and drama . From the twentieth century it has expanded further into various media , including film , television , graphic novels , manga and video games . Fantasy is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes respectively , though these genres overlap . In popular culture , the fantasy genre predominantly features settings of a medieval nature . In its broadest sense , however , fantasy consists of works by many writers , artists , filmmakers , and musicians from ancient myths and legends to many recent and popular works ." } ] }, { "value": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher's_Stone", "summary": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling . The first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling 's debut novel , it follows Harry Potter , a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage on his eleventh birthday , when he receives a letter of acceptance to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Harry makes close friends and a few enemies during his first year at the school , and with the help of his friends , Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who killed Harry 's parents , but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old . The book was first published in the United Kingdom on 26 June 1997 by Bloomsbury . It was published in the United States the following year by Scholastic Corporation under the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone . It won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US . The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best-selling fiction in August 1999 and stayed near the top of that list for much of 1999 and 2000 . It has been translated into at least 73 other languages , and has been made into a feature-length film of the same name , as have all six of its sequels . Most reviews were very favourable , commenting on Rowling 's imagination , humour , simple , direct style and clever plot construction , although a few complained that the final chapters seemed rushed . The writing has been compared to that of Jane Austen , one of Rowling 's favourite authors ; Roald Dahl , whose works dominated children 's stories before the appearance of Harry Potter ; and the Ancient Greek story-teller Homer . While some commentators thought the book looked backwards to Victorian and Edwardian boarding school stories , others thought it placed the genre firmly in the modern world by featuring contemporary ethical and social issues , as well as overcoming obstacles like bullies . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , along with the rest of the Harry Potter series , has been attacked by some religious groups and banned in some countries because of accusations that the novels promote witchcraft under the guise of a heroic , moral story ." } ] }, { "value": "J. K. Rowling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/J._K._Rowling", "summary": "Joanne Rowling CH , OBE , HonFRSE , FRCPE , FRSL ( /ˈroʊlɪŋ/ ROH-ling ; born 31 July 1965 ) , better known by her pen name J. K. Rowling , is a British author , film producer , television producer , screenwriter , and philanthropist . She is best known for writing the Harry Potter fantasy series , which has won multiple awards and sold more than 500 million copies , becoming the best-selling book series in history . The books are the basis of a popular film series , over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and was a producer on the final films . She also writes crime fiction under the name Robert Galbraith . Born in Yate , Gloucestershire , Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London in 1990 . The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother , birth of her first child , divorce from her first husband , and relative poverty until the first novel in the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was published in 1997 . There were six sequels , of which the last , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was released in 2007 . Since then , Rowling has written five books for adult readers : The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) and - under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith - the crime fiction Cormoran Strike series , which consists of The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) , The Silkworm ( 2014 ) , Career of Evil ( 2015 ) , and Lethal White ( 2018 ) . Rowling has lived a rags to riches life in which she progressed from living on benefits to being the world 's first billionaire author . She lost her billionaire status after giving away much of her earnings to charity but remains one of the wealthiest people in the world . She is the UK 's best-selling living author , with sales in excess of £238 million . The 2016 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling 's fortune at £600 million , ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1997", "urls": [] }, { "value": "120 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fantasy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fantasy", "summary": "Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction set in a fictional universe , often inspired by real world myth and folklore . Its roots are in oral traditions , which then became fantasy literature and drama . From the twentieth century it has expanded further into various media , including film , television , graphic novels , manga and video games . Fantasy is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes respectively , though these genres overlap . In popular culture , the fantasy genre predominantly features settings of a medieval nature . In its broadest sense , however , fantasy consists of works by many writers , artists , filmmakers , and musicians from ancient myths and legends to many recent and popular works ." } ] }, { "value": "The Master and Margarita ( Мастер и Маргарита )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita", "summary": "The Master and Margarita ( Russian : Мастер и Маргарита ) is a novel by Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov , written in the Soviet Union between 1928 and 1940 during Stalin 's regime . A censored version was published in Moscow magazine in 1966-1967 , after the writer 's death . The manuscript was not published as a book until 1967 , in Paris . A samizdat version circulated that included parts cut out by official censors , and these were incorporated in a 1969 version published in Frankfurt . The novel has since been published in several languages and editions . The story concerns a visit by the devil to the officially atheistic Soviet Union . The Master and Margarita combines supernatural elements with satirical dark comedy and Christian philosophy , defying a singular genre . Many critics consider it to be one of the best novels of the 20th century , as well as the foremost of Soviet satires ." } ] }, { "value": "Mikhail Bulgakov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov", "summary": "Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov ( Russian : Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков , IPA : [ mʲɪxɐˈil ɐfɐˈnasʲjɪvʲɪtɕ bʊlˈɡakəf ] , Michaíl Afanás'yevitch Bulgákov ; 15 May [ O.S . 3 May ] 1891 - 10 March 1940 ) was a Russian writer , medical doctor and playwright active in the first half of the 20th century . He is best known for his novel The Master and Margarita , published posthumously , which has been called one of the masterpieces of the 20th century ." } ] }, { "value": "Russian", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1967", "urls": [] }, { "value": "100 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fantasy , farce , supernatural , romance , satirical novel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fantasy", "summary": "Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction set in a fictional universe , often inspired by real world myth and folklore . Its roots are in oral traditions , which then became fantasy literature and drama . From the twentieth century it has expanded further into various media , including film , television , graphic novels , manga and video games . Fantasy is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes respectively , though these genres overlap . In popular culture , the fantasy genre predominantly features settings of a medieval nature . In its broadest sense , however , fantasy consists of works by many writers , artists , filmmakers , and musicians from ancient myths and legends to many recent and popular works ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Farce", "summary": "In theatre , a farce is a comedy that aims at entertaining the audience through situations that are highly exaggerated , extravagant , and thus improbable . Farce is also characterized by physical humor , the use of deliberate absurdity or nonsense , and broadly stylized performances . It is also often set in one particular location , where all events occur . Farces have been written for the stage and film . The term farce is derived from the French word for stuffing , in reference to improvisations applied by actors to medieval religious dramas . Later forms of this drama were performed as comical interludes during the 15th and 16th centuries . The oldest surviving farce may be Le Garçon et l'aveugle ( The Boy and the Blind Man ) from after 1266 , although the earliest farces that can be dated come from between 1450 and 1550 . The best known farce is La Farce de maître Pathelin ( The Farce of Master Pathelin ) from c. 1460 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Supernatural_fiction", "summary": "Supernatural fiction or supernaturalist fiction is a genre of speculative fiction that exploits or is centered on supernatural themes , often violating naturalist assumptions of the real world ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Romance_novel", "summary": "Although the genre is very old , the romance novel or romantic novel discussed in this article is the mass-market version . Novels of this type of genre fiction place their primary focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people , and must have an emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending . There are many subgenres of the romance novel , including fantasy , historical romance , paranormal fiction , and science fiction . Romance novels are read primarily by women . The term romance is also applied to a type of novel defined by Walter Scott as a fictitious narrative in prose or verse ; the interest of which turns upon marvelous and uncommon incidents . A thriving genre of works conventionally referred to as romance novels existed in ancient Greece . Other precursors can be found in the literary fiction of the 18th and 19th centuries , including Samuel Richardson 's sentimental novel Pamela , or Virtue Rewarded ( 1740 ) and the novels of Jane Austen . Austen inspired Georgette Heyer , the British author of historical romance set around the time Austen lived , as well as detective fiction . Heyer 's first romance novel , The Black Moth ( 1921 ) , was set in 1751 . The British company Mills and Boon began releasing escapist fiction for women in the 1930s . Their books were sold in North America by Harlequin Enterprises Ltd , which began direct marketing to readers and allowing mass-market merchandisers to carry the books ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Satirical_novel", "summary": "In fiction and less frequently in non-fiction , satire is a genre of literature and performing arts , in which vices , follies , abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule , ideally with the intent of shaming individuals , corporations , government , or society itself into improvement . Although satire is usually meant to be humorous , its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism , using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society . A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm - in satire , irony is militant - but parody , burlesque , exaggeration , juxtaposition , comparison , analogy , and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing . This militant irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of ( or at least accept as natural ) the very things the satirist wishes to question . Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression , including internet memes , literature , plays , commentary , television shows , and media such as lyrics ." } ] }, { "value": "Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alice's_Adventures_in_Wonderland", "summary": "Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland ) is an 1865 novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll . It tells of a young girl named Alice falling through a rabbit hole into a fantasy world populated by peculiar , anthropomorphic creatures . The tale plays with logic , giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children . It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre . One of the best-known and most popular works of English-language fiction , its narrative course , structure , characters , and imagery have been enormously influential in both popular culture and literature , especially in the fantasy genre . The work has never been out of print , and it has been translated into at least 97 languages . Its ongoing legacy encompasses many adaptations for stage , screen , radio , art , theme parks , board games , and video games ." } ] }, { "value": "Lewis Carroll", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lewis_Carroll", "summary": "Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ( /ˈlʌtwɪdʒ ˈdɒdʒsən/ ; 27 January 1832 - 14 January 1898 ) , better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll , was an English writer of world-famous children 's fiction , notably Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass . He was noted for his facility at word play , logic , and fantasy . The poems Jabberwocky and The Hunting of the Snark are classified in the genre of literary nonsense . He was also a mathematician , photographer , and Anglican deacon . Carroll came from a family of high-church Anglicans , and developed a long relationship with Christ Church , Oxford , where he lived for most of his life as a scholar and teacher . Alice Liddell , daughter of the Dean of Christ Church , Henry Liddell , is widely identified as the original for Alice in Wonderland , though Carroll always denied this . Born in All Saints ' Vicarage , Daresbury , Cheshire in 1832 , Carroll is commemorated at All Saints ' Church , Daresbury in its stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . In 1982 , a memorial stone to Carroll was unveiled in Poets ' Corner , Westminster Abbey ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1865", "urls": [] }, { "value": "100 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fantasy novel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fantasy_novel", "summary": "Fantasy literature is literature set in an imaginary universe , often but not always without any locations , events , or people from the real world . Magic , the supernatural and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds . Fantasy literature may be directed at both children and adults . Fantasy is a subgenre of speculative fiction and is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes , respectively , though these genres overlap . Historically , most works of fantasy were written , however , since the 1960s , a growing segment of the fantasy genre has taken the form of films , television programs , graphic novels , video games , music and art . A number of fantasy novels originally written for children , such as Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , the Harry Potter series , and The Hobbit also attract an adult audience ." } ] }, { "value": "The Hobbit", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Hobbit", "summary": "The Hobbit , or There and Back Again is a children 's fantasy novel by English author J. R. R. Tolkien . It was published on 21 September 1937 to wide critical acclaim , being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction . The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children 's literature . The Hobbit is set within Tolkien 's fictional universe and follows the quest of home-loving Bilbo Baggins , the titular hobbit , to win a share of the treasure guarded by Smaug the dragon . Bilbo 's journey takes him from light-hearted , rural surroundings into more sinister territory . The story is told in the form of an episodic quest , and most chapters introduce a specific creature or type of creature of Tolkien 's geography . Bilbo gains a new level of maturity , competence , and wisdom by accepting the disreputable , romantic , fey , and adventurous sides of his nature and applying his wits and common sense . The story reaches its climax in the Battle of Five Armies , where many of the characters and creatures from earlier chapters re-emerge to engage in conflict . Personal growth and forms of heroism are central themes of the story , along with motifs of warfare . These themes have led critics to view Tolkien 's own experiences during World War I as instrumental in shaping the story . The author 's scholarly knowledge of Germanic philology and interest in mythology and fairy tales are often noted as influences . The publisher was encouraged by the book 's critical and financial success and , therefore , requested a sequel ." } ] }, { "value": "J. R. R. Tolkien", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien", "summary": "John Ronald Reuel Tolkien CBE FRSL ( /ruːl ˈtɒlkiːn/ ; [ a ] 3 January 1892 - 2 September 1973 ) was an English writer , poet , philologist , and academic , who authored the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , and The Silmarillion . He served as the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and Fellow of Pembroke College , Oxford , from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College , Oxford , from 1945 to 1959 . He was at one time a close friend of C. S. Lewis - they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings . Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972 . After Tolkien 's death , his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father 's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts , including The Silmarillion . These , together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings , form a connected body of tales , poems , fictional histories , invented languages , and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and Middle-earth [ b ] within it . Between 1951 and 1955 , Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings . While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien , the great success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre . This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the father of modern fantasy literature - or , more precisely , of high fantasy . In 2008 , The Times ranked him sixth on a list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 . Forbes ranked him the fifth top-earning dead celebrity in 2009 ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1937", "urls": [] }, { "value": "100 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "fantasy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fantasy", "summary": "Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction set in a fictional universe , often inspired by real world myth and folklore . Its roots are in oral traditions , which then became fantasy literature and drama . From the twentieth century it has expanded further into various media , including film , television , graphic novels , manga and video games . Fantasy is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes respectively , though these genres overlap . In popular culture , the fantasy genre predominantly features settings of a medieval nature . In its broadest sense , however , fantasy consists of works by many writers , artists , filmmakers , and musicians from ancient myths and legends to many recent and popular works ." } ] }, { "value": "And Then There Were None", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/And_Then_There_Were_None", "summary": "And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie , described by her as the most difficult of her books to write . It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939 , as Ten Little Niggers , after the minstrel song , which serves as a major plot point . The US edition was released in January 1940 with the title And Then There Were None , which is taken from the last five words of the song . All successive American reprints and adaptations use that title , except for the Pocket Books paperbacks published between 1964 and 1986 , which appeared under the title Ten Little Indians . The book is the world 's best-selling mystery , and with over 100 million copies sold is one of the best-selling books of all time . Publications International lists the novel as the sixth best-selling title ." } ] }, { "value": "Agatha Christie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Agatha_Christie", "summary": "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie , Lady Mallowan , DBE ( née Miller ; 15 September 1890 - 12 January 1976 ) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections , particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple . She also wrote the world 's longest-running play The Mousetrap and six romances under the pen name Mary Westmacott . In 1971 , she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) for her contribution to literature . Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay , Devon . She served in a Devon hospital during the First World War , tending to troops coming back from the trenches . She was initially an unsuccessful writer with six consecutive rejections , but this changed when The Mysterious Affair at Styles was published in 1920 featuring Hercule Poirot . During the Second World War , she worked as a pharmacy assistant at University College Hospital , London , acquiring a good knowledge of poisons which feature in many of her novels . Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling novelist of all time . Her novels have sold roughly 2 billion copies , and her estate claims that her works come third in the rankings of the world 's most-widely published books , behind only Shakespeare 's works and the Bible . According to Index Translationum , she remains the most-translated individual author , having been translated into at least 103 languages . And Then There Were None is Christie 's best-selling novel , with 100 million sales to date , making it the world 's best-selling mystery ever and one of the best-selling books of all time . Christie 's stage play The Mousetrap holds the world record for longest initial run ." } ] }, { "value": "English", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "100 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "mystery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mystery_fiction", "summary": "Mystery fiction is a genre of fiction usually involving a mysterious death or a crime to be solved . Often with a closed circle of suspects , each suspect is usually provided with a credible motive and a reasonable opportunity for committing the crime . The central character will often be a detective ( like Sherlock Holmes and his assistant John H. Watson ) who eventually solves the mystery by logical deduction from facts presented to the reader . Sometimes mystery books are nonfictional . Mystery fiction can be detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle or suspense element and its logical solution such as a whodunit . Mystery fiction can be contrasted with hardboiled detective stories , which focus on action and gritty realism . Mystery fiction involve a supernatural mystery where the solution does not have to be logical , and even no crime involved . This usage was common in the pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s , where titles such as Dime Mystery , Thrilling Mystery and Spicy Mystery offered what at the time were described as complicated to solve and weird stories - supernatural horror in the vein of Grand Guignol . This contrasted with parallel titles of the same names which contained conventional hardboiled crime fiction . The first use of mystery in this sense was by Dime Mystery , which started out as an ordinary crime fiction magazine but switched to weird menace during the later part of 1933 ." } ] }, { "value": "Dream of the Red Chamber ( 红楼梦 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber", "summary": "Dream of the Red Chamber , also called The Story of the Stone , or Hongloumeng ( simplified Chinese : 红楼梦 ; traditional Chinese : 紅樓夢 ; pinyin : Hónglóumèng ) , composed by Cao Xueqin , is one of China 's Four Great Classical Novels . It was written some time in the middle of the 18th century during the Qing dynasty . Long considered a masterpiece of Chinese literature , the novel is generally acknowledged to be one of the pinnacles of Chinese fiction . Redology is the field of study devoted exclusively to this work . The title has also been translated as Red Chamber Dream and A Dream of Red Mansions . The novel circulated in manuscript copies with various titles until its print publication , in 1791 . Gao E , who prepared the first and second printed editions with his partner Cheng Weiyuan ( 程偉元 ) in 1791-92 , added 40 additional chapters to complete the novel . Red Chamber is believed to be semi-autobiographical , mirroring the rise and decline of author Cao Xueqin 's own family and , by extension , of the Qing dynasty . As the author details in the first chapter , it is intended to be a memorial to the damsels he knew in his youth : friends , relatives and servants . The novel is remarkable not only for its huge cast of characters and psychological scope , but also for its precise and detailed observation of the life and social structures typical of 18th-century Chinese society ." } ] }, { "value": "Cao Xueqin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cao_Xueqin", "summary": "Cáo Xuěqín ( [ tsʰǎu ɕɥètɕʰǐn ] ; Chinese : 曹雪芹 ) ; ( 1715 or 1724 - 1763 or 1764 ) was a Chinese writer during the Qing dynasty . He is best known as the author of Dream of the Red Chamber , one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature . His given name was Cáo Zhān ( 曹霑 ) and his courtesy name was Mèngruǎn ( simplified Chinese : 梦阮 ; traditional Chinese : 夢阮 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Chinese", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1791", "urls": [] }, { "value": "100 million", "urls": [] }, { "value": "family saga", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Family_saga", "summary": "The family saga is a genre of literature which chronicles the lives and doings of a family or a number of related or interconnected families over a period of time . In novels ( or sometimes sequences of novels ) with a serious intent , this is often a thematic device used to portray particular historical events , changes of social circumstances , or the ebb and flow of fortunes from a multitude of perspectives . The word saga comes from Old Norse , where it meant 'what is said , utterance , oral account , notification ' and ' ( structured ) narrative , story ( about somebody ) ' , and was originally borrowed into English from Old Norse by scholars in the eighteenth century to refer to the Old Norse prose narratives known as sagas . The typical family saga follows generations of a family through a period of history in a series of novels . A number of subgenres of the form exist such as the AGA saga . Successful writers of popular family sagas include Susan Howatch , R. F. Delderfield and Philippa Carr . Examples of family sagas of literary note include :" } ] } ], "section_title": "List of best-selling individual books -- More than 100 million copies", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_best-selling_books_0", "intro": "This page provides lists of best-selling individual books and book series to date and in any language. Best selling refers to the estimated number of copies sold of each book, rather than the number of books printed or currently owned. Comics and textbooks are not included in this list. The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable, independent sources. This list is incomplete because there are many books, such as The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, or A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, that are commonly cited as best-selling books yet have no reliable sales figures. Similarly, many notable book series that sold very widely are poorly documented (Land of Oz) or consist of multiple sub-series (Tom Swift). According to Guinness World Records as of 1995, the Bible is the best-selling book of all time, with an estimated 5 billion copies sold and distributed. The Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, also known as the Little Red Book, has produced a wide array of sales and distribution figures - with estimates ranging from 800 million to over 6.5 billion printed volumes, with some claiming the distribution ran into the billions and some citing over a billion official volumes between 1966 and 1969 alone as well as untold numbers of unofficial local reprints and unofficial translations. Exact print figures for these and other books may also be missing or unreliable since these kinds of books may be produced by many different and unrelated publishers, in some cases over many centuries. All books of a religious, ideological, philosophical or political nature have thus been excluded from the below lists of best-selling books for these reasons. Having sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling is the best-selling book series in history. The first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, has sold in excess of 120 million copies, making it one of the best-selling books of all time." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Ivy_League_men's_soccer_season", "title": "2013 Ivy League men's soccer season", "header": [ "Team", "Location", "Stadium", "Capacity" ], "data": [ { "value": "Brown Bears", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brown_Bears_men's_soccer", "summary": "The Brown Bears men 's soccer team represents Brown University in men 's Division I NCAA competitions . They compete in the Ivy League . The Bears have been semifinalists in the NCAA tournament in 1968 , 1973 , and 1975 . They also finished in fourth place in 1977 . They are coached by Patrick Laughlin who has been head coach since 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "Providence , Rhode Island", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island", "summary": "Providence is the capital and most populous city of the state of Rhode Island and is one of the oldest cities in the United States . It was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams , a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of God 's merciful Providence which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay . Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city is the third most populous city in New England after Boston and Worcester , Massachusetts ." } ] }, { "value": "Stevenson Field", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stevenson_Field", "summary": "Stevenson-Pincince Field is a stadium in Providence , Rhode Island on the campus of Brown University . It is home to the Brown Bears soccer and lacrosse programs . Named in 1979 and renamed in 2016 for longtime men 's soccer coach Cliff Stevenson , and women 's soccer coach Phil Pincince , the stadium seats 3,500 and has hosted games in both the NCAA soccer and lacrosse tournaments . Stevenson-Pincince Field recently received an upgrade to add lights to the facility . On April 3rd , 2019 , Brown University announced that the current aluminum bleachers and pressbox will be replaced with a new 3-story , 22,500 sf stadium facility , complete with dedicated team locker rooms and training , coaches ' offices , and public restrooms and concessions . The facility is expected to be completed by the 2020-2021 academic year ." } ] }, { "value": "3,500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Columbia Lions", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Columbia_Lions_men's_soccer", "summary": "The Columbia Lions men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of Columbia University . The team is a member of the Ivy League of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . The Lions fielded their first varsity team in 1906 , and have since won 10 Ivy League Championships and have made 14 NCAA tournament appearances . Their most recent appearance in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship came in 2017 where the Lions reached the second round before losing 1-0 to Wake Forest in the 88 ' on a penalty kick . Since 2009 , the Lions have been coached by Kevin Anderson , a former assistant coach for the Boston College Eagles men 's soccer program . Anderson played soccer professionally for ten years with the Colorado Rapids and the Tampa Bay Mutiny of Major League Soccer ." } ] }, { "value": "New York City , New York", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_York_City", "summary": "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ." } ] }, { "value": "Columbia Soccer Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Columbia_Soccer_Stadium", "summary": "The Rocco B. Commisso Soccer Stadium is a 3,500 seat soccer-specific stadium located in Inwood , on the northernmost tip of the island of Manhattan , New York City , within the Baker Athletic Complex . The stadium is named in honor of Rocco B. Commisso , former co-captain of Columbia 's 1970 varsity soccer team and current owner and Chairman of the New York Cosmos and ACF Fiorentina . Opened in 1985 , it is home to the Columbia Lions men 's and women 's soccer teams of Columbia University and Old Blue RFC of USA Rugby Club 7s and American Rugby Premiership . In September 1997 , the stadium hosted a semi-final match of the 1997 U.S. Open Cup between the MetroStars and the Dallas Burn of Major League Soccer . From May to July 2015 , the stadium was the part-time home of the New York Red Bulls II of the United Soccer League where they played only one home match . In 2016 , a new FieldTurf surface was installed at the stadium . In 2017 , the University opened the Bubble at Baker , a heated seasonal air-supported structure . The Bubble encloses the soccer field and provides 92,000 sq ft ( 8,500 m2 ) of winter practice space for Columbia 's sports teams . The Bubble will be inflated each winter from December through March . The stadium is adjacent to Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium and the Campbell Sports Center ." } ] }, { "value": "3,500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cornell Big Red", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men's_soccer", "summary": "The Cornell Big Red men 's soccer program represents the Cornell University in all NCAA Division I men 's college soccer competitions . Founded in 1908 , the Big Red compete in the Ivy League . The Big Red are coached by John Smith , a former professional player and assistant coach for the Stanford Cardinal men 's soccer program . Cornell plays their home matches at Charles F. Berman Field ." } ] }, { "value": "Ithaca , New York", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York", "summary": "Ithaca /ˈɪθəkə/ is a city in the Finger Lakes region of New York . It is the seat of Tompkins County , as well as the largest community in the Ithaca-Tompkins County metropolitan area . This area contains the municipalities of the Town of Ithaca , the village of Cayuga Heights , and other towns and villages in Tompkins County . The city of Ithaca is located on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake , in Central New York , about 45 miles ( 72 km ) south-west of Syracuse . It is named after the Greek island of Ithaca . Additionally , Ithaca is located 247 miles ( 398 km ) southeast of Toronto , and 223 miles ( 359 km ) northwest of New York City . Ithaca is home to Cornell University , an Ivy League school of over 20,000 students , most of whom study at its local campus . In addition , Ithaca College is a private , nonsectarian , liberal arts college of over 7,000 students , located just south of the city in the Town of Ithaca , adding to the area 's college town atmosphere . Nearby is Tompkins Cortland Community College ( TC3 ) . These three colleges bring tens of thousands of students , who increase Ithaca 's seasonal population during the school year . The city 's voters are notably more liberal than those in the remainder of Tompkins County or in upstate New York , generally voting for Democratic Party candidates . As of 2010 , the city 's population was 30,014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Berman Field", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_F._Berman_Field", "summary": "N/A" } ] }, { "value": "1,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dartmouth Big Green", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_men's_soccer", "summary": "The Dartmouth Big Green men 's soccer program represents the Dartmouth College in all NCAA Division I men 's college soccer competitions . Founded in 1915 , the Big Green compete in the Ivy League . The Big Green are coached by Bo Oshoniyi , who has coached the program since 2018 . The Big Green plays their home matches at Burnham Field , on the Dartmouth campus ." } ] }, { "value": "Hanover , New Hampshire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire", "summary": "Hanover is a town along the Connecticut River in Grafton County , New Hampshire , United States . The population was 11,260 at the 2010 census . Dartmouth College and the US Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory are located in Hanover . The Appalachian Trail crosses the town . The main village of the town , where 8,636 people resided at the 2010 census , is defined as the Hanover census-designated place ( CDP ) , and is located at the junctions of New Hampshire routes 10 , 10A , and 120 . The town also contains the villages of Etna and Hanover Center ." } ] }, { "value": "Burnham Field", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Burnham_Field", "summary": "Burnham Field is a soccer-specific stadium located on the campus of Dartmouth College in Hanover , New Hampshire , and used exclusively for Dartmouth 's men 's and women 's soccer teams . The field was finished in time for the 2007 college soccer season and includes full lighting , 1,600-seat stands , a press box and a level 10 natural grass playing surface . It is named after Whitey Burnham who was the Dartmouth men 's coach from 1960-1989 and who led the Big Green to its first Ivy League soccer championship in 1964 . The complex cost over $ 4.5 million to build and includes a state-of-the-art locker and training room that is shared with the men 's lacrosse team ." } ] }, { "value": "1,600", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Harvard Crimson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men's_soccer", "summary": "The Harvard Crimson men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of Harvard University . The team is a member of the Ivy League of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . The Crimson fielded their first varsity team in 1905 , making the team one of the oldest college soccer programs in the United States , and one of the oldest continuously operating soccer programs in the United States . Most of the Crimson 's success came in the mid-1910s , where they won two ISFL championships ( the college soccer predecessor to the NCAA ) , and again in the late 1920s to the early 1930s . Several professional soccer players , including Shep Messing , Andre Akpan , Michael Fucito and John Catliff played for the Crimson , as well as several notable professionals outside of the soccer world . This includes Theodore Roosevelt III , Daniel Needham and John Johansen . Since their 1930 ISFL title , the Crimson have failed to win a national title , although in the late 1960s and early 1970s the Crimson reached the College Cup twice . Also , in both 1986 and 1987 the Crimson reached the NCAA Division I Final Four . Their most recent appearance in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship came in 2009 , when the Crimson reached the round of 16 . From 2013 through 2019 , the Crimson were coached by Pieter Lehrer , a former assistant coach for the California Golden Bears men 's soccer program . In November 2016 , the team were suspended by the university after the student newspaper The Harvard Crimson published an article which indicated that team members had shared a yearly document in which they ranked new members of Harvard Crimson women 's soccer team by their sex appeal and described them using sexually explicit terms . The suspension meant that they could no longer participate in any further games in the 2016 Ivy League men 's soccer season ( which they had been leading at the time of the suspension ) or the National Collegiate Athletic Association ." } ] }, { "value": "Cambridge , Massachusetts", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts", "summary": "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ." } ] }, { "value": "Soldiers Field Soccer Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Soldiers_Field_Soccer_Stadium", "summary": "Jordan Field ( formerly called Soldiers Field Soccer Stadium ) is a multi-purpose stadium on the campus of Harvard University in the Allston neighborhood of Boston . ( Although the core of the Harvard campus is in Cambridge , the athletic complex lies within Boston . ) It first opened in September 2010 and replaced Ohiri Field as the primary home of the Harvard Crimson men 's and women 's soccer teams . It hosted a 2010 playoff match for the Boston Breakers of the Women 's Professional Soccer league due to conflicts with the team 's former primary home , Harvard Stadium . In June 2013 , the New England Revolution played host to the New York Red Bulls in a US Open Cup Round-of-16 game , marking the first time in Revolution history the team played a game within the Boston city limits . Renovations were completed in early 2015 , and it was the official home stadium and training venue of the Boston Breakers from 2015-2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "2,500", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Penn Quakers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men's_soccer", "summary": "The Penn Quakers men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of the University of Pennsylvania . The team is a member of the Ivy League of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ." } ] }, { "value": "Philadelphia , Pennsylvania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Philadelphia", "summary": "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ." } ] }, { "value": "Rhodes Field", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,000", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Princeton Tigers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men's_soccer", "summary": "The Princeton Tigers men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of Princeton University . The team is a member of the Ivy League of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . The team is one of the oldest active soccer clubs in the United States , playing their first recorded match in 1869 . The team was once coached by former U.S. national team coach and former Swansea City manager , Bob Bradley ." } ] }, { "value": "Princeton , New Jersey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County , New Jersey , United States , that was established in its current form on January 1 , 2013 , through the consolidation of the now-defunct Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township . As of the 2010 United States Census , the municipality 's population was 28,572 , reflecting the former township 's population of 16,265 , along with the 12,307 in the former borough . Princeton was founded before the American Revolutionary War . It is the home of Princeton University , which bears its name and moved to the community in 1756 from its previous location in Newark . Although its association with the university is primarily what makes Princeton a college town , other important institutions in the area include the Institute for Advanced Study , Westminster Choir College , Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton Theological Seminary , Opinion Research Corporation , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Siemens Corporate Research , SRI International , FMC Corporation , The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , Amrep , Church and Dwight , Berlitz International , and Dow Jones & Company . Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia . It is close to many major highways that serve both cities ( e.g . Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1 ) , and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each . It is also close to Trenton , New Jersey 's capital city , and Edison . The New Jersey governor 's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945 , when Morven in what was then Princeton Borough became the first Governor 's mansion . It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket , a colonial mansion located in the former Township . Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society ." } ] }, { "value": "Roberts Stadium", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,750", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yale Bulldogs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men's_soccer", "summary": "The Yale Bulldogs are the athletic teams of Yale University . The school sponsors 35 varsity sports . The school has won two NCAA national championships in women 's fencing , four in men 's swimming and diving , 21 in men 's golf , one in men 's hockey and one in men 's lacrosse ." } ] }, { "value": "New Haven , Connecticut", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut", "summary": "New Haven is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , and is part of the New York metropolitan area . With a population of 129,779 as determined by the 2010 United States Census , it is the second-largest city in Connecticut after Bridgeport . New Haven is the principal municipality of Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 . New Haven was the first planned city in America . A year after its founding by English Puritans in 1638 , eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid , creating what is commonly known as the Nine Square Plan . The central common block is the New Haven Green , a 16-acre ( 6 ha ) square at the center of Downtown New Haven . The Green is now a National Historic Landmark , and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark . New Haven is the home of Yale University . As New Haven 's biggest taxpayer and employer , Yale serves as an integral part of the city 's economy . Health care ( hospitals and biotechnology ) , professional services ( legal , architectural , marketing , and engineering ) , financial services , and retail trade also contribute to the city 's economic activity . The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873 , when sole governance was transferred to the more centrally located city of Hartford ." } ] }, { "value": "Reese Stadium", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Reese_Stadium", "summary": "Reese Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located on the campus of Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut . It is home to the Yale Bulldogs soccer and lacrosse teams . Reese Stadium is also the home of the Elm City Express professional soccer team . The stadium seats 3,000 people and opened in 1981 . It is named for the Reese family who donated money for the project . During the 1995 Special Olympics World Summer Games , it hosted the soccer matches ." } ] }, { "value": "3,000", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Teams -- Stadia and location", "section_text": "", "uid": "2013_Ivy_League_men's_soccer_season_0", "intro": "The 2013 Ivy League men's soccer season will be the 59th season of men's college soccer in the conference. The league will be part of the 2013 NCAA Division I men's soccer season. The Cornell Big Red are the defending champions." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Meigs_County,_Tennessee", "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Meigs County, Tennessee", "header": [ "", "Name on the Register", "Date listed", "Location", "City or town" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Big Sewee Creek Bridge", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82003995 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "State Route 58 and Center Point Rd . 35°35′37″N 84°42′46″W / 35.593611°N 84.712778°W / 35.593611 ; -84.712778 ( Big Sewee Creek Bridge )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_58", "summary": "State Route 58 ( SR 58 ) , also locally called Highway 58 , is a north-south state highway in the U.S. state of Tennessee that serves as a major route for many communities in Roane , Meigs , and Hamilton counties . The section of SR 58 in Chattanooga between SR 153 and Riverside Drive , connecting with SR 319 , is known as Amnicola Highway . The main campus of Chattanooga State Community College is commonly known as the Amnicola campus due to its location on Amnicola Highway . SR 58 joins I-40 for part of its route in Roane County , from the Kingston exit ( 352 ) east to the Oak Ridge exit ( 356 ) west of Oak Ridge ." } ] }, { "value": "Decatur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Decatur,_Tennessee", "summary": "Decatur ( /dɪˈkeɪtər/ dih-KAY-tər ) is a town in Meigs County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 1,598 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Meigs County ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John M. Black Cabin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004016 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Big Sewee Creek Rd . 35°38′52″N 84°37′57″W / 35.647778°N 84.6325°W / 35.647778 ; -84.6325 ( John M. Black Cabin )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ten Mile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Mile,_Tennessee", "summary": "Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee . Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake . It includes summer cottages , small locally owned stores and restaurants , a bank , marinas , resorts , churches , and a post office ( ZIP code 37880 ) . The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant ( in bordering Rhea County ) , and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played , and continue to play , an important role in the local economy . Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads , which is next to Ten Mile Creek . The community consisted of a small school , a post office and two churches . The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake . The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches . The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it , Ten Mile Creek . Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why , based on early maps of the area , the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles . The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2010 population of 3,477 ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Blythe Ferry", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blythe_Ferry", "summary": "Blythe Ferry was a ferry across the Tennessee River in Meigs County , Tennessee . In 1838 , the ferry served as a gathering point and crossing for the Cherokee Removal , commonly called the Trail of Tears , in which thousands of Cherokee were forced to move west to Oklahoma from their homeland in the southeastern United States . While the ferry no longer exists , the ferry site is now part of the Cherokee Removal Memorial Park , which was dedicated in 2005 and was still under development in 2007 . The park comprises a section of the Hiwassee Wildlife Refuge , which is managed by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency ." } ] }, { "value": "January 5 , 1983 ( # 83003055 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "North of Birchwood on State Route 60 at the Tennessee River 35°24′51″N 85°00′41″W / 35.414167°N 85.011389°W / 35.414167 ; -85.011389 ( Blythe Ferry )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_60", "summary": "State Route 60 ( SR 60 ) is a north-south major state route in Eastern Tennessee . It covers 54 miles ( 87 km ) and runs from the Tennessee-Georgia state line in Bradley County to Dayton joining US 27 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_River", "summary": "The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River . It is approximately 652 miles ( 1,049 km ) long and is located in the southeastern United States in the Tennessee Valley . The river was once popularly known as the Cherokee River , among other names , as many of the Cherokee had their territory along its banks , especially in eastern Tennessee and northern Alabama . Its current name is derived from the Cherokee village Tanasi ." } ] }, { "value": "Birchwood", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Birchwood,_Tennessee", "summary": "Birchwood is an unincorporated community in Hamilton and Meigs counties in Tennessee , United States . It is a rural area located along Tennessee State Route 60 northwest of Chattanooga . It is part of the Chattanooga , TN-GA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Birchwood is the hometown of Curb Recording Artist Rachel Holder , who has had many successes on the country charts , especially with her recent single Lord Help Me ( written by Carrie Underwood ) which topped out at number 17 on the country charts ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Buchanan House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82003996 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vernon St. 35°30′49″N 84°47′29″W / 35.513611°N 84.791250°W / 35.513611 ; -84.791250 ( Buchanan House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Decatur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Decatur,_Tennessee", "summary": "Decatur ( /dɪˈkeɪtər/ dih-KAY-tər ) is a town in Meigs County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 1,598 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Meigs County ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "James Cowan House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82003994 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Old Bunker Hill Rd . 35°22′35″N 84°56′01″W / 35.376389°N 84.933611°W / 35.376389 ; -84.933611 ( James Cowan House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Big Spring", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Spring,_Meigs_County,_Tennessee", "summary": "Big Spring is an unincorporated community in Meigs County , Tennessee , United States . It is located along Tennessee State Route 58 between Georgetown and Decatur , just north of the banks of the Hiwassee River ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Decatur Methodist Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Decatur_Methodist_Church", "summary": "Decatur United Methodist Church is a historic church on Vernon Street in Decatur , Tennessee . It is one of nine active United Methodist churches affiliated with the Meigs County United Methodist Parish . The church building was built in 1859 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 ." } ] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82003997 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vernon St. 35°30′47″N 84°47′30″W / 35.512917°N 84.791667°W / 35.512917 ; -84.791667 ( Decatur Methodist Church )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Decatur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Decatur,_Tennessee", "summary": "Decatur ( /dɪˈkeɪtər/ dih-KAY-tər ) is a town in Meigs County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 1,598 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Meigs County ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "S.S. Eaves House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82003998 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eaves Ferry Rd . 35°32′45″N 84°48′02″W / 35.545833°N 84.800556°W / 35.545833 ; -84.800556 ( S.S. Eaves House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Decatur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Decatur,_Tennessee", "summary": "Decatur ( /dɪˈkeɪtər/ dih-KAY-tər ) is a town in Meigs County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 1,598 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Meigs County ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ewing House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004018 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "River Rd . 35°40′03″N 84°43′38″W / 35.6675°N 84.727222°W / 35.6675 ; -84.727222 ( Ewing House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ten Mile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Mile,_Tennessee", "summary": "Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee . Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake . It includes summer cottages , small locally owned stores and restaurants , a bank , marinas , resorts , churches , and a post office ( ZIP code 37880 ) . The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant ( in bordering Rhea County ) , and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played , and continue to play , an important role in the local economy . Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads , which is next to Ten Mile Creek . The community consisted of a small school , a post office and two churches . The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake . The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches . The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it , Ten Mile Creek . Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why , based on early maps of the area , the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles . The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2010 population of 3,477 ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Feezell Barn", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004019 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "State Route 58 35°38′34″N 84°41′19″W / 35.642778°N 84.688611°W / 35.642778 ; -84.688611 ( Feezell Barn )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_58", "summary": "State Route 58 ( SR 58 ) , also locally called Highway 58 , is a north-south state highway in the U.S. state of Tennessee that serves as a major route for many communities in Roane , Meigs , and Hamilton counties . The section of SR 58 in Chattanooga between SR 153 and Riverside Drive , connecting with SR 319 , is known as Amnicola Highway . The main campus of Chattanooga State Community College is commonly known as the Amnicola campus due to its location on Amnicola Highway . SR 58 joins I-40 for part of its route in Roane County , from the Kingston exit ( 352 ) east to the Oak Ridge exit ( 356 ) west of Oak Ridge ." } ] }, { "value": "Ten Mile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Mile,_Tennessee", "summary": "Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee . Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake . It includes summer cottages , small locally owned stores and restaurants , a bank , marinas , resorts , churches , and a post office ( ZIP code 37880 ) . The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant ( in bordering Rhea County ) , and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played , and continue to play , an important role in the local economy . Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads , which is next to Ten Mile Creek . The community consisted of a small school , a post office and two churches . The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake . The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches . The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it , Ten Mile Creek . Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why , based on early maps of the area , the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles . The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2010 population of 3,477 ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "James R. Gettys House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004020 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "N. No Pone Valley Rd . 35°35′29″N 84°40′41″W / 35.591389°N 84.678056°W / 35.591389 ; -84.678056 ( James R. Gettys House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ten Mile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Mile,_Tennessee", "summary": "Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee . Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake . It includes summer cottages , small locally owned stores and restaurants , a bank , marinas , resorts , churches , and a post office ( ZIP code 37880 ) . The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant ( in bordering Rhea County ) , and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played , and continue to play , an important role in the local economy . Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads , which is next to Ten Mile Creek . The community consisted of a small school , a post office and two churches . The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake . The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches . The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it , Ten Mile Creek . Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why , based on early maps of the area , the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles . The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2010 population of 3,477 ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "James R. Gettys Mill", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004021 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "N. No Pone Valley Rd . 35°35′31″N 84°40′42″W / 35.591944°N 84.678333°W / 35.591944 ; -84.678333 ( James R. Gettys Mill )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ten Mile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Mile,_Tennessee", "summary": "Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee . Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake . It includes summer cottages , small locally owned stores and restaurants , a bank , marinas , resorts , churches , and a post office ( ZIP code 37880 ) . The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant ( in bordering Rhea County ) , and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played , and continue to play , an important role in the local economy . Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads , which is next to Ten Mile Creek . The community consisted of a small school , a post office and two churches . The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake . The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches . The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it , Ten Mile Creek . Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why , based on early maps of the area , the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles . The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2010 population of 3,477 ." } ] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jim Godsey House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82003999 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "State Route 30 35°31′30″N 84°51′06″W / 35.525°N 84.851667°W / 35.525 ; -84.851667 ( Jim Godsey House )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_30", "summary": "State Route 30 ( SR 30 ) is an east-west state highway in the central and eastern portions of the U.S. state of Tennessee . It runs generally west to east , connecting McMinnville in Warren County with Parksville along the Ocoee River in Polk County . It crosses several major geographic features in Tennessee , including the Cumberland Plateau , the Sequatchie Valley , the Tennessee River , and parts of the Cherokee National Forest ." } ] }, { "value": "Decatur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Decatur,_Tennessee", "summary": "Decatur ( /dɪˈkeɪtər/ dih-KAY-tər ) is a town in Meigs County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 1,598 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Meigs County ." } ] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "James Turk Griffith House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004022 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "State Route 58 35°38′54″N 84°41′18″W / 35.648333°N 84.688333°W / 35.648333 ; -84.688333 ( James Turk Griffith House )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_58", "summary": "State Route 58 ( SR 58 ) , also locally called Highway 58 , is a north-south state highway in the U.S. state of Tennessee that serves as a major route for many communities in Roane , Meigs , and Hamilton counties . The section of SR 58 in Chattanooga between SR 153 and Riverside Drive , connecting with SR 319 , is known as Amnicola Highway . The main campus of Chattanooga State Community College is commonly known as the Amnicola campus due to its location on Amnicola Highway . SR 58 joins I-40 for part of its route in Roane County , from the Kingston exit ( 352 ) east to the Oak Ridge exit ( 356 ) west of Oak Ridge ." } ] }, { "value": "Ten Mile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Mile,_Tennessee", "summary": "Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee . Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake . It includes summer cottages , small locally owned stores and restaurants , a bank , marinas , resorts , churches , and a post office ( ZIP code 37880 ) . The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant ( in bordering Rhea County ) , and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played , and continue to play , an important role in the local economy . Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads , which is next to Ten Mile Creek . The community consisted of a small school , a post office and two churches . The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake . The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches . The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it , Ten Mile Creek . Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why , based on early maps of the area , the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles . The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2010 population of 3,477 ." } ] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jacob L. Grubb Store", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004000 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "State Route 58 35°23′38″N 84°54′02″W / 35.393889°N 84.900556°W / 35.393889 ; -84.900556 ( Jacob L. Grubb Store )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_58", "summary": "State Route 58 ( SR 58 ) , also locally called Highway 58 , is a north-south state highway in the U.S. state of Tennessee that serves as a major route for many communities in Roane , Meigs , and Hamilton counties . The section of SR 58 in Chattanooga between SR 153 and Riverside Drive , connecting with SR 319 , is known as Amnicola Highway . The main campus of Chattanooga State Community College is commonly known as the Amnicola campus due to its location on Amnicola Highway . SR 58 joins I-40 for part of its route in Roane County , from the Kingston exit ( 352 ) east to the Oak Ridge exit ( 356 ) west of Oak Ridge ." } ] }, { "value": "Decatur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Decatur,_Tennessee", "summary": "Decatur ( /dɪˈkeɪtər/ dih-KAY-tər ) is a town in Meigs County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 1,598 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Meigs County ." } ] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hastings-Locke Ferry", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hastings-Locke_Ferry", "summary": "The Hastings-Locke Ferry , on the Tennessee River near Decatur , Tennessee , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . It has also been known as Washington Ferry . It is located east of Dayton , Tennessee on Tennessee State Route 30 . The listing included two landings , the c.1940 boat/barge which can transport six cars , and the waterway across the river . The ferry was established around 1807 by Conley Hastings . The ferry was operated by the Locke family from about 1820 . Solomon Henry and Sons operated the ferry through the 1870s and 1880s . It was once one of many ferries across the Tennessee River and tributaries , but in 1982 it was one of only five ferries still in operation in Tennessee ." } ] }, { "value": "January 5 , 1983 ( # 83003056 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "West of Decatur on State Route 30 at the Tennessee River 35°32′16″N 84°52′41″W / 35.537778°N 84.878056°W / 35.537778 ; -84.878056 ( Hastings-Locke Ferry )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_30", "summary": "State Route 30 ( SR 30 ) is an east-west state highway in the central and eastern portions of the U.S. state of Tennessee . It runs generally west to east , connecting McMinnville in Warren County with Parksville along the Ocoee River in Polk County . It crosses several major geographic features in Tennessee , including the Cumberland Plateau , the Sequatchie Valley , the Tennessee River , and parts of the Cherokee National Forest ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_River", "summary": "The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River . It is approximately 652 miles ( 1,049 km ) long and is located in the southeastern United States in the Tennessee Valley . The river was once popularly known as the Cherokee River , among other names , as many of the Cherokee had their territory along its banks , especially in eastern Tennessee and northern Alabama . Its current name is derived from the Cherokee village Tanasi ." } ] }, { "value": "Decatur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Decatur,_Tennessee", "summary": "Decatur ( /dɪˈkeɪtər/ dih-KAY-tər ) is a town in Meigs County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 1,598 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Meigs County ." } ] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dr. D.W. Holloway House", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004023 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "River Rd . 35°42′16″N 84°41′36″W / 35.704444°N 84.693333°W / 35.704444 ; -84.693333 ( Dr. D.W. Holloway House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ten Mile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Mile,_Tennessee", "summary": "Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee . Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake . It includes summer cottages , small locally owned stores and restaurants , a bank , marinas , resorts , churches , and a post office ( ZIP code 37880 ) . The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant ( in bordering Rhea County ) , and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played , and continue to play , an important role in the local economy . Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads , which is next to Ten Mile Creek . The community consisted of a small school , a post office and two churches . The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake . The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches . The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it , Ten Mile Creek . Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why , based on early maps of the area , the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles . The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2010 population of 3,477 ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scott Hooper Garage", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004010 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "State Route 1 35°21′21″N 84°54′56″W / 35.355833°N 84.915556°W / 35.355833 ; -84.915556 ( Scott Hooper Garage )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_1", "summary": "State Route 1 ( SR 1 ) , known as the Memphis to Bristol Highway , is a 538.8-mile-long ( 867.1 km ) mostly-unsigned state highway in the U.S. state of Tennessee . It stretches all the way from the Arkansas state line at Memphis in the southwest corner of the state to Bristol in the northeast part . Most of the route travels concurrently with U.S. Route 70 ( US 70 ) and US 11W . It is the longest highway of any kind in the state of Tennessee . In 2015 , the Tennessee Department of Transportation erected signs along SR 1 showing motorists they are traveling on the Memphis to Bristol Highway , Tennessee 's first state road . TDOT installed the signs at every county line while it celebrated its 100th anniversary ." } ] }, { "value": "Georgetown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Georgetown,_Tennessee", "summary": "Georgetown is an unincorporated community at the junction of Bradley , Hamilton , and Meigs counties , Tennessee . The community is located along State Route 60 near its intersection with State Route 58 . The Bradley County portion of Georgetown is part of the Cleveland , TN Metropolitan Statistical Area , while the Hamilton County portion is part of the Chattanooga , TN-GA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Georgetown is the place name associated with U.S . Postal Service zip code 37336 . The Zip Code Tabulation Area for that zip code had a population of 3,416 , according to the 2000 U.S. Census ." } ] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hutsell Truss Bridge", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004024 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Old Ten Mile Rd . 35°36′49″N 84°41′16″W / 35.613611°N 84.687778°W / 35.613611 ; -84.687778 ( Hutsell Truss Bridge )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ten Mile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Mile,_Tennessee", "summary": "Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee . Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake . It includes summer cottages , small locally owned stores and restaurants , a bank , marinas , resorts , churches , and a post office ( ZIP code 37880 ) . The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant ( in bordering Rhea County ) , and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played , and continue to play , an important role in the local economy . Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads , which is next to Ten Mile Creek . The community consisted of a small school , a post office and two churches . The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake . The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches . The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it , Ten Mile Creek . Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why , based on early maps of the area , the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles . The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2010 population of 3,477 ." } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sam Hutsell House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sam_Hutsell_House", "summary": "The Sam Hutsell House , on Old Ten Mile Rd . in Ten Mile , Tennessee , was built in 1858 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . It is a two-story L-shaped brick house , with brick laid in common bond ( brick ) and with interior as well as exterior walls made of solid brick . It reflects Greek Revival architectural influence . It was built by brickmason Sam Hutsell with slave labor , with bricks fired on the site ." } ] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004025 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Old Ten Mile Rd . 35°36′46″N 84°41′15″W / 35.612778°N 84.6875°W / 35.612778 ; -84.6875 ( Sam Hutsell House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ten Mile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Mile,_Tennessee", "summary": "Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee . Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake . It includes summer cottages , small locally owned stores and restaurants , a bank , marinas , resorts , churches , and a post office ( ZIP code 37880 ) . The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant ( in bordering Rhea County ) , and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played , and continue to play , an important role in the local economy . Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads , which is next to Ten Mile Creek . The community consisted of a small school , a post office and two churches . The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake . The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches . The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it , Ten Mile Creek . Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why , based on early maps of the area , the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles . The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2010 population of 3,477 ." } ] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "R.H. Johnson Stable", "urls": [] }, { "value": "July 6 , 1982 ( # 82004026 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "State Route 58 35°40′49″N 84°40′09″W / 35.680278°N 84.669167°W / 35.680278 ; -84.669167 ( R.H. Johnson Stable )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_58", "summary": "State Route 58 ( SR 58 ) , also locally called Highway 58 , is a north-south state highway in the U.S. state of Tennessee that serves as a major route for many communities in Roane , Meigs , and Hamilton counties . The section of SR 58 in Chattanooga between SR 153 and Riverside Drive , connecting with SR 319 , is known as Amnicola Highway . The main campus of Chattanooga State Community College is commonly known as the Amnicola campus due to its location on Amnicola Highway . SR 58 joins I-40 for part of its route in Roane County , from the Kingston exit ( 352 ) east to the Oak Ridge exit ( 356 ) west of Oak Ridge ." } ] }, { "value": "Ten Mile", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ten_Mile,_Tennessee", "summary": "Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee . Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake . It includes summer cottages , small locally owned stores and restaurants , a bank , marinas , resorts , churches , and a post office ( ZIP code 37880 ) . The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant ( in bordering Rhea County ) , and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played , and continue to play , an important role in the local economy . Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads , which is next to Ten Mile Creek . The community consisted of a small school , a post office and two churches . The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake . The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches . The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it , Ten Mile Creek . Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why , based on early maps of the area , the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles . The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2010 population of 3,477 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Current listings", "section_text": "", "uid": "National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Meigs_County,_Tennessee_0", "intro": "This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Meigs County, Tennessee. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Meigs County, Tennessee, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map. There are 37 properties listed on the National Register in the county. Another 4 properties were once listed but have been removed." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Aruba_at_the_Olympics", "title": "List of flag bearers for Aruba at the Olympics", "header": [ "#", "Event year", "Season", "Flag bearer", "Sport" ], "data": [ { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nicole Van Der Velden", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sailing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was held from 8-18 August at Marina da Gloria in Guanabara Bay . The sailing classes had two changes from the 2012 Summer Olympics events . There were 10 events ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jemal Le Grand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jemal_Le_Grand", "summary": "Jemal Emmanuel Le Grand ( born 30 June 1994 in Oranjestad ) is an Aruban swimmer who competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics - Men 's 100m freestyle . He was Aruba 's flag bearer at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He also competed at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships . Jemal lives in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The swimming competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place from 28 July to 4 August at the Aquatics Centre . The open-water competition took place from 9 to 10 August in Hyde Park . Swimming featured 34 events ( 17 male , 17 female ) , including two 10 km open-water marathons in Hyde Park 's Serpentine Lake . The remaining 32 were contested in a 50 m long course pool within the Olympic Park . United States claimed a total of 31 medals ( 16 golds , 9 silver , and 6 bronze ) in the leaderboard to maintain its supremacy as the most successful nation in swimming . Brought by an unprecedented sporting domination , Michael Phelps emerged as the most decorated Olympian of all time after winning six more medals at these Games to bring his total after the 2012 games to 22 ( 18 golds , 2 silver , and 2 bronze ) . Battling against the Americans for an overall medal count , China mounted to an unexpected second-place effort on the leaderboard with a tally of 10 medals ( five golds , three silver , and bronze ) after striking a superb double from Sun Yang in long-distance freestyle ( both 400 and 1500 m ) and Ye Shiwen in the individual medley ( both 200 and 400 m ) . Meanwhile , France ended on a spectacular fashion in third spot with a total of seven medals ( four golds , two silver , and one bronze ) , followed by the Netherlands with four , including two golds from Ranomi Kromowidjojo in sprint freestyle ( both 50 and 100 m ) , and South Africa with three . For the first time since 1992 , Australia delivered an underwhelming performance with only a single triumph in the freestyle relay , but managed to bring home a total of ten medals . After not winning a gold in swimming since 2004 , Japan produced the most medals in the post-war era to build a tally of eleven ( three silver and eight bronze ) . In the post-techsuit era , a total of nine world records and twenty five Olympic records were set during the competition ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fiderd Vis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fiderd_Vis", "summary": "Fiderd Vis ( born March 29 , 1981 ) is a judoka from Aruba . He competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China , and was the flag-bearer for his nation during the opening ceremonies of those games ." } ] }, { "value": "Judo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Judo competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 to August 15 at the Beijing Science and Technology University Gymnasium . This was the fifth Olympics for Driulys González ( Cuba ) , Mária Pekli ( Australia ) , Ryoko Tamura-Tani ( Japan ) . The only other judokas to compete at five Olympics are Belgian Robert Van de Walle and Puerto Rican judoka-bobsledder Jorge Bonnet ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2004", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roshendra Vrolijk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Roshendra_Vrolijk", "summary": "Roshendra Vrolijk ( born November 3 , 1984 ) is an Aruban former swimmer , who specialized in sprint freestyle events . She is one of Aruba 's first Olympic swimmers , alongside Davy Bisslik , and also a two-time Olympian ( 2000 and 2004 ) . Vrolijk made her Olympic debut , as Aruba 's youngest athlete ( aged 15 ) , at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , where she competed in the women 's 50 m freestyle . Swimming in heat three , she edged out Armenia 's Yuliana Mikheeva to pick up a sixth seed and sixty-second overall by 0.49 of a second in 29.31 . In 2003 , Vrolijk competed in eight events at the Swimming at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships held in Barcelona , Spain , her highest finish out of her eight events was 42nd in the 200 metres breaststroke , and she won her heat in the 50 metres breaststroke but it still was n't fast enough to qualify for the next round . The next month she swam at the 2003 Pan American Games held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , she competed in the 50 metres freestyle where she finished in 23rd place out of 26 starters . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Vrolijk was elected by the Aruban Olympic Committee to become the nation 's first ever female flag bearer in the opening ceremony . She qualified again for the 50 m freestyle by receiving a Universality place from FINA , in an entry time of 28.13 . Swimming in heat four , she raced to a third spot by three hundredths of a second ( 0.03 ) behind Moldova 's Maria Tregubova in 28.43 . Vrolijk failed to advance into the semifinals , as she placed forty-ninth overall out of 75 swimmers on the last day of preliminaries ." } ] }, { "value": "Swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The swimming competitions at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens took place from 14 to 21 August 2004 at the Athens Olympic Aquatic Centre in Marousi . It featured 32 events ( 16 male , 16 female ) , a total of 937 swimmers from 152 nations , and the program 's changes instituted in the previous Games , including notably the three-phase format ( heats , semifinals , and final ) for all short-distance races ( 200 metres and under ) . Swimmers from the United States continued to dominate the medal tally with a total of 28 , earning twelve golds , nine silver , and seven bronze . Australia still maintained the second spot from Sydney in 2000 , but produced a total of 15 more medals ( seven golds , five silver , and three bronze ) to its historical hardware in swimming . Meanwhile , Japan moved from behind to third overall in the medal board with eight medals after a sterling breaststroke double from Kosuke Kitajima . A total of eight world records and twenty-five Olympic records were set during the competition ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2000", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Richard Rodriguez ( athlete )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Richard_Rodriguez_(athlete)", "summary": "Richard Rodriguez ( born 10 December 1969 ) is a former Aruban long-distance runner who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics , running in the marathon competition . He did not finish ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , 46 events in athletics were contested , 24 for men and 22 for women . There were a total number of 2134 participating athletes from 193 countries ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Junior Faro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Junior_Faro", "summary": "Isnardo Junior Faro ( born 15 July 1978 ) is a weightlifter who competed at two Summer Olympics for Aruba ." } ] }, { "value": "Weightlifting", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The weightlifting competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta consisted of ten weight classes ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1992", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lucien Dirksz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lucien_Dirksz", "summary": "Lucien Dirksz ( born 29 September 1968 ) is an Aruban former cyclist . He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1996 Summer Olympics . During the 1992 Summer Olympics opening ceremony Dirksz was the flag bearer for Aruba ." } ] }, { "value": "Cycling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The cycling competitions at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona consisted of two different categories : road cycling and track cycling , with ten events being contested . The road team time trial event took place at the Circuit de Catalunya and the A-17 highway , the individual road races were held in Sant Sadurní d'Anoia , and track cycling took place at the Velòdrom d'Horta ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1988", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons ." } ] }, { "value": "Summer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bito Maduro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bito_Maduro", "summary": "Victor Maduro ( born 23 July 1964 ) is a judoka who competed internationally for Aruba ." } ] }, { "value": "Judo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Judo_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The Judo competition at the 1988 Summer Olympics continued the seven weight classes first used at the 1980 Games . The open division was eliminated from the competition . Women 's judo made its first appearance at the Olympic Games , as a demonstration sport . Japan failed to claim the top of the medal count for the first time in an Olympics in which they participated , coming in third behind South Korea and Poland . Peter Seisenbacher from Austria and Hitoshi Saito from Japan won the gold medal in their weight classes , defending their titles from 1984 , and becoming the first judoka to win gold at two Olympics ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "Aruba at theOlympicsIOC codeARUNOCAruban Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.olympicaruba.com ( in Papiamento ) Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances198819921996200020042008201220162020Other related appearances Netherlands Antilles ( 1952–1984 ) This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Aruba at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .", "uid": "List_of_flag_bearers_for_Aruba_at_the_Olympics_0", "intro": "This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Aruba at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States", "title": "List of bus transit systems in the United States", "header": [ "System", "Locale", "Major city ( s )" ], "data": [ { "value": "BurLink", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Burlington County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Burlington_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Burlington County is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey . The county is the largest in New Jersey by area . Its county seat is Mount Holly . As of the 2018 Census Bureau estimate , the county 's population was 445,384 , making it the 11th-largest of the state 's 21 counties , representing a 0.4% decrease from the 2010 United States Census , when the population was enumerated at 448,734 , in turn an increase of 25,340 ( 6.0% ) from the 423,394 enumerated in the 2000 Census . The most-populous place was Evesham Township , with 45,538 residents at the time of the 2010 Census , while Washington Township covered 102.71 square miles ( 266.0 km2 ) , the largest area of any municipality in Burlington County . Burlington County is part of the Delaware Valley area , located east of the Delaware River . However , the county stretches across the state , and its southeast corner reaches tidal estuaries leading to southern New Jersey 's Great Bay , which separates the county from the Atlantic Ocean ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colonial Coach of Morristown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Morris County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Morris County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey , about 30 mi ( 48 km ) west of New York City . According to the 2010 census , the population was 492,276 , up from the 470,212 at the 2000 Census , As of the 2017 Census estimate , the county 's population was 499,693 , making it the state 's 10th-most populous county , and marking a 1.5% increase from 2010 . The county is part of the New York Metropolitan Area and is divided into 39 municipalities , but has no large cities . Its county seat is Morristown . The most populous place was Parsippany-Troy Hills Township , with 53,238 residents at the time of the 2010 Census , while Rockaway Township covered 45.55 square miles ( 118.0 km2 ) , the largest total area of any municipality ." } ] }, { "value": "Morristown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Morristown /ˈmɒrɪstaʊn/ is a town and the county seat of Morris County , New Jersey , United States . Morristown has been called the military capital of the American Revolution because of its strategic role in the war for independence from Great Britain . Today this history is visible in a variety of locations throughout the town that collectively make up Morristown National Historical Park . According to British colonial records , the first permanent European settlement at Morristown occurred in 1715 , when a settlement was founded as New Hanover by colonists from New York and Connecticut . Morris County was created on March 15 , 1739 , from portions of Hunterdon County . The county , and ultimately Morristown itself , was named for the popular Governor of the Province , Lewis Morris , who championed land ownership rights for colonists . Morristown was incorporated as a town by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 6 , 1865 , within Morris Township , and it was formally set off from the township in 1895 . As of the 2010 United States Census , the town 's population was 18,411 , reflecting a decline of 133 ( -0.7% ) from the 18,544 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 2,355 ( +14.5% ) from the 16,189 counted in the 1990 Census ." } ] }, { "value": "Kearny Commuter Shuttle", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hudson County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Hudson County , a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey , lies west of the lower Hudson River , which was named for Henry Hudson , the sea captain who explored the area in 1609 . Part of New Jersey 's Gateway Region in the New York metropolitan area , Jersey City is its largest city and county seat . As of the 2018 Census estimate , Hudson County was the fastest-growing county in New Jersey compared to 2010 ; the county 's population was 676,061 , making it the state 's 4th-most populous county , an increase of 9.0% from the 2010 United States Census , when its population was enumerated at 634,266 , in turn an increase of 25,291 ( +4.2% ) from the 608,975 enumerated in the 2000 Census . Hudson County is the fourth-most populous county in the state . Hudson County is the geographically smallest and most densely populated county in New Jersey and the sixth-most densely populated county in the United States with 13,731.4 residents per square mile of total area in 2010 , and 14,973.9 per square mile in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Kearny and Harrison", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kearny,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Kearny ( /ˈkɑːrni/ KAR-nee ) is a town in the western part of Hudson County , New Jersey , United States and a suburb of Newark . As of the 2010 United States Census , the town 's population was 40,684 , reflecting an increase of 171 ( +0.4% ) from the 40,513 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 5,639 ( +16.2% ) from the 34,874 counted in the 1990 Census . Kearny is named after Civil War general Philip Kearny . It began as a township formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8 , 1867 , from portions of Harrison Township . Portions of the township were taken on July 3 , 1895 , to form East Newark . Kearny was incorporated as a town on January 19 , 1899 , based on the results of a referendum held two days earlier . The Arlington section of town was named for Arlington Station on the Erie Railroad at the Arlington Mill plant , owned by Arlington Mills of Lawrence , Massachusetts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Harrison,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Harrison is a town in the western part of Hudson County , New Jersey , United States . It is a suburb of the nearby city of Newark , New Jersey . As of the 2010 United States Census , Harrison 's population was 13,620 , reflecting a decline of 804 ( −5.6% ) from the 14,424 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 999 ( +7.4% ) from the 13,425 counted in the 1990 Census . Once considered the beehive of industry , the town is undergoing a residential renewal , particularly along the Passaic River ." } ] }, { "value": "The Link/Flemington Shuffle Service", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hunterdon County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hunterdon_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Hunterdon County is a county located in the western section of the U.S. state of New Jersey . As of the 2018 Census estimate , the county 's population was 124,714 , making it the state 's 18th-most populous county , representing a 2.6% decrease from the 128,349 enumerated in the 2010 United States Census , in turn increasing by 6,360 ( +5.2% ) from the 121,989 counted in the 2000 Census . Its county seat is Flemington . In 2015 , the county had a per capita personal income of $ 80,759 , the third-highest in New Jersey and ranked 33rd of 3,113 counties in the United States . The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 19th-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the United States ( and the highest in New Jersey ) as of 2009 . Hunterdon County is noted for having the second-lowest level of child poverty of any county in the United States . Geographically , much of the county lies in the Delaware Valley as a geographic concept , that is , the drainage basin of the Delaware River . Local businesses and the Delaware Valley Regional High School carry the name . However , Delaware Valley is also used to refer to the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , and Hunterdon County does not belong to the Philadelphia CSA , but rather to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , part of the larger New York-Newark Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) . It is located within the state 's Skylands Region . Hunterdon County was established on March 11 , 1714 , separating from Burlington County , at which time it included all of present-day Morris , Sussex and Warren counties . The rolling hills and rich soils which produce bountiful agricultural crops drew Native American tribes and then Europeans to the area ." } ] }, { "value": "Flemington and Raritan Township", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Flemington,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Flemington is a borough in Hunterdon County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 4,581 , reflecting an increase of 381 ( +9.1% ) from the 4,200 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 153 ( +3.8% ) from the 4,047 counted in the 1990 Census . It is the county seat of Hunterdon County . Most of the borough is in the Amwell Valley ( a low-lying area of the Newark Basin ) , but northwest portions of the borough sit on the Hunterdon Plateau . Flemington is an independent municipality completely surrounded by Raritan Township and is located near the geographic center of the township ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Raritan_Township,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Raritan Township is a township in Hunterdon County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township 's population was 22,185 , reflecting an increase of 2,376 ( +12.0% ) from the 19,809 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 4,193 ( +26.9% ) from the 15,616 counted in the 1990 Census . The southeast part of the township is in the Amwell Valley , while the northwestern part is on the Hunterdon Plateau . Raritan was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 2 , 1838 , from portions of the now-defunct Amwell Township . Flemington was formed within the township on March 14 , 1870 , and became an independent borough on April 7 , 1910 . Portions of the township were ceded to East Amwell Township in 1854 and 1897 . The township 's name is derived from the Raritan tribe , a Native American band of Lenape people . The name of the tribe is said to mean forked river , stream overflows or point on a tidal river ." } ] }, { "value": "Middlesex County Area Transit ( MCAT )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Middlesex County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Middlesex County is a county located in north-central New Jersey , United States . In 2018 , the Census Bureau estimated the county 's population at 829,685 , making it the state 's second-most populous county , an increase of 4.1% from 809,858 in the 2010 census . Middlesex is part of the New York metropolitan area , and its county seat is New Brunswick . The center of population of the state of New Jersey is located in Middlesex County , in East Brunswick Township , just east of the New Jersey Turnpike . The 2000 Census showed that the county ranked 63rd in the United States among the wealthiest counties by median household income . The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 143rd-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the United States ( and the 10th-highest in New Jersey ) as of 2009 . Middlesex County holds the nickname , The Greatest County in the Land . The county was primarily settled due to its ideal location near the Raritan River and was established as of March 7 , 1683 , as part of the Province of East Jersey and was partitioned as of October 31 , 1693 , into the townships of Piscataway , Perth Amboy , and Woodbridge . Somerset County was established on May 14 , 1688 , from portions of Middlesex County . The county 's first court met in June 1683 in Piscataway , and held session at alternating sites over the next century in Perth Amboy , Piscataway , and Woodbridge before relocating permanently to New Brunswick in 1778 . Middlesex County hosts an extensive park system totaling more than 6,300 acres ( 2,500 ha ) ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Jersey Transit", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit_Bus_Operations", "summary": "NJ Transit Bus Operations is the bus division of NJ Transit , providing bus service throughout New Jersey along with service along one light rail line , with many routes going to New York City and Philadelphia ." } ] }, { "value": "New Jersey ( statewide ) with service to Manhattan and Philadelphia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Jersey", "summary": "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Manhattan", "summary": "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Philadelphia", "summary": "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Parsippany Free Transit System", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Morris County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Morris County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey , about 30 mi ( 48 km ) west of New York City . According to the 2010 census , the population was 492,276 , up from the 470,212 at the 2000 Census , As of the 2017 Census estimate , the county 's population was 499,693 , making it the state 's 10th-most populous county , and marking a 1.5% increase from 2010 . The county is part of the New York Metropolitan Area and is divided into 39 municipalities , but has no large cities . Its county seat is Morristown . The most populous place was Parsippany-Troy Hills Township , with 53,238 residents at the time of the 2010 Census , while Rockaway Township covered 45.55 square miles ( 118.0 km2 ) , the largest total area of any municipality ." } ] }, { "value": "Parsippany , New Jersey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Parsippany,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Parsippany-Troy Hills Township , commonly called simply Parsippany ( /pɑːrˈsɪpəni/ ) , is a township in Morris County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township 's population was 53,238 , reflecting an increase of 2,589 ( +5.1% ) from the 50,649 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 2,171 ( +4.5% ) from the 48,478 counted in the 1990 Census . The name Parsippany comes from the Lenape Native American sub-tribe , which comes from the word parsipanong , which means the place where the river winds through the valley . Parsippany-Troy Hills is the most populous municipality in Morris County . The name Troy Hills was changed from Troy , to avoid confusion of mail being sent erroneously to Troy , New York . Parsippany-Troy Hills was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 12 , 1928 , from portions of Hanover Township , based on the results of a referendum held on May 9 , 1928 , that split off both East Hanover Township and Parsippany-Troy Hills from Hanover Township . Since 2006 . Parsippany-Troy Hills has been consistently recognized by Money magazine as one of the Best Places to Live in the United States . That year Parsippany was ranked 17th on the list , the highest-ranked location in New Jersey . In 2008 , it moved up to 13th position . Parsippany returned to Money magazine 's Best Places list in 2012 , in the 15th position , and again in 2014 , where it ranked 16th with Money citing its Arts and leisure . Parsippany 's ranking improved to the 5th-ranked position on the Best Places list in 2016 , but in 2017 dropped to 33rd ." } ] }, { "value": "Princeton Free B", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mercer County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mercer_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Mercer County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey . Its county seat is Trenton , the state capital . The county constitutes the Trenton-Ewing , NJ Metropolitan Statistical Area and is considered part of the New York Metropolitan Area by the United States Census Bureau , but also directly borders the Philadelphia metropolitan area and is included within the Federal Communications Commission 's Philadelphia Designated Market Area . As of the 2018 Census estimate , the county 's population was 369,811 , making it the state 's 12th-most populous county , an increase of 2.2% from the 2010 United States Census , when its population was enumerated at 366,513 , in turn an increase of 15,752 ( 4.5% ) from the 350,761 enumerated in the 2000 Census , retaining its position as the 12th-most populous county in the state . The county was formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 22 , 1838 , from portions of Burlington County ( including Nottingham Township ) , Hunterdon County ( including Ewing Township , Lawrence Township , Trenton City and portions of Hopewell Township ) , and Middlesex County ( including West Windsor Township and portions of East Windsor Township ) . The former Keith Line bisects the county and is the boundary between municipalities that previously had been separated into West Jersey and East Jersey . It was named for Continental Army General Hugh Mercer , who died as a result of wounds received at the Battle of Princeton on January 3 , 1777 . The Mercer Oak , against which the dying general rested as his men continued to fight , appears on the county seal and stood for 250 years until it collapsed in 2000 . Mercer County is home to Princeton University , Princeton Theological Seminary , the Institute for Advanced Study , Rider University , The College of New Jersey , Thomas Edison State University and Mercer County Community College . Trenton-Mercer Airport , in Ewing Township , is a commercial and corporate aviation airport serving Mercer County and its surrounding vicinity . The official residence of the governor of New Jersey , known as Drumthwacket , is located in Princeton , and is listed on both the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and the New Jersey Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "Princeton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County , New Jersey , United States , that was established in its current form on January 1 , 2013 , through the consolidation of the now-defunct Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township . As of the 2010 United States Census , the municipality 's population was 28,572 , reflecting the former township 's population of 16,265 , along with the 12,307 in the former borough . Princeton was founded before the American Revolutionary War . It is the home of Princeton University , which bears its name and moved to the community in 1756 from its previous location in Newark . Although its association with the university is primarily what makes Princeton a college town , other important institutions in the area include the Institute for Advanced Study , Westminster Choir College , Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton Theological Seminary , Opinion Research Corporation , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Siemens Corporate Research , SRI International , FMC Corporation , The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , Amrep , Church and Dwight , Berlitz International , and Dow Jones & Company . Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia . It is close to many major highways that serve both cities ( e.g . Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1 ) , and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each . It is also close to Trenton , New Jersey 's capital city , and Edison . The New Jersey governor 's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945 , when Morven in what was then Princeton Borough became the first Governor 's mansion . It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket , a colonial mansion located in the former Township . Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society ." } ] }, { "value": "Princeton Junction Shuttle", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mercer County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mercer_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Mercer County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey . Its county seat is Trenton , the state capital . The county constitutes the Trenton-Ewing , NJ Metropolitan Statistical Area and is considered part of the New York Metropolitan Area by the United States Census Bureau , but also directly borders the Philadelphia metropolitan area and is included within the Federal Communications Commission 's Philadelphia Designated Market Area . As of the 2018 Census estimate , the county 's population was 369,811 , making it the state 's 12th-most populous county , an increase of 2.2% from the 2010 United States Census , when its population was enumerated at 366,513 , in turn an increase of 15,752 ( 4.5% ) from the 350,761 enumerated in the 2000 Census , retaining its position as the 12th-most populous county in the state . The county was formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 22 , 1838 , from portions of Burlington County ( including Nottingham Township ) , Hunterdon County ( including Ewing Township , Lawrence Township , Trenton City and portions of Hopewell Township ) , and Middlesex County ( including West Windsor Township and portions of East Windsor Township ) . The former Keith Line bisects the county and is the boundary between municipalities that previously had been separated into West Jersey and East Jersey . It was named for Continental Army General Hugh Mercer , who died as a result of wounds received at the Battle of Princeton on January 3 , 1777 . The Mercer Oak , against which the dying general rested as his men continued to fight , appears on the county seal and stood for 250 years until it collapsed in 2000 . Mercer County is home to Princeton University , Princeton Theological Seminary , the Institute for Advanced Study , Rider University , The College of New Jersey , Thomas Edison State University and Mercer County Community College . Trenton-Mercer Airport , in Ewing Township , is a commercial and corporate aviation airport serving Mercer County and its surrounding vicinity . The official residence of the governor of New Jersey , known as Drumthwacket , is located in Princeton , and is listed on both the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and the New Jersey Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "East Windsor Township and Hightstown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/East_Windsor_Township,_New_Jersey", "summary": "East Windsor Township is a township in Mercer County , New Jersey , United States . The township is part of the New York Metropolitan area as defined by the United States Census Bureau , but directly borders the Philadelphia metropolitan area and is part of the Federal Communications Commission 's Philadelphia Designated Market Area . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township 's population was 27,190 , reflecting an increase of 2,271 ( +9.1% ) from the 24,919 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 2,566 ( +11.5% ) from the 22,353 counted in the 1990 Census . Both East Windsor Township and West Windsor Township were formed when Windsor Township was split on February 9 , 1797 , while the area was still part of Middlesex County . It was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21 , 1798 , as one of New Jersey 's initial group of 104 townships . Portions of the township were taken to form Hightstown borough ( March 5 , 1853 , within East Windsor ; became independent c. 1894 ) and Washington Township ( March 11 , 1860 , and known as Robbinsville Township since 2007 ) . The township was named for Windsor Township , which was named for Windsor , England ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hightstown,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Hightstown is a borough in Mercer County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 5,494 , reflecting an increase of 278 ( +5.3% ) from the 5,216 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 90 ( +1.8% ) from the 5,126 counted in the 1990 Census . Hightstown was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 5 , 1853 , within portions of East Windsor Township . The borough became fully independent c. 1894 . Additional portions of East Windsor Township were annexed in 1913 , 1915 and 1927 . The traditional explanation is that the borough was named for John and Mary Hight , who established a tavern in the area in the 1750s ." } ] }, { "value": "Route 57 Shuttle", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Warren County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Warren_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Warren County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey . As of the 2018 Census estimate , the county 's population was 105,779 , making it the 19th-most populous of the state 's 21 counties , representing a decrease of 1.7% from the 108,692 enumerated in the 2010 United States Census , in turn having increased by 6,255 ( +6.1% ) from 102,437 counted at the 2000 Census , Its county seat is Belvidere . It is part of the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton , PA-NJ metropolitan area and is generally considered the eastern border of the Lehigh Valley . It is considered part of the New York-Newark , NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area , and shares its eastern border with the New York City Metropolitan Area , with its northwestern section bordering The Poconos . The most populous place was Phillipsburg , with 14,950 residents at the time of the 2010 Census , while Hardwick Township , covered 37.92 square miles ( 98.2 km2 ) , the largest total area of any municipality . Warren County was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on November 20 , 1824 , from portions of Sussex County . At its creation , the county consisted of the townships of Greenwich , Independence , Knowlton , Mansfield , Oxford , and Pahaquarry ( now defunct ) . The county was named for Joseph Warren , an American Revolutionary War hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Route 130 Connection Shuttle", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mercer County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mercer_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Mercer County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey . Its county seat is Trenton , the state capital . The county constitutes the Trenton-Ewing , NJ Metropolitan Statistical Area and is considered part of the New York Metropolitan Area by the United States Census Bureau , but also directly borders the Philadelphia metropolitan area and is included within the Federal Communications Commission 's Philadelphia Designated Market Area . As of the 2018 Census estimate , the county 's population was 369,811 , making it the state 's 12th-most populous county , an increase of 2.2% from the 2010 United States Census , when its population was enumerated at 366,513 , in turn an increase of 15,752 ( 4.5% ) from the 350,761 enumerated in the 2000 Census , retaining its position as the 12th-most populous county in the state . The county was formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 22 , 1838 , from portions of Burlington County ( including Nottingham Township ) , Hunterdon County ( including Ewing Township , Lawrence Township , Trenton City and portions of Hopewell Township ) , and Middlesex County ( including West Windsor Township and portions of East Windsor Township ) . The former Keith Line bisects the county and is the boundary between municipalities that previously had been separated into West Jersey and East Jersey . It was named for Continental Army General Hugh Mercer , who died as a result of wounds received at the Battle of Princeton on January 3 , 1777 . The Mercer Oak , against which the dying general rested as his men continued to fight , appears on the county seal and stood for 250 years until it collapsed in 2000 . Mercer County is home to Princeton University , Princeton Theological Seminary , the Institute for Advanced Study , Rider University , The College of New Jersey , Thomas Edison State University and Mercer County Community College . Trenton-Mercer Airport , in Ewing Township , is a commercial and corporate aviation airport serving Mercer County and its surrounding vicinity . The official residence of the governor of New Jersey , known as Drumthwacket , is located in Princeton , and is listed on both the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and the New Jersey Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Somerset County Public Transit", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Somerset County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Somerset_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Somerset County is a county located in the central of the U.S. state of New Jersey . As of the 2018 Census estimate , the county 's population was 331,164 , a 3.7% increase from the 2010 United States Census , making it the 13th most populous of the state 's 21 counties . Somerset County is part of the New York Metropolitan Area . Its county seat is Somerville . The most populous place was Franklin Township , with 62,300 residents at the time of the 2010 Census , while Hillsborough Township , covered 55.00 square miles ( 142.4 km2 ) , the largest total area of any municipality . In 2015 , the county had a per capita personal income of $ 86,468 , the second highest in New Jersey and ranked 25th of 3,113 counties in the United States . Somerset County , as of the 2000 Census , was the seventh wealthiest county in the United States by median household income at $ 76,933 ( third in New Jersey behind Hunterdon County at $ 79,888 and Morris County at $ 77,340 ) , fourth in median family income at $ 90,655 ( second in New Jersey behind Hunterdon County at $ 91,050 ) and ranked seventh by per capita income at $ 37,970 ( highest in New Jersey ) . The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 11th-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the United States ( and the highest in New Jersey ) as of 2009 . In 2012 , 49.8 percent of Somerset County residents were college graduates , the highest percentage in the state . Somerset County was recently ranked number 3 of 21 NJ counties as one of the healthiest counties in New Jersey , according to an annual report by County Health Rankings and Roadmaps . Somerset County was created on May 14 , 1688 , from portions of Middlesex County ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sussex County Skylands Ride", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sussex County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sussex_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Sussex County is the northernmost county in the State of New Jersey . Its county seat is Newton . It is part of the New York Metropolitan Area and is part of the state 's Skylands Region , a term promoted by the New Jersey Commerce , Economic Growth , & Tourism Commission to encourage tourism . As of the 2018 Census estimate , the county 's population was 140,799 , making it the 17th-most populous of the state 's 21 counties , a 5.3% decrease from the 149,265 enumerated in the 2010 United States Census , in turn an increase of 5,099 ( 3.5% ) over the 144,166 persons enumerated in the 2000 Census . Based on 2010 Census data , Vernon Township was the county 's largest in both population and area , with a population of 23,943 and covering an area of 70.59 square miles ( 182.8 km2 ) . In 2015 , the county had a per capita personal income of $ 55,497 , the ninth-highest in New Jersey and ranked 220th of 3,113 counties in the United States . As of 2010 [ update ] The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 131st-highest per capita income ( $ 49,207 ) of the 3,113 counties in the United States ( and the ninth-highest in the state ) . The county was established in 1753 and named after historic County Sussex , England . Until the mid-20th century , most of Sussex County 's economy was based on agriculture ( chiefly dairy farming ) and the mining industry . With the decline of these industries in the 1960s , Sussex County was transformed into a bedroom community that absorbed population shifts from New Jersey 's more heavily populated areas . Recent studies estimate that 60% of Sussex County residents work outside of the county , many seeking or maintaining employment in New York City or New Jersey 's more suburban and urban areas ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vernon Area Shuttle", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sussex County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sussex_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Sussex County is the northernmost county in the State of New Jersey . Its county seat is Newton . It is part of the New York Metropolitan Area and is part of the state 's Skylands Region , a term promoted by the New Jersey Commerce , Economic Growth , & Tourism Commission to encourage tourism . As of the 2018 Census estimate , the county 's population was 140,799 , making it the 17th-most populous of the state 's 21 counties , a 5.3% decrease from the 149,265 enumerated in the 2010 United States Census , in turn an increase of 5,099 ( 3.5% ) over the 144,166 persons enumerated in the 2000 Census . Based on 2010 Census data , Vernon Township was the county 's largest in both population and area , with a population of 23,943 and covering an area of 70.59 square miles ( 182.8 km2 ) . In 2015 , the county had a per capita personal income of $ 55,497 , the ninth-highest in New Jersey and ranked 220th of 3,113 counties in the United States . As of 2010 [ update ] The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 131st-highest per capita income ( $ 49,207 ) of the 3,113 counties in the United States ( and the ninth-highest in the state ) . The county was established in 1753 and named after historic County Sussex , England . Until the mid-20th century , most of Sussex County 's economy was based on agriculture ( chiefly dairy farming ) and the mining industry . With the decline of these industries in the 1960s , Sussex County was transformed into a bedroom community that absorbed population shifts from New Jersey 's more heavily populated areas . Recent studies estimate that 60% of Sussex County residents work outside of the county , many seeking or maintaining employment in New York City or New Jersey 's more suburban and urban areas ." } ] }, { "value": "Vernon , New Jersey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vernon,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Vernon Township is a township in Sussex County , New Jersey , United States . It is located about one hour 's drive from New York City and is part of the New York Metropolitan Area . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township 's population was 23,943 , reflecting a decline of 743 ( -3.0% ) from the 24,686 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 3,475 ( +16.4% ) from the 21,211 counted in the 1990 Census . It is both the most populous municipality and the largest in area in the county . Vernon is home to Mountain Creek ( formerly Great Gorge and Vernon Valley ) , a ski resort and water park as well as the Crystal Springs Resort 's Minerals Hotel and Elements Spa . The Hidden Valley ski resort , which opened in 1976 and occupied a 140-acre ( 57 ha ) property that included one of New Jersey 's three remaining downhill skiing facilities , closed at the end of the 2013 season and could find no buyers at an auction held that year ; it has since reopened as the National Winter Activity Center . The Great Gorge Playboy Club was located in the Vernon community of McAfee , but was sold and turned into a hotel , now called the Legends Resort & Country Club . Opened in 1972 at a cost of $ 20 million , featuring 700 rooms and 27 holes of golf , the hotel was sold to Americana in 1982 and later was resold to Metairie Corp. which branded the property as the Legends Resort and Country Club . In 2017 , the township started eviction proceedings against low-income residents who had been living in the defunct resort on a permanent basis ." } ] }, { "value": "West Milford Bus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Passaic County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey", "summary": "Passaic County ( /pəˈseɪ.ɪk/ pə-SAY-ik ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey that is part of the New York metropolitan area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 501,226 , an increase of 12,177 ( +2.5% ) from the 489,049 counted in the 2000 Census , As of the 2017 Census estimate , the county 's population was 512,607 , making it the state 's ninth-most populous county , and marking an increase of 2.3% from 2010 . Its county seat is Paterson . The most populous place was Paterson , with 146,199 residents at the time of the 2010 Census , more than 29% of the county 's population , while West Milford covered 80.32 square miles ( 208.0 km2 ) , the largest total area of any municipality and more than 40% of the county 's area . Passaic County was created on February 7 , 1837 , from portions of Bergen County and Essex County ." } ] }, { "value": "West Milford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Milford_Township,_New_Jersey", "summary": "West Milford is a township in Passaic County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township 's population was 25,850 , reflecting a decline of 560 ( -2.1% ) from the 26,410 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 980 ( +3.9% ) from the 25,430 counted in the 1990 Census ." } ] } ], "section_title": "New Jersey", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_30", "intro": "The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics", "title": "Canada at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics", "header": [ "Medal", "Name", "Sport", "Event", "Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Ciccarelli", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Ciccarelli", "summary": "Michael Ciccarelli Nickname : Bubble Boy Ciccarelli ( born September 4 , 1996 ) is a Canadian snowboarder . He hails from Ancaster , Ontario and is a member of the Canadian National Slopestyle/Big Air Team . Coming from a family of skiers , Mikey has been snowboarding since the age of six , when his parents finally relented to his begging and bought him a board . Mikey 's career was catapulted in 2012 when he won the gold medal for slopestyle at the Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria . His pro resume highlights consist of a win at the 2015 Stoneham World Cup , a 2nd-place finish at the 2017 Burton US Open , a 2nd-place finish at the 2016 Fenway Park U.S. Grand Prix/World Cup Big Air , a 3rd-place finish at the 2015 Cardona World Cup , and a 4th-place finish at the 2017 Air & Style in Innsbruck . Mikey rides in the memory of his father , who he lost to cancer in October 2014 . Ciccarelli finished second to fellow Canadian Mark McMorris while Sven Thorgren of Sweden was third at the Burton U.S. Open , one of the most prestigious events in snowboarding . It was the first U.S. Open podium finish for Ciccarelli . It 's crazy , I ca n't believe it . To put that ( cab triple cork 1620 melon ) down in my run , it all came together , Ciccarelli said in a release from Snowboard Canada . I did n't even really feel too much pressure , I just wanted to put a run down and I 'm just so stoked . STONEHAM , Quebec ( AP ) Canada 's Michael Ciccarelli won first slopestyle title Saturday in the FIS Snowboard World Cup tour opener ." } ] }, { "value": "Snowboarding", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics", "summary": "Snowboarding at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 16 to 19 January ." } ] }, { "value": "Boys ' Slopestyle", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19 Jan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Audrey McManiman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Snowboarding", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics", "summary": "Snowboarding at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 16 to 19 January ." } ] }, { "value": "Girls ' Slopestyle", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19 Jan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roni Remme", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Roni_Remme", "summary": "Veronica Roni Remme ( born 14 February 1996 ) is a Canadian World Cup alpine ski racer . From Collingwood , Ontario , Remme raced collegiately in the United States for the University of Utah and competed for Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2019 World Championships . She made her World Cup debut in December 2017 and gained her first podium in February 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine Skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics", "summary": "Alpine Skiing at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympia Run Patscherkofel in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 14 to 22 January . The difference in the Youth Olympic program for alpine skiing compared to the Winter Olympics was that there were no downhill for both genders , and an inclusion of a team event ." } ] }, { "value": "Girls ' Slalom", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_slalom", "summary": "Alpine Skiing at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympia Run Patscherkofel in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 14 to 22 January . The difference in the Youth Olympic program for alpine skiing compared to the Winter Olympics was that there were no downhill for both genders , and an inclusion of a team event ." } ] }, { "value": "20 Jan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Thomas Scoffin Corryn Brown Derek Oryniak Emily Gray", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_Scoffin", "summary": "Thomas Scoffin ( born April 25 , 1994 in Sudbury , Ontario ) is a Canadian curler from Whitehorse , Yukon . He was the skip of the Canadian mixed team at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Austria ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Corryn_Brown", "summary": "Corryn Cecile Brown ( born July 19 , 1995 ) is a Canadian curler from British Columbia ." } ] }, { "value": "Curling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Curling_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics", "summary": "Curling was contested at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics at the Innsbruck Exhibition Centre in Innsbruck , Austria from 14 January to 22 January . The mixed team event took place from 14 January to 18 January , while the mixed doubles tournament took place from 20 January to 22 January . The Athlete Role Models for the Youth Olympics curling competition were Eve Muirhead of Great Britain and Uli Kapp of Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "Mixed Team", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Curling_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Mixed_team", "summary": "Mixed team curling at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held from January 14 to 18 at the Innsbruck Exhibition Centre in Innsbruck , Austria ." } ] }, { "value": "18 Jan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Matt Herauf", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Freestyle Skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics", "summary": "Freestyle Skiing at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 17 January to 22 January . The difference in the Youth Olympic program for freestyle skiing compared to the Winter Olympics was that there were no aerials or moguls competition for both genders , and an inclusion of a ski half-pipe for both genders ." } ] }, { "value": "Boys ' ski cross", "urls": [] }, { "value": "21 Jan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Canada", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ice hockey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics", "summary": "Ice hockey at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Tyrolean Ice Arena in Innsbruck , Austria from 13 to 22 January . The difference between the Youth Olympic program for ice hockey and the Winter Olympics was the addition of a skill challenge for each gender ." } ] }, { "value": "Boys", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_tournament", "summary": "The boys ' ice hockey tournament at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held from 13 to 22 January at the Tyrolean Ice Arena in Innsbruck , Austria . Teams from five national hockey associations competed , in one single preliminary round group . The tournament consisted of 14 games : 10 in the preliminary round ( teams played all other teams ) ; 2 semifinal games ; 1 bronze medal game ; and 1 gold medal game . All games were played in three 15-minute periods , as opposed to the traditional 20-minute periods ." } ] }, { "value": "21 Jan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Corey Gillies", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Skeleton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics", "summary": "Skeleton at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria on 16 January . The competition had a boys ' and a girls ' event ." } ] }, { "value": "Boys ' Skeleton", "urls": [] }, { "value": "21 Jan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Carli Brockway", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Skeleton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics", "summary": "Skeleton at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria on 16 January . The competition had a boys ' and a girls ' event ." } ] }, { "value": "Girls ' Skeleton", "urls": [] }, { "value": "21 Jan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Taylor Henrich Nathaniel Mah Dusty Korek", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taylor_Henrich", "summary": "Taylor Henrich ( born 1 November 1995 ) is a Canadian ski jumper . Born in Calgary , Alberta , Henrich began the sport at age seven . Henrich competed Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the premier of Ski jumping at the 2014 Winter Olympics - Women 's normal hill individual and her ranking in 2013/2014 was 23rd . She reached her first World Cup podium with 3rd place in Oberstdorf on 25 January 2015 . This is also the first ever Ladies World Cup podium for Canada ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Dusty_Korek", "summary": "Dusty Korek ( born April 19 , 1995 in Edmonton , Alberta ) is a Canadian ski jumper of Polish descent . He competed for Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Men 's normal hill individual ." } ] }, { "value": "Ski Jumping", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics", "summary": "Ski jumping at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Toni-Seelos-Olympiaschanze in Seefeld , Austria on 14 January . For the first time ever women competed in ski jumping at an Olympic event" } ] }, { "value": "Mixed Team", "urls": [] }, { "value": "21 Jan", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Medalists", "section_text": "", "uid": "Canada_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_0", "intro": "Canada competed at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck. Beckie Scott was named as the chef de mission. Canada did not send any speed skaters (long and short track), along with figure skaters after the governing body for the sport in the country (Speed Skating Canada and Skate Canada, respectively) deemed the event not developmentally appropriate." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama", "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama", "header": [ "", "Name on the Register", "Date listed", "Location", "City or town" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bethlehem Baptist Church", "urls": [] }, { "value": "December 7 , 2017 ( # 100001875 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Southern corner of River and White 's Mill Rds . 32°47′19″N 85°10′35″W / 32.788611°N 85.176389°W / 32.788611 ; -85.176389 ( Bethlehem Baptist Church )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valley,_Alabama", "summary": "Valley is a city in Chambers County , Alabama , United States . Valley was incorporated in 1980 combining the four textile mill villages of Fairfax , Langdale , River View , and Shawmut . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 9,524 . The city lies on the western bank of the Chattahoochee River , the state border between Alabama and Georgia . Valley is a pilot city for the Alabama Communities of Excellence program , a non-profit that partners with governments , businesses , and universities to prepare participating communities for a more vibrant future . It is the principal city of and is included in the Valley , Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Greater Columbus Combined Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chambers County Courthouse Square Historic District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chambers_County_Courthouse_Square_Historic_District", "summary": "The Chambers County Courthouse Square Historic District comprises the central portion of LaFayette , Alabama , centered on the Chambers County Courthouse . The courthouse is located in a square , surrounded by an early 20th century commercial district on LaFayette Street , Alabama Avenue , First Street SE and First Avenue . The district includes 63 buildings , of which 45 are considered contributing features . It is described as one of the most intact courthouse squares in Alabama . The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 27 , 1980 ." } ] }, { "value": "March 27 , 1980 ( # 80000682 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roughly bounded by Alabama and 2nd Aves . and 1st St. 32°53′58″N 85°24′03″W / 32.899444°N 85.400833°W / 32.899444 ; -85.400833 ( Chambers County Courthouse Square Historic District )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La Fayette", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Fayette,_Alabama", "summary": "LaFayette ( /ləˈfeɪ.ɛt , -ˈfaɪ-/ lə-F ( A ) Y-et , /ˈlʌfeɪ.ɛt/ LUF-ay-et ) is the county seat of Chambers County , Alabama , United States , 47 miles ( 76 km ) northwest of Columbus , Georgia . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city was 3,003 ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "County Line Baptist Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/County_Line_Baptist_Church", "summary": "County Line Baptist Church is a historic Southern Baptist church east of Dudleyville , Alabama . The church was first organized on May 2 , 1835 in the frontier home of William C. Morgan . Morgan purchased the two acre site from Creek Indians and contributed it to the church . The current church building on the site was built in 1890 , and has been in continuous use and remained virtually unaltered since its construction . The Church was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on January 14 , 1980 and the National Register of Historic Places on August 19 , 1982 ." } ] }, { "value": "August 19 , 1982 ( # 82002001 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "East of Dudleyville 32°55′04″N 85°35′23″W / 32.917778°N 85.589722°W / 32.917778 ; -85.589722 ( County Line Baptist Church )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dudleyville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dudleyville,_Alabama", "summary": "Dudleyville , also known as Pittsborough , is an unincorporated community in Tallapoosa County , Alabama , United States . Dudleyville was named for Peter Dudley , who established the first trading post in the area . The town was incorporated on February 2 , 1839 . A post office was operated in Dudleyville from 1836 to 1907 . Major Lemuel Montgomery , the first American soldier killed in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend , was formerly buried in the Dudleyville cemetery , before his grave was moved to Horseshoe Bend National Military Park . Abram Mordecai , a trader who installed the first cotton gin in Alabama , lived for a time in Dudleyville . It was here that Albert J. Pickett visited him in 1847 and gathered information from him to use in his History of Alabama . County Line Baptist Church , which is located east of Dudleyville , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fairfax Historic District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fairfax_Historic_District_(Valley,_Alabama)", "summary": "The Fairfax Historic District in Valley , Alabama was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . It is a 240 acres ( 97 ha ) area roughly bounded by River Rd. , Spring St. , Lamer St. , Derson St. , Combs St. , and Cussetta Rd . in Valley . It included 372 contributing buildings , a contributing structure , and four contributing sites . The district is centered around a textile mill and the surrounding building , the majority of which are mill worker cottages . Other building include commercial , civic , recreational , and civic structures . The architect of the mill was a Mr. Agnew ( or Agnue ) . The village was designed by landscape architect William B. Marquis , who later became a partner at Olmsted Brothers . Architectural styles include Colonial Revival , and Bungalow/Craftsman ." } ] }, { "value": "September 24 , 1999 ( # 99001177 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roughly bounded by River Rd. , Spring St. , Lanier St. , Denson St. , Combs St. , and Cussetta Rd . 32°47′35″N 85°10′51″W / 32.793056°N 85.180833°W / 32.793056 ; -85.180833 ( Fairfax Historic District )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valley,_Alabama", "summary": "Valley is a city in Chambers County , Alabama , United States . Valley was incorporated in 1980 combining the four textile mill villages of Fairfax , Langdale , River View , and Shawmut . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 9,524 . The city lies on the western bank of the Chattahoochee River , the state border between Alabama and Georgia . Valley is a pilot city for the Alabama Communities of Excellence program , a non-profit that partners with governments , businesses , and universities to prepare participating communities for a more vibrant future . It is the principal city of and is included in the Valley , Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Greater Columbus Combined Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Langdale Historic District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Langdale_Historic_District", "summary": "Langdale Historic District is a historic district in Valley , Alabama and Harris County , Georgia , United States . It was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on July 22 , 1991 and the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) on November 12 , 1999 . It lies primarily in Valley , Alabama , on the West side of the Chattahoochee River ." } ] }, { "value": "November 12 , 1999 ( # 99001299 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roughly bounded by 65th St. , 20th Ave. , 61st , 58th , and 55th Sts. , 16th Ave. , and the Chattahoochee River 32°48′43″N 85°10′13″W / 32.811944°N 85.170278°W / 32.811944 ; -85.170278 ( Langdale Historic District )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chattahoochee_River", "summary": "The Chattahoochee River forms the southern half of the Alabama and Georgia border , as well as a portion of the Florida - Georgia border . It is a tributary of the Apalachicola River , a relatively short river formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers and emptying from Florida into Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico . The Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles ( 690 km ) long . The Chattahoochee , Flint , and Apalachicola rivers together make up the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin ( ACF River Basin ) . The Chattahoochee makes up the largest part of the ACF 's drainage basin ." } ] }, { "value": "Valley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valley,_Alabama", "summary": "Valley is a city in Chambers County , Alabama , United States . Valley was incorporated in 1980 combining the four textile mill villages of Fairfax , Langdale , River View , and Shawmut . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 9,524 . The city lies on the western bank of the Chattahoochee River , the state border between Alabama and Georgia . Valley is a pilot city for the Alabama Communities of Excellence program , a non-profit that partners with governments , businesses , and universities to prepare participating communities for a more vibrant future . It is the principal city of and is included in the Valley , Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Greater Columbus Combined Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Hope Rosenwald School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Hope_Rosenwald_School", "summary": "New Hope Rosenwald School is a Rosenwald School near Fredonia , Alabama . It was built in 1915 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of The Rosenwald School Building Fund and Associated Buildings Multiple Property Submission on November 29 , 2001 ." } ] }, { "value": "November 29 , 2001 ( # 01001297 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.25 miles southeast of U.S. Route 431 on County Road 267 32°56′36″N 85°17′08″W / 32.943333°N 85.285556°W / 32.943333 ; -85.285556 ( New Hope Rosenwald School )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/U.S._Route_431", "summary": "U.S. Route 431 ( US 431 ) is a spur of U.S. Route 31 . It currently travels for approximately 556 miles ( 895 km ) from US 231/Alabama State Route 210 and US 231 Business ( US 231 Bus . ) and US 431 Bus . in Dothan , Alabama , to Owensboro , Kentucky , at US 60 and Kentucky Route 2831 ." } ] }, { "value": "Fredonia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fredonia,_Alabama", "summary": "Fredonia /frɛdoʊniə/ fred-oh-nia or /fri-/ freed-oh-nia is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Chambers County , Alabama , United States . Its elevation is 794 feet ( 242 m ) , and it is located at 32°59′23″N 85°17′19″W / 32.98972°N 85.28861°W / 32.98972 ; -85.28861 ( 32.9898462 , -85.2885564 ) . As of the 2010 census , its population was 199 . Other names for the community have included Freedona and Hursts Store . It is the location of the New Hope Rosenwald School , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ernest McCarty Oliver House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ernest_McCarty_Oliver_House", "summary": "The Ernest McCarty Oliver House , in LaFayette , Alabama , is a Victorian house built in 1895 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 . It is a two-story brick house , primarily Victorian in style but influenced by several styles including Eastlake . It was built from brick derived from clay behind the house and baked in a kiln on site . It is located on LaFayette St. North ( U.S. Route 431 / Alabama State Route 1 ) in LaFayette ." } ] }, { "value": "January 21 , 1974 ( # 74000402 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "LaFayette St. , N./ U.S. Route 431 32°54′24″N 85°24′09″W / 32.906580°N 85.402389°W / 32.906580 ; -85.402389 ( Ernest McCarty Oliver House )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/U.S._Route_431", "summary": "U.S. Route 431 ( US 431 ) is a spur of U.S. Route 31 . It currently travels for approximately 556 miles ( 895 km ) from US 231/Alabama State Route 210 and US 231 Business ( US 231 Bus . ) and US 431 Bus . in Dothan , Alabama , to Owensboro , Kentucky , at US 60 and Kentucky Route 2831 ." } ] }, { "value": "La Fayette", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Fayette,_Alabama", "summary": "LaFayette ( /ləˈfeɪ.ɛt , -ˈfaɪ-/ lə-F ( A ) Y-et , /ˈlʌfeɪ.ɛt/ LUF-ay-et ) is the county seat of Chambers County , Alabama , United States , 47 miles ( 76 km ) northwest of Columbus , Georgia . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city was 3,003 ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Riverview Historic District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Riverview_Historic_District_(Valley,_Alabama)", "summary": "Riverview Historic District is a historic district along the Chattahoochee River in River View , Alabama . It was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on December 19 , 1991 and on the National Register of Historic Places on November 12 , 1999 ." } ] }, { "value": "November 12 , 1999 ( # 99001300 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roughly bounded by School and G.I . Sts. , the Chattahoochee River , and along California St. 32°47′14″N 85°08′45″W / 32.787222°N 85.145833°W / 32.787222 ; -85.145833 ( Riverview Historic District )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chattahoochee_River", "summary": "The Chattahoochee River forms the southern half of the Alabama and Georgia border , as well as a portion of the Florida - Georgia border . It is a tributary of the Apalachicola River , a relatively short river formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers and emptying from Florida into Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico . The Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles ( 690 km ) long . The Chattahoochee , Flint , and Apalachicola rivers together make up the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin ( ACF River Basin ) . The Chattahoochee makes up the largest part of the ACF 's drainage basin ." } ] }, { "value": "River View", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/River_View,_Alabama", "summary": "River View is a subdivision of Valley , Alabama on the Chattahoochee River . On May 20 , 1980 , the communities of Shawmut , Langdale , Fairfax , and River View merged to form the city of Valley . It is the location of Riverview Historic District , which is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shawmut Historic District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shawmut_Historic_District", "summary": "The Shawmut Historic District , in Valley , Alabama , is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . The listing included 275 contributing buildings , a contributing structure , and a contributing site on 201 acres ( 0.81 km2 ) . It is roughly bounded by 25th Boulevard , 29th Boulevard , 20th Ave. , 35th St. , and 38th Boulevard . It includes work by the Lockwood , Greene & Company . Architecture : Bungalow/craftsman , depreesion modern Historic function : Domestic ; Commerce/trade ; Recreation And Culture ; Landscape ; Industry/processing/extraction ; Government ; Education Historic subfunction : Single Dwelling ; Specialty Store ; Professional ; Sport Facility ; Park ; Manufacturing Facility ; Post Office Criteria : event , architecture/engineering" } ] }, { "value": "September 24 , 1999 ( # 99001176 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roughly bounded by 25th Boulevard , 29th Boulevard , 20th Ave. , 35th St. , and 38th Boulevard 32°50′25″N 85°11′00″W / 32.840278°N 85.183333°W / 32.840278 ; -85.183333 ( Shawmut Historic District )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Valley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Valley,_Alabama", "summary": "Valley is a city in Chambers County , Alabama , United States . Valley was incorporated in 1980 combining the four textile mill villages of Fairfax , Langdale , River View , and Shawmut . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 9,524 . The city lies on the western bank of the Chattahoochee River , the state border between Alabama and Georgia . Valley is a pilot city for the Alabama Communities of Excellence program , a non-profit that partners with governments , businesses , and universities to prepare participating communities for a more vibrant future . It is the principal city of and is included in the Valley , Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Greater Columbus Combined Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vines Funeral Home and Ambulance Service", "urls": [] }, { "value": "October 15 , 2008 ( # 08000434 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "211 B St. SW. 32°53′30″N 85°24′14″W / 32.891667°N 85.403889°W / 32.891667 ; -85.403889 ( Vines Funeral Home and Ambulance Service )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La Fayette", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Fayette,_Alabama", "summary": "LaFayette ( /ləˈfeɪ.ɛt , -ˈfaɪ-/ lə-F ( A ) Y-et , /ˈlʌfeɪ.ɛt/ LUF-ay-et ) is the county seat of Chambers County , Alabama , United States , 47 miles ( 76 km ) northwest of Columbus , Georgia . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city was 3,003 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Chambers County", "section_text": "", "uid": "National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama_5", "intro": "This is a list of buildings, sites, districts, and objects listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history", "title": "Minnesota Vikings draft history", "header": [ "Round", "Pick #", "Overall", "Name", "Position", "College" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Derrick Alexander", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Derrick_Alexander_(Defensive_end)", "summary": "Derrick Alexander ( born November 13 , 1973 ) is a former defensive end/defensive tackle who played for the Minnesota Vikings and Cleveland Browns of the National Football League . He was drafted from Florida State University in the first round of the 1995 NFL Draft ahead of such big names as Hugh Douglas and Warren Sapp . After Alexander retired , he worked in the front office for the Cleveland Browns for several years . Alexander was inducted into the Florida State Hall of Fame in 2007 . From 2011 to 2013 he was the head football coach at Bishop McLaughlin Catholic High School in Spring Hill , Florida ." } ] }, { "value": "Defensive end", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defensive_end", "summary": "Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played ." } ] }, { "value": "Florida State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_football", "summary": "The Florida State Seminoles football team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of American football . The Seminoles compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The team is known for its storied history , distinctive helmet , fight song and colors as well as the many traditions associated with the school . Florida State has won three national championships , eighteen conference titles and six division titles along with a playoff appearance . The Seminoles have achieved three undefeated seasons , finished ranked in the top four of the AP Poll for 14 straight years from 1987 through 2000 and completed 41 straight winning seasons from 1977 through 2017 ; from 2012 through 2014 , the team won 29 consecutive games , tied for the twelfth-longest winning streak in college football and tied for the longest winning streak in ACC history . The 1999 team received votes from ESPN as one of the top teams in college football history . The team has produced three Heisman Trophy winners : quarterbacks Charlie Ward in 1993 , Chris Weinke in 2000 and Jameis Winston in 2013 . The Biletnikoff Award , presented annually to the top receiver in college football , is named for Florida State hall of famer Fred Biletnikoff . Other awards won by Florida State players include the Walter Camp Award , the Maxwell Award , the Davey O'Brien Award , the Lombardi Award , the Dick Butkus Award , the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award , the Lou Groza Award , the Dave Rimington Trophy and the Bobby Bowden Award . Florida State coaches have been honored with the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award , the Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award , the Home Depot Coach of the Year Award , the Broyles Award , and the Paul Bear Bryant Award . Many former Seminoles have gone on to have successful careers in the NFL . The program has produced 219 All-Americans ( 45 consensus and 15 unanimous ) and 250 professional players ." } ] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Korey Stringer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Korey_Stringer", "summary": "Korey Damont Stringer ( May 8 , 1974 - August 1 , 2001 ) was an American professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) for six seasons . He played college football for Ohio State University and was recognized as an All-American . He was drafted in the first round of the 1995 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings . He died from complications brought on by heat stroke during the Vikings ' training camp in Mankato , Minnesota ." } ] }, { "value": "Offensive tackle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)", "summary": "Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense ." } ] }, { "value": "Ohio State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football", "summary": "The Ohio State Buckeyes football team competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision , representing Ohio State University in the East Division of the Big Ten Conference . Ohio State has played their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus , Ohio since 1922 . The Buckeyes are recognized by the university and NCAA as having won eight national championships along with 40 conference championships ( including 38 Big Ten titles ) , eight division championships , 10 undefeated seasons , and six perfect seasons ( no losses or ties ) . As of 2017 , the football program is valued at $ 1.5 billion , the highest valuation of any such program in the country . The first Ohio State game was a 20-14 victory over Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware , Ohio , on May 3 , 1890 . The team was a football independent from 1890 to 1901 before joining the Ohio Athletic Conference ( OAC ) as a charter member in 1902 . The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1912 became members of the Big Ten Conference . Ohio State won their first national championship in 1942 under head coach Paul Brown . Following World War II , Ohio State saw sparse success on the football field with three separate coaches and in 1951 hired Woody Hayes to coach the team . Under Hayes , Ohio State won over 200 games , 13 Big Ten championships and five national championships ( 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , and 1970 ) , and had four Rose Bowl wins in eight appearances . Following Hayes ' dismissal in 1978 , Earle Bruce and later John Cooper coached the team to a combined seven conference championships between them . Jim Tressel was hired as head coach in 2001 and led Ohio State to its seventh national championship in 2002 ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "42", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Orlando Thomas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Orlando_Thomas", "summary": "Orlando Thomas ( October 21 , 1972 - November 9 , 2014 ) was an American football defensive back who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1995 until 2001 . He played his entire career with the Minnesota Vikings ." } ] }, { "value": "Safety", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)", "summary": "Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender ." } ] }, { "value": "Southwestern Louisiana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louisiana–Lafayette_Ragin'_Cajuns_football", "summary": "The Louisiana Ragin ' Cajuns football program is a college football team that represents the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in the Sun Belt Conference . Between 2011 and 2014 , the Cajuns won four consecutive New Orleans Bowls , representing the most successful stretch in the program 's history , but later had to vacate two of the victories due to NCAA violations . The university has had several notable players to go to the NFL , including Jake Delhomme , Elijah McGuire , Brian Mitchell , Charles Tillman , and Orlando Thomas . The team plays in Cajun Field , and Billy Napier is currently the head coach ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "55", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Corey Fuller", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corey_Fuller", "summary": "Corey Bushe Fuller ( born May 1 , 1971 ) is an American football coach and former player . He was the interim head football coach at Florida A & M University in 2014 . Fuller was promoted from defensive backs coach to interim head coach after having been the head football coach at East Gadsden High School from 2010 to 2012 . He played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for ten season , from 1995 to 2004 , with the Minnesota Vikings , Cleveland Browns , and Baltimore Ravens . In his NFL career , Fuller played in 152 games , intercepting 17 passes for 145 yards and one touchdown . A 5'10 , 209-lb . defensive back from Florida State University , Fuller was selected by the Vikings in the second round ( 55th overall ) of the 1995 NFL Draft . He played high school football at James S. Rickards High School . In 1996 between the Minnesota Vikings and the Green Bay Packers , Fuller was fined $ 30,000 for poking the left eye of Packers center Frank Winters ." } ] }, { "value": "Safety", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Florida State", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "111", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chad May", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chad_May", "summary": "Chad May ( Born September 28 , 1971 ) is a former American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings in the National Football League in 1995 and the Arizona Cardinals in 1996 . He joined the World League of American Football 's Frankfurt Galaxy in 1997 . May played for the Arizona Rattlers in the Arena Football League in 1999 and 2001 . He played college football at Kansas State in 1993 and 1994 ." } ] }, { "value": "Quarterback", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quarterback", "summary": "The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack ." } ] }, { "value": "Kansas State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats_football", "summary": "The Kansas State Wildcats football program ( variously Kansas State , K-State , or KSU ) is the intercollegiate football program of the Kansas State University Wildcats . The program is classified in the NCAA Division I Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , and the team competes in the Big 12 Conference . Historically , the team has an all-time losing record , at 539-652-41 as of the conclusion of the 2019 season . However , the program has had some stretches of winning in its history , most recently and most notably under former head coach Bill Snyder from the 1990s through the 2010s . In 1998 Kansas State finished the regular season with an undefeated ( 11-0 ) record and # 1 national ranking , and from 1995 to 2001 the school appeared in the AP Poll for 108 consecutive weeks - the 15th-longest streak in college football history . Since 1968 , the team has played in Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium ( formerly KSU Stadium ) in Manhattan , Kansas . The Kansas State University Marching Band , also known as the Pride of Wildcat Land , performs at all home games and bowl games ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "157", "urls": [] }, { "value": "James Stewart", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Running back", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Running_back", "summary": "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ." } ] }, { "value": "Miami ( FL )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_football", "summary": "The Miami Hurricanes football team represents the University of Miami in the sport of American football . The Hurricanes compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The program began in 1926 and has won five AP national championships ( 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 2001 ) . The Miami Hurricanes are among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Miami is ranked fourth on the list of All-time Associated Press National Poll Championships , tied with Southern California and Ohio State and behind Alabama , Notre Dame , and Oklahoma . Miami also holds a number of NFL Draft records , including most first-round selections in a single draft and most consecutive drafts with at least one first-round selection . Two Hurricanes have won the Heisman Trophy and nine have been inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame . The team plays its home games at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida . The Hurricanes ' head coach is Manny Diaz ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "189", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John Solomon", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Linebacker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Linebacker", "summary": "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ." } ] }, { "value": "Sam Houston State", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_Bearkats", "summary": "The Sam Houston State Bearkats represent Sam Houston State University in intercollegiate athletics . Sam Houston State 's colors are orange and white and their sports teams ' nickname is the Bearkats . Sam Houston State sports teams participate in NCAA Division I ( Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS-formerly known as Division I-AA ) for football ) in the Southland Conference . SHSU 's primary rival is Stephen F. Austin State University and tensions between the two schools can run high before major sporting events that pit one against the other . As a whole , the Sam Houston State athletic department captured the Southland Conference Commissioner 's Cup in 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 for all-around athletic department and topped the Southland Conference for all-academic recognition . The Kats are the only athletic department in the Southland Conference to get the Commissioner 's Cup for 3 consecutive years . Sam Houston boasts both the best average student athlete GPA as well as the highest number of student athletes named to the Southland Conference honor roll . This is particularly evident in the men 's basketball program , which fielded 6 of the 13 student athletes who gained Academic All-Conference honors , including junior Ryan Bright , who was also named student athlete of the year for men 's basketball ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "24", "urls": [] }, { "value": "232", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jose White", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Linebacker", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Howard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Howard_University", "summary": "Howard University ( Howard or simply HU ) is a private , federally chartered historically black university ( HBCU ) in Washington , D.C . It is categorized among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races . It offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees . U.S. News & World Report ranked Howard tied for 104th among national universities , and second among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) for 2020 . Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 40 on the Bloomberg Businessweek business school rankings . The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students . The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "35", "urls": [] }, { "value": "243", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jason Fisk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jason_Fisk", "summary": "Jason Fisk ( born September 4 , 1972 ) is a retired NFL defensive tackle . He played high school football at Davis High School , and college football at Stanford University , where he lettered four years . He was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity and earned degrees in biology and psychology while at Stanford . Fisk was selected by the Minnesota Vikings with the 35th pick in the seventh round ( 243rd out of 249 overall ) of the 1995 NFL Draft . He played for the Vikings ( 1995-1998 ) , Tennessee Titans ( 1999-2001 ) , San Diego Chargers ( 2002-2004 ) , Cleveland Browns ( 2005 ) and St. Louis Rams ( 2006 ) . While with the Titans , he played in Super Bowl XXXIV , where he recorded a sack of MVP Kurt Warner . Fisk retired following the 2006 season . He previously coached for his high school football team , the Davis High School Blue Devils , and then coached at UC Davis . He is currently an AP Chemistry teacher at Vacaville High School in Vacaville , California . [ citation needed ] Fisk is married with three children ." } ] }, { "value": "Defensive tackle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Defensive_tackle", "summary": "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ." } ] }, { "value": "Stanford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football", "summary": "The Stanford Cardinal football program represents Stanford University in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference 's North Division . Stanford has a highly successful football tradition . The team is currently known as the Cardinal , adopted prior to the 1982 season . Stanford was known as the Indians from 1930 to January 1972 , and the Cardinals from 1972 through 1981 . A student vote in December 1975 to change the nickname to Robber Barons was not approved by administrators . Stanford has fielded football teams every year since 1892 with a few exceptions . Like a number of other teams from the era concerned with violence in the sport , the school dropped football in favor of rugby from 1906 to 1917 . The school also did not field a team in 1918 ( due to World War I ) or in 1943 , 1944 , and 1945 ( due to World War II ) . The school participated in the first-ever Rose Bowl against Michigan in 1902 , in which they were routed 49-0 . Its annual Big Game against California is the oldest and most storied rivalry in the Pac-12 and western United States . The Cardinal also compete for the Legends Trophy against independent rival Notre Dame . The program has an all-time record of 657-467-49 for a winning percentage of .581 and has winning series records against all of its Pac-12 North rivals , except for the Washington Huskies , against whom they are tied 43-43-4 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "1995 NFL Draft", "section_text": "", "uid": "Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history_34", "intro": "This page is a list of the Minnesota Vikings NFL Draft selections. The first draft the Vikings participated in was the 1961 NFL Draft, in which they made Tommy Mason of Tulane their first ever selection." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa", "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa", "header": [ "", "Name on the Register", "Date listed", "Location", "City or town" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "J.V . Banta House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/J.V._Banta_House", "summary": "The J.V . Banta House is a historic house located at 222 McLane Street in Osceola , Iowa ." } ] }, { "value": "July 14 , 1983 ( # 83000348 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "222 McLane St. 41°01′49″N 93°46′08″W / 41.030319°N 93.768862°W / 41.030319 ; -93.768862 ( J.V . Banta House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osceola", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osceola,_Iowa", "summary": "Osceola is a city in Clarke County , Iowa , United States . The population was 4,929 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Clarke County ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chicago , Burlington and Quincy Depot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Depot_(Osceola,_Iowa)", "summary": "Osceola is an Amtrak intercity train station in Osceola , Iowa , United States served by Amtrak . Among Amtrak stations in Iowa , Osceola is closest to Des Moines , Iowa 's capital and most populous city ; however , the station is still almost 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the center of Des Moines . The Osceola Depot was built in 1907 by the Chicago , Burlington and Quincy Railroad ( CB & Q ) , one of the major networks operating in the upper Midwest and West during much of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries . Designed in the Prairie Style , the reddish-brown brick depot has a low slung , horizontal profile reinforced by the limestone water table and belt courses that wrap around the building . Originally a combination depot , the building contained freight and passenger areas under one roof . The ticket office retains many original features , such as ticket windows , wood benches and light fixtures . It passed to Burlington Northern in 1970 upon the Q 's merger with Great Northern and Northern Pacific , and became part of the BNSF Railway in 1995 . In 2007 , following a decade of talks with BNSF , the city of Osceola gained ownership of the historic building . Working with an architect specializing in historic preservation , the city planned a multi-phase restoration of the depot and parking area to create an intermodal transportation hub to better serve Amtrak and intercity bus riders . The restoration of the exterior was funded in part by $ 600,000 in federal funds obtained through the Iowa Department of Transportation . This project included the installation of a new roof , reconstruction of a damaged chimney , restoration of existing windows , installation of new historically appropriate storm windows , manufacture of new entry doors that match the originals , re-pointing of the mortar that holds the bricks in place , and general rehabilitation and cleaning of the brick and stone surfaces . City officials also hope to restore the interior if funding can be found ." } ] }, { "value": "January 8 , 2009 ( # 08001283 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "215 N. Main St. 41°02′12″N 93°45′56″W / 41.03663°N 93.76566°W / 41.03663 ; -93.76566 ( Chicago , Burlington and Quincy Depot )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osceola", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osceola,_Iowa", "summary": "Osceola is a city in Clarke County , Iowa , United States . The population was 4,929 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Clarke County ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "George H. and Alice Spaulding Cowles House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_H._and_Alice_Spaulding_Cowles_House", "summary": "The George H. and Alice Spaulding Cowles House is a historic building located in Osceola , Iowa , United States . George Cowles was a native of Bentonsport , Iowa who came to Osceola in 1869 , and married Alice Spaulding in 1871 . He was a banker . The house was also owned by a local physician and his wife , Dr. Jason and Mary F.Q . Roberts . It is an example of a high style , architect-designed Italianate residence . Its architect , however , is unknown . The two-story brick structure follows a rectangular plan , and is capped with a hipped roof and a cupola . It features shallow side wings , single story bays , porches on the front and sides of the structure , small gabled dormers at the roof line on the front and side elevations , and two large brick chimneys with decorative brick venting caps . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "December 20 , 2006 ( # 06001161 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "229 W. Cass St. 41°02′03″N 93°46′09″W / 41.034167°N 93.769167°W / 41.034167 ; -93.769167 ( George H. and Alice Spaulding Cowles House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osceola", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osceola,_Iowa", "summary": "Osceola is a city in Clarke County , Iowa , United States . The population was 4,929 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Clarke County ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "John and Mary Jane Kyte Farmstead District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_and_Mary_Jane_Kyte_Farmstead_District", "summary": "The John and Mary Jane Kyte Farmstead District is an agricultural historic district located northeast of Weldon , Iowa , United States . At the time of its nomination it included four contributing buildings and four non-contributing buildings . The significance of the district is attributed to its being a well preserved early settlement era farmstead . The contributing buildings include the 1856 Greek Revival house , the late 1850s or 1860s heavy timber frame barn , the chicken house , and the privy . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 ." } ] }, { "value": "September 14 , 2000 ( # 00001074 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2875 Mormon Trail Rd . 40°56′09″N 93°39′22″W / 40.935833°N 93.656111°W / 40.935833 ; -93.656111 ( John and Mary Jane Kyte Farmstead District )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Weldon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Weldon,_Iowa", "summary": "Weldon is a city in Clarke and Decatur counties of the U.S. state of Iowa . The population was 125 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osceola Masonic Block", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Masonic_Building_(Osceola,_Iowa)", "summary": "The Masonic Building , also called the Burrows Block , Bank Block , and Masonic Temple stands on the public square in Osceola , Iowa , United States . It was constructed by banker A.H. Burrows in 1872 . The upper stories of this Italianate building were used by Osceola Lodge No . 77 of the Ancient Free & Accepted Masons , and the main floor was a bank and hardware store . This building has been placed on Preservation Iowas Most Endangered list because of its poor repair and lack of preservation plan . It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 . In 2018 it was included as a contributing property in the Osceola Commercial Historic District ." } ] }, { "value": "July 6 , 2010 ( # 10000421 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "101-103 South Main St. 41°02′05″N 93°45′55″W / 41.034722°N 93.765278°W / 41.034722 ; -93.765278 ( Osceola Masonic Block )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osceola", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osceola,_Iowa", "summary": "Osceola is a city in Clarke County , Iowa , United States . The population was 4,929 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Clarke County ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marcellus Luther and Julia Protzman Temple House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marcellus_Luther_and_Julia_Protzman_Temple_House", "summary": "The Marcellus Luther and Julia Protzman Temple House is a historic residence located in Osceola , Iowa , United States . M.L . Temple was a local attorney and a member of the Iowa House of Representatives for seven terms . When he was in the state house he authored the Temple Amendment to the Iowa Constitution . It guaranteed that all of the state 's counties would have at least one representatives regardless of population . It was ratified by a narrow majority of voters in 1904 , and it ensured that the state 's rural areas would be over-represented in the state legislature for the next sixty years . It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1964 . Temple went on to become U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa . He had this Queen Anne style house built in 1892 , and sold it to a family member in 1915 . The two-story frame structure follows an irregular plan , and is capped with a multi-gabled roof . It features fish-scale shingles on the gables , a tall chimney with decorative inset panels , and porches with grill work and curvilinear trim . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "April 4 , 1996 ( # 96000361 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "502 S. Main St. 41°01′46″N 93°45′57″W / 41.029444°N 93.765833°W / 41.029444 ; -93.765833 ( Marcellus Luther and Julia Protzman Temple House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osceola", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osceola,_Iowa", "summary": "Osceola is a city in Clarke County , Iowa , United States . The population was 4,929 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Clarke County ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osceola Commercial Historic District", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osceola_Commercial_Historic_District", "summary": "The Osceola Commercial Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Osceola , Iowa , United States . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018 . At the time of its nomination , the district was composed of 42 contributing buildings . Beginning in 1874 the central business district had a series of devastating fires that led to the development of the area . Practices such as gaps between the buildings , ornate cornices that are smaller in scale , and brick and metal construction of new buildings were the result . Many of the buildings were recognized for their architecture , which includes Italianate , Queen Anne , Neoclassical , Art Deco , and Mid-century modern styles . Significant buildings include the Arlington-Howe-Garner Hotel ( 1882 ) , the United States Post Office ( 1935 ) , the original city hall/fire station building , the Clarke County Courthouse ( 1956 ) , and the water tower ( 1957 ) . The Masonic Building ( 1872 ) is individually listed on the National Register ." } ] }, { "value": "January 19 , 2018 ( # 100001971 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "S Fillmore , N & S Main , E & W Jefferson & E & W Washington Sts . 41°02′04″N 93°45′59″W / 41.034346°N 93.766523°W / 41.034346 ; -93.766523 ( Osceola Commercial Historic District )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osceola", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osceola,_Iowa", "summary": "Osceola is a city in Clarke County , Iowa , United States . The population was 4,929 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Clarke County ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dickinson Webster House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dickinson_Webster_House", "summary": "The Dickinson Webster House is a historic residence located in Osceola , Iowa , United States . The Webster family moved from Delaware and settled in Franklin Township , Clarke County , Iowa in 1851 . They were among the earliest settlers in the county . Dickinson Webster , Jr. moved to Osceola in 1854 , and built this house about 1860 . He owned 900 acres ( 360 ha ) of farmland , and established a nursery in 1869 . The 16-by-26-foot ( 4.9 by 7.9 m ) frame structure follows a rectangular plan , and is capped with a gable roof . Ornate millwork and classical influences in the porch columns adds decorative elements to an otherwise simple house . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "July 20 , 1977 ( # 77000501 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "609 W. Jefferson St. 41°02′12″N 93°46′02″W / 41.036667°N 93.767222°W / 41.036667 ; -93.767222 ( Dickinson Webster House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osceola", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Osceola,_Iowa", "summary": "Osceola is a city in Clarke County , Iowa , United States . The population was 4,929 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Clarke County ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Clarke County", "section_text": "", "uid": "National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa_4", "intro": "This is a list of properties and historic districts in Iowa that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are listings in all of Iowa's 99 counties, adding up to over 2,300 total." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Pace", "title": "Lee Pace", "header": [ "Year", "Title", "Role", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "2001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Law_&_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit", "summary": "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( often abbreviated to Law & Order : SVU or just SVU ) is an American crime drama television series created by Dick Wolf for NBC . It stars Mariska Hargitay as Captain Olivia Benson , the commanding officer of the Special Victims Unit and formerly a lead detective , located in a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department . Christopher Meloni played the other lead detective , Elliot Stabler , until departing from the series after 12 seasons . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit follows the style of the original Law & Order in that episodes are often ripped from the headlines or loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention . The show premiered on September 20 , 1999 as the second series in Wolf 's successful Law & Order franchise . After the premiere of the 21st season in September 2019 , the series became the longest-running US live action series on television . As of February 13 , 2020 , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has aired 472 original episodes , surpassing the episode count of the original Law & Order series . It was nominated for and won numerous awards , including the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series awarded to Mariska Hargitay ; the first Emmy to be received by a regular on any Law & Order series . On March 29 , 2019 , NBC renewed the series for a record-breaking twenty-first season , which premiered on September 26 , 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "Benjamin Tucker", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : Guilt", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2003", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Soldier 's Girl", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Soldier's_Girl", "summary": "Soldier 's Girl is a 2003 Canadian-American drama film produced by Showtime . It is based on a story of the relationship between Barry Winchell and Calpernia Addams and the events that led up to Barry 's murder by a fellow soldier . It was written by Ron Nyswaner and directed by Frank R. Pierson , with Troy Garity starring as Barry and Lee Pace starring as Calpernia . Soldier 's Girl was among the ten best Television Programs of the Year ( 2003 ) by the American Film Institute ." } ] }, { "value": "Calpernia Addams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Calpernia_Addams", "summary": "Calpernia Sarah Addams ( born February 20 , 1971 ) is an American author , actress , musician and spokesperson and activist for transgender rights and issues ." } ] }, { "value": "Television film", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2004", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wonderfalls", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wonderfalls", "summary": "Wonderfalls is an American comedy-drama television series created by Todd Holland and Bryan Fuller that was broadcast on the Fox television network in 2004 . The show centers on Jaye Tyler ( Caroline Dhavernas ) , a recent Brown University graduate with a philosophy degree , who holds a dead-end job as a sales clerk at a Niagara Falls gift shop . Jaye is the reluctant participant in conversations with various animal figurines - a wax lion , brass monkey , stuffed bear , and mounted fish , among others - which direct her via oblique instructions to help people in need . TV Guide included the series in their 2013 list of 60 shows that were Cancelled Too Soon ." } ] }, { "value": "Aaron Tyler", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wonderfalls", "summary": "Wonderfalls is an American comedy-drama television series created by Todd Holland and Bryan Fuller that was broadcast on the Fox television network in 2004 . The show centers on Jaye Tyler ( Caroline Dhavernas ) , a recent Brown University graduate with a philosophy degree , who holds a dead-end job as a sales clerk at a Niagara Falls gift shop . Jaye is the reluctant participant in conversations with various animal figurines - a wax lion , brass monkey , stuffed bear , and mounted fish , among others - which direct her via oblique instructions to help people in need . TV Guide included the series in their 2013 list of 60 shows that were Cancelled Too Soon ." } ] }, { "value": "Main cast ( 13 episodes )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2007-2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pushing Daisies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pushing_Daisies", "summary": "Pushing Daisies is an American fantasy mystery comedy-drama television series created by Bryan Fuller that aired on ABC from October 3 , 2007 , to June 13 , 2009 . The series stars Lee Pace as Ned , a pie-maker with the ability to bring dead things back to life with his touch , an ability that comes with stipulations . Together with his formerly deceased childhood crush Chuck ( Anna Friel ) , private investigator Emerson Cod ( Chi McBride ) and co-worker Olive Snook ( Kristin Chenoweth ) , Ned uses his abilities to solve murder cases . The cast also includes Ellen Greene , Swoosie Kurtz and Field Cate , with Jim Dale acting as narrator . Touted as a forensic fairy tale , the series is known for its unusual visual style , eccentric production design , quirky characters , fast-paced dialogue and grotesque situations . The series often uses wordplay , metaphor and double entendre , while Jim Dale 's narration is very similar to that of a fairytale . The series received critical acclaim and won numerous awards . The series received 17 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , with seven wins , including Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for Barry Sonnenfeld and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for Kristin Chenoweth . TV Guide included the series in their 2013 list of 60 shows that were Cancelled Too Soon . In 2015 , Pushing Daisies was voted first in Esquire 's TV Reboot Tournament that asked fans to vote for the show they would most like to see return to television ." } ] }, { "value": "Ned", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ned_(Pushing_Daisies)", "summary": "Ned , also referred to as The Piemaker , is the protagonist of the ABC television series , Pushing Daisies , and is portrayed by Lee Pace . Ned works as a pie maker at his restaurant The Pie Hole . He also has the ability to resurrect the dead with a single touch . When private investigator Emerson Cod ( Chi McBride ) accidentally discovers Ned 's ability , the two enter in a partnership : in exchange for Ned using his ability to revive those who have died under suspicious circumstances , Emerson will split any reward money that he receives when the information discovered with the help of Ned 's gift allows them to solve the crime . Field Cate portrays young Ned in flashbacks ." } ] }, { "value": "Main cast ( 22 episodes )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2014-2017", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Halt and Catch Fire", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Halt_and_Catch_Fire_(TV_series)", "summary": "Halt and Catch Fire is an American period drama television series created by Christopher Cantwell and Christopher C. Rogers . It aired on the cable network AMC in the United States from June 1 , 2014 , to October 14 , 2017 , spanning four seasons and 40 episodes . Taking place over a period of more than ten years , the series depicts a fictional insider 's view of the personal computer revolution of the 1980s and later the growth of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s . The show 's title refers to computer machine code instruction Halt and Catch Fire ( HCF ) , the execution of which would cause the computer 's central processing unit to stop working ( catch fire being a humorous exaggeration ) . In season one , the company Cardiff Electric makes its first foray into personal computing , with entrepreneur Joe MacMillan ( Lee Pace ) running a project to build an IBM PC clone with the help of computer engineer Gordon Clark ( Scoot McNairy ) and prodigy programmer Cameron Howe ( Mackenzie Davis ) . Seasons two and three shift focus to a startup company , the online community Mutiny , that is headed by Cameron and Gordon 's wife Donna ( Kerry Bishé ) , while Joe ventures out on his own . The fourth and final season focuses on competing web search engines involving all the principal characters . Halt and Catch Fire marked Cantwell 's and Rogers 's first jobs in television . They wrote the pilot hoping to use it to secure jobs as writers in the industry but instead landed a series of their own from AMC . The story was inspired by Cantwell 's childhood in the Silicon Prairie of Dallas-Fort Worth , where his father worked as a software salesman , and the creators ' subsequent research into Texas 's role in personal computing innovations of the 1980s . Filmed in the Atlanta , Georgia , area and produced by the network , the series is set in the Silicon Prairie for its first two seasons and Silicon Valley for its latter two . Halt and Catch Fire debuted to generally favorable reviews , though many reviewers initially found it derivative of other series such as Mad Men ." } ] }, { "value": "Joe MacMillan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Main cast ( 40 episodes )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Mindy Project", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Mindy_Project", "summary": "The Mindy Project is an American romantic comedy television series that premiered on Fox on September 25 , 2012 . It then began airing on Hulu on September 15 , 2015 . The series , created by and starring Mindy Kaling , was co-produced by Universal Television and 3 Arts Entertainment . On March 29 , 2017 , The Mindy Project was renewed for a sixth and final season , which premiered on September 12 , 2017 , and concluded on November 14 , 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "Alex Eakin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Episode : San Francisco Bae", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Robot Chicken", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robot_Chicken", "summary": "Robot Chicken is an American stop motion sketch comedy television series , created and executive produced for Adult Swim by Seth Green and Matthew Senreich along with co-head writers Douglas Goldstein and Tom Root . The writers , especially Green , also provide many of the voices . Senreich , Goldstein , and Root were formerly writers for the popular action figure hobbyist magazine ToyFare . Robot Chicken has won an Annie Award and six Emmy Awards ." } ] }, { "value": "Heinrich Himmler ( voice )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler", "summary": "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( German : [ ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈluːɪtˌpɔlt ˈhɪmlɐ ] ( listen ) ; 7 October 1900 - 23 May 1945 ) was Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel ( Protection Squadron ; SS ) , and a leading member of the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) of Germany . Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of the Holocaust . As a member of a reserve battalion during World War I , Himmler did not see active service . He studied agronomy in university , and joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and the SS in 1925 . In 1929 , he was appointed Reichsführer-SS by Adolf Hitler . Over the next 16 years , he developed the SS from a mere 290-man battalion into a million-strong paramilitary group , and , following Hitler 's orders , set up and controlled the Nazi concentration camps . He was known for good organisational skills and for selecting highly competent subordinates , such as Reinhard Heydrich in 1931 . From 1943 onwards , he was both Chief of German Police and Minister of the Interior , overseeing all internal and external police and security forces , including the Gestapo ( Secret State Police ) . Himmler had a lifelong interest in occultism , interpreting Germanic neopagan and Völkisch beliefs to promote the racial policy of Nazi Germany , and incorporating esoteric symbolism and rituals into the SS . On Hitler 's behalf , Himmler formed the Einsatzgruppen and built extermination camps . As facilitator and overseer of the concentration camps , Himmler directed the killing of some six million Jews , between 200,000 and 500,000 Romani people , and other victims ; the total number of civilians killed by the regime is estimated at eleven to fourteen million people . Most of them were Polish and Soviet citizens ." } ] }, { "value": "Episode : Zero Vegetables", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2019", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Flying Tiger", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sam Colin", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hong Kong TVB series", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/TVB", "summary": "Television Broadcasts Limited ( TVB ) is a television broadcasting company based in Hong Kong . The company operates five free-to-air terrestrial television channels in Hong Kong , with TVB Jade as its main Cantonese language service , and TVB Pearl as its main English service . TVB is headquartered at TVB City at the Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate . It began operations on 19 November 1967 . The company was registered on 26 July 1965 and was co-founded by Sir Run Run Shaw , who was chairman from 1980 to 2011 , together with Sir Douglas Clague and Harold Lee Hsiao-wo of the Lee Hysan family . When TVB first began broadcasting it was commonly known and promoted as Wireless Television ( 無綫電視 Cantonese : mou4 sin3 din6 si6 ) in Chinese to distinguish it from the then cable television broadcaster , Rediffusion Television ( 麗的呼聲 ) , which later became ATV . It is still usually referred to with that name , although ATV later switched to wireless ( free-to-air ) broadcasting as well . TVB is known primarily for its dramas , and produces the Miss Hong Kong and Miss Chinese International pageants . It has historically been the most dominant broadcaster in Hong Kong . TVB , which also produces news program and operates a 24-hour news channel , received a credibility rating of 5.88 in 2016 , ranking the bottom among major electronic media in Hong Kong , and a credibility rating of 4.45 in 2019 , 2.25 below the average rating and remained to be seen as the least credible electronic media , according to surveys conducted by the Centre for Communication and Public Opinion Survey of the Chinese University of Hong Kong ." } ] }, { "value": "2020", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Foundation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Foundation_(TV_series)", "summary": "Foundation is an upcoming American science fiction television series based on the book series of the same name by Isaac Asimov and produced for Apple TV+ . The series is in pre-production ." } ] }, { "value": "Brother Day", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Filmography -- Television", "section_text": "", "uid": "Lee_Pace_1", "intro": "Lee Grinner Pace (born March 25, 1979) is an American actor. He is known for starring as Thranduil the Elvenking in The Hobbit trilogy and as Joe MacMillan in the AMC period drama television series Halt and Catch Fire. Pace has also appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Ronan the Accuser, a role he first portrayed in Guardians of the Galaxy and reprised in Captain Marvel. He has also received an Emmy Award nomination for his portrayal of Ned in the ABC comedy-drama Pushing Daisies." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_&_Jefferson_College_alumni", "title": "List of Washington & Jefferson College alumni", "header": [ "Alumni", "Class year", "Notability" ], "data": [ { "value": "Thomas W. Bartley", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_W._Bartley", "summary": "Thomas Welles Bartley ( also known as Thomas W. Bartley ) ( February 11 , 1812 - June 20 , 1885 ) was an American Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Ohio . He served as the 17th Governor of Ohio . Bartley was succeeded in office by his father , Mordecai Bartley , one of only a few instances of this occurring in high elected office in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Jefferson 1829", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor of Ohio ( 1844 ) ; Ohio State Senator ( 1841-1845 ) , serving as Speaker of the Senate in 1843", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio", "summary": "The governor of the State of Ohio is the head of the executive branch of the government of Ohio and the commander-in-chief of the U.S. state 's military forces . The officeholder has a duty to enforce state laws , the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Ohio General Assembly , the power to convene the legislature and the power to grant pardons , except in cases of treason and impeachment . There have been 63 governors of Ohio , serving 69 distinct terms . The longest term was held by Jim Rhodes , who was elected four times and served just under sixteen years in two non-consecutive periods of two terms each ( 1963-1971 and 1975-1983 ) . The shortest terms were held by John William Brown and Nancy Hollister , who each served for only 11 days after the governors preceding them resigned in order to begin the terms to which they had been elected in the United States Senate ; the shortest-serving elected governor was John M. Pattison , who died in office five months into his term . The current governor is Republican Mike DeWine , who took office on January 14 , 2019 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ohio_Senate", "summary": "The Ohio Senate is the upper house of the Ohio General Assembly . The State Senate , which meets in the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus , first convened in 1803 . Senators are elected for four year terms , staggered every two years such that half of the seats are contested at each election . Even numbered seats and odd numbered seats are contested in separate election years . The President of the Ohio Senate presides over the body when in session , and is currently Larry Obhof . Currently , the Senate consists of 24 Republicans and 9 Democrats ; Senators are limited to two consecutive terms . Each Senator represents approximately 349,000 Ohioans , and each Senate District encompasses three corresponding Ohio House of Representatives Districts ." } ] }, { "value": "James Addams Beaver", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Addams_Beaver", "summary": "James Addams Beaver ( October 21 , 1837 - January 31 , 1914 ) was an American attorney , recruiter and field commander of Pennsylvania Infantry who was wounded four times during the Civil War , and politician who served as the 20th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1887 to 1891 . He also served as the acting president of the Pennsylvania State University from 1906 to 1908 ." } ] }, { "value": "Jefferson 1856", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor of Pennsylvania ( 1887-1891 ) ; Acting President of Penn State University ( 1906-1908 ) , where he is the namesake of Beaver Stadium ; Judge of the Pennsylvania Superior Court", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania", "summary": "The Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is the head of the executive branch of Pennsylvania 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature and to convene the legislature . The governor may grant pardons except in cases of impeachment , but only when recommended by the Board of Pardons . There have been seven presidents and 46 governors of Pennsylvania , with two governors serving non-consecutive terms , totaling 55 terms in both offices . The longest term was that of the first governor , Thomas Mifflin , who served three full terms as governor in addition to two years as president . The shortest term belonged to John Bell , who served only 19 days as acting governor after his predecessor , Edward Martin resigned . The current governor is Democrat Tom Wolf , whose term began on January 20 , 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/History_of_the_Pennsylvania_State_University", "summary": "The Pennsylvania State University was founded on February 22 , 1855 by act P.L.46 , No.50 of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as the Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania . Centre County became the home of the new school when James Irvin of Bellefonte donated 200 acres ( 809,000 m² ) of land and sold the trustees 200 acres more . In 1861 , Penn State graduated its first class , marking the first graduates of a baccalaureate program at an American agricultural college . On May 1 , 1862 , the school 's name was changed to the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania , and with the passage of the Morrill Land-Grant Act , Pennsylvania selected the school in 1863 to be the state 's sole land grant college . In the following years , enrollment fell as the school tried to balance purely agricultural studies with a more classic education , falling to 64 undergraduates in 1875 , a year after the school 's name changed once again to the Pennsylvania State College . During this period , the college was financed by tuition and the sale of the land scrip which Pennsylvania received from the Federal government under the Morrill Act . The state did not appropriate funds for the maintenance of the college until 1887 . However , the Legislature appropriated $ 50,000 to complete Old Main in 1860 . In 1873 , Rebecca Hannah Ewing became the college 's first woman graduate ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Penn_State_University", "summary": "The Pennsylvania State University ( Penn State or PSU ) is a state-related , land-grant , doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania . Founded in 1855 as the Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania , Penn State conducts teaching , research , and public service . Its instructional mission includes undergraduate , graduate , professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery . Its University Park campus , the flagship campus , lies within the Borough of State College and College Township . It has two law schools : Penn State Law , on the school 's University Park campus , and Dickinson Law , located in Carlisle , 90 miles south of State College . The College of Medicine is located in Hershey . Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state . Penn State has been labeled one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . Annual enrollment at the University Park campus totals more than 46,800 graduate and undergraduate students , making it one of the largest universities in the United States . It has the world 's largest dues-paying alumni association . The university 's total enrollment in 2015-16 was approximately 97,500 across its 24 campuses and online through its World Campus . The university offers more than 160 majors among all its campuses ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Beaver_Stadium", "summary": "Beaver Stadium is an outdoor college football stadium in University Park , Pennsylvania , United States , on the campus of Pennsylvania State University . It has been home to the Penn State Nittany Lions of the Big Ten Conference since 1960 , though some parts of the stadium date back to 1909 . It was also the site of university commencements until 1984 . The stadium , as well as its predecessors , is named after James A. Beaver who was a former governor of Pennsylvania ( 1887-91 ) , president of the university 's board of trustees , and native of nearby Millerstown , Pennsylvania . Beaver Stadium has an official seating capacity of 106,572 , making it currently the second largest stadium in the Western Hemisphere and the third largest in the world . Beaver Stadium is widely known as one of the toughest venues for opposing teams in collegiate athletics . In 2008 , Beaver Stadium was recognized as having the best student section in the country for the second consecutive year . In 2016 , Beaver Stadium was voted the number-one football stadium in college football in a USA Today poll , garnering over 41 percent of the vote . In March 2019 , USA Today conducted another poll asking voters to decide the best stadium in the United States during Bracket Madness , which coincided with the 2019 NCAA Basketball Tournament . Hundreds of thousands of fans voted for their favorites throughout the week . In the championship match-up , Beaver Stadium beat Kansas Allen Fieldhouse to claim the title of Ultimate Stadium . Beaver Stadium was the first to have its interior included in Google Street View ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pennsylvania_Superior_Court", "summary": "The Superior Court of Pennsylvania is one of two Pennsylvania intermediate appellate courts , the other being the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania . ( The subject matter jurisdiction of the Commonwealth Court is limited to review of decisions of governmental agencies , and certain non-criminal cases where the Commonwealth is a party ; the Superior Court is the appellate court of general jurisdiction . ) Appeal to the Superior Court is generally of right from final decisions of the Court of Common Pleas . Although different panels of three judges may sit to hear appeals , there is only one Superior Court ( that is , Pennsylvania is not divided into appellate territories ) . The court is based in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania and sits to hear cases in Harrisburg , Pittsburgh , and Philadelphia . Superior Court judges are elected in statewide elections . The term of a Superior Court Judge is 10 years . After serving 10 years , judges may hold their seats if they win a retention vote . Voters have the right to retain or reject ( vote out of office ) Superior Court judges in Pennsylvania . Superior Court judges must retire from active service at the age of 75 . They may serve as Senior Judges though , as approved by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ." } ] }, { "value": "George Addison Crawford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_Addison_Crawford", "summary": "George Addison Crawford ( July 27 , 1827 - January 26 , 1891 ) was an American politician , lawyer and journalist . Crawford was born in Clinton County , Pennsylvania . He graduated from Jefferson College ( now Washington & Jefferson College ) in 1847 . Crawford was a delegate to the Pennsylvania Democratic State Convention in 1855 . In 1857 , along with Norman Eddy and others , he purchased and founded the city of Fort Scott , Kansas . He was elected governor of Kansas in 1861 ; however the election was declared illegal before he could assume the post . In 1871 , he was appointed commissioner to the Centennial Exposition by Ulysses S. Grant . He was also the city founder of Grand Junction , Colorado ( incorporated July 22 , 1882 ) . :475 where he died and was buried . He is the namesake of Crawford , Colorado ." } ] }, { "value": "Jefferson 1847", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elected Governor of Kansas in 1861 , but the Kansas Supreme Court overturned the results", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Kansas", "summary": "The Governor of Kansas is the head of the executive branch of Kansas 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Kansas Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and to grant pardons . The governor has a 4-year term , commencing on the second Monday of January after election . The governor originally had a 2-year term ; this was changed to four years by a constitutional amendment in 1974 . The lieutenant governor is elected at the same time as the governor . When the office of governor becomes vacant for any reason , the lieutenant governor becomes governor for the remainder of the term . Since becoming a state , Kansas has had 47 governors . The state 's longest-serving governors were Robert Docking , John W. Carlin , and Bill Graves , each of whom served 8 years and 4 days ( Docking served four two-year terms ; Carlin and Graves each served 2 4-year terms ) . The shortest-serving governor was John McCuish , who served only 11 days after the resignation of Fred Hall . The current governor is Democrat Laura Kelly , who took office on January 14 , 2019 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kansas_Supreme_Court", "summary": "The Kansas Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the state of Kansas . Composed of seven justices , led by Chief Justice Marla Luckert , the court supervises the legal profession , administers the judicial branch , and serves as the state court of last resort in the appeals process ." } ] }, { "value": "John W. Geary", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_W._Geary", "summary": "John White Geary ( December 30 , 1819 - February 8 , 1873 ) was an American lawyer , politician , Freemason , and a Union general in the American Civil War . He was the final alcalde and first mayor of San Francisco , a governor of the Kansas Territory , and the 16th governor of Pennsylvania ." } ] }, { "value": "Jefferson 1839", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor of Pennsylvania ( 1867-1873 ) ; Territorial Governor of Kansas ( 1856-1857 ) ; First Mayor of San Francisco ( 1850-1851 ) ; Union Major general during the American Civil War", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania", "summary": "The Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is the head of the executive branch of Pennsylvania 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature and to convene the legislature . The governor may grant pardons except in cases of impeachment , but only when recommended by the Board of Pardons . There have been seven presidents and 46 governors of Pennsylvania , with two governors serving non-consecutive terms , totaling 55 terms in both offices . The longest term was that of the first governor , Thomas Mifflin , who served three full terms as governor in addition to two years as president . The shortest term belonged to John Bell , who served only 19 days as acting governor after his predecessor , Edward Martin resigned . The current governor is Democrat Tom Wolf , whose term began on January 20 , 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Territorial_Governor_of_Kansas", "summary": "The Governor of Kansas is the head of the executive branch of Kansas 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Kansas Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and to grant pardons . The governor has a 4-year term , commencing on the second Monday of January after election . The governor originally had a 2-year term ; this was changed to four years by a constitutional amendment in 1974 . The lieutenant governor is elected at the same time as the governor . When the office of governor becomes vacant for any reason , the lieutenant governor becomes governor for the remainder of the term . Since becoming a state , Kansas has had 47 governors . The state 's longest-serving governors were Robert Docking , John W. Carlin , and Bill Graves , each of whom served 8 years and 4 days ( Docking served four two-year terms ; Carlin and Graves each served 2 4-year terms ) . The shortest-serving governor was John McCuish , who served only 11 days after the resignation of Fred Hall . The current governor is Democrat Laura Kelly , who took office on January 14 , 2019 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco", "summary": "The mayor of the City and County of San Francisco is the head of the executive branch of the San Francisco city and county government . The officeholder has the duty to enforce city laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors , the legislative branch . The Mayor serves a four-year term and is limited to two successive terms . Because of San Francisco 's status as a consolidated city-county , the mayor also serves as the head of government of the county ; both entities have been governed together by a combined set of governing bodies since 1856 . There have been 45 individuals sworn into office . John W. Geary , elected in 1850 , was the first mayor of the city . Charles James Brenham , who served as mayor during the 1850s , is the only person who has served two non-consecutive terms ( excluding serving as Acting Mayor ) . The current mayor is former District 5 Supervisor and President of the Board of Supervisors London Breed , who won a special election following the death of Mayor Ed Lee on December 12 , 2017 . Breed will serve out the remainder of Lee 's uncompleted term ( until January 8 , 2020 ) , after which she is eligible to run for two full terms of her own including the 2019 San Francisco mayoral election which she won ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Union_Army", "summary": "During the American Civil War , the Union Army referred to the United States Army , the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states . Also known as the Federal Army , it proved essential to the preservation of the United States as a working , viable republic . The Union Army was made up of the permanent regular army of the United States , but further fortified , augmented , and strengthened by the many temporary units of dedicated volunteers as well as including those who were drafted in to service as conscripts . To this end , the Union Army fought and ultimately triumphed over the efforts of the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War . Over the course of the war , 2,128,948 men enlisted in the Union Army , including 178,895 colored troops ; 25% of the white men who served were foreign-born . Of these soldiers , 596,670 were killed , wounded or went missing . The initial call-up was for just three months , after which many of these men chose to reenlist for an additional three years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/American_Civil_War", "summary": "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ." } ] }, { "value": "William Thomas Hamilton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_Thomas_Hamilton", "summary": "William Thomas Hamilton ( September 8 , 1820 - October 26 , 1888 ) , a member of the United States Democratic Party , was the 38th Governor of Maryland in the United States from 1880 to 1884 . He also served in the United States Senate , representing the State of Maryland , from 1868-1874 , and in the House of Representatives , representing the second district ( 1849-1853 ) and fourth district ( 1853-1855 ) of Maryland ." } ] }, { "value": "Jefferson 1840", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor of Maryland ( 1880-1884 ) ; U.S . Senator from Maryland ( 1869-1875 ) ; U.S . Congressman from Maryland ( 1849-1855 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland", "summary": "The governor of the State of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland , and is the commander-in-chief of the state 's National Guard units . The governor is the highest-ranking official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the state and local governments , as specified by the Maryland Constitution ( 1867 , and revisions/amendments ) . Because of the extent of these constitutional powers , the governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful governors in the United States . The current governor is Larry Hogan , a Republican who took office on January 21 , 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Maryland", "summary": "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Maryland", "summary": "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ." } ] }, { "value": "William Hendricks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_Hendricks", "summary": "William Hendricks ( November 12 , 1782 - May 16 , 1850 ) was a Democratic-Republican member of the House of Representatives from 1816 to 1822 , the third Governor of Indiana from 1822 to 1825 , and an Anti-Jacksonian member of the U.S. Senate from 1825 to 1837 . He led much of his family into politics and founded one of the largest political families in Indiana . He was the uncle of Thomas Andrews Hendricks , who was also Governor of Indiana and Vice President of the United States . Hendricks County was named in his honor . His term as governor was spent repairing the state 's finances to later enable large scale internal improvements . The establishment of the basic framework of the state 's public school system and the transfer of the capital from Corydon to Indianapolis also occurred during his term ." } ] }, { "value": "Jefferson 1810", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor of Indiana ( 1822-1825 ) ; U.S . Senator from Indiana ( 1825-1837 ) ; Indiana Territorial Legislature ( 1813-1814 ) , serving as Speaker in 1814 ; Secretary of the first Indiana Constitutional Convention in 1816 ; U.S . Congressman from Indiana ( 1816-1822 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana", "summary": "The Governor of Indiana is the Head of government and Head of State of the state of Indiana . The governor is elected to a four-year term , and responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government . The governor also shares power with other statewide executive officers , who manage other state government agencies . The governor works out of the Indiana Statehouse and holds official functions at the Indiana Governor 's Residence in the state capital of Indianapolis . The 51st , and current , governor is Republican Eric Holcomb , who took office on January 9 , 2017 . The position of governor has developed over the course of two centuries . It has become considerably more powerful since the mid-20th century after decades of struggle with the Indiana General Assembly and Indiana Supreme Court to establish the executive branch of the government as an equal third branch of the state government . Although gubernatorial powers were again significantly expanded by constitutional amendments during the 1970s , Indiana governors remain significantly less powerful than their counterparts in most other states ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Indiana", "summary": "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Indiana_Territory", "summary": "The Indiana Territory was created by a congressional act that President John Adams signed into law on May 7 , 1800 , to form an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4 , 1800 , to December 11 , 1816 , when the remaining southern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Indiana . The territory originally contained approximately 259,824 square miles ( 672,940 km2 ) of land , but its size was decreased when it was subdivided to create the Michigan Territory ( 1805 ) and the Illinois Territory ( 1809 ) . The Indiana Territory was the first new territory created from lands of the Northwest Territory , which had been organized under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . The territorial capital was the settlement around the old French fort of Vincennes on the Wabash River , until transferred in to Corydon near the Ohio River in 1813 . William Henry Harrison , the territory 's first governor , oversaw treaty negotiations with the native inhabitants that ceded tribal lands to the U.S. government , opening large parts of the territory to further settlement . In 1809 the U.S. Congress established a bicameral legislative body for the territory that included a popularly-elected House of Representatives and a Legislative Council . In addition , the territorial government began planning for a basic transportation network and education system , but efforts to attain statehood for the territory were delayed due to war . At the outbreak of Tecumseh 's War , when the territory was on the front line of battle , Harrison led a military force in the opening hostilities at the Battle of Tippecanoe ( 1811 ) and in the subsequent invasion of Canada during the War of 1812 . After Harrison resigned as the territorial governor , Thomas Posey was appointed to the vacant governorship , but the opposition party , led by Congressman Jonathan Jennings , dominated territorial affairs in its final years and began pressing for statehood . In June 1816 a constitutional convention was held at Corydon , where a state constitution was adopted on June 29 , 1816 . General elections were held in August to fill offices for the new state government , the new officeholders were sworn into office in November , and the territory was dissolved . On December 11 , 1816 , President James Madison signed the congressional act that formally admitted Indiana to the Union as the nineteenth state ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana", "summary": "The Constitution of Indiana is the highest body of state law in the U.S. state of Indiana . It establishes the structure and function of the state and is based on the principles of federalism and Jacksonian democracy . Indiana 's constitution is subordinate only to the U.S. Constitution and federal law . Prior to the enactment of Indiana 's first state constitution and achievement of statehood in 1816 , the Indiana Territory was governed by territorial law . The state 's first constitution was created in 1816 , after the U.S. Congress had agreed to grant statehood to the former Indiana Territory . The present-day document , which went into effect on November 1 , 1851 , is the state 's second constitution . It supersedes Indiana 's 1816 constitution and has had numerous amendments since its initial adoption . Indiana 's constitution is composed of a preamble , articles , and amendments . Among other provisions , it specifies a republican form of government ( pursuant to Article IV , Section 4 , of the U.S. Constitution ) consisting of three branches : executive ( including administration ) , legislative , and judicial . The state constitution also includes a bill of rights , grants suffrage and regulates elections , provides for a state militia , state educational institutions , and sets limits on government indebtedness . The Indiana General Assembly may amend the constitution , subject to ratification by vote of the people , as specified in Article 16 of Indiana 's 1851 constitution ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Indiana", "summary": "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ." } ] }, { "value": "John S. Horner", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_S._Horner", "summary": "John Scott Horner also known as Little Jack Horner ( December 5 , 1802 - February 3 , 1883 ) was a U.S. politician , Secretary and acting Governor of Michigan Territory , 1835-1836 and Secretary of Wisconsin Territory , 1836-1837 ." } ] }, { "value": "Washington 1819", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor of Michigan Territory ( 1835-1836 ) ; Secretary of Wisconsin Territory ( 1836-1837 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan_Territory", "summary": "The Governor of Michigan is the head of the executive branch of Michigan 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws ; the power to either approve or veto appropriation bills passed by the Michigan Legislature ; the power to convene the legislature ; and the power to grant pardons , except in cases of impeachment . He or she is also empowered to reorganize the executive branch of the state government . Michigan was originally part of French and British holdings , and administered by their colonial governors . After becoming part of the United States , numerous areas of what is today Michigan were originally part of the Northwest Territory , Indiana Territory and Illinois Territory , and administered by territorial governors . In 1805 , the Michigan Territory was created , and five men served as territorial governors , until Michigan was granted statehood in 1837 . Forty-eight individuals have held the position of state governor . The first female governor , Jennifer Granholm , served from 2003 to 2011 . After Michigan gained statehood , governors held the office for a 2-year term , until the 1963 Michigan Constitution changed the term to 4 years . The number of times an individual could hold the office was unlimited until a 1992 constitutional amendment imposed a lifetime term limit of 2 4-year governorships . The longest-serving governor in Michigan 's history was William Milliken , who was promoted from lieutenant governor after Governor George W. Romney resigned , then was elected to three further successive terms ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Secretary_of_Wisconsin_Territory", "summary": "The secretary of state of Wisconsin is an officer of the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the second in the order of succession of the governor of Wisconsin , behind the lieutenant governor . The secretary of state is responsible for keeping records of the official acts of the legislative and executive branches of Wisconsin 's government and affixing the Great Seal of the State of Wisconsin to the official acts of the governor . As second in the order of succession to Wisconsin 's governorship , the secretary of state becomes governor if the governor dies , resigns or is removed from office while the lieutenant governorship is vacant ; prior to a 1979 amendment to the Wisconsin Constitution , however , the secretary simply became acting governor if any of these events were to occur . No secretary of state has ever ascended to the governorship or acting-governorship under such circumstances . Both before and after the 1979 amendment , the secretary becomes acting governor while the governor is absent from the state , impeached or incapacitated in the absence of a lieutenant governor . Some secretaries of state have acted as governor for short periods of time under such circumstances . Under the original terms of the state constitution , the secretary of state was elected for a two-year term on a separate ticket from the governor or any other official . A 1967 amendment increased the term of the secretary of state , as well as those of other state officials , to four years . There is no limit to the number of terms a secretary of state may hold . In the event of the death , resignation or removal from office of the secretary of state , the governor may appoint someone to fill the vacancy . Twenty-eight individuals have held the office of secretary of state since Wisconsin 's admission to the Union in 1848 , two of whom - Fred Zimmerman and Douglas La Follette - served for non-consecutive terms . The first secretary of state was Thomas McHugh , who took office on June 7 , 1848 ." } ] }, { "value": "Milton Latham", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Milton_Latham", "summary": "Milton Slocum Latham ( May 23 , 1827 - March 4 , 1882 ) was an American politician , who served as the sixth governor of California and as a U.S. Representative and U.S . Senator . Latham holds the distinction of having the shortest governorship in California history , lasting for five days between January 9 and January 14 , 1860 . A Lecompton Democrat , Latham resigned from office ( the second governor to do so ) after being elected by the legislature to fill the U.S. Senate seat left vacant by the death of David C. Broderick in a duel ." } ] }, { "value": "Jefferson 1845", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor of California ( 1859-1860 ) ; U.S . Senator from California ( 1860-1863 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_California", "summary": "The Governor of California is the head of government of the U.S. state of California . The California Governor is the chief executive of the state government and the commander-in-chief of the California National Guard and the California State Guard . Established in the Constitution of California , the governor 's responsibilities also include making the annual State of the State address to the California State Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that state laws are enforced . The position was created in 1849 , the year before California became a state . The current governor of California is Democrat Gavin Newsom , who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "Isaac Murphy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Isaac_Murphy", "summary": "Isaac Murphy ( October 16 , 1799 or 1802 - September 8 , 1882 ) was a native of Pennsylvania , a teacher and lawyer who moved to Fayetteville , Arkansas with his wife and child in 1834 . He continued to teach and also became active in politics . Murphy is best known as the only delegate to have repeatedly voted against secession at the second Arkansas Secession Convention in 1861 . Having served in local offices and the State House , Murphy was elected as governor in a special election after the US Army occupied Arkansas in 1863 under President Abraham Lincoln . He is considered the first Reconstruction governor of Arkansas , as he was allowed to stay in office after the Reconstruction Acts were passed by Congress in 1867 . Murphy was known for his fiscal restraint and a conciliatory attitude toward former Confederates ." } ] }, { "value": "Washington ?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Reconstruction-era Governor of Arkansas ( 1864-1868 ) ; served in the Arkansas House of Representatives , the Arkansas Senate , and the 1861 Arkansas State Convention , where he cast the lone vote against secession", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Reconstruction_Era", "summary": "The Reconstruction era was the period in American history which lasted from 1863 to 1877 . It was a significant chapter in the history of American civil rights . The term has two applications : the first applies to the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War ; the second , to the attempted transformation of the 11 former Confederate states from 1863 to 1877 , as directed by Congress , and the role of the Union states in that transformation . Reconstruction ended the remnants of Confederate secession and abolished slavery , making the newly freed slaves citizens with civil rights ostensibly guaranteed by three new constitutional amendments . Three visions of Civil War memory appeared during Reconstruction : the reconciliationist vision , which was rooted in coping with the death and devastation the war had brought ; the white supremacist vision , which included segregation and the preservation of the traditional cultural standards of the South ; and the emancipationist vision , which sought full freedom , citizenship , and constitutional equality for African Americans . When President Abraham Lincoln , a Republican , was assassinated at the end of the Civil War , Vice President Andrew Johnson , a Democrat from Tennessee and former slave holder , became president . Johnson favored rapid measures to bring the South back into the Union , allowing the Southern states to determine the rights of former slaves . Radical Republicans in Congress sought stronger , federal measures to upgrade the rights of African Americans , including the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , while curtailing the rights of former Confederates , such as through the provisions of the Wade-Davis Bill . Johnson , the most prominent Southerner to oppose the Confederacy , followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates . Lincoln 's last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the suffrage of all freedmen , whereas Johnson and the Democratic Party were strongly opposed to this . Johnson 's weak Reconstruction policies prevailed until the congressional elections of 1866 . Those elections followed outbreaks of violence against blacks in the former rebel states , including the Memphis riots of 1866 and the New Orleans massacre of 1866 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas", "summary": "The governor of Arkansas is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arkansas . The governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arkansas government and is charged with enforcing state laws . They have the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arkansas General Assembly , to convene the legislature , and to grant pardons , except in cases of treason and impeachment . The state has had 46 elected governors , as well as 11 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor . Before becoming a state , Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the president of the United States . Orval Faubus ( 1955-1967 ) served the longest term as state governor , being elected six times to serve 12 years . Bill Clinton ( 1979-1981 ; 1983-1992 ) , elected 5 times over 2 distinct terms , fell only one month short of 12 years and Mike Huckabee ( 1996-2007 ) served 10 years for two full four-year terms . The shortest term for an elected governor was the 38 days served by John Sebastian Little before his nervous breakdown ; one of the acting successors to his term , Jesse M. Martin , took office only three days before the end of the term , the shortest term overall . The current governor is Republican Asa Hutchinson , who took office on January 13 , 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Arkansas_House_of_Representatives", "summary": "The Arkansas House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arkansas General Assembly , the state legislature of the US state of Arkansas . The House is composed of 100 members elected from an equal amount of constituencies across the state . Each district has an average population of 29,159 according to the 2010 federal census . Members are elected to two-year terms and , since the 2014 Amendment to the Arkansas Constitution , limited to sixteen years cumulative in either house . The Arkansas House of Representatives meets annually , in regular session in odd number years and for a fiscal session in even number years , at the State Capitol in Little Rock ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Arkansas_Senate", "summary": "The Arkansas Senate is the upper branch of the Arkansas General Assembly . The Senate consists of 35 members , each representing a district with about 83,000 people . Service in the state legislature is part-time , and many state senators have full-time jobs during the rest of the year . During the current term , the Senate contains twenty-six Republicans , and nine Democrats ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War", "summary": "During the American Civil War , Arkansas was a Confederate state , though it had initially voted to remain in the Union . Following the capture of Fort Sumter in April 1861 , Abraham Lincoln called for troops from every Union state to put down the rebellion , and Arkansas and several other states seceded . For the rest of the war , Arkansas played a major role in controlling the Mississippi River , a major military highway . It raised 48 infantry regiments , 20 artillery batteries , and over 20 cavalry regiments for the Confederacy , mostly serving in the Western Theater , though the 3d Arkansas Infantry Regiment served with distinction in the Army of Northern Virginia . Major General Patrick Cleburne was the state 's most notable military leader . The state also raised four infantry regiments , four cavalry regiments and one artillery battery for the Union . Finally there were six infantry regiments and one artillery battery of United States Colored Troops raised in Arkansas . Numerous skirmishes as well as several significant battles were fought in Arkansas , including the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862 , a decisive one for the Trans-Mississippi Theater which ensured Union control of northern Arkansas . The state capitol at Little Rock was captured in 1863 . By the end of the war , programs such as the draft , high taxes , and martial law had led to a decline in enthusiasm for the Confederate cause . Arkansas was officially readmitted to the Union in 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "Israel Pickens", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Israel_Pickens", "summary": "Israel Pickens ( January 30 , 1780 - April 24 , 1827 ) was an American politician and lawyer , third Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama ( 1821-1825 ) , member of the North Carolina Senate ( 1808-1810 ) , and North Carolina Congressman in the United States House of Representatives ( 1811-1817 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Jefferson 1802", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor of Alabama ( 1821-1825 ) ; U.S . Senator from Alabama ( 1826 ) ; U.S . Congressman from North Carolina ( 1811-1817 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama", "summary": "The Governor of Alabama is the head of government of the U.S. state of Alabama . The governor is the head of the executive branch of Alabama 's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws . There have officially been 54 governors of the state of Alabama ; this official numbering skips acting and military governors . The first governor , William Wyatt Bibb , served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory . 5 people have served as acting governor , bringing the total number of people serving as governor to 59 , spread over 63 distinct terms . Four governors have served multiple non-consecutive terms : Bibb Graves , Jim Folsom , and Fob James each served two , and George Wallace served three non-consecutive periods . Officially , these non-consecutive terms are numbered only with the number of their first term . William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms , but his first term was in an acting capacity . The longest-serving governor was George Wallace , who served 16 years over four terms . The shortest term for a non-acting governor was that of Hugh McVay , who served four and a half months after replacing the resigning Clement Comer Clay . Lurleen Wallace , wife of George Wallace , was the first woman to serve as governor of Alabama , and the third woman to serve as governor of any state . The current governor is Republican Kay Ivey , who took office on April 10 , 2017 following Governor Robert J. Bentley 's court-mandated resignation following a guilty plea-deal amidst a corruption scandal ." }, { "url": "/wiki/North_Carolina", "summary": "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ." } ] }, { "value": "Leonidas Sexton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leonidas_Sexton", "summary": "Leonidas Sexton ( May 19 , 1827 - July 4 , 1880 ) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana . Born in Rushville , Indiana , Sexton attended the public schools of his native county and was graduated from Jefferson College ( now Washington & Jefferson College ) , Canonsburg , Pennsylvania , in 1847 . He studied law in Rushville and in 1848 and 1849 attended the Cincinnati Law School . He was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1850 and commenced the practice of his profession in Rushville , Indiana . He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1856 . Sexton was elected the 17th Lieutenant Governor of Indiana and served from January 1873 to January 1877 . Sexton was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth Congress ( March 4 , 1877 - March 3 , 1879 ) . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1878 to the Forty-sixth Congress . He died in Parsons , Kansas , July 4 , 1880 . He was interred in East Hill Cemetery , Rushville , Indiana ." } ] }, { "value": "Jefferson 1847", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lieutenant Governor of Indiana ( 1873-1877 ) ; U.S . Congressman from Indiana ( 1877-1879 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Indiana", "summary": "The Lieutenant Governor of Indiana is a constitutional office in the US State of Indiana . Republican Suzanne Crouch , who assumed office 9 January 2017 , is the incumbent . The office holder 's constitutional roles are to serve as President of the Indiana Senate , become acting governor during the incapacity of the governor , and become governor should the incumbent governor resign , die in office , or be impeached and removed from office . Lieutenant governors have succeeded ten governors following their deaths or resignations . The lieutenant governor holds statutory positions , serving as the head of the state agricultural and rural affairs bureaus , and as the chairman of several state committees . The annual salary of the lieutenant governor is $ 88,000 . The lieutenant governor is elected on the same election ticket as the Governor in a statewide election held every four years , concurrent with United States presidential elections . Should a lieutenant governor die while in office , resign , or succeed to the governorship , the constitution specifies no mechanism by which to fill vacancies in the lieutenant governor 's office . Historically , the position has generally remained vacant during such events . The last attempt to fill such a vacancy in 1887 led to the outbreak of violence in the state legislature known as the Black Day of the General Assembly . However , in recent years the Governor has appointed a Lieutenant Governor if a vacancy arises ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Indiana", "summary": "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ." } ] }, { "value": "Meldrim Thomson , Jr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Meldrim_Thomson,_Jr.", "summary": "Meldrim Thomson Jr. ( March 8 , 1912 - April 19 , 2001 ) was an American politician who served three terms as governor of the U.S. state of New Hampshire from 1973 to 1979 . A Republican , he was known as a strong supporter of conservative political values ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor of New Hampshire ( 1973-1979 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire", "summary": "The Governor of New Hampshire is the head of the executive branch of New Hampshire 's state government . The governor is elected at the biennial state general election in November of even-numbered years . New Hampshire is one of only two states , along with bordering Vermont , to hold gubernatorial elections every two years as opposed to every four . Currently , the state 's 82nd governor is Republican Chris Sununu , who has served since January 5 , 2017 . In New Hampshire , the governor has no term limit of any kind . No governor has served more than three terms since the 18th century ( when the term was for only one year ) with the exception of John Lynch , who won an unprecedented fourth two-year term on November 2 , 2010 . John Taylor Gilman had been the last governor before Lynch to serve longer than six years , serving 14 one-year terms as governor between 1794 and 1816 . Unlike in many other states in which Executive Councils are merely advisory , the Executive Council of New Hampshire has a strong check on the governor 's power . The five-member council has a veto over many actions of the governor . Together , the Governor and Executive Council approve contracts with a value of $ 5,000 or more , approve pardons , and appoint the directors and commissioners , judges , the Attorney General and officers in the National Guard . The governor has the sole power to veto bills and to command the National Guard while it is not in federal service . To be qualified to be governor , one must be 30 years of age , a registered voter , and domiciled in New Hampshire for at least seven years ." } ] }, { "value": "Henry A . Wise", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_A._Wise", "summary": "Henry Alexander Wise ( December 3 , 1806 - September 12 , 1876 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Virginia . He was a U.S. Representative and Governor of Virginia , and US Minister to Brazil . During the American Civil War , he was a general in the Confederate States Army . He was the father of Richard Alsop Wise and John Sergeant Wise , who both served as U.S . Representatives ." } ] }, { "value": "Washington 1825", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Governor of Virginia ( 1856-1860 ) ; U.S . Congressman from Virginia ( 1833-1844 ) ; United States Ambassador to Brazil ( 1844-1847 ) ; Confederate Brigadier General during the American Civil War", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia", "summary": "The Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia serves as the chief executive of the Commonwealth of Virginia for a four-year term . The current holder of the office is Democrat Ralph Northam , who was sworn in on January 13 , 2018 . His term of office will end in 2022 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Virginia", "summary": "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Brazil", "summary": "The following is a list of Ambassadors of the United States , or other chiefs of mission , to Brazil . The title given by the United States State Department to this position is currently Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)", "summary": "The general officers of the Confederate States Army ( CSA ) were the senior military leaders of the Confederacy during the American Civil War of 1861-1865 . They were often former officers from the United States Army ( the regular army ) prior to the Civil War , while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded . Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate Congress , much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces . Like all of the Confederacy 's military forces , these generals answered to their civilian leadership , in particular Jefferson Davis , the South 's president and therefore commander-in-chief of the Army , Navy , and Marines of the Confederate States ." }, { "url": "/wiki/American_Civil_War", "summary": "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Law and government -- State Governors", "section_text": "Milton Latham Henry A . Wise", "uid": "List_of_Washington_&_Jefferson_College_alumni_7", "intro": "Washington & Jefferson College is a private liberal arts college in Washington, Pennsylvania, which is located in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The college traces its origin to three log cabin colleges in Washington County, Pennsylvania established by three frontier clergymen in the 1780s: John McMillan, Thaddeus Dod, and Joseph Smith. These early schools eventually grew into two competing colleges, with Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania being chartered in 1802 and Washington College being chartered in 1806. These two schools merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College. As of 2009, Washington & Jefferson College had about 12,000 living alumni. Before the union of the two colleges, Washington College graduated 872 men and Jefferson College graduated 1,936 men. The alumni association recognizes as alumni all students who have completed at least one college year as full-time students. These alumni include James G. Blaine, who served in Congress as Speaker of the House, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State and the Republican nominee for the 1884 presidential election. Other graduates have held high federal positions, including United States Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin Bristow and United States Attorney General Henry Stanbery, who successfully defended Andrew Johnson during his impeachment trial. As a U.S. Congressman, Clarence Long was a key figure in directing funds to Operation Cyclone, the CIA's effort to arm the mujahideen in the Soviet-Afghan War." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Perth_Carnival", "title": "1972 Perth Carnival", "header": [ "Name", "Age", "Position", "Club" ], "data": [ { "value": "Ricky Graham ( c )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ricky_Graham", "summary": "Ricky Graham ( born 21 June 1946 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Geelong in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) during the late 1960s . He also captain-coached Tasmanian Football League ( TFL ) club New Norfolk . Ricky comes from a famous footballing family with his father Jack and nephew Ben each playing over 200 games in the VFL/AFL . Mostly a centreman and flanker during his career , Graham played originally with Geelong Districts . He made his debut for Geelong 's VFL side in 1965 and appeared in the seniors sporadically over the course of his five-year career . He spent a lot of his time in the reserves and won a Gardiner Medal in 1967 . His efforts in the reserves that year earned him selection as 20th man in the Grand Final against Richmond but he finished on the losing side . Graham did however kick one of his four VFL goals in the game , from outside 50 , with such long kicking being a feature of his game . Graham was appointed captain-coach of New Norfolk in 1970 and won the William Leitch Medal two years later . He had the distinction of captaining Tasmania at the 1972 Perth Carnival . From 1973 to 1976 he coached Ulverstone and steered them to the 1976 Tasmanian State Premiership . He finished his coaching career in Queensland with Windsor-Zillmere ." } ] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Utility", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Norfolk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Norfolk_Football_Club", "summary": "The New Norfolk District Football Club , nicknamed The Eagles , is an Australian rules football club currently playing in the Southern Football League , in Tasmania , Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "Ian Barwick", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Half back", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Longford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Longford_Football_Club", "summary": "The Longford Football Club is an Australian rules football club based in Longford , Tasmania which currently compete in the modern Northern Tasmanian Football Association . From 1926 until 1986 they had played in the original Northern Tasmanian Football Association . Formed in 1878 , Longford are nicknamed the Tigers and wear black and gold as their club colours ." } ] }, { "value": "Mike Booth", "urls": [] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ruckman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Norfolk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Norfolk_Football_Club", "summary": "The New Norfolk District Football Club , nicknamed The Eagles , is an Australian rules football club currently playing in the Southern Football League , in Tasmania , Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "Gary Davis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Back pocket", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Launceston", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Launceston_Football_Club", "summary": "The Launceston Football Club , nicknamed The Blues , is an Australian rules football club , located in the West Tamar suburb of Riverside , seven kilometres north of the Launceston CBD and currently play in the Tasmanian State League in Tasmania , Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "Kerry Doran", "urls": [] }, { "value": "26", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Back pocket", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sandy Bay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sandy_Bay_Football_Club", "summary": "The Sandy Bay Football Club was an Australian rules football club based in Sandy Bay , Tasmania . The team participated in the Tasmanian Football League from 1945 to 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "Jim Frost", "urls": [] }, { "value": "26", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ruckman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ulverstone", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ulverstone_Football_Club", "summary": "The Ulverstone Football Club , nicknamed the Robins , is an Australian rules football club based in Ulverstone , Tasmania , Australia . The club fields three teams in the North West Football League and also fields two junior teams in the AFL Tasmania North West Competition ." } ] }, { "value": "Carl Gaby", "urls": [] }, { "value": "22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wingman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hobart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hobart_Football_Club", "summary": "Hobart Football Club ( nicknamed The Tigers ) is an Australian rules football club based in Hobart , Tasmania . They play their home fixtures at the TCA Ground on the Queens Domain , in Hobart and from 2014 , the club has been a member of the Southern Football League after voting to withdraw from the Tasmanian State League at the end of the 2013 season after five seasons in that competition ." } ] }, { "value": "Max Hadley", "urls": [] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rover", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scottsdale", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scottsdale_Football_Club", "summary": "The Scottsdale Football Club is an Australian rules football club which competed in the old Northern Tasmanian Football Association ( NTFA ) between 1948 and 1986 . Scottsdale joined the Northern Tasmanian Football League in 1987 . For financial reasons , Scottsdale could no longer field a team in the NTFL and in 2000 switched to the new NTFA , an amateur competition which had been formed four years earlier . Scottsdale , nicknamed The Magpies , currently play in a competition of the Northern Tasmanian Football Association ( formed 1996 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Tony Haenen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tony_Haenen", "summary": "Tony Haenen ( 24 April 1946 - 9 July 2015 ) was an Australian rules footballer who played for South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) . Haenen was recruited from the Mildura Imperials and gave South Melbourne solid service over six seasons . He finished the 1970 Brownlow Medal count as his club 's equal third top vote-getter , the same year he made his only finals appearance . After the 1971 VFL season , Haenen was appointed captain-coach of North Launceston and led the club for three years . While in Tasmania , he represented the Northern Tasmanian Football Association combined team and he also represented the state at the 1972 Perth Carnival . He transferred to Port Melbourne in 1975 and was the ruckman in their 1976 premiership side . In the Grand Final he was reported for assaulting a boundary umpire but was cleared in the tribunal . While he was used a ruckman for most of his time at Port Melbourne , Haenen was primarily a defender during his career , usually at centre half back ." } ] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Centre half back", "urls": [] }, { "value": "North Launceston", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Launceston_Football_Club", "summary": "The North Launceston Football Club , nicknamed The Bombers , is an Australian rules football club based in Launceston , Tasmania . Australia . Since 2009 they have played in the newly formed Tasmanian State League ." } ] }, { "value": "Bill Harris", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Full-forward", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Latrobe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Latrobe_Football_Club", "summary": "The Latrobe Football Club is an Australian rules football club based in the town of Latrobe in northern Tasmania . The club competed in the North West Football Union throughout the competition 's entire existence from 1910 until 1986 , and has competed in its successor , the North West Football League , since 1987 . Latrobe was one of the most successful NWFU clubs , and its tally of 12 premierships is a joint record shared with Burnie and Ulverstone . It was the only club to win four successive NWFU premierships , achieved from 1969 to 1972 ." } ] }, { "value": "Jim Leitch", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jim_Leitch", "summary": "James Kenneth Leitch ( born 11 August 1945 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne in the VFL during the mid 1960s . He later played in Tasmania and represented the state in interstate matches ." } ] }, { "value": "26", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wingman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scottsdale", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scottsdale_Football_Club", "summary": "The Scottsdale Football Club is an Australian rules football club which competed in the old Northern Tasmanian Football Association ( NTFA ) between 1948 and 1986 . Scottsdale joined the Northern Tasmanian Football League in 1987 . For financial reasons , Scottsdale could no longer field a team in the NTFL and in 2000 switched to the new NTFA , an amateur competition which had been formed four years earlier . Scottsdale , nicknamed The Magpies , currently play in a competition of the Northern Tasmanian Football Association ( formed 1996 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Graeme Mackey", "urls": [] }, { "value": "23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Half forward", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sandy Bay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sandy_Bay_Football_Club", "summary": "The Sandy Bay Football Club was an Australian rules football club based in Sandy Bay , Tasmania . The team participated in the Tasmanian Football League from 1945 to 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "George McInnes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_McInnes", "summary": "George McInnes ( born 10 May 1946 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Richmond in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) . A ruckman , McInnes spent three seasons at Richmond , including nine games in their premiership year of 1969 . He then played in the North West Football Union with Wynyard and represented Tasmania in the 1972 Perth Carnival ." } ] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ruckman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wynyard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wynyard_Football_Club", "summary": "The Wynyard Football Club is an Australian rules football club based in Wynyard , Tasmania ." } ] }, { "value": "Stephen Nicholls", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Half forward", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scottsdale", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scottsdale_Football_Club", "summary": "The Scottsdale Football Club is an Australian rules football club which competed in the old Northern Tasmanian Football Association ( NTFA ) between 1948 and 1986 . Scottsdale joined the Northern Tasmanian Football League in 1987 . For financial reasons , Scottsdale could no longer field a team in the NTFL and in 2000 switched to the new NTFA , an amateur competition which had been formed four years earlier . Scottsdale , nicknamed The Magpies , currently play in a competition of the Northern Tasmanian Football Association ( formed 1996 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Robin Norris", "urls": [] }, { "value": "22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Full-back", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Clarence", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clarence_Football_Club", "summary": "The Clarence Football Club , nicknamed The Kangaroos ( and usually referred to as simply The Roos ) , is an Australian rules football club playing in the Tasmanian State League , based in Bellerive , Tasmania . Before 1947 , they existed as Bellerive Football Club . The Club play their home games at Bellerive Oval , Hobart 's Test Cricket ground , they share the facilities with Tasmania 's cricket team , the Tasmanian Tigers ." } ] }, { "value": "Stewart Palfreyman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stewart_Palfreyman", "summary": "Stewart Palfreyman ( born 30 December 1948 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Geelong in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) during the early 1970s . Palfreyman was a rover and played his early football at Sandy Bay in Tasmania , with his brother Brent . He spent two seasons in the VFL and missed just five games out of the 44 that Geelong played . Palfreyman then returned to Tasmania and represented the state at the 1972 Perth Carnival ." } ] }, { "value": "22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rover", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sandy Bay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sandy_Bay_Football_Club", "summary": "The Sandy Bay Football Club was an Australian rules football club based in Sandy Bay , Tasmania . The team participated in the Tasmanian Football League from 1945 to 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "Stuart Palmer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wingman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "City-South", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Launceston_Football_Club", "summary": "The South Launceston Football Club is an Australian rules football club currently competing in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association . They were formed through a merger between City-South and East Launceston in 1986 , clubs in the former Northern Tasmanian Football Association ( which is not related to the current NTFA ) . South Launceston was in the TFL Statewide League from 1986 to 1997 , then the Northern Tasmanian Football League until 2008 , then in the Tasmanian Football League until 2013 . The club is nicknamed The Bulldogs , a name which was adopted upon the merger . City-South were the Redlegs and East Launceston had been known as the Demons . For their club colours they took City-South 's red and white as well as the blue from East Launceston 's guernsey to give them their current royal blue , red and white club colours ." } ] }, { "value": "Graeme Shephard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Graeme_Shephard", "summary": "Graeme Shephard ( born 8 March 1949 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) during the 1970s . Shephard , a Cooee 'best and fairest ' winner in 1969 , had his first stint at Collingwood in 1970 but returned to Tasmania the following season . He won his second 'best and fairest ' in 1973 and played in Cooee 's premiership team that year . A rover who could play as a centreman , Shephard also won the Wander Medal in 1973 , the North West Football Union 's top individual award . Back in Collingwood colours , he participated in VFL finals series in 1974 and 1975 . He was a member of another NWFU premiership team with Cooee in 1978 , after coaching the club the previous year . A regular Tasmanian interstate representative , he represented his state at the 1972 Perth Carnival . His son Heath also played with Collingwood . In 2008 , Shephard was inducted into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame ." } ] }, { "value": "23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rover", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cooee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cooee_Football_Club", "summary": "Burnie Dockers Football Club is an Australian rules football club in Burnie , Tasmania , Australia . The club currently competes in the North West Football League ( NWFL ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Mike Smart", "urls": [] }, { "value": "27", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ruck-rover", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Longford", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Longford_Football_Club", "summary": "The Longford Football Club is an Australian rules football club based in Longford , Tasmania which currently compete in the modern Northern Tasmanian Football Association . From 1926 until 1986 they had played in the original Northern Tasmanian Football Association . Formed in 1878 , Longford are nicknamed the Tigers and wear black and gold as their club colours ." } ] }, { "value": "Trevor Sprigg", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Trevor_Sprigg", "summary": "Trevor Raymond Sprigg ( 10 August 1946 - 17 January 2008 ) was an Australian politician and legislator from Western Australia , as well as a former football star . Sprigg , a member of the Liberal Party , was the Liberal Party legislative whip as well as the member for the electorate of Murdoch in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly . Sprigg was elected to his seat in the Western Australian general election in 2005 ." } ] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Centreman", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Glenorchy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Glenorchy_Football_Club", "summary": "The Glenorchy District Football Club is an Australian rules football club currently playing in the Tasmanian State League and the Southern Football League in Tasmania , Australia ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Squads -- Tasmania", "section_text": "", "uid": "1972_Perth_Carnival_3", "intro": "The 1972 Perth Carnival was the 18th edition of the Australian National Football Carnival, an Australian rules football interstate competition. It was the last of the traditional single-city round-robin carnivals in the residential qualification era of interstate football. Four teams took part, Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania, with each playing one another once in a round robin format. Victoria won the Carnival after finishing as the only undefeated team. Peter McKenna was the most successful goal kicker with 19 goals, followed by Glynn Hewitt and Phil Tierney who kicked 11 each." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Spain", "title": "List of airports in Spain", "header": [ "Location", "ICAO", "IATA", "Airport name" ], "data": [ { "value": "El Hierro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/El_Hierro", "summary": "El Hierro , nicknamed Isla del Meridiano ( the Meridian Island ) , is the second smallest and farthest south and west of the Canary Islands ( an Autonomous Community of Spain ) , in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa , with a population of 10,798 ( 2018 ) . Its capital is Valverde . At 268.51 square kilometres , it is the second smallest of the eight main islands of the Canaries ." } ] }, { "value": "GCHI", "urls": [] }, { "value": "VDE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "El Hierro Airport [ 42 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/El_Hierro_Airport", "summary": "El Hierro Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto de El Hierro , also known as Aeropuerto de Los Cangrejos ) ( IATA : VDE , ICAO : GCHI ) is an airport located 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) northeast of Valverde . It is the only existing airport on the Island of El Hierro , Canary Islands , Spain . It was inaugurated in December 1972 . However , in spite of its size and its limited timetable , it was the airport which had the greatest increase in number of passengers and merchandise in the Canary Islands in 2007 . The air traffic is national , and the flights are normally from/to Tenerife North and Gran Canaria . In 2011 , the airport carried 170,225 passengers , with 4,674 operations and 135 tons of cargo ." } ] }, { "value": "Fuerteventura", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fuerteventura", "summary": "Fuerteventura ( pronounced [ ˌfweɾteβenˈtuɾa ] ) is one of the Canary Islands , in the Atlantic Ocean and is part of the North Africa region , politically part of Spain . At 1,660 square kilometres ( 640 sq mi ) , it is the second largest of the Canary Islands , after Tenerife . As of 2018 , Fuerteventura has 113,275 inhabitants . It was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in May 2009 . Its capital is Puerto del Rosario ." } ] }, { "value": "GCFV", "urls": [] }, { "value": "FUE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fuerteventura Airport ( El Matorral Airport ) [ 43 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fuerteventura_Airport", "summary": "Fuerteventura Airport ( IATA : FUE , ICAO : GCFV ) , also known as El Matorral Airport , is an airport serving the Spanish island of Fuerteventura . It is situated in El Matorral , 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) southwest of the capital city Puerto del Rosario . The airport has flight connections to over 80 destinations worldwide , and over 5.6 million passengers passed through it in 2016 . The airport has one terminal building with two floors . The ground floor has two sections ; one section is for flight arrivals and the other for flight departures . The first floor has the departures lounge and 24 boarding gates . In total , the terminal covers over 92,000 m² and it has the capacity to handle 8.2 million passengers per year ." } ] }, { "value": "Gran Canaria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gran_Canaria", "summary": "Gran Canaria ( UK : /ˌɡræn kəˈnɛəriə , -ˈnɑːr-/ , US : /ˌɡrɑːn kəˈnɑːriə , -ˈnɛər-/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ɡɾaŋ kaˈnaɾja ] also Grand Canary Island is the second most populous of the Canary Islands , an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain . As of 2018 [ update ] the island had a population of 846,717 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago . Gran Canaria is located in the Atlantic Ocean about 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) off the northwestern coast of Africa and about 1,350 km ( 840 mi ) from Europe . With an area of 1,560 km2 ( 602 sq . mi ) and an altitude of 1,956 m ( 6,417 ft ) at the Pico de las Nieves , Gran Canaria is the third largest island of the archipelago in both area and altitude . Gran Canaria is also the third most populated island in Spain after Tenerife and Mallorca ." } ] }, { "value": "GCLP", "urls": [] }, { "value": "LPA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gran Canaria Airport ( Las Palmas ) [ 44 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gran_Canaria_Airport", "summary": "Gran Canaria Airport ( IATA : LPA , ICAO : GCLP ) , sometimes also known as Gando Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto de Gran Canaria ) , is a passenger and freight airport on the island of Gran Canaria . It is an important airport within the Spanish air-transport network ( owned and managed by a public enterprise , AENA ) , as it holds the sixth position in terms of passengers , and fifth in terms of operations and cargo transported . It is also ranks first of the Canary Islands in all three categories , although the island of Tenerife has higher passenger numbers overall between the two airports located on the island . The airport is located in the eastern part of Gran Canaria on the Bay of Gando ( Bahía de Gando ) , 19 km ( 12 mi ) to the south of Las Palmas , and 25 km ( 16 mi ) from the popular tourist areas in the south . In 2014 it handled over 10.3 million passengers , ranking 1st in the Canary Islands and 5th in Spain by passenger traffic . Gran Canaria Airport is an important hub for passengers travelling to West Africa ( Morocco , Western Sahara , Mauritania , Senegal , Cape Verde , among others ) , and to the Atlantic Isles of Madeira and the Azores . It serves as base for Binter Canarias , Canaryfly , Ryanair , Norwegian Air Shuttle and Vueling . Other airlines use it as a base to operate charter flights to Cape Verde and Gambia ( TUI fly Deutschland and TUI fly Nordic ) , but only in the winter ." } ] }, { "value": "La Gomera", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Gomera", "summary": "La Gomera ( pronounced [ la ɣoˈmeɾa ] ) is one of Spain 's Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa . With an area of 370 square kilometres ( 140 sq mi ) , it is the third smallest of the eight main islands of this archipelago . It belongs to the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife . La Gomera is the third least populous of the eight main Canary Islands with 21,136 inhabitants . Its capital is San Sebastián de La Gomera , where the cabildo insular ( island council ) is located ." } ] }, { "value": "GCGM", "urls": [] }, { "value": "GMZ", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La Gomera Airport [ 45 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Gomera_Airport", "summary": "La Gomera Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto de La Gomera ) ( IATA : GMZ , ICAO : GCGM ) is an airport located near the town of Playa Santiago on the island of La Gomera in the Canary Islands , 34 km ( 21 mi ) southwest by road from the island 's capital city , San Sebastián de la Gomera . Although the runway was completed in 1994 , the terminal did not open until 1999 . As of August 2019 , there are two return flights per day to Tenerife North and two return flights per day to Gran Canaria . Although 34 km ( 21 mi ) from the island capital , the airport was located here to avoid disturbing the Garajonay National Park and avoid the cloudier and foggier climate to the North of the island , whilst the volcanic terrain gives few suitable sites anywhere on La Gomera , although even this site required extensive embankments at both ends of the runway ." } ] }, { "value": "La Palma", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Palma", "summary": "La Palma ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la ˈpalma ] ) , also San Miguel de La Palma , is the most north-westerly island of the Canary Islands , Spain . La Palma has an area of 708 square kilometres ( 273 sq mi ) making it the fifth largest of the seven main Canary Islands . The total population at the start of 2018 was 81,863 , of which 15,674 lived in the capital , Santa Cruz de la Palma and about 20,171 in Los Llanos de Aridane . La Palma has sister city status with El Dorado Hills , California . Its highest mountain is the Roque de los Muchachos , at 2,423 metres ( 7,949 ft ) , being second among the peaks of the Canaries only to the peaks of the Teide massif on Tenerife . In 1815 , the German geologist Leopold von Buch visited the Canary Islands . It was as a result of his visit to Tenerife , where he visited the Las Cañadas caldera , and then later to La Palma , where he visited the Taburiente caldera , that the Spanish word for cauldron or large cooking pot - caldera - was introduced into the geological vocabulary . In the center of the island is the Caldera de Taburiente National Park ; one of four national parks in the Canary Islands ." } ] }, { "value": "GCLA", "urls": [] }, { "value": "SPC", "urls": [] }, { "value": "La Palma Airport [ 46 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/La_Palma_Airport", "summary": "La Palma Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto de La Palma ) ( IATA : SPC , ICAO : GCLA ) is an airport located in Breña Baja and Villa de Mazo , 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) south of the city of Santa Cruz de La Palma on La Palma in the Canary Islands . It is operated by Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea ( AENA ) , who operate the majority of civil airports in Spain . The airport is served mainly by Binter Canarias and CanaryFly with island-hopping flights from Tenerife and Gran Canaria , but there are flights to the main Europe cities and charter flights from mainland Europe such as Germany , United Kingdom , Scandinavia and the Netherlands . In 2018 , the airport had 1,420,277 passengers in the 22,033 operations handled . Cargo traffic totalled 565 tonnes ." } ] }, { "value": "Lanzarote", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lanzarote", "summary": "Lanzarote ( UK : /ˌlænzəˈrɒti/ , Spanish : [ lanθaˈɾote ] , locally [ lansaˈɾote ] ) is a Spanish island , the northernmost and easternmost of the autonomous Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean . It is located approximately 125 kilometres ( 78 miles ) off the north coast of Africa and 1,000 kilometres ( 621 miles ) from the Iberian Peninsula . Covering 845.94 square kilometres ( 326.62 square miles ) , Lanzarote is the fourth-largest of the islands in the archipelago . With 149183 inhabitants , it is the third most populous Canary Island , after Tenerife and Gran Canaria . Located in the centre-west of the island is Timanfaya National Park , one of its main attractions . The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1993 . The island 's capital is Arrecife . The first recorded name for the island , given by Italian-Majorcan cartographer Angelino Dulcert , was Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus , after the Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello , from which the modern name is derived . The island 's name in the native language was Tyterogaka or Tytheroygaka , which may mean one that is all ochre ( referring to the island 's predominant colour ) ." } ] }, { "value": "GCRR", "urls": [] }, { "value": "ACE", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lanzarote Airport ( Arrecife Airport ) [ 47 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lanzarote_Airport", "summary": "César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport ( IATA : ACE , ICAO : GCRR ) ( Spanish : Aeropuerto de César Manrique-Lanzarote ) , commonly known as Lanzarote Airport and also known as Arrecife Airport , is the airport serving the island of Lanzarote in the Canary Islands . The airport is located in San Bartolomé , Las Palmas , 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) southwest of the island 's capital , Arrecife . It handles flights to many European airports , with hundreds of thousands of tourists each year , as well as internal flights to other Spanish airports . It handled 7,327,019 passengers in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "Tenerife", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tenerife", "summary": "Tenerife ( /ˌtɛnəˈriːf/ ; Spanish : [ teneˈɾife ] ) is the largest and most populated island of the eight Canary Islands . It is also the most populated island of Spain , with a land area of 2,034.38 square kilometres ( 785 sq mi ) and 904,713 inhabitants , 43 percent of the total population of the Canary Islands . Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of Macaronesia . Approximately five million tourists visit Tenerife each year , making it the most visited island of the archipelago . It is one of the most important tourist destinations in Spain , hosting one of the world 's largest carnivals , the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife . Tenerife is served by two airports , Tenerife North Airport ( site of the Tenerife disaster , which killed 583 people ) and Tenerife South Airport . Tenerife is the economic capital of the Canary Islands . The capital of the island , Santa Cruz de Tenerife , is also the seat of the island council ( cabildo insular ) . The city is the capital of the autonomous community of Canary Islands ( shared with Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ) , sharing governmental institutions such as presidency and ministries . Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 , Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands . In 1927 the Crown ordered that the capital of the Canary Islands be shared , as it remains at present . Santa Cruz contains the modern Auditorio de Tenerife , the architectural symbol of the Canary Islands ." } ] }, { "value": "GCXO", "urls": [] }, { "value": "TFN", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tenerife North Airport ( Los Rodeos Airport ) [ 48 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tenerife_North_Airport", "summary": "Tenerife North Airport ( IATA : TFN , ICAO : GCXO ) , formerly Los Rodeos Airport , is the smaller of the two international airports on the island of Tenerife , Spain . It is located in San Cristóbal de La Laguna , 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) by road from Santa Cruz and at an altitude of 633 metres ( 2,077 ft ) . It handled 3,717,944 passengers in 2012 . Combined with Tenerife South Airport , the island gathers the highest passenger movement of all the Canary Islands , with 12,248,673 passengers , surpassing Gran Canaria Airport . Today TFN is an inter-island hub connecting all seven of the main Canary Islands with connections to the Iberian Peninsula and Europe . On 27 March 1977 , Los Rodeos Airport was the site of the worst accident in aviation history , when two Boeing 747s collided on the runway in heavy fog causing the deaths of 583 passengers and crew ." } ] }, { "value": "Tenerife", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tenerife", "summary": "Tenerife ( /ˌtɛnəˈriːf/ ; Spanish : [ teneˈɾife ] ) is the largest and most populated island of the eight Canary Islands . It is also the most populated island of Spain , with a land area of 2,034.38 square kilometres ( 785 sq mi ) and 904,713 inhabitants , 43 percent of the total population of the Canary Islands . Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of Macaronesia . Approximately five million tourists visit Tenerife each year , making it the most visited island of the archipelago . It is one of the most important tourist destinations in Spain , hosting one of the world 's largest carnivals , the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife . Tenerife is served by two airports , Tenerife North Airport ( site of the Tenerife disaster , which killed 583 people ) and Tenerife South Airport . Tenerife is the economic capital of the Canary Islands . The capital of the island , Santa Cruz de Tenerife , is also the seat of the island council ( cabildo insular ) . The city is the capital of the autonomous community of Canary Islands ( shared with Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ) , sharing governmental institutions such as presidency and ministries . Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 , Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands . In 1927 the Crown ordered that the capital of the Canary Islands be shared , as it remains at present . Santa Cruz contains the modern Auditorio de Tenerife , the architectural symbol of the Canary Islands ." } ] }, { "value": "GCTS", "urls": [] }, { "value": "TFS", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tenerife South Airport ( Reina Sofía Airport ) [ 49 ]", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tenerife_South_Airport", "summary": "Tenerife South Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto de Tenerife Sur ) ( IATA : TFS , ICAO : GCTS ) , also known as Tenerife South-Reina Sofía Airport , is the larger of the two international airports located on the island of Tenerife ( the other being Tenerife North Airport ) and the second busiest in the Canary Islands ( after Gran Canaria Airport ) . It is located in the municipality of Granadilla de Abona and handled over 11 million passengers in 2018 . Combined with Tenerife North Airport , the island gathers the highest passenger movement of all the Canary Islands , with 12,248,673 passengers , surpassing Gran Canaria Airport ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Airports in the Canary Islands", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_airports_in_Spain_2", "intro": "This is a list of airports in Spain, sorted by location." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_year_in_the_United_States", "title": "List of best-selling albums by year in the United States", "header": [ "Year", "Performing artist ( s )", "Nationality", "Album" ], "data": [ { "value": "1960", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Original Broadway Cast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Sound of Music", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music", "summary": "The Sound of Music is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers , lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II , and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . It is based on the memoir of Maria von Trapp , The Story of the Trapp Family Singers . Set in Austria on the eve of the Anschluss in 1938 , the musical tells the story of Maria , who takes a job as governess to a large family while she decides whether to become a nun . She falls in love with the children , and eventually their widowed father , Captain von Trapp . He is ordered to accept a commission in the German navy , but he opposes the Nazis . He and Maria decide on a plan to flee Austria with the children . Many songs from the musical have become standards , such as Edelweiss , My Favorite Things , Climb Ev'ry Mountain , Do-Re-Mi , and the title song The Sound of Music . The original Broadway production , starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel , opened in 1959 and won five Tony Awards , including Best Musical , out of nine nominations . The first London production opened at the Palace Theatre in 1961 . The show has enjoyed numerous productions and revivals since then . It was adapted as a 1965 film musical starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer , which won five Academy Awards . The Sound of Music was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein ; Oscar Hammerstein died of stomach cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere ." } ] }, { "value": "1961", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Original Broadway Cast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Camelot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Camelot_(musical)", "summary": "Camelot is a musical by Alan Jay Lerner ( book and lyrics ) and Frederick Loewe ( music ) . It is based on the King Arthur legend as adapted from the T. H. White novel The Once and Future King . The original 1960 production , directed by Moss Hart with orchestrations by Robert Russell Bennett and Philip J. Lang , ran on Broadway for 873 performances , winning four Tony Awards and spawning several revivals , foreign productions , and the 1967 Warner Bros. film Camelot . The musical has become associated with the Kennedy Administration , which is sometimes called the Camelot Era ." } ] }, { "value": "1962", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Soundtrack", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "West Side Story", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)", "summary": "West Side Story is a 1961 American musical romantic drama film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins . The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name , which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . It stars Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Russ Tamblyn , Rita Moreno , and George Chakiris , and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp in Super Panavision 70 . Released on October 18 , 1961 , through United Artists , the film received high praise from critics and viewers , and became the second highest-grossing film of the year in the United States . The film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won 10 , including Best Picture ( in addition to a special award for Robbins ) , becoming the record holder for the most wins for a musical . The film has been deemed culturally significant by the United States Library of Congress and was selected for the National Film Registry in 1997 . A remake of the same name by Steven Spielberg is set to be released in 2020 , starring Ansel Elgort and Rachel Zegler ." } ] }, { "value": "1963", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Soundtrack", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "West Side Story", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1964", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Original Broadway Cast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hello , Dolly !", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)", "summary": "Hello , Dolly ! is a 1964 musical with lyrics and music by Jerry Herman and a book by Michael Stewart , based on Thornton Wilder 's 1938 farce The Merchant of Yonkers , which Wilder revised and retitled The Matchmaker in 1955 . The musical follows the story of Dolly Gallagher Levi , a strong-willed matchmaker , as she travels to Yonkers , New York to find a match for the miserly well-known unmarried half-a-millionaire Horace Vandergelder . Hello , Dolly ! first debuted at the Fisher Theater in Detroit on November 18 , 1963 , directed and choreographed by Gower Champion and produced by David Merrick , and moved to Broadway in 1964 , winning 10 Tony Awards , including Best Musical . This set a record which the play held for 37 years . The show album Hello , Dolly ! An Original Cast Recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002 . The album reached number one on the Billboard album chart on June 6 , 1964 , and was replaced the next week by Louis Armstrong 's album Hello , Dolly ! Louis Armstrong also was featured in the film version of the show , performing a small part of the song Hello , Dolly ! . The show has become one of the most enduring musical theater hits , with four Broadway revivals and international success . It was also made into the 1969 film Hello Dolly !" } ] }, { "value": "1965", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Soundtrack", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mary Poppins", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)", "summary": "Mary Poppins is a 1964 American musical fantasy film directed by Robert Stevenson and produced by Walt Disney , with songs written and composed by the Sherman Brothers . The screenplay is by Bill Walsh and Don DaGradi , based on P. L. Travers 's book series Mary Poppins . The film , which combines live-action and animation , stars Julie Andrews in her feature film debut as Mary Poppins , who visits a dysfunctional family in London and employs her unique brand of lifestyle to improve the family 's dynamic . Dick Van Dyke , David Tomlinson , and Glynis Johns are featured in supporting roles . The film was shot entirely at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California using painted London background scenes . Mary Poppins was released on August 27 , 1964 , to critical acclaim . It received a total of 13 Academy Awards nominations , including Best Picture - a record for any film released by Walt Disney Studios - and won five : Best Actress for Andrews , Best Film Editing , Best Original Music Score , Best Visual Effects , and Best Original Song for Chim Chim Cher-ee . In 2013 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . Mary Poppins is considered Walt Disney 's crowning live-action achievement , and is the only one of his films which earned a Best Picture nomination during his lifetime . A sequel , Mary Poppins Returns , was released on December 19 , 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Herb Alpert & The Tijuana Brass", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Herb_Alpert", "summary": "Herb Alpert ( born March 31 , 1935 ) is an American jazz musician most associated with the group variously known as Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass , Herb Alpert 's Tijuana Brass , or TJB . Alpert is also a recording industry executive , the A of A & M Records , a recording label he and business partner Jerry Moss founded and eventually sold to PolyGram . Alpert also has created abstract expressionist paintings and sculpture over two decades , which are publicly displayed on occasion . Alpert and his wife , Lani Hall , are substantial philanthropists through the operation of the Herb Alpert Foundation . Alpert 's musical accomplishments include five No . 1 albums and 28 albums total on the Billboard Album chart , nine Grammy Awards , fourteen platinum albums , and fifteen gold albums . Alpert has sold 72 million records worldwide . Alpert is the only recording artist to hit No . 1 on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 pop chart as both a vocalist ( This Guy 's in Love with You , 1968 ) and an instrumentalist ( Rise , 1979 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Whipped Cream & Other Delights", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Whipped_Cream_&_Other_Delights", "summary": "Whipped Cream & Other Delights is a 1965 album by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass , called Herb Alpert 's Tijuana Brass for this album , released on A & M Records . It is the band 's fourth full album and arguably their most popular release . This album saw the band nearly abandoning its Mexican-themed music , featuring mostly instrumental arrangements of popular songs , and also generating some major pop hits for the first time since The Lonely Bull . One tradition of the early Brass was to include a number rendered in strip-tease fashion , and this album 's entry for that style was Love Potion No . 9 ." } ] }, { "value": "1967", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Monkees", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Monkees", "summary": "The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971 , with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed . Their original line-up consisted of the American actor/musicians Micky Dolenz , Michael Nesmith , and Peter Tork with English actor/singer Davy Jones . The group was conceived in 1965 by television producers Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider specifically for the situation comedy series The Monkees , which aired from 1966 to 1968 . The band 's music was initially supervised by record producer Don Kirshner , backed by the songwriting duo of Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart . The four actor/musicians were initially allowed only limited roles in the recording studio for the first few months of their five-year career as the Monkees . This was due in part to the amount of time required to film the television series . Nonetheless , Nesmith composed and produced some songs from the beginning , and Tork contributed limited guitar work on the sessions produced by Nesmith . All four contributed lead vocals to various tracks . They eventually fought for the right to collectively supervise all musical output under the band 's name , acting as musicians , singers , songwriters , and producers . Following the television show 's cancellation in 1968 , the Monkees continued to record music until 1971 , after which the group broke up . A revival of interest in the television show came in 1986 , which led to a series of reunion tours and new records . The group has reunited and toured several times since then with different line-ups ( but always containing Micky Dolenz and at least one of the other original members ) and with varying degrees of success ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "More of The Monkees", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/More_of_The_Monkees", "summary": "More of the Monkees is the second studio album by the American pop rock band the Monkees . It was recorded in late 1966 and released on Colgems label # 102 on January 9 , 1967 . It displaced the band 's debut album from the top of the Billboard 200 chart and remained at No.1 for 18 weeks - the longest of any Monkees album . Combined , the first two Monkees albums were at the top of the Billboard chart for 31 consecutive weeks . More of the Monkees also went to No.1 in the UK . In the U.S. it has been certified quintuple platinum by the RIAA with sales of more than five million copies . More of the Monkees is also notable for being the first pop/rock album to be the best-selling album of the year in the U.S ." } ] }, { "value": "1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Jimi Hendrix Experience", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience", "summary": "The Jimi Hendrix Experience was an American-English rock band that formed in Westminster , London , in September 1966 . Singer , songwriter , and guitarist Jimi Hendrix , drummer Mitch Mitchell , and bassist Noel Redding comprised the group , which was active until June 1969 . During this time , they released three studio albums and became one of the most popular acts in rock . Highly influential in the popularization of hard rock and psychedelic rock , the Experience was best known for the skill , style , and charisma of their frontman , Jimi Hendrix . All three of the band 's studio albums , Are You Experienced ( 1967 ) , Axis : Bold as Love ( 1967 ) and Electric Ladyland ( 1968 ) , were featured in the top 100 of the Rolling Stone list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , at positions 15 , 82 and 54 respectively . In 1992 , the Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Following the breakup of the Experience in June 1969 , Hendrix experimented with different lineups . However , by April 1970 , he was again recording with Mitchell and bassist Billy Cox and the trio began The Cry of Love Tour . Without a new name for his ensemble , the trio was sometimes billed as the Jimi Hendrix Experience . The title was never formalized , but sometimes appears on albums released without Redding ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Are You Experienced ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Are_You_Experienced_(album)", "summary": "Are You Experienced is the debut studio album by the Jimi Hendrix Experience . Released in 1967 , the LP was an immediate critical and commercial success , and it is widely regarded as one of the greatest debuts in the history of rock music . The album features Jimi Hendrix 's innovative approach to songwriting and electric guitar playing which soon established a new direction in psychedelic and hard rock music . By mid-1966 , Hendrix was struggling to earn a living playing the R & B circuit as a backing guitarist . After being referred to Chas Chandler , who was leaving the Animals and interested in managing and producing artists , Hendrix was signed to a management and production contract with Chandler and ex-Animals manager Michael Jeffery . Chandler brought Hendrix to London and began recruiting members for a band , the Jimi Hendrix Experience , designed to showcase the guitarist 's talents . In late October , after having been rejected by Decca Records , the Experience signed with Track , a new label formed by the Who 's managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp . Are You Experienced and its preceding singles were recorded over a five-month period from late October 1966 through early April 1967 . The album was completed in 16 recording sessions at three London locations , including De Lane Lea Studios , CBS Studios , and Olympic Studios . Released in the UK on May 12 , 1967 , Are You Experienced spent 33 weeks on the charts , peaking at number two . The album was issued in the US on August 23 by Reprise Records , where it reached number five on the US Billboard Top LPs , remaining on the chart for 106 weeks , 27 of those in the Top 40 . The album also spent 70 weeks on the US Billboard Hot R & B LPs chart , where it peaked at number 10 ." } ] }, { "value": "1969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Iron Butterfly", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Iron_Butterfly", "summary": "Iron Butterfly are an American rock band best known for the 1968 hit In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida , providing a dramatic sound that led the way towards the development of hard rock and heavy metal music . Formed in San Diego , California , among band members who used to be arch enemies , their heyday was the late 1960s , but the band has been reincarnated with various members with varying levels of success , with no new recordings since 1975 . The band 's seminal 1968 album In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida was a best-seller . Iron Butterfly was the first group to receive an In-House platinum album award from Atlantic Records ." } ] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [] }, { "value": "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida_(album)", "summary": "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida is the second studio album by the American rock band Iron Butterfly , released in 1968 . It is most known for the title track which occupies the whole of Side B . The album is also available in a deluxe edition CD . The In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida LP peaked at No . 4 on the Billboard 200 . It was the biggest selling album for the year 1969 in the US . As of January 26 , 1993 , it was certified 4x Platinum in the United States . It was also Atlantic Records ' biggest selling album until it was surpassed by Led Zeppelin IV . [ citation needed ]" } ] } ], "section_title": "1960s", "section_text": "West Side Story 's soundtrack became the best-seller for 2 years .", "uid": "Best-selling_albums_by_year_in_the_United_States_1", "intro": "This is a list of the best-selling albums by year in the United States. Billboard magazine began publishing year-end lists for album sales in 1956. Until 1991, the Billboard album chart was based on a survey of representative retail outlets that determined a ranking, not a tally of actual sales. Weekly surveys and year-end charts by Billboard and other publications such as now defunct Cash Box magazine sometimes differed. For instance, during the 1960s and 1970s, the number-one album as determined by these two publications differed in 10 out of 20 years. From 1992 onwards, the Billboard year-end and weekly charts were calculated by Nielsen SoundScan. Note that this slightly differs from prior Billboard year-end album charts, which were a measure of chart performances over twelve months from around December to November (cutoff determined by Billboard´s publication schedule) rather than actual total sales." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships", "title": "2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships", "header": [ "Rank", "Country", "Team", "Time" ], "data": [ { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kenya", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kenya", "summary": "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ." } ] }, { "value": "Bernard Kipyego Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich Wilson Kwambai Chebet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bernard_Kipyego", "summary": "Bernard Kiprop Kipyego ( born 16 July 1986 in Keiyo District ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in the marathon . His personal best for the event is 2:06:22 hours . He has reached the podium at the Amsterdam Marathon , Chicago Marathon , Boston Marathon , Paris Marathon and Tokyo Marathon . He was the bronze medallist at the 2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and took the silver medal at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wilson_Kipsang_Kiprotich", "summary": "Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich ( born 15 March 1982 ) is a Kenyan athlete who specialises in long-distance running , competing in events ranging from 10 km to the marathon . He was the bronze medallist in the marathon at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He is the former world record holder in the marathon with a time of 2:03:23 , which he set at the 2013 Berlin Marathon . He has run under 2 hours 4 minutes for the marathon on four separate occasions . Kipsang is a two-time winner of the Frankfurt Marathon ( 2010 and 2011 ) and has also won the London Marathon ( 2012 and 2014 ) , New York Marathon ( 2014 ) , and Tokyo Marathon ( 2017 ) . He holds the twelfth best time over the half marathon distance ( 58:59 minutes ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wilson_Kwambai_Chebet", "summary": "Wilson Kwambai Chebet ( born 12 July 1985 in Marakwet District ) is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner who specialises in road running competitions . He has a marathon best of 2:05:27 hours . He began competing internationally in 2005 and established himself with a number of circuit wins in his first three years of competition , including the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale and America 's Finest City Half Marathon . He managed podium finishes at the Granollers Half Marathon , Rotterdam Half Marathon and Delhi Half Marathon in 2008 . He represented Kenya at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and helped win the team gold medal . Chebet began pacemaking in marathon races in 2009 and made his competitive debut over the distance in 2010 . His clocking of two hours , 6:12 minutes to finish as runner-up at the Amsterdam Marathon was the second fastest debut run of all-time . In 2011 , won both the Amsterdam and Rotterdam Marathons . He repeated as Amsterdam champion in 2012 . His half marathon best of 59:15 minutes ranks among the top 15 fastest ever and he is in the top ten fastest ever over 20 km ." } ] }, { "value": "3:01:06", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eritrea", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eritrea", "summary": "Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD ." } ] }, { "value": "Zersenay Tadese Samuel Tsegay Adhanom Abraha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zersenay_Tadese", "summary": "Zersenay Tadese [ nb ] ( Tigrinya : ዘርእሰናይ ታደሰ ; born 8 February 1982 ) is an Eritrean long-distance track and road running athlete . He held the men 's half marathon world record from 2010 to 2018 . His bronze medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2004 Athens Olympics made him the first ever Eritrean Olympic medallist , and his 20-km title at the 2006 IAAF World Road Running Championships also made him the country 's first athlete to win at a world championship event . He does not use a sprint finish to win races ; his strategy relies on a combination of efficient running and fast pace setting . Zersenay ( Tadese is his father 's name ) has found most of his success in the half marathon , with four consecutive victories in the World Half Marathon Championships from 2006 to 2009 ( with a 2006 20km edition ) , a silver medal in 2010 and a fifth title in 2012 . His 5 titles are a record . He set a world record at the Lisbon Half Marathon in 2010 . He has also excelled in cross country running , winning a gold , a silver , and two bronze medals in the long distance race over five IAAF World Cross Country Championships . He is a four-time Olympian ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) . In 2009 , Zersenay became only the second man ( after Paul Tergat ) to win three World Championship medals over three different surfaces in the same year , winning World Cross Country bronze , 10,000 metres World Championship silver on the track , and gold in road running at the World Half Marathon Championships . He is a popular public figure in his home country ; 2500 guests attended his wedding to Merhawit Solomon , which was broadcast live on Eritrean television . His brother , Kidane Tadese , is also a professional distance runner ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Samuel_Tsegay", "summary": "Samuel Tsegay Tesfamriam ( born 24 October 1988 ) is an Eritrean long-distance runner running for the Swedish track club Hälle IF , who specializes in the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres . He was born in Eritrea . As a junior , he competed in the junior races at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships , finishing seventeenth in 2005 , eighth in 2006 and eighth in 2007 . He finished fourth in the 10,000 metres at the 2006 World Junior Championships . At the 2009 World Cross Country Championships he finished sixteenth in the senior race . The Eritrean team took bronze medals in the team competition . He finished fifth at the 2009 World Half Marathon Championships , and competed in the 5000 metres at the 2009 World Championships . A fifth place at the 2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships gained him a team silver medal alongside Zersenay Tadese . He took third at the Cross Valle de Llodio in November behind compatriot Teklemariam Medhin . He ran at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships but was ultimately disqualified as he and Ethiopia 's Abera Kuma began fighting on the final stretch . Reflecting the history of antipathy between the nations , Tsegay accused the Ethiopian of deliberately elbowing him and standing on his heels from behind , thus he reacted by grabbing Abera 's leg and threw a punch before dashing to the finish . The IAAF disqualified both athletes for their conduct ." } ] }, { "value": "3:02:39", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ethiopia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ethiopia", "summary": "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Tilahun Regassa Dereje Tesfaye Abebe Negewo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tilahun_Regassa", "summary": "Tilahun Regassa Dabe ( born 18 January 1990 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who mainly competes in road running competitions . He has a half marathon best of 59:19 minutes and has won the Zayed International Half Marathon and Lille Half Marathon . He made his marathon debut at the 2012 Chicago Marathon and ran the third fastest ever debut of 2:05:27 hours . He has won a number of major road races in the United States including the Boilermaker Road Race , Bolder Boulder , Crescent City Classic , Monument Avenue 10K , the Cooper River Bridge Run , and the Falmouth Road Race . He represented Ethiopia at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and won the team bronze medal ." } ] }, { "value": "3:06:42", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "United States", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_States", "summary": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ." } ] }, { "value": "Dathan Ritzenhein Andrew Carlson James Carney", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dathan_Ritzenhein", "summary": "Dathan Ritzenhein ( born December 30 , 1982 ) is an American long-distance runner . He held the American record in the 5,000 metres ( 12:56.27 ) from 2009-2010 , when it was broken by Bernard Lagat . He is a three-time national cross country champion with wins at the USA Cross Country Championships in 2005 , 2008 and 2010 . Formerly a Nike athlete for the majority of his professional career , Dathan joined the Hansons-Brooks Distance Project team in 2017 and has been sponsored by Brooks since then . Ritzenhein was a standout runner at Rockford High School in Michigan and the University of Colorado at Boulder . He was part of the stellar high school class of 2001 that also produced American mile record holder Alan Webb and American half-marathon record holder Ryan Hall ." } ] }, { "value": "3:06:50", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tanzania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tanzania", "summary": "Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Fabiano Joseph Marco Joseph Shamba Gitimi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fabiano_Joseph", "summary": "Fabiano Joseph Naasi ( born December 24 , 1985 , in Babati , Manyara ) is a Tanzanian long-distance runner ." } ] }, { "value": "3:08:29", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "South Africa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_Africa", "summary": "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ." } ] }, { "value": "Stephen Mokoka Olebogeng Masire Mbongeni Ngxazozo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stephen_Mokoka", "summary": "Stephen Mokoka ( born 31 January 1985 ) is a South African long-distance runner who competes in races ranging from 3000 metres to the marathon distance . He is a four-time medalist at the Universiade and has represented South Africa internationally in road , cross country , and track events . He represented South Africa in the marathon at the 2012 London Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "3:08:36", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Japan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Japan", "summary": "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Yukihiro Kitaoka Ryosuke Fukuyama Yoshinori Oda", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3:08:59", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "France", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/France", "summary": "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Fouad Larhiouch James Theuri Simon Munyutu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Theuri", "summary": "James Theuri ( born October 30 , 1978 in Kanjinji , Kenya ) is a French athlete who specialises in the marathon . Theuri competed at the 2009 World Athletics Championships ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Simon_Munyutu", "summary": "Simon Munyutu ( born December 27 , 1977 in Nakuru , Kenya ) is a French athlete who specialises in the men 's marathon . Munyutu competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics . He is married to Martha Komu , a Kenyan runner who lives in France but unlike him keeps representing Kenya . They both competed at the 2008 Olympics , but for different countries . They have a daughter born in 2005 ." } ] }, { "value": "3:09:23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Uganda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uganda", "summary": "Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Uganda ; Luganda : Eggwanga Yuganda ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa . It is bordered to the east by Kenya , to the north by South Sudan , to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , to the south-west by Rwanda , and to the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , shared with Kenya and Tanzania . Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region . Uganda also lies within the Nile basin , and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate . Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom , which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country , including the capital Kampala . The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago , when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country . Beginning in 1894 , the area was ruled as a protectorate by the UK , who established administrative law across the territory . Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 . The period since then has been marked by violent conflicts , including an 8-year-long far right military dictatorship led by Idi Amin . Additionally , a lengthy civil war against the Lord 's Resistance Army in the Northern Region led by Joseph Kony , has caused hundreds of thousands of casualties . The official languages are English and Swahili , although any other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative , administrative or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law ." } ] }, { "value": "Martin Toroitich Moses Aliwa Jackson Kiprop", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martin_Toroitich", "summary": "Martin Kitiyo Toroitich ( born 10 August 1983 in Kurongur ) is a Ugandan long-distance runner who specializes in the half marathon . His younger brother Boniface Kiprop Toroitich is a successful Ugandan runner ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Moses_Aliwa", "summary": "Moses Aliwa ( born 2 April 1986 in Kapchorwa District ) is a Ugandan long-distance runner . He finished sixth in 10,000 metres at the 2004 World Junior Championships . At the 2007 World Cross Country Championships he finished nineteenth in the senior race , while the Ugandan team of which he was a part won the bronze medal in the team competition ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jackson_Kiprop", "summary": "Jackson Kiprop ( born 20 October 1986 ) is a Ugandan long distance runner who specialises in the marathon . He competed in the marathon event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing , China ." } ] }, { "value": "3:09:32", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Morocco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Morocco", "summary": "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Rachid Kisri Mourad Marofit Ahmed Baday", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rachid_Kisri", "summary": "Rachid Kisri is a Moroccan long-distance runner . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he competed in the Men 's marathon , finishing in 18th place ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mourad_Marofit", "summary": "Mourad Marofit ( Arabic : مراد ماروفيت ; born January 26 , 1982 in Khemisset ) is a Moroccan long-distance runner . He set his personal best time of 13:02.84 , by winning the men 's 5000 metres at the KBC Night of Athletics in Heusden-Zolder , Belgium . Marofit represented Morocco at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where he competed for the men 's 5,000 metres . He ran in the second heat against thirteen other athletes , including Kenya 's Edwin Cheruiyot Soi , who later won the bronze medal in the final . He finished the race in eighth place by five seconds behind New Zealand 's Adrian Blincoe , with a time of 14:00.76 . Marofit , however , failed to advance into the final , as he placed thirtieth overall , and was ranked farther below four mandatory slots for the next round ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ahmed_Baday", "summary": "Ahmed Ibrahim Baday ( born 15 June 1974 ) is a Moroccan long-distance runner who specialized in the 5000 metres and cross-country running but now competes in road running competitions . He is currently banned for doping . A main stay of the Moroccan team at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships , he helped his nation to medals in the team race in 1999 , 2003 and 2007 . In track running , he was the 10,000 metres gold medallist at the 2001 Jeux de la Francophonie and also won bronze at the 2001 Mediterranean Games . He competed for Morocco at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics . He began running in road competitions in 2008 and his highlights include a half marathon gold medal at the 2009 Mediterranean Games and a win at the Beppu-Ōita Marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "3:10:15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Italy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Italy", "summary": "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ." } ] }, { "value": "Daniele Meucci Giovanni Ruggiero Denis Curzi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daniele_Meucci", "summary": "Daniele Meucci ( born 7 October 1985 ) is an Italian athlete who specialises in long-distance running , including track running , cross country and road running who won twenty medals at international level ( seventeen at senior level and three at youth level ) . He represented Italy at the 2012 Summer Olympics , running in the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres . Meucci is a three-time medallist in the latter event at the European Athletics Championships , having won bronze in 2010 and 2016 and silver in 2012 . He was also a bronze medallist at the European Cross Country Championships in 2012 . He has competed at five World Championships in Athletics ( 2009 and 2011 in the 5000 m , 2011 , 2013 and 2017 in the 10000 m and 2015 in the marathon ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Giovanni_Ruggiero", "summary": "Giovanni Ruggiero ( born 19 January 1974 ) is an Italian male retired long-distance runner , which participated at the 1999 and 2001 World Championships in Athletics ." } ] }, { "value": "3:11:58", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rwanda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rwanda", "summary": "Rwanda ( /ruˈɑːndə , -ˈæn-/ ( listen ) ; Kinyarwanda : u Rwanda [ u.ɾɡwaː.nda ] ( listen ) ) , formerly Ruanda , officially the Republic of Rwanda ( Kinyarwanda : Repubulika y ' u Rwanda ; Swahili : Jamhuri ya Rwanda ; French : République du Rwanda or République Rwandaise ) , is a country in Central Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland , and its capital city is Kigali . Located a few degrees south of the Equator , Rwanda is bordered by Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated ; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east , with numerous lakes throughout the country . The climate is temperate to subtropical , with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year . Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 sq . km of land , and therefore it is the most densely populated mainland African country . The population is young and predominantly rural , with a density among the highest in Africa . Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group , the Banyarwanda , although within this group there are three subgroups : the Hutu , Tutsi and Twa . The Twa are a forest-dwelling pygmy people and are often considered descendants of Rwanda 's earliest inhabitants . Scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi ; some believe differences are derived from former social castes within a single people , while others believe the Hutu and Tutsi arrived in the country separately , and from different locations . Christianity is the largest religion in the country ; the principal language is Kinyarwanda , spoken by most Rwandans , with English and French serving as additional official languages . The sovereign state of Rwanda has a presidential system of government ." } ] }, { "value": "Sylvain Rukundo Jean Baptiste Simukeka Gervais Hakizimana", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3:12:05", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mexico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mexico", "summary": "Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes ." } ] }, { "value": "Juan Carlos Romero Arturo Regules Sergio Reyes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Romero_(athlete)", "summary": "Juan Carlos Romero Bernal ( born 15 December 1977 in Zacatecas , Zacatecas , México ) is a Mexican long-distance runner who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sergio_Reyes", "summary": "Sergio Reyes Jr. ( born October 28 , 1969 ) is an American boxer . He competed in the men 's bantamweight event at the 1992 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "3:12:08", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Great Britain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_Kingdom", "summary": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ." } ] }, { "value": "Andrew Lemoncello Mark Miles Phil Wicks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrew_Lemoncello", "summary": "Andrew Lemoncello ( born 12 October 1982 ) is a Scottish long distance runner who competes in the 3000 metres steeplechase and the marathon events . He won a team junior gold medal at the 2001 European Cross Country Championships and won a scholarship to attend Florida State University in 2004 . At Florida State he was second in the NCAA Men 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship in the steeplechase . He represented Great Britain at the World Championships in Athletics in 2005 and 2007 . He ran in the steeplechase event at the 2008 Summer Olympics . Lemoncello completed his debut marathon in 2010 , finishing eighth in the London Marathon ." } ] }, { "value": "3:12:42", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brazil", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brazil", "summary": "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ." } ] }, { "value": "Marilson dos Santos Giomar da Silva João de Lima", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marilson_dos_Santos", "summary": "Marílson Gomes dos Santos ( born 6 August 1977 ) is a Brazilian long-distance runner . He won the 2006 and 2008 New York City Marathon , becoming the first South American to win the race . He was selected as the best male performer at the 2009 Brazilian national championships after breaking the meet records in both the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres races . He is the current South American record holder in both these events with times of 13:19.43 and 27:28.12 , respectively . He has won medals at the South American Cross Country Championships , starting with a silver in the junior race in 1996 , then taking the bronze in the men 's long race in 2000 , before winning his first championship title in 2008 . He ran at the 2010 London Marathon and came close to a personal best time , finishing in 2:08:46 for sixth place behind Abel Kirui . He signed up for the New York Marathon that year and used the Troféu Brasil de Atletismo ( the Brazilian athletics championships ) as his preparation , winning the 10,000 m title . He secured his third career win at the Saint Silvester Race in São Paulo at the end of the year - a record number for the competition in the international era . At the 2011 London Marathon , he set a personal best of 2:06:34 hours and placed fourth in the fast race behind a Kenyan trio of Emmanuel Mutai , Martin Lel and Patrick Makau . Dos Santos competed in the marathon at the 2008 , 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Olympics with the best result of fifth place in 2012 . He is married to Juliana Paula dos Santos , a fellow runner who won gold medals at the 2007 and 2015 Pan American Games . They have a son Miguel ." } ] }, { "value": "3:14:15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Peru", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peru", "summary": "Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "John Cusi Jaime Caldua Constantino León", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Constantino_León", "summary": "Constantino León López ( born April 12 , 1974 in Pampas , Huancavelica ) is a Peruvian marathon runner . He set a personal best time of 2:17:03 , by finishing eleventh at the 2010 Chosunilbo Chunchon International Marathon in Chuncheon , South Korea . Leon represented Peru at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where he competed for the men 's marathon . He successfully finished the race in sixty-first place by ten seconds ahead of Montenegro 's Goran Stojiljković , with a time of 2:28:04 ." } ] }, { "value": "3:16:17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Botswana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Botswana", "summary": "Botswana ( /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /bʊt- , bʊˈtʃw-/ ) , officially the Republic of Botswana ( Setswana : Lefatshe la Botswana ) , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa . Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland , Botswana adopted its name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966 . Since then , it has been a representative republic , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the lowest perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998 . It is currently Africa 's oldest continuous democracy. , Botswana is topographically flat , with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert . It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast , Namibia to the west and north , and Zimbabwe to the northeast . Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but is , at most , a few hundred metres long . A mid-sized country of just over 2.3 million people , Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world . Around 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city , Gaborone . Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world - with a GDP per capita of about US $ 70 per year in the late 1960s - Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the world 's fastest-growing economies . The economy is dominated by mining , cattle , and tourism . Botswana boasts a GDP ( purchasing power parity ) per capita of about $ 18,825 per year as of 2015 [ update ] , which is one of the highest in Africa . Its high gross national income ( by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa ) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and one of the highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "Keenetse Moswasi Godiraone Nthompe Ndabili Bashingili", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ndabili_Bashingili", "summary": "Ndabili Bashingili ( born December 28 , 1979 in Semitwe ) is a Botswana marathon runner . Bashingili made his official debut for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , where he placed twenty-fifth out of a hundred runners in the men 's marathon , with a time of 2:18:09 . Four years after competing in his last Olympics , Bashingili qualified for the second time , as a 29-year-old , in the men 's marathon at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . He successfully finished the race in fifty-ninth place by eight seconds behind Tanzania 's Samson Ramadhani , with a time of 2:25:11 ." } ] }, { "value": "3:18:14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Spain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Spain", "summary": "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ." } ] }, { "value": "Miguel Ángel Gamonal Pablo Villalobos Fernando Rey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pablo_Villalobos", "summary": "Pablo Villalobos ( born 20 May 1979 ) is a Spanish long-distance runner . He finished seventh in the 5,000m final at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg and fifth in the marathon at the 2010 European Athletics Championships in Barcelona . In 2013 created of campoatraves.com , a Spanish website about the athletics long distance of cross country ." } ] }, { "value": "3:21:22", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Team results -- Men 's", "section_text": "", "uid": "2009_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_2", "intro": "The 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held in Birmingham, United Kingdom on 11 October 2009. It was the final event of the International Association of Athletics Federations' 2009 World Athletics Series." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_machinima_works", "title": "List of machinima works", "header": [ "Title", "Creator ( s )", "Genre", "Game ( s ) or game engine ( s )", "Release date ( s )" ], "data": [ { "value": "The Adventures of Bill & John", "urls": [] }, { "value": "KBS Productions", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comedy_film", "summary": "A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Lock On : Modern Air Combat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lock_On:_Modern_Air_Combat", "summary": "Lock On : Modern Air Combat or LOMAC , known in Russia as Lock On , is a modern combat flight simulation developed by Eagle Dynamics and published by Ubi Soft in Europe and 1C Company in Russia ; it is considered as a survey simulator by its creators . It contains 8 flyable aircraft and over 40 non-playable/AI-controlled planes . The game mainly revolves around air-to-air combat and air-to-ground combat with some optional , unique roles such as pinpoint/anti-radiation strikes , anti-ship strikes or aerobatics . The game realistically models all aspects of take-off and landing , AWACS ( also known as AEW & C ) , carrier-based landings ( for the Su-33 ) , and aerial refueling ." } ] }, { "value": "2004 - 2006", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2004_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 2004 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/2006_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 2006 . These include several new machinima productions , season finales , and the 2006 Machinima Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "Am Ende der Distanz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Am_Ende_der_Distanz", "summary": "Am Ende der Distanz ( At the End of Distance ) is a 2005 German machinima film made by David Riedel using Lionhead Studios ' 2005 business simulation game The Movies ." } ] }, { "value": "David Riedel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Social drama", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Movies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Movies", "summary": "The Movies is a business simulation game created by Lionhead Studios for Microsoft Windows and subsequently ported to Mac OS X by Feral Interactive . Players run a Hollywood film studio , creating films that can be exported from the game . The Movies was released in November 2005 to positive reviews , including several awards , but sold poorly . An expansion , The Movies : Stunts & Effects , was released in 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2005_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 2005 . These include several new machinima productions , season finales , and the 2005 Machinima Film Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "Anachronox : The Movie", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anachronox", "summary": "Anachronox is a 2001 role-playing video game produced by Tom Hall and the Dallas Ion Storm games studio . The game is centered on Sylvester Sly Boots Bucelli , a down-and-out private investigator who looks for work in the slums of Anachronox , a once-abandoned planet near the galaxy 's jumpgate hub . He travels to other planets , amasses an unlikely group of friends , and unravels a mystery that threatens the fate of the universe . The game 's science fiction story was influenced by cyberpunk , film noir , and unconventional humor . The story features a theme of working through the troubles of one 's past , and ends with a major cliffhanger . The gameplay for Anachronox is turn-based ; the player controls a party of up to three characters as they explore a 3D environment of futuristic cities , space vessels , and outdoor areas . Inspirations for the game include older role-playing video games such as Chrono Trigger and the Final Fantasy series , animator Chuck Jones and the novel Ender 's Game . The game was built with a heavily modified version of the id Software 's id Tech 2 , rewritten chiefly to allow a wider color palette , emotive animations and facial expressions , better lighting , particle effects , and camera effects . The development of Anachronox was long and difficult , originally planned for a third-quarter 1998 release . It was released worldwide in June 2001 for Microsoft Windows . Tom Hall planned to create a sequel with the copious content removed during production . Critics enjoyed the game and awarded it high marks for its design and story ." } ] }, { "value": "Jake Hughes", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Science fiction", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Science_fiction", "summary": "Science fiction ( sometimes called sci-fi or just SF ) is a genre of speculative fiction that typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology , space exploration , time travel , parallel universes , and extraterrestrial life . It has been called the literature of ideas , and often explores the potential consequences of scientific , social , and technological innovations . Science fiction , whose roots go back to ancient times , is related to fantasy , horror , and superhero fiction , and contains many subgenres . However its exact definition has long been disputed among authors , critics , and scholars . Science fiction literature , film , television , and other media have become popular and influential over much of the world . Besides providing entertainment , it can also criticize present-day society , and is often said to inspire a sense of wonder ." } ] }, { "value": "Quake II engine ( modified )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quake_II_engine", "summary": "The Quake II engine is a game engine developed by id Software for use in their 1997 first-person shooter Quake II . It is the successor to the Quake engine . Since its release , the Quake II engine has been licensed for use in several other games . One of the engine 's most notable features was out-of-the-box support for hardware-accelerated graphics , specifically OpenGL , along with the traditional software renderer . Another interesting feature was the subdivision of some of the components into dynamic-link libraries . This allowed both software and OpenGL renderers , which were selected by loading and unloading separate libraries . Libraries were also used for the game logic , for two reasons : [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "2002", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Apartment Huntin '", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Apartment_Huntin'", "summary": "Machinima ( /məˈʃiːnɪmə , -ˈʃɪn-/ ) is the use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production . Most often , video games are used to generate the computer animation . Machinima-based artists , sometimes called machinimists or machinimators , are often fan laborers , by virtue of their re-use of copyrighted materials ( see below ) . Machinima offers to provide an archive of gaming performance and access to the look and feel of software and hardware that may already have become unavailable or even obsolete . For game studies , Machinimas gestures grant access to gaming 's historical conditions of possibility and how machinima offers links to a comparative horizon that informs , changes , and fully participates in videogame culture . The practice of using graphics engines from video games arose from the animated software introductions of the 1980s demoscene , Disney Interactive Studios ' 1992 video game Stunt Island , and 1990s recordings of gameplay in first-person shooter ( FPS ) video games , such as id Software 's Doom and Quake . Originally , these recordings documented speedruns - attempts to complete a level as quickly as possible - and multiplayer matches . The addition of storylines to these films created Quake movies . The more general term machinima , a blend of machine and cinema , arose when the concept spread beyond the Quake series to other games and software . After this generalization , machinima appeared in mainstream media , including television series and advertisements . Machinima has advantages and disadvantages when compared to other styles of filmmaking . Its relative simplicity over traditional frame-based animation limits control and range of expression ." } ] }, { "value": "ILL Clan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ILL_Clan", "summary": "Machinima ( /məˈʃiːnɪmə , -ˈʃɪn-/ ) is the use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production . Most often , video games are used to generate the computer animation . Machinima-based artists , sometimes called machinimists or machinimators , are often fan laborers , by virtue of their re-use of copyrighted materials ( see below ) . Machinima offers to provide an archive of gaming performance and access to the look and feel of software and hardware that may already have become unavailable or even obsolete . For game studies , Machinimas gestures grant access to gaming 's historical conditions of possibility and how machinima offers links to a comparative horizon that informs , changes , and fully participates in videogame culture . The practice of using graphics engines from video games arose from the animated software introductions of the 1980s demoscene , Disney Interactive Studios ' 1992 video game Stunt Island , and 1990s recordings of gameplay in first-person shooter ( FPS ) video games , such as id Software 's Doom and Quake . Originally , these recordings documented speedruns - attempts to complete a level as quickly as possible - and multiplayer matches . The addition of storylines to these films created Quake movies . The more general term machinima , a blend of machine and cinema , arose when the concept spread beyond the Quake series to other games and software . After this generalization , machinima appeared in mainstream media , including television series and advertisements . Machinima has advantages and disadvantages when compared to other styles of filmmaking . Its relative simplicity over traditional frame-based animation limits control and range of expression ." } ] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comedy_film", "summary": "A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Quake", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quake_(video_game)", "summary": "Quake is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by GT Interactive in 1996 . It is the first game in the Quake series . In the game , players must find their way through various maze-like , medieval environments while battling a variety of monsters using an array of weaponry . The overall atmosphere is dark and gritty , with lots of stone textures and a rusty , capitalized font . The successor to id Software 's Doom series , Quake built upon the technology and gameplay of its predecessor . Unlike the Doom engine before it , the Quake engine offered full real-time 3D rendering and had early support for 3D acceleration through OpenGL . After Doom helped to popularize multiplayer deathmatches in 1993 , Quake added various multiplayer options . Online multiplayer became increasingly common , with the QuakeWorld update and software such as QuakeSpy making the process of finding and playing against others on the Internet easier and more reliable . Quake features music composed by Trent Reznor and his band , Nine Inch Nails ." } ] }, { "value": "1999", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Blahbalicious", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blahbalicious", "summary": "Blahbalicious is a machinima film made using the Quake game engine . It was recorded by Mackey 'Avatar ' McCandlish and Brian 'Wendigo ' Hess and released at 11pm ET on Monday 8 December 1997 . The film 's unconventional style , Monty Python-esque humour , and extensive use of new models and maps earned it an amount of attention unprecedented in the Quake movie community at the time . At the inaugural Quake Movie Awards , organised by the Quake Movie Library , it won seven awards , plus an Honorary Oscar to recognise director Wendigo 's contribution to the Quake movie community , indicating how it was at the peak of the movement at the time . There film does not have a linear plot . Instead , it depicts a series of loosely linked sketches , nearly all of which involve a large rotund figure originally created for other purposes by the authors . The character is used to represent many different people in the film , all of which say little other than 'blah blah blah ' ( hence the title ) . The concept was designed to be , in the words of Wendigo , these two fat guys would be watching TV And flipping through channels ." } ] }, { "value": "Avatar , Wendigo , LordTrans", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comedy_film", "summary": "A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Quake", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quake_(video_game)", "summary": "Quake is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by GT Interactive in 1996 . It is the first game in the Quake series . In the game , players must find their way through various maze-like , medieval environments while battling a variety of monsters using an array of weaponry . The overall atmosphere is dark and gritty , with lots of stone textures and a rusty , capitalized font . The successor to id Software 's Doom series , Quake built upon the technology and gameplay of its predecessor . Unlike the Doom engine before it , the Quake engine offered full real-time 3D rendering and had early support for 3D acceleration through OpenGL . After Doom helped to popularize multiplayer deathmatches in 1993 , Quake added various multiplayer options . Online multiplayer became increasingly common , with the QuakeWorld update and software such as QuakeSpy making the process of finding and playing against others on the Internet easier and more reliable . Quake features music composed by Trent Reznor and his band , Nine Inch Nails ." } ] }, { "value": "1998", "urls": [] }, { "value": "BloodSpell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/BloodSpell", "summary": "BloodSpell is a 2006 fantasy film produced by Strange Company . BloodSpell employs filming techniques known as machinima , and is the first feature-length production to use BioWare 's Aurora Engine , developed for the role-playing video game Neverwinter Nights , to generate the video portion of the film . The film was serially released in short episodes under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License , which allows for redistribution , modification , and creation of fan fiction . Strange Company have asserted somewhat controversially that , as of 2006 , BloodSpell , was the largest machinima production . The series features numerous cameo appearances , including several voice appearances from science fiction author Charles Stross . In August 2006 , controversy involving BloodSpell occurred when the Leipzig Games Convention pronounced it too violent to be shown as part of their machinima showcase . After a protest , the Games Conference changed their position ( taking a considerable risk in light of the German press 's attitudes to game violence ) and allowed the film to be shown ." } ] }, { "value": "Strange Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Strange_Company", "summary": "Strange Company is a group of machinima creators and distributors based in Edinburgh , Scotland . They are known in the medium as the longest-standing machinima production company , having produced machinima films since 1997 , and for creating the Machinima.com website , which distributes such films on the internet since 2000 ." } ] }, { "value": "Fantasy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fantasy", "summary": "Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction set in a fictional universe , often inspired by real world myth and folklore . Its roots are in oral traditions , which then became fantasy literature and drama . From the twentieth century it has expanded further into various media , including film , television , graphic novels , manga and video games . Fantasy is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes respectively , though these genres overlap . In popular culture , the fantasy genre predominantly features settings of a medieval nature . In its broadest sense , however , fantasy consists of works by many writers , artists , filmmakers , and musicians from ancient myths and legends to many recent and popular works ." } ] }, { "value": "Neverwinter Nights", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Neverwinter_Nights", "summary": "Neverwinter Nights is a third-person role-playing video game developed by BioWare . Interplay Entertainment was originally set to publish the game , but financial difficulties led to it being taken over by Infogrames , who released the game under their Atari range of titles . It was released for Microsoft Windows on June 18 , 2002 . BioWare later released a Linux client in June 2003 , requiring a purchased copy of the game to play . MacSoft released a Mac OS X port in August 2003 . Neverwinter Nights is set in the fantasy world of the Forgotten Realms campaign setting , with the game mechanics based on the Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition rules . The game engine was designed around an Internet-based model for running a massively multiplayer online game ( MMOG ) , which would allow end users to host game servers . Up to 64 players could connect to a single server . The intent was to create a potentially infinite massively multiplayer game framework . This game was named after the original Neverwinter Nights online game , the first graphical massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG ) , which operated from 1991 to 1997 on AOL . The original release of Neverwinter Nights includes the game engine , a game campaign that can be played as single player or in multiplayer mode , and on Windows releases , the Aurora toolset used for creating custom content that would run in the same engine . Three expansion packs were subsequently released for the game : Shadows of Undrentide in June 2003 ; Hordes of the Underdark in December 2003 ; and Kingmaker in November 2004 ." } ] }, { "value": "2006", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2006_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 2006 . These include several new machinima productions , season finales , and the 2006 Machinima Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "Civil Protection", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Combine_(Half-Life)", "summary": "The Combine is a multidimensional empire which serves as the primary antagonistic force in the 2004 video game Half-Life 2 , and the subsequent episodes developed by Valve . The Combine consist of alien , synthetic , and human elements , and dominate Earth . They are encountered throughout Half-Life 2 and its episodic expansions as hostile non-player characters as the player progresses through the games in an effort to overthrow the Combine occupation of Earth . The Combine are frequently shown as harsh rulers over the citizens of Earth , suppressing dissent with brutality , policing using violence and using invasive surgery to transform humans into either soldiers or slaves . Throughout the games , the player primarily battles transformed humans as well as synthetic and mechanical enemies that are the product of Combine technology . The atmosphere generated by the dystopian Combine state has been praised by reviewers , although the artificial intelligence of the transhuman Combine characters was thought to be inferior to that of other characters in Half-Life 2 . In addition to their role within the Half-Life series , the Combine have been adapted for machinima productions and one Combine character type has been made into plush toys by Valve ." } ] }, { "value": "Ross Scott/Accursed Farms", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comedy", "summary": "In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members ." } ] }, { "value": "Half-Life 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Half-Life_2", "summary": "Half-Life 2 is a 2004 first-person shooter ( FPS ) game developed and published by Valve . Like the original Half-Life ( 1998 ) , it combines shooting , puzzles , and storytelling , and adds features such as vehicles and physics-based gameplay . Players control Gordon Freeman , who fights against the alien Combine with allies including resistance fighter Alyx Vance , using weapons such as the object-manipulating gravity gun . The game was created using Valve 's Source engine , developed alongside . Development lasted five years and cost US $ 40 million . Valve president Gabe Newell set his team the goal of redefining the FPS genre , focusing on advanced physics systems and non-player characters . Valve announced Half-Life 2 at E3 2003 and released it through its new distribution service Steam after delaying it by over a year . A year before release , a hacker stole an unfinished version and leaked it online . Half-Life 2 received acclaim for its advanced physics , animation , sound , AI , graphics , and narrative . It won 39 Game of the Year awards , and has been cited as one of the greatest games of all time . By 2011 , it had sold 12 million copies . It was followed by the episodic sequels Episode One ( 2006 ) and Episode Two ( 2007 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2006 - 2012", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2006_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 2006 . These include several new machinima productions , season finales , and the 2006 Machinima Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "C N ' P", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alexo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dark Comedy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dark_Comedy", "summary": "Black comedy , also known as black humor , dark comedy , dark humor or gallows humor , is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo , particularly subjects that are normally considered serious or painful to discuss . Writers and comedians often use it as a tool for exploring vulgar issues , by provoking discomfort and serious thought as well as amusement in their audience . Thus , in fiction , for example , the term black comedy can also refer to a genre in which dark humor is a core component . Popular themes of the genre include death and violence , discrimination , disease , and human sexuality . Black comedy differs from both blue comedy - which focuses more on crude topics such as nudity , sex , and bodily fluids - and from straightforward obscenity . An archetypal example of black comedy in the form of self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy ; Tristram , five years old at the time , starts to urinate out of an open window for lack of a chamber pot . The sash falls and circumcises him ; his family reacts with both hysteria and philosophical acceptance . Whereas the term black comedy is a relatively broad term covering humor relating to many serious subjects , gallows humor tends to be used more specifically in relation to death , or situations that are reminiscent of dying . Black humor can occasionally be related to the grotesque genre . Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes ." } ] }, { "value": "Halo 3 and Halo : Reach", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Halo_3", "summary": "Halo 3 is a 2007 first-person shooter game developed by Bungie for the Xbox 360 console . The third installment in the Halo franchise , the game concludes the story arc begun in 2001 's Halo : Combat Evolved and continued in 2004 's Halo 2 . Halo 3 's story centers on the interstellar war between twenty-sixth century humanity , a collection of alien races known as the Covenant , and the alien parasite Flood . The player assumes the role of the Master Chief , a cybernetically enhanced supersoldier , as he battles the Covenant and the Flood . The game features vehicles , weapons , and gameplay elements not present in previous titles of the series , as well as the addition of saved gameplay films , file sharing , and the Forge map editor - a utility which allows the player to perform modifications to multiplayer levels . Bungie began developing Halo 3 shortly after Halo 2 shipped . The game was officially announced at E3 2006 , and its release was preceded by a multiplayer beta open to select players who purchased the Xbox 360 game Crackdown . Microsoft spent $ 40 million on marketing the game , in an effort to sell more game consoles and broaden the appeal of the game beyond the established Halo fanbase . Marketing included cross-promotions and an alternate reality game . The game was released in September 2007 . Halo 3 grossed US $ 170 million in its first day of release , and $ 300 million its first week . More than one million people played Halo 3 on Xbox Live in the first twenty hours ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Halo:_Reach", "summary": "Halo : Reach is a 2010 first-person shooter developed by Bungie and published by Microsoft Game Studios , originally for the Xbox 360 . The fifth installment in the Halo series and a direct prequel to Halo : Combat Evolved , Reach was released worldwide in September 2010 . The game takes place in the year 2552 , where humanity is locked in a war with the alien Covenant . Players control Noble Six , a member of an elite supersoldier squad , when the human world known as Reach falls under Covenant attack . After releasing Halo 3 in 2007 , Bungie split into teams to develop two different games - what would become Halo 3 : ODST and Reach . The developers decided to create a prequel to the original Halo game trilogy , freeing themselves from the obligation of addressing old story threads . As the game would take place on a human world doomed to be destroyed , they focused on making the environment a character unto itself . Longtime Halo composers Martin O'Donnell and Michael Salvatori returned to compose Reach 's music , aiming for a more somber sound to match the story . Reach was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009 in Los Angeles , California , and the first in-engine trailer was shown at the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards . Players who purchased ODST were eligible to participate in a Reach multiplayer beta in May 2010 ; the beta allowed Bungie to gain player feedback for fixing bugs and making gameplay tweaks before shipping the final version . Microsoft gave Reach its biggest game marketing budget yet and created award-winning live-action commercials , action figures , and interactive media to promote the game . The game grossed US $ 200 million on its launch day , setting a new record for the franchise ." } ] }, { "value": "2008-present", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Clear Skies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clear_Skies_(machinima)", "summary": "Clear Skies is a machinima series created by Ian Chisholm , that is based on the fictional universe of the game Eve Online . The first film was released on May 29 , 2008 , followed by two sequels in 2009 and 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ian Chisholm", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Science Fiction", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Science_Fiction", "summary": "Science fiction ( sometimes called sci-fi or just SF ) is a genre of speculative fiction that typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology , space exploration , time travel , parallel universes , and extraterrestrial life . It has been called the literature of ideas , and often explores the potential consequences of scientific , social , and technological innovations . Science fiction , whose roots go back to ancient times , is related to fantasy , horror , and superhero fiction , and contains many subgenres . However its exact definition has long been disputed among authors , critics , and scholars . Science fiction literature , film , television , and other media have become popular and influential over much of the world . Besides providing entertainment , it can also criticize present-day society , and is often said to inspire a sense of wonder ." } ] }, { "value": "Half-Life 2 and Eve Online", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Half-Life_2", "summary": "Half-Life 2 is a 2004 first-person shooter ( FPS ) game developed and published by Valve . Like the original Half-Life ( 1998 ) , it combines shooting , puzzles , and storytelling , and adds features such as vehicles and physics-based gameplay . Players control Gordon Freeman , who fights against the alien Combine with allies including resistance fighter Alyx Vance , using weapons such as the object-manipulating gravity gun . The game was created using Valve 's Source engine , developed alongside . Development lasted five years and cost US $ 40 million . Valve president Gabe Newell set his team the goal of redefining the FPS genre , focusing on advanced physics systems and non-player characters . Valve announced Half-Life 2 at E3 2003 and released it through its new distribution service Steam after delaying it by over a year . A year before release , a hacker stole an unfinished version and leaked it online . Half-Life 2 received acclaim for its advanced physics , animation , sound , AI , graphics , and narrative . It won 39 Game of the Year awards , and has been cited as one of the greatest games of all time . By 2011 , it had sold 12 million copies . It was followed by the episodic sequels Episode One ( 2006 ) and Episode Two ( 2007 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Eve_Online", "summary": "Eve Online ( stylised EVE Online ) is a space-based , persistent world massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG ) developed and published by CCP Games . Players of Eve Online can participate in a number of in-game professions and activities , including mining , piracy , manufacturing , trading , exploration , and combat ( both player versus environment and player versus player ) . The game contains a total of 7,800 star systems that can be visited by players . The game is renowned for its scale and complexity with regards to player interactions - in its single , shared game world , players engage in unscripted economic competition , warfare , and political schemes with other players . The Bloodbath of B-R5RB , a battle involving thousands of players in a single star system , took 21 hours and was recognized as one of the largest and most expensive battles in gaming history . Eve Online was exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art with a video including the historical events and accomplishments of the playerbase . Eve Online was released in North America and Europe in May 2003 . It was published from May to December 2003 by Simon & Schuster Interactive , after which CCP purchased the rights and began to self-publish via a digital distribution scheme . On January 22 , 2008 , it was announced that Eve Online would be distributed via Steam . On March 10 , 2009 , the game was again made available in boxed form in stores , released by Atari , Inc . In February 2013 , Eve Online reached over 500,000 subscribers . On November 11 , 2016 , Eve Online added a limited free-to-play version ." } ] }, { "value": "2008-2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Codex Series", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Codex_Series", "summary": "Edgeworks Entertainment is a machinima and new media production company founded by Alexander Winn and cofounded by Lacey Hannan . The company first gained recognition for their machinima series including The Codex Series , Vox Populi , Forsaken and Radical . Edgeworks is also known for hit terraforming game TerraGenesis , which has over 10 million downloads ." } ] }, { "value": "Edgeworks Entertainment", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edgeworks_Entertainment", "summary": "Edgeworks Entertainment is a machinima and new media production company founded by Alexander Winn and cofounded by Lacey Hannan . The company first gained recognition for their machinima series including The Codex Series , Vox Populi , Forsaken and Radical . Edgeworks is also known for hit terraforming game TerraGenesis , which has over 10 million downloads ." } ] }, { "value": "Space opera", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Space_opera", "summary": "Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare , melodramatic adventure , interplanetary battles , chivalric romance , and risk-taking . Set mainly or entirely in outer space , it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities , futuristic weapons , and other sophisticated technology . The term has no relation to music but is instead a play on the terms soap opera and horse opera , the latter of which was coined during the 1930s to indicate clichéd and formulaic Western movies . Space operas emerged in the 1930s and continue to be produced in literature , film , comics , television , and video games . An early film which was based on space-opera comic strips was Flash Gordon ( 1936 ) , created by Alex Raymond . The Star Wars films ( 1977-present ) , created by George Lucas , brought a great deal of attention to the subgenre . After the convention-breaking new wave , followed by the enormous success of the Star Wars films , space opera became once again a critically acceptable subgenre . Throughout 1982-2002 , the Hugo Award for best science-fiction novel was often given to a space-opera nominee ." } ] }, { "value": "Halo 2", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Halo_2", "summary": "Halo 2 is a 2004 first-person shooter game developed by Bungie and published by Microsoft Game Studios . Released for the Xbox , the game is the second installment in the Halo franchise and the sequel to 2001 's critically acclaimed Halo : Combat Evolved . The game features a new game engine , added weapons and vehicles , and new multiplayer maps . The game shipped with global multiplayer matchmaking via Microsoft 's Xbox Live service . In Halo 2 's campaign story , the player assumes the roles of either the human Master Chief or the alien Arbiter in a 26th-century conflict between the human United Nations Space Command , the genocidal Covenant , and the parasitic Flood . After the success of Combat Evolved , a sequel was expected and highly anticipated . Bungie found inspiration in plot points and gameplay elements that had been left out of their first game , including online multiplayer . A troubled development and time constraints forced cuts to the scope of the game , including the wholesale removal of a more ambitious multiplayer mode , and a cliffhanger ending to the game 's campaign mode . Among Halo 2 's marketing was an early alternate reality game called I Love Bees that involved players solving real-world puzzles . Bungie supported the game after release with new multiplayer maps and updates to address cheating and glitches . It was released in November 2004 Halo 2 was a commercial and critical success . The game became the most popular title on Xbox Live , holding that rank until the release of Gears of War for the Xbox 360 nearly two years later ." } ] }, { "value": "2005 - 2007", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2005_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 2005 . These include several new machinima productions , season finales , and the 2005 Machinima Film Festival ." }, { "url": "/wiki/2007_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "Common Sense Cooking with Carl the Cook", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Common_Sense_Cooking_with_Carl_the_Cook", "summary": "Machinima ( /məˈʃiːnɪmə , -ˈʃɪn-/ ) is the use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production . Most often , video games are used to generate the computer animation . Machinima-based artists , sometimes called machinimists or machinimators , are often fan laborers , by virtue of their re-use of copyrighted materials ( see below ) . Machinima offers to provide an archive of gaming performance and access to the look and feel of software and hardware that may already have become unavailable or even obsolete . For game studies , Machinimas gestures grant access to gaming 's historical conditions of possibility and how machinima offers links to a comparative horizon that informs , changes , and fully participates in videogame culture . The practice of using graphics engines from video games arose from the animated software introductions of the 1980s demoscene , Disney Interactive Studios ' 1992 video game Stunt Island , and 1990s recordings of gameplay in first-person shooter ( FPS ) video games , such as id Software 's Doom and Quake . Originally , these recordings documented speedruns - attempts to complete a level as quickly as possible - and multiplayer matches . The addition of storylines to these films created Quake movies . The more general term machinima , a blend of machine and cinema , arose when the concept spread beyond the Quake series to other games and software . After this generalization , machinima appeared in mainstream media , including television series and advertisements . Machinima has advantages and disadvantages when compared to other styles of filmmaking . Its relative simplicity over traditional frame-based animation limits control and range of expression ." } ] }, { "value": "ILL Clan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ILL_Clan", "summary": "Machinima ( /məˈʃiːnɪmə , -ˈʃɪn-/ ) is the use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production . Most often , video games are used to generate the computer animation . Machinima-based artists , sometimes called machinimists or machinimators , are often fan laborers , by virtue of their re-use of copyrighted materials ( see below ) . Machinima offers to provide an archive of gaming performance and access to the look and feel of software and hardware that may already have become unavailable or even obsolete . For game studies , Machinimas gestures grant access to gaming 's historical conditions of possibility and how machinima offers links to a comparative horizon that informs , changes , and fully participates in videogame culture . The practice of using graphics engines from video games arose from the animated software introductions of the 1980s demoscene , Disney Interactive Studios ' 1992 video game Stunt Island , and 1990s recordings of gameplay in first-person shooter ( FPS ) video games , such as id Software 's Doom and Quake . Originally , these recordings documented speedruns - attempts to complete a level as quickly as possible - and multiplayer matches . The addition of storylines to these films created Quake movies . The more general term machinima , a blend of machine and cinema , arose when the concept spread beyond the Quake series to other games and software . After this generalization , machinima appeared in mainstream media , including television series and advertisements . Machinima has advantages and disadvantages when compared to other styles of filmmaking . Its relative simplicity over traditional frame-based animation limits control and range of expression ." } ] }, { "value": "Comedy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comedy_film", "summary": "A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Quake II", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quake_II", "summary": "Quake II is a first-person shooter video game released in December 1997 . It was developed by id Software and published by Activision . It is not a direct sequel to Quake ; id decided to revert to an existing trademark when the game 's fast-paced , tactile feel felt closer to a Quake game than a new franchise . The game 's storyline is continued in Quake 4 . The soundtrack for Quake II was mainly provided by Sonic Mayhem , with some additional tracks by Bill Brown ; the main theme was also composed by Bill Brown and Rob Zombie , and one track by Jer Sypult . The soundtrack for the Nintendo 64 version of the game was composed by Aubrey Hodges , credited as Ken Razor Richmond ." } ] }, { "value": "2003", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2003_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 2003 ." } ] }, { "value": "Counter-Strike For Kids", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Janus Syndicate", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy / Parody", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comedy_film", "summary": "A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Parody", "summary": "A parody ( /ˈpærədi/ ) ; also called a spoof , send-up , take-off , lampoon , play on ( something ) , caricature , or joke , is a work created to imitate , make fun of , or comment on an original work - its subject , author , style , or some other target - by means of satiric or ironic imitation . As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it , parody . is imitation , not always at the expense of the parodied text . Another critic , Simon Dentith , defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice . Parody may be found in art or culture , including literature , music ( although parody in music has an earlier , somewhat different meaning than for other art forms ) , animation , gaming , and film . The writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies , that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche ( a composition in another artist 's manner , without satirical intent ) and burlesque ( which fools around with the material of high literature and adapts it to low ends ) . Meanwhile , the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot distinguishes between the parody and the burlesque , A good parody is a fine amusement , capable of amusing and instructing the most sensible and polished minds ; the burlesque is a miserable buffoonery which can only please the populace . Historically , when a formula grows tired , as in the case of the moralistic melodramas in the 1910s , it retains value only as a parody , as demonstrated by the Buster Keaton shorts that mocked that genre ." } ] }, { "value": "Source", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Source_(game_engine)", "summary": "Source is a 3D game engine developed by Valve . It debuted as the successor to GoldSrc with Counter-Strike : Source in June 2004 , followed shortly by Half-Life 2 in November , and has been in active development since . Source does not have a concise version numbering scheme ; instead , it is designed in constant incremental updates . The successor , Source 2 , was officially announced in March 2015 , with the first game to use it being Dota 2 , which was ported over from Source later that year ." } ] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Decisive Battles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Decisive_Battles", "summary": "Decisive Battles is a 2004 American animated documentary television series that depicted historic conflicts using the game engine from Rome : Total War to present 3-D simulations of the battles . The show was hosted by Matthew Settle , who usually traveled to the sites of the battles . It originally aired on Fridays on the History Channel , and ran for thirteen episodes in mid-2004 . Reruns of the show air on the History International channel and the Military History channel ." } ] }, { "value": "The History Channel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)", "summary": "History ( formerly The History Channel from 1995 to 2008 ) is a pay television network that is owned by A+E Networks , a joint venture between Hearst Communications and the Disney Media Networks division of the Walt Disney Company . The network was originally focused on history-based documentaries and historical fiction series though , during the late 2000s , History would drift into male-oriented reality television programming . In addition to this change in format , the network is also criticized by many scientists , historians , and skeptics for broadcasting pseudodocumentaries and unsubstantiated , sensational investigative programming . As of February 2015 , around 96,149,000 American households ( 82.6% of households with television ) receive the network 's flagship channel , History . International localized versions of History are available , in various forms , in India , Canada , Europe , Australia , the Middle East , Africa , and Latin America ." } ] }, { "value": "Historical documentary", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rome : Total War", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rome:_Total_War", "summary": "Rome : Total War is a strategy video game developed by The Creative Assembly and originally published by Activision ; its publishing rights have since passed to Sega . The game was released for Microsoft Windows in 2004 . The macOS version was released on February 5 , 2010 by Feral Interactive , who also released the iPad version on November 10 , 2016 , the iPhone version on August 23 , 2018 , and the Android version on December 19 , 2018 . The game is the third title in The Creative Assembly 's Total War series . The game 's main campaign takes place from 270 BCE to 14 CE , showcasing the final centuries of the Republican period and the early decades of the imperial period of Ancient Rome . The player initially assumes control of one of three Roman families ; other , non-Roman factions can be unlocked later . Gameplay is split between real-time tactical battles and a turn-based strategic campaign . Within the campaign , players manage the economy , government , diplomacy , and military of their faction and attempt to accomplish a series of objectives on a map that encompasses most of Europe , North Africa , and the Near East . On the battlefield , the player controls groups of soldiers and uses them to engage in combat with enemy forces . Upon release , the game received widespread acclaim from critics . In the years since , the game has frequently been referred to by critics as one of the greatest video games of all time . Two official expansion packs , Barbarian Invasion and Alexander , have been released for the game , as well as numerous player-made modifications , notably Rome : Total Realism and Europa Barbarorum ." } ] }, { "value": "2004", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2004_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 2004 ." } ] }, { "value": "Deus Ex Machina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Deus_Ex_Machina", "summary": "Deus ex machina ( /ˌdeɪəs ɛks ˈmækɪnə , - ˈmɑːk-/ DAY-əs ex-MA ( H ) K-in-ə , Latin : [ ˈdɛ.ʊs ɛks ˈmaːkʰɪnaː ] ; plural : dei ex machina ; English god from the machine ) is a plot device whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem in a story is suddenly and abruptly resolved by an unexpected and unlikely occurrence . Its function can be to resolve an otherwise irresolvable plot situation , to surprise the audience , to bring the tale to a happy ending , or act as a comedic device ." } ] }, { "value": "Jon Graham", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Drama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Drama", "summary": "Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance : a play , opera , mime , ballet , etc. , performed in a theatre , or on radio or television . Considered as a genre of poetry in general , the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle 's Poetics ( c. 335 BC ) - the earliest work of dramatic theory . The term drama comes from a Greek word meaning action ( Classical Greek : δρᾶμα , drama ) , which is derived from I do ( Classical Greek : δράω , drao ) . The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy . In English ( as was the analogous case in many other European languages ) , the word play or game ( translating the Anglo-Saxon pleġan or Latin ludus ) was the standard term for dramas until William Shakespeare 's time - just as its creator was a play-maker rather than a dramatist and the building was a play-house rather than a theatre . The use of drama in a more narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era . Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy - for example , Zola 's Thérèse Raquin ( 1873 ) or Chekhov 's Ivanov ( 1887 ) . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media . The term radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance . May also refer to the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio . The enactment of drama in theatre , performed by actors on a stage before an audience , presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception . The structure of dramatic texts , unlike other forms of literature , is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception ." } ] }, { "value": "Halo 3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Halo_3", "summary": "Halo 3 is a 2007 first-person shooter game developed by Bungie for the Xbox 360 console . The third installment in the Halo franchise , the game concludes the story arc begun in 2001 's Halo : Combat Evolved and continued in 2004 's Halo 2 . Halo 3 's story centers on the interstellar war between twenty-sixth century humanity , a collection of alien races known as the Covenant , and the alien parasite Flood . The player assumes the role of the Master Chief , a cybernetically enhanced supersoldier , as he battles the Covenant and the Flood . The game features vehicles , weapons , and gameplay elements not present in previous titles of the series , as well as the addition of saved gameplay films , file sharing , and the Forge map editor - a utility which allows the player to perform modifications to multiplayer levels . Bungie began developing Halo 3 shortly after Halo 2 shipped . The game was officially announced at E3 2006 , and its release was preceded by a multiplayer beta open to select players who purchased the Xbox 360 game Crackdown . Microsoft spent $ 40 million on marketing the game , in an effort to sell more game consoles and broaden the appeal of the game beyond the established Halo fanbase . Marketing included cross-promotions and an alternate reality game . The game was released in September 2007 . Halo 3 grossed US $ 170 million in its first day of release , and $ 300 million its first week . More than one million people played Halo 3 on Xbox Live in the first twenty hours ." } ] }, { "value": "2007 - 2008", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "Diary of a Camper", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Diary_of_a_Camper", "summary": "Diary of a Camper is a short American film made using id Software 's 1996 first-person shooter video game Quake , released in 1996 . It was created by United Ranger Films , then a subdivision of a popular group of video game players , or clan , known as the Rangers . The film was first released over the Internet as a non-interactive game demo file . The video is generally considered the first known example of machinima - the art of using real-time , virtual 3D environments , often game engines , to create animated films . The story centers on a lone camper , a player waiting in a strategic location instead of seeking active battle , who faces five members of the Rangers clan in a deathmatch , a type of multiplayer game in which the goal is to kill as many opponents as possible . Although players had previously recorded segments of gameplay , these were usually deathmatches or speedruns , attempts to complete a map as quickly as possible . Diary of a Camper was the first demo to contain a narrative with text-based dialogue , instead of merely showing gameplay . Commentators have called the work primitive , but acknowledge its importance in establishing video games as a medium for filmmaking ." } ] }, { "value": "United Ranger Films", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_Ranger_Films", "summary": "Diary of a Camper is a short American film made using id Software 's 1996 first-person shooter video game Quake , released in 1996 . It was created by United Ranger Films , then a subdivision of a popular group of video game players , or clan , known as the Rangers . The film was first released over the Internet as a non-interactive game demo file . The video is generally considered the first known example of machinima - the art of using real-time , virtual 3D environments , often game engines , to create animated films . The story centers on a lone camper , a player waiting in a strategic location instead of seeking active battle , who faces five members of the Rangers clan in a deathmatch , a type of multiplayer game in which the goal is to kill as many opponents as possible . Although players had previously recorded segments of gameplay , these were usually deathmatches or speedruns , attempts to complete a map as quickly as possible . Diary of a Camper was the first demo to contain a narrative with text-based dialogue , instead of merely showing gameplay . Commentators have called the work primitive , but acknowledge its importance in establishing video games as a medium for filmmaking ." } ] }, { "value": "Action", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Action_film", "summary": "Action film is a film genre in which the protagonist or protagonists are thrust into a series of events that typically include violence , extended fighting , physical feats , and frantic chases . Action films tend to feature a resourceful hero struggling against incredible odds , which include life-threatening situations , a villain , or a pursuit which usually concludes in victory for the hero ( though a small number of films in this genre have ended in the victory for the villain instead ) . Advancements in CGI have made it cheaper and easier to create action sequences and other visual effects that required the efforts of professional stunt crews in the past . However , reactions to action films containing significant amounts of CGI have been mixed , as films that use computer animations to create unrealistic , highly unbelievable events are often met with criticism . While action has long been a recurring component in films , the action film genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects . Common action scenes in films are generally , but not limited to , explosions , car chases , fistfights , and shootouts . This genre is closely associated with the thriller and adventure genres , and they may also contain elements of drama and spy fiction ." } ] }, { "value": "Quake", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quake_(video_game)", "summary": "Quake is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by GT Interactive in 1996 . It is the first game in the Quake series . In the game , players must find their way through various maze-like , medieval environments while battling a variety of monsters using an array of weaponry . The overall atmosphere is dark and gritty , with lots of stone textures and a rusty , capitalized font . The successor to id Software 's Doom series , Quake built upon the technology and gameplay of its predecessor . Unlike the Doom engine before it , the Quake engine offered full real-time 3D rendering and had early support for 3D acceleration through OpenGL . After Doom helped to popularize multiplayer deathmatches in 1993 , Quake added various multiplayer options . Online multiplayer became increasingly common , with the QuakeWorld update and software such as QuakeSpy making the process of finding and playing against others on the Internet easier and more reliable . Quake features music composed by Trent Reznor and his band , Nine Inch Nails ." } ] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1996_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 1996 . These include the release of id Software 's first-person shooter computer game Quake . This game was used to create the first machinima works later that year ." } ] }, { "value": "Down the Rabbit Hole", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Down_the_Rabbit_Hole_(CSI:_NY_episode)", "summary": "The fourth season of CSI : NY originally aired on CBS between September 2007 and May 2008 . It consisted of 21 episodes , only 14 of which were completed before the Writers ' Strike . Seven more episodes were made after the strike , and they began airing in April 2008 . Its regular time slot continued on Wednesdays at 10pm/9c . CSI : NY The Fourth Season was released on DVD in the U.S. on September 23 , 2008 ." } ] }, { "value": "ILL Clan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/ILL_Clan", "summary": "Machinima ( /məˈʃiːnɪmə , -ˈʃɪn-/ ) is the use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production . Most often , video games are used to generate the computer animation . Machinima-based artists , sometimes called machinimists or machinimators , are often fan laborers , by virtue of their re-use of copyrighted materials ( see below ) . Machinima offers to provide an archive of gaming performance and access to the look and feel of software and hardware that may already have become unavailable or even obsolete . For game studies , Machinimas gestures grant access to gaming 's historical conditions of possibility and how machinima offers links to a comparative horizon that informs , changes , and fully participates in videogame culture . The practice of using graphics engines from video games arose from the animated software introductions of the 1980s demoscene , Disney Interactive Studios ' 1992 video game Stunt Island , and 1990s recordings of gameplay in first-person shooter ( FPS ) video games , such as id Software 's Doom and Quake . Originally , these recordings documented speedruns - attempts to complete a level as quickly as possible - and multiplayer matches . The addition of storylines to these films created Quake movies . The more general term machinima , a blend of machine and cinema , arose when the concept spread beyond the Quake series to other games and software . After this generalization , machinima appeared in mainstream media , including television series and advertisements . Machinima has advantages and disadvantages when compared to other styles of filmmaking . Its relative simplicity over traditional frame-based animation limits control and range of expression ." } ] }, { "value": "Drama / Action", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Drama_film", "summary": "In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Action_film", "summary": "Action film is a film genre in which the protagonist or protagonists are thrust into a series of events that typically include violence , extended fighting , physical feats , and frantic chases . Action films tend to feature a resourceful hero struggling against incredible odds , which include life-threatening situations , a villain , or a pursuit which usually concludes in victory for the hero ( though a small number of films in this genre have ended in the victory for the villain instead ) . Advancements in CGI have made it cheaper and easier to create action sequences and other visual effects that required the efforts of professional stunt crews in the past . However , reactions to action films containing significant amounts of CGI have been mixed , as films that use computer animations to create unrealistic , highly unbelievable events are often met with criticism . While action has long been a recurring component in films , the action film genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects . Common action scenes in films are generally , but not limited to , explosions , car chases , fistfights , and shootouts . This genre is closely associated with the thriller and adventure genres , and they may also contain elements of drama and spy fiction ." } ] }, { "value": "Second Life", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Second_Life", "summary": "Second Life is an online virtual world , developed and owned by the San Francisco-based firm Linden Lab and launched on June 23 , 2003 . It saw rapid growth for some years and in 2013 it had approximately one million regular users ; growth stabilised and by the end of 2017 active user count had declined a little to between 800,000 and 900,000 . In many ways , Second Life is similar to massively multiplayer online role-playing games ; nevertheless , Linden Lab is emphatic that their creation is not a game : There is no manufactured conflict , no set objective . The virtual world can be accessed freely via Linden Lab 's own client software or via alternative third-party viewers . Second Life users , also called residents , create virtual representations of themselves , called avatars , and are able to interact with places , objects and other avatars . They can explore the world ( known as the grid ) , meet other residents , socialize , participate in both individual and group activities , build , create , shop , and trade virtual property and services with one another . The platform principally features 3D-based user-generated content . Second Life also has its own virtual currency , the Linden Dollar , which is exchangeable with real world currency . Second Life is intended for people aged 16 and over , with the exception of 13-15-year-old users , who are restricted to the Second Life region of a sponsoring institution ( e.g. , a school ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2007", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in 2007 ." } ] }, { "value": "Hard Justice", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hard_Justice", "summary": "Hardcore Justice , originally known as Hard Justice , was an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling . The first event was held in May 2005 and since 2006 , they have all been held in August . Until 2010 , the event was known as Hard Justice . As of January 11 , 2013 , TNA announced that in 2013 will be only four PPVs , dropping Hardcore Justice , but instead it will featured as a special edition of TNA 's weekly broadcast of Impact Wrestling ." } ] }, { "value": "Jon Graham", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comedy-drama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comedy-drama", "summary": "Comedy-drama or dramedy ( a portmanteau of drama and comedy ) , is a genre of dramatic works ( including film , television , and theatre ) in which plot elements are a combination of comedy and drama . It is a subgenre of contemporary tragicomedy . Comedy-drama is especially found in television programs and is considered a hybrid genre ." } ] }, { "value": "Halo 3", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Halo_3", "summary": "Halo 3 is a 2007 first-person shooter game developed by Bungie for the Xbox 360 console . The third installment in the Halo franchise , the game concludes the story arc begun in 2001 's Halo : Combat Evolved and continued in 2004 's Halo 2 . Halo 3 's story centers on the interstellar war between twenty-sixth century humanity , a collection of alien races known as the Covenant , and the alien parasite Flood . The player assumes the role of the Master Chief , a cybernetically enhanced supersoldier , as he battles the Covenant and the Flood . The game features vehicles , weapons , and gameplay elements not present in previous titles of the series , as well as the addition of saved gameplay films , file sharing , and the Forge map editor - a utility which allows the player to perform modifications to multiplayer levels . Bungie began developing Halo 3 shortly after Halo 2 shipped . The game was officially announced at E3 2006 , and its release was preceded by a multiplayer beta open to select players who purchased the Xbox 360 game Crackdown . Microsoft spent $ 40 million on marketing the game , in an effort to sell more game consoles and broaden the appeal of the game beyond the established Halo fanbase . Marketing included cross-promotions and an alternate reality game . The game was released in September 2007 . Halo 3 grossed US $ 170 million in its first day of release , and $ 300 million its first week . More than one million people played Halo 3 on Xbox Live in the first twenty hours ." } ] }, { "value": "2008 - 2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Father Frags Best", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Zarathustra Studios", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Situational comedy , parody", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Situational_comedy", "summary": "A sitcom , clipping for situational comedy ( situation comedy in the U.S. ) , is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode . Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy , where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch , and stand-up comedy , where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience . Sitcoms originated in radio , but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms . A situational comedy television programme may be recorded in front of a studio audience , depending on the programme 's production format . The effect of a live studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track . During filming productions , the laugh track is usually pre-recorded . Critics disagree over the utility of the term sitcom in classifying shows that have come into existence since the turn of the century . Many contemporary American sitcoms use the single-camera setup and do not feature a laugh track , thus often resembling the dramedy shows of the 1980s and 1990s rather than the traditional sitcom . Other topics of debate have included whether or not cartoons , such as The Simpsons or Family Guy , can be classified as sitcoms ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Parody", "summary": "A parody ( /ˈpærədi/ ) ; also called a spoof , send-up , take-off , lampoon , play on ( something ) , caricature , or joke , is a work created to imitate , make fun of , or comment on an original work - its subject , author , style , or some other target - by means of satiric or ironic imitation . As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it , parody . is imitation , not always at the expense of the parodied text . Another critic , Simon Dentith , defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice . Parody may be found in art or culture , including literature , music ( although parody in music has an earlier , somewhat different meaning than for other art forms ) , animation , gaming , and film . The writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies , that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche ( a composition in another artist 's manner , without satirical intent ) and burlesque ( which fools around with the material of high literature and adapts it to low ends ) . Meanwhile , the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot distinguishes between the parody and the burlesque , A good parody is a fine amusement , capable of amusing and instructing the most sensible and polished minds ; the burlesque is a miserable buffoonery which can only please the populace . Historically , when a formula grows tired , as in the case of the moralistic melodramas in the 1910s , it retains value only as a parody , as demonstrated by the Buster Keaton shorts that mocked that genre ." } ] }, { "value": "Quake II", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quake_II", "summary": "Quake II is a first-person shooter video game released in December 1997 . It was developed by id Software and published by Activision . It is not a direct sequel to Quake ; id decided to revert to an existing trademark when the game 's fast-paced , tactile feel felt closer to a Quake game than a new franchise . The game 's storyline is continued in Quake 4 . The soundtrack for Quake II was mainly provided by Sonic Mayhem , with some additional tracks by Bill Brown ; the main theme was also composed by Bill Brown and Rob Zombie , and one track by Jer Sypult . The soundtrack for the Nintendo 64 version of the game was composed by Aubrey Hodges , credited as Ken Razor Richmond ." } ] }, { "value": "1999", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fire Team Charlie", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fire Team Charlie", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comic science fiction", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comic_science_fiction", "summary": "Science fiction comedy or comic science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction or science fantasy that exploits the science-fiction ( SF ) genre 's conventions for comedic effect . Comic science fiction often mocks or satirizes standard SF conventions - such as alien invasion of Earth , interstellar travel , or futuristic technology . It can also satirize and criticize present-day society . An early example was the Pete Manx series by Henry Kuttner and Arthur K. Barnes ( sometimes writing together and sometimes separately , under the house pen-name of Kelvin Kent ) . Published in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late 1930s and early 1940s , the series featured a time-traveling carnival barker who uses his con-man abilities to get out of trouble . Two later series cemented Kuttner 's reputation as one of the most popular early writers of comic science fiction : the Gallegher series ( about a drunken inventor and his narcissistic robot ) and the Hogben series ( about a family of mutant hillbillies ) . The former appeared in Astounding Science Fiction in 1943 and 1948 and was collected in hardcover as Robots Have No Tails ( Gnome , 1952 ) , and the latter appeared in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late 1940s . In the 1950s comedy became more common in science fiction . [ citation needed ] Some of the authors contributing included : Alfred Bester , Harry Harrison , C.M . Kornbluth , Frederik Pohl , and Robert Sheckley . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy is a comic science-fiction series written by Douglas Adams . Originally a radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1978 , it later morphed into other formats , including stage shows , novels , comic books , a 1981 TV series , a 1984 computer game , and 2005 feature film ." } ] }, { "value": "Halo : Combat Evolved", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Halo:_Combat_Evolved", "summary": "Halo : Combat Evolved is a first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie and published by Microsoft Game Studios . It was released as a launch title for Microsoft 's Xbox video game console on November 15 , 2001 . Microsoft released versions of the game for Windows and Mac OS X in 2003 . The game was later released as a downloadable Xbox Original for the Xbox 360 . Halo is set in the twenty-sixth century , with the player assuming the role of the Master Chief , a cybernetically enhanced supersoldier . The Chief is accompanied by Cortana , an artificial intelligence . Players battle various aliens as they attempt to uncover the secrets of the eponymous Halo , a ring-shaped artificial world . Bungie began the development of what would eventually become Halo in 1997 . Initially , the game was a real-time strategy game that morphed into a third-person shooter before becoming a first-person shooter . During development , Microsoft acquired Bungie and turned the game into a launch title for its new video game console , the Xbox . Halo was a critical and commercial success , and has been praised as one of the greatest video games of all time . The game 's popularity led to labels such as Halo clone and Halo killer , applied to games either similar to or anticipated to be better than it ." } ] }, { "value": "2003 - 2005", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2003_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 2003 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/2005_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 2005 . These include several new machinima productions , season finales , and the 2005 Machinima Film Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "Freeman 's Mind", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ross Scott", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Comic science fiction", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comic_science_fiction", "summary": "Science fiction comedy or comic science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction or science fantasy that exploits the science-fiction ( SF ) genre 's conventions for comedic effect . Comic science fiction often mocks or satirizes standard SF conventions - such as alien invasion of Earth , interstellar travel , or futuristic technology . It can also satirize and criticize present-day society . An early example was the Pete Manx series by Henry Kuttner and Arthur K. Barnes ( sometimes writing together and sometimes separately , under the house pen-name of Kelvin Kent ) . Published in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late 1930s and early 1940s , the series featured a time-traveling carnival barker who uses his con-man abilities to get out of trouble . Two later series cemented Kuttner 's reputation as one of the most popular early writers of comic science fiction : the Gallegher series ( about a drunken inventor and his narcissistic robot ) and the Hogben series ( about a family of mutant hillbillies ) . The former appeared in Astounding Science Fiction in 1943 and 1948 and was collected in hardcover as Robots Have No Tails ( Gnome , 1952 ) , and the latter appeared in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late 1940s . In the 1950s comedy became more common in science fiction . [ citation needed ] Some of the authors contributing included : Alfred Bester , Harry Harrison , C.M . Kornbluth , Frederik Pohl , and Robert Sheckley . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy is a comic science-fiction series written by Douglas Adams . Originally a radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1978 , it later morphed into other formats , including stage shows , novels , comic books , a 1981 TV series , a 1984 computer game , and 2005 feature film ." } ] }, { "value": "Half-Life : Source", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Half-Life_(video_game)", "summary": "Half-Life is a first-person shooter game developed by Valve and published by Sierra Studios for Windows in 1998 . It was Valve 's debut product and the first game in the Half-Life series . Players assume the role of Gordon Freeman , a scientist who must find his way out of the Black Mesa Research Facility after an experiment with an alien material goes wrong . The core gameplay consists of fighting alien and human enemies with a variety of weapons and solving puzzles . Unlike many other games at the time , the player has almost complete uninterrupted control of Freeman , and the story is told mostly through scripted sequences seen through his eyes . Valve co-founder Gabe Newell said the team aimed to create an immersive world rather than a shooting gallery . Half-Life received critical acclaim for its graphics , realistic gameplay , and seamless narrative . It won over fifty PC Game of the Year awards and is considered one of the most influential games of the first-person shooter genre , as well as one of the best video games ever made . By 2008 , the game had sold over 9 million copies . Half-Life received the expansion packs Half-Life : Opposing Force ( 1999 ) and Half-Life : Blue Shift ( 2001 ) . The game was ported to the PlayStation 2 in 2001 , along with another expansion Half-Life : Decay , as well as to macOS and Linux in 2013 . The game 's engine , GoldSrc , is a heavily modified version of the Quake engine , licensed from id Software ." } ] }, { "value": "2007 - 2014", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2007_in_machinima", "summary": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in 2007 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "This is a list of notable works made with machinima techniques .", "uid": "List_of_machinima_works_0", "intro": "This is a list of notable works made with machinima techniques." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Parker", "title": "Angel Parker", "header": [ "Year", "Title", "Voice Role" ], "data": [ { "value": "2004", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shellshock : Nam '67", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shellshock:_Nam_'67", "summary": "Shellshock : Nam '67 is a third-person shooter video game developed by Guerrilla Games and published by Eidos Interactive for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 and Xbox ." } ] }, { "value": "Nurses # 2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [] }, { "value": "EverQuest II : Desert of Flames", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/EverQuest_II:_Desert_of_Flames", "summary": "Fifteen full expansions for the MMORPG EverQuest II have been released , as well as three Adventure Packs . With EverQuest II , Sony Online Entertainment introduced the concept of Adventure Packs . Adventure Packs are meant to be smaller mini-expansions to the game , adding a plot line with several zones , new creatures and items to the game via digital download with a smaller fee . As time went on , however , the development team has decided to release free zones and content instead of including them in Adventure Packs . Some recent releases include a new starting city , Neriak , with a new starting race , Arasai ; and new high level dungeons The Throne of New Tunaria and the Estate of Unrest . Until 2011 , expansions were available in both DVD and digital formats , but can now be downloaded through a digital service . The digital versions often come with a bonus features such as a creature that the player can put in their in-game house . Expansions generally introduce many new zones with many plot lines , new features , many new creatures and items , new cities , and often come with a boost in the level cap or a new player race . While it may be easier to download the expansions digitally , traditional retail offers more content ." } ] }, { "value": "Unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Condemned 2 : Bloodshot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Condemned_2:_Bloodshot", "summary": "Condemned 2 : Bloodshot ( titled Condemned 2 in Australia , Europe and Asia ) is a psychological survival horror video game , developed by Monolith Productions and published by Sega for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles . It is the sequel to the 2005 game Condemned : Criminal Origins . Due to its violent content , the game was indexed in Germany by the BPjM in April 2008 and subsequently banned in October 2008 . Greg Grunberg does not reprise his role as Ethan Thomas in Condemned 2 . Instead , Ethan is voiced by André Sogliuzzo ." } ] }, { "value": "Agent Rosa Angel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "White Knight Chronicles : International Edition", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/White_Knight_Chronicles", "summary": "White Knight Chronicles is a fantasy role-playing video game developed by Level-5 and SCE Japan Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 . It is Level-5 's first project for the system . As of August 8 , 2009 it has sold 350,000 copies in Japan . A sequel titled White Knight Chronicles II was released in Japan in 2010 . A related game for the PlayStation Portable , titled White Knight Chronicles : Origins was released in Japan , Europe and , Australia in 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "Unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Where the Wild Things Are", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Where_the_Wild_Things_Are_(video_game)", "summary": "Where the Wild Things Are is a video game released in 2009 . It is based on the film of the same name , released the same day . The game is available for PlayStation 3 , Wii and Xbox 360 as well as Nintendo DS . It was developed by Griptonite Games , except for the Nintendo DS , which was developed by WayForward Technologies . All versions were published by Warner Bros. Games ." } ] }, { "value": "K.W", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Saints Row : The Third", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Saints_Row:_The_Third", "summary": "Saints Row : The Third is a 2011 action-adventure game developed by Volition and published by THQ . It is the third title in the Saints Row series . As in the previous games , the player-character leads the Third Street Saints gang in a turf war against three rival gangs using a variety of weapons and vehicles in single-player and cooperative play . It was released on November 15 , 2011 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . A Nintendo Switch port was announced by Deep Silver and was released on May 10 , 2019 . Game development began by late 2008 . There was high staff turnover from the previous Saints Row team , with only one-fifth of the final 100-person staff having worked on a previous title in the series . They aimed to improve on the series by giving the game a coherent tone , and found it in films such as Hot Fuzz and the game 's signature sex toy bat . Saints Row : The Third was built using a proprietary engine known as Core Technology Group and the Havok physics engine . The game received positive reviews , reviewers noted its general zaniness and praised its customization options . Critics thought the setting was insipid and that its humor occasionally fell flat , and others thought the game perfected the Saints Row formula . It was a nominee for Best Narrative at the 2012 Game Developers Conference , an IGN Editor 's Choice , and a recipient of perfect scores from GamesRadar and G4 ." } ] }, { "value": "Pedestrian and Character Voices", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Star Wars : The Old Republic", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Old_Republic", "summary": "Star Wars : The Old Republic is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG ) based in the Star Wars universe . Developed by BioWare Austin and a supplemental team at BioWare Edmonton , the game was announced on October 21 , 2008 . The video game was released for the Microsoft Windows platform on December 20 , 2011 in North America and part of Europe . This story takes place in the Star Wars universe shortly after the establishment of a tenuous peace between the re-emergent Sith Empire and the Galactic Republic . The game features eight different classes . Each of the eight classes has a three act storyline that progresses as the character levels up . Players join either the Republic or the Sith , but players may possess a morality at any point along the light/dark spectrum . Different classes favor different styles of gameplay , and the game features extensive customization options , fully voiced dialogue , companion characters , and dialogue options similar to BioWare 's other role-playing games . Although not officially disclosed , based on estimates , it is one of the most developmentally expensive games made . The game had one million subscribers within three days of its launch , making it the world 's fastest-growing MMO ever , however , in the following months the game lost a fair share of its subscriptions , but has remained profitable . The game has since adopted the hybrid free-to-play business model with remaining subscription option . The game was met with positive reception upon release and has received several updates and expansion packs ." } ] }, { "value": "Additional Voices", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Saints Row IV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Saints_Row_IV", "summary": "Saints Row IV is a 2013 action-adventure game developed by Volition and published by Deep Silver . It is the fourth title in the Saints Row series . In the game , the playable character is the leader of the 3rd Street Saints , a street gang that has become the world 's most powerful and popular organization , and must fend off an alien invasion after becoming President of the United States and receiving superpowers . The player is free to explore their environment while completing main and side missions at their leisure . The game incorporates elements from science fiction video games and films , and continues the series ' reputation for over-the-top parody . It was released in August 2013 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 , and was later ported to PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Linux in 2015 . A Nintendo Switch port is planned for release in March 2020 . The game was Volition 's first after its sale to Koch Media in early 2013 . The supernatural and superpower concept for the game started in Enter the Dominatrix , a cancelled expansion planned for Saints Row : The Third , which the team expanded into Saints Row IV . Volition later released a director 's cut of Enter the Dominatrix as downloadable content for Saints Row IV alongside How the Saints Saved Christmas , other weapons , costumes , and vehicle packs , and a standalone expansion , Saints Row : Gat out of Hell ( which serves as the epilogue to the story ) . Saints Row IV received several limited and summative edition releases , and was briefly banned in Australia . Critics praised Saints Row IV 's humor and character customization options , but criticized its lack of challenge ." } ] }, { "value": "The Voices of Virtual Steelport", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Grand Theft Auto V", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V", "summary": "Grand Theft Auto V is a 2013 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games . It is the first main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series since 2008 's Grand Theft Auto IV . Set within the fictional state of San Andreas , based on Southern California , the single-player story follows three criminals and their efforts to commit heists while under pressure from a government agency and powerful crime figures . The open world design lets players freely roam San Andreas ' open countryside and the fictional city of Los Santos , based on Los Angeles . The game is played from either a third-person or first-person perspective , and its world is navigated on foot or by vehicle . Players control the three lead protagonists throughout single-player and switch among them , both during and outside missions . The story is centred on the heist sequences , and many missions involve shooting and driving gameplay . A wanted system governs the aggression of law enforcement response to players who commit crimes . Grand Theft Auto Online , the game 's online multiplayer mode , lets up to 30 players engage in a variety of different cooperative and competitive game modes . The game 's development began soon after Grand Theft Auto IV 's release and was shared between many of Rockstar 's studios worldwide . The development team drew influence from many of their previous projects such as Red Dead Redemption and Max Payne 3 and designed the game around three lead protagonists to innovate on the core structure of its predecessors . Much of the development work constituted the open world 's creation , and several team members conducted field research around California to capture footage for the design team ." } ] }, { "value": "Various", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Filmography", "section_text": "", "uid": "Angel_Parker_2", "intro": "Angel Parker (born October 17, 1980) is an American actress. She is best known for her recurring role as Tasha Davenport on the Disney XD sitcom Lab Rats. She has guest starred in the television series Angel, Criminal Minds, ER, Eli Stone, The Closer, Castle, Days of Our Lives, The Soul Man and had a recurring role as attorney Shawn Chapman on the FX series American Crime Story. She has also done voice work for numerous video games. She is married to actor Eric Nenninger, they have two children together, a son and a daughter." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy", "title": "Metropolitan cities of Italy", "header": [ "Metropolitan city", "Area ( km² )", "Population", "Population Density ( /km² )", "Date", "Mayor" ], "data": [ { "value": "Rome Roma", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital", "summary": "Metropolitan City of Rome Capital ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Roma Capitale ) is an area of local government at the level of metropolitan city in the Lazio region of the Republic of Italy . It comprises the territory of the city of Rome and 121 other municipalities ( comuni ) in the suburbs of the city . With more than 4.3 million inhabitants , it is the largest metropolitan city in Italy . It was established on 1 January 2015 by the terms of Law 142/1990 ( Reform of local authorities ) and by Law 56/2014 . It superseded the Province of Rome . The Metropolitan City of Rome Capital is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and governed by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Virginia Raggi has been the incumbent mayor since 20 June 2016 ." } ] }, { "value": "5,352", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4,336,915", "urls": [] }, { "value": "810", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 April 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Virginia Raggi ( M5S )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Virginia_Raggi", "summary": "Virginia Elena Raggi ( Italian pronunciation : [ virˈdʒiːnja ˈraddʒi ] ; born 18 July 1978 ) is an Italian lawyer and politician serving as Mayor of Rome since 2016 . She represents the anti-establishment Five Star Movement ( M5S ) ; Raggi is both the first candidate from her party and first woman to be elected as Rome Mayor ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Five_Star_Movement", "summary": "The Five Star Movement ( Italian : Movimento 5 Stelle [ moviˈmento ˈtʃiŋkwe ˈstelle ] , M5S ) is a political party in Italy . The M5S was founded on 4 October 2009 by Beppe Grillo , a comedian and blogger , and Gianroberto Casaleggio , a web strategist . In 2014 Grillo appointed a directorate composed of five leading MPs ( Alessandro Di Battista , Luigi Di Maio , Roberto Fico , Carla Ruocco and Carlo Sibilia ) , which lasted until the following October when he dissolved it and proclaimed himself the political head of the M5S . Grillo is also formally president of the association named the Five Star Movement ; his nephew , Enrico Grillo , serves as vice president ; and his accountant , Enrico Maria Nadasi , as secretary . Davide Casaleggio , Gianroberto 's son , has an increasingly important albeit unofficial role . The M5S is variously considered populist , anti-establishment , environmentalist , anti-globalist , and Eurosceptic . The party has also been described as New Right and described by some as being right-wing due to its anti-immigration stance despite its promotion of policies usually advocated by the Italian left-wing , such as citizen 's income and green-inspired policies . Grillo himself once provocatively referred to the movement as populist . Its members stress that the M5S is not a party but a movement , and it may not be included in the traditional left-right paradigm . The five stars are a reference to five key issues for the party : public water , sustainable transport , sustainable development , right to Internet access , and environmentalism . The party also advocates e-democracy , direct democracy , the principle of zero-cost politics , degrowth and nonviolence . In the 2013 general election , the M5S won the most votes of all parties ( excluding votes from Italians abroad ) for the Chamber of Deputies ." } ] }, { "value": "Milan Milano", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Milan ( Italian : città metropolitana di Milano ; Milanese : cittaa metropolitana de Milan [ tʃiˈtɑː metrupuliˈtana de miˈlãː ] ) is a metropolitan city in the Lombardy region , Italy . Its capital is the city of Milan . It replaced the Province of Milan and includes the city of Milan and other 133 municipalities or communes ( comuni ) . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . It has been operative since January 1 , 2015 . The Metropolitan City of Milan is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Since June 2016 Giuseppe Sala , as mayor of the capital city , has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City ." } ] }, { "value": "1,575", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3,190,340", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,026", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 April 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Giuseppe Sala ( PD )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Giuseppe_Sala", "summary": "Giuseppe Beppe Sala ( born 28 May 1958 ) is an Italian manager and politician . He was CEO of the 2015 Universal Exposition in Milan from June 2010 to December 2015 . Sala was also a candidate for the Democratic Party to become Mayor of Milan in the 2016 municipal election , which he won , becoming mayor on 21 June 2016 . Sala is often nicknamed Mr. Expo , for his position as CEO of the Universal Exposition ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)", "summary": "The Democratic Party ( Italian : Partito Democratico , PD ) is a social-democratic political party in Italy . The party 's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti , who was elected in March 2019 , while its president is Paolo Gentiloni . The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list and The Union coalition in the 2006 general election . They notably included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left ( DS ) , successors of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social-democratic parties ( Labour Federation and Social Christians , among others ) in 1998 ; and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy ( DL ) , merger of the Italian People 's Party ( heir of the Christian Democracy party 's left-wing ) , The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 . Thus , the party 's main ideological trends are social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition . The PD has been also influenced by social liberalism which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL and more generally by a Third Way progressivism . The PD was the second-largest party in Italy in the 2018 general election , the third-largest in the Chamber of Deputies and the fourth-largest in the Senate . Between 2013 and 2018 , the Italian government was led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers , namely Enrico Letta ( 2013-2014 ) , Matteo Renzi ( 2014-2016 ) and Gentiloni ( 2016-2018 ) . Since September 2019 the party has been part of the Conte II Cabinet , in a coalition with the Five Star Movement . The party also heads seven regional governments . Prominent Democrats include Walter Veltroni ( secretary , 2007-2009 ) , Dario Franceschini ( secretary , 2009 ) , Maurizio Martina ( secretary , 2018 ) , David Sassoli , Piero Fassino , Marco Minniti , Graziano Delrio , Pier Carlo Padoan , Federica Mogherini , Debora Serracchiani , Lorenzo Guerini , Matteo Orfini , Luigi Zanda , Stefano Bonaccini , Sergio Chiamparino , Vincenzo De Luca , Michele Emiliano , Giuseppe Sala , Leoluca Orlando , Virginio Merola and Dario Nardella . Former members include Giorgio Napolitano ( President of Italy , 2006-2015 ) , Sergio Mattarella ( President of Italy , 2015-present ) , Romano Prodi , Giuliano Amato , Massimo D'Alema , Pier Luigi Bersani ( secretary , 2009-2013 ) , Guglielmo Epifani ( secretary , 2013 ) , Francesco Rutelli , Pietro Grasso , Carlo Calenda and Matteo Renzi ( secretary , 2013-2018 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Naples Napoli", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Naples ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Napoli ) is an Italian Metropolitan City in Campania region , established on January 1 , 2015 . Its capital city is Naples ; within the city there are 92 comune ( municipalities ) . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and established by the Law 56/2014 , thus replacing the Province of Naples in 2015 . The Metropolitan City of Naples is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Since 1 January 2015 its head is Luigi de Magistris , as mayor of the capital city ." } ] }, { "value": "1,171", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3,128,702", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,672", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 April 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luigi De Magistris ( DemA )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luigi_de_Magistris_(politician)", "summary": "Luigi de Magistris ( born 20 June 1967 ) is an Italian politician and a former prosecutor , currently the mayor of Naples ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Democracy_and_Autonomy", "summary": "Democracy and Autonomy ( Italian : Democrazia e Autonomia , DemA ) is a political party in Italy , based in Campania . Its founder and leader is Luigi de Magistris , current mayor of Naples and former MEP for Italy of Values ." } ] }, { "value": "Turin Torino", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Turin", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Turin ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Torino ) is a metropolitan city in the Piedmont region , Italy . Its capital is the city of Turin . It replaced the Province of Turin and comprises the city of Turin and 315 other municipalities ( comuni ) . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . It has been officially operative since 1 January 2015 . The Metropolitan City of Turin is headed by the metropolitan mayor ( sindaco metropolitano ) and by the metropolitan council ( consiglio metropolitano ) . Since 5 June 2016 , Chiara Appendino has served as the mayor of the capital city , succeeding Piero Fassino . It is the largest Metropolitan City of Italy and the only one to border a foreign state ." } ] }, { "value": "6,829", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,293,340", "urls": [] }, { "value": "336", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 April 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chiara Appendino ( M5S )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chiara_Appendino", "summary": "Chiara Appendino ( born 12 June 1984 ) is an Italian politician who is the 39th and current mayor of Turin . A member of the Five Star Movement , she was elected on 20 June 2016 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Five_Star_Movement", "summary": "The Five Star Movement ( Italian : Movimento 5 Stelle [ moviˈmento ˈtʃiŋkwe ˈstelle ] , M5S ) is a political party in Italy . The M5S was founded on 4 October 2009 by Beppe Grillo , a comedian and blogger , and Gianroberto Casaleggio , a web strategist . In 2014 Grillo appointed a directorate composed of five leading MPs ( Alessandro Di Battista , Luigi Di Maio , Roberto Fico , Carla Ruocco and Carlo Sibilia ) , which lasted until the following October when he dissolved it and proclaimed himself the political head of the M5S . Grillo is also formally president of the association named the Five Star Movement ; his nephew , Enrico Grillo , serves as vice president ; and his accountant , Enrico Maria Nadasi , as secretary . Davide Casaleggio , Gianroberto 's son , has an increasingly important albeit unofficial role . The M5S is variously considered populist , anti-establishment , environmentalist , anti-globalist , and Eurosceptic . The party has also been described as New Right and described by some as being right-wing due to its anti-immigration stance despite its promotion of policies usually advocated by the Italian left-wing , such as citizen 's income and green-inspired policies . Grillo himself once provocatively referred to the movement as populist . Its members stress that the M5S is not a party but a movement , and it may not be included in the traditional left-right paradigm . The five stars are a reference to five key issues for the party : public water , sustainable transport , sustainable development , right to Internet access , and environmentalism . The party also advocates e-democracy , direct democracy , the principle of zero-cost politics , degrowth and nonviolence . In the 2013 general election , the M5S won the most votes of all parties ( excluding votes from Italians abroad ) for the Chamber of Deputies ." } ] }, { "value": "Palermo Palermo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Palermo", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Palermo ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Palermo ) is a metropolitan city in Sicily , Italy . Its capital is the city of Palermo . It replaced the Province of Palermo and comprises the city of Palermo and other 82 municipalities ( comuni ) ." } ] }, { "value": "5,009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,276,525", "urls": [] }, { "value": "255", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4 August 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Leoluca Orlando ( Independent )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leoluca_Orlando", "summary": "Leoluca Orlando ( born 1 August 1947 ) , is an Italian politician , current Mayor of Palermo . He was also mayor of the city in 1985-1990 and 1993-2000 and President of Italian Federation of American Football ( FIDAF ) . He is best known for his strong opposition to the Sicilian Mafia during his mayoralty in the 1980s , which was publicly referenced in the media as the Palermo Spring ( Italian : Primavera di Palermo ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Independent_politician", "summary": "An independent or nonpartisan politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party . There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent ." } ] }, { "value": "Bari Bari", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Bari", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Bari ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Bari ) is a metropolitan city in the Apulia region of Italy . Its capital is the city of Bari . It replaced the Province of Bari and includes the city of Bari and some forty other municipalities ( comuni ) . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . It has been operative since January 1 , 2015 . The Metropolitan City of Bari is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Since 1 January 2015 Antonio Decaro , as mayor of the capital city , has been the first mayor of the Metropolitan City . It has an area of 3.825 km2 ( 1.477 sq mi ) , and a total population of 1,261,152 ( 2014 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "3,821", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,251,004", "urls": [] }, { "value": "327", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 April 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Antonio Decaro ( PD )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Antonio_Decaro", "summary": "Antonio Decaro ( born 17 July 1970 ) is an Italian politician , current Mayor of Bari ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)", "summary": "The Democratic Party ( Italian : Partito Democratico , PD ) is a social-democratic political party in Italy . The party 's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti , who was elected in March 2019 , while its president is Paolo Gentiloni . The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list and The Union coalition in the 2006 general election . They notably included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left ( DS ) , successors of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social-democratic parties ( Labour Federation and Social Christians , among others ) in 1998 ; and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy ( DL ) , merger of the Italian People 's Party ( heir of the Christian Democracy party 's left-wing ) , The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 . Thus , the party 's main ideological trends are social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition . The PD has been also influenced by social liberalism which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL and more generally by a Third Way progressivism . The PD was the second-largest party in Italy in the 2018 general election , the third-largest in the Chamber of Deputies and the fourth-largest in the Senate . Between 2013 and 2018 , the Italian government was led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers , namely Enrico Letta ( 2013-2014 ) , Matteo Renzi ( 2014-2016 ) and Gentiloni ( 2016-2018 ) . Since September 2019 the party has been part of the Conte II Cabinet , in a coalition with the Five Star Movement . The party also heads seven regional governments . Prominent Democrats include Walter Veltroni ( secretary , 2007-2009 ) , Dario Franceschini ( secretary , 2009 ) , Maurizio Martina ( secretary , 2018 ) , David Sassoli , Piero Fassino , Marco Minniti , Graziano Delrio , Pier Carlo Padoan , Federica Mogherini , Debora Serracchiani , Lorenzo Guerini , Matteo Orfini , Luigi Zanda , Stefano Bonaccini , Sergio Chiamparino , Vincenzo De Luca , Michele Emiliano , Giuseppe Sala , Leoluca Orlando , Virginio Merola and Dario Nardella . Former members include Giorgio Napolitano ( President of Italy , 2006-2015 ) , Sergio Mattarella ( President of Italy , 2015-present ) , Romano Prodi , Giuliano Amato , Massimo D'Alema , Pier Luigi Bersani ( secretary , 2009-2013 ) , Guglielmo Epifani ( secretary , 2013 ) , Francesco Rutelli , Pietro Grasso , Carlo Calenda and Matteo Renzi ( secretary , 2013-2018 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Catania Catania", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Catania", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Catania ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Catania ) is a metropolitan city in Sicily , southern Italy . Its capital is the city of Catania . It replaced the Province of Catania and comprises the city of Catania and other 57 municipalities ( comuni ) ." } ] }, { "value": "3,574", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,116,168", "urls": [] }, { "value": "312", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4 August 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Salvo Pogliese ( FI )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Salvo_Pogliese", "summary": "Salvatore Domenico Antonio Pogliese ( born 3 March 1972 ) is an Italian politician and current Mayor of Catania ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)", "summary": "Forza Italia [ nb 1 ] ( translated to Forward Italy or Let 's Go Italy , known also by its acronym FI ) is a centre-right political party in Italy whose ideology includes elements of liberal conservatism , Christian democracy , and liberalism . Its leader is Silvio Berlusconi , former Prime Minister of Italy ( 1994-1995 , 2001-2006 , 2008-2011 ) . The party , formed out of the former People of Freedom ( PdL ) , is a revival of the defunct Forza Italia ( FI ) , active from 1994 to 2009 , when it was merged with National Alliance ( AN ) and several minor parties to form the PdL . Forza Italia 's leading members include Antonio Tajani ( President of the European Parliament ) , Elisabetta Casellati ( President of the Senate ) , Donato Toma ( President of Molise ) , Mara Carfagna , Renato Brunetta , Paolo Romani , Mariastella Gelmini , Anna Maria Bernini , Maurizio Gasparri , Renato Schifani and Stefania Prestigiacomo . On 11 September 2014 FI was admitted into the European People 's Party ( EPP ) , inheriting the PdL 's membership . FI is a much smaller party than the original FI and the early PdL , due to the splits of Future and Freedom ( 2010 ) , the Brothers of Italy ( 2012 ) , the New Centre-Right ( 2013 ) , the Conservative and Reformists ( 2015 ) and the Liberal Popular Alliance ( 2015 ) . In the 2018 general election FI was overtaken by Lega Nord as the largest party of the centre-right coalition ." } ] }, { "value": "Florence Firenze", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Florence", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Florence ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Firenze ) is a metropolitan city in the Tuscany region , Italy . Its capital is the city of Florence . It replaced the Province of Florence . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . It has been operative since January 1 , 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "3,514", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,007,435", "urls": [] }, { "value": "287", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 April 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dario Nardella ( PD )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dario_Nardella", "summary": "Dario Nardella ( born 20 November 1975 , Torre del Greco ) is an Italian politician who has been the Mayor of Florence since 26 May 2014 and the first Metropolitan Mayor of Florence since 1 January 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)", "summary": "The Democratic Party ( Italian : Partito Democratico , PD ) is a social-democratic political party in Italy . The party 's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti , who was elected in March 2019 , while its president is Paolo Gentiloni . The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list and The Union coalition in the 2006 general election . They notably included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left ( DS ) , successors of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social-democratic parties ( Labour Federation and Social Christians , among others ) in 1998 ; and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy ( DL ) , merger of the Italian People 's Party ( heir of the Christian Democracy party 's left-wing ) , The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 . Thus , the party 's main ideological trends are social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition . The PD has been also influenced by social liberalism which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL and more generally by a Third Way progressivism . The PD was the second-largest party in Italy in the 2018 general election , the third-largest in the Chamber of Deputies and the fourth-largest in the Senate . Between 2013 and 2018 , the Italian government was led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers , namely Enrico Letta ( 2013-2014 ) , Matteo Renzi ( 2014-2016 ) and Gentiloni ( 2016-2018 ) . Since September 2019 the party has been part of the Conte II Cabinet , in a coalition with the Five Star Movement . The party also heads seven regional governments . Prominent Democrats include Walter Veltroni ( secretary , 2007-2009 ) , Dario Franceschini ( secretary , 2009 ) , Maurizio Martina ( secretary , 2018 ) , David Sassoli , Piero Fassino , Marco Minniti , Graziano Delrio , Pier Carlo Padoan , Federica Mogherini , Debora Serracchiani , Lorenzo Guerini , Matteo Orfini , Luigi Zanda , Stefano Bonaccini , Sergio Chiamparino , Vincenzo De Luca , Michele Emiliano , Giuseppe Sala , Leoluca Orlando , Virginio Merola and Dario Nardella . Former members include Giorgio Napolitano ( President of Italy , 2006-2015 ) , Sergio Mattarella ( President of Italy , 2015-present ) , Romano Prodi , Giuliano Amato , Massimo D'Alema , Pier Luigi Bersani ( secretary , 2009-2013 ) , Guglielmo Epifani ( secretary , 2013 ) , Francesco Rutelli , Pietro Grasso , Carlo Calenda and Matteo Renzi ( secretary , 2013-2018 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Bologna Bologna", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Bologna", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Bologna ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Bologna ) is a metropolitan city in the Emilia Romagna region , Italy . Its capital is the city of Bologna . Replacing the Province of Bologna , it was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . It has been operative since January 1 , 2015 . The Metropolitan City is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) ." } ] }, { "value": "3,702", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,005,831", "urls": [] }, { "value": "271", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 April 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Virginio Merola ( PD )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Virginio_Merola", "summary": "Virginio Merola ( born 14 February 1955 in Santa Maria Capua Vetere , Campania ) is an Italian politician . Merola is a member of the Democratic Party and the current mayor of Bologna ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)", "summary": "The Democratic Party ( Italian : Partito Democratico , PD ) is a social-democratic political party in Italy . The party 's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti , who was elected in March 2019 , while its president is Paolo Gentiloni . The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list and The Union coalition in the 2006 general election . They notably included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left ( DS ) , successors of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social-democratic parties ( Labour Federation and Social Christians , among others ) in 1998 ; and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy ( DL ) , merger of the Italian People 's Party ( heir of the Christian Democracy party 's left-wing ) , The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 . Thus , the party 's main ideological trends are social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition . The PD has been also influenced by social liberalism which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL and more generally by a Third Way progressivism . The PD was the second-largest party in Italy in the 2018 general election , the third-largest in the Chamber of Deputies and the fourth-largest in the Senate . Between 2013 and 2018 , the Italian government was led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers , namely Enrico Letta ( 2013-2014 ) , Matteo Renzi ( 2014-2016 ) and Gentiloni ( 2016-2018 ) . Since September 2019 the party has been part of the Conte II Cabinet , in a coalition with the Five Star Movement . The party also heads seven regional governments . Prominent Democrats include Walter Veltroni ( secretary , 2007-2009 ) , Dario Franceschini ( secretary , 2009 ) , Maurizio Martina ( secretary , 2018 ) , David Sassoli , Piero Fassino , Marco Minniti , Graziano Delrio , Pier Carlo Padoan , Federica Mogherini , Debora Serracchiani , Lorenzo Guerini , Matteo Orfini , Luigi Zanda , Stefano Bonaccini , Sergio Chiamparino , Vincenzo De Luca , Michele Emiliano , Giuseppe Sala , Leoluca Orlando , Virginio Merola and Dario Nardella . Former members include Giorgio Napolitano ( President of Italy , 2006-2015 ) , Sergio Mattarella ( President of Italy , 2015-present ) , Romano Prodi , Giuliano Amato , Massimo D'Alema , Pier Luigi Bersani ( secretary , 2009-2013 ) , Guglielmo Epifani ( secretary , 2013 ) , Francesco Rutelli , Pietro Grasso , Carlo Calenda and Matteo Renzi ( secretary , 2013-2018 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Genoa Genova", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Genoa", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Genoa ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Genova ) is one of the fourteen Metropolitan cities of Italy , located in the region of Liguria . Its capital is the city of Genoa . It replaced the Province of Genoa ." } ] }, { "value": "1,839", "urls": [] }, { "value": "864,008", "urls": [] }, { "value": "470", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 April 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marco Bucci ( FI )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marco_Bucci_(politician)", "summary": "Marco Bucci is an Italian politician and former pharmaceutical manager from Genoa . He is the mayor and the first right-wing mayor since 1975 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)", "summary": "Forza Italia [ nb 1 ] ( translated to Forward Italy or Let 's Go Italy , known also by its acronym FI ) is a centre-right political party in Italy whose ideology includes elements of liberal conservatism , Christian democracy , and liberalism . Its leader is Silvio Berlusconi , former Prime Minister of Italy ( 1994-1995 , 2001-2006 , 2008-2011 ) . The party , formed out of the former People of Freedom ( PdL ) , is a revival of the defunct Forza Italia ( FI ) , active from 1994 to 2009 , when it was merged with National Alliance ( AN ) and several minor parties to form the PdL . Forza Italia 's leading members include Antonio Tajani ( President of the European Parliament ) , Elisabetta Casellati ( President of the Senate ) , Donato Toma ( President of Molise ) , Mara Carfagna , Renato Brunetta , Paolo Romani , Mariastella Gelmini , Anna Maria Bernini , Maurizio Gasparri , Renato Schifani and Stefania Prestigiacomo . On 11 September 2014 FI was admitted into the European People 's Party ( EPP ) , inheriting the PdL 's membership . FI is a much smaller party than the original FI and the early PdL , due to the splits of Future and Freedom ( 2010 ) , the Brothers of Italy ( 2012 ) , the New Centre-Right ( 2013 ) , the Conservative and Reformists ( 2015 ) and the Liberal Popular Alliance ( 2015 ) . In the 2018 general election FI was overtaken by Lega Nord as the largest party of the centre-right coalition ." } ] }, { "value": "Venice Venezia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Venice", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Venice ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Venezia ) is a metropolitan city in the Veneto region , Italy . Its capital is the city of Venice . It replaced the Province of Venice and includes the city of Venice and 43 other municipalities ( comuni ) . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . The Metropolitan City of Venice is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Since 15 June 2015 , as new mayor of the capital city , Luigi Brugnaro is the first mayor of the Metropolitan City ." } ] }, { "value": "2,462", "urls": [] }, { "value": "858,455", "urls": [] }, { "value": "349", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 April 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luigi Brugnaro ( Independent )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luigi_Brugnaro", "summary": "Luigi Brugnaro ( 13 September 1961 ) is an Italian conservative politician and entrepreneur who has been the Mayor of Venice , since taking office on 15 June 2015 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Independent_politician", "summary": "An independent or nonpartisan politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party . There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent ." } ] }, { "value": "Messina Messina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Messina", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Messina ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Messina ) is a metropolitan city in Sicily , Italy . Its capital is the city of Messina . It replaced the Province of Messina and comprises the city of Messina and other 107 municipalities ( comuni ) . According to Eurostat in 2014 , the FUA of the metropolitan area of Messina had 277,584 inhabitants . The nearby archipelago of Aeolian Islands also is administratively a part of Metropolitan City of Messina ." } ] }, { "value": "3,266", "urls": [] }, { "value": "647,477", "urls": [] }, { "value": "198", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4 August 2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cateno De Luca ( UdC )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cateno_De_Luca", "summary": "Cateno Roberto De Luca ( born 18 March 1972 ) is an Italian politician who became mayor of Messina on 26 June 2018 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)", "summary": "The Union of the Centre ( Italian : Unione di Centro , UdC ) , whose complete name is Union of Christian and Centre Democrats ( Unione dei Democratici Cristiani e Democratici di Centro , UDC ) , is a Christian-democratic political party in Italy . Lorenzo Cesa is the party 's current secretary ; Pier Ferdinando Casini was for years the most recognisable figure and de facto leader of the party , before eventually distancing from it in 2016 . The UdC is a member of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) , of which Casini was president from 2004 to 2015 . The party was formed as Union of Christian and Centre Democrats in December 2002 upon the merger of the Christian Democratic Centre ( CCD ) , the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) and European Democracy ( DE ) . In 2008 the party was the driving force behind the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) , an alliance comprising , among others , The Rose for Italy , the Populars for the Constituent Assembly of the Centre , the Liberal Clubs , the Party of Christian Democracy , the Christian Democratic Party , Veneto for the European People 's Party , the Democratic Populars and the Autonomist Democrats . Since then , the party 's official name was neglected in favour of the alliance 's and , since most of the UdC member parties have joined the UDC too , the UDC and the UdC started to overlap almost completely to the point that they are now undistinguishable . The CCD was an early ally of Silvio Berlusconi 's Forza Italia in 1994 and was part of the centre-right Pole/House of Freedoms since its establishment . Consequently , the UDC was consistently part of the centre-right until 2006 . Later , it was affiliated neither to the centre-right nor the centre-left at the national level . Despite this , the party continued to take part in several regional , provincial and municipal governments with the old and the new Forza Italia , while forming alliances also with the centre-left Democratic Party in some regions and cities . In the 2013 general election the UdC was part of With Monti for Italy , the coalition formed around Mario Monti 's Civic Choice , and obtained a mere 1.8% of the vote , down from 5.6% in 2008 and 6.8% in 2006 . In December 2014 the party , which sat in Enrico Letta 's government and Matteo Renzi 's government ( 2013-2016 ) , formed Popular Area with Angelino Alfano 's New Centre-Right ." } ] }, { "value": "Reggio Calabria Reggio Calabria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Reggio_Calabria", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Reggio Calabria ) is a metropolitan city in the Calabria region of southern Italy . Its capital is Reggio di Calabria . It eplaced the Province of Reggio Calabria in 2017 . The Aspromonte massif dominates the western part , and with its long coastline , the metropolitan city is a popular tourist destination during the summer ." } ] }, { "value": "3,183", "urls": [] }, { "value": "558,959", "urls": [] }, { "value": "176", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3 April 2014", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Giuseppe Falcomatà ( PD )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Giuseppe_Falcomatà", "summary": "Giuseppe Falcomatà ( born 18 September 1983 in Reggio Calabria ) is a lawyer and an Italian politician . He has served as the mayor of Reggio Calabria since October 29 , 2014 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)", "summary": "The Democratic Party ( Italian : Partito Democratico , PD ) is a social-democratic political party in Italy . The party 's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti , who was elected in March 2019 , while its president is Paolo Gentiloni . The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list and The Union coalition in the 2006 general election . They notably included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left ( DS ) , successors of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social-democratic parties ( Labour Federation and Social Christians , among others ) in 1998 ; and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy ( DL ) , merger of the Italian People 's Party ( heir of the Christian Democracy party 's left-wing ) , The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 . Thus , the party 's main ideological trends are social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition . The PD has been also influenced by social liberalism which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL and more generally by a Third Way progressivism . The PD was the second-largest party in Italy in the 2018 general election , the third-largest in the Chamber of Deputies and the fourth-largest in the Senate . Between 2013 and 2018 , the Italian government was led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers , namely Enrico Letta ( 2013-2014 ) , Matteo Renzi ( 2014-2016 ) and Gentiloni ( 2016-2018 ) . Since September 2019 the party has been part of the Conte II Cabinet , in a coalition with the Five Star Movement . The party also heads seven regional governments . Prominent Democrats include Walter Veltroni ( secretary , 2007-2009 ) , Dario Franceschini ( secretary , 2009 ) , Maurizio Martina ( secretary , 2018 ) , David Sassoli , Piero Fassino , Marco Minniti , Graziano Delrio , Pier Carlo Padoan , Federica Mogherini , Debora Serracchiani , Lorenzo Guerini , Matteo Orfini , Luigi Zanda , Stefano Bonaccini , Sergio Chiamparino , Vincenzo De Luca , Michele Emiliano , Giuseppe Sala , Leoluca Orlando , Virginio Merola and Dario Nardella . Former members include Giorgio Napolitano ( President of Italy , 2006-2015 ) , Sergio Mattarella ( President of Italy , 2015-present ) , Romano Prodi , Giuliano Amato , Massimo D'Alema , Pier Luigi Bersani ( secretary , 2009-2013 ) , Guglielmo Epifani ( secretary , 2013 ) , Francesco Rutelli , Pietro Grasso , Carlo Calenda and Matteo Renzi ( secretary , 2013-2018 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Cagliari Cagliari", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari", "summary": "The Metropolitan City of Cagliari ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Cagliari ) is a metropolitan city in Sardinia , Italy . Its capital is the city of Cagliari and includes 17 comuni . It was established by law in 2016 and replaced the Province of Cagliari . The current president is the mayor of Cagliari , Paolo Truzzu . The resident population is approximately 432,000 . This figure can rise due to commuting into the functional urban area to approximately 477,000" } ] }, { "value": "1,248", "urls": [] }, { "value": "431,302", "urls": [] }, { "value": "346", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4 February 2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Massimo Zedda ( Independent )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Massimo_Zedda", "summary": "Massimo Zedda ( born 6 January 1976 ) is an Italian politician , Mayor of Cagliari from 2011 to 2019 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Independent_politician", "summary": "An independent or nonpartisan politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party . There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Metropolitan cities", "section_text": "", "uid": "Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy_0", "intro": "The metropolitan cities of Italy (Italian: città metropolitane d'Italia) are administrative divisions of Italy, operative since 2015, which are a special type of province. The metropolitan city, as defined by law, includes a large core city and the smaller surrounding towns that are closely related to it with regard to economic activities and essential public services, as well as to cultural relations and to territorial features." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni", "title": "List of University of Oregon alumni", "header": [ "Name", "Degree ( s )", "Year ( s )", "Notability" ], "data": [ { "value": "Tyler Anderson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tyler_Anderson", "summary": "Tyler John Anderson ( born December 30 , 1989 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The Colorado Rockies selected Anderson in the first round , with the 20th overall selection , of the 2011 MLB draft . He made his MLB debut in 2016 . He has played in MLB for the Rockies ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major League Baseball player for the San Francisco Giants", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_League_Baseball", "summary": "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ." }, { "url": "/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants", "summary": "The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . As one of the longest-established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions - both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and fifth overall ( the New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record-holders ) with 11 , and the Oakland Athletics and the Boston Red Sox both with 9 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times - 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco - but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players such as Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers is one of the longest-standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season ." } ] }, { "value": "Earl Averill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Earl_Averill", "summary": "Howard Earl Averill ( May 21 , 1902 - August 16 , 1983 ) was an American professional baseball player . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a center fielder from 1929 to 1941 , including 11 seasons for the Cleveland Indians . He was a six-time All-Star ( 1933-1938 ) and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1975 ." } ] }, { "value": "B.S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1953", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Baseball Hall of Fame outfielder for the Cleveland Indians", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame", "summary": "The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame , located in Cooperstown , New York , and operated by private interests . It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond , displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits , honoring those who have excelled in playing , managing , and serving the sport . The Hall 's motto is Preserving History , Honoring Excellence , Connecting Generations . The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand ( or a metonym ) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , similar to Canton for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark , an heir to the Singer Sewing Machine fortune . Clark sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression , which reduced the local tourist trade , and Prohibition , which devastated the local hops industry . Clark constructed the Hall of Fame 's building , and it was dedicated on June 12 , 1939 . ( His granddaughter , Jane Forbes Clark , is the current chairman of the Board of Directors . ) The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall . An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994 . Dale Petroskey became the organization 's president in 1999 . In 2002 , the Hall launched Baseball As America , a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Outfielder", "summary": "An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cleveland_Indians", "summary": "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ." } ] }, { "value": "Ann Bancroft", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ann_Bancroft", "summary": "Ann Bancroft ( born September 29 , 1955 ) is an American author , teacher , adventurer , and public speaker . She was the first woman to successfully finish a number of arduous expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic . She was inducted into the National Women 's Hall of Fame in 1995 ." } ] }, { "value": "B.S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First woman to reach the North Pole on foot and by dogsled", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/North_Pole", "summary": "The North Pole , also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole , is ( subject to the caveats explained below ) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth 's axis of rotation meets its surface . The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth , lying diametrically opposite the South Pole . It defines geodetic latitude 90° North , as well as the direction of true north . At the North Pole all directions point south ; all lines of longitude converge there , so its longitude can be defined as any degree value . Along tight latitude circles , counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west . The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere . The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island , off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km ( 430 mi ) away , though some perhaps semi-permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer . The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut , Canada , which is located 817 km ( 508 mi ) from the Pole . While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass , the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice . The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m ( 13,980 ft ) by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m ( 13,409 ft ) by USS Nautilus in 1958 . This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole ( unlike the South Pole ) . However , the Soviet Union , and later Russia , constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937 , some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole ." } ] }, { "value": "Ben Crane", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ben_Crane", "summary": "Benjamin McCully Crane ( born March 6 , 1976 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour ." } ] }, { "value": "B.S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1999", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Professional golfer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Clare Drake", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clare_Drake", "summary": "Clare James Drake ( October 9 , 1928 - May 13 , 2018 ) was a Canadian ice hockey coach . He was the most successful coach in Canadian Interuniversity Sport men 's hockey history . In 28 years as the head coach of the University of Alberta men 's ice hockey team , he coached the Alberta Golden Bears to six University Cup championships and 17 Canada West conference championships . The dean of coaching , Clare developed the game for more than 40 years , coaching at the high school , university , Olympic and WHA level . The only university coach to win a national championship in both hockey and football in the same year ( 1967 ) , he was instrumental in the development of the National Coaching Certification and Coach Mentorship Programs . He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "attended", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1968", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ice Hockey Coach and member of the Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Members_of_the_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_(alphabetical)", "summary": "The Hockey Hall of Fame is a hall of fame and museum dedicated to the history of ice hockey . It was established in 1943 and is located in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Originally , there were two categories for induction , players and builders , and in 1961 , a third category for on-ice officials was introduced . In 2010 , a subcategory was established for female players . In 1988 , a veteran player category was established in order to provide a vehicle for players who may have been overlooked and whose chances for election would be limited when placed on the same ballot with contemporary players . Eleven players were inducted into the category , but in 2000 the board of directors eliminated it and those inductees are now considered to be in the player category . For a person to be inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame , they must be nominated by an elected 18-person selection committee which consists of Hockey Hall of Fame members and media personalities . Each committee member is allowed to nominate one person in each category per year , and candidates must receive the support of 75% of the members of the committee that are present , or a minimum of ten votes . In any given year , there can be a maximum of four male players , two female players , and a combined two in the builders and on-ice officials categories . For a player , referee , or linesman to be nominated , the person must have been retired for a minimum three years . Builders may be active or inactive . The induction ceremony is held at the current Hall of Fame building and was first broadcast by The Sports Network in 1994 ." } ] }, { "value": "Evan Dunham", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Evan_Dunham", "summary": "Evan Neil Dunham ( born December 18 , 1981 ) is an American professional mixed martial artist formerly competing in the lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship , where he was the # 13 contender in official UFC rankings ." } ] }, { "value": "B.S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2004", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NCAA wrestler , retired professional MMA fighter for the UFC 's Lightweight Division", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts", "summary": "Mixed martial arts ( MMA ) , also known as cage fighting , is a full-contact combat sport that allows striking and grappling , both standing and on the ground , using techniques from various combat sports and martial arts . The first documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993 . The term gained popularity when newfullcontact.com , then one of the largest websites covering the sport , hosted and republished the article . The question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate . During the early 20th century , various interstylistic contests took place throughout Japan and in the countries of the Four Asian Tigers . In Brazil , there was the sport of Vale Tudo , in which fighters from various styles fought with little to no rules . The Gracie family was known to promote Vale Tudo matches as a way to promote their own Brazilian jiu-jitsu style . An early high-profile mixed martial arts bout was fought in 1951 , between the judoka Masahiko Kimura and Brazilian jiu-jitsu founder Hélio Gracie in Brazil . In the West , the concept of combining elements of multiple martial arts was popularized by Bruce Lee 's Jeet Kune Do during the late 1960s to early 1970s . A precursor to modern MMA was the 1976 Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki bout , fought between boxer Muhammad Ali and wrestler Antonio Inoki in Japan , where it later inspired the foundation of Pancrase in 1993 and Pride Fighting Championships in 1997 . In 1980 , CV Productions , Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States , called Tough Guy Contest , which was later renamed Battle of the Superfighters . The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship", "summary": "The Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) is an American mixed martial arts ( MMA ) promotion company based in Las Vegas , Nevada , which is owned and operated by parent company William Morris Endeavor . It is the largest MMA promotion company in the world and features on its roster the highest-level fighters in the sport . The UFC produces events worldwide that showcase twelve weight divisions and abides by the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . As of 2019 , the UFC has held over 500 events . Dana White has been UFC president since 2001 . Under White 's stewardship , the UFC has grown into a globally popular multi-billion-dollar enterprise . The first event was held in 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver , Colorado . The purpose of the early Ultimate Fighting Championship competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines like boxing , kickboxing , Brazilian jiu-jitsu , sambo , wrestling , Muay Thai , karate , and judo . In subsequent events , fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline , which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts . In 2016 , UFC 's parent company , Zuffa , was sold to a group led by William Morris Endeavor ( WME-IMG ) , including Silver Lake Partners , Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital for US $ 4.025 billion . With a TV deal and expansion in Australia , Asia , Europe , and new markets within the United States , the UFC has increased in popularity , and has achieved greater mainstream media coverage ; the promotion brought in a total revenue of US $ 609 million in 2015 , and its next domestic media rights agreement with ESPN was valued at $ 1.5 billion over a five-year term ." } ] }, { "value": "Greg Gibson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greg_Gibson_(wrestler)", "summary": "Gregory P. Greg Gibson ( born November 20 , 1953 ) is a retired American wrestler who competed in the heavyweight division ( under 100 kg . ) He is the only American to win world medals in three styles of wrestling - Freestyle , Greco-Roman and Sambo . While serving with the U.S. Marines , stationed at Quantico , Va. , he won a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Greco-Roman , as well as two silver and a bronze medal in freestyle at the world championships from 1981 to 1983 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1978", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1984 Summer Olympics silver medalist in wrestling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million ." } ] }, { "value": "Joe Gordon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joe_Gordon", "summary": "Joseph Lowell Gordon ( February 18 , 1915 - April 14 , 1978 ) , nicknamed Flash in reference to the comic-book character Flash Gordon , was an American second baseman , coach and manager in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians from 1938 to 1950 . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2009 . Gordon was the outstanding player at his position during the 1940s , winning the 1942 American League MVP Award and being named to The Sporting News Major League All-Star Team in nine of his eleven seasons . Known for his acrobatic defense , he led the AL in assists four times and in double plays three times . He was the first AL second baseman to hit 20 home runs in a season , doing so seven times , is second all-time for career HRs at second base ( 246 ) behind Robinson Canó , and he held the single-season record until 2001 . He played a major role on the 1948 champion Indians , leading the team in homers and runs batted in . He ranked sixth in major league history in double plays ( 1,160 ) upon retiring , and was sixth in AL history in games ( 1,519 ) , putouts ( 3,600 ) , assists ( 4,706 ) and total chances ( 8,566 ) and seventh in fielding percentage ( .970 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "B.S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Baseball Hall of Famer second baseman with the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hall_of_Famer", "summary": "A hall , wall , or walk of fame is a list of individuals , achievements , or animals , usually chosen by a group of electors , to mark their fame in their field . In some cases , these halls of fame consist of actual halls or museums that enshrine the honorees with sculptures , plaques , and displays of memorabilia and general information regarding the inducted recipients . Sometimes , the honorees ' plaques may instead be posted on a wall ( hence a wall of fame ) or inscribed on a sidewalk ( as in a walk of fame , walk of stars , or avenue of fame ) . In other cases , the hall of fame is more figurative and consists of a list of names of noteworthy people and their achievements and contributions . The lists are maintained by an organization or community , and may be national , state , local , or private ." }, { "url": "/wiki/New_York_Yankees", "summary": "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cleveland_Indians", "summary": "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ." } ] }, { "value": "Peter Jacobsen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peter_Jacobsen", "summary": "Peter Erling Jacobsen ( born March 4 , 1954 ) is an American professional golfer and commentator on Golf Channel and NBC . He has played on the PGA Tour and the Champions Tour . He has won seven events on the PGA Tour and two events on the Champions Tour , both majors ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Professional golfer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dave Jansen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dave_Jansen", "summary": "David Hendrik Jansen ( born August 21 , 1979 ) is an American mixed martial artist who formerly competed in Bellator 's Lightweight division . A professional competitor since 2007 , Jansen has also formerly competed for the WEC and M-1 Global ." } ] }, { "value": "attended", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NCAA collegiate wrestler ; professional MMA fighter formerly with the WEC and Bellator", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Arts", "summary": "Mixed martial arts ( MMA ) , also known as cage fighting , is a full-contact combat sport that allows striking and grappling , both standing and on the ground , using techniques from various combat sports and martial arts . The first documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993 . The term gained popularity when newfullcontact.com , then one of the largest websites covering the sport , hosted and republished the article . The question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate . During the early 20th century , various interstylistic contests took place throughout Japan and in the countries of the Four Asian Tigers . In Brazil , there was the sport of Vale Tudo , in which fighters from various styles fought with little to no rules . The Gracie family was known to promote Vale Tudo matches as a way to promote their own Brazilian jiu-jitsu style . An early high-profile mixed martial arts bout was fought in 1951 , between the judoka Masahiko Kimura and Brazilian jiu-jitsu founder Hélio Gracie in Brazil . In the West , the concept of combining elements of multiple martial arts was popularized by Bruce Lee 's Jeet Kune Do during the late 1960s to early 1970s . A precursor to modern MMA was the 1976 Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki bout , fought between boxer Muhammad Ali and wrestler Antonio Inoki in Japan , where it later inspired the foundation of Pancrase in 1993 and Pride Fighting Championships in 1997 . In 1980 , CV Productions , Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States , called Tough Guy Contest , which was later renamed Battle of the Superfighters . The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania ." }, { "url": "/wiki/World_Extreme_Cagefighting", "summary": "World Extreme Cagefighting ( WEC ) was an American mixed martial arts ( MMA ) promotion founded in 2001 . It was purchased by Zuffa , LLC , the parent company of the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) , in 2006 . In its final incarnation , it was made up of 3 weight classes : 135 lb ( 61 kg ) , 145 lb ( 66 kg ) and 155 lb ( 70 kg ) . To accommodate the smaller fighters , WEC 's cage was 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) in diameter - 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) smaller than the standard UFC cage ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Bellator_MMA", "summary": "Bellator MMA is an American mixed martial arts promotion company based in Santa Monica , California that is owned and operated as a subsidiary of ViacomCBS . It is one of the largest MMA promotion companies in the world and features many of the upper echelon athletes in combat sports . Its first event was held in 2009 , with 236 numbered events held as of December 2019 . The word Bellator is Latin for warrior . The company was previously known as Bellator Fighting Championships Bellator MMA currently features notable talents such as Michael Chandler , Ryan Bader , Gegard Mousasi , Ilima-Lei Macfarlane , Paul Daley , Lyoto Machida , Patrício Pitbull Freire , Quinton Rampage Jackson , Michael Venom Page , Douglas Lima , and Cris Cyborg , among others ." } ] }, { "value": "Yohanan Moyal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yohanan_Moyal", "summary": "Yohanan Moyal ( Johnny ; יוחנן מויאל ; born October 2 , 1965 ) is an Israeli former Olympic gymnast ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Israeli Olympic gymnast", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dave Roberts", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dave_Roberts_(pitcher)", "summary": "David Arthur Roberts ( September 11 , 1944 - January 9 , 2009 ) was an American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for eight teams from 1969 to 1981 . He was second in the National League ( NL ) with a 2.10 earned run average ( ERA ) in 1971 for the San Diego Padres , after which he was traded to the Houston Astros , where he spent the four most productive years of his career . Over his major league career he won 103 games . He was one of the best Jewish pitchers all-time in major league history through 2010 , ranking fourth in career games ( 445 ; behind only Scott Schoeneweis , Ken Holtzman , and John Grabow ) , fourth in wins ( 103 ) and strikeouts ( 957 ) behind Sandy Koufax , Holtzman , and Steve Stone , and seventh in ERA ( 3.78 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "MLB first overall draft pick in 1972 by the San Diego Padres", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/MLB", "summary": "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ." }, { "url": "/wiki/San_Diego_Padres", "summary": "The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team based in San Diego , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1969 , the Padres have won two NL pennants - in 1984 and 1998 , losing in the World Series both years . As of 2018 , they have had 14 winning seasons in franchise history . The Padres are one of two Major League Baseball teams ( the other being the Los Angeles Angels ) in California to originate from that state ; the Athletics were originally from Philadelphia ( and moved to the state from Kansas City ) , and the Dodgers and Giants are originally from two New York City boroughs - Brooklyn and Manhattan , respectively . The Padres are the only MLB team that does not share its city with another franchise in the four major American professional sports leagues . The Padres are the only major professional sports franchise to be located in San Diego , following the relocation of the Chargers to Los Angeles in 2017 . They are also the only franchise in the MLB not to have a no-hitter , having gone 8,020 games without throwing one , a major league record to begin a franchise ." } ] }, { "value": "Tom Shaw", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tom_Shaw_(golfer)", "summary": "Thomas G. Shaw ( born December 13 , 1938 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on both the PGA Tour and the Champions Tour . Shaw was born in Wichita , Kansas . He attended the University of Oregon in Eugene from 1959-1962 , and was an All-American member of the golf team . He helped Oregon win the Pacific Coast Conference title in 1959 . Shaw graduated and turned pro in 1962 . He joined the PGA Tour in 1963 . Shaw won four PGA Tour events and had over two dozen top-10 finishes . In 1966 , he was seriously injured in a car accident on the way to the Bob Hope Classic . In 1971 , he won twice , earned $ 96,220 , and finished 15th on the money list . His best finish in a major was a T-21 at the 1969 PGA Championship . Shaw began play on the Senior PGA Tour in 1989 , and was one of five rookies to win on tour that year . His two wins on the senior tour included one senior major , at The Tradition in 1993 when he defeated Mike Hill by one stroke ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1962", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Professional golfer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chael Sonnen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chael_Sonnen", "summary": "Chael Patrick Sonnen ( /ˈtʃeɪl ˈsʌnən/ ; born April 3 , 1977 ) is an American retired mixed martial artist and current MMA analyst for ESPN . Beginning his MMA career in 1997 , Sonnen competed for the UFC , where he became a top challenger in both the light heavyweight and middleweight divisions and challenged for both the UFC Light Heavyweight and UFC Middleweight Championships . Sonnen has also fought in the WEC , Pancrase , and most recently for Bellator MMA . He holds notable victories over numerous former world champions such as Maurício Rua , Paulo Filho , Michael Bisping , Nate Marquardt , Wanderlei Silva , and Quinton Jackson . Recognized as one of the elite competitors during his tenures in the UFC , Sonnen is often considered as one of the greatest all-time mixed martial artists to have never won a UFC Championship ." } ] }, { "value": "B.S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "NCAA All-American and U.S. Olympic team alternate wrestler , Retired professional mixed martial artist , former UFC , Bellator MMA Middleweight , Light Heavyweight and Heavyweight title challenger", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist", "summary": "Mixed martial arts ( MMA ) , also known as cage fighting , is a full-contact combat sport that allows striking and grappling , both standing and on the ground , using techniques from various combat sports and martial arts . The first documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993 . The term gained popularity when newfullcontact.com , then one of the largest websites covering the sport , hosted and republished the article . The question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate . During the early 20th century , various interstylistic contests took place throughout Japan and in the countries of the Four Asian Tigers . In Brazil , there was the sport of Vale Tudo , in which fighters from various styles fought with little to no rules . The Gracie family was known to promote Vale Tudo matches as a way to promote their own Brazilian jiu-jitsu style . An early high-profile mixed martial arts bout was fought in 1951 , between the judoka Masahiko Kimura and Brazilian jiu-jitsu founder Hélio Gracie in Brazil . In the West , the concept of combining elements of multiple martial arts was popularized by Bruce Lee 's Jeet Kune Do during the late 1960s to early 1970s . A precursor to modern MMA was the 1976 Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki bout , fought between boxer Muhammad Ali and wrestler Antonio Inoki in Japan , where it later inspired the foundation of Pancrase in 1993 and Pride Fighting Championships in 1997 . In 1980 , CV Productions , Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States , called Tough Guy Contest , which was later renamed Battle of the Superfighters . The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania ." }, { "url": "/wiki/UFC", "summary": "The Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) is an American mixed martial arts ( MMA ) promotion company based in Las Vegas , Nevada , which is owned and operated by parent company William Morris Endeavor . It is the largest MMA promotion company in the world and features on its roster the highest-level fighters in the sport . The UFC produces events worldwide that showcase twelve weight divisions and abides by the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . As of 2019 , the UFC has held over 500 events . Dana White has been UFC president since 2001 . Under White 's stewardship , the UFC has grown into a globally popular multi-billion-dollar enterprise . The first event was held in 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver , Colorado . The purpose of the early Ultimate Fighting Championship competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines like boxing , kickboxing , Brazilian jiu-jitsu , sambo , wrestling , Muay Thai , karate , and judo . In subsequent events , fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline , which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts . In 2016 , UFC 's parent company , Zuffa , was sold to a group led by William Morris Endeavor ( WME-IMG ) , including Silver Lake Partners , Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital for US $ 4.025 billion . With a TV deal and expansion in Australia , Asia , Europe , and new markets within the United States , the UFC has increased in popularity , and has achieved greater mainstream media coverage ; the promotion brought in a total revenue of US $ 609 million in 2015 , and its next domestic media rights agreement with ESPN was valued at $ 1.5 billion over a five-year term ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Bellator_MMA", "summary": "Bellator MMA is an American mixed martial arts promotion company based in Santa Monica , California that is owned and operated as a subsidiary of ViacomCBS . It is one of the largest MMA promotion companies in the world and features many of the upper echelon athletes in combat sports . Its first event was held in 2009 , with 236 numbered events held as of December 2019 . The word Bellator is Latin for warrior . The company was previously known as Bellator Fighting Championships Bellator MMA currently features notable talents such as Michael Chandler , Ryan Bader , Gegard Mousasi , Ilima-Lei Macfarlane , Paul Daley , Lyoto Machida , Patrício Pitbull Freire , Quinton Rampage Jackson , Michael Venom Page , Douglas Lima , and Cris Cyborg , among others ." } ] }, { "value": "Paul Sunderland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paul_Sunderland", "summary": "Paul Benedict Sunderland ( born March 29 , 1952 ) is an American professional sportscaster who resides in Los Angeles , California . He worked as the indoor volleyball play-by-play announcer for NBC Olympics coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics , and has worked for the NBC Sports Group 's Summer Olympics coverage starting at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics . He is a former collegiate basketball and volleyball player and played on the US National Men 's Volleyball Team . He was a member of the US Men 's volleyball team that won the Gold Medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics ." } ] }, { "value": "attended", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1984 Summer Olympics gold medalist in men 's volleyball", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million ." } ] }, { "value": "Zack Test", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Zack_Test", "summary": "Zachary Zack Test ( born October 13 , 1989 ) is a retired American rugby union player who played for the United States national rugby sevens team . With 143 career tries in the World Rugby Sevens Series , Test led all U.S. players in tries scored until Perry Baker broke his record in early 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rugby union player", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Carolyn Wood", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carolyn_Wood_(swimmer)", "summary": "Carolyn Virginia Wood ( born December 18 , 1945 ) is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic champion , and former world record-holder ." } ] }, { "value": "B.A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1967", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1960 Summer Olympics gold medalist in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay in swimming", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "The 1960 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad ( Italian : Giochi della XVII Olimpiade ) , was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11 , 1960 , in Rome , Italy . The city of Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics , but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 , Rome had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ." } ] }, { "value": "Martenne Bettendorf", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Martenne_Bettendorf", "summary": "Martenne Julia Bettendorf ( born April 1 , 1994 in Portland , Oregon ) is an American volleyball player ." } ] }, { "value": "B.A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Volleyball player", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gary Wiren", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gary_Wiren", "summary": "Gary Wiren ( born 1935 ) is a PGA Master Professional instructor . Wiren was the Director of Education , Learning , and Research for the PGA of America between 1972 and 1985 , during which time he produced the Laws , Principles , and Preferences of golf swing instruction . He is the founder of three golf schools , and is now the senior director of instruction for Trump Golf Properties . Wiren is a member of both the PGA Hall of Fame and the World Golf Teachers ' Hall of Fame . As an author , he has written fourteen books , and Wiren is also the founder of Golf Around the World ." } ] }, { "value": "PhD", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Golfer and golf instructor", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Sports -- Other sports", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni_21", "intro": "This List of University of Oregon alumni includes graduates and current students of the University of Oregon as well as former students who studied at the university but did not obtain a formal degree. The university opened in 1876 and the first class contained only five members, graduating in 1878. The university has over 195,000 alumni, 10 of whom are Pulitzer Prize winners, and 2 of whom are Nobel laureates." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Brazilian_Grand_Prix", "title": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix", "header": [ "Pos", "No", "Driver", "Constructor", "Time", "Gap" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mika Häkkinen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mika_Häkkinen", "summary": "Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( Finnish : [ ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1968 ) , nicknamed The Flying Finn , is a Finnish former racing driver . He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion , driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies . Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships . He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom . After success in the series , Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992 . The following year , he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti . After four years which yielded minor success for Häkkinen , he scored his first Formula One victory in 1997 . He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the season ending Japanese Grand Prix ; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen repeated his World Championship success in 1999 , taking five victories . He finished as runner-up in the Drivers ' Championship in 2000 , behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport , which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 . For 2005 , he moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) series , where he secured his first victory that year ." } ] }, { "value": "McLaren - Mercedes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/McLaren", "summary": "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_HighPerformanceEngines", "summary": "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "1:14.111", "urls": [] }, { "value": "-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "David Coulthard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/David_Coulthard", "summary": "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "McLaren - Mercedes", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/McLaren", "summary": "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_HighPerformanceEngines", "summary": "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "1:14.285", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+0.174", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Schumacher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Schumacher", "summary": "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ." } ] }, { "value": "Ferrari", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari", "summary": "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ." } ] }, { "value": "1:14.508", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+0.397", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rubens Barrichello", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello", "summary": "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ." } ] }, { "value": "Ferrari", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari", "summary": "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ." } ] }, { "value": "1:14.636", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+0.525", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Giancarlo Fisichella", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella", "summary": "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ." } ] }, { "value": "Benetton - Playlife", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Benetton_Formula", "summary": "Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Playlife", "summary": "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.375", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.264", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eddie Irvine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eddie_Irvine", "summary": "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ." } ] }, { "value": "Jaguar - Cosworth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jaguar_Racing", "summary": "Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar 's racing interests . It currently competes in Formula E under the name Panasonic Jaguar Racing . It was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cosworth", "summary": "Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.425", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.314", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Heinz-Harald Frentzen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen", "summary": "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ." } ] }, { "value": "Jordan - Mugen-Honda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix", "summary": "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mugen_Motorsports", "summary": "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.455", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.344", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ricardo Zonta", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ricardo_Zonta", "summary": "Ricardo Luiz Zonta ( born March 23 , 1976 ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver ." } ] }, { "value": "BAR - Honda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/British_American_Racing", "summary": "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One", "summary": "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.484", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.373", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jenson Button", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jenson_Button", "summary": "Jenson Alexander Lyons Button MBE ( born 19 January 1980 ) is a British racing driver and former Formula One driver . He won the 2009 Formula One World Championship , driving for Brawn GP . He currently competes in the Japanese Super GT Series driving a Honda NSX-GT for Team Kunimitsu , in which he won the title in 2018 . Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success , before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Williams for the 2000 season . The following year he switched to Benetton , which in 2002 became Renault , and then for the 2003 season he moved to BAR . In 2004 he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship , with only the two Ferraris ahead of him . BAR was subsequently renamed Honda for the 2006 season , during which Button won his first Grand Prix in Hungary , after 113 races . Following the withdrawal of Honda from the sport in December 2008 , he was left without a drive for the 2009 season , until Ross Brawn led a management buyout of the team in February 2009 , and Button suddenly found himself in a highly competitive , Mercedes-engined car . He went on to win a record-tying six of the first seven races of the 2009 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix , having led on points all season ; his success also helped Brawn GP to secure the World Constructors ' Championship . For 2010 , he moved to McLaren , partnering fellow British racer and former World Champion Lewis Hamilton . After finishing fifth for the team in 2010 , Button finished the 2011 season as runner-up ." } ] }, { "value": "Williams - BMW", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering", "summary": "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One", "summary": "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.490", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.379", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jacques Villeneuve", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve", "summary": "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : ​ [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ." } ] }, { "value": "BAR - Honda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/British_American_Racing", "summary": "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One", "summary": "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.515", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.404", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ralf Schumacher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher", "summary": "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ." } ] }, { "value": "Williams - BMW", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering", "summary": "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ." }, { "url": "/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One", "summary": "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.561", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.450", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jarno Trulli", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jarno_Trulli", "summary": "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ." } ] }, { "value": "Jordan - Mugen-Honda", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix", "summary": "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mugen_Motorsports", "summary": "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.627", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.516", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alexander Wurz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexander_Wurz", "summary": "Alexander Wurz ( born 15 February 1974 ) is an Austrian former professional racing driver , driver training expert and businessman . He competed in Formula One from 1997 until 2007 , and is also a two-time winner of the Le Mans 24 Hours . He is currently under contract to race for the Toyota factory racing team in the WEC ( World Endurance Championship ) . In Formula 1 , he is a commentator for TV and media , as well as being Williams F1 Team 's driver coach , [ citation needed ] chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association , and occasionally a driver steward ." } ] }, { "value": "Benetton - Playlife", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Benetton_Formula", "summary": "Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Playlife", "summary": "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.664", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.553", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jos Verstappen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jos_Verstappen", "summary": "Johannes Franciscus Jos Verstappen ( born 4 March 1972 ) is a Dutch former racing driver . After his F1 career Jos Verstappen has won races in A1 Grand Prix and Le Mans Series LMP2 races ( winning the 24 hours of Le Mans LMP2 class in 2008 ) . Prior to his F1 debut in 1994 , he was also the German Formula Three champion and Masters of Formula Three winner in 1993 . Jos was considered the most successful Dutch F1 racing driver before he retired and began mentoring his son Max in Formula 1 ." } ] }, { "value": "Arrows - Supertec", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International", "summary": "Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Supertec", "summary": "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.704", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.593", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jean Alesi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jean_Alesi", "summary": "Jean Alesi ( born Giovanni Alesi ; 11 June 1964 ) is a French racing driver of Italian origin . His father , Franco , was a mechanic from Alcamo , Sicily , and his mother was from Riesi . After successes in the minor categories , notably winning the 1989 Formula 3000 Championship , his Formula One career included spells at Tyrrell , Benetton , Sauber , Prost , Jordan and Ferrari , where he proved very popular among the tifosi . During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995 , his aggressive driving style , combined with the use of the number 27 on his car , led some journalists , and the tifosi , to compare him to Gilles Villeneuve and he won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix , but this proved to be the only win of his Formula One career . During his time in Formula One , Alesi was particularly good in the wet , and was a mercurial and passionate racer , whose emotions sometimes got the better of him . After leaving Formula One , from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship , winning some races , and his best result was a fifth place in the drivers ' championship . He raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009 , and raced at Le Mans in 2010 . He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition . For several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position . In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ." } ] }, { "value": "Prost - Peugeot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix", "summary": "Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Peugeot", "summary": "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ." } ] }, { "value": "1:15.715", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.604", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pedro de la Rosa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa", "summary": "Pedro Martínez de la Rosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾo ðe la ˈrosa ] ; born 24 February 1971 ) is a Spanish former Formula One driver who has participated in 107 Grands Prix for the Arrows , Jaguar , McLaren , Sauber and HRT teams , debuting on 7 March 1999 , becoming one of very few drivers to score a point at his first race . He has scored a total of 35 championship points , which includes a podium finish at the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix . On 21 November 2011 , De la Rosa signed a two-year contract to drive for the HRT F1 team , but he only remained with the team for one season , after HRT withdrew from the 2013 team list , leaving him without a drive for the 2013 season . On 16 January 2013 , De la Rosa was announced as the Ferrari development driver for the 2013 Formula One season . De la Rosa , along with Michael Schumacher was the last F1 driver that had raced in the sport in the 1990s ." } ] }, { "value": "Arrows - Supertec", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International", "summary": "Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Supertec", "summary": "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ." } ] }, { "value": "1:16.002", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+1.891", "urls": [] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Johnny Herbert", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnny_Herbert", "summary": "John Paul Johnny Herbert ( born 25 June 1964 ) is a retired British racing driver and television announcer . He raced in Formula One from 1989 to 2000 , for 7 different teams , winning three races and placed 4th in the 1995 championship . He also raced sports cars winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991 driving a Mazda 787B . He enjoyed much success in lower-level motor racing ." } ] }, { "value": "Jaguar - Cosworth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jaguar_Racing", "summary": "Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar 's racing interests . It currently competes in Formula E under the name Panasonic Jaguar Racing . It was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cosworth", "summary": "Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes ." } ] }, { "value": "1:16.250", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+2.139", "urls": [] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marc Gené", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marc_Gené", "summary": "Marc Gené i Guerrero ( born 29 March 1974 ) is a Spanish professional racing driver . He is best known as a tester for Williams and Ferrari in Formula One , Minardi Formula One driver and factory driver for Peugeot 's Le Mans team , with which he won the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans . His brother Jordi is also a racing driver , competing in the WTCC for SEAT . He had 36 starts in Formula One , mostly through two seasons with the Minardi team , with which he scored a sixth-place finish at the attrition-filled 1999 European Grand Prix . Starting from the 2010 season , Gené commented on Formula One races for Spanish television on Antena 3 . In 2013 he became an expert analyst for Sky Sport F1 HD in Italy ." } ] }, { "value": "Minardi - Fondmetal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Minardi", "summary": "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Fondmetal", "summary": "Fondmetal S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of alloy wheels , founded in 1972 by Gabriele Rumi . A Formula One constructor of the same name , also owned by Rumi , competed in the 1991 and 1992 seasons , scoring no championship points . The company also sponsored , and supplied wheels to , numerous other constructors from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s . In 2014 the Fondmetal brand expanded to the United States and became known as Fondmetal USA . All wheels continue to be made in Italy and are TUV approved ." } ] }, { "value": "1:16.380", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+2.269", "urls": [] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nick Heidfeld", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld", "summary": "Nick Lars Heidfeld ( born 10 May 1977 ) is a German professional racing driver . Despite scoring regular podium finishes in 2005 with Williams , and in 2007 and 2008 with BMW Sauber , Heidfeld never won a race after debuting in Formula One in 2000 . Heidfeld currently holds three Formula One records ; most podium finishes without a Grand Prix win ( 13 ) , most second-place finishes without a win ( 8 ) , and the most consecutive race classifications ( 41 ) . In 2011 , Heidfeld raced in Formula One for the Renault team as a replacement for the injured Robert Kubica , his former BMW Sauber teammate , before being replaced by Bruno Senna . He currently drives for the Rebellion Racing team in the FIA World Endurance Championship and for Mahindra Racing Formula E Team in Formula E ." } ] }, { "value": "Prost - Peugeot", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix", "summary": "Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Peugeot", "summary": "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ." } ] }, { "value": "1:17.112", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+3.001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "20*", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pedro Diniz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pedro_Diniz", "summary": "Pedro Paulo Falleiros dos Santos Diniz ( born 22 May 1970 ) is a Brazilian businessman and former racing driver . Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen and achieved minor success , before progressing to car racing in the Brazilian Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Forti for the 1995 season . The following year he switched to Ligier and moved to Arrows for 1997 . In 1998 , he finished 14th in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently moved to Sauber for 1999 . He left Sauber after the 2000 season and bought a share in the Prost team , which folded a year later . Since leaving motorsport , Diniz founded the Formula Renault 2.0 Brazil Championship which he ran from 2002 and 2006 , later becoming a partner in Pão de Açúcar and operates an organic produce and dairy farm alongside his wife Tatiana Diniz . He is a Board Member of Food Tank , a non-profit organization that spotlights environmentally , socially , and economically sustainable ways of alleviating hunger , obesity , and poverty and works to create networks of people , organizations , and content to push for food system change . Diniz was considered a pay driver during his career due to his family backing , but he scored ten points during his Formula One career while most pay drivers did not score any ." } ] }, { "value": "Sauber - Petronas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sauber", "summary": "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering", "summary": "Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended ." } ] }, { "value": "1:17.178", "urls": [] }, { "value": "+3.067", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Qualifying -- Qualifying classification", "section_text": "", "uid": "2000_Brazilian_Grand_Prix_0", "intro": "The 2000 Brazilian Grand Prix (officially the XXIX Grande Prêmio Marlboro do Brasil) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 March 2000 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in São Paulo, Brazil. 72,000 people attended the race. It was the second round of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 29th overall edition of the event. Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher won the 71-lap race from a third position start. Giancarlo Fisichella of the Benetton team finished in second and Heinz-Harald Frentzen of Jordan was third. Mika Häkkinen of the McLaren team took the 23rd pole position of his career by recording the fastest lap in qualifying. He held the lead for the first lap until Michael Schumacher passed him at the beginning of lap two. Thereafter, Michael Schumacher opened up a 17.6 second lead before his first of two pit stops for fuel and tyres on lap 20. He retook the lead after Häkkinen retired with a loss of engine oil pressure ten laps later. David Coulthard in the other McLaren reduced the advantage of Michael Schumacher in the final 12 laps as the latter slowed to manage an oil pressure problem. He was not close enough to make a pass for the win as Michael Schumacher took his second consecutive victory of the season, his third at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace and the 37th of his career. After the race, Coulthard was disqualified from second place due to an illegal front wing endplate." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lemur_species", "title": "List of lemur species", "header": [ "Scientific name", "Common name", "Classified", "Average size", "Conservation status" ], "data": [ { "value": "Avahi betsileo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Betsileo woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Betsileo_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The Betsileo woolly lemur or Betsileo avahi ( Avahi betsileo ) is a species of woolly lemur native to southeastern Madagascar , in the District of Fandriana . It weighs about 1 kg . The pelage differs significantly from other southeastern woolly lemurs in that it is primarily light reddish brown on most of the body and grey under the jaw and on the extremities . The pelage is thicker on the head than other eastern woolly lemurs ." } ] }, { "value": "2007 , Andriantompohavana et al", "urls": [] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi cleesei", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cleese 's woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cleese's_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The Bemaraha woolly lemur ( Avahi cleesei ) , also known as Cleese 's woolly lemur , is a species of woolly lemur native to western Madagascar , named after John Cleese . The scientist who discovered the species named it after Cleese , star of Monty Python , mainly because of Cleese 's fondness for lemurs , as shown in Operation Lemur With John Cleese and Fierce Creatures , and his efforts at protecting and preserving them . The species was first discovered in 1990 by a team of scientists from Zurich University led by Urs Thalmann , but was n't formally described as a species until November 11 , 2005 . The diurnal animal weighs about 5-6 kilograms ( 11-13 lb ) , has brown skin with white regions on the rear and inside of the thighs and has a short damp nose , large plate eyes , and ears which hardly stand out from the skin . It typically has a strictly vegetarian diet of leaves and buds , living together in small families . The local population calls the species dadintsifaky , which means Grandfather of the sifaka , because it is similarly sized to sifakas , but more ponderous , heavyset and has ample greyish-brown fur . The habitat is limited to the Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve in western Madagascar , which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The animal is probably threatened with becoming extinct in the long run , since the size of the population is unknown so far and its habitat shrinks continuously ." } ] }, { "value": "2005 , Thalmann and Geissmann", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0.83 kg ( 1.8 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi laniger", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eastern woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eastern_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The eastern woolly lemur ( Avahi laniger ) , also known as the eastern avahi or Gmelin 's woolly lemur , is a species of woolly lemur native to eastern Madagascar , where it lives in the wet tropical rainforest at low elevations along the eastern coast of the island or they can also inhabit the northern tip of the island with other species . The woolly lemur name refers to their thick , tightly-curled hair , whereas their generic name avahi refers to their high-pitched defensive call . The eastern woolly lemur almost has an owl-look with its large eyes , small rounded head , and ears that are mostly hidden . This nocturnal animal weighs 1.0-1.3 kg and reaches a length of 27-29 cm with a tail of 33-37 cm . Its diet consists mainly of leaves and buds with fruits , flowers , and bark . Eastern woolly lemurs live in monogamous pairs together with their offspring . The eastern woolly lemur 's breeding season ranges from March to May with the baby lemurs being born around August to September . Other lemur species that live in the same rainforests as eastern woolly lemur are the diademed sifaka ( Propithecus diadema ) and the red-bellied lemur ( Eulemur rubriventer ) . In southeastern rainforests , sympatric lemur species of A. meridionalis are the brown mouse lemur ( Microcebus rufus ) , the greater dwarf lemur ( Cheirogaleus major ) , the fat-tailed dwarf lemur ( Cheirogaleus medius ) and the collared brown lemur ( Eulemur collaris ) in Sainte Luce Forest , and the southern lesser bamboo lemur ( Hapalemur meridionalis ) in Mandena Forest . According to the study conducted in Diet and Behaviour of a Nocturnal Lemur , Avahi Laniger , in the Wild ( 1991 ) , a male lemur rarely interacts with more than one other individual when sleeping , traveling or grooming . At night , he would spend about 40% of the time with his partner either grooming or resting ." } ] }, { "value": "1788 , Gmelin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin", "summary": "Johann Friedrich Gmelin ( 8 August 1748 - 1 November 1804 ) was a German naturalist , botanist , entomologist , herpetologist , and malacologist ." } ] }, { "value": "0.9-1.3 kg ( 2.0-2.9 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vulnerable", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vulnerable_species", "summary": "A vulnerable species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as likely to become endangered unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve . Vulnerability is mainly caused by habitat loss or destruction of the species home . Vulnerable habitat or species are monitored and can become increasingly threatened . Some species listed as vulnerable may be common in captivity , an example being the military macaw . There are currently 5196 animals and 6789 plants classified as vulnerable , compared with 1998 levels of 2815 and 3222 , respectively . Practices such as Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources have been enforced in efforts to conserve vulnerable breeds of livestock specifically ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi meridionalis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Southern woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southern_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The southern woolly lemur ( Avahi meridionalis ) , or southern avahi , has been recently recognized as a separate species of woolly lemur in 2006 by Zaramody et al . It is a nocturnal and pair-living species . Groups can range from 2 ( the parental pair only ) to 5 individuals ( including the offspring of subsequent years ) . A study in Sainte Luce forest revealed home range varied from 2.2 to 3.5 ha and that males can have larger home range and cover longer daily distances than females ( which can spend more time feeding ) , in agreement with the territory defence and mate guarding hypotheses ." } ] }, { "value": "2006 , Zaramody et al", "urls": [] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi mooreorum", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Moore 's woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moore's_woolly_lemur", "summary": "Moore 's woolly lemur ( Avahi mooreorum ) , or the Masoala woolly lemur , is a woolly lemur endemic to Madagascar . It has brown-grey fur and a reddish tail . It is named in honor of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation of San Francisco ." } ] }, { "value": "2008 , Lei et al", "urls": [] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi occidentalis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Western woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Western_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The western woolly lemur or western avahi ( Avahi occidentalis ) is a species of woolly lemur native to western Madagascar , where they live in dry deciduous forests . These nocturnal animals weigh 0.7-0.9 kg . It is a folivorous species . The western woolly lemurs live in monogamous pairs together with their offspring ." } ] }, { "value": "1898 , von Lorenz-Liburnau", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0.7-0.9 kg ( 1.5-2.0 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi peyrierasi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Peyrieras 's woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peyrieras's_woolly_lemur", "summary": "Peyrieras 's woolly lemur or Peyrieras 's avahi ( Avahi peyrierasi ) is a species of woolly lemur native to southeastern Madagascar . It weighs about 1 kg ." } ] }, { "value": "2006 , Zaramody et al", "urls": [] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vulnerable", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vulnerable_species", "summary": "A vulnerable species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as likely to become endangered unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve . Vulnerability is mainly caused by habitat loss or destruction of the species home . Vulnerable habitat or species are monitored and can become increasingly threatened . Some species listed as vulnerable may be common in captivity , an example being the military macaw . There are currently 5196 animals and 6789 plants classified as vulnerable , compared with 1998 levels of 2815 and 3222 , respectively . Practices such as Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources have been enforced in efforts to conserve vulnerable breeds of livestock specifically ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi ramanantsoavani", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ramanantsoavana 's woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramanantsoavana's_woolly_lemur", "summary": "Ramanantsoavana 's woolly lemur ( Avahi ramanantsoavanai ) , also known as Ramanantsoavana 's avahi or the Manombo woolly lemur , is a species of woolly lemur native to southeastern Madagascar . It weighs about 1 kg . It was originally considered a subspecies of the southern woolly lemur ( A. meridionalis ) , A. m. ramanantsoavana , but was elevated to a separate species in 2006 based on molecular , phenotypic and morphological data ." } ] }, { "value": "2006 , Zaramody et al", "urls": [] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vulnerable", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vulnerable_species", "summary": "A vulnerable species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as likely to become endangered unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve . Vulnerability is mainly caused by habitat loss or destruction of the species home . Vulnerable habitat or species are monitored and can become increasingly threatened . Some species listed as vulnerable may be common in captivity , an example being the military macaw . There are currently 5196 animals and 6789 plants classified as vulnerable , compared with 1998 levels of 2815 and 3222 , respectively . Practices such as Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources have been enforced in efforts to conserve vulnerable breeds of livestock specifically ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi unicolor", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sambirano woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sambirano_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The Sambirano woolly lemur ( Avahi unicolor ) , also known as the Sambirano avahi or unicolor woolly lemur , is a species of woolly lemur native to western Madagascar ." } ] }, { "value": "2000 , Thalmann and Geissmann", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0.7-1 kg ( 1.5-2.2 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Indri indri", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Indri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Indri", "summary": "The indri ( /ˈɪndri/ ( listen ) ; Indri indri ) , also called the babakoto , [ citation needed ] is one of the largest living lemurs , with a head-and-body length of about 64-72 cm ( 25-28 in ) and a weight of between 6 to 9.5 kg ( 13 to 21 lb ) . It has a black and white coat and maintains an upright posture when climbing or clinging . It is monogamous and lives in small family groups , moving through the canopy , and is purely herbivorous , feeding mainly on leaves but also seeds , fruits , and flowers . The groups are quite vocal , communicating with other groups by singing , roaring and other vocalisations . It is a diurnal tree-dweller related to the sifakas and , like all lemurs , it is native to Madagascar . It is revered by the Malagasy people and plays an important part in their myths and legends with various stories in existence accounting for its origin . The main threats faced by the indri are habitat destruction and fragmentation due to slash and burn agriculture , fuelwood gathering , and logging . It is also hunted despite taboos against this . The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as critically endangered ." } ] }, { "value": "1788 , Gmelin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin", "summary": "Johann Friedrich Gmelin ( 8 August 1748 - 1 November 1804 ) was a German naturalist , botanist , entomologist , herpetologist , and malacologist ." } ] }, { "value": "6-9.5 kg ( 13-21 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critically Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critically_Endangered", "summary": "A critically endangered ( CR ) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . As of 2014 , there are 2,464 animal and 2,104 plant species with this assessment . As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive , targeted surveys have been conducted , species that are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered . IUCN maintains a list of possibly extinct CR ( PE ) and possibly extinct in the wild CR ( PEW ) species , modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus candidus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silky sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Silky_sifaka", "summary": "The silky sifaka ( Propithecus candidus ) is a large lemur characterized by long , silky , white fur . It has a very restricted range in northeastern Madagascar , where it is known locally as the simpona . It is one of the rarest mammals on Earth , and is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as one of the world 's 25 most critically endangered primates . The silky sifaka is one of nine sifaka species ( genus Propithecus ) , and one of four former subspecies of diademed sifaka ( P. diadema ) . Studies in 2004 and 2007 compared external proportions , genetics , and craniodental anatomy supporting full species status , which has generally been accepted . The silky sifaka has a variable social structure , and lives in groups of two to nine individuals . It spends most of its day feeding and resting , though it also devotes a considerable amount of time to social behaviors , such as playing and grooming , as well as travelling . Females occasionally take priority over males during feeding . Like other eastern sifakas , it consumes mainly leaves and seeds , but also fruit , flowers , and even soil on occasion . It is a seasonal breeder and only mates one day a year during the start of the rainy season . As with other sifaka species , nonmaternal infant care is common . Group members of all ages and both sexes often groom , play with , occasionally carry , and even nurse infants that are not their own ." } ] }, { "value": "1871 , A. Grandidier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Grandidier", "summary": "Alfred Grandidier ( 20 December 1836 - 13 September 1921 ) was a French naturalist and explorer . From a very wealthy family , at the age of 20 , he and his brother , Ernest Grandidier ( 1833-1912 ) , undertook a voyage around the world . At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen ( 1824-1907 ) , but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months , the brothers continued the journey . They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes , Peru , Chile , Bolivia , Argentina and Brazil . During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed , in 1860 , by Ernest . The two brothers parted ways after this . Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum . Alfred travelled to India , reaching it in 1863 . He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet , but was prevented by a severe attack of fever . Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate , remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings . He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar . He became devoted to the study of the island , revisiting in 1866 and 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "5-6 kg ( 11-13 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critically Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critically_Endangered", "summary": "A critically endangered ( CR ) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . As of 2014 , there are 2,464 animal and 2,104 plant species with this assessment . As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive , targeted surveys have been conducted , species that are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered . IUCN maintains a list of possibly extinct CR ( PE ) and possibly extinct in the wild CR ( PEW ) species , modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus coquereli", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Coquerel 's sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Coquerel's_sifaka", "summary": "Coquerel 's sifaka ( Propithecus coquereli ) is a diurnal , medium-sized lemur of the sifaka genus Propithecus . It is native to Madagascar . Coquerel 's sifaka was once considered to be a subspecies of Verreaux 's sifaka , but was eventually granted full species level ." } ] }, { "value": "1867 , A. Grandidier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Grandidier", "summary": "Alfred Grandidier ( 20 December 1836 - 13 September 1921 ) was a French naturalist and explorer . From a very wealthy family , at the age of 20 , he and his brother , Ernest Grandidier ( 1833-1912 ) , undertook a voyage around the world . At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen ( 1824-1907 ) , but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months , the brothers continued the journey . They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes , Peru , Chile , Bolivia , Argentina and Brazil . During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed , in 1860 , by Ernest . The two brothers parted ways after this . Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum . Alfred travelled to India , reaching it in 1863 . He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet , but was prevented by a severe attack of fever . Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate , remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings . He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar . He became devoted to the study of the island , revisiting in 1866 and 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "3.7-4.3 kg ( 8.2-9.5 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus coronatus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Crowned sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Crowned_sifaka", "summary": "The crowned sifaka ( Propithecus coronatus ) is a sifaka endemic to western Madagascar . It is of comparable size to the Golden-crowned sifaka and up to a meter in length , of which 47-57 centimeters are tail . The species is an arboreal vertical climber and leaper whose diet consists of leaves , fruits and flowers . It is threatened by habitat destruction and currently classified as Endangered by the IUCN ." } ] }, { "value": "1871 , Milne-Edwards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards", "summary": "Henri Milne-Edwards ( 23 October 1800 - 29 July 1885 ) was an eminent French zoologist ." } ] }, { "value": "3.5-4.3 kg ( 7.7-9.5 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus deckenii", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Von der Decken 's sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Von_der_Decken's_sifaka", "summary": "Von der Decken 's sifaka ( Propithecus deckenii ) is a sifaka endemic to Madagascar . It has a length of 92 to 107 centimeters , of which 42-48 centimeters are tail . Von der Decken 's Sifaka lives in western Madagascar . It lives in dry deciduous forest . Its pelage is usually creamy white , with tinges of yellow-gold , silver grey or pale brown on the neck , shoulders , back and limbs . The face is entirely black . Group size is between 2 and 10 individuals , with groups of 3 to 6 most common . The IUCN lists its status as endangered , and it is listed in CITES Appendix I ." } ] }, { "value": "1870 , A. Grandidier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Grandidier", "summary": "Alfred Grandidier ( 20 December 1836 - 13 September 1921 ) was a French naturalist and explorer . From a very wealthy family , at the age of 20 , he and his brother , Ernest Grandidier ( 1833-1912 ) , undertook a voyage around the world . At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen ( 1824-1907 ) , but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months , the brothers continued the journey . They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes , Peru , Chile , Bolivia , Argentina and Brazil . During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed , in 1860 , by Ernest . The two brothers parted ways after this . Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum . Alfred travelled to India , reaching it in 1863 . He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet , but was prevented by a severe attack of fever . Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate , remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings . He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar . He became devoted to the study of the island , revisiting in 1866 and 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "3-4.5 kg ( 6.6-9.9 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus diadema", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Diademed sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Diademed_sifaka", "summary": "The diademed sifaka ( Propithecus diadema ) , or diademed simpona , is an endangered species of sifaka , one of the lemurs endemic to certain rainforests in eastern Madagascar . Along with the indri , this species is one of the two largest living lemurs , with an average weight of 6.5 kg and a total adult length of approximately 105 centimetres ( 41 inches ) , half of which is its tail . Russell Mittermeier , one of the contemporary authorities on lemurs , describes the diademed sifaka as one of the most colorful and attractive of all the lemurs , having a long and silky coat . P. diadema is also known by the Malagasy names simpona , simpony and ankomba joby . The term diademed sifaka is also used as a group species designation formerly encompassing four distinct subspecies ." } ] }, { "value": "1832 , Bennett", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edward_Turner_Bennett", "summary": "Edward Turner Bennett ( 6 January 1797 - 21 August 1836 ) was an English zoologist and writer . He was the elder brother of the botanist John Joseph Bennett . Bennett was born at Hackney and practiced as a surgeon , but his chief pursuit was always zoology . In 1822 he attempted to establish an entomological society , which later became a zoological society in connection with the Linnean Society . This in turn became the starting point of the Zoological Society of London , of which Bennett was Secretary from 1831 to 1836 . His works included The Tower Menagerie ( 1829 ) and The Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society ( 1831 ) . He also wrote , in conjunction with G. T. Lay , the section on Fishes in the Zoology of Beechey 's Voyage ( 1839 ) . In 1835 he described a new species of African crocodile , Mecistops leptorhynchus , the validity of which was confirmed in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "6-8.5 kg ( 13-19 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critically Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critically_Endangered", "summary": "A critically endangered ( CR ) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . As of 2014 , there are 2,464 animal and 2,104 plant species with this assessment . As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive , targeted surveys have been conducted , species that are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered . IUCN maintains a list of possibly extinct CR ( PE ) and possibly extinct in the wild CR ( PEW ) species , modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus edwardsi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Milne-Edwards 's sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Milne-Edwards's_sifaka", "summary": "Milne-Edwards 's sifaka ( Propithecus edwardsi ) , or Milne-Edwards 's simpona , is a large arboreal , diurnal lemur endemic to the eastern coastal rainforest of Madagascar . Milne-Edwards 's sifaka is characterized by a black body with a light-colored saddle on the lower part of its back . It is closely related to the diademed sifaka , and was until recently considered a subspecies of it . Like all sifakas , it is a primate in the family Indriidae ." } ] }, { "value": "1871 , A. Grandidier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Grandidier", "summary": "Alfred Grandidier ( 20 December 1836 - 13 September 1921 ) was a French naturalist and explorer . From a very wealthy family , at the age of 20 , he and his brother , Ernest Grandidier ( 1833-1912 ) , undertook a voyage around the world . At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen ( 1824-1907 ) , but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months , the brothers continued the journey . They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes , Peru , Chile , Bolivia , Argentina and Brazil . During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed , in 1860 , by Ernest . The two brothers parted ways after this . Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum . Alfred travelled to India , reaching it in 1863 . He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet , but was prevented by a severe attack of fever . Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate , remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings . He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar . He became devoted to the study of the island , revisiting in 1866 and 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "5-6.5 kg ( 11-14 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus perrieri", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Perrier 's sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Perrier's_sifaka", "summary": "Perrier 's sifaka ( Propithecus perrieri ) is a lemur endemic to Madagascar . It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of diademed sifaka It has a very small range in northeastern Madagascar where its habitat is dry deciduous or semihumid forest . Part of its range is in protected areas . It is an almost entirely black sifaka and measures about 90 cm ( 35 in ) , half of which is a bushy tail . Females are slightly larger than males . It moves in small family groups through the canopy feeding on fruit , leaves , flowers , buds , and seeds . Groups have territories around one hectare and vocalise with each other . The main threats faced by this sifaka are habitat destruction and fragmentation due to slash-and-burn agriculture , charcoal gathering , and logging . The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as critically endangered and is considered to be one of the 25 most endangered primates in the world ." } ] }, { "value": "1931 , Lavauden", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4.3-5 kg ( 9.5-11.0 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critically Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critically_Endangered", "summary": "A critically endangered ( CR ) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . As of 2014 , there are 2,464 animal and 2,104 plant species with this assessment . As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive , targeted surveys have been conducted , species that are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered . IUCN maintains a list of possibly extinct CR ( PE ) and possibly extinct in the wild CR ( PEW ) species , modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus tattersalli", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Golden-crowned sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Golden-crowned_sifaka", "summary": "The golden-crowned sifaka or Tattersall 's sifaka ( Propithecus tattersalli ) is a medium-sized lemur characterized by mostly white fur , prominent furry ears , and a golden-orange crown . It is one of the smallest sifakas ( genus Propithecus ) , weighing around 3.5 kg ( 7.7 lb ) and measuring approximately 90 cm ( 35 in ) from head to tail . Like all sifakas , it is a vertical clinger and leaper , and its diet includes mostly seeds and leaves . The golden-crowned sifaka is named after its discoverer , Ian Tattersall , who first spotted the species in 1974 . However , it was not formally described until 1988 , after a research team led by Elwyn L. Simons observed and captured some specimens for captive breeding . The golden-crowned sifaka most closely resembles the western forest sifakas of the P. verreauxi group , yet its karyotype suggests a closer relationship with the P. diadema group of eastern forest sifakas . Despite the similarities with both groups , more recent studies of its karyotype support its classification as a distinct species . Found in gallery , deciduous , and semi-evergreen forest , its restricted range includes 44 forest fragments , totaling an area of 44,125 hectares ( 109,040 acres ; 170.37 sq mi ) , centered on the town of Daraina in northeast Madagascar . Its estimated population is 18,000 individuals . It is primarily active during the day , although it also tends to be active at dawn and dusk during the rainy season . It sleeps in tall emergent trees and is preyed upon by the fossa . The golden-crowned sifaka lives in groups of around five to six individuals , containing a balanced number of adult males and females ." } ] }, { "value": "1988 , Simons", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3.4-3.6 kg ( 7.5-7.9 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critically Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critically_Endangered", "summary": "A critically endangered ( CR ) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . As of 2014 , there are 2,464 animal and 2,104 plant species with this assessment . As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive , targeted surveys have been conducted , species that are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered . IUCN maintains a list of possibly extinct CR ( PE ) and possibly extinct in the wild CR ( PEW ) species , modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus verreauxi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Verreaux 's sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Verreaux's_sifaka", "summary": "Verreaux 's sifaka ( Propithecus verreauxi ) , or the white sifaka , is a medium-sized primate in one of the lemur families , the Indriidae . It lives in Madagascar and can be found in a variety of habitats from rainforest to western Madagascar dry deciduous forests and dry and spiny forests . Its fur is thick and silky and generally white with brown on the sides , top of the head , and on the arms . Like all sifakas , it has a long tail that it uses as a balance when leaping from tree to tree . However , its body is so highly adapted to an arboreal existence , on the ground its only means of locomotion is hopping . The species lives in small troops which forage for food . Four subspecies of this lemur are described . Many things are unknown about Verreaux 's sifaka , so their lifespan in the wild has not been approximated , but in captivity , they generally live to up to 18 years old . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "1867 , A. Grandidier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Grandidier", "summary": "Alfred Grandidier ( 20 December 1836 - 13 September 1921 ) was a French naturalist and explorer . From a very wealthy family , at the age of 20 , he and his brother , Ernest Grandidier ( 1833-1912 ) , undertook a voyage around the world . At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen ( 1824-1907 ) , but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months , the brothers continued the journey . They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes , Peru , Chile , Bolivia , Argentina and Brazil . During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed , in 1860 , by Ernest . The two brothers parted ways after this . Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum . Alfred travelled to India , reaching it in 1863 . He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet , but was prevented by a severe attack of fever . Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate , remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings . He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar . He became devoted to the study of the island , revisiting in 1866 and 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "3-3.5 kg ( 6.6-7.7 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Extant species -- Family : Indriidae", "section_text": "Family Indriidae consists of the indri ( the largest extant lemur ) , the woolly lemurs and the sifakas . There are 19 extant species . The indri is one of the two largest extant lemurs . Sifakas are vertical clingers and jumpers and are represented by 9 species .", "uid": "List_of_lemur_species_3", "intro": "Lemurs are strepsirrhine primates, all species of which are endemic to Madagascar. They include the smallest primate in the world, Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, which weighs 30 grams (1.1 oz), and range up to the size of the indri, which can weigh as much as 9.5 kilograms (21 lb). However, recently extinct species grew much larger. As of 2010, five families, 15 genera, and 101 species and subspecies of lemur were formally recognized. From 2000 through 2008, 39 new species were described and nine other taxa resurrected. By 2014, the number of species and subspecies recognized had increased to 113; of these, the IUCN classified 24 as Critically Endangered, 49 as Endangered, 20 as Vulnerable, three as Near Threatened, three as Least Concern and four as Data Deficient; two were yet to be evaluated. The number of lemur species is likely to continue growing in the coming years, as field studies, cytogenetic and molecular genetic research continues. There is not complete agreement over the latest revisions to lemur taxonomy, with some experts preferring an estimated 50 lemur species. The debates are likely to continue, as some scholars label the explosive growth of species numbers as taxonomic inflation. In many cases, classifications will ultimately depend upon which species concept is used. In the case of the lemurs of Madagascar, which have suffered extensively from deforestation and habitat fragmentation, nearly 25% of all species are either Endangered or Critically Endangered, most have yet to be extensively studied, and nearly all populations are in decline. For these reasons, taxonomists and conservationists favor splitting them into separate species to develop an effective strategy for the conservation of the full range of lemur diversity." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_England", "title": "Tourism in England", "header": [ "National Rank", "Site", "Location", "Visitor count ( 2009 )" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tower of London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tower_of_London", "summary": "The Tower of London , officially Her Majesty 's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London , is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London . It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , which is separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill . It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England . The White Tower , which gives the entire castle its name , was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression , inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite . The castle was used as a prison from 1100 ( Ranulf Flambard ) until 1952 ( Kray twins ) , although that was not its primary purpose . A grand palace early in its history , it served as a royal residence . As a whole , the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat . There were several phases of expansion , mainly under kings Richard I , Henry III , and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries . The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site . The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history . It was besieged several times , and controlling it has been important to controlling the country . The Tower has served variously as an armoury , a treasury , a menagerie , the home of the Royal Mint , a public record office , and the home of the Crown Jewels of England ." } ] }, { "value": "London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London", "summary": "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ." } ] }, { "value": "2,389,548", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St Paul 's Cathedral", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St_Paul's_Cathedral", "summary": "St Paul 's Cathedral , London , is an Anglican cathedral , the seat of the Bishop of London and the mother church of the Diocese of London . It sits on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grade I listed building . Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site , founded in AD 604 . The present cathedral , dating from the late 17th century , was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren . Its construction , completed in Wren 's lifetime , was part of a major rebuilding programme in the City after the Great Fire of London . [ page needed ] The cathedral building largely destroyed in the Great Fire , now often referred to as Old St Paul 's Cathedral , was a central focus for medieval and early modern London , including Paul 's walk and St Paul 's Churchyard being the site of St Paul 's Cross . The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London . Its dome , framed by the spires of Wren 's City churches , has dominated the skyline for over 300 years . At 365 feet ( 111 m ) high , it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1967 . The dome is among the highest in the world . St Paul 's is the second-largest church building in area in the United Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral . Services held at St Paul 's have included the funerals of Admiral Nelson , the Duke of Wellington , Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher ; jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria ; peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars ; the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer ; the launch of the Festival of Britain ; and the thanksgiving services for the Silver , Golden and Diamond Jubilees and the 80th and 90th birthdays of Queen Elizabeth II ." } ] }, { "value": "London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London", "summary": "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ." } ] }, { "value": "1,821,321", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Westminster Abbey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Westminster_Abbey", "summary": "Westminster Abbey , formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster , is a large , mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster , London , England , just to the west of the Palace of Westminster . It is one of the United Kingdom 's most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and , later , British monarchs . The building itself was a Benedictine monastic church until the monastery was dissolved in 1539 . Between 1540 and 1556 , the abbey had the status of a cathedral . Since 1560 , the building is no longer an abbey or a cathedral , having instead the status of a Church of England Royal Peculiar - a church responsible directly to the sovereign . According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site ( then known as Thorn Ey ( Thorn Island ) ) in the seventh century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London . Construction of the present church began in 1245 , on the orders of King Henry III . Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066 , all coronations of English and British monarchs have been in Westminster Abbey . There have been 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100 . As the burial site of more than 3,300 persons , usually of prominence in British history ( including at least sixteen monarchs , eight Prime Ministers , poets laureate , actors , scientists , military leaders , and the Unknown Warrior ) , Westminster Abbey is sometimes described as 'Britain 's Valhalla ' , after the iconic burial hall of Norse mythology ." } ] }, { "value": "London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London", "summary": "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ." } ] }, { "value": "1,449,593", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roman Baths", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)", "summary": "The Roman Baths are a well-preserved thermae in the city of Bath , Somerset , England . A temple was constructed on the site between 60-70CE in the first few decades of Roman Britain . Its presence led to the development of the small Roman urban settlement known as Aquae Sulis around the site . The Roman baths , which were used for public bathing , were used until the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th Century CE . According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , the original Roman baths were in ruins a century later . The area around the natural springs was redeveloped several times during the Early and Late Middle Ages . The Roman Baths are preserved in four main features : the Sacred Spring , the Roman Temple , the Roman Bath House , and a museum which holds artefacta from Aquae Sulis . However , all buildings at street level date from the 19th century . It is a major tourist attraction in the UK , and together with the Grand Pump Room , receives more than 1.3 million visitors annually . Visitors can tour the baths and museum but can not enter the water ." } ] }, { "value": "Bath", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bath,_Somerset", "summary": "Bath is the largest city in the county of Somerset , England , known for and named after its Roman-built baths . In 2011 , the population was 88,859 . Bath is in the valley of the River Avon , 97 miles ( 156 km ) west of London and 11 miles ( 18 km ) southeast of Bristol . The city became a World Heritage site in 1987 . The city became a spa with the Latin name Aquae Sulis ( the waters of Sul ) c. 60 AD when the Romans built baths and a temple in the valley of the River Avon , although hot springs were known even before then . Bath Abbey was founded in the 7th century and became a religious centre ; the building was rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries . In the 17th century , claims were made for the curative properties of water from the springs , and Bath became popular as a spa town in the Georgian era . Georgian architecture , crafted from Bath stone , includes the Royal Crescent , Circus , Pump Room and Assembly Rooms where Beau Nash presided over the city 's social life from 1705 until his death in 1761 . Many of the streets and squares were laid out by John Wood , the Elder , and in the 18th century the city became fashionable and the population grew . Jane Austen lived in Bath in the early 19th century . Further building was undertaken in the 19th century and following the Bath Blitz in World War II . The city has software , publishing and service-oriented industries ." } ] }, { "value": "1,196,481", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Canterbury Cathedral", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral", "summary": "Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury , Kent , is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England . It forms part of a World Heritage Site . It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury , currently Justin Welby , leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion . Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury . Founded in 597 , the cathedral was completely rebuilt between 1070 and 1077 . The east end was greatly enlarged at the beginning of the 12th century , and largely rebuilt in the Gothic style following a fire in 1174 , with significant eastward extensions to accommodate the flow of pilgrims visiting the shrine of Thomas Becket , the archbishop who was murdered in the cathedral in 1170 . The Norman nave and transepts survived until the late 14th century , when they were demolished to make way for the present structures . Before the English Reformation the cathedral was part of a Benedictine monastic community known as Christ Church , Canterbury , as well as being the seat of the archbishop ." } ] }, { "value": "Canterbury", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Canterbury", "summary": "Canterbury ( /ˈkæntərbəri/ ( listen ) , /-bɛri/ ) is a historic English cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site , situated in the heart of the City of Canterbury , a local government district of Kent , England . It lies on the River Stour . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the primate of the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion owing to the importance of St Augustine , who served as the apostle to the pagan Kingdom of Kent around the turn of the 7th century . The city 's cathedral became a major focus of pilgrimage following the 1170 martyrdom of Thomas Becket , although it had already been a well-trodden pilgrim destination since the murder of St Alphege by the men of King Canute in 1012 . A journey of pilgrims to Becket 's shrine served as the frame for Geoffrey Chaucer 's 14th century classic The Canterbury Tales . Canterbury is a popular tourist destination : consistently one of the most-visited cities in the United Kingdom , the city 's economy is heavily reliant upon tourism . The city has been occupied since Paleolithic times and served as the capital of the Celtic Cantiaci and Jute Kingdom of Kent . Many historical structures fill the area , including a city wall founded in Roman times and rebuilt in the 14th century , the ruins of St Augustine 's Abbey and a Norman castle , and the oldest extant school in the world , the King 's School . Modern additions include the Marlowe Theatre and the St Lawrence Ground , home of the Kent County Cricket Club . There is also a substantial student population , brought about by the presence of the University of Kent , Canterbury Christ Church University , the University for the Creative Arts , and the Girne American University Canterbury campus . Canterbury remains , however , a small city in terms of geographical size and population , when compared with other British cities ." } ] }, { "value": "1,013,118", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stonehenge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stonehenge", "summary": "Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire , England , two miles ( 3 km ) west of Amesbury . It consists of a ring of standing stones , each around 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) high , seven feet ( 2.1 m ) wide , and weighing around 25 tons . The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England , including several hundred tumuli ( burial mounds ) . Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC . The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch , which constitute the earliest phase of the monument , have been dated to about 3100 BC . Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC , although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC . One of the most famous landmarks in the United Kingdom , Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon . It has been a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1882 , when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain . The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 . Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage ; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust . Stonehenge could have been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings . Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC , when the ditch and bank were first dug , and continued for at least another 500 years ." } ] }, { "value": "Amesbury", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Amesbury", "summary": "Amesbury ( /ˈeɪmzbəri/ ) is a town and civil parish in Wiltshire , England . It is most famous for the prehistoric monument of Stonehenge which is in its parish , and for the discovery of the Amesbury Archer - dubbed the King of Stonehenge in the press - in 2002 . It has been confirmed by archaeologists that it is the oldest continuously occupied settlement in the United Kingdom , having been first settled around 8820 BC . King Alfred the Great left it in his will , a copy of which is in the British Library , to his youngest son Aethelweard ( c.880-922 ) . Eleanor of Provence , Queen consort of Henry III of England , died in Amesbury on 24 or 25 June 1291 , and was buried in Amesbury Priory . The parish includes the hamlets of Ratfyn and West Amesbury , and most of Boscombe Down military airfield ." } ] }, { "value": "990,705", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Palace of Westminster", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster", "summary": "The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords , the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants , the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster , in central London , England . Its name , which derives from the neighbouring Westminster Abbey , may refer to either of two structures : the Old Palace , a medieval building-complex destroyed by fire in 1834 , or its replacement , the New Palace that stands today . The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and , for ceremonial purposes , retains its original status as a royal residence . Committees appointed by both houses manage the building and report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and to the Lord Speaker . The first royal palace constructed on the site dated from the 11th century , and Westminster became the primary residence of the Kings of England until fire destroyed much of the complex in 1512 . After that , it served as the home of the Parliament of England , which had met there since the 13th century , and also as the seat of the Royal Courts of Justice , based in and around Westminster Hall . In 1834 an even greater fire ravaged the heavily rebuilt Houses of Parliament , and the only significant medieval structures to survive were Westminster Hall , the Cloisters of St Stephen 's , the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft , and the Jewel Tower . In the subsequent competition for the reconstruction of the Palace , the architect Charles Barry won with a design for new buildings in the Gothic Revival style , specifically inspired by the English Perpendicular Gothic style of the 14th-16th centuries . The remains of the Old Palace ( except the detached Jewel Tower ) were incorporated into its much larger replacement , which contains over 1,100 rooms organised symmetrically around two series of courtyards and which has a floor area of 112,476 m2 ( 1,210,680 sq ft ) . Part of the New Palace 's area of 3.24 hectares ( 8 acres ) was reclaimed from the River Thames , which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long ( 980 ft ) façade , called the River Front . Augustus Pugin , a leading authority on Gothic architecture and style , assisted Barry and designed the interior of the Palace ." } ] }, { "value": "London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London", "summary": "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ." } ] }, { "value": "963,362", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "York Minster", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/York_Minster", "summary": "The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York , commonly known as York Minster , is the cathedral of York , England , and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe . The minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York , the third-highest office of the Church of England ( after the monarch as Supreme Governor and the Archbishop of Canterbury ) , and is the mother church for the Diocese of York and the Province of York . It is run by a dean and chapter , under the Dean of York . The title minster is attributed to churches established in the Anglo-Saxon period as missionary teaching churches , and serves now as an honorific title . Services in the minster are sometimes regarded as on the High Church or Anglo-Catholic end of the Anglican continuum . The minster , devoted to Saint Peter , has a very wide Decorated Gothic nave and chapter house , a Perpendicular Gothic quire and east end and Early English North and South transepts . The nave contains the West Window , constructed in 1338 , and over the Lady Chapel in the east end is the Great East Window ( finished in 1408 ) , the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the world . In the north transept is the Five Sisters Window , each lancet being over 53 feet ( 16.3 m ) high . The south transept contains a rose window , while the West Window contains a heart-shaped design colloquially known as The Heart of Yorkshire ." } ] }, { "value": "York", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/York", "summary": "York is a city and unitary authority area in North Yorkshire , England . The population of the council area which includes nearby villages was 208,200 as of 2017 [ citation needed ] and the population of the urban area was 153,717 at the 2011 census . Located at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss , it is the county town of the historic county of Yorkshire . The city is known for its famous historical landmarks such as York Minster and the city walls , as well as a variety of cultural and sporting activities , which makes it a popular tourist destination in England . The local authority is the City of York Council , a single tier governing body responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout the city . The City of York local government district includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries . It is about 25 miles north-east of Leeds and 34 miles north-west of Kingston upon Hull . York is the largest settlement in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire . The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD . It became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior , and later of the kingdoms of Deira , Northumbria and Jórvík . In the Middle Ages , York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England , a role it has retained . In the 19th century , York became a major hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre , a status it maintained well into the 20th century ." } ] }, { "value": "797,100", "urls": [] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chatsworth House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chatsworth_House", "summary": "Chatsworth House is a stately home in Derbyshire , England , in the Derbyshire Dales 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) north-east of Bakewell and 9 miles ( 14 km ) west of Chesterfield . The seat of the Duke of Devonshire , it has been home to the Cavendish family since 1549 . Standing on the east bank of the River Derwent , it looks across to the low hills between the Derwent and Wye valleys . The house is set in expansive parkland and backed by wooded , rocky hills rising to heather moorland . It contains major collections of paintings , furniture , Old Master drawings , neoclassical sculptures , books and other artefacts . Chatsworth has been chosen as Britain 's favourite country house several times ." } ] }, { "value": "Chatsworth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chatsworth,_Derbyshire", "summary": "Chatsworth is a civil parish in Derbyshire , England , within the area of the Derbyshire Dales and the Peak District National Park . The population is largely in and around Chatsworth House and is considered to be too low to justify a parish council . Instead , there is a parish meeting , at which all electors may attend . Most of Chatsworth belongs to the Duke of Devonshire 's Chatsworth estate , the villages of which include Beeley , Pilsley and Edensor ." } ] }, { "value": "652,969", "urls": [] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Leeds Castle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leeds_Castle", "summary": "Leeds Castle is a castle in Kent , England , 5 miles ( 8 km ) southeast of Maidstone . It is built on islands in a lake formed by the River Len to the east of the village of Leeds . A castle has existed on the site since 1119 , the first being a simple stone stronghold constructed by Robert de Crevecoeur which served as a military post in the time of Norman intrusions into England . In the 13th century it came into the hands of King Edward I , for whom it became a favourite residence ; in the 16th century , Henry VIII used it as a dwelling for his first wife , Catherine of Aragon . The present castle dates mostly from the 19th century . It has been open to the public since 1976 ." } ] }, { "value": "Maidstone", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maidstone", "summary": "Maidstone is a town in Kent , England , of which it is the county town . Maidstone is historically important and lies 32 miles ( 51 km ) east-south-east of London . The River Medway runs through the centre of the town , linking it with Rochester and the Thames Estuary . Historically , the river carried much of the town 's trade as the centre of the agricultural county of Kent , known as the Garden of England . There is evidence of settlement in the area dating back before the Stone Age . The town , part of the borough of Maidstone , had a population of 113,137 in 2011 . There has been a shift in the town 's economy since the Second World War away from heavy industry towards light industry and services ." } ] }, { "value": "646,801", "urls": [] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hampton Court Palace", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace", "summary": "Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace in the borough of Richmond upon Thames , 12 miles ( 19.3 kilometres ) south west and upstream of central London on the River Thames . Building of the palace began in 1515 for Cardinal Thomas Wolsey , a favourite of King Henry VIII . In 1529 , as Wolsey fell from favour , the cardinal gave the palace to the King to check his disgrace ; Henry VIII later enlarged it . Along with St James ' Palace , it is one of only two surviving palaces out of the many the King owned . The palace is currently in the possession of Queen Elizabeth II and the Crown . In the following century , King William III 's massive rebuilding and expansion work , which was intended to rival the Palace of Versailles , destroyed much of the Tudor palace . His work ceased in 1694 , leaving the palace in two distinct contrasting architectural styles , domestic Tudor and Baroque . While the palace 's styles are an accident of fate , a unity exists due to the use of pink bricks and a symmetrical , if vague , balancing of successive low wings . King George II was the last monarch to reside in the palace . Today , the palace is open to the public and a major tourist attraction , easily reached by train from Waterloo station in central London and served by Hampton Court railway station in East Molesey , in Transport for London 's Zone 6 . In addition , London Buses routes 111 , 216 , 411 and R68 stop outside the palace gates . The structure and grounds are cared for by an independent charity , Historic Royal Palaces , which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown ." } ] }, { "value": "London", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/London", "summary": "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ." } ] }, { "value": "541,646", "urls": [] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Blenheim Palace", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blenheim_Palace", "summary": "Blenheim Palace ( pronounced /ˈblɛnɪm/ BLEN-im ) is a monumental country house in Woodstock , Oxfordshire , England . It is the principal residence of the Dukes of Marlborough , and the only non-royal , non-episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace . The palace , one of England 's largest houses , was built between 1705 and 1722 , and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . The palace is named for the 1704 Battle of Blenheim , and thus ultimately after Blindheim ( also known as Blenheim ) in Bavaria . It was originally intended to be a reward to John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough for his military triumphs against the French and Bavarians in the War of the Spanish Succession , culminating in the Battle of Blenheim . The land was given as a gift , and construction began in 1705 , with some financial support from Queen Anne . The project soon became the subject of political infighting , with the Crown cancelling further financial support in 1712 , Marlborough 's three-year voluntary exile to the Continent , the fall from influence of his duchy and lasting damage to the reputation of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh . Designed in the rare , and short-lived , English Baroque style , architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the 1720s . It is unique in its combined use as a family home , mausoleum and national monument . The palace is notable as the birthplace and ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill . Following the palace 's completion , it became the home of the Churchill ( later Spencer-Churchill ) family for the next 300 years , and various members of the family have wrought changes to the interiors , park and gardens . At the end of the 19th century , the palace was saved from ruin by funds gained from the 9th Duke of Marlborough 's marriage to American railroad heiress Consuelo Vanderbilt ." } ] }, { "value": "Woodstock", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire", "summary": "Woodstock is a market town and civil parish 8 miles ( 13 km ) north-west of Oxford in Oxfordshire , England . The 2011 Census recorded a parish population of 3,100 . Blenheim Palace , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , is next to Woodstock , in the parish of Blenheim . Winston Churchill was born in the palace in 1874 and buried in the nearby village of Bladon . Edward , elder son of King Edward III and heir apparent , was born in Woodstock Manor on 15 June 1330 . In his lifetime he was commonly called Edward of Woodstock , but is known today as the Black Prince . In the reign of Queen Mary I , her half-sister Elizabeth was imprisoned in the gatehouse of Woodstock Manor ." } ] }, { "value": "537,120", "urls": [] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Portsmouth Historic Dockyard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth", "summary": "Her Majesty 's Naval Base , Portsmouth ( HMNB Portsmouth ) is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy ( the others being HMNB Clyde and HMNB Devonport ) . Portsmouth Naval Base is part of the city of Portsmouth ; it is located on the eastern shore of Portsmouth Harbour , north of the Solent and the Isle of Wight . Until the early 1970s , it was officially known as Portsmouth Royal Dockyard ( or HM Dockyard , Portsmouth ) ; thereafter the term 'Naval Base ' gained currency , acknowledging a greater focus on personnel and support elements alongside the traditional emphasis on building , repairing and maintaining ships . In 1984 Portsmouth 's Royal Dockyard function was downgraded and it was formally renamed the 'Fleet Maintenance and Repair Organisation ' ( FMRO ) . The FMRO was privatized in 1998 ( and for a time ( 2002-2014 ) shipbuilding , in the form of block construction , returned ) . Around the year 2000 , the designation HMS Nelson ( which until then had been specific to Portsmouth 's Naval Barracks in Queen Street ) was extended to cover the entire base . The base is the headquarters for two-thirds of the Royal Navy 's surface fleet , and employs up to 17,200 people. [ when ? ] [ citation needed ] The base is also home to a number of commercial shore activities ( including a ship repair facility operated by BAE Systems Maritime ) ; naval logistics , accommodation and messing ; and personnel support functions ( e.g . medical and dental ; education ; pastoral and welfare ) provided by Defence Equipment and Support . Portsmouth has built sections for , and will be home port to , the two new Royal Navy aircraft carriers , HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales . They required the harbour to be dredged to allow safe entry and exit . The project was intended to secure the base 's future for the next forty years and would revitalise shipbuilding in the city ; but , due to budget cuts in 2013 shipbuilding in Portsmouth was closed in favour of BAE keeping its yards in Glasgow open ." } ] }, { "value": "Portsmouth", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Portsmouth", "summary": "Portsmouth ( /ˈpɔːrtsməθ/ ( listen ) ) is a port city in Hampshire , England , with a total population of 205,400 residents . The city of Portsmouth is nicknamed Pompey and is mainly built on Portsea Island , a flat , low-lying island measuring 24 square kilometres ( 9 sq mi ) in area , just off the south-east coast of Hampshire . Portsmouth is the only island city in the United Kingdom , and is the only city whose population density exceeds that of London . Portsmouth is located 70 miles ( 110 km ) south-west of London and 19 miles ( 31 km ) south-east of Southampton . With the surrounding towns of Gosport , Fareham , Havant and Waterlooville , Portsmouth forms the eastern half of the South Hampshire metropolitan area , which includes Southampton and Eastleigh in the western half . Portsmouth 's history can be traced back to Roman times . A significant naval port for centuries , Portsmouth has the world 's oldest dry dock . In the sixteenth century , Portsmouth was England 's first line of defence during the French invasion of 1545 . By the early nineteenth century , the world 's first mass production line was set up in Portsmouth Dockyard 's Block Mills , making it the most industrialised site in the world and birthplace of the Industrial Revolution . Portsmouth was also the most heavily fortified town in the world , and was considered the world 's greatest naval port at the height of the British Empire throughout Pax Britannica . Defences known as the Palmerston Forts were built around Portsmouth in 1859 in anticipation of another invasion from continental Europe . In 1926 , Portsmouth was officially elevated in status from a town to a city ." } ] }, { "value": "532,158", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stourhead", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stourhead", "summary": "Stourhead ( /ˈstaʊərˌhɛd/ ) is a 1,072-hectare ( 2,650-acre ) estate at the source of the River Stour in the southwest of the English county of Wiltshire , extending into Somerset . The estate is about 2 1⁄2 miles ( 4 km ) northwest of the town of Mere and includes a Palladian mansion , the village of Stourton , gardens , farmland , and woodland . Stourhead has been part-owned by the National Trust since 1946 ." } ] }, { "value": "Mere", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mere,_Wiltshire", "summary": "Mere is a small town and civil parish in Wiltshire , England . It lies at the extreme southwestern tip of Salisbury Plain , close to the borders of Somerset and Dorset . The parish includes the hamlets of Barrow Street , Burton , Charnage , Limpers Hill , Rook Street and Southbrook . The A303 trunk road passed through Mere until a bypass was built on the northern edge of the town in 1976 . There is an old market square ( although markets have not been held for several years ) , a chiming town clock and a large 15th-century parish church . The steep slope of Castle Hill rises from the northwestern side of Mere . Local industry and commerce includes the Hill Brush company , large wholesale plant nurseries and Yapp 's wine merchants ." } ] }, { "value": "356,816", "urls": [] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Beaulieu Palace House and Abbey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beaulieu_Palace_House", "summary": "The Beaulieu Palace House ( /ˈbjuːli/ ( listen ) BEW-lee ) is a 13th-century house located in Beaulieu , Hampshire , United Kingdom . Originally part of Beaulieu Abbey , the estate was bought by Thomas Wriothesley , 1st Earl of Southampton in 1538 , following the Dissolution of the Monasteries and is still owned and occupied by the earl 's descendants , the Barons Montagu of Beaulieu ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Beaulieu_Abbey", "summary": "Beaulieu Abbey , grid reference SU389026 , was a Cistercian abbey in Hampshire , England . It was founded in 1203-1204 by King John and ( uniquely in Britain ) populated by 30 monks sent from the abbey of Cîteaux in France , the mother house of the Cistercian order . The Medieval Latin name of the monastery was Bellus Locus Regis ( The beautiful place of the king ' ) or monasterium Belli loci Regis . Other spellings of the English name which occur historically are Bewley ( 16th century ) and Beaulie ( 17th century ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Beaulieu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beaulieu,_Hampshire", "summary": "Beaulieu ( /ˈbjuːli/ ( listen ) BEW-lee ) is a small village located on the southeastern edge of the New Forest national park in Hampshire , England , and home to both Palace House and the British National Motor Museum ." } ] }, { "value": "351,975", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Most visited sites -- Most visited historic sites", "section_text": "", "uid": "Tourism_in_England_0", "intro": "Tourism plays a significant part in the economic life of England. The United Kingdom as a whole is the 10th most visited country. London, Bath, Oxford, Cambridge, York, and Canterbury remain popular historic tourist destinations. England's long history and pervasive culture, make it (and especially London) a popular tourist destination. Many tourist spots have witnessed great events of history that have shaped England and the greater world. Many of England's tourist attractions have also inspired work of poets, novelists, folk writers, and artists for thousands of years. The city of Manchester, famous for being the first industrialised city, and Liverpool, the famous birthplace of The Beatles are also popular tourist destinations that show the more modern side to England." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimhae_International_Airport", "title": "Gimhae International Airport", "header": [ "Rank", "Airport", "Passengers 2018", "Flight", "Top carriers" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Osaka-Kansai", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport", "summary": "Kansai International Airport ( 関西国際空港 , Kansai Kokusai Kūkō , colloquially known as Kankū ( 関空 ) ) ( IATA : KIX , ICAO : RJBB ) is an international airport located on an artificial island ( Kankūjima ( 関空島 ) ) in the middle of Osaka Bay off the Honshu shore , 38 km ( 24 mi ) southwest of Ōsaka Station , located within three municipalities , including Izumisano ( north ) , Sennan ( south ) , and Tajiri ( central ) , in Osaka Prefecture , Japan . Kansai opened on 4 September 1994 to relieve overcrowding at the original Osaka International Airport , referred to as Itami Airport , which is closer to the city of Osaka and now handles only domestic flights . It consists of two terminals : Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 . Terminal 1 , designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano , is the longest airport terminal in the world with a length of 1.7 km ( 1.1 mi ) . The airport serves as an international hub for All Nippon Airways , Japan Airlines , and Nippon Cargo Airlines , and also serves as a hub for Peach , the first international low-cost carrier in Japan . In 2016 , 25.2 million passengers used the airport making it the 30th busiest airport in Asia and 3rd busiest in Japan . Freight volume was at 802,162 tonnes total , of which 757,414 t were international ( 18th in the world ) , and 44,748 t were domestic . The 4,000 m × 60 m ( 13,123 ft × 197 ft ) second runway was opened on 2 August 2007 . As of June 2014 [ update ] , Kansai Airport has become an Asian hub , with 780 weekly flights to Asia and Australasia ( including freight 119 ) , 59 weekly flights to Europe and the Middle East ( freight 5 ) , and 80 weekly flights to North America ( freight 42 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1,200,457", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8,016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Eastar Jet , Jeju Air , Jin Air , Korean Air , Peach Aviation , T'way Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Eastar_Jet", "summary": "Eastar Jet ( ESR ) ( Korean : 이스타 항공 ; RR : Iseuta Hanggong ) is a low-cost airline with its headquarters in Banghwa-dong , Gangseo-gu , Seoul . On January 7 , 2009 , Eastar Jet made its maiden flight from Gimpo International Airport to Jeju International Airport . Now , the airline operates a scheduled passenger network to 14 destinations in eight countries . Its main base is Gimpo International Airport , with a hub at Jeju International Airport . Eastar Jet carried 3 million domestic passengers and 2.9 million international passengers in 2018 . Its international traffic has doubled over the past three years and its domestic traffic has grown by nearly 50% , indicating a stronger focus on domestic growth while the other Korean low-cost carriers are focusing on international market ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jeju_Air", "summary": "Jeju Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 제주항공 ; Hanja : 濟州航空 ) , is the first and largest South Korean low-cost airline . It offers scheduled domestic services between several cities in South Korea , as well as between Seoul and international destinations including Japan , China , Russia , the Mariana Islands , and various Southeast Asian countries . It is also a founding member of the Value Alliance . Jeju Air is named after the Jeju Island . The airline , a member of AK group , has opened a Seoul head office tower hotel at Hongik station of the Seoul Metro , to diversify income . In 2018 , Jeju Air carried 7.3 million international passengers along with 4.7 million domestic passengers . It domestic traffic has been relatively flat since 2016 as it has focused almost entirely on international expansion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jin_Air", "summary": "Jin Air Co. Ltd ( Korean : 진에어 ; RR : Jin E-eo ) is a South Korean low-cost airline . As of April 2018 it operates flights to six domestic cities and 26 international destinations . It launched its first long haul route , between Incheon and Honolulu , in December 2015 . It has operated cargo services since November 2013.Jin Air is the only widebody LCC operator in Korea . In 2018 , Jin Air is Koreas second largest low-cost carrier , carried 3.5 million domestic passengers and 5.4 million international passengers , accounted for a 11% share of the domestic market and a 6% share of the international market . Jins domestic traffic has also been lower over the past three years because it has focused on the international market ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Peach_Aviation", "summary": "Peach , officially Peach Aviation ( ピーチ・アビエーション 株式会社 , Pīchi Abiēshon Kabushiki Gaisha ) , is a budget airline based in Japan . Its head office is on the fifth floor of Kensetsu-to ( 建設棟 , Kensetsu-tō ) on the property of Kansai International Airport in Izumisano , Osaka Prefecture . Peach has hubs at Kansai and at Naha Airport on Okinawa Island ." }, { "url": "/wiki/T'way_Air", "summary": "T'way Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 티웨이항공 ; RR : Ti-wei Hanggong ) , formerly Hansung Airlines , is a South Korean low-cost airline based in Seongsu-dong , Seongdong-gu , Seoul . In 2018 , it is the third largest Korean low-cost carrier in the international market , carried 2.9 million domestic passengers and 4.2 million international passengers . Its international traffic has quadrupled over the past three years while domestic traffic has grown by only 12% ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fukuoka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fukuoka_Airport", "summary": "Fukuoka Airport ( 福岡空港 , Fukuoka Kūkō ) ( IATA : FUK , ICAO : RJFF ) , formerly known as Itazuke Air Base , is an international and domestic airport located 1.6 NM ( 3.0 km ; 1.8 mi ) east of Hakata Station in Hakata-ku , Fukuoka , Japan . Fukuoka Airport is the principal airport on the island of Kyushu and is the fourth busiest passenger airport in Japan . As of 2017 , the airport is the fourth busiest single-runway airport in the world by passenger traffic ( after Mumbai , London-Gatwick and İstanbul-Sabiha Gökçen ) . The airport is surrounded by residential areas ; flights stop at 10 p.m. at the request of local residents and resume operation at 7 a.m . The domestic terminal is connected to the city by the Fukuoka City Subway , and a subway from the airport to the business district takes less than ten minutes . The international terminal is only accessible by road , although there is scheduled bus service to Hakata Station and the Tenjin area . Alternatives to access the Fukuoka area include Saga Airport and Kitakyushu Airport ." } ] }, { "value": "1,101,085", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6,296", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Jeju Air , Korean Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jeju_Air", "summary": "Jeju Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 제주항공 ; Hanja : 濟州航空 ) , is the first and largest South Korean low-cost airline . It offers scheduled domestic services between several cities in South Korea , as well as between Seoul and international destinations including Japan , China , Russia , the Mariana Islands , and various Southeast Asian countries . It is also a founding member of the Value Alliance . Jeju Air is named after the Jeju Island . The airline , a member of AK group , has opened a Seoul head office tower hotel at Hongik station of the Seoul Metro , to diversify income . In 2018 , Jeju Air carried 7.3 million international passengers along with 4.7 million domestic passengers . It domestic traffic has been relatively flat since 2016 as it has focused almost entirely on international expansion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Taipei-Taoyuan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Taiwan_Taoyuan_International_Airport", "summary": "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport ( IATA : TPE , ICAO : RCTP ) is an international airport serving Taipei and northern Taiwan . Located about 40 km ( 25 mi ) west of Taipei in Dayuan District , Taoyuan , the airport is Taiwan 's largest and busiest airport . It is operated by the Taoyuan International Airport Corporation . In 2016 , it was ranked the best airport for its size in the Asia-Pacific region by Airports Council International . The airport opened for commercial operations in 1979 and is an important regional trans-shipment center , passenger hub , and gateway for destinations in Asia . Formerly known as Chiang Kai-shek International Airport , it was renamed on 6 September 2006 to its current name . It is one of two that serves Taipei ; the other , Taipei Songshan Airport , is located within city limits and served as Taipei 's only international airport until 1979 . Songshan now mainly serves chartered flights , intra-island flights , and limited international flights . In 2018 , Taiwan Taoyuan handled a record 46.5 million passengers and 2.3 billion kg of freight , making it the 11th busiest airport worldwide by international passenger traffic , and 8th busiest in terms of international freight traffic in 2018 . It is the main international hub for China Airlines and EVA Air . It is also a hub of Uni Air and the LCC Tigerair Taiwan ." } ] }, { "value": "769,407", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4,917", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , China Airlines , Jeju Air , Korean Air , Tigerair Taiwan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/China_Airlines", "summary": "China Airlines ( CAL ) ( Chinese : 中華航空 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá Hángkōng ) is the national carrier of Taiwan ( officially the Republic of China , hence the China name ) , and one of its two major airlines along with EVA Air . It is headquartered in Taipei Taoyuan International Airport and operates over 1400 flights weekly ( including 91 pure cargo flights ) to 102 cities across Asia , Europe , North America , and Oceania . Carrying over 19 million passengers and 5700 tons of cargo in 2017 , the carrier was the 33rd and 10th largest airline in the world in terms of passenger revenue per kilometer" }, { "url": "/wiki/Jeju_Air", "summary": "Jeju Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 제주항공 ; Hanja : 濟州航空 ) , is the first and largest South Korean low-cost airline . It offers scheduled domestic services between several cities in South Korea , as well as between Seoul and international destinations including Japan , China , Russia , the Mariana Islands , and various Southeast Asian countries . It is also a founding member of the Value Alliance . Jeju Air is named after the Jeju Island . The airline , a member of AK group , has opened a Seoul head office tower hotel at Hongik station of the Seoul Metro , to diversify income . In 2018 , Jeju Air carried 7.3 million international passengers along with 4.7 million domestic passengers . It domestic traffic has been relatively flat since 2016 as it has focused almost entirely on international expansion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tigerair_Taiwan", "summary": "Tigerair Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣虎航 ; pinyin : Táiwān Hǔháng ) is a low-cost carrier ( LCC ) based at Taoyuan International Airport . The airline has a fleet of ten aircraft as of March 2017 . It was formed as a joint venture between China Airlines Group and Budget Aviation Holdings . Prior to 2016 , China Airlines held 80 percent of the share while Budget Aviation Holdings and Mandarin Airlines each held 10 percent . In 2017 , as Tigerair Singapore merged into Scoot , CAPA reported that China Airlines had purchased Budget Aviation Holdings ' 10% stake , leaving China Airlines and its subsidiary Mandarin Airlines as joint owners of the airline ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tokyo-Narita", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Narita_International_Airport", "summary": "Narita International Airport ( 成田国際空港 , Narita Kokusai Kūkō ) ( IATA : NRT , ICAO : RJAA ) , also known as Tokyo Narita Airport , formerly and originally known as New Tokyo International Airport ( 新東京国際空港 , Shin Tōkyō Kokusai Kūkō ) , is an international airport serving the Greater Tokyo Area of Japan . It is located approximately 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) east of central Tokyo . It is located in Narita , Chiba . As of 2015 [ update ] Narita is the predominant international airport in Japan , handling around 50% of the country 's international passenger traffic and 60% of its international air cargo traffic . As of 2016 , Narita was the second-busiest passenger airport in Japan ( after Haneda Airport in Tokyo ) , and was the tenth-busiest air freight hub in the world . Its 4,000-metre ( 13,123 ft ) main runway shares the record for longest runway in Japan with the second runway at Kansai International Airport in Osaka . Narita serves as the main international hub of Japan Airlines , All Nippon Airways and Nippon Cargo Airlines , and as a hub for low-cost carriers Jetstar Japan and Peach . At Narita , air traffic movements have been controlled under various noise related operating restrictions . As a result , the airport must be closed from 11:00pm to 6:00am the next day to minimize noise impact around the airport ." } ] }, { "value": "751,791", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5,089", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Japan Airlines , Jeju Air , Korean Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Japan_Airlines", "summary": "Japan Airlines Co. , Ltd. ( JAL ) ( 日本航空株式会社 , Nihon Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha ) , also known as Nikkō ( 日航 ) , is an international airline , Japan 's flag carrier , headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its main hubs are Tokyo 's Narita International Airport and Tokyo International Airport ( Haneda Airport ) , as well as Osaka 's Kansai International Airport and Osaka International Airport . JAL group companies include Japan Airlines , J-Air , JAL Express , Japan Air Commuter , Japan Transocean Air , ZIPAIR Tokyo and Ryukyu Air Commuter for domestic feeder services , and JAL Cargo for cargo and mail services . JAL group operations include scheduled and unscheduled international and domestic passenger and cargo services to 220 destinations in 35 countries worldwide , including codeshares . The group has a fleet of 279 aircraft . In the fiscal year ended 31 March 2009 , the airline group carried over 52 million passengers and over 1.1 million tons of cargo and mail . Japan Airlines , J-Air , JAL Express , and Japan Transocean Air are members of the Oneworld airline alliance network . JAL was established in 1951 and became the national airline of Japan in 1953 . After over three decades of service and expansion , the airline was fully privatised in 1987 . In 2002 , the airline merged with Japan Air System , Japan 's third-largest airline and became the sixth-largest airline in the world by passengers carried . Japan Airlines is currently an official sponsor of Japan Football Association , Japan national football team , Shimizu S-Pulse , and Consadole Sapporo . All Nippon Airways , the largest airline in Japan , is JAL 's main competitor ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jeju_Air", "summary": "Jeju Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 제주항공 ; Hanja : 濟州航空 ) , is the first and largest South Korean low-cost airline . It offers scheduled domestic services between several cities in South Korea , as well as between Seoul and international destinations including Japan , China , Russia , the Mariana Islands , and various Southeast Asian countries . It is also a founding member of the Value Alliance . Jeju Air is named after the Jeju Island . The airline , a member of AK group , has opened a Seoul head office tower hotel at Hongik station of the Seoul Metro , to diversify income . In 2018 , Jeju Air carried 7.3 million international passengers along with 4.7 million domestic passengers . It domestic traffic has been relatively flat since 2016 as it has focused almost entirely on international expansion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport", "summary": "Suvarnabhumi Airport ( Thai : ท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ , RTGS : Tha-akatsayan Suwannaphum , pronounced [ tʰâː.ʔāː.kàːt̚.sā.jāːn.sùʔ.wān.nā.pʰūːm ] ( listen ) ; from Sanskrit सुवर्णभूमि ( Suvarṇabhūmi ) , literally 'golden land ' ) ( IATA : BKK , ICAO : VTBS ) , also known unofficially as Bangkok Airport , is one of two international airports serving Bangkok , Thailand . The other one is Don Mueang International Airport , which was the main international airport from 1924 to 2006 and transitioned in 2007 to become the low-cost airlines hub for Bangkok . Suvarnabhumi covers an area of 3,240 ha ( 32.4 km2 ; 8,000 acres ) , making it one of the biggest international airports in Southeast Asia and a regional hub for aviation ." } ] }, { "value": "632,993", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3,377", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eastar Jet , Jeju Air , Jin Air , Korean Air , Thai Airways International , T'way Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eastar_Jet", "summary": "Eastar Jet ( ESR ) ( Korean : 이스타 항공 ; RR : Iseuta Hanggong ) is a low-cost airline with its headquarters in Banghwa-dong , Gangseo-gu , Seoul . On January 7 , 2009 , Eastar Jet made its maiden flight from Gimpo International Airport to Jeju International Airport . Now , the airline operates a scheduled passenger network to 14 destinations in eight countries . Its main base is Gimpo International Airport , with a hub at Jeju International Airport . Eastar Jet carried 3 million domestic passengers and 2.9 million international passengers in 2018 . Its international traffic has doubled over the past three years and its domestic traffic has grown by nearly 50% , indicating a stronger focus on domestic growth while the other Korean low-cost carriers are focusing on international market ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jeju_Air", "summary": "Jeju Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 제주항공 ; Hanja : 濟州航空 ) , is the first and largest South Korean low-cost airline . It offers scheduled domestic services between several cities in South Korea , as well as between Seoul and international destinations including Japan , China , Russia , the Mariana Islands , and various Southeast Asian countries . It is also a founding member of the Value Alliance . Jeju Air is named after the Jeju Island . The airline , a member of AK group , has opened a Seoul head office tower hotel at Hongik station of the Seoul Metro , to diversify income . In 2018 , Jeju Air carried 7.3 million international passengers along with 4.7 million domestic passengers . It domestic traffic has been relatively flat since 2016 as it has focused almost entirely on international expansion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jin_Air", "summary": "Jin Air Co. Ltd ( Korean : 진에어 ; RR : Jin E-eo ) is a South Korean low-cost airline . As of April 2018 it operates flights to six domestic cities and 26 international destinations . It launched its first long haul route , between Incheon and Honolulu , in December 2015 . It has operated cargo services since November 2013.Jin Air is the only widebody LCC operator in Korea . In 2018 , Jin Air is Koreas second largest low-cost carrier , carried 3.5 million domestic passengers and 5.4 million international passengers , accounted for a 11% share of the domestic market and a 6% share of the international market . Jins domestic traffic has also been lower over the past three years because it has focused on the international market ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Thai_Airways_International", "summary": "Thai Airways International Public Co. , ltd. , trading as THAI ( SET : THAI , Thai : บริษัท การบินไทย จำกัด ( มหาชน ) ) is the flag carrier airline of Thailand . Formed in 1988 , the airline has its corporate headquarters in Vibhavadi Rangsit Road , Chatuchak District , Bangkok , and primarily operates from Suvarnabhumi Airport . THAI is a founding member of the Star Alliance . The airline is the second-largest shareholder of the low-cost carrier Nok Air with a 21.80 per cent stake , and it launched a regional carrier under the name Thai Smile in the middle of 2012 using new Airbus A320 aircraft . From its hub at Suvarnabhumi Airport and secondary hub at Phuket International Airport , Thai ( including subsidiaries ) flies to 84 destinations in 37 countries , using a fleet of over 90 aircraft . The airline was once the operator of two of the world 's longest non-stop routes between Bangkok and Los Angeles and New York City , but due to high fuel prices , the withdrawal of aircraft , luggage weight limits and rising airfares , the airline abandoned all non-stop US services in 2012 indefinitely . As of 2013 , services between Bangkok and Los Angeles were served via Incheon International Airport near Seoul , however , it ended its service to the US on 25 October 2015 . Thai 's route network is dominated by flights to Europe , East Asia , and South/Southwest Asia , though the airline serves five cities in Oceania . Thai was the first Asia-Pacific airline to serve London Heathrow Airport . Among Asia-Pacific carriers , the company has one of the largest passenger operations in Europe . As of the end of 2018 , 1,438 of its 22,054 employees were pilots . :80 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/T'way_Air", "summary": "T'way Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 티웨이항공 ; RR : Ti-wei Hanggong ) , formerly Hansung Airlines , is a South Korean low-cost airline based in Seongsu-dong , Seongdong-gu , Seoul . In 2018 , it is the third largest Korean low-cost carrier in the international market , carried 2.9 million domestic passengers and 4.2 million international passengers . Its international traffic has quadrupled over the past three years while domestic traffic has grown by only 12% ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Da Nang", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Da_Nang_International_Airport", "summary": "Da Nang International Airport ( IATA : DAD , ICAO : VVDN ) is located in Da Nang , the largest city in central Vietnam . It is the third international airport in the country , besides Noi Bai International Airport ( Hanoi ) and Tan Son Nhat International Airport ( Ho Chi Minh City ) , and is an important gateway to access central Vietnam . In addition to its civil aviation , the runway is shared with the Vietnamese People 's Air Force ( VPAF , the Không Quân Nhân Dân Việt Nam ) , although military activities are now extremely limited . The airport served 5 million passengers in 2014 , reaching that passenger count around six years sooner than expected . An expansion of the new terminal is currently considered to increase its capacity to 10 million passengers per annum by 2020 . This airport handled 6,722,587 passengers in 2015 , an increase of 34.7% compared with that of 2014 . This airport handled 11 million passengers in 2017 , an increase of 24.1% compared to that of 2016 . The airport has two separate terminals for international and domestic passengers with total passenger capacity of 11 million per annum as at 2018 . The Hanoi-Danang and Ho Chi Minh City-Danang routes have respectively 319 and 250 weekly flights and are , in order , the second and third busiest air routes in Vietnam after the Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh route ( 475 flights ) ." } ] }, { "value": "630,273", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3,996", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Asiana Airlines , Jin Air , Korean Air , T'way Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Asiana_Airlines", "summary": "Asiana Airlines Inc. ( Korean : 아시아나항공 ; Hanja : 아시아나航空 ; RR : Asiana Hanggong KRX : 020560 ; formerly Seoul Airlines ) is South Korea 's second-largest airline , behind Korean Air . Asiana is headquartered at the Asiana Town building in Seoul . In 2018 , it accounted for a 19% share of the domestic market and a 16% share of the international market . The airline has its domestic hub at Gimpo International Airport and its international hub at Incheon International Airport ( 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) from central Seoul ) and Gimhae International Airport . As a member of Star Alliance , it operates 14 domestic and 90 international passenger routes , and 27 cargo routes throughout Asia , Europe , North America , and Oceania . As of December 2014 , the company employs 10,183 people . The majority of Asiana 's pilots , ground staff and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Asiana Airlines is the largest shareholder in Air Busan , a low-cost regional carrier joint venture with Busan Metropolitan City . The airline also holds 100% share of Air Seoul , a subsidiary and its own low-cost carrier ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jin_Air", "summary": "Jin Air Co. Ltd ( Korean : 진에어 ; RR : Jin E-eo ) is a South Korean low-cost airline . As of April 2018 it operates flights to six domestic cities and 26 international destinations . It launched its first long haul route , between Incheon and Honolulu , in December 2015 . It has operated cargo services since November 2013.Jin Air is the only widebody LCC operator in Korea . In 2018 , Jin Air is Koreas second largest low-cost carrier , carried 3.5 million domestic passengers and 5.4 million international passengers , accounted for a 11% share of the domestic market and a 6% share of the international market . Jins domestic traffic has also been lower over the past three years because it has focused on the international market ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." }, { "url": "/wiki/T'way_Air", "summary": "T'way Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 티웨이항공 ; RR : Ti-wei Hanggong ) , formerly Hansung Airlines , is a South Korean low-cost airline based in Seongsu-dong , Seongdong-gu , Seoul . In 2018 , it is the third largest Korean low-cost carrier in the international market , carried 2.9 million domestic passengers and 4.2 million international passengers . Its international traffic has quadrupled over the past three years while domestic traffic has grown by only 12% ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hong Kong", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport", "summary": "Hong Kong International Airport ( IATA : HKG , ICAO : VHHH ) is Hong Kong 's main airport , built on reclaimed land on the island of Chek Lap Kok . The airport is also referred to as Chek Lap Kok International Airport ( 赤鱲角機場 ) or Chek Lap Kok Airport , to distinguish it from its predecessor , the former Kai Tak Airport . Having been in commercial operation since 1998 , Chek Lap Kok Airport is an important regional trans-shipment centre , passenger hub and gateway for destinations in China ( with 45 destinations ) and the rest of Asia . The airport is the world 's busiest cargo gateway and one of the world 's busiest passenger airports . It is also home to one of the world 's largest passenger terminal buildings ( the largest when opened in 1998 ) . The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong 24 hours a day and is the primary hub for Cathay Pacific ( the flag carrier of Hong Kong ) , Cathay Dragon , Hong Kong Airlines , HK Express and Air Hong Kong ( cargo carrier ) . The airport is one of the hubs of Oneworld alliance , and also one of the Asia-Pacific cargo hubs for UPS Airlines . It is a focus city for many airlines , including China Airlines and China Eastern Airlines . Singapore Airlines , Ethiopian Airlines and Air India utilise Hong Kong as a stopover point for their flights . HKIA is an important contributor to Hong Kong 's economy , with approximately 65,000 employees . More than 100 airlines operate flights from the airport to over 180 cities across the globe . In 2015 , HKIA handled 68.5 million passengers , making it the 8th busiest airport worldwide by passenger traffic ." } ] }, { "value": "371,133", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,431", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Cathay Dragon , Hong Kong Express Airways , Korean Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cathay_Dragon", "summary": "Hong Kong Dragon Airlines Limited ( Chinese : 港龍航空有限公司 ) , branded as Cathay Dragon ( 國泰港龍航空 ) and previously as Dragonair , is a Hong Kong-based international regional airline , with its corporate headquarters and main hub at Hong Kong International Airport . As of 30 October 2013 , the airline operates a scheduled passenger network to 47 destinations in 14 countries and territories across Asia . Additionally , the airline has three codeshares on routes served by partner airlines . It has an all Airbus fleet of 48 aircraft , consisting of A320s , A321s and A330s . Cathay Dragon is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hong Kong 's flag carrier , Cathay Pacific , and is an affiliate member of the Oneworld airline alliance . The airline was founded on 24 May 1985 , by Chao Kuang Piu , the airline 's present honorary chairman . Its maiden flight departed Hong Kong for Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia after being granted an air operator 's certificate ( AOC ) by the Hong Kong Government in July 1985 . In 2010 , Dragonair , together with its parent , Cathay Pacific , operated over 138,000 flights , carried nearly 27 million passengers and over 1.80 billion kg of cargo and mail ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hong_Kong_Express_Airways", "summary": "Hong Kong Express Airways Limited , commonly known as Hong Kong Express or just HK Express , is a Hong Kong-based low-cost airline fully owned by Cathay Pacific Airways . It provides scheduled air service to 27 destinations in Asia , including China , Japan , Korea , Cambodia , Vietnam , U.S . Territories , Taiwan and Thailand . The airline 's main hub at Hong Kong International Airport uses a fleet that consists exclusively of the Airbus A320 family . In 2016 , the airline became a founding member of the U-FLY Alliance . The head office of HK Express is located at One Citygate in Tung Chung , Lantau ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shanghai-Pudong", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport", "summary": "Shanghai Pudong International Airport ( IATA : PVG , ICAO : ZSPD ) is one of the two international airports in Shanghai and a major aviation hub of East Asia . Pudong Airport mainly serves international flights , while the city 's other major airport Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport mainly serves domestic and regional flights in East Asia . Located about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) east of the city center , Pudong Airport occupies a 40-square-kilometre ( 10,000-acre ) site adjacent to the coastline in eastern Pudong . The airport is operated by Shanghai Airport Authority ( Chinese : 上海机场集团公司 , SSE : 600009 ) . The airport is the main hub for China Eastern Airlines and Shanghai Airlines , and a major international hub for Air China , as well as secondary hub for China Southern Airlines . It is also the hub for privately owned Juneyao Airlines and Spring Airlines , and an Asia-Pacific cargo hub for FedEx , UPS and DHL . The DHL hub , opened in July 2012 , is reportedly the largest express hub in Asia . Pudong Airport has two main passenger terminals , flanked on both sides by four operational parallel runways . A third passenger terminal has been planned since 2015 , in addition to a satellite terminal and two additional runways , which will raise its annual capacity from 60 million passengers to 80 million , along with the ability to handle six million tons of freight . Pudong Airport is a fast-growing hub for both passenger and cargo traffic . With 3,703,431 metric tons handled in 2017 , the airport is the world 's third-busiest airport by cargo traffic . Pudong Airport also served a total of 74,006,331 passengers in 2018 , making it the third-busiest airport in China after Beijing Capital and Hong Kong Airport , fifth-busiest in Asia , and the eighth-busiest in the world ." } ] }, { "value": "364,181", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,808", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asiana Airlines , China Eastern Airlines , Korean Air , Shanghai Airlines", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asiana_Airlines", "summary": "Asiana Airlines Inc. ( Korean : 아시아나항공 ; Hanja : 아시아나航空 ; RR : Asiana Hanggong KRX : 020560 ; formerly Seoul Airlines ) is South Korea 's second-largest airline , behind Korean Air . Asiana is headquartered at the Asiana Town building in Seoul . In 2018 , it accounted for a 19% share of the domestic market and a 16% share of the international market . The airline has its domestic hub at Gimpo International Airport and its international hub at Incheon International Airport ( 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) from central Seoul ) and Gimhae International Airport . As a member of Star Alliance , it operates 14 domestic and 90 international passenger routes , and 27 cargo routes throughout Asia , Europe , North America , and Oceania . As of December 2014 , the company employs 10,183 people . The majority of Asiana 's pilots , ground staff and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Asiana Airlines is the largest shareholder in Air Busan , a low-cost regional carrier joint venture with Busan Metropolitan City . The airline also holds 100% share of Air Seoul , a subsidiary and its own low-cost carrier ." }, { "url": "/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines", "summary": "China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited ( Chinese : 中國東方航空公司 ) , also known as China Eastern , is an airline headquartered in the China Eastern Airlines Building , on the grounds of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport in Changning District , Shanghai . It is a major Chinese airline operating international , domestic and regional routes . Its main hubs are at Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport . China Eastern Airlines is China 's second-largest carrier by passenger numbers after China Southern Airlines . China Eastern and its subsidiary Shanghai Airlines became the 14th member of SkyTeam on 21 June 2011 . The parent company of China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited is China Eastern Air Holding Company ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shanghai_Airlines", "summary": "Shanghai Airlines ( Chinese : 上海航空公司 ) is an airline headquartered in Shanghai . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of China Eastern Airlines , but its operations remain separate post-merger , retaining its distinct brand and livery . Shanghai Airlines operates domestic and international services . The logo is a white crane on a red vertical tail fin . The airline operate flights out of Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport in Shanghai . The airline is an affiliate member of the SkyTeam airline alliance with its parent company China Eastern Airlines which is a full member of the alliance ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guam", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Antonio_B._Won_Pat_International_Airport", "summary": "Antonio B . Won Pat International Airport ( IATA : GUM , ICAO : PGUM ) , also known as Guam International Airport , is an airport located in Tamuning and Barrigada , three miles east of the capital city of Hagåtña ( formerly Agana ) in the United States territory of Guam . The airport is a hub for Asia Pacific Airlines and for United Airlines , serving as the latter 's Pacific Ocean hub . It is also the home of the former Naval Air Station Agana , and is the only international airport in the territory . The airport is named after Antonio Borja Won Pat , the first delegate from Guam to the United States House of Representatives , and is operated by the A.B . Won Pat International Airport Authority , Guam ( GIAA , Chamorro : Aturidat Puetton Batkon Airen Guahan Entenasionat ) , an agency of the Government of Guam ." } ] }, { "value": "357,604", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,298", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Jeju Air , Jin Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jeju_Air", "summary": "Jeju Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 제주항공 ; Hanja : 濟州航空 ) , is the first and largest South Korean low-cost airline . It offers scheduled domestic services between several cities in South Korea , as well as between Seoul and international destinations including Japan , China , Russia , the Mariana Islands , and various Southeast Asian countries . It is also a founding member of the Value Alliance . Jeju Air is named after the Jeju Island . The airline , a member of AK group , has opened a Seoul head office tower hotel at Hongik station of the Seoul Metro , to diversify income . In 2018 , Jeju Air carried 7.3 million international passengers along with 4.7 million domestic passengers . It domestic traffic has been relatively flat since 2016 as it has focused almost entirely on international expansion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jin_Air", "summary": "Jin Air Co. Ltd ( Korean : 진에어 ; RR : Jin E-eo ) is a South Korean low-cost airline . As of April 2018 it operates flights to six domestic cities and 26 international destinations . It launched its first long haul route , between Incheon and Honolulu , in December 2015 . It has operated cargo services since November 2013.Jin Air is the only widebody LCC operator in Korea . In 2018 , Jin Air is Koreas second largest low-cost carrier , carried 3.5 million domestic passengers and 5.4 million international passengers , accounted for a 11% share of the domestic market and a 6% share of the international market . Jins domestic traffic has also been lower over the past three years because it has focused on the international market ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cebu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mactan-Cebu_International_Airport", "summary": "Mactan-Cebu International Airport ( Cebuano : Tugpahanang Pangkalibutan sa Mactan-Sugbo , Tagalog : Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Mactan-Cebu ) ( IATA : CEB , ICAO : RPVM ) is the second busiest international airport in the Philippines , serving Cebu City and its surrounding metropolitan area , as well as the Central Visayas region . It is located in Lapu-Lapu City on Mactan Island , a part of Metro Cebu . The airport is managed by the Mactan-Cebu International Airport Authority . It is the worlds first international resort airport and is the main base of Cebu Pacific , Pan Pacific Airlines , and Royal Air Philippines . It covers an area of 797 hectares ( 1,970 acres ) . It has a single 3,300-meter ( 10,800 ft ) runway that was built by the United States in 1956 as an emergency airport for Strategic Air Command bombers and was known as the Mactan Air Base . The runway is complemented by a full-length taxiway that it shares with the current Mactan Air Base of the Philippine Air Force ." } ] }, { "value": "332,786", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,074", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Jeju Air , Jin Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jeju_Air", "summary": "Jeju Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 제주항공 ; Hanja : 濟州航空 ) , is the first and largest South Korean low-cost airline . It offers scheduled domestic services between several cities in South Korea , as well as between Seoul and international destinations including Japan , China , Russia , the Mariana Islands , and various Southeast Asian countries . It is also a founding member of the Value Alliance . Jeju Air is named after the Jeju Island . The airline , a member of AK group , has opened a Seoul head office tower hotel at Hongik station of the Seoul Metro , to diversify income . In 2018 , Jeju Air carried 7.3 million international passengers along with 4.7 million domestic passengers . It domestic traffic has been relatively flat since 2016 as it has focused almost entirely on international expansion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jin_Air", "summary": "Jin Air Co. Ltd ( Korean : 진에어 ; RR : Jin E-eo ) is a South Korean low-cost airline . As of April 2018 it operates flights to six domestic cities and 26 international destinations . It launched its first long haul route , between Incheon and Honolulu , in December 2015 . It has operated cargo services since November 2013.Jin Air is the only widebody LCC operator in Korea . In 2018 , Jin Air is Koreas second largest low-cost carrier , carried 3.5 million domestic passengers and 5.4 million international passengers , accounted for a 11% share of the domestic market and a 6% share of the international market . Jins domestic traffic has also been lower over the past three years because it has focused on the international market ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hanoi", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Noi_Bai_International_Airport", "summary": "Nội Bài International Airport ( IATA : HAN , ICAO : VVNB ) ( Vietnamese : Sân Bay Quốc Tế Nội Bài ) in Hanoi , the capital of Vietnam , is the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of total capacity . It is also the second busiest airport in Vietnam after Tan Son Nhat International Airport . It is the main airport serving Hanoi , replacing the role of Gia Lam Airport . The airport consists of two passenger terminals . Terminal 1 serves domestic flights , and the newly-built Terminal 2 ( inaugurated on 4 January 2015 ) serves all international flights to and from Hanoi . The airport is currently the main hub of the flag carrier Vietnam Airlines , and budget carriers Bamboo Airways , Jetstar Pacific and Vietjet Air . The airport is located in Phu Minh Commune in Sóc Sơn District , about 35 kilometres ( 21 miles ) northeast of downtown Hanoi , via the new Nhật Tân Bridge ( also inaugurated on 4 January 2015 ) . It can also be reached by National Road 3 , which connects it with the eastern suburbs of Hanoi . The airport is also close to some satellite cities of Hanoi such as Vĩnh Yên , Bắc Ninh and Thái Nguyên . The airport served a total of 13 million passengers in 2013 , despite having a capacity of only 9 million at the time . The new international terminal , which had its first commercial flight on 25 December 2014 and went into full operation on 31 December 2014 , has boosted the airport 's total capacity to 20 million passengers per year . In 2018 , the airport served 28 million passengers ." } ] }, { "value": "329,713", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,608", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Korean Air , T'way Air , Vietnam Airlines , VietJet Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." }, { "url": "/wiki/T'way_Air", "summary": "T'way Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 티웨이항공 ; RR : Ti-wei Hanggong ) , formerly Hansung Airlines , is a South Korean low-cost airline based in Seongsu-dong , Seongdong-gu , Seoul . In 2018 , it is the third largest Korean low-cost carrier in the international market , carried 2.9 million domestic passengers and 4.2 million international passengers . Its international traffic has quadrupled over the past three years while domestic traffic has grown by only 12% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Vietnam_Airlines", "summary": "Vietnam Airlines ( Vietnamese : Hãng Hàng không Quốc gia Việt Nam , lit . 'Vietnam National Airlines ' ) is the flag carrier of Vietnam . The airline was founded in 1956 and later established as a state-owned enterprise in April 1989 . Vietnam Airlines is headquartered in Long Biên District , Hanoi , with hubs at Noi Bai International Airport and Tan Son Nhat International Airport . The airline flies to 64 destinations in 17 countries , excluding codeshared services . From its inception until the early 1990s , Vietnam Airlines was a minor carrier within the aviation industry as it was hampered by a variety of factors including the socio-economic and political situation of the country . With the government 's normalization of relations with the United States , the airline was able to expand , improve its products and services , and modernize its ageing fleet . In 1996 , the Vietnamese government brought together 20 service companies to form Vietnam Airlines Corporation , with the airline itself as the centrepiece . In 2010 , the corporation was restructured into a limited liability company and renamed Vietnam Airlines Company Limited . A seven-seat management board , members of which are appointed by the Vietnamese Prime Minister , oversees the company . As passenger transport constitutes its core activity , Vietnam Airlines plays a crucial role in the economic development of the country . It owns 100% of Vietnam Air Service Company - a regional airline in southern Vietnam , 70% of the low-cost carrier Jetstar Pacific Airlines , and 49% of the Cambodian national airline Cambodia Angkor Air ." }, { "url": "/wiki/VietJet_Air", "summary": "VietJet Aviation Joint Stock Company ( Vietnamese : Công ty Cổ phần Hàng không VietJet ) , trading as VietJet Air or Vietjet , is an international low-cost airline from Vietnam . It was the first privately owned new-age airline to be established in Vietnam , being granted its initial approval to operate by the Vietnamese Minister of Finance in November 2007 . As of its launch in December 2011 , it became the second private airline to offer domestic service in Vietnam , as well as the fifth airline overall to offer civil domestic flights . VietJet Air is owned by Sovico Holdings , HDBank , other organisational investors and individual stakeholders . The carrier 's launch was beset by long delays attributed to various causes , such as a global economic slowdown and regulatory issues . Although budget carrier AirAsia announced in February 2010 that it planned to purchase a 30% stake in the airline through a joint venture agreement , the carrier later rescinded its plans , citing a failure to obtain Vietnamese regulatory approvals . Despite the setbacks , VietJet Air 's first flight was operated on 25 December 2011 , flying from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi . The carrier carried its 10 millionth passenger in December 2014 , and the 25 millionth passenger in December 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Beijing-Capital", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport", "summary": "Beijing Capital International Airport ( IATA : PEK , ICAO : ZBAA ) is the main international airport serving Beijing . It is located 32 km ( 20 mi ) northeast of Beijing 's city centre , in an enclave of Chaoyang District and the surroundings of that enclave in suburban Shunyi District . The airport is owned and operated by the Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited , a state-controlled company . The airport 's IATA Airport code , PEK , is based on the city 's former romanized name , Peking . Beijing Capital has rapidly ascended in rankings of the world 's busiest airports in the past decade . It had become the busiest airport in Asia in terms of passenger traffic and total traffic movements by 2009 . It has been the world 's second busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic since 2010 . The airport registered 557,167 aircraft movements ( take-offs and landings ) , ranking 6th in the world in 2012 . In terms of cargo traffic , Beijing airport has also witnessed rapid growth . By 2012 , the airport had become the 13th busiest airport in the world by cargo traffic , registering 1,787,027 tons . From September 2019 , some flights from Beijing Capital International Airport were transferred to the new Beijing Daxing International Airport ." } ] }, { "value": "281,802", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,432", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air China , Asiana Airlines , Korean Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_China", "summary": "Air China Limited ( Chinese : 中国国际航空公司 ) is the flag carrier and one of the major airlines of the People 's Republic of China , with its headquarters in Shunyi District , Beijing . Air China 's flight operations are based at Beijing Capital International Airport . In 2017 , the airline carried 102 million domestic and international passengers with an average load factor of 81% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Asiana_Airlines", "summary": "Asiana Airlines Inc. ( Korean : 아시아나항공 ; Hanja : 아시아나航空 ; RR : Asiana Hanggong KRX : 020560 ; formerly Seoul Airlines ) is South Korea 's second-largest airline , behind Korean Air . Asiana is headquartered at the Asiana Town building in Seoul . In 2018 , it accounted for a 19% share of the domestic market and a 16% share of the international market . The airline has its domestic hub at Gimpo International Airport and its international hub at Incheon International Airport ( 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) from central Seoul ) and Gimhae International Airport . As a member of Star Alliance , it operates 14 domestic and 90 international passenger routes , and 27 cargo routes throughout Asia , Europe , North America , and Oceania . As of December 2014 , the company employs 10,183 people . The majority of Asiana 's pilots , ground staff and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Asiana Airlines is the largest shareholder in Air Busan , a low-cost regional carrier joint venture with Busan Metropolitan City . The airline also holds 100% share of Air Seoul , a subsidiary and its own low-cost carrier ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." } ] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Qingdao", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Qingdao_Liuting_International_Airport", "summary": "Qingdao Liuting International Airport ( IATA : TAO , ICAO : ZSQD ) is the main international airport serving the city of Qingdao in Shandong Province , China . It is about 31 km ( 19 mi ) from the city center and serves as a hub for Shandong Airlines , Beijing Capital Airlines and Qingdao Airlines as well as a focus city for China Eastern Airlines . A replacement airport , Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport , is currently under construction ." } ] }, { "value": "226,679", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,454", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Korean Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." } ] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sapporo-Chitose", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Chitose_International_Airport", "summary": "New Chitose Airport ( 新千歳空港 , Shin-Chitose Kūkō ) ( IATA : CTS , ICAO : RJCC ) is an international airport located 2.7 NM ( 5.0 km ; 3.1 mi ) south-southeast of Chitose and Tomakomai , Hokkaidō , Japan , serving the Sapporo metropolitan area . By both traffic and land area , it is the largest airport in Hokkaidō . It is adjacent to Chitose Air Base , a Japan Air Self-Defense Force base which houses F-15 Eagle fighter jets , the Japanese Air Force One government aircraft and a number of smaller emergency response aircraft and helicopters . Chitose and New Chitose have separate runways but are interconnected by taxiways , and aircraft at either facility can enter the other by ground if permitted ; the runways at Chitose are occasionally used to relieve runway closures at New Chitose due to winter weather . JASDF provides air traffic control for both facilities . As of 2018 , New Chitose Airport was the fifth-busiest airport in Japan , and ranked 64th in the world in terms of passengers carried . The 819 km ( 509 mi ) Sapporo-Tokyo Haneda route is the third busiest air route in the world , with 8.7 million passengers carried in 2017 ." } ] }, { "value": "207,424", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,469", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Eastar Jet , Jin Air , Korean Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Eastar_Jet", "summary": "Eastar Jet ( ESR ) ( Korean : 이스타 항공 ; RR : Iseuta Hanggong ) is a low-cost airline with its headquarters in Banghwa-dong , Gangseo-gu , Seoul . On January 7 , 2009 , Eastar Jet made its maiden flight from Gimpo International Airport to Jeju International Airport . Now , the airline operates a scheduled passenger network to 14 destinations in eight countries . Its main base is Gimpo International Airport , with a hub at Jeju International Airport . Eastar Jet carried 3 million domestic passengers and 2.9 million international passengers in 2018 . Its international traffic has doubled over the past three years and its domestic traffic has grown by nearly 50% , indicating a stronger focus on domestic growth while the other Korean low-cost carriers are focusing on international market ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jin_Air", "summary": "Jin Air Co. Ltd ( Korean : 진에어 ; RR : Jin E-eo ) is a South Korean low-cost airline . As of April 2018 it operates flights to six domestic cities and 26 international destinations . It launched its first long haul route , between Incheon and Honolulu , in December 2015 . It has operated cargo services since November 2013.Jin Air is the only widebody LCC operator in Korea . In 2018 , Jin Air is Koreas second largest low-cost carrier , carried 3.5 million domestic passengers and 5.4 million international passengers , accounted for a 11% share of the domestic market and a 6% share of the international market . Jins domestic traffic has also been lower over the past three years because it has focused on the international market ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." } ] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ho Chi Minh City", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport", "summary": "Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport ( IATA : SGN , ICAO : VVTS ) ( Vietnamese : Sân bay quốc tế Tân Sơn Nhất , Vietnamese : Cảng hàng không quốc tế Tân Sơn Nhất ) is the busiest airport in Vietnam with 32.5 million passengers in 2016 and 38.5 million passengers in 2018 . It serves Ho Chi Minh City as well as the rest of southeastern Vietnam . As of January 2017 , it had a total capacity of only 25 million passengers , which has caused constant congestion and sparked debate for expanding or building a new airport . The airport 's IATA code , SGN , is derived from the city 's former name of Saigon . Of the routes the airport offers , the Ho Chi Minh City - Hanoi route is the busiest in Southeast Asia and the sixth busiest in the world , serving 6,867,114 customers in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "189,098", "urls": [] }, { "value": "747", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vietnam Airlines , VietJet Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vietnam_Airlines", "summary": "Vietnam Airlines ( Vietnamese : Hãng Hàng không Quốc gia Việt Nam , lit . 'Vietnam National Airlines ' ) is the flag carrier of Vietnam . The airline was founded in 1956 and later established as a state-owned enterprise in April 1989 . Vietnam Airlines is headquartered in Long Biên District , Hanoi , with hubs at Noi Bai International Airport and Tan Son Nhat International Airport . The airline flies to 64 destinations in 17 countries , excluding codeshared services . From its inception until the early 1990s , Vietnam Airlines was a minor carrier within the aviation industry as it was hampered by a variety of factors including the socio-economic and political situation of the country . With the government 's normalization of relations with the United States , the airline was able to expand , improve its products and services , and modernize its ageing fleet . In 1996 , the Vietnamese government brought together 20 service companies to form Vietnam Airlines Corporation , with the airline itself as the centrepiece . In 2010 , the corporation was restructured into a limited liability company and renamed Vietnam Airlines Company Limited . A seven-seat management board , members of which are appointed by the Vietnamese Prime Minister , oversees the company . As passenger transport constitutes its core activity , Vietnam Airlines plays a crucial role in the economic development of the country . It owns 100% of Vietnam Air Service Company - a regional airline in southern Vietnam , 70% of the low-cost carrier Jetstar Pacific Airlines , and 49% of the Cambodian national airline Cambodia Angkor Air ." }, { "url": "/wiki/VietJet_Air", "summary": "VietJet Aviation Joint Stock Company ( Vietnamese : Công ty Cổ phần Hàng không VietJet ) , trading as VietJet Air or Vietjet , is an international low-cost airline from Vietnam . It was the first privately owned new-age airline to be established in Vietnam , being granted its initial approval to operate by the Vietnamese Minister of Finance in November 2007 . As of its launch in December 2011 , it became the second private airline to offer domestic service in Vietnam , as well as the fifth airline overall to offer civil domestic flights . VietJet Air is owned by Sovico Holdings , HDBank , other organisational investors and individual stakeholders . The carrier 's launch was beset by long delays attributed to various causes , such as a global economic slowdown and regulatory issues . Although budget carrier AirAsia announced in February 2010 that it planned to purchase a 30% stake in the airline through a joint venture agreement , the carrier later rescinded its plans , citing a failure to obtain Vietnamese regulatory approvals . Despite the setbacks , VietJet Air 's first flight was operated on 25 December 2011 , flying from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi . The carrier carried its 10 millionth passenger in December 2014 , and the 25 millionth passenger in December 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Manila", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport", "summary": "The Ninoy Aquino International Airport ( Filipino : Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino ) or NAIA ( /ˈnaɪə/ , locally /nɑː.ˈiː.jə/ ) , formerly known and still commonly referred to as Manila International Airport ( IATA : MNL , ICAO : RPLL ) as well as its codename Nichols Field ( Nichols ) , is the airport serving Manila and its surrounding metropolitan area . Located along the border between the cities of Pasay and Parañaque , about 7 kilometers ( 4.3 mi ) south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati . NAIA is the main international gateway for travelers to the Philippines and serves as a hub for AirAsia Philippines , Cebgo , Cebu Pacific , PAL Express , and Philippine Airlines . It is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority ( MIAA ) , a branch of the Department of Transportation ( DOTr ) . Officially , NAIA is the only airport serving the Manila area . However , in practice , both NAIA and Clark International Airport , located in the Clark Freeport Zone in Pampanga , serve the Manila area , with Clark catering mostly to low-cost carriers because of its lower landing fees compared to those charged at NAIA . In the recent past there have been calls for Clark to replace NAIA eventually as the primary airport of the Philippines . The airport is named after the late Senator Benigno Ninoy Aquino Jr. , who was assassinated at the airport in 1983 . In 2018 , all terminals at NAIA handled a record-breaking annual passenger traffic of 45,082,544 , an increase of 6.79% from the previous year . It will be replaced by the New Manila International Airport , which is located in Bulacan , to serve both Metro Manila and Central Luzon ." } ] }, { "value": "186,941", "urls": [] }, { "value": "896", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asiana Airlines , Philippine Airlines", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asiana_Airlines", "summary": "Asiana Airlines Inc. ( Korean : 아시아나항공 ; Hanja : 아시아나航空 ; RR : Asiana Hanggong KRX : 020560 ; formerly Seoul Airlines ) is South Korea 's second-largest airline , behind Korean Air . Asiana is headquartered at the Asiana Town building in Seoul . In 2018 , it accounted for a 19% share of the domestic market and a 16% share of the international market . The airline has its domestic hub at Gimpo International Airport and its international hub at Incheon International Airport ( 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) from central Seoul ) and Gimhae International Airport . As a member of Star Alliance , it operates 14 domestic and 90 international passenger routes , and 27 cargo routes throughout Asia , Europe , North America , and Oceania . As of December 2014 , the company employs 10,183 people . The majority of Asiana 's pilots , ground staff and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Asiana Airlines is the largest shareholder in Air Busan , a low-cost regional carrier joint venture with Busan Metropolitan City . The airline also holds 100% share of Air Seoul , a subsidiary and its own low-cost carrier ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Philippine_Airlines", "summary": "Philippine Airlines ( PAL ) , a trade name of PAL Holdings , Inc. ( PSE : PAL ) , also known historically ( until 1970 ) as Philippine Air Lines , is the flag carrier of the Philippines . Headquartered at the PNB Financial Center in Pasay City , the airline was founded in 1941 and is the first and oldest commercial airline in Asia operating under its original name . Out of its hubs at Ninoy Aquino International Airport of Manila , Clark International Airport of Angeles , Mactan-Cebu International Airport of Cebu , and Francisco Bangoy International Airport of Davao , Philippine Airlines serves 31 destinations in the Philippines and 54 overseas destinations in Southeast Asia , East Asia , Middle East , Oceania , North America and Europe . Philippine Airlines operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft with Airbus A320 , Airbus A321 , Airbus A321neo , Airbus A330 , Airbus A350 , and Boeing 777-300ER ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Okinawa-Naha", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Naha_Airport", "summary": "Naha Airport ( 那覇空港 , Naha Kūkō ) ( IATA : OKA , ICAO : ROAH ) is a second class airport located 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) west of the city hall in Naha , Okinawa . It is Japan 's seventh busiest airport and the primary air terminal for passengers and cargo traveling to and from Okinawa Prefecture , Japan , and handles scheduled international traffic to Taiwan , Hong Kong , South Korea , Thailand , Singapore and mainland China . The airport is also home to Naha Air Base of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force . Naha Airport served 17.5 million passengers in 2014 , an increase of roughly 3 million passengers in two years ." } ] }, { "value": "163,505", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,107", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Asiana Airlines , Jeju Air , Jin Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Asiana_Airlines", "summary": "Asiana Airlines Inc. ( Korean : 아시아나항공 ; Hanja : 아시아나航空 ; RR : Asiana Hanggong KRX : 020560 ; formerly Seoul Airlines ) is South Korea 's second-largest airline , behind Korean Air . Asiana is headquartered at the Asiana Town building in Seoul . In 2018 , it accounted for a 19% share of the domestic market and a 16% share of the international market . The airline has its domestic hub at Gimpo International Airport and its international hub at Incheon International Airport ( 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) from central Seoul ) and Gimhae International Airport . As a member of Star Alliance , it operates 14 domestic and 90 international passenger routes , and 27 cargo routes throughout Asia , Europe , North America , and Oceania . As of December 2014 , the company employs 10,183 people . The majority of Asiana 's pilots , ground staff and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Asiana Airlines is the largest shareholder in Air Busan , a low-cost regional carrier joint venture with Busan Metropolitan City . The airline also holds 100% share of Air Seoul , a subsidiary and its own low-cost carrier ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jeju_Air", "summary": "Jeju Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 제주항공 ; Hanja : 濟州航空 ) , is the first and largest South Korean low-cost airline . It offers scheduled domestic services between several cities in South Korea , as well as between Seoul and international destinations including Japan , China , Russia , the Mariana Islands , and various Southeast Asian countries . It is also a founding member of the Value Alliance . Jeju Air is named after the Jeju Island . The airline , a member of AK group , has opened a Seoul head office tower hotel at Hongik station of the Seoul Metro , to diversify income . In 2018 , Jeju Air carried 7.3 million international passengers along with 4.7 million domestic passengers . It domestic traffic has been relatively flat since 2016 as it has focused almost entirely on international expansion ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jin_Air", "summary": "Jin Air Co. Ltd ( Korean : 진에어 ; RR : Jin E-eo ) is a South Korean low-cost airline . As of April 2018 it operates flights to six domestic cities and 26 international destinations . It launched its first long haul route , between Incheon and Honolulu , in December 2015 . It has operated cargo services since November 2013.Jin Air is the only widebody LCC operator in Korea . In 2018 , Jin Air is Koreas second largest low-cost carrier , carried 3.5 million domestic passengers and 5.4 million international passengers , accounted for a 11% share of the domestic market and a 6% share of the international market . Jins domestic traffic has also been lower over the past three years because it has focused on the international market ." } ] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kuala Lumpur-International", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport", "summary": "Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) ( Bahasa Malaysia : Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur ) , ( IATA : KUL , ICAO : WMKK ) is Malaysia 's main international airport and one of the major airports in Southeast Asia and worldwide . It is located in Sepang District of Selangor , approximately 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) south of Kuala Lumpur city centre and serves the Greater Klang Valley conurbation . KLIA is the largest and busiest airport in Malaysia . In 2018 , it handled 59,988,409 passengers , 714,669 tonnes of cargo and 399,827 aircraft movements . It is the world 's 23rd-busiest airport by total passenger traffic . The airport is operated by Malaysia Airports ( MAHB ) Sepang Sdn Bhd and is the major hub of Malaysia Airlines , MASkargo , AirAsia , AirAsia X , Malindo Air , flyGlobal , UPS Airlines and AsiaCargo Express ." } ] }, { "value": "156,970", "urls": [] }, { "value": "574", "urls": [] }, { "value": "AirAsia X", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/AirAsia_X", "summary": "AirAsia X Berhad ( previously known as FlyAsianXpress Sdn . Bhd . ) , operating as AirAsia X , is a long-haul budget airline based in Malaysia , and a sister company of AirAsia . It commenced operations on 2 November 2007 with its first service flown from Kuala Lumpur International Airport , Malaysia , to Gold Coast Airport in Australia . AirAsia X flies to destinations within Asia , Australia , and the United States of America . The airline operates a fleet of 24 Airbus A330-300 aircraft . Indonesia AirAsia X and Thai AirAsia X are affiliated with AirAsia X. AirAsia X is the medium and long-haul operation of the brand AirAsia , which is Asia 's largest low-cost carrier . The franchise is able to keep costs down by using a common ticketing system , aircraft livery , employee uniforms , and management style . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nagoya-Chūbu Centrair", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chūbu_Centrair_International_Airport", "summary": "Chubu Centrair International Airport ( 中部国際空港 , Chūbu Kokusai Kūkō ) ( IATA : NGO , ICAO : RJGG ) is an international airport on an artificial island in Ise Bay , Tokoname City in Aichi Prefecture , 35 km ( 22 mi ) south of Nagoya in central Japan . Centrair is classified as a first class airport and is the main international gateway for the Chubu ( central ) region of Japan . The name Centrair ( セントレア , Sentorea ) is an abbreviation of Central Japan International Airport , an alternate translation used in the English name of the airport 's operating company , Central Japan International Airport Co. , Ltd. ( 中部国際空港株式会社 , Chūbu Kokusai Kūkō Kabushiki-gaisha ) . 10.2 million people used the airport in 2015 , ranking 8th busiest in the nation , and 208,000 tons of cargo was moved in 2015 ." } ] }, { "value": "153,557", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,110", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Air Busan , Korean Air", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Air_Busan", "summary": "Air Busan Co. , Ltd. , operating as Air Busan ( Korean : 에어부산 ; RR : E-eo Busan ) is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu , Busan , South Korea . It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines . The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ( Korean : 부산국제항공 ; RR : Busan Gukje Hanggong ) ; it launched service in October 2008 . Air Busan is the third largest Korea 's low-cost airline , carried 4.5 million domestic and 3.6 million international passengers in 2018 . Air Busan has grown international passenger traffic by 122% over the past three years , while domestic traffic has grown by 38% ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Korean_Air", "summary": "The Korean Air Co. , Ltd. ( Korean : 주식회사 대한항공 ; Hanja : 株式會社 大韓航空 ; RR : Jusikhoesa Daehan Hanggong ) , operating as Korean Air , is the largest airline and flag carrier of South Korea based on fleet size , international destinations and international flights . The airline 's global headquarters is located in Seoul , South Korea . Korean Air was established on March 1 , 1969 after the Hanjin Group acquired government-owned Korean Air Lines . Through their majority control of Hanjin KAL Corporation , the Cho family , the owner family of Hanjin Group is still the airline 's largest , and controlling , shareholder . Korean Air 's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 126 cities in 44 countries , while its domestic division serves 13 destinations . It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also one of the top-ranked international cargo airlines . Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 serves as Korean Air 's international hub . Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon . The majority of Korean Air 's pilots , ground staff , and flight attendants are based in Seoul . Korean Air is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . It was voted Asia 's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012 . On May 1 2018 , the airline launched a joint venture partnership with Delta Air Lines ." } ] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kota Kinabalu", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport", "summary": "Kota Kinabalu International Airport ( KKIA ) ( IATA : BKI , ICAO : WBKK ) is an international airport in Kota Kinabalu , the state capital of Sabah , Malaysia . It is located approximately 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) southwest of the city centre . In 2017 , 8 million passengers passed through the airport , making it the second busiest airport in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur International Airport . A medium-sized airport with good connections to most major aviation hubs across the Asia-Pacific region , the airport serves the city of Kota Kinabalu as well as the entire west coast of Sabah ." } ] }, { "value": "116,101", "urls": [] }, { "value": "729", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eastar Jet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eastar_Jet", "summary": "Eastar Jet ( ESR ) ( Korean : 이스타 항공 ; RR : Iseuta Hanggong ) is a low-cost airline with its headquarters in Banghwa-dong , Gangseo-gu , Seoul . On January 7 , 2009 , Eastar Jet made its maiden flight from Gimpo International Airport to Jeju International Airport . Now , the airline operates a scheduled passenger network to 14 destinations in eight countries . Its main base is Gimpo International Airport , with a hub at Jeju International Airport . Eastar Jet carried 3 million domestic passengers and 2.9 million international passengers in 2018 . Its international traffic has doubled over the past three years and its domestic traffic has grown by nearly 50% , indicating a stronger focus on domestic growth while the other Korean low-cost carriers are focusing on international market ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Traffic and statistics -- Top destinations", "section_text": "Busiest domestic routes ( 2018 ) Rank Airport Passengers 2018 Flight Top carriers 1 Jeju 4,101,909 22,965 Air Busan , Asiana Airlines , Eastar Jet , Jeju Air , Jin Air , Korean Air 2 Seoul–Gimpo 2,633,199 20,354 Air Busan , Eastar Jet , Jeju Air , Korean Air 3 Seoul–Incheon 462,504 4,122 Air Busan , Asiana Airlines , Jeju Air , Korean Air 4 Cheongju 122 1 Korean Air", "uid": "Gimhae_International_Airport_3", "intro": "Gimhae International Airport (Korean: 김해국제공항; Hanja: 金海國際空港), commonly known as Gimhae Airport (IATA: PUS, ICAO: RKPK) (formerly Kimhae International Airport) is located on the western end of Busan, South Korea. The name Gimhae comes from the nearby city of Gimhae. It opened in 1976. A new international terminal opened on October 31, 2007. Gimhae International Airport is the main hub for Air Busan, Asiana Airlines and Korean Air. Runway 18L/36R is used for military purposes only for Gimhae Air Base, but due to increasing traffic, there are plans to open the runway for airliners. In 2018, 17,064,613 passengers used the airport. As the airport is now beyond its design capacity, it is embarking on a major expansion project to add a new runway and new terminal facilities. Construction is due to begin in 2021 for an estimated 2026 completion." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Zeta_Psi_brothers", "title": "List of Zeta Psi brothers", "header": [ "Name", "Original chapter", "Notability", "References" ], "data": [ { "value": "Dean G. Witter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dean_G._Witter", "summary": "Dean G. Witter ( August 2 , 1887 - May 25 , 1969 ) was an American businessman , stockbroker , and investor . With his brother Guy Witter and cousin Jean Witter , Dean Witter co-founded Dean Witter & Company in 1924 , which became the largest investment house on the West Coast . Witter 's family had moved to Northern California from Wausau , Wisconsin , settling in San Carlos , California in 1891 . Witter graduated from the University of California , Berkeley in 1909 . At Berkeley , Witter was a member of the elite Zeta Psi fraternity , and distinguished himself for rowing . Upon graduation , Witter worked as a salesman for Louis Sloss & Company . In 1914 , Witter partnered with Charles R. Blyth to found Blyth , Witter & Co. , a San Francisco-based brokerage . Witter left the partnership to found his own company , Dean Witter & Company , in 1924 . With its original offices at 45 Montgomery Street in San Francisco , California , Dean Witter would be among the largest West Coast brokerage firms in the U.S . Among Witter 's original partners were his brother Guy and their cousins Jean C. Witter and Ed Witter as well as Fritz Janney . In its early years , Dean Witter focused on dealing in municipal and corporate bonds . The company was highly successful in its first five years , purchasing a seat on the San Francisco Stock Exchange in 1928 and then opening an office in New York and purchasing a seat on the New York Stock Exchange in 1929 ." } ] }, { "value": "I'1909", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Founder , Dean Witter & Company", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Henry Ford II", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Ford_II", "summary": "Henry Ford II ( September 4 , 1917 - September 29 , 1987 ) , sometimes known as HF2 or Hank the Deuce , was an American businessman in the automotive industry . He was the eldest son of Edsel Ford and eldest grandson of Henry Ford . He was president of the Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960 , chief executive officer ( CEO ) from 1945 to 1979 , and chairman of the board of directors from 1960 to 1980 . Under the leadership of Henry Ford II , Ford Motor Company became a publicly traded corporation in 1956 . From 1943 to 1950 , he also served as president of the Ford Foundation ." } ] }, { "value": "Η", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Former Chairman and CEO , Ford Motor Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company", "summary": "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mark Fields", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mark_Fields_(businessman)", "summary": "Mark Fields ( born January 24 , 1961 ) is an American businessman and former chief executive officer of Ford Motor Company . Prior to his July 1 , 2014 , appointment , Fields served as the company 's chief operating officer . Previously , as Ford 's president of The Americas , Fields developed The Way Forward plan . He succeeded Alan Mulally as the company 's president and CEO . Fields announced his retirement on May 22 , 2017 , with Jim Hackett succeeding him as president and CEO , Ford Motor Company ." } ] }, { "value": "Delta", "urls": [] }, { "value": "COO , Ford Motor Company", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company", "summary": "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "James Cantalupo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Richard_Cantalupo", "summary": "James Richard Cantalupo ( November 14 , 1943 - April 19 , 2004 ) was an American businessman . He served as chairman and chief executive officer of McDonald 's Corporation until his sudden death by heart attack at the age of 60 ." } ] }, { "value": "ΑΕ'1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Former chairman and chief executive officer of McDonald 's Corporation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/McDonald's_Corporation", "summary": "McDonald 's Corporation is an American fast food company , founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald , in San Bernardino , California , United States . They rechristened their business as a hamburger stand , and later turned the company into a franchise , with the Golden Arches logo being introduced in 1953 at a location in Phoenix , Arizona . In 1955 , Ray Kroc , a businessman , joined the company as a franchise agent and proceeded to purchase the chain from the McDonald brothers . McDonald 's had its original headquarters in Oak Brook , Illinois , but moved its global headquarters to Chicago in early 2018 . McDonald 's is the world 's largest restaurant chain by revenue , serving over 69 million customers daily in over 100 countries across 37,855 outlets as of 2018 . Although McDonald 's is best known for its hamburgers , cheeseburgers and french fries , they also feature chicken products , breakfast items , soft drinks , milkshakes , wraps , and desserts . In response to changing consumer tastes and a negative backlash because of the unhealthiness of their food , the company has added to its menu salads , fish , smoothies , and fruit . The McDonald 's Corporation revenues come from the rent , royalties , and fees paid by the franchisees , as well as sales in company-operated restaurants . According to two reports published in 2018 , McDonald 's is the world 's second-largest private employer with 1.7 million employees ( behind Walmart with 2.3 million employees ) ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dr. Arden R. Haynes , OC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Arden_Haynes", "summary": "Arden Haynes , OC ( born August 7 , 1927 ) is a Canadian businessman and the ninth Chancellor of York University ( 1994 to 1998 ) . Born in Saskatchewan , he attended the University of Manitoba , where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity , graduating with a Bachelor of Commerce in 1951 . He was the Chair and Chief Executive Officer of Imperial Oil Limited . In 1988 , he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada . He received honorary degrees from Acadia University and York University ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Order_of_Canada", "summary": "The Order of Canada ( French : Ordre du Canada ) is a Canadian national order and the second highest honour for merit in the system of orders , decorations , and medals of Canada , after the Order of Merit . To coincide with the centennial of Canadian Confederation , the three-tiered order was established in 1967 as a fellowship that recognizes the outstanding merit or distinguished service of Canadians who make a major difference to Canada through lifelong contributions in every field of endeavour , as well as the efforts by non-Canadians who have made the world better by their actions . Membership is accorded to those who exemplify the order 's Latin motto , desiderantes meliorem patriam , meaning they desire a better country , a phrase taken from Hebrews 11:16 . The three tiers of the order are Companion , Officer , and Member ; specific individuals may be given extraordinary membership and deserving non-Canadians may receive honorary appointment into each grade . The Canadian monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , is Sovereign of the order and the serving governor general , currently Julie Payette , is its Chancellor and Principal Companion and administers the order on behalf of the Sovereign . Appointees to the order are recommended by an advisory board and formally inducted by the governor general or the sovereign . As of January 2020 [ update ] , 7,212 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada , including scientists , musicians , politicians , artists , athletes , business people , film stars , benefactors , and others . Some have resigned or have been removed from the order , while other appointments have been controversial . Appointees are presented with insignia and receive the right to armorial bearings ." } ] }, { "value": "ΠΕ'1951", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Former Chair and Chief Executive Officer of Imperial Oil Limited , former Chancellor of York University", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Oil", "summary": "Imperial Oil Limited ( French : Compagnie Pétrolière Impériale Ltée ) is a Canadian petroleum company . It is Canada 's second-biggest integrated oil company . Exxon Mobil Corp. has a 69.6 percent ownership stake in the company . It is a significant producer of crude oil , diluted bitumen and natural gas , Canadas major petroleum refiner , a key petrochemical producer and a national marketer with coast-to-coast supply and retail networks . Its retail operations include Esso-brand service stations and On the Run/Marché Express and Tiger Express-brand convenience stores . It is also known for its holdings in the Alberta Oil Sands . Imperial owns 25 percent of Syncrude , which is one of the worlds largest oil sands operations . Imperial is also in a joint venture oil sands mining operation with ExxonMobil Corp. , called Kearl Oil Sands . Imperial Oil is headquartered in Calgary , Alberta . It was based in Toronto , Ontario , until 2005 . Most of Imperial 's production is from its vast natural resource holdings in the Alberta oil sands and the Norman Wells oil field in the Northwest Territories ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chancellor_(education)", "summary": "A chancellor is a leader of a college or university , usually either the executive or ceremonial head of the university or of a university campus within a university system . In most Commonwealth and former Commonwealth nations , the chancellor is usually a ceremonial non-resident head of the university . In such institutions , the chief executive of a university is the vice-chancellor , who may carry an additional title such as president ( e.g . president & vice-chancellor . The chancellor may serve as chairman of the governing body ; if not , this duty is often held by a chairman who may be known as a pro-chancellor . In many countries , the administrative and educational head of the university is known as the president , principal or rector . In the United States , the head of a university is most commonly a university president . In U.S. university systems that have more than one affiliated university or campus , the executive head of a specific campus may have the title of chancellor and report to the overall system 's president , or vice versa ." }, { "url": "/wiki/York_University", "summary": "York University ( French : Université York ) is a public research university in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is Canada 's third-largest university , and it has approximately 55,700 students , 7,000 faculty and staff , and over 315,000 alumni worldwide . It has eleven faculties , including the Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies , Faculty of Science , Lassonde School of Engineering , Schulich School of Business , Osgoode Hall Law School , Glendon College , Faculty of Education , Faculty of Health , Faculty of Environmental Studies , Faculty of Graduate Studies , the School of the Arts , Media , Performance and Design ( formerly the Faculty of Fine Arts ) , and 28 research centres . York University was established in 1959 as a non-denominational institution by the York University Act , which received Royal Assent in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario on 26 March of that year . Its first class was held in September 1960 in Falconer Hall on the University of Toronto campus with a total of 76 students . In the fall of 1961 , York moved to its first campus , Glendon College , and began to emphasize liberal arts and part-time adult education . In 1965 , the university opened a second campus , the Keele Campus , in North York , within the neighbourhood community of York University Heights . Several of York 's programs have gained notable recognition both nationally and internationally . York houses Canada 's oldest film school , which has been ranked one of the best in Canada , with an acceptance rate comparable to that of USC School of Cinematic Arts and Tisch School of the Arts . York 's Osgoode Hall Law School was ranked fourth best in Canada , behind U of T , McGill , and UBC . In The Economist 's 2011 full-time MBA rankings , York 's Schulich School of Business ranked ninth in the world , and first in Canada , and in CNN Expansion 's ranking of MBA programs , Schulich ranked 18th in the world , placing first in Canada . York 's School of Kinesiology and Health Science ranked 4th in Canada and 24th best in the world in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Julian Robertson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Julian_Robertson", "summary": "Julian Hart Robertson Jr. KNZM ( born June 25 , 1932 ) is an American billionaire hedge fund manager , and philanthropist . Now retired , Robertson invests in other hedge funds , mostly those run by former employees of his own defunct hedge fund company , Tiger Management . The so-called Tiger cubs manage around 50 of the world 's top hedge funds , including Stephen Mandal 's Lone Pine , Andreas Halvorsen 's Viking , Rob Citrone 's Discovery Capital Management , Philippe Laffont of Coatue Management , Lee Ainslie of Maverick Capital and Chase Coleman of Tiger Global Management . He is a signatory of The Giving Pledge . Robertson founded Tiger Management , one of the earliest hedge funds . Robertson is credited with turning $ 8 million in start-up capital in 1980 into over $ 22 billion in the late 1990s , though that was followed by a rapid downward spiral of investor withdrawals that ended with the fund closing in 2000 . In 1993 , his compensation and share of Tiger 's gain exceeded $ 300 million . His 2003 estimated net worth was over $ 400 million , and in December 2017 it was estimated by Forbes at $ 4.1 billion . Robertson said in 2008 that he shorted subprime securities and made money through credit default swaps . The following year , according to Forbes , Robertson 's return on his $ 200 million personal trading account was 150 percent ." } ] }, { "value": "Υ'**", "urls": [] }, { "value": "former Chairman of the Tiger Fund ( Tiger Management Corp . )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tiger_Management_Corp.", "summary": "Tiger Management Corp. , also known as The Tiger Fund , is an American hedge fund and family office founded by Julian Robertson . The fund began investing in 1980 and closed in March 2000 . It continues to operate today in direct public equity investments and seeding new investment funds ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "William B. Harrison , Jr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_B._Harrison,_Jr.", "summary": "William B. Harrison Jr. , ( born August 12 , 1943 ) , in Rocky Mount , North Carolina , is the former CEO and chairman of JPMorgan Chase . He attended high school at Virginia Episcopal School , where he was a basketball star . He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity . Having risen through the ranks of Chemical Bank before succeeding Walter V. Shipley during the Chemical Bank merger with the Chase Manhattan Corporation in 1995 , which kept the Chase name . As Chairman and CEO of Chase , he and Douglas A. Warner III , then CEO of J.P. Morgan & Co. , were the principal architects of the US $ 30.9 billion acquisition by Chase of J.P. Morgan & Co. in 2000 , to form JPMorgan Chase & Co. Harrison has been a director of the Firm or a predecessor institution since 1991 . Harrison is also a director of Merck & Co. , Inc. Jamie Dimon , former Bank One CEO , replaced Harrison as chairman on January 1 , 2007 , following Harrison 's decision to step down from his chairman position of JPMorgan on December 31 , 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Υ'**", "urls": [] }, { "value": "former CEO and current Chairman of JPMorgan Chase", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase", "summary": "JPMorgan Chase & Co. is an American multinational investment bank and financial services holding company headquartered in New York City . JPMorgan Chase is ranked by S & P Global as the largest bank in the United States and the sixth largest bank in the world by total assets , with total assets of US $ 2.687 trillion . It is also the world 's most valuable bank by market capitalization . JPMorgan Chase is incorporated in Delaware . As a Bulge Bracket bank , it is a major provider of various investment banking and financial services . It is one of America 's Big Four banks , along with Bank of America , Citigroup , and Wells Fargo . JPMorgan Chase is considered to be a universal bank and a custodian bank . The J.P. Morgan brand , is used by the investment banking , asset management , private banking , private wealth management , and treasury services divisions . Fiduciary activity within private banking and private wealth management is done under the aegis of JPMorgan Chase Bank , N.A . - the actual trustee . The Chase brand is used for credit card services in the United States and Canada , the bank 's retail banking activities in the United States , and commercial banking . Both the retail and commercial bank and the bank 's corporate headquarters are currently located at 383 Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan , New York City , while the prior headquarters building directly across the street , 270 Park Avenue , is demolished and replaced with a new building ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ian C. Murray", "urls": [] }, { "value": "T'1997", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Founder , Vineyard Vines", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vineyard_Vines", "summary": "Vineyard Vines is an American clothing and accessory retailer founded in 1998 on Martha 's Vineyard , Massachusetts , by brothers Shep and Ian Murray . The brand markets upper market ties , hats , belts , shirts , shorts , swimwear , bags for men , women , and children . It has grown to a collection of retail stores and outlets across the United States . The company 's main logo is a pink whale . Their clothing is considered preppy ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eric Molson , CM", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Order_of_Canada", "summary": "The Order of Canada ( French : Ordre du Canada ) is a Canadian national order and the second highest honour for merit in the system of orders , decorations , and medals of Canada , after the Order of Merit . To coincide with the centennial of Canadian Confederation , the three-tiered order was established in 1967 as a fellowship that recognizes the outstanding merit or distinguished service of Canadians who make a major difference to Canada through lifelong contributions in every field of endeavour , as well as the efforts by non-Canadians who have made the world better by their actions . Membership is accorded to those who exemplify the order 's Latin motto , desiderantes meliorem patriam , meaning they desire a better country , a phrase taken from Hebrews 11:16 . The three tiers of the order are Companion , Officer , and Member ; specific individuals may be given extraordinary membership and deserving non-Canadians may receive honorary appointment into each grade . The Canadian monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , is Sovereign of the order and the serving governor general , currently Julie Payette , is its Chancellor and Principal Companion and administers the order on behalf of the Sovereign . Appointees to the order are recommended by an advisory board and formally inducted by the governor general or the sovereign . As of January 2020 [ update ] , 7,212 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada , including scientists , musicians , politicians , artists , athletes , business people , film stars , benefactors , and others . Some have resigned or have been removed from the order , while other appointments have been controversial . Appointees are presented with insignia and receive the right to armorial bearings ." } ] }, { "value": "ΑΨ'**", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chairman , Molson Beer Companies", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Molson", "summary": "The Molson Brewery was formed in 1786 in Montreal by the Molson family . In 2005 , Molson merged with US-based Coors to form Molson Coors Brewing Company , the world 's seventh-largest brewery at that time . Molson Coors Canada Inc. is the name of the Canadian subsidiary of Molson Coors Brewing Company . Molson 's first brewery was located on the Saint Lawrence River in Montreal , where the company continues to maintain its operations today ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Roderick M. Hills", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Roderick_M._Hills", "summary": "Roderick Maltman Hills ( March 9 , 1931 - October 29 , 2014 ) served as chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission between 1975 and 1977 . Later he worked at the investment bank of Drexel Burnham Lambert and then at the law firm of Donovan , Leisure , Newton & Irvine ." } ] }, { "value": "Μ'**", "urls": [] }, { "value": "former Chairman , Securities and Exchange Commission", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission", "summary": "The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government . The SEC holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws , proposing securities rules , and regulating the securities industry , which is the nation 's stock and options exchanges , and other activities and organizations , including the electronic securities markets in the United States . In addition to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , which created it , the SEC enforces the Securities Act of 1933 , the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 , the Investment Company Act of 1940 , the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 , the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 , and other statutes . The SEC was created by Section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ( now codified as 15 U.S.C . § 78d and commonly referred to as the Exchange Act or the 1934 Act ) ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jim Balsillie , CA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jim_Balsillie", "summary": "James Laurence Balsillie ( born February 3 , 1961 ) is a Canadian businessman , philanthropist and former co-CEO of the Canadian company Research In Motion ( RIM , 'BlackBerry ' ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chartered_Accountant", "summary": "Chartered accountants were the first accountants to form a professional accounting body , initially established in Scotland in 1854 . The Edinburgh Society of Accountants ( 1854 ) , the Glasgow Institute of Accountants and Actuaries ( 1854 ) and the Aberdeen Society of Accountants ( 1867 ) were each granted a royal charter almost from their inception . The title is an internationally recognised professional designation ; the certified public accountant designation is generally equivalent to it . Women were able to become chartered accountants only following the Sex Disqualification ( Removal ) Act 1919 after which , in 1920 , Mary Harris Smith was recognised by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales and became the first woman chartered accountant in the world . Chartered accountants work in all fields of business and finance , including auditing , taxation , financial and general management . Some are engaged in public practice work , others work in the private sector and some are employed by government bodies . Chartered accountants ' institutes require members to undertake a minimum level of continuing professional development to stay professionally competitive . They facilitate special interest groups ( for instance , entertainment and media , or insolvency and restructuring ) which lead in their fields . They provide support to members by offering advisory services , technical helplines and technical libraries . They also offer opportunities for professional networking , career and business development ." } ] }, { "value": "ΘΞ'1984", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chairman and Co-CEO Research in Motion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Research_in_Motion", "summary": "BlackBerry Limited is a Canadian multinational company specialising in enterprise software and the Internet of things . Originally known as Research In Motion ( RIM ) , it is best known to the general public as the former developer of the BlackBerry brand of smartphones , and tablets . It transitioned to an enterprise software and services company under CEO John S. Chen . Its products are used worldwide by various businesses , car makers , and government agencies . They include BlackBerry Cylance 's artificial intelligence based cyber-security solutions , the BlackBerry AtHoc emergency communication system ( ECS ) platform ; the QNX real-time operating system ; and BlackBerry Enterprise Server ( BlackBerry Unified Endpoint Manager ) , a Unified Endpoint Management ( UEM ) platform . BlackBerry was founded in 1984 as Research In Motion by Mike Lazaridis and Douglas Fregin . In 1992 , Lazaridis hired Jim Balsillie , and Lazaridis and Balsillie served as co-CEOs until January 22 , 2012 , when Thorsten Heins became president and CEO . In November 2013 , John S. Chen took over as CEO . His initial strategy was to subcontract manufacturing to Foxconn , and to focus on software technology . Currently , [ when ? ] his strategy includes forming licensing partnerships with device manufacturers such as TCL Communication and unifying BlackBerry 's software portfolio ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brian Roberts", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brian_L._Roberts", "summary": "Brian L. Roberts ( born June 28 , 1959 ) is an American billionaire businessman who is the chairman and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Comcast , an American company providing cable , entertainment , and communications products and services which was founded by his father , Ralph J. Roberts ." } ] }, { "value": "Σ'1981", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chairman and CEO of Comcast Corporation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Comcast_Corporation", "summary": "Comcast Corporation ( formerly registered as Comcast Holdings ) [ note 1 ] is an American telecommunications conglomerate headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It is the second-largest broadcasting and cable television company in the world by revenue and the largest pay-TV company , the largest cable TV company and largest home Internet service provider in the United States , and the nation 's third-largest home telephone service provider . Comcast services U.S. residential and commercial customers in 40 states and in the District of Columbia . As the parent company of the international media company NBCUniversal since 2011 , Comcast is a producer of feature films and television programs intended for theatrical exhibition and over-the-air and cable television broadcast , respectively . Comcast owns and operates the Xfinity residential cable communications subsidiary , Comcast Business , a commercial services provider , Xfinity Mobile , an MVNO of Verizon , over-the-air national broadcast network channels ( NBC , Telemundo , TeleXitos and Cozi TV ) , multiple cable-only channels ( including MSNBC , CNBC , USA Network , Syfy , NBCSN , and E ! , among others ) , the film studio Universal Pictures , and Universal Parks & Resorts . It also has significant holdings in digital distribution , such as thePlatform , which it acquired in 2006 . Since October 2018 , it is also the parent company of mass media pan-European company Sky , making it the biggest and leading media company with more than 53 million subscribers over five countries across Europe . Comcast has been criticized for multiple reasons ; its customer satisfaction often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry . In addition , Comcast has violated net neutrality practices in the past , and , despite Comcast 's commitment to a narrow definition of net neutrality , critics advocate a definition which precludes any distinction between Comcast 's private network services and the rest of the Internet . Critics also point out a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast 's service area ; there is limited competition among cable providers . Furthermore , given Comcast 's negotiating power as a large ISP , some suspect that Comcast could leverage paid peering agreements to unfairly influence end-user connection speeds . Its ownership of both content production ( in NBCUniversal ) and content distribution ( as an ISP ) has raised antitrust concerns ." } ] }, { "value": "?", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Zeta_Psi_brothers_1", "intro": "The Zeta Psi Fraternity Incorporated (ΖΨ) was founded in was founded June 1, 1847 as a social college fraternity, The organization now comprises fifty-three active chapters and thirty-four inactive chapters, encompassing roughly fifty thousand brothers, across the United States and Canada. Over the course of its long history, members of the fraternity have gone on to distinguish themselves in a wide range of professional fields, including government service, the military, literature and the entertainment industry." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni", "title": "List of United States Military Academy alumni", "header": [ "Name", "Class year", "Notability" ], "data": [ { "value": "Edward Settle Godfrey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edward_Settle_Godfrey", "summary": "Edward Settle Godfrey ( October 9 , 1843 - April 1 , 1932 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who received the Medal of Honor for leadership as a captain during the Indian Wars ." } ] }, { "value": "1867", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; a Private during the Civil War before attending West Point ; received the MOH for leading his men against Chief Joseph despite being severely wounded ; led two platoons of Medal of Honor men at the burial of the Unknown Soldier from World War I", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Private_(rank)", "summary": "A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chief_Joseph", "summary": "Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt ( or Hinmatóowyalahtq̓it in Americanist orthography ) , popularly known as Chief Joseph , Young Joseph , or Joseph the Younger ( March 3 , 1840 - September 21 , 1904 ) , was a leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain ( Wallowa ) band of Nez Perce , a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States , in the latter half of the 19th century . He succeeded his father Tuekakas ( Chief Joseph the Elder ) in the early 1870s . Chief Joseph led his band of Nez Perce during the most tumultuous period in their history , when they were forcibly removed by the United States federal government from their ancestral lands in the Wallowa Valley of northeastern Oregon onto a significantly reduced reservation in the Idaho Territory . A series of violent encounters with white settlers in the spring of 1877 culminated in those Nez Perce who resisted removal , including Joseph 's band and an allied band of the Palouse tribe , to flee the United States in an attempt to reach political asylum alongside the Lakota people , who had sought refuge in Canada under the leadership of Sitting Bull . At least 700 men , women , and children led by Joseph and other Nez Perce chiefs were pursued by the U.S. Army under General Oliver O. Howard in a 1,170-mile ( 1,900 km ) fighting retreat known as the Nez Perce War . The skill with which the Nez Perce fought and the manner in which they conducted themselves in the face of incredible adversity earned them widespread admiration from their military opponents and the American public , and coverage of the war in U.S. newspapers led to popular recognition of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce . In October 1877 , after months of fugitive resistance , most of the surviving remnants of Joseph 's band were cornered in northern Montana Territory , just 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the Canadian border . Unable to fight any longer , Chief Joseph surrendered to the Army with the understanding that he and his people would be allowed to return to the reservation in western Idaho . He was instead transported between various forts and reservations on the southern Great Plains before being moved to the Colville Indian Reservation in the state of Washington , where he died in 1904 . Chief Joseph 's life remains iconic of the American Indian Wars . For his passionate , principled resistance to his tribe 's forced removal , Joseph became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier", "summary": "The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier refers to a monument dedicated to the services of an unknown soldier and to the common memories of all soldiers killed in any war . Such tombs can be found in many nations and are usually high-profile national monuments . Throughout history , many soldiers have died in war with their remains being unidentified . Following World War I , a movement arose to commemorate these soldiers with a single tomb , containing the body of one such unidentified soldier ." }, { "url": "/wiki/World_War_I", "summary": "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ." } ] }, { "value": "William Preble Hall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_Preble_Hall", "summary": "William Preble Hall ( June 11 , 1848 - December 14 , 1927 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on October 20 , 1879 near the White River , Colorado . An 1868 graduate of West Point , he served in the Army until his retirement in 1912 . He was an excellent marksman , serving on the Army distinguished marksmanship teams , 1879-1892 , winning medals while shooting both carbine and revolver ." } ] }, { "value": "1868", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; received the MOH for leading a small group to rescue an officer surrounded by 35 enemy ; distinguished marksman with rifle and revolver", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." } ] }, { "value": "Robert Goldthwaite Carter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_G._Carter", "summary": "Robert Goldthwaite Carter ( October 29 , 1845 - January 4 , 1936 ) was a US Cavalry officer who participated in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars , most notably against the Comanche during which he received the Medal of Honor for his role against a Comanche raiding party at Brazos River in Texas on October 10 , 1871 . He became a successful author in his later years writing several books based on his military career , including On the Border with Mackenzie ( 1935 ) , as well as a series of booklets detailing his years as an Indian fighter on the Texas frontier . Only 100 of these were published for private distribution and are considered extremely rare surviving only in selected excerpts included in On the Border with Mackenzie ." } ] }, { "value": "1870", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First Lieutenant ; an enlisted soldier during the Civil War before attending West Point ; received the MOH for repulsing the charge of a large hostile Indian force near the Brazos River in 1871", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_lieutenant_(United_States)", "summary": "First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia", "summary": "The chart below shows the current enlisted rank insignia of the United States Army , with seniority , and pay grade , increasing from right to left . Enlisted ranks of corporal and higher are considered non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) . The rank of specialist is a soldier of pay grade E-4 who has not yet attained non-commissioned officer status . It is common that a soldier may never be a corporal and will move directly from specialist to sergeant , attaining NCO status at that time ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Brazos_River", "summary": "The Brazos River ( /ˈbræzəs/ ( listen ) BRAZ-əs ) , called the Río de los Brazos de Dios ( translated as The River of the Arms of God ) by early Spanish explorers , is the 11th-longest river in the United States at 1,280 miles ( 2,060 km ) from its headwater source at the head of Blackwater Draw , Curry County , New Mexico to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico with a 45,000-square-mile ( 116,000 km2 ) drainage basin . Being one of Texas ' largest rivers , it is sometimes used to mark the boundary between East Texas and West Texas . The river is closely associated with Texas history , particularly the Austin settlement and Texas Revolution eras . Today major Texas institutions like Texas A & M University and Baylor University are located close to the river , as are parts of metropolitan Houston ." } ] }, { "value": "John Brown Kerr", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Brown_Kerr", "summary": "John Brown Kerr ( March 12 , 1847 - February 27 , 1928 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in fighting Indians along the White River , South Dakota ." } ] }, { "value": "1870", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; received the MOH for actions against Brule Sioux along the White River , South Dakota", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sioux", "summary": "The Sioux ( /suː/ ; Dakota : Očhéthi Šakówiŋ /otʃʰeːtʰi ʃakoːwĩ/ ) are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America . The term is an exonym created from a French transcription of the Anishinaabe term Nadouessioux , and can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation 's many language dialects . The modern Sioux consist of two major divisions based on language divisions : the Dakota and Lakota . Before the 17th century , the Santee Dakota ( Isáŋyathi ; Knife also known as the Eastern Dakota ) lived around Lake Superior with territories in present-day northern Minnesota and Wisconsin . They gathered wild rice , hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish . Wars with the Ojibwe throughout the 1700s pushed the Dakota into southern Minnesota , where the Western Dakota ( Yankton , Yanktonai ) and Teton ( Lakota ) were residing . In the 1800s , the Dakota signed treaties with the United States , ceding much of their land in Minnesota . Failure of the United States to make treaty payments on time , as well as low food supplies , led to the Dakota War of 1862 , which resulted in the Dakota being exiled from Minnesota to numerous reservations in Nebraska , North and South Dakota and Canada . After 1870 , the Dakota people began to return to Minnesota , creating the present-day reservations in the state . The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota ( Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ; Village-at-the-end and Little village-at-the-end ) , collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena , resided in the Minnesota River area before ceding their land and moving to South Dakota in 1858 . Despite ceding their lands , their treaty with the U.S. government allowed them to maintain their traditional role in the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ as the caretakers of the Pipestone Quarry , which is the cultural center of the Sioux people . They are considered to be the Western Dakota ( also called middle Sioux ) , and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota ." }, { "url": "/wiki/White_River,_South_Dakota", "summary": "White River ( Lakota : Makhízita wakpá ; White Dirt River ) is a city in and the county seat of Mellette County . South Dakota , United States . The population was 581 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Edward John McClernand", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edward_John_McClernand", "summary": "Edward John McClernand ( December 29 , 1848 - February 9 , 1936 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action near the Bear Paw Mountains , Montana on September 30 , 1877 . An 1870 graduate of West Point , his career spanned 42 years , as he served in the Army until his retirement on December 29 , 1912 ." } ] }, { "value": "1870", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; received the MOH for actions at Bear Paw Mountain , Montana in 1877 against Chief Joseph 's tribe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Bear_Paw_Mountains", "summary": "The Bears Paw Mountains ( Bear Paw Mountains , Bear 's Paw Mountains or Bearpaw Mountains ) are an insular-montane island range in North-Central Montana , USA , located approximately 10 miles south of Havre , Montana . Baldy Mountain , which rises 6,916 feet ( 2,108 m ) above sea level , is the highest peak in the range . The Bears Paw Mountains extend in a 45-mile arc between the Missouri River and Rocky Boy Indian Reservation south of Havre . While highway signs designate the range as the Bears Paw Mountains , historically , the names Bearpaw Mountains and Bear Paw Mountains also have been used , including on early state maps of the region . The U.S. Geological Survey continues to use Bearpaw Mountains on publications ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Montana", "summary": "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chief_Joseph", "summary": "Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt ( or Hinmatóowyalahtq̓it in Americanist orthography ) , popularly known as Chief Joseph , Young Joseph , or Joseph the Younger ( March 3 , 1840 - September 21 , 1904 ) , was a leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain ( Wallowa ) band of Nez Perce , a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States , in the latter half of the 19th century . He succeeded his father Tuekakas ( Chief Joseph the Elder ) in the early 1870s . Chief Joseph led his band of Nez Perce during the most tumultuous period in their history , when they were forcibly removed by the United States federal government from their ancestral lands in the Wallowa Valley of northeastern Oregon onto a significantly reduced reservation in the Idaho Territory . A series of violent encounters with white settlers in the spring of 1877 culminated in those Nez Perce who resisted removal , including Joseph 's band and an allied band of the Palouse tribe , to flee the United States in an attempt to reach political asylum alongside the Lakota people , who had sought refuge in Canada under the leadership of Sitting Bull . At least 700 men , women , and children led by Joseph and other Nez Perce chiefs were pursued by the U.S. Army under General Oliver O. Howard in a 1,170-mile ( 1,900 km ) fighting retreat known as the Nez Perce War . The skill with which the Nez Perce fought and the manner in which they conducted themselves in the face of incredible adversity earned them widespread admiration from their military opponents and the American public , and coverage of the war in U.S. newspapers led to popular recognition of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce . In October 1877 , after months of fugitive resistance , most of the surviving remnants of Joseph 's band were cornered in northern Montana Territory , just 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the Canadian border . Unable to fight any longer , Chief Joseph surrendered to the Army with the understanding that he and his people would be allowed to return to the reservation in western Idaho . He was instead transported between various forts and reservations on the southern Great Plains before being moved to the Colville Indian Reservation in the state of Washington , where he died in 1904 . Chief Joseph 's life remains iconic of the American Indian Wars . For his passionate , principled resistance to his tribe 's forced removal , Joseph became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker ." } ] }, { "value": "Charles Varnum", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_Varnum", "summary": "Charles Albert Varnum ( June 21 , 1849 - February 26 , 1936 ) was a career United States Army officer . He was most noted as the commander of the scouts for George Armstrong Custer in the Little Bighorn Campaign ( of which he was the last of the surviving officers to die of natural causes ) during the Great Sioux War , as well as receiving the Medal of Honor for his actions in a conflict at Drexel Mission following the Wounded Knee Massacre ." } ] }, { "value": "1872", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colonel ; commander of the scouts for George Armstrong Custer in the Little Bighorn Campaign during the Black Hills War ; recipient of the MOH for his actions in a conflict following the Battle of Wounded Knee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ." }, { "url": "/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer", "summary": "George Armstrong Custer ( December 5 , 1839 - June 25 , 1876 ) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars . Custer graduated from West Point in 1861 at the bottom of his class , but as the Civil War was just starting , trained officers were in immediate demand . He worked closely with General McClellan and the future General Pleasonton , both of whom recognized his qualities as a cavalry leader , and he was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers at age 23 . Only a few days after his promotion , he fought at Gettysburg , where he commanded the Michigan Cavalry Brigade and despite being outnumbered , defeated J. E. B. Stuart 's attack at what is now known as the East Cavalry Field . In 1864 , Custer served in the Overland Campaign and in Sheridan 's army in the Shenandoah Valley , defeating Jubal Early at Cedar Creek . His division blocked the Army of Northern Virginia 's final retreat and received the first flag of truce from the Confederates , and Custer was present at Robert E. Lee 's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox . After the war , Custer was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the Regular Army and was sent west to fight in the Indian Wars . On June 25 , 1876 , while leading the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory against a coalition of Native American tribes , he was killed along with all of his command during an action later romanticized as Custer 's Last Stand . His dramatic end was as controversial as the rest of his career , and reaction to his life and career remains deeply divided . Custer 's bold leadership in battle is unquestioned , but his legend was partly of his own fabrication through his extensive journalism , and perhaps more through the energetic lobbying of his wife Libbie Custer throughout her long widowhood ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn", "summary": "The Battle of the Little Bighorn , known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer 's Last Stand , was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army . The battle , which resulted in the defeat of U.S. forces , was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876 . It took place on June 25-26 , 1876 , along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory . The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho , who were led by several major war leaders , including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall , and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull ( Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake ) . The U.S. 7th Cavalry , a force of 700 men , suffered a major defeat while under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer ( formerly a brevetted major general during the American Civil War ) . Five of the 7th Cavalry 's twelve companies were annihilated and Custer was killed , as were two of his brothers , a nephew and a brother-in-law . The total U.S. casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded ( six died later from their wounds ) , :244 including four Crow Indian scouts and at least two Arikara Indian scouts . Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle . Libbie Custer , Custer 's widow , soon worked to burnish her husband 's memory , and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic , even heroic , figures in American history . The battle , and Custer 's actions in particular , have been studied extensively by historians . Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument honors those who fought on both sides ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Black_Hills_War", "summary": "The Great Sioux War of 1876 , also known as the Black Hills War , was a series of battles and negotiations which occurred in 1876 and 1877 between the Lakota Sioux , Northern Cheyenne , and the United States . The cause of the war was the desire of the U.S. government to obtain ownership of the Black Hills . Gold had been discovered in the Black Hills , settlers began to encroach onto Native American lands , and the Sioux and Cheyenne refused to cede ownership to the U.S . Traditionally , the United States military and historians place the Lakota at the center of the story , especially given their numbers , but some Indians believe the Cheyenne were the primary target of the U.S. campaign . Among the many battles and skirmishes of the war was the Battle of the Little Bighorn , often known as Custer 's Last Stand , the most storied of the many encounters between the U.S. army and mounted Plains Indians . That Indian victory notwithstanding , the U.S. leveraged national resources to force the Indians to surrender , primarily by attacking and destroying their encampments and property . The Great Sioux War took place under the presidencies of Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes . The Agreement of 1877 ( 19 Stat . 254 , enacted February 28 , 1877 ) officially annexed Sioux land and permanently established Indian reservations ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre", "summary": "The Wounded Knee Massacre , also called the Battle of Wounded Knee , was a domestic massacre of several hundred Lakota Indians , almost half of whom were women and children , by soldiers of the United States Army . It occurred on December 29 , 1890 , near Wounded Knee Creek ( Lakota : Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála ) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota , following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp . The previous day , a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk 's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) westward to Wounded Knee Creek , where they made camp . The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment , led by Colonel James W. Forsyth , arrived and surrounded the encampment . The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns . On the morning of December 29 , the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota . One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota , a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle , claiming he had paid a lot for it . Simultaneously , an old man was performing a ritual called the Ghost Dance . Black Coyote 's rifle went off at that point , and the U.S. army began shooting at the Native Americans . The Lakota warriors fought back , but many had already been stripped of their guns and disarmed . By the time the massacre was over , between 250 and 300 men , women , and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded ( 4 men and 47 women and children , some of whom died later ) ; some estimates placed the number of dead at 300 . Twenty-five soldiers also died , and thirty-nine were wounded ( six of the wounded later died ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Frank West", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Frank_West_(Medal_of_Honor)", "summary": "Frank West ( September 26 , 1850 - August 26 , 1923 ) was a United States Army colonel who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in fighting Indians at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . West is an 1872 graduate of West Point ." } ] }, { "value": "1872", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colonel ; recipient of the MOH for rallying his men against a fortified position at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona , for which three other men also received the Medal of Honor : Thomas Cruse , George H. Morgan , and Charles Taylor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Dry_Wash", "summary": "The Battle of Big Dry Wash was fought on July 17 , 1882 , between troops of the United States Army 's 3rd Cavalry Regiment and 6th Cavalry Regiment and members of the White Mountain Apache tribe . :276The location of the battle was called Big Dry Wash in Major Evans ' official report , but later maps called the location Big Dry Fork , which is how it is cited in the four Medal of Honor citations that resulted from the battle . :276-77" }, { "url": "/wiki/Arizona", "summary": "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_Cruse", "summary": "Thomas Cruse ( December 29 , 1857 - June 8 , 1943 ) was a United States Army brigadier general who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on July 17 , 1882 , at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . An 1879 graduate of West Point , he served in numerous campaigns on the Western Frontier and later in the Philippines . He retired as a brigadier general in 1918 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/George_H._Morgan", "summary": "George Horace Morgan ( January 1 , 1855 - February 14 , 1948 ) was an American cavalry officer and Medal of Honor recipient . He was the son of a Civil War general , George N. Morgan , and graduated from West Point , the U.S. Military Academy , in 1880 . He was post commander of Fort Myer , Virginia , when he held the rank of major , March-June 1899 . Morgan served in all the United States ' wars from the Indian Wars to World War I . He was wounded by an Apache in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . The bullet remained near his heart for over 60 years until it shifted in 1948 and caused his death . He is the namesake of Camp Morgan in Bosnia . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and First Sergeant Charles Taylor were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action . West and Cruse are also Academy graduates ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Medal_of_Honor)", "summary": "Charles Taylor ( 1840 - August 3 , 1899 ) was an American cavalry soldier and Medal of Honor recipient . He was cited for gallantry in action in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Apache Wars in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and Second Lieutenant George H. Morgan were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action ." } ] }, { "value": "William Harding Carter", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_Harding_Carter", "summary": "William Giles Harding Carter ( November 19 , 1851 - May 24 , 1925 ) was a US Cavalry officer who served during the American Civil War , Spanish-American War and World War I . He also took part in the Indian Wars seeing extensive service against the Apache and Comanche in Arizona being awarded the Medal of Honor against the Apache during the Comanche Campaign on August 30 , 1881 . A strong advocate of reform in the United States Army during the late 19th and early 20th centuries , Carter and Secretary of War Elihu Root are credited with the creation of the U.S. Army War College and helped pass the General Staff Act of 1903 through the United States Congress , replacing the office of commanding general with a chief of staff and a more efficient reorganization of military staff structure . He was also an active supporter of the Militia Act of 1903 which proposed to replace the obsolete state militia system with the National Guard Bureau . A later historian and military biographer , Carter wrote several books including From Yorktown to Santiago with the 6th Cavalry ( 1900 ) , Old Army Sketches ( 1906 ) and The Life of Lieutenant General Chaffee ( 1917 ) as well as a number articles and academic papers for professional and learned journals ." } ] }, { "value": "1873", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major General ; recipient of the MOH for rescuing two soldiers under heavy fire during the Comanche Campaign", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Comanche_Campaign", "summary": "The Comanche campaign is a general term for military operations by the United States government against the Comanche tribe in the newly settled west . Between 1867 and 1875 , military units fought against the Comanche people in a series of expeditions and campaigns until the Comanche surrendered and relocated to a reservation ." } ] }, { "value": "Marion Perry Maus", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marion_Perry_Maus", "summary": "Marion Perry Maus ( August 25 , 1850 - February 2 , 1930 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on January 11 , 1886 in the Sierra Madre Mountains , Mexico . An 1874 graduate of West Point , he served in three wars and in multiple commands in the Army during his long career , retiring in 1913 ." } ] }, { "value": "1874", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for actions while commander of Apache scouts in the capture of Geronimo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Apache_scouts", "summary": "The Apache Scouts were part of the United States Army Indian Scouts . Most of their service was during the Apache Wars , between 1849 and 1886 , though the last scout retired in 1947 . The Apache scouts were the eyes and ears of the United States military and sometimes the cultural translators for the various Apache bands and the Americans . Apache scouts also served in the Navajo War , the Yavapai War , the Mexican Border War and they saw stateside duty during World War II . There has been a great deal written about Apache scouts , both as part of United States Army reports from the field and more colorful accounts written after the events by non-Apaches in newspapers and books . Men such as Al Sieber and Tom Horn were sometimes the commanding officers of small groups of Apache Scouts . As was the custom in the United States military , scouts were generally enlisted with Anglo nicknames or single names . Many Apache Scouts received citations for bravery . [ citation needed ]" }, { "url": "/wiki/Geronimo", "summary": "Geronimo ( Mescalero-Chiricahua : Goyaałé Athabaskan pronunciation : [ kòjàːɬɛ́ ] the one who yawns , June 1829 - February 17 , 1909 ) was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Apache tribe . From 1850 to 1886 , Geronimo joined with members of three other Chiricahua Apache bands - the Tchihende , the Tsokanende and the Nednhi - to carry out numerous raids , as well as fight against Mexican and U.S. military campaigns in the northern Mexico states of Chihuahua and Sonora and in the southwestern American territories of New Mexico and Arizona . Geronimo 's raids and related combat actions were a part of the prolonged period of the Apache-United States conflict , which started with American settlement in Apache lands following the end of the war with Mexico in 1848 . While well known , Geronimo was not a chief of the Chiricahua or the Bedonkohe band . :38:1-2 However , since he was a superb leader in raiding and warfare , he frequently led large numbers of men beyond his own following . At any one time , he would be in command of about 30 to 50 Apaches . During Geronimo 's final period of conflict from 1876 to 1886 , he surrendered three times and accepted life on the Apache reservations in Arizona . Reservation life was confining to the free-moving Apache people , and they resented restrictions on their customary way of life . In 1886 , after an intense pursuit in northern Mexico by American forces that followed Geronimo 's third 1885 reservation breakout , Geronimo surrendered for the last time to Lt. Charles Bare Gatewood , an Apache-speaking West Point graduate who had earned Geronimo 's respect a few years before . Geronimo was later transferred to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon , just north of the Mexican/American boundary . Miles treated Geronimo as a prisoner of war and acted promptly to move Geronimo , first to Fort Bowie , then to the railroad at Bowie Station , Arizona , where he and 27 other Apaches were sent to join the rest of the Chiricahua tribe , which had been previously exiled to Florida . While holding him as a prisoner , the United States capitalized on Geronimos fame among non-Indians by displaying him at various events ." } ] }, { "value": "Ernest Albert Garlington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ernest_Albert_Garlington", "summary": "Ernest Albert Garlington ( February 20 , 1853 - October 16 , 1934 ) was a United States Army general who received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars ." } ] }, { "value": "1876", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for gallantry at the Battle of Wounded Knee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre", "summary": "The Wounded Knee Massacre , also called the Battle of Wounded Knee , was a domestic massacre of several hundred Lakota Indians , almost half of whom were women and children , by soldiers of the United States Army . It occurred on December 29 , 1890 , near Wounded Knee Creek ( Lakota : Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála ) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota , following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp . The previous day , a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk 's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) westward to Wounded Knee Creek , where they made camp . The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment , led by Colonel James W. Forsyth , arrived and surrounded the encampment . The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns . On the morning of December 29 , the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota . One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota , a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle , claiming he had paid a lot for it . Simultaneously , an old man was performing a ritual called the Ghost Dance . Black Coyote 's rifle went off at that point , and the U.S. army began shooting at the Native Americans . The Lakota warriors fought back , but many had already been stripped of their guns and disarmed . By the time the massacre was over , between 250 and 300 men , women , and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded ( 4 men and 47 women and children , some of whom died later ) ; some estimates placed the number of dead at 300 . Twenty-five soldiers also died , and thirty-nine were wounded ( six of the wounded later died ) ." } ] }, { "value": "John Chowning Gresham", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/John_Chowning_Gresham", "summary": "John Chowning Gresham ( September 25 , 1851 - September 2 , 1926 ) was an officer in the United States Army who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Indian Wars . After graduating from the military academy he accepted a commission in the United States Army and saw combat in several battles during the American Indian wars including the Battle of Canyon Creek . He was assigned to the Department of Dakota until 1884 when he was assigned to the Virginia Agricultural College as a Professor of Military Science and Tactics . In 1887 he returned to the campaigns against the Indians where he was injured and received his Medal of Honor for his actions during the Wounded Knee Massacre . After retiring in 1915 he was recalled to active duty to command the ROTC and SATC programs at the University of Denver as a member of the California National Guard until the programs were disbanded in 1918 . He died in San Diego , California in 1926 and is buried in San Francisco National Cemetery ." } ] }, { "value": "1876", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colonel ; recipient of the MOH for gallantry at the Battle of Wounded Knee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre", "summary": "The Wounded Knee Massacre , also called the Battle of Wounded Knee , was a domestic massacre of several hundred Lakota Indians , almost half of whom were women and children , by soldiers of the United States Army . It occurred on December 29 , 1890 , near Wounded Knee Creek ( Lakota : Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála ) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota , following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp . The previous day , a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk 's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) westward to Wounded Knee Creek , where they made camp . The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment , led by Colonel James W. Forsyth , arrived and surrounded the encampment . The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns . On the morning of December 29 , the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota . One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota , a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle , claiming he had paid a lot for it . Simultaneously , an old man was performing a ritual called the Ghost Dance . Black Coyote 's rifle went off at that point , and the U.S. army began shooting at the Native Americans . The Lakota warriors fought back , but many had already been stripped of their guns and disarmed . By the time the massacre was over , between 250 and 300 men , women , and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded ( 4 men and 47 women and children , some of whom died later ) ; some estimates placed the number of dead at 300 . Twenty-five soldiers also died , and thirty-nine were wounded ( six of the wounded later died ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Oscar Fitzalan Long", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oscar_Fitzalan_Long", "summary": "Oscar Fitzalan Long ( June 16 , 1852 - December 23 , 1928 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on September 30 , 1877 near Bear Paw Mountain , Montana . An 1876 graduate of West Point , he served in the Army until 1904 ." } ] }, { "value": "1876", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for leadership under heavy fire at Bear Paw Mountain , Montana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Bear_Paw_Mountains", "summary": "The Bears Paw Mountains ( Bear Paw Mountains , Bear 's Paw Mountains or Bearpaw Mountains ) are an insular-montane island range in North-Central Montana , USA , located approximately 10 miles south of Havre , Montana . Baldy Mountain , which rises 6,916 feet ( 2,108 m ) above sea level , is the highest peak in the range . The Bears Paw Mountains extend in a 45-mile arc between the Missouri River and Rocky Boy Indian Reservation south of Havre . While highway signs designate the range as the Bears Paw Mountains , historically , the names Bearpaw Mountains and Bear Paw Mountains also have been used , including on early state maps of the region . The U.S. Geological Survey continues to use Bearpaw Mountains on publications ." } ] }, { "value": "Matthias W. Day", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Matthias_W._Day", "summary": "Matthias W. Day ( August 8 , 1853 - September 12 , 1927 ) was a career American army officer who received the Medal of Honor , the United States ' highest military decoration , for his actions during the American Indian Wars in the latter half of the 19th century . Day was a longtime officer with the African-American 9th Cavalry Regiment , seeing action during the Apache Wars against the Apache leaders Victorio and Geronimo . Day later achieved fame as a marksman while participating in the U.S. Army 's annual rifle marksmanship contest , and served in the Philippines during the Philippine-American War . He eventually rose to the rank of colonel and served as the commander of his old unit , the 9th Cavalry ." } ] }, { "value": "1877", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colonel ; recipient of the MOH for rescuing a wounded soldier under heavy fire after being ordered to retreat ; member of the 9th Cavalry Regiment of the Buffalo Soldiers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ." }, { "url": "/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)", "summary": "The 9th Cavalry Regiment is a parent cavalry regiment of the United States Army . Historically , it was one of the Army 's four segregated African American regiments . The regiment saw combat during the Indian and Spanish-American Wars . During Westward Expansion , the regiment provided security for the early western settlers and defended the American borders against Indian bands , Mexican encroachment , and criminal elements . As of 2019 [ update ] , the 1st Battalion and 4th Squadron serve with the 2nd Brigade Combat Team , 1st Cavalry Division as a combined arms battalion and an armored reconnaissance squadron , respectively , while the 6th Squadron is the armored reconnaissance squadron of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the division . All three units are stationed at Fort Hood ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier", "summary": "Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army , formed on September 21 , 1866 , at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . This nickname was given to the Black Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars . The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866 :" } ] }, { "value": "Robert Temple Emmet", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Robert_Temple_Emmet", "summary": "Robert Temple Emmet ( December 13 , 1854 - October 25 , 1936 ) was a United States Army colonel who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions while surrounded by a much larger force . An 1877 graduate of West Point , he served in numerous campaigns on the Western Frontier ." } ] }, { "value": "1877", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colonel ; recipient of the MOH for holding off 200 enemies with only himself and five men despite being surrounded ; member of the 9th Cavalry Regiment of the Buffalo Soldiers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ." }, { "url": "/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)", "summary": "The 9th Cavalry Regiment is a parent cavalry regiment of the United States Army . Historically , it was one of the Army 's four segregated African American regiments . The regiment saw combat during the Indian and Spanish-American Wars . During Westward Expansion , the regiment provided security for the early western settlers and defended the American borders against Indian bands , Mexican encroachment , and criminal elements . As of 2019 [ update ] , the 1st Battalion and 4th Squadron serve with the 2nd Brigade Combat Team , 1st Cavalry Division as a combined arms battalion and an armored reconnaissance squadron , respectively , while the 6th Squadron is the armored reconnaissance squadron of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the division . All three units are stationed at Fort Hood ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier", "summary": "Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army , formed on September 21 , 1866 , at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . This nickname was given to the Black Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars . The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866 :" } ] }, { "value": "Wilber Elliott Wilder", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wilber_Elliott_Wilder", "summary": "Wilber Elliott Wilder ( August 18 , 1857 - January 30 , 1952 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for rescuing a wounded soldier under heavy fire ." } ] }, { "value": "1877", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for rescuing a wounded soldier under heavy fire ; key figure in negotiating the surrender of the Apache chief Geronimo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Apache", "summary": "The Apache ( /əˈpætʃi/ ) are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States , which include the Chiricahua , Jicarilla , Lipan , Mescalero , Salinero , Plains and Western Apache . Distant cousins of the Apache are the Navajo , with which they share the Southern Athabaskan languages . There are Apache communities in Oklahoma , Texas , and reservations in Arizona and New Mexico . Apache people have moved throughout the United States and elsewhere , including urban centers . The Apache Nations are politically autonomous , speak several different languages and have distinct cultures . Historically , the Apache homelands have consisted of high mountains , sheltered and watered valleys , deep canyons , deserts , and the southern Great Plains , including areas in what is now Eastern Arizona , Northern Mexico ( Sonora and Chihuahua ) and New Mexico , West Texas , and Southern Colorado . These areas are collectively known as Apacheria . The Apache tribes fought the invading Spanish and Mexican peoples for centuries . The first Apache raids on Sonora appear to have taken place during the late 17th century . In 19th-century confrontations during the American-Indian wars , the U.S. Army found the Apache to be fierce warriors and skillful strategists ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Geronimo", "summary": "Geronimo ( Mescalero-Chiricahua : Goyaałé Athabaskan pronunciation : [ kòjàːɬɛ́ ] the one who yawns , June 1829 - February 17 , 1909 ) was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Apache tribe . From 1850 to 1886 , Geronimo joined with members of three other Chiricahua Apache bands - the Tchihende , the Tsokanende and the Nednhi - to carry out numerous raids , as well as fight against Mexican and U.S. military campaigns in the northern Mexico states of Chihuahua and Sonora and in the southwestern American territories of New Mexico and Arizona . Geronimo 's raids and related combat actions were a part of the prolonged period of the Apache-United States conflict , which started with American settlement in Apache lands following the end of the war with Mexico in 1848 . While well known , Geronimo was not a chief of the Chiricahua or the Bedonkohe band . :38:1-2 However , since he was a superb leader in raiding and warfare , he frequently led large numbers of men beyond his own following . At any one time , he would be in command of about 30 to 50 Apaches . During Geronimo 's final period of conflict from 1876 to 1886 , he surrendered three times and accepted life on the Apache reservations in Arizona . Reservation life was confining to the free-moving Apache people , and they resented restrictions on their customary way of life . In 1886 , after an intense pursuit in northern Mexico by American forces that followed Geronimo 's third 1885 reservation breakout , Geronimo surrendered for the last time to Lt. Charles Bare Gatewood , an Apache-speaking West Point graduate who had earned Geronimo 's respect a few years before . Geronimo was later transferred to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon , just north of the Mexican/American boundary . Miles treated Geronimo as a prisoner of war and acted promptly to move Geronimo , first to Fort Bowie , then to the railroad at Bowie Station , Arizona , where he and 27 other Apaches were sent to join the rest of the Chiricahua tribe , which had been previously exiled to Florida . While holding him as a prisoner , the United States capitalized on Geronimos fame among non-Indians by displaying him at various events ." } ] }, { "value": "Lloyd Milton Brett", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lloyd_Milton_Brett", "summary": "Lloyd Milton Brett ( February 22 , 1856 - September 23 , 1927 ) was a United States Army brigadier general who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on April 1 , 1880 at O'Fallon 's Creek , Montana . He graduated from West Point and served in numerous campaigns on the Western Frontier and later in World War I . He retired as a brigadier general in 1920 ." } ] }, { "value": "1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for fearless exposure in cutting off the enemy 's pony herd at O'Fallon 's Creek , Montana , which greatly crippled their ability to fight", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Montana", "summary": "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ." } ] }, { "value": "Thomas Cruse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_Cruse", "summary": "Thomas Cruse ( December 29 , 1857 - June 8 , 1943 ) was a United States Army brigadier general who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on July 17 , 1882 , at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . An 1879 graduate of West Point , he served in numerous campaigns on the Western Frontier and later in the Philippines . He retired as a brigadier general in 1918 ." } ] }, { "value": "1879", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for holding off the enemy , which enabled the rescue of wounded soldier at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona , for which three other men also received the Medal of Honor : Frank West , George H. Morgan , and Charles Taylor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Dry_Wash", "summary": "The Battle of Big Dry Wash was fought on July 17 , 1882 , between troops of the United States Army 's 3rd Cavalry Regiment and 6th Cavalry Regiment and members of the White Mountain Apache tribe . :276The location of the battle was called Big Dry Wash in Major Evans ' official report , but later maps called the location Big Dry Fork , which is how it is cited in the four Medal of Honor citations that resulted from the battle . :276-77" }, { "url": "/wiki/Arizona", "summary": "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Frank_West_(Medal_of_Honor)", "summary": "Frank West ( September 26 , 1850 - August 26 , 1923 ) was a United States Army colonel who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in fighting Indians at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . West is an 1872 graduate of West Point ." }, { "url": "/wiki/George_H._Morgan", "summary": "George Horace Morgan ( January 1 , 1855 - February 14 , 1948 ) was an American cavalry officer and Medal of Honor recipient . He was the son of a Civil War general , George N. Morgan , and graduated from West Point , the U.S. Military Academy , in 1880 . He was post commander of Fort Myer , Virginia , when he held the rank of major , March-June 1899 . Morgan served in all the United States ' wars from the Indian Wars to World War I . He was wounded by an Apache in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . The bullet remained near his heart for over 60 years until it shifted in 1948 and caused his death . He is the namesake of Camp Morgan in Bosnia . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and First Sergeant Charles Taylor were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action . West and Cruse are also Academy graduates ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Medal_of_Honor)", "summary": "Charles Taylor ( 1840 - August 3 , 1899 ) was an American cavalry soldier and Medal of Honor recipient . He was cited for gallantry in action in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Apache Wars in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and Second Lieutenant George H. Morgan were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action ." } ] }, { "value": "George Ritter Burnett", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_Ritter_Burnett", "summary": "George Ritter Burnett ( April 23 , 1858 - November 1 , 1908 ) was a United States Army officer who received the U.S. military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ." } ] }, { "value": "1880", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First Lieutenant ; recipient of the MOH for rescuing stranded men under heavy enemy fire ; one of his men , Augustus Walley , also received the Medal of Honor for this action , both members of the 9th Cavalry Regiment of the Buffalo Soldiers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_lieutenant_(United_States)", "summary": "First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Augustus_Walley", "summary": "Augustus Walley ( March 10 , 1856 - April 9 , 1938 ) was a Buffalo Soldier in the United States Army and a recipient of America 's highest military decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in the Indian Wars of the western United States ." }, { "url": "/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)", "summary": "The 9th Cavalry Regiment is a parent cavalry regiment of the United States Army . Historically , it was one of the Army 's four segregated African American regiments . The regiment saw combat during the Indian and Spanish-American Wars . During Westward Expansion , the regiment provided security for the early western settlers and defended the American borders against Indian bands , Mexican encroachment , and criminal elements . As of 2019 [ update ] , the 1st Battalion and 4th Squadron serve with the 2nd Brigade Combat Team , 1st Cavalry Division as a combined arms battalion and an armored reconnaissance squadron , respectively , while the 6th Squadron is the armored reconnaissance squadron of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the division . All three units are stationed at Fort Hood ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier", "summary": "Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army , formed on September 21 , 1866 , at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . This nickname was given to the Black Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars . The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866 :" } ] }, { "value": "George Horace Morgan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_H._Morgan", "summary": "George Horace Morgan ( January 1 , 1855 - February 14 , 1948 ) was an American cavalry officer and Medal of Honor recipient . He was the son of a Civil War general , George N. Morgan , and graduated from West Point , the U.S. Military Academy , in 1880 . He was post commander of Fort Myer , Virginia , when he held the rank of major , March-June 1899 . Morgan served in all the United States ' wars from the Indian Wars to World War I . He was wounded by an Apache in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . The bullet remained near his heart for over 60 years until it shifted in 1948 and caused his death . He is the namesake of Camp Morgan in Bosnia . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and First Sergeant Charles Taylor were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action . West and Cruse are also Academy graduates ." } ] }, { "value": "1880", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colonel ; recipient of the MOH for steadfastly holding his line against the enemy at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona , for which three other men also received the Medal of Honor : Thomas Cruse , Frank West , and Charles Taylor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Dry_Wash", "summary": "The Battle of Big Dry Wash was fought on July 17 , 1882 , between troops of the United States Army 's 3rd Cavalry Regiment and 6th Cavalry Regiment and members of the White Mountain Apache tribe . :276The location of the battle was called Big Dry Wash in Major Evans ' official report , but later maps called the location Big Dry Fork , which is how it is cited in the four Medal of Honor citations that resulted from the battle . :276-77" }, { "url": "/wiki/Arizona", "summary": "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_Cruse", "summary": "Thomas Cruse ( December 29 , 1857 - June 8 , 1943 ) was a United States Army brigadier general who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on July 17 , 1882 , at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . An 1879 graduate of West Point , he served in numerous campaigns on the Western Frontier and later in the Philippines . He retired as a brigadier general in 1918 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Frank_West_(Medal_of_Honor)", "summary": "Frank West ( September 26 , 1850 - August 26 , 1923 ) was a United States Army colonel who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in fighting Indians at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . West is an 1872 graduate of West Point ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Medal_of_Honor)", "summary": "Charles Taylor ( 1840 - August 3 , 1899 ) was an American cavalry soldier and Medal of Honor recipient . He was cited for gallantry in action in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Apache Wars in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and Second Lieutenant George H. Morgan were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action ." } ] }, { "value": "Powhatan Henry Clarke", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Powhatan_Henry_Clarke", "summary": "Powhatan Henry Clarke ( October 9 , 1862 - July 21 , 1893 ) was a United States Army First Lieutenant who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor during the Geronimo Campaign in Sonora , Mexico . He received the medal for rescuing a wounded soldier on May 3 , 1886 . Clarke 's granddaughter was pioneering female photographer Bayard Wootten of New Bern North Carolina . The interesting history does n't stop there . Clarke 's sister , Wootten 's grandmother was also a well respected writer , calling among her ardent readers and friends General and Mary Robert E. Lee , President Jefferson Davis , General Longstreet , Oliver Wendell Holmes and many other notable persons of the era ." } ] }, { "value": "1884", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First Lieutenant ; recipient of the MOH for saving a wounded man under heavy fire ; later drowned while rescuing another man", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_lieutenant_(United_States)", "summary": "First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni_12", "intro": "The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Army. The Academy was founded in 1802 and is the oldest of the United States' five service academies. It is also referred to as West Point (the name of the military base that the Academy is a part of.) The Academy graduated its first cadet, Joseph Gardner Swift, in October 1802. Sports media refer to the Academy as Army and the students as Cadets; this usage is officially endorsed. The football team is also known as The Black Knights of the Hudson and The Black Knights. A small number of graduates each year choose the option of cross-commissioning into the United States Air Force, United States Navy, or the United States Marine Corps. Before the founding of the United States Air Force Academy in 1955, the Academy was a major source of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors. Most cadets are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes the sciences and engineering fields. The list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former cadets, current cadets, and faculty of the Military Academy. Notable graduates include 2 American Presidents, 4 additional heads of state, 20 astronauts, 74 Medal of Honor recipients, 70 Rhodes Scholars, and 3 Heisman Trophy winners." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States", "title": "List of Presbyterian churches in the United States", "header": [ "Church", "Dates", "City , State" ], "data": [ { "value": "Bethesda Presbyterian Church ( Aberdeen , North Carolina )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bethesda_Presbyterian_Church_(Aberdeen,_North_Carolina)", "summary": "Bethesda Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located on NC 5 in Aberdeen , Moore County , North Carolina . It was built in 1860 , and is a two-story , vernacular frame meeting house . It rests on tall granite piers , is sheathed in weatherboard , and has a hipped roof . The front facade features a projecting two-stage bell tower . Also on the property is a contributing church cemetery . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "1860 built 1979 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aberdeen , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aberdeen,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Aberdeen is a town in Moore County , North Carolina , United States . It is part of the Raleigh-Durham-Cary-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area . The population was 6,350 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "East Avenue Tabernacle Associated Reformed Presbyterian Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/East_Avenue_Tabernacle_Associated_Reformed_Presbyterian_Church", "summary": "East Avenue Tabernacle Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church , also known as the Great Aunt Stella Center , is a historic Associate Reformed Presbyterian church located at 927 Elizabeth Street in Charlotte , Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . It was designed by architect James M. McMichael in a Classical Revival style . It consists of a two-story sanctuary , built in 1914 , and a four-story educational wing added to the south side of the sanctuary in 1925 . The sanctuary has a Greek cross plan with a central octagon with shallow two-story wings that terminate in low parapeted walls . The sanctuary is topped by a copper dome and has a monumental porch with a brick pediment . In 1998 East Avenue Tabernacle merged with the Craig Avenue Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church . Ultimately the church became the Craig Avenue Tabernacle A.R.P . Church . Thus ironically through the years the name changed from East to Craig Avenue . The building now houses a community center and charter school . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 ." } ] }, { "value": "1914 built 2005 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charlotte , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ." } ] }, { "value": "First Presbyterian Church ( Charlotte , North Carolina )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Charlotte,_North_Carolina)", "summary": "First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at 200 W. Trade Street in Charlotte , Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . It was built in 1857 , and is a one-story , Gothic Revival style stuccoed brick building . The original spire was rebuilt in 1883-1884 and the side and rear walls of the church were taken down and a new structure was erected in 1894-1895 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 ." } ] }, { "value": "1857 built 1982 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charlotte , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ." } ] }, { "value": "Steele Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Steele_Creek_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery", "summary": "Steele Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church complex and national historic district located near Charlotte , Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . The church was founded in 1760 and the current sanctuary was built in 1889 , and is a rectangular , Gothic Revival style brick building . It is five bays wide and six bays deep , and has pointed-arched sash windows , shallow buttresses , and steeply pitched roof parapet . The cemetery contains approximately 1,700 headstones , with the oldest dating to 1763 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 ." } ] }, { "value": "1889 built 1991 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charlotte , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ." } ] }, { "value": "Brown Marsh Presbyterian Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brown_Marsh_Presbyterian_Church", "summary": "Brown Marsh Presbyterian Church , also known as Clarkton Presbyterian Church , is a historic Presbyterian church in Clarkton , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built between 1805 and 1828 , and is a small frame pre-Greek Revival style building . It is the oldest church in Bladen County . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 ." } ] }, { "value": "1828 built 1975 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Clarkton , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Clarkton,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Clarkton is a town in Bladen County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 837 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Third Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Third_Creek_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery", "summary": "Third Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery located near Cleveland , Rowan County , North Carolina . The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 ." } ] }, { "value": "1835 built 1983 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cleveland , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cleveland,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Cleveland is a town in the Cleveland Township of Rowan County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 871 at the 2010 census . It is named after Cleveland , England , but it is rumored [ by whom ? ] that the town is actually named after Grover Cleveland after he visited the town during his presidential campaign . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "Crossnore Presbyterian Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Crossnore_Presbyterian_Church", "summary": "Crossnore Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church on US 221/NC 194 east side , opposite the junction with Dellinger Road in Crossnore , Avery County , North Carolina . It was built between 1924 and 1926 , and is a one-story , T-plan rock building with American Craftsman influences . Also on the property is a contributing stone arch ( c. 1926 ) and non-contributing church cemetery established about 1929 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "1924 built 1996 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Crossnore , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Crossnore,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Crossnore is a town in Avery County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 192 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Mt . Horeb Presbyterian Church and Cemetery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mt._Horeb_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery", "summary": "Mt . Horeb Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery located near Elizabethtown , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built in 1845 , and is a frame Greek Revival-style church with a pedimented front portico added in 1932 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Elizabethtown , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Elizabethtown,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Elizabethtown is a town in Bladen County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 3,583 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Bladen County ." } ] }, { "value": "First Presbyterian Church ( Fayetteville , North Carolina )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Fayetteville,_North_Carolina)", "summary": "First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Ann and Bow Streets in Fayetteville , Cumberland County , North Carolina . It was built in 1832 , incorporating parts of the brick walls of an earlier ( 1816 ) church that burned in 1831 . It is a two-story gabled brick building , five bays wide and five wider bays deep . The chancel , portico , steeple and most of the interior woodwork are later additions and replacements . The hexastyle portico and steeple were designed by Hobart Upjohn in 1922 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 ." } ] }, { "value": "1816 built 1976 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fayetteville , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Fayetteville ( /ˈfeɪətˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . It is the county seat of Cumberland County , and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg , a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city . Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564 , with an estimated population of 209,468 in 2018 . It is the 6th-largest city in North Carolina . Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region , on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2013 of 210,533 people , the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina , and the fifth-largest in the state . Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover . Fayetteville 's mayor is Mitch Colvin , who is serving his first term ." } ] }, { "value": "Griers Presbyterian Church and Cemetery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Griers_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery", "summary": "Griers Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery located near Frogsboro , Caswell County , North Carolina . It was built about 1856 , and is a simple , rectangular frame building . It is an example of Greek Revival temple-form church architecture . Also on the property is a contributing church cemetery . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Frogsboro , North Carolina", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Franklin Presbyterian Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Franklin_Presbyterian_Church", "summary": "Franklin Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 45 Church Street in Franklin , North Carolina , United States . It was built in 1856 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . Restoration , including construction of new interior walls and updated electrical wiring , was undertaken in 1993 ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Franklin , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Franklin,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Franklin is a town in Franklin Township , Macon County , North Carolina , United States , within the Nantahala National Forest . The population was 3,845 as of the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Macon County . Franklin is an official Appalachian Trail-friendly destination . The Franklin area is rich in gems and minerals and is known locally as the Gem Capital of The World ." } ] }, { "value": "South River Presbyterian Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/South_River_Presbyterian_Church", "summary": "South River Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located near Garland , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built between 1855 and 1857 , and is a one-story , rectangular frame Greek Revival-style church . It has a pedimented roof and is sheathed in weatherboard . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Garland , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Garland,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Garland is a town in Sampson County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 625 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "First Presbyterian Church ( Goldsboro , North Carolina )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Goldsboro,_North_Carolina)", "summary": "First Presbyterian Church , also known as the Church of Christ , Scientist , is a historic Presbyterian church located at 111 W. Ash Street in Goldsboro , Wayne County , North Carolina . It was built in 1856 , and is a one-story , stuccoed , temple form Greek Revival architecture style church . It features an in antis portico with Tuscan order columns and low pitched roof with a painted wooden cupola . In 1953 , the building was sold to the Christian Science Society . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Goldsboro , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Goldsboro is a city in Wayne County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 36,437 at the 2010 Census . It is the principal city of and is included in the Goldsboro , North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area . The nearby town of Waynesboro was founded in 1787 , and Goldsboro was incorporated in 1847 . It is the county seat of Wayne County . The city is situated in North Carolina 's Coastal Plain and is bordered on the south by the Neuse River and the west by the Little River , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) southwest of Greenville , 50 miles ( 80 km ) southeast of Raleigh , the state capital , and 75 miles ( 121 km ) north of Wilmington in Southeastern North Carolina . Goldsboro is best known as home to Seymour Johnson Air Force Base ." } ] }, { "value": "Buffalo Presbyterian Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery", "summary": "The Buffalo Presbyterian Church and Cemetery in Greensboro , Guilford County , North Carolina , is a historic Presbyterian church complex and cemetery located at 800 and 803 Sixteenth Street in Greensboro . The Federal-style church sanctuary was built in 1827 , and updated and expanded in 1919-1920 in the Colonial Revival style by architect Harry Barton ( 1876-1937 ) . It was expanded again in 1956 . Flanking the sanctuary are two-story Colonial Revival-style educational buildings linked to it by one-story arcades . The rectangular two-story Colonial Revival-style manse and garage were added to the complex in 1924 . The church cemetery has burials dating back to 1775 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 ." } ] }, { "value": "1775 built 2002 NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Greensboro , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ." } ] }, { "value": "First Presbyterian Church ( Hickory , North Carolina )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Hickory,_North_Carolina)", "summary": "First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at 2nd Street and 3rd Avenue NW in Hickory , Catawba County , North Carolina . It was built in 1905-1906 , and is a Romanesque Revival-style church sheathed in granite . The front facade features square towers of unequal height . Attached to the church in 1928 , is a three-story granite block Education Building with a flat roof and crenelated cornice . Also on the property is the former manse ; a two-story , American Foursquare dwelling with a low hipped roof , overhanging eaves , and hipped dormer . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hickory , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Hickory is a city located primarily in Catawba County , with formal boundaries extending into Burke and Caldwell counties . The city lies in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Hickory 's population at the 2010 census was 40,010 ( primarily in Catawba County ) , with an estimated population in 2018 of 40,925 . Hickory is the principal city in the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton MSA , in which the population at the 2010 census was 365,497 and is located just northwest of the Charlotte-Concord Combined Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "First Presbyterian Church ( Highlands , North Carolina )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Highlands,_North_Carolina)", "summary": "The First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 471 Main Street in Highlands , North Carolina . The single story wood frame church was built in 1883-85 , and occupies a prominent site in downtown Highlands , surrounded by a period picket fence . It is the oldest church in the city , and was built by Marion Wright , a local master builder . It is stylistically a vernacular interpretation of Italianate architecture , which is most prominent in its belfry tower , which features a flared roof with extended bracketed eaves . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Highlands , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Highlands,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Highlands is an incorporated town in Macon County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located on a plateau in the southern Appalachian Mountains , within the Nantahala National Forest , it lies mostly in southeastern Macon County and slightly in southwestern Jackson County , in the Highlands and Cashiers Townships , respectively . The permanent population was 924 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Big Rockfish Presbyterian Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Rockfish_Presbyterian_Church", "summary": "Big Rockfish Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Hope Mills , Cumberland County , North Carolina . It was built in 1855 , and is a two-story , three bay by four bay , gable-end frame building with double front entrances in the vernacular Greek Revival style . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . Worship still continues each Sunday at 11AM with education hour at 10AM . The church hosts many special events throughout the year for different ages and for the community . The church is alongside Highway 301 ( I-95 Business ) Northbound side , Marracco St is the service road . The church is at the corner with McNeil St. 0.7 miles north of the Highway 59 Overpass . It is part of The Presbyterian Church USA and the Presbytery of Coastal Carolina . The church has an historic cemetery . Some details about the cemetery are online ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hope Mills , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hope_Mills,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Hope Mills is a town in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 15,176 at the 2010 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Dorland Memorial Presbyterian Church", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dorland_Memorial_Presbyterian_Church", "summary": "Dorland Memorial Presbyterian Church is historic Presbyterian church located on Bridge Street at Meadow Lane in Hot Springs , Madison County , North Carolina . It was designed by architect Richard Sharp Smith and built in 1900 . It is a cruciform plan church with a splayed , gable roof , pebbledash exterior , and Gothic windows . Atop the roof is a four sided belfry surmounted by an octagonal steeple . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hot Springs , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hot_Springs,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Hot Springs is a town in Madison County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 560 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "Bethesda Presbyterian Church , Session House and Cemetery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bethesda_Presbyterian_Church,_Session_House_and_Cemetery", "summary": "Bethesda Presbyterian Church , Session House and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church , session house , and cemetery located near Houstonville , Iredell County , North Carolina . It was built in 1853 , and is a one-story , three bay by five bay , rectangular vernacular Greek Revival style frame church . It has an pedimented , temple form , front gable roof and an unusual front recessed balcony . It is the oldest church building in Iredell County . Also on the property is the contributing session house , also built in 1853 , and church cemetery with about 200 gravestones . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Houstonville , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Houstonville,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Houstonville is an unincorporated community in the Eagle Mills Township of Iredell County , North Carolina , United States . Houstonville is located on U.S. Route 21 , 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) north of Harmony . Houstonville was founded in 1789 by Christopher Houston and is the second oldest town in Iredell County after the county seat , Statesville ." } ] }, { "value": "Ebenezer Academy , Bethany Presbyterian Church and Cemetery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ebenezer_Academy,_Bethany_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery", "summary": "Ebenezer Academy , Bethany Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic school building , Presbyterian church , and cemetery located six miles north of Statesville , Iredell County , North Carolina . The log building was constructed in 1823 and housed Ebenezer Academy . The church building was built about 1855 , and is a one-story , three bay by five bay , vernacular Greek Revival style frame building with a low gable roof . Also on the property is the contributing church cemetery with burials dating to about 1785 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 ." } ] }, { "value": "built NRHP-listed", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Houstonville , North Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Houstonville,_North_Carolina", "summary": "Houstonville is an unincorporated community in the Eagle Mills Township of Iredell County , North Carolina , United States . Houstonville is located on U.S. Route 21 , 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) north of Harmony . Houstonville was founded in 1789 by Christopher Houston and is the second oldest town in Iredell County after the county seat , Statesville ." } ] } ], "section_title": "North Carolina", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States_31", "intro": "This is a list of notable Presbyterian churches in the United States, where a church is notable either as a congregation or as a building. In the United States, numerous churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are noted on state or local historic registers. Also more than 300 Presbyterian historic sites have been listed by the Presbyterian Historical Society onto the American Presbyterian/Reformed Historic Sites Registry (APRHS); those sites which are churches are . in progress . being added here." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Television_Network", "title": "Christian Television Network", "header": [ "Call letters", "Channel", "City and state", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "WCLF ++", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WCLF", "summary": "WCLF , virtual channel 22 ( UHF digital channel 21 ) , is a religious television station serving Tampa and St. Petersburg , Florida , United States that is licensed to Clearwater . It serves as the flagship station of the nationwide Christian Television Network ( CTN ) , which has owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the Southeastern and Midwestern United States . WCLF 's studios are located on 142nd Avenue in nearby Largo , and its transmitter is located near Riverview ." } ] }, { "value": "22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Clearwater/Tampa/ St. Petersburg , Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida", "summary": "St. Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County , Florida , United States . As of the 2018 census estimate , the population was 265,098 , making it the fifth-most populous city in Florida and the largest in the state that is not a county seat ( the city of Clearwater is the seat of Pinellas County ) . St. Petersburg is the fifth largest city in Florida and the second-largest city in the Tampa Bay Area , after Tampa . Together with Clearwater , these cities comprise the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area , the second-largest in Florida with a population of around 2.8 million . St. Petersburg is located on the Pinellas peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , and is connected to mainland Florida to the north . St. Petersburg was founded in 1888 by John C. Williams , who purchased the land , and by Peter Demens , who brought the railroad industry into the area . As a part of a coin toss bet , the winner , Peter Demens , named the land after Saint Petersburg , Russia , while Williams opted to name the first hotel built which was named the Detroit Hotel , both named after their home towns respectively . St. Petersburg was incorporated as a town on February 29 , 1892 and re-incorporated as a city on June 6 , 1903 . The city is often referred to by locals as St. Pete . Neighboring St. Pete Beach formally shortened its name in 1994 after a vote by its residents . St. Petersburg is governed by a mayor and city council . With an average of some 361 days of sunshine each year , and a Guinness World Record for logging the most consecutive days of sunshine ( 768 days between 1967 and 1969 ) , it is nicknamed The Sunshine City ." } ] }, { "value": "flagship station", "urls": [] }, { "value": "KFXB-TV", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/KFXB-TV", "summary": "KFXB-TV , virtual channel 40 ( UHF digital channel 14 ) , is a CTN owned-and-operated television station licensed to Dubuque , Iowa , United States and serving the Eastern Iowa television market ( Cedar Rapids-Waterloo-Iowa City-Dubuque ) . The station is owned by the Christian Television Network . KFXB-TV 's studios are located on Main Street in downtown Dubuque , and its transmitter is located in extreme southwestern Grant County , Wisconsin ( in the Madison television market ) ." } ] }, { "value": "40", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Dubuque / Cedar Rapids / Iowa City / Waterloo , Iowa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa", "summary": "Dubuque /dəˈbjuːk/ ( listen ) is the county seat of Dubuque County , Iowa , United States , located along the Mississippi River . In 2017 , the population of Dubuque was 57,637 . The city lies at the junction of Iowa , Illinois , and Wisconsin , a region locally known as the Tri-State Area . It serves as the main commercial , industrial , educational , and cultural center for the area . Geographically , it is part of the Driftless Area , a portion of North America that escaped all three phases of the Wisconsinian Glaciation . It is one of the few cities in Iowa with bluffs , [ citation needed ] and a tourist destination featuring the city 's unique architecture and river location . It is home to five institutions of higher education , making it a center for culture and learning . Dubuque has long been a center of manufacturing , but the economy grew rapidly and diversified to other areas in the first years of the 21st century . By 2005 , the city led the state and the Midwest in job growth , ranking as the 22nd-fastest growing economy in the US . Alongside industry , the city has large health care , education , tourism , publishing , and financial service sectors ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cedar_Rapids", "summary": "Cedar Rapids ( /ˈsiːdər ˈræpɪdz/ ) is the second-largest city in Iowa and is the county seat of Linn County . The city lies on both banks of the Cedar River , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Iowa City and 100 miles ( 160 km ) northeast of Des Moines , the state 's capital and largest city . It is a part of the Cedar Rapids/Iowa City Corridor of Linn , Benton , Cedar , Jones , Johnson , and Washington counties . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city population was 126,326 . The estimated population of the three-county Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes the nearby cities of Marion and Hiawatha , was 255,452 in 2008 . Cedar Rapids is an economic hub of the state , located at the core of the Interstate 380 corridor . The Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) is also a part of a Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) with the Iowa City MSA . This CSA plus two additional counties are known as the Iowa City-Cedar Rapids ( ICR ) Corridor and collectively have a population of over 450,000 . A flourishing center for arts and culture in Eastern Iowa , the city is home to the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art , the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library , the Paramount Theatre , Orchestra Iowa , Theatre Cedar Rapids , the African American Museum of Iowa , and the Iowa Cultural Corridor Alliance . In the 1990s and 2000s , several Cedar Rapidians became well-known actors , including Bobby Driscoll , Ashton Kutcher , Elijah Wood , and Ron Livingston . The city is the setting for the musical The Pajama Game and the comedy film Cedar Rapids . Cedar Rapids is nicknamed the City of Five Seasons , for the so-called fifth season , which is time to enjoy the other four ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Iowa_City", "summary": "Iowa City is a city in Johnson County , Iowa , United States . It is the home of the University of Iowa and county seat of Johnson County , at the center of the Iowa City Metropolitan Statistical Area . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 76,290 in 2018 , making it the state 's fifth-largest city . The metropolitan area , which encompasses Johnson and Washington counties , has a population of over 171,000 . Iowa City was the second capital of the Iowa Territory and the first capital city of the State of Iowa . The Old Capitol building is a National Historic Landmark in the center of the University of Iowa campus . The University of Iowa Art Museum and Plum Grove , the home of the first Governor of Iowa , are also tourist attractions . In 2008 , Forbes magazine named Iowa City the second-best small metropolitan area for doing business in the United States ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa", "summary": "Waterloo is a city in and the county seat of Black Hawk County , Iowa , United States . and the city is part of the Waterloo - Cedar Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "Was Fox until 2004", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company", "summary": "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ." } ] }, { "value": "WYBU-CD", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WYBU-CD", "summary": "WYBU-CD , channel 16 , is a low-power television station licensed to Columbus , Georgia , with studios in Phenix City , Alabama . It is owned and operated by the Christian Television Network ( CTN ) . WYBU is the second television station in the market owned by CTN - from 1984 to 1995 it owned Opelika , Alabama-based WSWS-TV ( now WLGA , an Antenna TV affiliate ) ." } ] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Columbus , Georgia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia", "summary": "Columbus is a consolidated city-county located on the west-central border of the U.S. state of Georgia . Located on the Chattahoochee River directly across from Phenix City , Alabama , Columbus is the county seat of Muscogee County , with which it officially merged in 1970 . Columbus is the third-largest city in Georgia and the fourth-largest metropolitan area . According to the 2017 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , Columbus has a population of 194,058 residents , with 303,811 in the Columbus metropolitan area . The metro area joins the nearby Alabama cities of Auburn and Opelika to form the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika Combined Statistical Area , which has a 2017 estimated population of 499,128 . Columbus lies 100 miles ( 160 km ) southwest of Atlanta . Fort Benning , the United States Army 's Maneuver Center of Excellence and a major employer , is located south of the city in Chattahoochee County . Columbus is home to museums and tourism sites , including the National Infantry Museum , dedicated to the United States Army 's Infantry Branch . It has the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world constructed on the Chattahoochee River ." } ] }, { "value": "Formerly WCGT", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WFGC", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WFGC", "summary": "WFGC , virtual channel 61 ( VHF digital channel 7 ) , is a CTN owned-and-operated television station licensed to Palm Beach , Florida , United States , serving the Gold and Treasure Coasts of South Florida . The station is owned by the Christian Television Network . WFGC 's studios are located on West Blue Heron Boulevard in Riviera Beach ( in the former studio of Fox affiliate WFLX , channel 29 ) , and its transmitter is located near Royal Palm Beach , Florida . On cable , WFGC is available on Comcast Xfinity channel 13 ( in Martin , Palm Beach , Okeechobee , and southern St. Lucie counties ) and channel 17 ( in Indian River and northern St. Lucie counties ) , and in high definition on digital channel 436 ." } ] }, { "value": "61", "urls": [] }, { "value": "West Palm Beach , Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida", "summary": "West Palm Beach is a city in and the county seat of Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . It is located immediately to the west of the adjacent Palm Beach , which is situated on a barrier island across the Lake Worth Lagoon . The population was 99,919 at the 2010 census . West Palm Beach is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,158,824 people in 2017 . It is the oldest incorporated municipality in the south Florida area , having been incorporated as a city two years before Miami in November 1894 . West Palm Beach is located approximately 68 miles ( 109 km ) north of Downtown Miami ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WGNM", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WGNM", "summary": "WGNM , virtual and UHF digital channel 45 , is a CTN owned-and-operated television station licensed to Macon , Georgia , United States . The station is owned by the Christian Television Network . WGNM 's studios are located on Steven Drive in northwestern Macon , and its transmitter is located on GA 87/US 23/US 129 ALT ( Golden Isles Highway ) , along the Twiggs-Bibb county line ." } ] }, { "value": "45", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Macon , Georgia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Macon,_Georgia", "summary": "Macon ( /ˈmeɪkən/ ) , officially Macon-Bibb County , is a consolidated city-county located in the U.S. state of Georgia . Macon lies near the geographic center of the state , approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) south of Atlanta , hence the city 's nickname The Heart of Georgia . Located near the fall line of the Ocmulgee River , Macon had a 2017 estimated population of 152,663 . Macon is the principal city of the Macon metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 228,914 in 2017 . Macon is also the largest city in the Macon-Warner Robins Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , a larger trading area with an estimated 420,693 residents in 2017 ; the CSA abuts the Atlanta metropolitan area just to the north . In a 2012 referendum , voters approved the consolidation of the governments of the City of Macon and Bibb County , and Macon became Georgia 's fourth-largest city ( just after Columbus ) . The two governments officially merged on January 1 , 2014 . Macon is served by three interstate highways : I-16 ( connecting the city to Savannah and coastal Georgia ) , I-75 ( connecting the city with Atlanta to the north and Valdosta to the south ) , and I-475 ( a city bypass highway ) . The city has several institutions of higher education , as well as numerous museums and tourism sites . The area is served by the Middle Georgia Regional Airport and the Herbert Smart Downtown Airport . The mayor of Macon is Robert Reichert , a former Democratic member of the Georgia House of Representatives . Reichert was elected mayor of the newly consolidated city of Macon-Bibb , and he took office on January 1 , 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Carried UPN along with CTN until September 2006", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/UPN", "summary": "The United Paramount Network ( UPN ) was an American broadcast television network that launched on January 16 , 1995 . The network was originally owned by Chris-Craft Industries and United Television ; Viacom ( through its Paramount Television unit , which produced most of the network 's series ) turned the network into a joint venture in 1996 after acquiring a 50% stake in the network , and subsequently purchased Chris-Craft 's remaining stake in 2000 . In December 2005 , UPN was spun off to CBS Corporation when Viacom split into two separate companies . CBS Corporation and Time Warner jointly announced on January 24 , 2006 that the companies would shut down UPN and competitor The WB to launch a new joint venture network later that year . UPN ceased broadcasting on September 15 , 2006 , with The WB following suit two days later . Select programs from both networks moved to the new network , The CW , when it launched on September 18 , 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "WHBR ++", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WHBR_(TV)", "summary": "WHBR , virtual channel 33 ( UHF digital channel 34 ) , is a CTN owned-and-operated television station licensed to Pensacola , Florida , United States and also serving Mobile , Alabama . The station is owned by the Christian Television Network . WHBR 's studios are located on Pensacola Boulevard ( US 29 ) in Pensacola , and its transmitter is located in Robertsdale , Alabama ." } ] }, { "value": "33", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pensacola , Florida / Mobile , Alabama", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida", "summary": "Pensacola ( /ˌpɛnsəˈkoʊlə/ ) is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle , and the county seat of Escambia County , Florida . As of 2019 , the population was estimated to be 52,713 . Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola Metropolitan Area , which had an estimated 494,883 residents as of 2018 [ update ] . Pensacola is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the Gulf Coast region , the largest between New Orleans and Tampa . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559 , predating the establishment of St. Augustine by 6 years , although the settlement was abandoned due to a hurricane and not re-established until 1698 . Pensacola is a seaport on Pensacola Bay , which is protected by the barrier island of Santa Rosa and connects to the Gulf of Mexico . A large United States Naval Air Station , the first in the United States , is located southwest of Pensacola near Warrington ; it is the base of the Blue Angels flight demonstration team and the National Naval Aviation Museum . The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center . The area was originally inhabited by Muskogean-speaking peoples . The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact , and Creek people frequently visited and traded from present-day southern Alabama . Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559 . In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area , from which the modern city gradually developed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama", "summary": "Mobile ( /moʊˈbiːl/ moh-BEEL , French : [ mɔbil ] ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Mobile County , Alabama , United States . The population within the city limits was 195,111 as of the 2010 United States Census , making it the third most populous city in Alabama , the most populous in Mobile County , and the largest municipality on the Gulf Coast between New Orleans , Louisiana , and St. Petersburg , Florida . Alabama 's only saltwater port , Mobile is located on the Mobile River at the head of the Mobile Bay and the north-central Gulf Coast . The Port of Mobile has always played a key role in the economic health of the city , beginning with the settlement as an important trading center between the French colonists and Native Americans , down to its current role as the 12th-largest port in the United States . Mobile is the principal municipality of the Mobile metropolitan area . This region of 412,992 residents is composed solely of Mobile County ; it is the third-largest metropolitan statistical area in the state . Mobile is the largest city in the Mobile-Daphne−Fairhope CSA , with a total population of 604,726 , the second largest in the state . As of 2011 [ update ] , the population within a 60-mile ( 100 km ) radius of Mobile is 1,262,907 . Mobile was founded in 1702 by the French as the first capital of Louisiana . During its first 100 years , Mobile was a colony of France , then Britain , and lastly Spain . Mobile became a part of the United States in 1813 , with the annexation by President James Madison of West Florida from Spain . The city surrendered to Federal forces on April 12 , 1865 , after Union victories at two forts protecting the city ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WHTN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WHTN", "summary": "WHTN , virtual channel 39 ( UHF digital channel 16 ) , is a CTN owned-and-operated television station serving Nashville , Tennessee , United States that is licensed to Murfreesboro . The station is owned by the Clearwater , Florida-based Christian Television Network . WHTN 's studios are located on Lebanon Road in Mount Juliet , and its transmitter is located on Lone Oak Road near Gladeville . WHTN offers 24-hour religious programming , much of which is produced either locally or at the CTN home base in Florida . On cable , the station is available on Comcast Xfinity channel 21 and Charter Spectrum channel 10 . It is also carried on channel 39 on DirecTV and Dish Network ." } ] }, { "value": "39", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Murfreesboro / Nashville , Tennessee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee", "summary": "Murfreesboro is a city in , and the county seat of , Rutherford County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 108,755 according to the 2010 census , up from 68,816 residents certified in 2000 . In 2018 , census estimates showed a population of 141,344 . Murfreesboro is located in the Nashville metropolitan area of Middle Tennessee , 34 miles ( 55 km ) southeast of downtown Nashville , and is the largest suburb of Nashville and the sixth largest city in Tennessee . The city is home to both the center of population of Tennessee and the geographic center of Tennessee . Since the 1990s , Murfreesboro has been Tennessee 's fastest growing major city and one of the fastest growing cities in the country . Murfreesboro is also home to Middle Tennessee State University , the second largest undergraduate university in the state of Tennessee , with 22,729 total students as of fall 2014 . In 2006 , Murfreesboro was ranked by Money as the 84th best place to live in the United States , out of 745 cities with a population over 50,000 . In 2018 , Murfreesboro was ranked by Money as the 19th best place to live in the United States ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee", "summary": "Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee . The city is the county seat of Davidson County and is located on the Cumberland River . The city 's population ranks 24th in the U.S. Named for Francis Nash , a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , the city was founded in 1779 . The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and , in the 19th century , a railroad center . Nashville seceded with Tennessee during the American Civil War ; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to fall to Union troops . After the war , the city reclaimed its position and developed a manufacturing base . Since 1963 , Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government , which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system . The city is governed by a mayor , a vice-mayor , and a 40-member metropolitan council ; 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts , while the other five are elected at-large . Reflecting the city 's position in state government , Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for Middle Tennessee , one of the three divisions . Nashville is a center for the music , healthcare , publishing , private prison , banking , and transportation industries . It is home to numerous colleges and universities , such as Tennessee State University , Vanderbilt University , Belmont University , Fisk University , Trevecca Nazarene University , and Lipscomb University . Entities with headquarters in the city include Asurion , Bridgestone Americas , Captain D 's , CoreCivic , Dollar General , Hospital Corporation of America , LifeWay Christian Resources , Logan 's Roadhouse , and Ryman Hospitality Properties ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WSJN-CD", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WSJN-CD", "summary": "WSJN-CD is a digital Class A , religious television station in San Juan , Puerto Rico , broadcasting on channel 22 , virtual channel 20 . The station is owned by Wanda Rolon , along with satellite station WQSJ-CD ( channel 23 , virtual channel 48 ) in Quebradillas , Puerto Rico . The station is affiliated with CTNi ." } ] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "San Juan , Puerto Rico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico", "summary": "San Juan ( /ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/ , Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; Saint John ) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , an unincorporated territory of the United States . As of the 2010 census , it is the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States , with a population of 395,326 . San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521 , who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( Rich Port City ) . Puerto Rico 's capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas , after Santo Domingo , in the Dominican Republic , founded in 1496 and Panama City , in Panama , founded in 1519 . Several historical buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most notable are the city 's former defensive forts , Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal , and La Fortaleza , the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport and is the island 's manufacturing , [ citation needed ] financial , cultural , and tourism center . The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area , including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Guaynabo , Cataño , Canóvanas , Caguas , Toa Alta , Toa Baja , Carolina and Trujillo Alto , is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; thus , about 80% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area . San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area . The city has been the host of events within the sports community , including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games ; events of the 2006 , 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010 . The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive . Significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019 , and particularly by October 2019 . This was significant for tourism , which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era ." } ] }, { "value": "Owned by Senda Educational Broadcasting , operated by CTN", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WVQS-LD", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WVQS-LD", "summary": "WVQS-LD is a CTNi-affiliated low-power television station in Vieques , Puerto Rico licensed to broadcast over digital channel 50 . The station is owned and operated by Senda Educational Broadcasting , a subsidiary of Christian Television Network , Inc. On April 15 , 2015 , WVQS-LD changed its affiliation with CTNi on channel 50.1 & CTN on channel 50.2 , rebroadcasting WSJN-CD . Its sister stations Are : WUSP-LD 25.1 in Ponce ( a Daystar affiliate ) & W50EN-D 50.1 in Caguas ( serves as a translator for WVQS-LD ) . These stations are also owned by Senda Educational Broadcasting , Inc ." } ] }, { "value": "50", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Isabel Segunda , Puerto Rico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Isabel_Segunda,_Puerto_Rico", "summary": "Isabel II barrio-pueblo ( referred to as Isabel Segunda in Spanish ) is a barrio and the administrative center ( seat ) in the downtown area in the island-municipality of Vieques , Puerto Rico . Its population in 2010 was 1,354 . As was customary in Spain , in Puerto Rico , the municipality has a barrio called pueblo which contains a central plaza , the municipal buildings ( city hall ) , and a Catholic church . Fiestas patronales ( patron saint festivals ) are held in the central plaza every year ." } ] }, { "value": "Owned by Senda Educational Broadcasting , operated by CTN", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WQSJ-CD", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WQSJ-CD", "summary": "WSJN-CD is a digital Class A , religious television station in San Juan , Puerto Rico , broadcasting on channel 22 , virtual channel 20 . The station is owned by Wanda Rolon , along with satellite station WQSJ-CD ( channel 23 , virtual channel 48 ) in Quebradillas , Puerto Rico . The station is affiliated with CTNi ." } ] }, { "value": "48", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quebradillas , Puerto Rico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quebradillas,_Puerto_Rico", "summary": "Quebradillas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ keβɾaˈðiʎas ] ) is a municipality of the island of Puerto Rico located in the north-western shore bordering the Atlantic Ocean , north of San Sebastián ; east of Isabela ; and west of Camuy . Quebradillas is spread over seven wards and Quebradillas Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area . Quebradillas is called La Guarida del Pirata ( The Pirate 's Hideout ) . A well known beach in the area , Puerto Hermina , is home to an old structure known to have been a hiding place for pirates and their contraband ." } ] }, { "value": "Satellite of WSJN-CD", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WELU", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WELU", "summary": "WELU is a full-power , religious television station in Toa Baja , Puerto Rico transmitting over digital channel 22 ( shared with WSJN-CD ) , virtual channel 34 . The station is a Christian Television Network owned and operated station licensed by Senda Educational Broadcasting , Branded as CTNi Puerto Rico ." } ] }, { "value": "32", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Aguadilla , Puerto Rico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aguadilla,_Puerto_Rico", "summary": "Aguadilla ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aɣwaˈðiʝa ] ) , founded in 1775 by Luis de Córdova , is a city and municipality located in the northwestern tip of Puerto Rico , bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , north of Aguada , and Moca and west of Isabela . Aguadilla is spread over 15 wards and Aguadilla Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is a principal city of Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastián Metropolitan Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "Owned by Senda Educational Broadcasting , operated by CTN", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WUSP-LD", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WUSP-LD", "summary": "WUSP-LD is a dual CTNi/Daystar-affiliated Low-power television station in Ponce , Puerto Rico , broadcasting locally on digital channel 15 , virtual channel 25. the station is owned by Senda Educational Broadcasting , a subsidiary of Christian Television Network . The station 's transmitter is located in Cerro Maravilla ." } ] }, { "value": "25", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ponce , Puerto Rico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico", "summary": "Ponce ( UK : /ˈpɒnseɪ/ , US : /ˈpɔːnseɪ , ˈpoʊn-/ , Spanish : [ ˈponse ] ( listen ) ) is both a city and a municipality on the southern coast of Puerto Rico . The city is the seat of the municipal government . Ponce , Puerto Rico 's most populated city outside the San Juan metropolitan area , was founded on 12 August 1692 [ note 1 ] and is named for Juan Ponce de León y Loayza , the great-grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León . [ note 2 ] Ponce is often referred to as La Perla del Sur ( The Pearl of the South ) , La Ciudad Señorial [ b ] ( The Manorial City [ c ] ) , and La Ciudad de las Quenepas ( Genip City ) . The city serves as the governmental seat of the autonomous municipality as well as the regional hub for various Government of Puerto Rico entities , such as the Judiciary of Puerto Rico . It is also the regional center for various other Commonwealth and Federal Government agencies . Ponce is a principal city of both the Ponce Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Ponce-Yauco-Coamo Combined Statistical Area . The Municipality of Ponce , officially the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce , is located in the southern coastal plain region of the island , south of Adjuntas , Utuado , and Jayuya ; east of Peñuelas ; west of Juana Díaz ; and bordered on the south by the Caribbean Sea . The municipality has a total of 31 barrios ( wards ) , including 19 outside the city 's urban area and 12 in the urban area of the city . The historic Ponce Pueblo district , located in the downtown area of the city , is shared by several of the downtown barrios , and is located approximately three miles ( 4.8 km ) inland from the shores of the Caribbean . The municipality of Ponce is the second largest in Puerto Rico by land area , and it was the first in Puerto Rico to obtain its autonomy , becoming the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce in 1992 ." } ] }, { "value": "Daystar affiliate owned by Senda , operated by CTN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daystar_(TV_network)", "summary": "Daystar is an American evangelical Christian-based religious television network that is owned by the Word of God Fellowship , founded by Marcus Lamb in 1993 . Daystar is headquartered in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex in Bedford , Texas ." } ] }, { "value": "W50EN-D", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/W50EN-D", "summary": "WVQS-LD is a CTNi-affiliated low-power television station in Vieques , Puerto Rico licensed to broadcast over digital channel 50 . The station is owned and operated by Senda Educational Broadcasting , a subsidiary of Christian Television Network , Inc. On April 15 , 2015 , WVQS-LD changed its affiliation with CTNi on channel 50.1 & CTN on channel 50.2 , rebroadcasting WSJN-CD . Its sister stations Are : WUSP-LD 25.1 in Ponce ( a Daystar affiliate ) & W50EN-D 50.1 in Caguas ( serves as a translator for WVQS-LD ) . These stations are also owned by Senda Educational Broadcasting , Inc ." } ] }, { "value": "50", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Caguas , Puerto Rico", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Caguas,_Puerto_Rico", "summary": "Caguas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkaɣwas ] ) , founded in 1775 , is a city and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the Central Mountain Range of Puerto Rico , south of San Juan and Trujillo Alto , west of Gurabo and San Lorenzo , and east of Aguas Buenas , Cidra , and Cayey . Caguas is located 20 miles ( 32 km ) from San Juan and 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Ponce . It is known as El Valle del Turabo ( Turabo Valley ) , La Ciudad Criolla ( The Creole City ) and La Cuna de los Trovadores ( The Cradle of the Trovadores ) . Its name originates from the Taíno cacique Caguax . Caguas is both a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area and the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "translator of WVQS-LD", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WLCN-CD", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WLCN-CD", "summary": "WLCN-CD , channel 18 , is a not-for-profit television station licensed to Charleston , South Carolina . It is owned by Clearwater , Florida-based Christian Television Network . WLCN-CD offers 24-hour religious programming , much of which is produced either locally or at the CTN home base in Clearwater ." } ] }, { "value": "18", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charleston , South Carolina", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina", "summary": "Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The city is the county seat of Charleston County , and the principal city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley , Cooper , and Wando rivers . Charleston had an estimated population of 136,208 in 2018 . The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area , comprising Berkeley , Charleston , and Dorchester counties , was 787,643 residents as of 2018 , the third-largest in the state and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States . Charleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town , honoring King Charles II of England . Its initial location at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River ( now Charles Towne Landing ) was abandoned in 1680 for its present site , which became the fifth-largest city in North America within ten years . One of the key cities in the British colonization of the Americas , Charles Town played a major role in the slave trade , which laid the foundation for the city 's size and wealth , and was dominated by a slavocracy of plantation owners and slave traders . Independent Charleston slave traders like Joseph Wragg were the first to break through the monopoly of the Royal African Company , pioneering the large-scale slave trade of the 18th century . Historians estimate that nearly half of all Africans brought to America arrived in Charleston , most at Gadsden 's Wharf . Despite its size , it remained unincorporated throughout the colonial period ; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by London , England . Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes , and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WRXY-TV ++", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WRXY-TV", "summary": "WRXY-TV , virtual channel 49 ( UHF digital channel 33 ) , is a CTN owned-and-operated television station serving Fort Myers and Naples , Florida , United States that is licensed to Tice . The station is owned by the Christian Television Network . WRXY-TV 's studios and transmitter are located on Horseshoe Road in Punta Gorda . The station is branded as CTN 10 , in reference to its channel position on most cable systems in the market ." } ] }, { "value": "49", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fort Myers , Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida", "summary": "Fort Myers or Ft. Myers , is the county seat and commercial center of Lee County , Florida , United States . It has grown rapidly in recent years . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 62,298 and in 2018 was estimated at 82,254 . Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida . The winter estates of Thomas Edison ( Seminole Lodge ) and Henry Ford ( The Mangoes ) are major attractions . The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers , the quartermaster general of the Confederate States Army ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WVLR ++", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WVLR", "summary": "WVLR , virtual channel 48 and UHF digital channel 36 , is a CTN owned-and-operated television station serving Knoxville , Tennessee , United States that is licensed to Tazewell . The station is owned by the Christian Television Network . WVLR 's studios are located on Kyker Ferry Road in Kodak , and its transmitter is located on Clinch Mountain near Powder Springs in unincorporated Grainger County ." } ] }, { "value": "48", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Knoxville , Tennessee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee", "summary": "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "KEEN-CD", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/KEEN-CD", "summary": "KEEN-CD . virtual and UHF digital channel 17 , is a low-powered , Class A CTN owned-and-operated television station licensed to Las Vegas , Nevada , United States . The station is owned by the Christian Television Network . KEEN-CD 's transmitter is located in northwest Las Vegas ." } ] }, { "value": "17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Las Vegas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada", "summary": "Las Vegas ( Spanish for The Meadows ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city , known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada . The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino-hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos . Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction was earned by Chicago in the 19th century ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2% . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had 648,224 residents in 2018 , with a metropolitan population of 2,227,053 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WVUP-CD ++", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WVUP-CD", "summary": "WVUP-CD , channel 45 , is a not-for-profit television station licensed to Tallahassee , Florida , United States . It is owned by Clearwater , Florida-based Christian Television Network . WVUP-CD offers 24-hour religious programming , much of which is produced either locally or at the CTN home base in Clearwater ." } ] }, { "value": "45", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tallahassee , Florida", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida", "summary": "Tallahassee ( /ˌtæləˈhæsi/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida . It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County . Tallahassee became the capital of Florida , then the Florida Territory , in 1824 . In 2018 , the population was 193,551 , making it the 7th-largest city in the U.S state of Florida , and the 126th-largest city in the United States . The population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 385,145 as of 2018 [ update ] . Tallahassee is the largest city in the Florida Big Bend and Florida Panhandle region , and the main center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend and Southwest Georgia regions . Tallahassee is home to Florida State University , ranked the nation 's eighteenth best public university by U.S. News & World Report . It is also home to Florida A & M University , the fifth-largest historically black university by total enrollment . Tallahassee Community College is a large state college that serves mainly as a feeder school to Florida State and Florida A & M . Tallahassee qualifies as a significant college town , with a student population exceeding 70,000 . [ citation needed ] As the capital , Tallahassee is the site of the Florida State Capitol , Supreme Court of Florida , Florida Governor 's Mansion , and nearly 30 state agency headquarters . The city is also known for its large number of law firms , lobbying organizations , trade associations and professional associations , including the Florida Bar and the Florida Chamber of Commerce ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WTJR", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WTJR", "summary": "WTJR is a religious television station licensed to Quincy , Illinois , United States . It broadcasts a digital signal on UHF channel 32 ( or virtual channel 16.1 via PSIP ) from a transmitter on Cannonball Road northeast of Quincy . WTJR is an owned-and-operated station of the Christian Television Network ( CTN ) , which acquired the station from another religious broadcaster , Believers Broadcasting Corporation , in June 2006 . Its studios are located on North Sixth Street in downtown Quincy ." } ] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quincy , Illinois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois", "summary": "Quincy ( /ˈkwɪnsi/ KWIN-see ) , known as Illinois 's Gem City , is a city in and the county seat of Adams County , Illinois , United States , located on the Mississippi River . The 2010 census counted a population of 40,633 in the city itself , up from 40,366 in 2000 . As of July 1 , 2015 , the Quincy Micro Area had an estimated population of 77,220 . During the 19th century , Quincy was a thriving transportation center as riverboats and rail service linked the city to many destinations west and along the river . It was Illinois ' second-largest city , surpassing Peoria in 1870 . The city has several historic districts , including the Downtown Quincy Historic District and the South Side German Historic District , which display the architecture of Quincy 's many German immigrants from the late 19th century ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "WHNO", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/WHNO", "summary": "WHNO , virtual channel 20 ( UHF digital channel 21 ) , is a CTN owned-and-operated television station licensed to New Orleans , Louisiana , United States . The station is owned by the Christian Television Network . WHNO 's studios are located on St. Charles Avenue in downtown New Orleans , and its transmitter is located off Behrman Highway in the city 's Algiers neighborhood ." } ] }, { "value": "20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "New Orleans , Louisiana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana", "summary": "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Stations ( by callsign )", "section_text": "CTN 's Puerto Rico outlets are owned by Senda Educational Broadcasting , a subsidiary of CTN .", "uid": "Christian_Television_Network_0", "intro": "Christian Television Network (CTN) is a non-profit broadcast television network of small owned-and-operated stations (O&O) that broadcasts religious programming. It is based in Largo, Florida (with a mailing address of Clearwater), and the flagship station is WCLF channel 22, which signed on the air in the Tampa Bay region in 1979. It is now available on DirecTV channel 376 and Dish Network channel 267/9399. It was founded by Robert D'Andrea, who is still the president." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "title": "Switzerland at the 1994 Winter Olympics", "header": [ "Medal", "Name", "Sport", "Event" ], "data": [ { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vreni Schneider", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vreni_Schneider", "summary": "Verena Vreni Schneider ( born 26 November 1964 ) is a retired ski racer from Switzerland . She is the most successful alpine ski racer of her country , the fourth most successful female ski racer ever ( after Lindsey Vonn , Annemarie Moser-Pröll and Mikaela Shiffrin ) and was voted Swiss Sportswoman of the Century ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's slalom", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gustav Weder Donat Acklin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gustav_Weder", "summary": "Gustav Weder ( born 2 August 1961 in Diepoldsau ) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed from the late 1980s to the early 1990s . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he won four medals with two gold ( Two-man : 1992 , 1994 ) , one silver ( Four-man : 1994 ) , and one bronze ( Four-man : 1992 ) . Weder also won eight medals at the FIBT World Championships with four golds ( Two-man : 1990 , Four-man : 1989 , 1990 , 1993 ) and four silvers ( Two-man : 1989 , 1991 , 1993 ; Four-man : 1991 ) . He was also a Bobsleigh World Cup champion four times ( Combined men 's : 1988-9 , 1990-1 ; Two-man : 1988-9 , Four-man : 1990-1 ) . Known for his intensity , Weder would videotape every one of his bobsleigh runs he raced on and study those videos for hours . It was so intense that Weder was caught one night during the FIBT World Championships 1990 in St. Moritz scrapping ice off of a difficult corner on the track . Bobsleigh officials allowed him to compete , and he won his second world championship in the four-man event ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Donat_Acklin", "summary": "Donat Acklin ( born 6 June 1965 in Herznach ) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he won four medals with two gold ( Two-man : 1992 , 1994 ) , one silver ( Four-man : 1994 ) , and one bronze ( Four-man : 1992 ) . Acklin also won three medals at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( Four-man : 1993 ) and two silvers ( Two-man : 1993 , Four-man : 1989 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Bobsleigh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The bobsleigh competitions of the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics were held at the Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track between 19 and 27 February 1994 ." } ] }, { "value": "Two-man", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andreas Schönbächler", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andreas_Schönbächler", "summary": "Andreas Schönbächler ( born April 24 , 1966 ) is a Swiss freestyle skier and Olympic champion . He won a gold medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer ." } ] }, { "value": "Freestyle skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The freestyle skiing competition of the 1994 Winter Olympics was held at Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena . There were four events , taking place between 15 and 24 February 1994 . The freestyle program was expanded at this Olympics , with aerials , previously a demonstration event , added as a full medal event ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's aerials", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Urs Kälin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Urs_Kälin", "summary": "Urs Kälin ( born 26 February 1966 ) is a Swiss former alpine skier . He competed at three Winter Olympics . Kälin won three silver medals in Giant Slalom : at the 1991 World Championships in Saalbach , at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , and at 1996 World Championships in Sierra Nevada ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's giant slalom", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vreni Schneider", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vreni_Schneider", "summary": "Verena Vreni Schneider ( born 26 November 1964 ) is a retired ski racer from Switzerland . She is the most successful alpine ski racer of her country , the fourth most successful female ski racer ever ( after Lindsey Vonn , Annemarie Moser-Pröll and Mikaela Shiffrin ) and was voted Swiss Sportswoman of the Century ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's combined", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Reto Götschi Guido Acklin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Reto_Götschi", "summary": "Reto Götschi ( born 25 December 1965 in Hausen am Albis ) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the 1990s . He won a silver medal in the two-man event with teammate Guido Acklin at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . Götschi also won a complete set of medals in the two-man event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1997 , a silver in 2001 , and a bronze in 1996 . His best finish in the Bobsleigh World Cup was second four times ( Combined men 's : 1994-5 , 1998-9 ; Two-man : 1994-5 , 1998-9 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Guido_Acklin", "summary": "Guido Acklin ( born 21 November 1969 ) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the 1990s . At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , he won a silver medal in the two-man event with his teammate Reto Götschi . Acklin also won two medals in the two-man event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1997 and a bronze in 1996 ." } ] }, { "value": "Bobsleigh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The bobsleigh competitions of the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics were held at the Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track between 19 and 27 February 1994 ." } ] }, { "value": "Two-man", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gustav Weder Donat Acklin Kurt Meier Domenico Semeraro", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gustav_Weder", "summary": "Gustav Weder ( born 2 August 1961 in Diepoldsau ) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed from the late 1980s to the early 1990s . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he won four medals with two gold ( Two-man : 1992 , 1994 ) , one silver ( Four-man : 1994 ) , and one bronze ( Four-man : 1992 ) . Weder also won eight medals at the FIBT World Championships with four golds ( Two-man : 1990 , Four-man : 1989 , 1990 , 1993 ) and four silvers ( Two-man : 1989 , 1991 , 1993 ; Four-man : 1991 ) . He was also a Bobsleigh World Cup champion four times ( Combined men 's : 1988-9 , 1990-1 ; Two-man : 1988-9 , Four-man : 1990-1 ) . Known for his intensity , Weder would videotape every one of his bobsleigh runs he raced on and study those videos for hours . It was so intense that Weder was caught one night during the FIBT World Championships 1990 in St. Moritz scrapping ice off of a difficult corner on the track . Bobsleigh officials allowed him to compete , and he won his second world championship in the four-man event ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Donat_Acklin", "summary": "Donat Acklin ( born 6 June 1965 in Herznach ) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he won four medals with two gold ( Two-man : 1992 , 1994 ) , one silver ( Four-man : 1994 ) , and one bronze ( Four-man : 1992 ) . Acklin also won three medals at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( Four-man : 1993 ) and two silvers ( Two-man : 1993 , Four-man : 1989 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Kurt_Meier", "summary": "Kurt Meier ( born 6 April 1962 ) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s . Competing in two Winter Olympics , he won two medals in the four-man event with a gold in 1988 and a silver in 1994 . Meier also won two gold medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships , earning them in 1986 and 1993 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Domenico_Semeraro", "summary": "Domenico Semeraro ( born 3 February 1964 ) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the early 1990s . At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , he won a silver medal in the four-man event with his teammates Gustav Weder , Donat Acklin and Kurt Meier . Semeraro also won a gold medal in the four-man event at the 1993 FIBT World Championships in Igls ." } ] }, { "value": "Bobsleigh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "The bobsleigh competitions of the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics were held at the Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track between 19 and 27 February 1994 ." } ] }, { "value": "Four-man", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vreni Schneider", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vreni_Schneider", "summary": "Verena Vreni Schneider ( born 26 November 1964 ) is a retired ski racer from Switzerland . She is the most successful alpine ski racer of her country , the fourth most successful female ski racer ever ( after Lindsey Vonn , Annemarie Moser-Pröll and Mikaela Shiffrin ) and was voted Swiss Sportswoman of the Century ." } ] }, { "value": "Alpine skiing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's giant slalom", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jean-Yves Cuendet Hippolyt Kempf Andreas Schaad", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jean-Yves_Cuendet", "summary": "Jean-Yves Cuendet ( born February 20 , 1970 ) is a retired Swiss nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s . He won a bronze medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . Cuendet also won a bronze medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Thunder Bay , Ontario ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hippolyt_Kempf", "summary": "Hippolyt Kempf ( born 10 December 1965 in Lucerne ) is a Swiss Nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a complete set of Olympic medals , earning two of them at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( gold : 15 km individual , silver : 3 x 10 km team ) and the third at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer ( bronze : 3 x 10 km team ) . Kempf also earned a 3 x 10 km team silver medal at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Andreas_Schaad", "summary": "Andreas Schaad ( born April 18 , 1965 ) is a former Swiss Nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a two medals in the 3 x 10 km team event at the Winter Olympics with a silver in 1988 and a bronze in 1994 . He also won a silver medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti ." } ] }, { "value": "Nordic combined", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics", "summary": "Nordic combined at the 1994 Winter Olympics , consisted of two events , held from 18 February to 24 February . The ski jumping portion took place at Lysgårdsbakken , while the cross-country portion took place at Birkebeineren Ski Stadium ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's team", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Medalists", "section_text": "", "uid": "Switzerland_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_0", "intro": "Switzerland competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "title": "Jamaica at the 2008 Summer Olympics", "header": [ "Medal", "Name", "Sport", "Event", "Date" ], "data": [ { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Usain Bolt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Usain_Bolt", "summary": "Usain St Leo Bolt , OJ , CD ( /ˈjuːseɪn/ ; born 21 August 1986 ) is a Jamaican former sprinter . He is a world record holder in the 100 metres , 200 metres and 4 × 100 metres relay . Owing to his achievements and dominance in sprint competition , he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time . An eight-time Olympic gold medallist , Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive Olympics ( 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) . In addition he won two 4 × 100 relay gold medals . He gained worldwide fame for his double sprint victory in world record times at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , which made him the first person to hold both records since fully automatic time became mandatory . An eleven-time World Champion , he won consecutive World Championship 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015 , with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011 . He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships . Bolt is the first athlete to win four World Championship titles in the 200 m and is the joint-most successful in the 100 m with three titles . Bolt improved upon his second 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 - the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing . He has twice broken the 200 metres world record , setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009 . He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records , with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 100 m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_100_metres", "summary": "The men 's 100 metres sprint event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 15 and 16 August at the Beijing National Stadium . The final was won by Jamaican Usain Bolt in a world record time of 9.69 seconds . Holding a considerable lead 70 metres into the race , Bolt opened his arms in celebration before slapping his chest . British athlete and television presenter Kriss Akabusi criticized this gesture as showboating , noting that it cost Bolt an even faster record time . IOC president Jacques Rogge also criticized Bolt 's actions as disrespectful . Bolt denied that this was the purpose of his mid-race celebration by saying I was n't bragging . When I saw I was n't covered , I was just happy ." } ] }, { "value": "August 16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shelly-Ann Fraser", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shelly-Ann_Fraser", "summary": "Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce , OD ( née Fraser , born 27 December 1986 ) is a Jamaican track and field sprinter . Born and raised in Kingston , Jamaica , Fraser-Pryce ascended to prominence in 2008 when at 21 years old , the relatively unknown athlete became the first Caribbean woman to win 100 m gold at the Olympics . In 2012 , she became the third woman in history to successfully defend an Olympic 100 m title . Fraser-Pryce took a break from athletics in 2017 to have her first child . At the 2019 World Championships , at the age of 32 , she became the oldest woman and second mother ever to win 100 m gold at a global championship . Fraser-Pryce is the only sprinter to be crowned world champion over 100 m four times ( 2009 , 2013 , 2015 and 2019 ) . Since 2008 , she has won four of the five World Championship 100 m titles she has contested , as well as two of the last three Olympic 100 m titles . She is the second female sprinter to hold world and Olympic 100 m titles simultaneously - and the first woman to hold dual titles on two separate occasions . In 2013 she became the first female sprinter to win gold medals in the 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m in a single World Championship , and also became the first woman to hold world titles at 60 m , 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay simultaneously . With over a decade of dominance in the sport , Fraser-Pryce has won more global 100 m titles than any other female sprinter in history . Nicknamed the Pocket Rocket for her petite frame ( she stands 5 feet tall ) and explosive block starts , her personal best of 10.70 seconds is the joint fourth fastest of all time . Due to her achievements and consistency , many publications and sports analysts , including former Olympian Michael Johnson , refer to Fraser-Pryce as the greatest female sprinter of all time ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 100 m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_100_metres", "summary": "The Women 's 100 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on August 16 ( heats ) and 17 ( final ) at the Beijing National Stadium . The qualifying standards for the 2008 event were 11.32 s ( A standard ) and 11.42 s ( B standard ) . Jamaica dominated the event with athlete Shelly-Ann Fraser taking the gold and Sherone Simpson and Kerron Stewart taking the silver . Officially , no bronze medal was awarded as Simpson and Stewart finished with an equal time of 10.98 seconds in the second place . Taking all three medals , it was a Jamaican sweep ." } ] }, { "value": "August 17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Usain Bolt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Usain_Bolt", "summary": "Usain St Leo Bolt , OJ , CD ( /ˈjuːseɪn/ ; born 21 August 1986 ) is a Jamaican former sprinter . He is a world record holder in the 100 metres , 200 metres and 4 × 100 metres relay . Owing to his achievements and dominance in sprint competition , he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time . An eight-time Olympic gold medallist , Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive Olympics ( 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) . In addition he won two 4 × 100 relay gold medals . He gained worldwide fame for his double sprint victory in world record times at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , which made him the first person to hold both records since fully automatic time became mandatory . An eleven-time World Champion , he won consecutive World Championship 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015 , with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011 . He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships . Bolt is the first athlete to win four World Championship titles in the 200 m and is the joint-most successful in the 100 m with three titles . Bolt improved upon his second 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 - the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing . He has twice broken the 200 metres world record , setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009 . He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records , with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Men 's 200 m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_200_metres", "summary": "The Men 's 200 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on 18-20 August at the Beijing National Stadium . The qualifying standards were 20.59 s ( A standard ) and 20.75 s ( B standard ) . Usain Bolt set a new world record of 19.30 s in the final , and won by the largest margin of victory ( 0.66 s , after two disqualifications ) in an Olympic 200m final ( previously , Walter Tewksbury had a 0.6 seconds margin of victory in the first Olympic 200 m final in 1900 ) . Controversy arose within minutes after the medal race when Wallace Spearmon , who had finished third in 19.95 s , was disqualified for stepping out of his lane . United States officials filed a protest , but withdrew it after seeing the video and noticing that silver medalist Churandy Martina ( 19.82 s ) , who had been celebrating the second ever Olympic medal for the Netherlands Antilles , also stepped out of his lane . They filed an appeal to disqualify Martina , which after more than an hour of deliberation was granted , and the United States obtained both the silver and bronze medals . On March 6 , 2009 , the Court of Arbitration for Sport rejected an appeal by the National Olympic Committee of the Netherlands Antilles against Martina 's disqualification . Shawn Crawford , who had been awarded the Olympic silver medal , reportedly gave his medal to Martina on August 28 , 2008 in a tremendous show of sportsmanship ." } ] }, { "value": "August 20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Melaine Walker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Melaine_Walker", "summary": "Melaine Walker O.D ( born 1 January 1983 , Kingston ) is a Jamaican 400 metres hurdler . Walker is the former Olympic 400 m hurdles champion . She holds the Olympic record of 52.64 , set at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , and her time of 52.42 seconds at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin was the second fastest time in history ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 400 m hurdles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_400_metres_hurdles", "summary": "The women 's 400 metres hurdles at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on 17-20 August at the Beijing National Stadium . The qualifying standards were 55.60 s ( A standard ) and 56.50 s ( B standard ) ." } ] }, { "value": "August 20", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gold", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Veronica Campbell-Brown", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Veronica_Campbell-Brown", "summary": "Veronica Campbell Brown C.D ( born 15 May 1982 ) is a Jamaican track and field sprinter , who specializes in the 100 and 200 meters . An eight-time Olympic medalist , she is the second woman in history to win two consecutive Olympic 200 m events , after Bärbel Wöckel of Germany at the 1976 and 1980 Olympics . Campbell Brown is one of only nine athletes to win world championships at the youth , junior , and senior level of an athletic event . She holds personal bests of 10.76 seconds for the 100 m and 21.74 seconds for the 200 m. She was the 100 m gold medallist at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and the 200 m gold medallist at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics . She has also won seven silver medals and one bronze medal in her career at the World Championships in Athletics . Over 60 metres , she is a two-time champion at the IAAF World Indoor Championships ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 200 m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_200_metres", "summary": "The women 's 200 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on 19-21 August ( final ) at the Beijing National Stadium . Allyson Felix , the young American athlete and already a double World champion , entered the 200m race in Beijing as a favorite for the gold . Defending champion Veronica Campbell-Brown of Jamaica also appeared to be in great form , setting a new personal best of 21.94 seconds at the Olympic trials . In the final , Campbell-Brown had the quickest start and made up the stagger very quickly on Allyson Felix , who had been drawn in the lane outside of her . Running a stellar curve and accelerating out of the bend , the Jamaican athlete held her form to cross the line in 21.74 seconds , the fastest time of the decade and a new personal best . Veronica Campbell-Brown , who suffered from injuries that led to disappointment in the 200m in the 2007 World Championships , returned to form to become only the second woman in history to win back-to-back Olympic 200m titles . Allyson Felix was once again relegated to the silver medal in a seasonal best of 21.93 , the second-fastest time of her career . Jamaican Kerron Stewart won the bronze medal by just a hundredth of a second . The qualifying standards were 23.00 s ( A standard ) and 23.20 s ( B standard ) ." } ] }, { "value": "August 21", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sherone Simpson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sherone_Simpson", "summary": "Sherone Simpson ( born 12 August 1984 ) is a Jamaican track and field sprint athlete . She is a gold medalist in the 4 × 100 m relay from the 2004 Olympics and silver medalist in 2005 World Championships and now is the silver medalist in the individual event at the 2008 Summer Olympics , after she tied for second with Kerron Stewart in a photo finish . On 14 July 2013 , Simpson announced that she had tested positive for the drug oxilofrine . In April 2014 , the Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission announced that she would be suspended for 18 months over doping charges , expiring in December that year . However , after appealing to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) , the suspension was lifted on 14 July 2014 ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 100 m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_100_metres", "summary": "The Women 's 100 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on August 16 ( heats ) and 17 ( final ) at the Beijing National Stadium . The qualifying standards for the 2008 event were 11.32 s ( A standard ) and 11.42 s ( B standard ) . Jamaica dominated the event with athlete Shelly-Ann Fraser taking the gold and Sherone Simpson and Kerron Stewart taking the silver . Officially , no bronze medal was awarded as Simpson and Stewart finished with an equal time of 10.98 seconds in the second place . Taking all three medals , it was a Jamaican sweep ." } ] }, { "value": "August 17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kerron Stewart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kerron_Stewart", "summary": "Kerron Stewart ( born 16 April 1984 ) is a Jamaican sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres and 200 metres . She is the 2008 Jamaican national champion in the 100 m clocking 10.80s . She defeated World Champion Veronica Campbell-Brown in the process and now is the 2008 Summer Olympics silver medalist after she tied with Sherone Simpson in a time of 10.98s . She also earned a bronze medal in the 200 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics with a time of 22.00s . She was born in Kingston . Stewart holds the fastest non-winning time for the women 's 100 metres . In the 2009 World Athletics Championships from Berlin , she ran 10.75 seconds only to finish second to campatriot , Shelly-Ann Fraser who ran a 10.73 race . Stewart also anchored the Jamaican 4x100 m relay team to victory in a time of 42.06 ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 100 m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_100_metres", "summary": "The Women 's 100 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on August 16 ( heats ) and 17 ( final ) at the Beijing National Stadium . The qualifying standards for the 2008 event were 11.32 s ( A standard ) and 11.42 s ( B standard ) . Jamaica dominated the event with athlete Shelly-Ann Fraser taking the gold and Sherone Simpson and Kerron Stewart taking the silver . Officially , no bronze medal was awarded as Simpson and Stewart finished with an equal time of 10.98 seconds in the second place . Taking all three medals , it was a Jamaican sweep ." } ] }, { "value": "August 17", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Shericka Williams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Shericka_Williams", "summary": "Shericka Williams ( born 17 September 1985 in Black River , St. Elizabeth ) is a former Jamaican sprinter and former student of St. Elizabeth Technical High School . Together with Novlene Williams , Ronetta Smith and Lorraine Fenton she won a silver medal in 4 x 400 metres relay at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . She also competed in the individual contest , but was knocked out in the semifinal . Two years later , she won another silver medal in the 4 x 400 metres relay event at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics , this time with Shereefa Lloyd , Davita Prendagast and Novlene Williams . The team set a national record in that race , finishing second to the United States in a time of 3:19.73 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China , Williams won the silver medal in the 400 metres in a personal-best time of 49.69 seconds . She also won bronze in the 4 × 400 m relay with Shereefa Lloyd , Rosemarie Whyte and Novlene Williams . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she only competed in the 4 × 400 m relay , winning a silver medal with the Jamaican team of Christine Day , Rosemarie Whyte and Novlene Williams . She was also part of the Jamaican 4 × 400 m team that won gold at the 2014 Commonwealth Games with a Commonwealth Games record ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 400 m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_400_metres", "summary": "The Women 's 400 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on 16-19 August at the Beijing National Stadium . The qualifying standards were 51.55 s ( A standard ) and 52.35 s ( B standard ) . Favourites for the event included Sanya Richards-Ross and the reigning world champion , Christine Ohuruogu . In the final , Richards-Ross made a rapid start and quickly took the lead , while Ohuruogu ran a more even-paced race , but was well down the field entering the final straight . However , in the last 100 metres Richard-Ross , clearly tired from her earlier effort , began to tie up badly , while Ohuruogu began to surge through the field . At the line , Great Britain 's Christine Ohuruogu won in 49.62 seconds to add the Olympic title to her World title , just pipping Shericka Williams by 0.07 seconds to take gold . Richards-Ross faded to third , and bronze , in 49.93 ." } ] }, { "value": "August 19", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silver", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bobby-Gaye Wilkins * Shereefa Lloyd Rosemarie Whyte Novlene Williams Shericka Williams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bobby-Gaye_Wilkins", "summary": "Bobby-Gaye Wilkins ( born 10 September 1988 ) is a Jamaican athlete who represented Jamaica at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing , China , winning a bronze medal in the 4×400 metres relay . Her first major international appearance came at the 2005 World Youth Championships in Athletics , where she reached the final of the 400 metres . She was selected as a reserve for the relay at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics , but she did not compete . She reached the semi-finals of the 400 m at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships , but enjoyed greater success in the women 's relay : along with Clora Williams , Davita Prendergast and Novlene Williams-Mills , she won the bronze medal in a Jamaican indoor record of 3:28.49 ( also a Central American and Caribbean record ) . However , she failed her drug test at the competition , and the Jamaican team was disqualified . Her sample contained andarine ( a selective androgen receptor modulator ) , making her the second international runner to test positive for the class of anabolic drugs , after Thomas Goller . She received a two-year ban from competitive athletics for the infraction ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shereefa_Lloyd", "summary": "Shereefa Lloyd ( born 2 September 1982 in Clarendon Park , Jamaica ) is a Jamaican sprinter , who specializes in the 400 metres . She attended and competed for Texas Tech under coach Wes Kittley . At the 2007 World Championships Lloyd won a bronze medal in 4 × 400 metres relay , together with teammates Shericka Williams , Davita Prendagast and Novlene Williams . She also reached the semi-final in the individual event , with a personal best time of 51.00 seconds . She was also part of the Jamaican teams that won the bronze medal at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rosemarie_Whyte", "summary": "Rosemarie Whyte ( born 9 August 1986 ) is the 2008 Jamaican national 400m champion . She represented Jamaica at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing , China and at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Great Britain . At both Olympics she was part of bronze medal winning Jamaican 4 × 400 m teams ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Novlene_Williams", "summary": "Novlene Hilaire Williams-Mills ( née , Williams ; born 26 April 1982 ) , is a Jamaican track and field athlete . She won the bronze medal in the 400 metres at the 2007 World Championships . She is also a three-time Olympic bronze medallist in the 4×400 metres relay ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Shericka_Williams", "summary": "Shericka Williams ( born 17 September 1985 in Black River , St. Elizabeth ) is a former Jamaican sprinter and former student of St. Elizabeth Technical High School . Together with Novlene Williams , Ronetta Smith and Lorraine Fenton she won a silver medal in 4 x 400 metres relay at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . She also competed in the individual contest , but was knocked out in the semifinal . Two years later , she won another silver medal in the 4 x 400 metres relay event at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics , this time with Shereefa Lloyd , Davita Prendagast and Novlene Williams . The team set a national record in that race , finishing second to the United States in a time of 3:19.73 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China , Williams won the silver medal in the 400 metres in a personal-best time of 49.69 seconds . She also won bronze in the 4 × 400 m relay with Shereefa Lloyd , Rosemarie Whyte and Novlene Williams . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she only competed in the 4 × 400 m relay , winning a silver medal with the Jamaican team of Christine Day , Rosemarie Whyte and Novlene Williams . She was also part of the Jamaican 4 × 400 m team that won gold at the 2014 Commonwealth Games with a Commonwealth Games record ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 4 × 400m relay", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "summary": "The women 's 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 22 and 23 August at the Beijing Olympic Stadium . There were only 16 NOCs competing at this event . These 16 NOCs were selected by the average of the two best marks at the qualifying period . In 2016 , it was announced that a reanalysis of samples from the 2008 Summer Olympics resulted in a doping violation by Tatyana Firova ; accordingly , the Russian team was disqualified , and fourth placed Belarus was also disqualified due to a doping violation by anchor runner Sviatlana Vusovich . As a result , the Great Britain quartet were elevated from 5th place to the bronze medal ." } ] }, { "value": "August 23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kerron Stewart", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kerron_Stewart", "summary": "Kerron Stewart ( born 16 April 1984 ) is a Jamaican sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres and 200 metres . She is the 2008 Jamaican national champion in the 100 m clocking 10.80s . She defeated World Champion Veronica Campbell-Brown in the process and now is the 2008 Summer Olympics silver medalist after she tied with Sherone Simpson in a time of 10.98s . She also earned a bronze medal in the 200 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics with a time of 22.00s . She was born in Kingston . Stewart holds the fastest non-winning time for the women 's 100 metres . In the 2009 World Athletics Championships from Berlin , she ran 10.75 seconds only to finish second to campatriot , Shelly-Ann Fraser who ran a 10.73 race . Stewart also anchored the Jamaican 4x100 m relay team to victory in a time of 42.06 ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's 200 m", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_200_metres", "summary": "The women 's 200 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on 19-21 August ( final ) at the Beijing National Stadium . Allyson Felix , the young American athlete and already a double World champion , entered the 200m race in Beijing as a favorite for the gold . Defending champion Veronica Campbell-Brown of Jamaica also appeared to be in great form , setting a new personal best of 21.94 seconds at the Olympic trials . In the final , Campbell-Brown had the quickest start and made up the stagger very quickly on Allyson Felix , who had been drawn in the lane outside of her . Running a stellar curve and accelerating out of the bend , the Jamaican athlete held her form to cross the line in 21.74 seconds , the fastest time of the decade and a new personal best . Veronica Campbell-Brown , who suffered from injuries that led to disappointment in the 200m in the 2007 World Championships , returned to form to become only the second woman in history to win back-to-back Olympic 200m titles . Allyson Felix was once again relegated to the silver medal in a seasonal best of 21.93 , the second-fastest time of her career . Jamaican Kerron Stewart won the bronze medal by just a hundredth of a second . The qualifying standards were 23.00 s ( A standard ) and 23.20 s ( B standard ) ." } ] }, { "value": "August 21", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bronze", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chelsea Hammond", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chelsea_Hammond", "summary": "Chelsea Hammond ( born August 2 , 1983 in New York City ) is a Jamaican long jumper , who competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . She nearly missed out of the podium in the women 's long jump , when Nigeria 's Blessing Okagbare obtained her best possible mark of 6.91 metres at her third attempt , to claim the bronze medal . In 2017 , the second-place finisher , Tatyana Lebedeva had a positive test for turinabol and was disqualified from her silver medal . The medals were redistributed and Blessing Okagbare was advanced to silver , and Chelsea Hammond was advanced to bronze ." } ] }, { "value": "Athletics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "summary": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ." } ] }, { "value": "Women 's long jump", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_long_jump", "summary": "The women 's long jump at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on 19 and 22 August at the Beijing National Stadium . The qualifying standards were 6.72 m ( A standard ) and 6.60 m ( B standard ) ." } ] }, { "value": "August 22", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Medalists", "section_text": "", "uid": "Jamaica_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_0", "intro": "Jamaica sent a delegation to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24, 2008. This was, by far, Jamaica's best showing at the Summer Olympics; it was the nation's largest delegation yet, and its athletes nearly doubled its total gold medal count in addition to breaking the nation's record for number of medals earned in a single games. Jamaica's appearance at Beijing was its fifteenth consecutive appearance and appearance as an independent nation, although it had previously participated in four other games (including its 1948 debut) as a British colony and as part of the West Indies Federation. In the 29 events that included Jamaican athletes, there were 26 cases in which a Jamaican athlete or relay progressed to a final round. Usain Bolt won three of Jamaica's six gold medals at Beijing, breaking an Olympic and world record in all three of the events in which he participated. Shelly-Ann Fraser led an unprecedented Jamaican sweep of the medals in the Women's 100 m. Female sprinter Veronica Campbell-Brown carried Jamaica's flag at the ceremonies." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_uprisings", "title": "List of Irish uprisings", "header": [ "Year ( s )", "Location ( s )", "Conflict", "Organiser ( s )" ], "data": [ { "value": "1534", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland ( Dublin )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dublin", "summary": "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ." } ] }, { "value": "Silken Thomas Rebellion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_10th_Earl_of_Kildare", "summary": "Thomas FitzGerald , 10th Earl of Kildare ( 1513 - 3 February , 1537 ) , also known as Silken Thomas ( Irish : Tomás an tSíoda ) , was a leading figure in 16th-century Irish history ." } ] }, { "value": "FitzGeralds of Kildare", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/FitzGerald_dynasty", "summary": "The FitzGerald / FitzMaurice dynasty ( Irish : Ríshliocht Mhic Gearailt or Clann Gearailt ) is a Cambro-Norman and Anglo-Norman , and later Hiberno-Norman , aristocratic and royal dynasty . They have been peers of Ireland since at least the 13th century , and are described in the Annals of the Four Masters as being more Irish than the Irish themselves or Galls , due to assimilation with the native Gaelic aristocratic and popular culture . The dynasty has also been referred to as the Geraldines . They achieved power through the conquest of large swathes of Irish territory by the sons and grandsons of Gerald of Windsor ( c. 1075 - 1135 ) . Gerald of Windsor ( Gerald FitzWalter ) was a Norman castellan in Wales , and he is the male progenitor of the FitzMaurice and FitzGerald dynasty ( fitz , from the Anglo-Norman fils indicating sons of Gerald ) . Gerald 's Welsh wife Nest ferch Rhys ( c. 1085 - before 1136 ) is the female progenitor of the FitzGeralds and Fitzmaurices . She was the daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr , last King of Deheubarth and through her the FitzGeralds and Fitzmaurices descend from the Welsh rulers of Deheubarth claim kinship with the Tudors who descended from the same Welsh royal line . Consequently , the Fitzmaurices and FitzGeralds are cousins to the Tudors ( Tewdwrs ) through Nest and her Welsh family . In his poetry , Henry Howard , Earl of Surrey , referred to Elizabeth FitzGerald ( 1527-89 ) as Fair Geraldine . The main branches of the family are :" }, { "url": "/wiki/Earl_of_Kildare", "summary": "Duke of Leinster ( /ˈlɪnstər/ ; Irish : Diúc Laighean ) is a title in the Peerage of Ireland and the premier dukedom in that peerage . The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Leinster are : Marquess of Kildare ( 1761 ) , Earl of Kildare ( 1316 ) , Earl of Offaly ( 1761 ) , Viscount Leinster , of Taplow in the County of Buckingham ( 1747 ) , Baron Offaly ( 1620 ) and Baron Kildare , of Kildare in the County of Kildare ( 1870 ) . The viscounty of Leinster is in the Peerage of Great Britain , the barony of Kildare in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , and all other titles in the Peerage of Ireland . The courtesy title of the eldest son and heir of the Duke of Leinster is Marquess of Kildare . General The 3rd Duke of Schomberg , K.G . ( 1641-1719 ) , was created The 1st Duke of Leinster in 1691 . However , that creation became extinct upon Schomberg 's death in July 1719 . The family seat of the current Duke of Leinster is now Oakley Park , near Abingdon , Oxfordshire ." } ] }, { "value": "1569-73", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First Desmond Rebellion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions", "summary": "The Desmond Rebellions occurred in 1569-1573 and 1579-1583 in the Irish province of Munster ." } ] }, { "value": "FitzGeralds of Desmond and allied clans", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Earl_of_Desmond", "summary": "The title of Earl of Desmond ( Irish : Iarla Dheasmhumhan ) has been held historically by lords in Ireland , first as a title outside of the peerage system and later as part of the Peerage of Ireland . The original Barony of Desmond in the province of Munster was held by descendants of Thomas FitzMaurice Lord OConnello . Thomas was the eldest son of Maurice FitzGerald , Lord of Lanstephan , a key supporter of Lord Pembroke ( Strongbow ) in his 1169 invasion of Ireland . Maurice was the founder of the Cambro-Norman Fitzmaurice and FitzGerald dynasty in Ireland . Being descended from the eldest son of Maurice FitzGerald , Lord of Lanstephan , the House of Desmond was a cadet branch of the Irish Geraldines ; the senior branch , the House of Kildare , ancestors of the Dukes of Leinster , was founded by Thomas 's brother and 2nd eldest son of Maurice FitzGerald , Lord of Lanstephan namely Gerald FitzMaurice , 1st Lord of Offaly" } ] }, { "value": "1579-83", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second Desmond Rebellion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Second_Desmond_Rebellion", "summary": "The Second Desmond Rebellion ( 1579-1583 ) was the more widespread and bloody of the two Desmond Rebellions in Ireland launched by the FitzGerald dynasty of Desmond in Munster against English rule . The second rebellion began in July 1579 when James FitzMaurice FitzGerald landed in Ireland with a force of Papal troops , triggering an insurrection across the south of Ireland on the part of the Desmond dynasty , their allies and others who were dissatisfied for various reasons with English government of the country . The rebellion ended with the 1583 death of Gerald FitzGerald , 15th Earl of Desmond , and the defeat of the rebels . The rebellion was in equal part a protest by feudal lords against the intrusion of central government into their domains ; a conservative Irish reaction to English policies that were altering traditional Gaelic society ; and a religious conflict , in which the rebels claimed that they were upholding Catholicism against a Protestant queen who had been pronounced a heretic in 1570 by the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis . The result of the rebellions was the destruction of the Desmond dynasty and the subsequent Munster Plantations - the colonisation of Munster with English settlers . In addition , the fighting laid waste to a large part of the south of Ireland . War-related famine and disease are thought to have killed up to a third of Munster 's pre-war population ." } ] }, { "value": "FitzGeralds of Desmond and allied clans", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1593-1603", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nine Years ' War", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nine_Years'_War_(Ireland)", "summary": "The Nine Years ' War , sometimes called Tyrone 's Rebellion , took place in Ireland from 1593 to 1603 . It was fought between an Irish alliance - led mainly by Hugh O'Neill of Tír Eoghain and Hugh Roe O'Donnell of Tyrconnell - against English rule in Ireland , and was a response to the then-ongoing Tudor conquest of Ireland . The war was fought in all parts of the country , but mainly in the northern province of Ulster . The Irish alliance won some important early victories , such as the Battle of Clontibret ( 1595 ) and the Battle of the Yellow Ford ( 1598 ) , but the English won a decisive victory against the alliance and their Spanish allies in the Siege of Kinsale ( 1601-2 ) . The war ended with the Treaty of Mellifont ( 1603 ) . Many of the defeated northern lords left Ireland to seek support for a new uprising in the Flight of the Earls ( 1607 ) , never to return . This marked the end of Gaelic Ireland and led to the Plantation of Ulster . The war against O'Neill and his allies was the largest conflict fought by England in the Elizabethan era . At the height of the conflict ( 1600-1601 ) more than 18,000 soldiers were fighting in the English army in Ireland . By contrast , the English army assisting the Dutch during the Eighty Years ' War was never more than 12,000 strong at any one time ." } ] }, { "value": "Hugh Ó Neill , Hugh Ó Donnell and allied clans", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hugh_Ó_Neill,_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrone", "summary": "Hugh O'Neill ( Irish : Aodh Mór Ó Néill ; literally Hugh The Great O'Neill ; c. 1550 - 20 July 1616 ) , was an Irish Gaelic lord , Earl of Tyrone [ a ] ( known as the Great Earl ) and was later created The Ó Néill . O'Neill 's career was played out against the background of the Tudor conquest of Ireland , and he is best known for leading the resistance during the Nine Years ' War , the strongest threat to English authority in Ireland since the revolt of Silken Thomas ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hugh_Roe_Ó_Donnell", "summary": "Hugh Roe O'Donnell ( Irish : Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill ) , also known as Red Hugh O'Donnell ( 30 October 1572 - 10 September 1602 ) , was an Irish nobleman of the Tudor era . A member of the O'Donnell dynasty , he emerged after a succession dispute as ruler of Tyrconnell . Along with his father-in-law Hugh O'Neill , Earl of Tyrone he led a rebellion against the government in Ireland from 1593 and fought the Nine Years ' War from 1595 to 1602 . After defeat during the Siege of Kinsale , he travelled to Spain to seek support from Philip III . Unsuccessful in this attempt , he died in Spain and was succeeded by his younger brother Rory O'Donnell . He is sometimes also known as Aodh Ruadh II or Red Hugh II , especially within County Donegal ." } ] }, { "value": "1608", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "O'Doherty 's rebellion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/O'Doherty's_rebellion", "summary": "O'Doherty 's rebellion took place in 1608 when the landowner Sir Cahir O'Doherty began an uprising against the authorities in the north-west of Ireland . O'Doherty had been a long-standing supporter of the Crown , but having been angered at his treatment by local officials he launched an attack on Derry , burning the town . O'Doherty may have hoped to negotiate a settlement with the government , but after his death in a skirmish at Kilmacrennan the rebellion collapsed with the last survivors being besieged on Tory Island ." } ] }, { "value": "Sir Cahir O'Doherty", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cahir_O'Doherty", "summary": "Sir Cahir Rua O'Doherty ( Irish : Cathaoir Ó Dochartaigh ; ( Irish : Caṫaoir Ó Doċartaiġ ; 1587-5 July 1608 ) was the last Gaelic Chief of the Name of Clan O'Doherty and Lord of Inishowen , in what is now County Donegal . O'Doherty was a noted loyalist during Tyrone 's Rebellion and became known as the Queen 's O'Doherty for his service on the Crown 's side during the fighting . After the war O'Doherty had ambitions to become a courtier and applied for a position in the household of Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , but he increasingly came into dispute with Irish-based officials such as the Viceroy Sir Arthur Chichester and the Governor of Derry Sir George Paulet . In 1608 he launched O'Doherty 's Rebellion , seizing Derry from Paulet and burning it to the ground . O'Doherty was subsequently killed in a battle at Kilmacrennan , and the rebellion swiftly collapsed ." } ] }, { "value": "1641", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irish Rebellion of 1641", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641", "summary": "The Irish Rebellion of 1641 ( Irish : Éirí Amach 1641 ) began as an attempted coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry , who tried to seize control of the English administration in Ireland to force concessions for Catholics . The coup failed and the rebellion developed into an ethnic conflict between Irish Catholics on one side , and English and Scottish Protestants on the other . The rebellion followed the Plantation of Ulster by Protestant settlers from Britain . It began a conflict known as the Irish Confederate Wars ( or Eleven Years ' War ) , which was part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The rising was sparked by Catholic fears of an impending invasion of Ireland by anti-Catholic forces of the English Long Parliament and the Scottish Covenanters , who were defying the authority of King Charles I ( king of England , Scotland , and Ireland ) . In turn , the rebels ' suspected association with Charles helped start the English Civil War . The English and Scottish parliaments refused to raise an army to put down the rebellion unless it was under their command rather than the King 's . The Irish rebellion broke out in October 1641 and was followed by several months of violent chaos before the Irish Catholic upper classes and clergy formed the Catholic Confederation in May 1642 . The Confederation became a de facto government of most of Ireland , free from the control of the English administration and loosely aligned with the Royalist side in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The subsequent Irish Confederate Wars continued in Ireland until the 1650s , when Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army decisively defeated the Irish Catholics and Royalists , and re-conquered the country . The 1641 Irish Rebellion is seen as a key event in the mid-17th century collapse of the Stuart monarchy ." } ] }, { "value": "Phelim Ó Neill , Rory Ó Moore , Conor Maguire , Hugh Óg MacMahon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Felim_O'Neill_of_Kinard", "summary": "Sir Felim Rua O'Neill of Ceann Ard ( Kinard ) ( c. 1602 - 1653 ) , also called Phelim Roe O'Neill or Féilim Rua Ó Néill ( Irish ) , was an Irish nobleman who led the Irish Rebellion of 1641 in Ulster , which began on 22 October 1641 . He was a member of the Irish Catholic Confederation during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , where he fought under his kinsman and second cousin , Owen Roe O'Neill ( Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill in Irish ) in the Confederate Ulster Army . In 1653 Phelim ONeill had sought refuge from the British on an old crannog in the nearby Roughan Lough while staying at Roughan Castle but was captured after his hiding place was betrayed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rory_(Roger)_O'Moore", "summary": "Rory O'Moore ( Irish : Ruairí Ó Mórdha ) ( c. 1600 - 16 February 1655 ) , also spelled Roger O'Moore or O'More or Sir Roger Moore , was an Irish landowner of ancient lineage , and is most notable for being one of the four principal organizers of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Connor_Maguire,_2nd_Baron_of_Enniskillen", "summary": "Connor ( or Cornelius ) Maguire , 2nd Baron of Enniskillen ( Irish Conchobhar Mag Uidhir ; 1616-1645 ) was an Irish nobleman from Ulster who took part in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 . He was executed for high treason ." } ] }, { "value": "1642-52", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irish Confederate Wars", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars", "summary": "The Irish Confederate Wars , also called the Eleven Years ' War ( derived from the Irish language name Cogadh na hAon Bhliana Déag ) , took place in Ireland between 1641 and 1653 . It was the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms - a series of civil wars in the kingdoms of Ireland , England and Scotland ( all ruled by Charles I ) . The war in Ireland began with a rebellion in 1641 by Irish Catholics , who tried to seize control of the English administration in Ireland to force concessions for Catholics . This developed into an ethnic conflict between Gaelic Irish and old English Catholics on one side , and English and Scottish Protestant colonists on the other . Catholic leaders formed the Irish Catholic Confederation in 1642 , which controlled most of Ireland and was loosely aligned with the Royalists . The Confederates and Royalists fought against the English Parliamentarians and Scottish Covenanters . In 1649 , a Parliamentarian army led by Oliver Cromwell invaded Ireland and by 1653 had conquered the island . The war was both a religious and an ethnic conflict - fought over who would govern Ireland , whether it would be governed from England , which ethnic and religious group would own most of the land , and which religion would predominate in the country . It was the most destructive conflict in Irish history ." } ] }, { "value": "Irish Catholic Confederation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_Ireland", "summary": "Confederate Ireland or the Union of the Irish ( Latin : Hiberni Unanimes ) was the period of Irish self-government between 1642 and 1649 , during the Eleven Years ' War . During this time , two-thirds of Ireland was governed by the Irish Catholic Confederation , also known as the Confederation of Kilkenny because it was based in Kilkenny . It was formed by Irish Catholic nobles , clergy and military leaders after the Irish Rebellion of 1641 . The Confederation had what were effectively a parliament ( called the General Assembly ) , an executive ( called the Supreme Council ) , and a military . It pledged allegiance to Charles I . The remaining Protestant-controlled enclaves in Ulster , Munster and Leinster were held by armies loyal to the royalists , parliamentarians or Scottish Covenanters . Throughout its existence , the Confederation waged war against the parliamentarians . In 1648 , it allied itself with the royalists . However , in 1649 a parliamentarian army under Oliver Cromwell invaded Ireland . It defeated the Confederates and royalists and brought the Confederation to an end ." } ] }, { "value": "1689-91", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Williamite War", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland", "summary": "The Williamite War in Ireland ( 1688-1691 ) ( Irish : Cogadh an Dá Rí , war of the two kings ) , was a conflict between Jacobite supporters of King James II and Williamite supporters of Prince William of Orange . It is also called the Jacobite War in Ireland or the Williamite-Jacobite War in Ireland . The proximate cause of the war was the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , in which James , a Catholic , was overthrown as king of the Three Kingdoms of England , Ireland and Scotland and replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and nephew and son-in-law William , ruling as joint monarchs . James 's supporters initially retained control of Ireland , which he hoped to use as a base for a campaign to reclaim all three kingdoms ; however , the conflict in Ireland also involved longstanding domestic issues of land ownership and religious and civic rights , and most Irish Catholics supported James in the hope he would address their grievances . A small number of English and Scottish Catholics , and Protestants of the established Church in Ireland , also fought on the Jacobite side , while most Irish Protestants supported or actively fought for William 's regime . While the war 's Irish name emphasises its aspect as a domestic conflict between James and William , some contemporaries and many modern commentators have viewed it as part of a wider European conflict known as the Nine Years ' War or War of the Grand Alliance in which William , as Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic , led a multi-national coalition against France under Louis XIV . William 's deposition of James was partly driven by his need to control and mobilise English military and commercial power , while Louis provided limited material support to the Jacobites : both sides were aware of the Irish war 's potential to divert military resources from the Continent . The war began with a series of skirmishes between James 's Irish Army , which had stayed loyal in 1688 , and militia forces raised by Irish Protestants : they culminated in the Siege of Derry , where the Jacobites failed to regain control of one of the north 's key towns . William landed a force including English , Scottish , Dutch , Danish and other troops to put down Jacobite resistance . James left Ireland after a reverse at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 , as did William after a successful Jacobite defence of Limerick ; the remaining Jacobite forces were decisively defeated at the Battle of Aughrim in 1691 , and negotiated terms in the Treaty of Limerick . A contemporary witness , George Story , calculated that the war had claimed 100,000 lives through sickness , famine , and in battle . Subsequent Jacobite risings were confined to Scotland and England , but the war was to have a lasting effect on the political and cultural landscape of Ireland , confirming British and Protestant rule over the country for over two centuries ." } ] }, { "value": "Jacobites under James II of England", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jacobitism", "summary": "Jacobitism ( /ˈdʒækəbaɪˌtɪzəm/ JAK-ə-bye-tiz-əm Scottish Gaelic : Seumasachas [ ˈʃeːməs̪əxəs̪ ] , Irish : Seacaibíteachas , Séamusachas ) was a largely 17th and 18th century movement that supported the restoration of the House of Stuart to the British throne . The name is derived from Jacobus , the Latin version of James . When James II and VII went into exile after the 1688 Glorious Revolution , the Parliament of England argued he abandoned the English throne and offered it to his Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband William III . In April , the Scottish Convention held he 'forfeited ' the throne of Scotland by his actions , listed in the Articles of Grievances . The Revolution created the principle of a contract between monarch and people ; if that was violated , he or she could be removed . Jacobites argued monarchs were appointed by God , or divine right , and could not be removed , making the post 1688 regime illegitimate . While this was the most consistent difference , Jacobitism was a complex mix of ideas , many opposed by the Stuarts themselves ; in Ireland , it meant tolerance for Catholicism , which James supported , but also Irish autonomy and reversing the 17th century land settlements , which he opposed . In 1745 , the opposition of Scots Jacobites to the 1707 Union and divine right was central to the internal conflicts that ended it as a viable movement . Outside Ireland , Jacobitism was strongest in the western Scottish Highlands , Perthshire and Aberdeenshire and areas of Northern England with a high proportion of Catholics such as western Lancashire , Northumberland and County Durham . Sympathisers were also found in parts of Wales , and in the West Midlands and South West England , to some degree overlapping with the Royalist strongholds of the Civil War era . The movement had an international dimension ; several European powers sponsored the Jacobites as an extension of larger conflicts , while many Jacobite exiles served in foreign armies . In addition to the 1689-1691 Williamite War in Ireland and the simultaneous conflict in Scotland , there were open Jacobite revolts in Scotland and England in 1715 , 1719 and 1745-6 ; abortive French-backed invasion attempts in 1708 and 1744 ; and several unsuccessful plots ." }, { "url": "/wiki/James_II_of_England", "summary": "James II and VII ( 14 October 1633O.S . - 16 September 1701 ) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII , from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 . He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England , Scotland and Ireland ; his reign is now remembered primarily for struggles over religious tolerance . However , it also involved the principles of absolutism and divine right of kings and his deposition ended a century of political and civil strife by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown . James inherited the thrones of England , Ireland and Scotland from his elder brother Charles II with widespread support in all three countries , largely based on the principle of divine right or birth . Tolerance for his personal Catholicism did not apply to it in general and when the English and Scottish Parliaments refused to pass his measures , James attempted to impose them by decree ; it was a political principle , rather than a religious one , that ultimately led to his removal . In June 1688 , two events turned dissent into a crisis ; the first on 10 June was the birth of James 's son and heir James Francis Edward , threatening to create a Roman Catholic dynasty and excluding his Anglican daughter Mary and her Protestant husband William of Orange . The second was the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for seditious libel ; this was viewed as an assault on the Church of England and their acquittal on 30 June destroyed his political authority in England . Anti-Catholic riots in England and Scotland now made it seem only his removal as monarch could prevent a civil war . Leading members of the English political class invited William of Orange to assume the English throne ; after he landed in Brixham on 5 November 1688 , James 's army deserted , and he went into exile in France on 23 December . In February 1689 , a special Convention Parliament held that the king had vacated the English throne and installed William and Mary as joint monarchs , establishing the principle that sovereignty derived from Parliament , not birth . James landed in Ireland on 14 March 1689 in an attempt to recover his kingdoms , but despite a simultaneous rising in Scotland , in April a Scottish Convention followed that of England by finding that James had forfeited the throne and offered it to William and Mary ." } ] }, { "value": "1798", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798", "summary": "The Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( Irish : Éirí Amach 1798 ) was an uprising against British rule in Ireland . The United Irishmen , a republican revolutionary group influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions , were the main organising force behind the rebellion , led by Presbyterians angry at being shut out of power by the Anglican establishment and joined by Catholics , who made up the majority of the population . A French army which landed in County Mayo in support of the rebels was overwhelmed by British and loyalist forces . The uprising was suppressed by British Crown forces with a death toll of between 10,000 and 30,000 ." } ] }, { "value": "Society of United Irishmen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen", "summary": "The Society of United Irishmen , founded as a Radical or liberal political organisation in 18th-century Belfast , Ireland , initially sought Parliamentary reform . It evolved into a revolutionary republican organisation , inspired by the American Revolution and allied with Revolutionary France . It launched the Irish Rebellion of 1798 with the objective of ending British monarchical rule over Ireland and founding a sovereign , independent Irish republic ." } ] }, { "value": "1799-1803", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland ( County Wicklow )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/County_Wicklow", "summary": "County Wicklow ( /ˈwɪkloʊ/ WIK-loh ; Irish : Contae Chill Mhantáin [ ˈkɔnˠt̪ˠeː ˈçɪl̠ʲ ˈwanˠt̪ˠaːnʲ ] ) is a county in Ireland . The last of the traditional 32 counties to be formed , as late as 1606 , it is part of the Mid-East Region and also part of the traditional province of Leinster . It is named after the town of Wicklow , which derives from the Old Norse name Víkingaló , meaning Vikings ' Meadow . Wicklow County Council is the local authority for the county . The county had a population of 142,425 at the 2016 census [ update ] ." } ] }, { "value": "Michael Dwyer 's Guerrilla campaign", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Dwyer", "summary": "Michael Dwyer ( 1772-1825 ) was a United Irishmen leader in the 1798 rebellion . He later fought a guerrilla campaign against the British Army in the Wicklow Mountains from 1798-1803. and in the Glen of Imaal County Wicklow . Michael and his family were Catholics , and he was the eldest of seven children of farmer John Dwyer and his wife Mary ( née Byrne ) , who had a farm in the widespread fields of Wicklow and supplied the men of the rebellion with food . In 1784 the family moved to a farm in Eadestown . Dwyer was a cousin of Anne Devlin , who would later achieve fame for her loyalty to the rebel cause following the suppression of Robert Emmet 's rebellion ." } ] }, { "value": "Michael Dwyer and his followers ( Society of United Irishmen )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Dwyer", "summary": "Michael Dwyer ( 1772-1825 ) was a United Irishmen leader in the 1798 rebellion . He later fought a guerrilla campaign against the British Army in the Wicklow Mountains from 1798-1803. and in the Glen of Imaal County Wicklow . Michael and his family were Catholics , and he was the eldest of seven children of farmer John Dwyer and his wife Mary ( née Byrne ) , who had a farm in the widespread fields of Wicklow and supplied the men of the rebellion with food . In 1784 the family moved to a farm in Eadestown . Dwyer was a cousin of Anne Devlin , who would later achieve fame for her loyalty to the rebel cause following the suppression of Robert Emmet 's rebellion ." } ] }, { "value": "1800", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Newfoundland Colony", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony", "summary": "Newfoundland Colony was an English and later British colony established in 1610 on the island of the same name off the Atlantic coast of Canada , in what is now the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . This followed decades of sporadic English settlement on the island , at first seasonal rather than permanent . It was made a Crown colony in 1854 and a Dominion of the British Empire in 1907 . The economy collapsed during the Great Depression and Newfoundland relinquished its dominion status , becoming once again a Crown colony , governed by appointees from the Colonial Office in Whitehall in London . American forces occupied much of the colony in World War II , and prosperity returned . In 1949 the colony voted to join Canada as the Province of Newfoundland , but in 2001 its name was officially changed to Newfoundland and Labrador ." } ] }, { "value": "United Irish Uprising", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland", "summary": "The United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland began with rumours in April 1800 at St. John 's , Newfoundland Colony that as many as 400 men took a secret oath of the Society of United Irishmen . The recent Irish Rebellion of 1798 had inspired some of the Irish people in the Newfoundland Colony to plan and organize a rebellion . This included soldiers located at Signal Hill , Fort William , and Fort Townshend . It was suspected that as many as eighty soldiers planned to meet and mutiny against the British Army ." } ] }, { "value": "Society of United Irishmen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen", "summary": "The Society of United Irishmen , founded as a Radical or liberal political organisation in 18th-century Belfast , Ireland , initially sought Parliamentary reform . It evolved into a revolutionary republican organisation , inspired by the American Revolution and allied with Revolutionary France . It launched the Irish Rebellion of 1798 with the objective of ending British monarchical rule over Ireland and founding a sovereign , independent Irish republic ." } ] }, { "value": "1803", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland ( Dublin )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irish rebellion of 1803", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803", "summary": "The Irish rebellion of 1803 was an unsuccessful attempt by a group of Irish republicans and Irish nationalists to secure Ireland 's independence from the United Kingdom ." } ] }, { "value": "Society of United Irishmen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1804", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Castle Hill , Colony of New South Wales", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Castle_Hill,_New_South_Wales", "summary": "Castle Hill is a suburb of the Hills District within Sydney , New South Wales , Australia , located 30 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district and 9.5 kilometres north of Parramatta . It is within the Hills District region , split between the local government areas of The Hills Shire and Hornsby Shire ." }, { "url": "/wiki/New_South_Wales", "summary": "New South Wales ( abbreviated as NSW ) is a state on the east coast of Australia . It borders Queensland to the north , Victoria to the south , and South Australia to the west . Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east . The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state . New South Wales ' state capital is Sydney , which is also Australia 's most populous city . In March 2019 [ update ] , the population of New South Wales was over 8 million , making it Australia 's most populous state . Just under two-thirds of the state 's population , 5.1 million , live in the Greater Sydney area . Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen . The Colony of New South Wales was founded as a British penal colony in 1788 . It originally comprised more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825 . The colony then also included the island territories of New Zealand , Van Diemen 's Land , Lord Howe Island , and Norfolk Island . During the 19th century , most of the colony 's area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand and the various states and territories of Australia ." } ] }, { "value": "Castle Hill Rebellion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion", "summary": "The Castle Hill rebellion of 1804 was a rebellion by convicts against the colonial authority of the British colony of New South Wales in the Castle Hill area , in Sydney . The rebellion culminated in a battle fought between convicts and the colonial forces of Australia on 5 March 1804 at Rouse Hill , dubbed the Second Battle of Vinegar Hill after the first Battle of Vinegar Hill which had taken place in 1798 in Ireland . It was the first and only major convict uprising in Australian history suppressed under martial law . On 4 March 1804 , according to the official accounts , 233 convicts led by Philip Cunningham" } ] }, { "value": "Society of United Irishmen", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1848", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Young_Irelander_Rebellion_of_1848", "summary": "The Young Irelander Rebellion was a failed Irish nationalist uprising led by the Young Ireland movement , part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 that affected most of Europe . It took place on 29 July 1848 at Farranrory , a small settlement about 4.3 km north-northeast of the village of Ballingarry , South Tipperary . After being chased by a force of Young Irelanders and their supporters , an Irish Constabulary unit took refuge in a house and held those inside as hostages . A several-hour gunfight followed , but the rebels fled after a large group of police reinforcements arrived . It is sometimes called the Famine Rebellion ( since it took place during the Great Irish Famine ) or the Battle of Ballingarry ." } ] }, { "value": "Young Ireland", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Young_Ireland", "summary": "Young Ireland ( Irish : Éire Óg , IPA : [ ˈeːɾʲə ˈoːɡ ] ) was a political , cultural and social movement of the mid-19th century . It began as a tendency within Daniel O'Connell 's Repeal Association , associated with The Nation newspaper , but eventually split to found the Irish Confederation in 1847 . Young Ireland led changes in Irish nationalism , including an abortive rebellion known as the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 . Many of the rebellion 's leaders were tried for sedition and sentenced to penal transportation to Van Diemen 's Land . From its beginnings in the late 1830s , Young Ireland grew in influence and inspired following generations of Irish nationalists . Some of the junior members of the movement went on to found the Irish Republican Brotherhood ." } ] }, { "value": "1866-71", "urls": [] }, { "value": "British North America Dominion of Canada Ontario Quebec", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ontario", "summary": "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Quebec", "summary": "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ." } ] }, { "value": "Fenian Raids", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fenian_Raids", "summary": "The Fenian raids were carried out by the Fenian Brotherhood , an Irish Republican organization based in the United States , on British Army forts , customs posts and other targets in Canada , in 1866 , and again from 1870 to 1871 . A number of separate incursions by the Fenian Brotherhood into Canada were undertaken to bring pressure on the United Kingdom to withdraw from Ireland , although none of these raids achieved their aims . In Canada , the incursions divided its Catholic Irish-Canadian population , many of whom were torn between loyalty to their new home and sympathy for the aims of the Fenians . The Protestant Irish were generally loyal to the British and fought with the anti-Catholic Orange Order against the Fenians . While authorities in the United States arrested the men and confiscated the arms of the Fenian Brotherhood , there were speculation that some in the United States government had turned a blind eye to the preparations undertaken by the Fenians ; because of anger over actions that could have been construed as British assistance to the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War ." } ] }, { "value": "Fenian Brotherhood", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood", "summary": "The Fenian Brotherhood ( Irish : Bráithreachas na bhFíníní ) was an Irish republican organisation founded in the United States in 1858 by John O'Mahony and Michael Doheny . It was a precursor to Clan na Gael , a sister organisation to the Irish Republican Brotherhood . Members were commonly known as Fenians . O'Mahony , who was a Gaelic scholar , named his organisation after the Fianna , the legendary band of Irish warriors led by Fionn mac Cumhaill ." } ] }, { "value": "1867", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fenian Rising", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fenian_Rising", "summary": "The Fenian Rising of 1867 ( Irish : Éirí Amach na bhFíníní , 1867 , IPA : [ ˈeːɾʲiː əˈmˠax n̪ˠə ˈvʲiən̪ˠ ] ) was a rebellion against British rule in Ireland , organised by the Irish Republican Brotherhood ( IRB ) . After the suppression of the Irish People newspaper , disaffection among Irish radical nationalists had continued to smoulder , and during the later part of 1866 , IRB leader James Stephens endeavoured to raise funds in the United States for a fresh rising planned for the following year . However the rising of 1867 proved to be poorly organised . There was a brief rising in County Kerry in February , followed by an attempt at nationwide insurrection , including an attempt to take Dublin in early March . Due to poor planning and British infiltration , the rebellion never got off the ground . Most of the leaders in Ireland were arrested , but although some of them were sentenced to death , none was executed . There followed a series of attacks in England aimed at freeing Fenian prisoners , including a bomb in London and an attack on prison van in Manchester , for which three Fenians , subsequently known as the Manchester martyrs , were executed . A series of raids into Canada by US-based supporters also accomplished little ." } ] }, { "value": "Fenian Brotherhood", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1867-85", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Great Britain", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Fenian dynamite campaign", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Fenian_dynamite_campaign", "summary": "The Fenian dynamite campaign ( or Fenian bombing campaign ) was a bombing campaign orchestrated by Irish republicans against the British Empire , between the years 1881 and 1885 . The campaign was associated with Fenianism ; that is to say the Irish revolutionary organisations which aimed to establish an independent Irish Republic ; such as the Irish Republican Brotherhood , the Fenian Brotherhood , Clan na Gael and the United Irishmen of America . The campaign , led by Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa and other Irishmen exiled in the United States , was a form of asymmetrical warfare and targeted infrastructure , government , military and police targets in Great Britain ( particularly London ) . Over 80 people were injured in the attacks and one young boy was killed , as well as three of the bombers in the 1884 attack on London Bridge . The campaign led to the establishment of secret police group Special Branch ( originally known as the Special Irish Branch ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Fenian Brotherhood", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1882-83", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland ( Dublin ) and British Cape Colony ( Cape Town )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/British_Cape_Colony", "summary": "The Cape of Good Hope , also known as the Cape Colony ( Dutch : Kaapkolonie ) , was a British colony in present-day South Africa , named after the Cape of Good Hope . The British colony was preceded by an earlier Dutch colony of the same name , the Kaap de Goede Hoop , established in 1652 by the Dutch East India Company . The Cape was under Dutch rule from 1652 to 1795 and again from 1803 to 1806 . The Dutch lost the colony to Great Britain following the 1795 Battle of Muizenberg , but had it returned following the 1802 Peace of Amiens . It was re-occupied by the UK following the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806 , and British possession affirmed with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 . The Cape of Good Hope then remained in the British Empire , becoming self-governing in 1872 , and uniting with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa in 1910 . It then was renamed the Province of the Cape of Good Hope . South Africa became a sovereign state in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster . In 1961 it became the Republic of South Africa and obtained its own monetary unit called the Rand . Following the 1994 creation of the present-day South African provinces , the Cape Province was partitioned into the Eastern Cape , Northern Cape , and Western Cape , with smaller parts in North West province . The Cape of Good Hope was coextensive with the later Cape Province , stretching from the Atlantic coast inland and eastward along the southern coast , constituting about half of modern South Africa : the final eastern boundary , after several wars against the Xhosa , stood at the Fish River . In the north , the Orange River , also known as the Gariep River , served as the boundary for some time , although some land between the river and the southern boundary of Botswana was later added to it ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Cape_Town", "summary": "Cape Town ( Afrikaans : Kaapstad ) [ ˈkɑːpstat ] ; Xhosa : iKapa ; Khoi-San : //Hui ! Gaeb ) is the second most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and also the legislative capital of South Africa . Colloquially named the Mother City , it is the largest city of the Western Cape province . It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality , The Parliament of South Africa sits in Cape Town . The other two capitals are located in Pretoria ( the executive capital where the Presidency is based ) and Bloemfontein ( the judicial capital where the Supreme Court of Appeal is located ) . The city is known for its harbour , for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region , and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point . Cape Town is home to 64% of the Western Cape 's population . The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design . In 2014 , Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both The New York Times and The Daily Telegraph. , Cape Town was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Located on the shore of Table Bay , Cape Town , as the oldest urban area in South Africa , was developed by the United East India Company ( VOC ) as a supply station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa , India , and the Far East . Jan van Riebeeck 's arrival on 6 April 1652 established VOC Cape Colony , the first permanent European settlement in South Africa . Cape Town outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope , becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony . Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg , Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa ." } ] }, { "value": "The Invincibles ' Assassinations", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Irish National Invincibles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irish_National_Invincibles", "summary": "The Irish National Invincibles , usually known as the Invincibles , were a splinter group of the Irish Republican Brotherhood . This group of assassins were active in Dublin between late 1881 and 1883 , with an intent to kill the authorities in Dublin Castle ." } ] }, { "value": "1916", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Easter Rising", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Easter_Rising", "summary": "The Easter Rising ( Irish : Éirí Amach na Cásca ) , also known as the Easter Rebellion , was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week , April 1916 . The Rising was launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic while the United Kingdom was fighting the First World War . It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798 and the first armed action of the Irish revolutionary period . Sixteen of the Rising 's leaders were executed in May 1916 , but the insurrection , the nature of the executions , and subsequent political developments ultimately contributed to an increase in popular support for Irish independence . Organised by a seven-man Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood , the Rising began on Easter Monday , 24 April 1916 and lasted for six days . Members of the Irish Volunteers , led by schoolmaster and Irish language activist Patrick Pearse , joined by the smaller Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly and 200 women of Cumann na mBan , seized strategically important buildings in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic . The British Army brought in thousands of reinforcements as well as artillery and a gunboat . There was street fighting on the routes into the city centre , where the rebels slowed the British advance and inflicted many casualties . Elsewhere in Dublin , the fighting mainly consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles . The main rebel positions were gradually surrounded and bombarded with artillery . There were isolated actions in other parts of Ireland ; Volunteer leader Eoin MacNeill had issued a countermand in a bid to halt the Rising , which greatly reduced the number of rebels who mobilised . With much greater numbers and heavier weapons , the British Army suppressed the Rising ." } ] }, { "value": "Irish Republican Brotherhood , Irish Citizen Army , Irish Volunteers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood", "summary": "The Irish Republican Brotherhood ( IRB ; Irish : Bráithreachas Phoblacht na hÉireann ) was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an independent democratic republic in Ireland between 1858 and 1924 . Its counterpart in the United States of America was initially the Fenian Brotherhood , but from 1867 it was Clan na Gael . The members of both wings of the movement are often referred to as Fenians . The IRB played an important role in the history of Ireland , as the chief advocate of republicanism during the campaign for Ireland 's independence from the United Kingdom , successor to movements such as the United Irishmen of the 1790s and the Young Irelanders of the 1840s . As part of the New Departure of the 1870s-80s , IRB members attempted to democratise the Home Rule League . and its successor , the Irish Parliamentary Party , as well as taking part in the Land War . The IRB staged the Easter Rising in 1916 , which led to the establishment of the first Dáil Éireann in 1919 . The suppression of Dáil Éireann precipitated the Irish War of Independence and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921 , ultimately leading to the establishment of the Irish Free State , which excluded the territory of Northern Ireland ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army", "summary": "The Irish Citizen Army ( Irish : Arm Cathartha na hÉireann ) , or ICA , was a small paramilitary group of trained trade union volunteers from the Irish Transport and General Workers ' Union ( ITGWU ) established in Dublin for the defence of workers ' demonstrations from the Dublin Metropolitan Police . It was formed by James Larkin , James Connolly and Jack White on 23 November 1913 . Other prominent members included Seán O'Casey , Constance Markievicz , Francis Sheehy-Skeffington , P. T. Daly and Kit Poole . In 1916 , it took part in the Easter Rising , an armed insurrection aimed at ending British rule in Ireland . Despite the relatively small size of the army , it was more organised than the larger Irish Volunteers , with its members receiving superior training and being less affected by factional and ideological division . The ICA became involved in the War of Independence , taking responsibility for parts of Dublin and aiding the Irish Republican Army in various operations ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Irish_Volunteers", "summary": "The Irish Volunteers ( Irish : Óglaigh na hÉireann ) , sometimes called the Irish Volunteer Force or Irish Volunteer Army , was a military organisation established in 1913 by Irish nationalists . It was ostensibly formed in response to the formation of the Ulster Volunteers in 1912 , and its declared primary aim was to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland . The Volunteers included members of the Gaelic League , Ancient Order of Hibernians and Sinn Féin , and , secretly , the Irish Republican Brotherhood ( IRB ) . Increasing rapidly to a strength of nearly 200,000 by mid-1914 , it split in September of that year over John Redmond 's commitment to the British War effort , with the smaller group retaining the name of Irish Volunteers ." } ] }, { "value": "1919-22", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ireland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "War of Independence", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence", "summary": "The Irish War of Independence ( Irish : Cogadh na Saoirse ) or Anglo-Irish War was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army ( IRA , the army of the Irish Republic ) and British forces : the British Army , along with the quasi-military Royal Irish Constabulary ( RIC ) and its paramilitary forces the Auxiliaries and Ulster Special Constabulary ( USC ) . It was an escalation of the Irish revolutionary period into warfare . In April 1916 , Irish republicans launched the Easter Rising against British rule and proclaimed an Irish Republic . Although it was crushed after a week of fighting , the Easter Rising and the British response led to greater popular support for Irish independence . In the December 1918 election , the republican party Sinn Féin won a landslide victory in Ireland . On 21 January 1919 they formed a breakaway government ( Dáil Éireann ) and declared Irish independence . That day , two RIC officers were shot dead in the Soloheadbeg ambush by IRA volunteers acting on their own initiative . The conflict developed gradually . For much of 1919 , IRA activity involved capturing weaponry and freeing republican prisoners , while the Dáil set about building a state . In September , the British government outlawed the Dáil and Sinn Féin and the conflict intensified . The IRA began ambushing RIC and British Army patrols , attacking their barracks and forcing isolated barracks to be abandoned . The British government bolstered the RIC with recruits from Britain - the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries - who became notorious for ill-discipline and reprisal attacks on civilians , some of which were authorised by the British government ." } ] }, { "value": "Irish Republican Army ( 1917-22 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1917–22)", "summary": "The Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) ( Irish : Óglaigh na hÉireann ) was an Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation . The ancestor of many groups also known as the Irish Republican Army , and distinguished from them as the Old IRA , it was descended from the Irish Volunteers , an organisation established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916 . In 1919 , the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly ( Dáil Éireann ) , and the Irish Volunteers were recognised by Dáil Éireann as its legitimate army . Thereafter , the IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against the British occupation of Ireland in the 1919-21 Irish War of Independence . Following the signing in 1921 of the Anglo-Irish Treaty , which ended the War of Independence , a split occurred within the IRA . Members who supported the treaty formed the nucleus of the Irish National Army . However , the majority of the IRA was opposed to the treaty . The anti-treaty IRA fought a civil war against the Free State Army in 1922-23 , with the intention of creating a fully independent all-Ireland republic . Having lost the civil war , this group remained in existence , with the intention of overthrowing the governments of both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland and achieving the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1916 ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "Wikimedia list article This is a list of uprisings by Irish people against English and British claims of sovereignty in Ireland . These uprisings include attempted counter-revolutions and rebellions , though some can be described as either depending upon perspective . After the United Irishmen Rebellion such uprisings became more revolutionary and republican in nature . Following the War of Independence , the partition of Ireland and the creation of the autonomous Irish Free State in 26 of the island 's 32 counties in 1922 , most but not all subsequent insurgent activity occurred within the six counties of Northern Ireland , which was retained in the United Kingdom .", "uid": "List_of_Irish_uprisings_0", "intro": "This is a list of uprisings by Irish people against English and British claims of sovereignty in Ireland. These uprisings include attempted counter-revolutions and rebellions, though some can be described as either depending upon perspective. After the United Irishmen Rebellion such uprisings became more revolutionary and republican in nature. Following the War of Independence, the partition of Ireland and the creation of the autonomous Irish Free State in 26 of the island's 32 counties in 1922, most but not all subsequent insurgent activity occurred within the six counties of Northern Ireland, which was retained in the United Kingdom." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Upstate_New_York", "title": "List of tallest buildings in Upstate New York", "header": [ "Years as tallest", "Name", "City", "Height ft / m", "Floors" ], "data": [ { "value": "1851-1901", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Saint Paul 's Episcopal Cathedral", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Paul's_Cathedral_(Buffalo,_New_York)", "summary": "St. Paul 's Cathedral is the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of Western New York and a landmark of downtown Buffalo , New York . The church sits on a triangular lot bounded by Church St. , Pearl St. , Erie St. , and Main St . It was built in 1849-51 to a design by Richard Upjohn , and was believed by him to be his finest work . Its interior was gutted by fire in 1888 , and was redesigned thereafter by Robert W. Gibson , and it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 for its architecture ." } ] }, { "value": "Buffalo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York", "summary": "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ." } ] }, { "value": "275 / 84", "urls": [] }, { "value": "N/A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1901-1902", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Electric Tower ( Pan-American Exposition )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition", "summary": "The Pan-American Exposition was a World 's Fair held in Buffalo , New York , United States , from May 1 through November 2 , 1901 . The fair occupied 350 acres ( 0.55 sq mi ) of land on the western edge of what is now Delaware Park , extending from Delaware Avenue to Elmwood Avenue and northward to Great Arrow Avenue . It is remembered today primarily for being the location of the assassination of United States President William McKinley at the Temple of Music on September 6 , 1901 . The exposition was illuminated at night . Thomas A. Edison , Inc. filmed it during the day and a pan of it at night ." } ] }, { "value": "Buffalo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York", "summary": "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ." } ] }, { "value": "389 / 119", "urls": [] }, { "value": "N/A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1902-1912", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Saint Paul 's Episcopal Cathedral", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Paul's_Cathedral_(Buffalo,_New_York)", "summary": "St. Paul 's Cathedral is the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of Western New York and a landmark of downtown Buffalo , New York . The church sits on a triangular lot bounded by Church St. , Pearl St. , Erie St. , and Main St . It was built in 1849-51 to a design by Richard Upjohn , and was believed by him to be his finest work . Its interior was gutted by fire in 1888 , and was redesigned thereafter by Robert W. Gibson , and it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 for its architecture ." } ] }, { "value": "Buffalo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York", "summary": "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ." } ] }, { "value": "275 / 84", "urls": [] }, { "value": "N/A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1912-1914", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Electric Tower", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Electric_Tower", "summary": "Electric Tower ( or General Electric Tower ) is a historic office building and skyscraper located at the corner of Washington and Genesee Streets in Buffalo . It is the seventh tallest building in Buffalo . It stands 294 feet ( 89.6 m ) and 14 stories tall and is in the Beaux-Arts Classical Revival style . It was designed by James A. Johnson and built in 1912 . The tower was based upon an earlier Electric Tower constructed for the 1901 Pan-American Exposition ; as with most of the buildings constructed for that event , the original was only temporary and demolished shortly after the fair ended . Additions were made in 1923 and 1928 . The white terra-cotta clad was originally built as the Niagara Mohawk Building and features an octagonal tower which steps back three times to terminate in a large lantern . It is also known as Iskalo Electric Tower , for the real estate development company that owns the building . The decorative symbols featuring aspects of electricity production are considered precursors to subsequent art deco design . Like One M & T Plaza , the spire of the tower is illuminated with different holiday colors at night throughout the year . Both buildings are illuminated blue and gold for the Buffalo Sabres during the National Hockey League playoffs . The Electric Tower hosts the annual Buffalo Ball Drop on New Year 's Eve , one of the continent 's largest ball drops outside the New York City ball drop ." } ] }, { "value": "Buffalo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York", "summary": "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ." } ] }, { "value": "294 / 90", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1914-1925", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kodak Tower", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kodak_Tower", "summary": "Kodak Tower is a 19-story skyscraper in the High Falls District of Rochester , New York , and is part of the Eastman Kodak Headquarters complex . It has a roof height of 340 ft ( 103.6 m ) and stands 366 ft ( 111.6 m ) with its antenna spire included . It was Rochester , New York 's tallest building for over 50 years from its completion in 1914 until the Xerox Square Tower surpassed it in the late 1960s . Today , it is the 4th tallest building in Rochester , NY and is the 9th tallest building in New York State outside NYC . The Kodak Tower has long been recognized as a landmark in the Rochester Skyline , and an icon in the world of film photography . The building has also been called the nerve center of photography . The Eastman Kodak Company owns the skyscraper , and it remains the company 's headquarters . In 2008 , Kodak undertook work to repair and restore the exterior of the building ." } ] }, { "value": "Rochester", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rochester,_New_York", "summary": "Rochester ( /ˈrɒtʃɛstər , -ɪs-/ ) is a city on the southern shore of Lake Ontario in western New York and the seat of Monroe County . With a population of 208,046 , Rochester is the third most populous city in New York state , after New York City and Buffalo . The metropolitan area has a population of just over one million people . It is about 73 miles ( 117 km ) east of Buffalo and 87 miles ( 140 km ) west of Syracuse . Rochester was one of the United States ' first boom towns , initially due to the fertile Genesee River Valley , which gave rise to numerous flour mills , and then as a manufacturing hub . Several of the region 's universities ( notably the University of Rochester and Rochester Institute of Technology ) have renowned research programs . [ citation needed ] The area is the birthplace of Kodak , Paychex , Western Union , French 's , Bausch & Lomb , Gleason , Ragú and Xerox , which conduct extensive research and manufacturing of industrial and consumer products . Until 2010 , the Rochester metropolitan area was the second-largest regional economy in New York State , after the New York City metropolitan area . Rochester 's GMP has since ranked just below Buffalo 's , while exceeding it in per-capita income . In 2007 , the 25th edition of the Places Rated Almanac rated Rochester the most livable city among 379 U.S. metropolitan areas . In 2010 Forbes rated Rochester the third-best place to raise a family in the United States . In 2012 Kiplinger rated Rochester the fifth-best city in the United States for families , citing low cost of living , top public schools , and a low unemployment rate ." } ] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "16", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1925-1928", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Liberty Building", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Liberty_Building_(Buffalo,_New_York)", "summary": "The Liberty Building is located at 420 Main Street , across the Buffalo Metro Rail from Lafayette Square in Buffalo , New York , USA ." } ] }, { "value": "Buffalo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York", "summary": "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ." } ] }, { "value": "345 / 105", "urls": [] }, { "value": "23", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1928-1929", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alfred E. Smith Building", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith_Building", "summary": "The Alfred E. Smith Building , known officially as the Alfred E. Smith State Office Building and sometimes called simply the Smith Building , is a structure located in downtown Albany , New York across the street from the New York State Capitol and One Commerce Plaza . The building 's namesake , Alfred Emmanuel Smith , was a four-term governor of New York and the Democratic Party 's nomination for the 1928 presidential election . The Art Deco skyscraper has 34 stories and at 388 feet ( 118 m ) is Albany 's second tallest structure ( after the Erastus Corning Tower ) . Completed in 1928 , it houses offices of the New York State government . Built originally with an observation deck on the 31st floor , the 350-foot-high ( 110 m ) open-air deck was closed in 1976 when the 589-foot-tall ( 180 m ) 42nd floor enclosed Corning Tower Observation Deck was opened . An extensive renovation of the building began in 2002 . This modernization , which cost at least $ 103 million , is now finished . Prior to reconstruction , the building was home to the state Comptroller 's Office . With the renovation complete , the new tenants include the New York State Department of Civil Service , Department of State , New York State Banking Department , New York State Liquor Authority , and Division of the Budget . The Alfred E. Smith Building has several distinctive features . These include the engraving of the names of all 62 New York State counties around the street-level facade and an Art Deco lobby with a mural depicting famous New Yorkers . A tunnel connects the building to the Capitol ." } ] }, { "value": "Albany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Albany,_New_York", "summary": "Albany ( /ˈɔːlbəni/ ( listen ) AWL-bə-nee ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat and largest city of Albany County . Albany is located on the west bank of the Hudson River approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River and approximately 135 miles ( 220 km ) north of New York City . Albany is known for its rich history , commerce , culture , architecture , and institutions of higher education . Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of New York State , which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area , including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy , Schenectady , and Saratoga Springs . With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state . As of the 2010 census , the population of Albany was 97,856 . The area that later became Albany was settled by Dutch colonists who , in 1614 , built Fort Nassau for fur trading and , in 1624 , built Fort Orange . In 1664 , the English took over the Dutch settlements , renaming the city as Albany , in honor of the then Duke of Albany , the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland . The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule . It became the capital of New York in 1797 following formation of the United States . Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies , and is the longest continuously chartered city in the United States . During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th , Albany was a center of trade and transportation ." } ] }, { "value": "388 / 118", "urls": [] }, { "value": "34", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1929-1931", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rand Building", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rand_Building", "summary": "The Rand Building is a skyscraper and the third tallest building in Buffalo , New York . At the time it was built in 1929 , it was the tallest in the city at a height of 405 feet ( 123 m ) . The building was built on the site of the 1903 Olympic Theatre and it has been suggested that the Rand Building was the inspiration for the Empire State Building ." } ] }, { "value": "Buffalo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York", "summary": "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ." } ] }, { "value": "391 / 119", "urls": [] }, { "value": "29", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1931-1966", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Buffalo City Hall", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo_City_Hall", "summary": "Buffalo City Hall is the seat for municipal government in the City of Buffalo , New York . Located at 65 Niagara Square , the 32-story Art Deco building was completed in 1931 by Dietel , Wade & Jones . The 378-foot-tall ( 115.2 m ) building ( 398 feet [ 121.3 m ] when measured from street level to the tip of the tower ) is one of the largest and tallest municipal buildings in the United States and is also one of the tallest buildings in Western New York . It was designed by chief architect John Wade with the assistance of George Dietel . The friezes were sculpted by Albert Stewart and the sculpture executed by Rene Paul Chambellan . The foyer features a bronze tablet honoring Mayor Roesch , created in 1937 by regional sculptor , William Ehrich . Buffalo City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 ." } ] }, { "value": "Buffalo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York", "summary": "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ." } ] }, { "value": "398 / 121", "urls": [] }, { "value": "32", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1966-", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Erastus Corning Tower", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Erastus_Corning_Tower", "summary": "The Erastus Corning Tower , also known as the Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd Tower or simply the Corning Tower , is a skyscraper located in downtown Albany , New York . Completed in 1973 and sided with Vermont Pearl marble and glass , the state office building is part of the Empire State Plaza . At 589 feet ( 180 m ) and 44 stories in height , it is the tallest skyscraper in the state of New York outside of New York City . Erastus Corning 2nd , the building 's namesake , was the mayor of Albany for over 40 years from 1941 to 1983 . The tower was dedicated to him in March 1983 during his hospitalization . Before that dedication , it was known as the Tower Building . The Corning Tower houses the New York State Department of Health and the New York State Office of General Services . Two New York State Department of Transportation traffic cameras are located on the building to monitor nearby traffic conditions . From 2000 to 2004 , it was the tallest structure in the World Almanac 's list of Other Tall Buildings in North American Cities ." } ] }, { "value": "Albany", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Albany,_New_York", "summary": "Albany ( /ˈɔːlbəni/ ( listen ) AWL-bə-nee ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat and largest city of Albany County . Albany is located on the west bank of the Hudson River approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River and approximately 135 miles ( 220 km ) north of New York City . Albany is known for its rich history , commerce , culture , architecture , and institutions of higher education . Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of New York State , which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area , including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy , Schenectady , and Saratoga Springs . With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state . As of the 2010 census , the population of Albany was 97,856 . The area that later became Albany was settled by Dutch colonists who , in 1614 , built Fort Nassau for fur trading and , in 1624 , built Fort Orange . In 1664 , the English took over the Dutch settlements , renaming the city as Albany , in honor of the then Duke of Albany , the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland . The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule . It became the capital of New York in 1797 following formation of the United States . Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies , and is the longest continuously chartered city in the United States . During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th , Albany was a center of trade and transportation ." } ] }, { "value": "589 / 180", "urls": [] }, { "value": "44", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Timeline of tallest buildings", "section_text": "This section lists buildings that once held the title of tallest building in Upstate New York . Saint Paul 's Episcopal Cathedral held the title twice , both before the construction and after the demolition of the original Electric Tower , which was designed as a temporary building that would only last the length of the Pan-American Exposition .", "uid": "List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Upstate_New_York_1", "intro": "{{Multiple issues|" }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academicians_educated_at_the_United_States_Military_Academy", "title": "List of academicians educated at the United States Military Academy", "header": [ "Name", "Class year", "Notability" ], "data": [ { "value": "Horace Webster", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Horace_Webster", "summary": "Horace Webster ( Hartford , Connecticut , September 21 , 1794 - Geneva , New York , July 12 , 1871 ) was an American educator who graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1818 . Webster remained at West Point as a mathematics professor until 1825 , leaving with the rank of first lieutenant . He then moved to Geneva College , where he taught as a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy until he left in 1848 to head the Free Academy of New York , where he continued until retirement in 1869 . The school was renamed City College in 1866 . Horace Webster served as its first president ." } ] }, { "value": "1818", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lieutenant ; mathematics professor at the Academy ( 1818-1825 ) ; professor of mathematics , professor of intellectual philosophy , and president at Geneva College ( 1828-1830 , 1835-1836 ) ; president Free Academy of New York ( 1848-1869 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant", "summary": "A lieutenant ( UK : /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ lef-TEN-ənt or US : /luːˈtɛnənt/ loo-TEN-ənt abbreviated Lt , LT , Lieut and similar ) is the second junior-most or in some cases the junior-most commissioned officer in the armed forces , fire services , police , and other organizations of many nations . The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries ( see comparative military ranks ) , but is often subdivided into senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant and even third lieutenant ) ranks . In navies it is often equivalent to the army rank of captain ; it may also indicate a particular post rather than a rank . The rank is also used in fire services , emergency medical services , security services and police forces . Lieutenant may also appear as part of a title used in various other organisations with a codified command structure . It often designates someone who is second-in-command , and as such , may precede the name of the rank directly above it . For example , a lieutenant master is likely to be second-in-command to the master in an organisation using both ranks . Political uses include lieutenant governor in various governments , and Quebec lieutenant in Canadian politics . In the United Kingdom , a lord lieutenant is the sovereign 's representative in a county or lieutenancy area , while a deputy lieutenant is one of the lord lieutenant 's deputies ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges", "summary": "Hobart and William Smith Colleges are private liberal arts colleges in Geneva , New York . They trace their origins to Geneva Academy established in 1797 . The colleges offer the degrees of bachelor of arts , bachelor of science , and master of arts in teaching . The colleges were originally separate institutions - Hobart College for men and William Smith College for women - that shared close bonds and a contiguous campus . In 1943 , William Smith College was elevated from its original status as a department of Hobart College to an independent college and the two colleges established a joint corporate identity . They are officially chartered as Hobart and William Smith Colleges and informally referred to as HWS or the Colleges . Although united in one corporation with many shared resources and overlapping organization , they have each retained their own traditions ." }, { "url": "/wiki/City_College_of_New_York", "summary": "The City College of the City University of New York ( City College of New York , or simply City College , CCNY , or City ) is a public senior college of the City University of New York ( CUNY ) system in New York City . Founded in 1847 , City College was the first free public institution of higher education in the United States . It is the oldest of CUNY 's 24 institutions of higher learning , and is considered its flagship college . Located in Hamilton Heights overlooking Harlem in Manhattan , City College 's 35-acre ( 14 ha ) Collegiate Gothic campus spans Convent Avenue from 130th to 141st Streets . It was initially designed by renowned architect George B . Post , and many of its buildings have achieved landmark status . The college has graduated ten Nobel Prize winners , one Fields Medalist , one Turing Award winner , three Pulitzer Prize winners , and three Rhodes Scholars . Among these alumni , the latest is a Bronx native , John O'Keefe ( 2014 Nobel Prize in Medicine ) . City College 's satellite campus City College Downtown in the Cunard Building at 25 Broadway has been in operation since 1981 . It specializes in degree programs for working adults . Other primacies at City College that helped shape the culture of American higher education include the first student government in the nation ( Academic Senate , 1867 ) ; the first national fraternity to accept members without regard to religion , race , color or creed ( Delta Sigma Phi , 1899 ) ; the first degree-granting evening program ( School of Education , 1907 ) ; and , with the objective of racially integrating the college dormitories , the first general strike at a municipal institution of higher learning led by students ( 1949 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Dennis Hart Mahan", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dennis_Hart_Mahan", "summary": "Dennis Hart Mahan [ məˈhæn ] ( April 2 , 1802 - September 16 , 1871 ) was a noted American military theorist , civil engineer and professor at the United States Military Academy at West Point from 1824-1871 . He was the father of American naval historian and theorist Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan . Of his other four children , his son Frederick August Mahan also graduated from West Point in 1867 ." } ] }, { "value": "1824", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lieutenant ; military theorist , educator , author , and engineer ; founding member of National Academy of Sciences ; father of American naval historian and theorist Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan ; of his other four children , son Frederick August Mahan graduated from the Academy in 1867", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant", "summary": "A lieutenant ( UK : /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ lef-TEN-ənt or US : /luːˈtɛnənt/ loo-TEN-ənt abbreviated Lt , LT , Lieut and similar ) is the second junior-most or in some cases the junior-most commissioned officer in the armed forces , fire services , police , and other organizations of many nations . The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries ( see comparative military ranks ) , but is often subdivided into senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant and even third lieutenant ) ranks . In navies it is often equivalent to the army rank of captain ; it may also indicate a particular post rather than a rank . The rank is also used in fire services , emergency medical services , security services and police forces . Lieutenant may also appear as part of a title used in various other organisations with a codified command structure . It often designates someone who is second-in-command , and as such , may precede the name of the rank directly above it . For example , a lieutenant master is likely to be second-in-command to the master in an organisation using both ranks . Political uses include lieutenant governor in various governments , and Quebec lieutenant in Canadian politics . In the United Kingdom , a lord lieutenant is the sovereign 's representative in a county or lieutenancy area , while a deputy lieutenant is one of the lord lieutenant 's deputies ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Military_theory", "summary": "Military theory is the analysis of normative behavior and trends in military affairs and military history , beyond simply describing events in war . Theories and conceptions of warfare have varied in different places throughout human history . The Chinese Sun Tzu is recognized by scholars to be one of the earliest military theorists . His now-iconic Art of War laid the foundations for operational planning , tactics , strategy and logistics . Military theories , especially since the influence of Clausewitz in the nineteenth century , attempt to encapsulate the complex cultural , political and economic relationships between societies and the conflicts they create . These military theories can encompass tactics like divide and conquer , starving out defenders , etc ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences", "summary": "The National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) is a United States nonprofit , non-governmental organization . NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine , along with the National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) and the National Academy of Medicine ( NAM ) . As a national academy , new members of the organization are elected annually by current members , based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research . Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field . Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science , engineering , and medicine . The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Founded in 1863 as a result of an Act of Congress that was approved by Abraham Lincoln , the NAS is charged with providing independent , objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology . … to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon ' by any government department . The Academy receives no compensation from the government for its services ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)", "summary": "Rear admiral in the United States is either of two different ranks of commissioned officers - one-star flag officers and two-star flag officers . By contrast , in most nations , the term rear admiral refers to an officer of two-star rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan", "summary": "Alfred Thayer Mahan ( /məˈhæn/ ; September 27 , 1840 - December 1 , 1914 ) was a United States naval officer and historian , whom John Keegan called the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century . His book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History , 1660-1783 ( 1890 ) won immediate recognition , especially in Europe , and with its successor , The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire , 1793-1812 ( 1892 ) , made him world-famous and perhaps the most influential American author of the nineteenth century ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexander Dallas Bache", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache", "summary": "Alexander Dallas Bache ( July 19 , 1806 - February 17 , 1867 ) was an American physicist , scientist , and surveyor who erected coastal fortifications and conducted a detailed survey to map the mideastern United States coastline . Originally an army engineer , he later became Superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey , and built it into the foremost scientific institution in the country before the Civil War ." } ] }, { "value": "1825", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lieutenant ; founding president of the National Academy of Sciences ; member of the Scientific Lazzaroni and the Royal Society ; professor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania ( 1828-1843 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant", "summary": "A lieutenant ( UK : /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ lef-TEN-ənt or US : /luːˈtɛnənt/ loo-TEN-ənt abbreviated Lt , LT , Lieut and similar ) is the second junior-most or in some cases the junior-most commissioned officer in the armed forces , fire services , police , and other organizations of many nations . The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries ( see comparative military ranks ) , but is often subdivided into senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant and even third lieutenant ) ranks . In navies it is often equivalent to the army rank of captain ; it may also indicate a particular post rather than a rank . The rank is also used in fire services , emergency medical services , security services and police forces . Lieutenant may also appear as part of a title used in various other organisations with a codified command structure . It often designates someone who is second-in-command , and as such , may precede the name of the rank directly above it . For example , a lieutenant master is likely to be second-in-command to the master in an organisation using both ranks . Political uses include lieutenant governor in various governments , and Quebec lieutenant in Canadian politics . In the United Kingdom , a lord lieutenant is the sovereign 's representative in a county or lieutenancy area , while a deputy lieutenant is one of the lord lieutenant 's deputies ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences", "summary": "The National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) is a United States nonprofit , non-governmental organization . NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine , along with the National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) and the National Academy of Medicine ( NAM ) . As a national academy , new members of the organization are elected annually by current members , based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research . Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field . Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science , engineering , and medicine . The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Founded in 1863 as a result of an Act of Congress that was approved by Abraham Lincoln , the NAS is charged with providing independent , objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology . … to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon ' by any government department . The Academy receives no compensation from the government for its services ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Scientific_Lazzaroni", "summary": "The Scientific Lazzaroni is a self-mocking name adopted by Alexander Dallas Bache and his group of scientists who flourished before and up to the American Civil War . ( Lazzaroni was slang for the homeless idlers of Naples who live by chance work or begging - so called from the Hospital of St Lazarus , which served as their refuge . ) These scientists then gained greater support and laid the foundation for the National Academy of Sciences . However , the National Academy did not solve the problems facing a nation plunged in Civil War - as the Lazzaroni had hoped , nor did it centralize American scientific efforts . These Lazzaroni were mostly professional physical scientists , interested in geophysical problems , who admitted a few kindred souls from other fields to their ranks . Their interests and range of influence extended to all of the sciences and included much of the research performed in universities and the government . They were consciously promoting the development of a professional scientific community in America . The Lazzaroni in the United States actually existed in the 1850s and a little before , though the name was not always the same as the group changed and grew . The Lazzaroni wanted to mimic the autocratic academic structures of European universities . The members of the Lazzaroni wanted only university-educated scientists , at one point , so as to create a pure science for America . Therefore , the scientists who did not match the code and oath of the initial members would be forced , if possible , out of their vocation and not allowed to advance unless they met the qualifications of the Lazzaroni , who often kept scientists out of any professional scientific position . They used their influence together , a group of top scientists against any one individual ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Royal_Society", "summary": "The Royal Society , formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge , is a learned society and the United Kingdom 's national academy of sciences . Founded on 28 November 1660 , it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as The Royal Society . It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world . The society fulfils a number of roles : promoting science and its benefits , recognising excellence in science , supporting outstanding science , providing scientific advice for policy , fostering international and global co-operation , education and public engagement . The society is governed by its Council , which is chaired by the Society 's President , according to a set of statutes and standing orders . The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows , the basic members of the society , who are themselves elected by existing Fellows . As of 2016 , there are about 1,600 fellows , allowed to use the postnominal title FRS ( Fellow of the Royal Society ) , with up to 52 new fellows appointed each year . There are also royal fellows , honorary fellows and foreign members , the last of which are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS ( Foreign Member of the Royal Society ) . The Royal Society President is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan , who took up the post on 30 November 2015 . Since 1967 , the society has been based at 6-9 Carlton House Terrace , a Grade I listed building in central London which was previously used by the Embassy of Germany , London ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natural_philosophy", "summary": "Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature ( from Latin philosophia naturalis ) was the philosophical study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science . It is considered to be the precursor of natural science . From the ancient world , starting with Aristotle , to the 19th century , natural philosophy was the common term for the practice of studying nature . It was in the 19th century that the concept of science received its modern shape with new titles emerging such as biology and biologist , physics and physicist among other technical fields and titles ; institutions and communities were founded , and unprecedented applications to and interactions with other aspects of society and culture occurred . Isaac Newton 's book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) , whose title translates to Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , reflects the then-current use of the words natural philosophy , akin to systematic study of nature . Even in the 19th century , a treatise by Lord Kelvin and Peter Guthrie Tait , which helped define much of modern physics , was titled Treatise on Natural Philosophy ( 1867 ) . In the German tradition , Naturphilosophie ( philosophy of nature ) persisted into the 18th and 19th century as an attempt to achieve a speculative unity of nature and spirit . Some of the greatest names in German philosophy are associated with this movement , including Goethe , Hegel and Schelling . Naturphilosophie was associated with Romanticism and a view that regarded the natural world as a kind of giant organism , as opposed to the philosophical approach of figures such as John Locke and Isaac Newton who espoused a more mechanical view of the world , regarding it as being like a machine ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chemistry", "summary": "Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms , molecules and ions : their composition , structure , properties , behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances . In the scope of its subject , chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology . It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level . For example , chemistry explains aspects of plant chemistry ( botany ) , the formation of igneous rocks ( geology ) , how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded ( ecology ) , the properties of the soil on the moon ( astrophysics ) , how medications work ( pharmacology ) , and how to collect DNA evidence at a crime scene ( forensics ) . Chemistry addresses topics such as how atoms and molecules interact via chemical bonds to form new chemical compounds . There are four types of chemical bonds : covalent bonds , in which compounds share one or more electron ( s ) ; ionic bonds , in which a compound donates one or more electrons to another compound to produce ions ( cations and anions ) ; hydrogen bonds ; and Van der Waals force bonds ." }, { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania", "summary": "The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars ." } ] }, { "value": "Leonidas Polk", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leonidas_Polk", "summary": "Leonidas Polk ( April 10 , 1806 - June 14 , 1864 ) was a planter in Maury County , Tennessee , USA , and a second cousin of President James K. Polk . He was bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Louisiana . He resigned his ecclesiastical position to become a major general in the Confederate army ( called Sewanee 's Fighting Bishop ) . His official portrait at the University of the South depicts him dressed as a bishop with his army uniform hanging nearby . He is often erroneously named Leonidas K. Polk . He had no middle name and never signed any documents as such . The errant K was derived from his listing in the post-bellum New Orleans press as Polk , Leon . ( k ) , signifying killed in action . [ citation needed ] Polk was one of the more notable , yet controversial , political generals of the war . Recognizing his indispensable familiarity with the Mississippi Valley , Confederate President Jefferson Davis commissioned his elevation to a high military position regardless of his lack of prior combat experience . He commanded troops in the Battle of Shiloh , the Battle of Perryville , the Battle of Stones River , the Tullahoma Campaign , the Battle of Chickamauga , the Chattanooga Campaign , and the Atlanta Campaign . He is remembered for his bitter disagreements with his immediate superior , the likewise-controversial General Braxton Bragg of the Army of Tennessee , and for his general lack of success in combat ." } ] }, { "value": "1827", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Second Lieutenant USA , Lieutenant General in Confederate States Army ; resigned his commission soon after graduating from the Academy to enter Virginia Theological Seminary ; founder of University of the South ; killed in combat during the Battle of Marietta ; Fort Polk named in his honor", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/US_Second_Lieutenant", "summary": "Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force , lieutenant general ( abbreviated LTG in the Army , Lt Gen in the Air Force , and LtGen in the Marine Corps ) is a three-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-9 . Lieutenant general ranks above major general and below general . Lieutenant general is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other uniformed services ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Commissioned_officer", "summary": "An officer is a member of an armed forces or uniformed service who holds a position of authority . In its broadest sense , the term officer refers to commissioned officers , non-commissioned officers , and warrant officers . However , when used without further detail , the term almost always refers to only commissioned officers , the more senior portion of a force who derive their authority from a commission from the head of state ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Virginia_Theological_Seminary", "summary": "Virginia Theological Seminary ( VTS ) , formally called the Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary in Virginia , is the largest and second oldest accredited Episcopal seminary in the United States , and is under the denomination Episcopal Church ( TEC ) . Established in 1823 , VTS is situated on an 80-acre ( 320,000 m2 ) suburban campus in Alexandria , Virginia , close to downtown Washington , DC and adjacent to the campus of Episcopal High School . The seminary 's notable alumni have taken leadership roles in the Episcopal Church , other Christian denominations in the United States , and overseas . VTS is a member of the Washington Theological Consortium and since 1938 has been an accredited member institution of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada ( ATS ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/University_of_the_South", "summary": "Sewanee : The University of the South , commonly known as Sewanee , is a private Episcopal liberal arts college in Sewanee , Tennessee . It is owned by 28 southern dioceses of the Episcopal Church and its School of Theology is an official seminary of the church . The university 's School of Letters offers graduate degrees in American Literature and Creative Writing . The campus ( officially called The Domain or , affectionately , The Mountain ) consists of 13,000 acres ( 53 km2 ) of scenic mountain property atop the Cumberland Plateau , with the developed portion occupying about 1,000 acres ( 4.0 km2 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Marietta", "summary": "The Battle of Marietta was a series of military operations from June 9 through July 3 , 1864 , in Cobb County , Georgia , between Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War . The Union forces , led by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman , encountered the Confederate Army of Tennessee , led by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston , entrenched near Marietta , Georgia ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Fort_Polk", "summary": "Fort Polk is a United States Army installation located in Vernon Parish , approximately ten miles east of Leesville , Louisiana , and thirty miles north of DeRidder in Beauregard Parish , Louisiana . It was named in honor of the Right Reverend Leonidas Polk , the first Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Louisiana , and a distinguished Confederate general in the American Civil War . The post encompasses approximately 198,000 acres - 100,000 acres are owned by the Department of the Army - 98,125 acres by the U.S. Forest Service , mostly in the Kisatchie National Forest . Fort Polk is the only Combat Training Center that also trains and deploys combat units . In 2013 , there were 10,877 troops stationed at Fort Polk , which generated an annual payroll of $ 980 million . Louisiana officials lobbied the Army and the United States Congress to keep troop strength at full capacity despite looming defense cuts . Fort Polk began as a base for the Louisiana Maneuvers in the 1940s . It served the 1st Armored Division in the 1950s , and became a basic training post during Vietnam War years of the 1960s and '70s . It hosted the 5th Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) in the 1970s-1980s , and the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment in the 1990s and the 1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade , and the 162nd Infantry Brigade in the 2000s . Fort Polk is now home to the Joint Readiness Training Center ( JRTC ) , the 3rd Brigade Combat Team , 10th Mountain Division , 115th Combat Support Hospital , U.S. Army Garrison and Bayne-Jones Army Community Hospital . The land that is now Fort Polk is part of a region of cultural resources , including archaeological sites , historic houses and structures , and other sites of historical value . The U.S. Army has spent considerable time , effort , and money on locating , identifying , and inventorying thousands of archaeological sites on Fort Polk and the property owned by the U.S. Forest Service where the army trains ." } ] }, { "value": "Andrew A. Humphreys", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys", "summary": "Andrew Atkinson Humphreys ( November 2 , 1810 - December 27 , 1883 ) , was a career United States Army officer , civil engineer , and a Union General in the American Civil War . He served in senior positions in the Army of the Potomac , including division command , chief of staff , and corps command , and was Chief Engineer of the U.S. Army ." } ] }, { "value": "1831", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major General ; American Civil War ; topographical and hydrological surveyor of the Mississippi River Delta ; Chief of Engineers ( 1866-1875 ) ; an incorporator of the United States National Academy of Sciences", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/American_Civil_War", "summary": "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta", "summary": "The Mississippi River Delta is the river delta at the confluence of the Mississippi River with the Gulf of Mexico , in Louisiana in the southeastern United States . It is a three-million-acre ( 4,700 sq mi ; 12,000 km2 ) area of land that stretches from Vermilion Bay on the west , to the Chandeleur Islands in the east , on Louisiana 's southeastern coast . It is part of the American Mediterranean Sea and the Louisiana coastal plain , one of the largest areas of coastal wetlands in the United States . The Mississippi River Delta is the 7th largest river delta on Earth ( USGS ) and is an important coastal region for the United States , containing more than 2.7 million acres ( 4,200 sq mi ; 11,000 km2 ) of coastal wetlands and 37% of the estuarine marsh in the conterminous U.S . The coastal area is the nation 's largest drainage basin and drains about 41% of the contiguous United States into the Gulf of Mexico at an average rate of 470,000 cubic feet per second ( 3,500,000 US gal/s ; 13,000,000 L/s ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chief_of_Engineers", "summary": "The Chief of Engineers is a principal United States Army staff officer at The Pentagon . The Chief advises the Army on engineering matters , and serves as the Army 's topographer and proponent for real estate and other related engineering programs . The Chief of Engineers is the senior service engineer for the Department of Defense , responsible for integrating all aspects of combat , general and geospatial engineering across the Joint Force . The Chief of Engineers also commands the United States Army Corps of Engineers . As commander of the US Army Corps of Engineers , the Chief of Engineers leads a major Army command that is the world 's largest public engineering , design and construction management agency . This office defines policy and guidance , and it plans direction for the organizations within the Corps . The Chief of Engineers currently holds the rank of lieutenant general but in the past has been ranked as low as major . Civilian oversight of the Chief of Engineers is provided by the Assistant Secretary of the Army ( Civil Works ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences", "summary": "The National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) is a United States nonprofit , non-governmental organization . NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine , along with the National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) and the National Academy of Medicine ( NAM ) . As a national academy , new members of the organization are elected annually by current members , based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research . Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field . Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science , engineering , and medicine . The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Founded in 1863 as a result of an Act of Congress that was approved by Abraham Lincoln , the NAS is charged with providing independent , objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology . … to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon ' by any government department . The Academy receives no compensation from the government for its services ." } ] }, { "value": "William Augustus Norton", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_Augustus_Norton", "summary": "William Augustus Norton ( October 25 , 1810 - September 21 , 1883 ) was an civil engineer and educator . He was the president of Delaware College and later a founding faculty member of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University Norton was born in East Bloomfield , New York . Norton graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York in 1831 and began his academic career there as assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy . During this time , he also participated in the Black Hawk War . In 1833 , he became professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at the University of the City of New York . In 1839 , he moved to Delaware College as professor and then in 1850 , became president . He had planned to turn the school into a scientific institution but was discouraged and left in 1850 , to become professor of natural philosophy and civil engineering at Brown University . In 1852 , Norton moved to Yale College with his students to become the school 's first professor of engineering , and became one of the founding faculty of the Sheffield Scientific School when it was founded in 1854 . In 1873 , he became a member of the National Academy of Sciences . He remained at Yale until his death in 1883 . While at the University of the City of New York , Norton completed a college astronomy textbook known as An Elementary Treatise on Astronomy ( Wiley & Putnam , 1839 ) , which was re-issued in four editions . He was also the author of the First Book of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy ( 1858 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "1831", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lieutenant ; Black Hawk War ; professor of natural philosophy and civil engineering ( 1831-1883 ) ; member of the United States National Academy of Sciences", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant", "summary": "A lieutenant ( UK : /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ lef-TEN-ənt or US : /luːˈtɛnənt/ loo-TEN-ənt abbreviated Lt , LT , Lieut and similar ) is the second junior-most or in some cases the junior-most commissioned officer in the armed forces , fire services , police , and other organizations of many nations . The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries ( see comparative military ranks ) , but is often subdivided into senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant and even third lieutenant ) ranks . In navies it is often equivalent to the army rank of captain ; it may also indicate a particular post rather than a rank . The rank is also used in fire services , emergency medical services , security services and police forces . Lieutenant may also appear as part of a title used in various other organisations with a codified command structure . It often designates someone who is second-in-command , and as such , may precede the name of the rank directly above it . For example , a lieutenant master is likely to be second-in-command to the master in an organisation using both ranks . Political uses include lieutenant governor in various governments , and Quebec lieutenant in Canadian politics . In the United Kingdom , a lord lieutenant is the sovereign 's representative in a county or lieutenancy area , while a deputy lieutenant is one of the lord lieutenant 's deputies ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Black_Hawk_War", "summary": "The Black Hawk War was a brief conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk , a Sauk leader . The war erupted soon after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks , Meskwakis , and Kickapoos , known as the British Band , crossed the Mississippi River , into the U.S. state of Illinois , from Iowa Indian Territory in April 1832 . Black Hawk 's motives were ambiguous , but he was apparently hoping to avoid bloodshed while resettling on tribal land that had been ceded to the United States in the disputed 1804 Treaty of St. Louis . U.S. officials , convinced that the British Band was hostile , mobilized a frontier militia and opened fire on a delegation from the Native Americans on May 14 , 1832 . Black Hawk responded by successfully attacking the militia at the Battle of Stillman 's Run . He led his band to a secure location in what is now southern Wisconsin and was pursued by U.S. forces . Meanwhile , other Native Americans conducted raids against forts and settlements largely unprotected with the absence of U.S. troops . Some Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi warriors with grievances against European-Americans took part in these raids , although most tribe members tried to avoid the conflict . The Menominee and Dakota tribes , already at odds with the Sauks and Meskwakis , supported the U.S. Commanded by General Henry Atkinson , the U.S. troops tracked the British Band . Militia under Colonel Henry Dodge caught up with the British Band on July 21 and defeated them at the Battle of Wisconsin Heights . Black Hawk 's band was weakened by hunger , death , and desertion and many native survivors retreated towards the Mississippi . On August 2 , U.S. soldiers attacked the remnants of the British Band at the Battle of Bad Axe , killing many and capturing most who remained alive ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natural_philosophy", "summary": "Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature ( from Latin philosophia naturalis ) was the philosophical study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science . It is considered to be the precursor of natural science . From the ancient world , starting with Aristotle , to the 19th century , natural philosophy was the common term for the practice of studying nature . It was in the 19th century that the concept of science received its modern shape with new titles emerging such as biology and biologist , physics and physicist among other technical fields and titles ; institutions and communities were founded , and unprecedented applications to and interactions with other aspects of society and culture occurred . Isaac Newton 's book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) , whose title translates to Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , reflects the then-current use of the words natural philosophy , akin to systematic study of nature . Even in the 19th century , a treatise by Lord Kelvin and Peter Guthrie Tait , which helped define much of modern physics , was titled Treatise on Natural Philosophy ( 1867 ) . In the German tradition , Naturphilosophie ( philosophy of nature ) persisted into the 18th and 19th century as an attempt to achieve a speculative unity of nature and spirit . Some of the greatest names in German philosophy are associated with this movement , including Goethe , Hegel and Schelling . Naturphilosophie was associated with Romanticism and a view that regarded the natural world as a kind of giant organism , as opposed to the philosophical approach of figures such as John Locke and Isaac Newton who espoused a more mechanical view of the world , regarding it as being like a machine ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Civil_engineering", "summary": "Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design , construction , and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment , including public works such as roads , bridges , canals , dams , airports , sewerage systems , pipelines , structural components of buildings , and railways . Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines . It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering , and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering . Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments , and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences", "summary": "The National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) is a United States nonprofit , non-governmental organization . NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine , along with the National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) and the National Academy of Medicine ( NAM ) . As a national academy , new members of the organization are elected annually by current members , based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research . Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field . Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science , engineering , and medicine . The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Founded in 1863 as a result of an Act of Congress that was approved by Abraham Lincoln , the NAS is charged with providing independent , objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology . … to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon ' by any government department . The Academy receives no compensation from the government for its services ." } ] }, { "value": "Benjamin Stoddert Ewell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert_Ewell", "summary": "Benjamin Stoddert Ewell ( June 10 , 1810 - June 20 , 1894 ) was a United States and Confederate army officer , civil engineer , and educator from James City County , Virginia . He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , New York in 1832 and served as an officer and educator . Although he personally did not favor secession of Virginia from the Union , at the outset of the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , he helped form local militia in the Peninsula region of Hampton Roads . His work designing and constructing the Williamsburg Line of defensive works of the city and Fort Magruder at its center was a factor in delaying Federal troops attempting to chase retreating Confederates during the Peninsula Campaign , a failed attempt to capture the capital city of Richmond in 1862 . His younger brother was Confederate General Richard S. Ewell , a senior commander under Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee . Benjamin Ewell is best remembered for his long tenure as the sixteenth president of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg before , during and after the American Civil War . Benjamin Ewell 's tireless efforts to restore the historic school and its programs during and after Reconstruction became legendary in Williamsburg and at the college and were ultimately successful , with funding from both the U.S. Congress and the Commonwealth of Virginia ." } ] }, { "value": "1832", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colonel in Confederate States Army ; professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Hampden-Sydney College ( 1839-1846 ) ; president of The College of William & Mary ( 1854-1888 ) ; brother Richard S. Ewell , class of 1840 , was a Lieutenant General in Confederate States Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Natural_philosophy", "summary": "Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature ( from Latin philosophia naturalis ) was the philosophical study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science . It is considered to be the precursor of natural science . From the ancient world , starting with Aristotle , to the 19th century , natural philosophy was the common term for the practice of studying nature . It was in the 19th century that the concept of science received its modern shape with new titles emerging such as biology and biologist , physics and physicist among other technical fields and titles ; institutions and communities were founded , and unprecedented applications to and interactions with other aspects of society and culture occurred . Isaac Newton 's book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) , whose title translates to Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , reflects the then-current use of the words natural philosophy , akin to systematic study of nature . Even in the 19th century , a treatise by Lord Kelvin and Peter Guthrie Tait , which helped define much of modern physics , was titled Treatise on Natural Philosophy ( 1867 ) . In the German tradition , Naturphilosophie ( philosophy of nature ) persisted into the 18th and 19th century as an attempt to achieve a speculative unity of nature and spirit . Some of the greatest names in German philosophy are associated with this movement , including Goethe , Hegel and Schelling . Naturphilosophie was associated with Romanticism and a view that regarded the natural world as a kind of giant organism , as opposed to the philosophical approach of figures such as John Locke and Isaac Newton who espoused a more mechanical view of the world , regarding it as being like a machine ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hampden-Sydney_College", "summary": "Hampden-Sydney College ( H-SC ) is a men 's liberal arts college in Hampden Sydney , Virginia . Founded in 1775 , Hampden-Sydney is the oldest privately chartered college in the southern United States , the tenth-oldest college in the nation , the last college founded before the American Declaration of Independence , and one of only three four-year , all-male liberal arts colleges remaining in the United States . Hampden-Sydney College is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register . It is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/The_College_of_William_&_Mary", "summary": "The College of William & Mary ( also known as William & Mary , W & M , and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia ) is a public research university in Williamsburg , Virginia . Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II , it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States , after Harvard University . William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson ( third ) , James Monroe ( fifth ) , and John Tyler ( tenth ) as well as other key figures pivotal to the development of the nation , including the first President of the Continental Congress Peyton Randolph of Virginia , the first United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph of Virginia , the fourth U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia , Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky , sixteen members of the Continental Congress , and four signers of the Declaration of Independence , earning it the nickname the Alma Mater of the Nation . A young George Washington ( 1732-1799 ) also received his surveyor 's license at the college , and he would become the college 's first American chancellor in 1788 . The F.H.C . Society , founded in 1750 , was the first collegiate fraternity in the United States , and W & M students founded the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society in 1776 , the first Greek-letter fraternity . W & M was also the first school of higher education in the United States to install an honor code of conduct for students , dating back to 1736 . The establishment of graduate programs in law and medicine in 1779 makes it one of the earliest higher level universities in the United States . In addition to its undergraduate program , W & M is home to several graduate programs and four professional schools . The Marshall-Wythe School of Law is the oldest law school in the United States . In his 1985 book Public Ivies : A Guide to America 's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities , Richard Moll included William & Mary as one of the original eight Public Ivies ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell", "summary": "Richard Stoddert Ewell ( February 8 , 1817 - January 25 , 1872 ) was a career United States Army officer and a Confederate general during the American Civil War . He achieved fame as a senior commander under Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee and fought effectively through much of the war , but his legacy has been clouded by controversies over his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg and at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force , lieutenant general ( abbreviated LTG in the Army , Lt Gen in the Air Force , and LtGen in the Marine Corps ) is a three-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-9 . Lieutenant general ranks above major general and below general . Lieutenant general is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other uniformed services ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." } ] }, { "value": "Francis Henney Smith", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Francis_Henney_Smith", "summary": "Francis Henney Smith ( October 18 , 1812 - March 21 , 1890 ) was an American military officer , mathematician and educator . After graduating from West Point and a brief service in the United States Army , he became the first Superintendent of the Virginia Military Institute on its establishment in 1839 , and held that post until shortly before his death . His superintendency included the four years of the American Civil War , during which he served as a major general in the Virginia militia and a colonel in the Confederate States Army ." } ] }, { "value": "1833", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major General in Confederate States Army ; first and longest-serving superintendent of Virginia Military Institute ( 1839-1889 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute", "summary": "Virginia Military Institute ( VMI ) is a public military college in Lexington , Virginia . It was founded in 1839 and is the first public Senior Military College in the United States . In keeping with its founding principles and unlike any other Senior Military College in the United States , VMI enrolls cadets ( uniformed members of the Corps of Cadets ) only and awards baccalaureate degrees exclusively . VMI offers its students , all of whom are cadets , strict military discipline combined with a physically and academically demanding environment . The Institute grants degrees in 14 disciplines in engineering , science , and the liberal arts , and all VMI students are required to participate in ROTC . While VMI has been called The West Point of the South , it differs from the federal military service academies . As of 2019 , VMI had a total enrollment of 1,722 cadets . All cadets must participate in the Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) of the United States Armed Forces programs , but are afforded the flexibility of pursuing civilian endeavors or accepting an officer 's commission in any of the active or reserve components of any of the U.S. military branches upon graduation . VMI 's alumni include a Secretary of State , Secretary of Defense , the current Secretary of the Army , a Nobel Peace Prize winner , 7 Medal of Honor recipients , 13 Rhodes Scholars , Pulitzer Prize winners , an Academy Award winner , an Emmy Award and Golden Globe winner , a martyr recognized by the Episcopal Church , Senators and Representatives , Governors , including the current Governor of Virginia , Lieutenant Governors , a Supreme Court Justice , numerous college and university presidents , many business leaders ( presidents and CEOs ) and over 290 general and flag officers across all US service branches and several other countries ." } ] }, { "value": "Montgomery C. Meigs", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs_(1816–1892)", "summary": "Montgomery Cunningham Meigs ( /ˈmɛɡz/ ; May 3 , 1816 - January 2 , 1892 ) was a career United States Army officer and civil engineer , who served as Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army during and after the American Civil War . Meigs strongly opposed secession and supported the Union ; his record as Quartermaster General was regarded as outstanding , both in effectiveness and in ethical probity , and Secretary of State William H. Seward viewed it as a key factor in the Union victory . Meigs was one of the principal architects of Arlington National Cemetery ; the choice of its location , on Robert E. Lee 's family estate , Arlington House , was partly a gesture to humiliate Lee for siding with the Confederacy ." } ] }, { "value": "1836", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major General ; Quartermaster General during American Civil War ; river and civil engineer ; early member of National Academy of Sciences ; General Montgomery Meigs ( born 1945 ) , class of 1967 , is his descendant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/American_Civil_War", "summary": "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences", "summary": "The National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) is a United States nonprofit , non-governmental organization . NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine , along with the National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) and the National Academy of Medicine ( NAM ) . As a national academy , new members of the organization are elected annually by current members , based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research . Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field . Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science , engineering , and medicine . The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Founded in 1863 as a result of an Act of Congress that was approved by Abraham Lincoln , the NAS is charged with providing independent , objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology . … to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon ' by any government department . The Academy receives no compensation from the government for its services ." }, { "url": "/wiki/General_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Air Force , and United States Space Force , general ( abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force ) is a four-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-10 . General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force ; the Marine Corps and Space Force does not have an established grade above general . General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services . Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only , and since the Marine Corps has no five-star equivalent , the grade of general is the highest appointment an officer can achieve in peacetime ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Montgomery_Meigs_(born_1945)", "summary": "Montgomery Cunningham Meigs ( born January 11 , 1945 ) is a retired United States Army General . He is named for his great-great-great-granduncle , Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs , the father of Arlington National Cemetery , and for his father Lt. Col. Montgomery Meigs who was a World War 2 tank commander killed in action one month before Gen. Meigs was born ." } ] }, { "value": "William Gilham", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/William_Gilham", "summary": "William Henry Gilham ( January 13 , 1818 - November 16 , 1872 ) was an American soldier , teacher , chemist , and author . A member of the faculty at Virginia Military Institute , in 1860 , he wrote a military manual which was still in modern use 145 years later . He served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War , and became president of Southern Fertilizing Company in Richmond after the War ." } ] }, { "value": "1840", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Colonel in Confederate States Army ; Seminole War and Mexican-American War ; professor at Virginia Military Institute ; author of Manual of Instruction for the Volunteers and Militia of the United States , which was in use for over 145 years", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Colonel", "summary": "Colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ kernel ; abbreviated Col. , Col or COL ) is a senior military officer rank below the general officer ranks . However , in some small military forces , such as those of Monaco or the Vatican , colonel is the highest rank . It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations . Historically , in the seventeenth , eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , a colonel was typically in charge of a regiment in an army . Modern usage varies greatly , and in some cases , the term is used as an honorific title that may have no direct relationship to military service . The rank of colonel is typically above the rank of lieutenant colonel . The rank above colonel is typically called brigadier , brigade general or brigadier general . Equivalent naval ranks may be called captain or ship-of-the-line captain . In the Commonwealth air force rank system , the equivalent rank is group captain ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Seminole_War", "summary": "The Seminole Wars ( also known as the Florida Wars ) were three related military conflicts in Florida between the United States Army and the Seminole , a Native American group which had coalesced in Spanish Florida during the early 1700s . The fighting occurred between about 1816 and 1858 , with two periods of uneasy truce between active conflict . Both in human and monetary terms , the Seminole Wars were the longest and most expensive of the Indian Wars in United States history ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mexican–American_War", "summary": "The Mexican-American War , [ a ] also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the Intervención Estadounidense en México ( American intervention in Mexico ) , [ b ] was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 . It followed in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas , which was not formally recognized by the Mexican government , who disputed the Treaties of Velasco signed by Mexican caudillo President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna after the Texas Revolution a decade earlier . In 1845 , newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk , who saw the annexation of Texas as the first step towards a further expansion of the United States , sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico . After Mexican forces attacked U.S. forces , the United States Congress declared war . U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast province of Alta California , and then moved south . Meanwhile , the Pacific Squadron of the U.S. Navy blockaded the Pacific coast farther south in the lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army , under Major General Winfield Scott , eventually captured Mexico City through stiff resistance , having marched west from the port of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast , where the U.S. staged its first ever major amphibious landing . The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , forced onto the remnant Mexican government , ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States . The U.S. agreed to pay $ 15 million in compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $ 3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens . Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States . The victory and territorial expansion Polk envisioned inspired great patriotism in the United States , but the war and treaty drew some criticism in the U.S. for their casualties , monetary cost , and heavy-handedness , particularly early on . The question of how to treat the new acquisitions also intensified the debate over slavery ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute", "summary": "Virginia Military Institute ( VMI ) is a public military college in Lexington , Virginia . It was founded in 1839 and is the first public Senior Military College in the United States . In keeping with its founding principles and unlike any other Senior Military College in the United States , VMI enrolls cadets ( uniformed members of the Corps of Cadets ) only and awards baccalaureate degrees exclusively . VMI offers its students , all of whom are cadets , strict military discipline combined with a physically and academically demanding environment . The Institute grants degrees in 14 disciplines in engineering , science , and the liberal arts , and all VMI students are required to participate in ROTC . While VMI has been called The West Point of the South , it differs from the federal military service academies . As of 2019 , VMI had a total enrollment of 1,722 cadets . All cadets must participate in the Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) of the United States Armed Forces programs , but are afforded the flexibility of pursuing civilian endeavors or accepting an officer 's commission in any of the active or reserve components of any of the U.S. military branches upon graduation . VMI 's alumni include a Secretary of State , Secretary of Defense , the current Secretary of the Army , a Nobel Peace Prize winner , 7 Medal of Honor recipients , 13 Rhodes Scholars , Pulitzer Prize winners , an Academy Award winner , an Emmy Award and Golden Globe winner , a martyr recognized by the Episcopal Church , Senators and Representatives , Governors , including the current Governor of Virginia , Lieutenant Governors , a Supreme Court Justice , numerous college and university presidents , many business leaders ( presidents and CEOs ) and over 290 general and flag officers across all US service branches and several other countries ." } ] }, { "value": "Bushrod Johnson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bushrod_Johnson", "summary": "Bushrod Rust Johnson ( October 7 , 1817 - September 12 , 1880 ) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War and an officer in the United States Army . As a university professor he had been active in the state militias of Kentucky and Tennessee and on the outbreak of hostilities he sided with the South , despite having been born in the North in a family of abolitionist quakers . As a divisional commander he managed to evade capture at the Battle of Fort Donelson , but was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh . He served under Robert E. Lee throughout the 10-month Siege of Petersburg , and surrendered with him at Appomattox ." } ] }, { "value": "1840", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major General in Confederate States Army ; Seminole War and Mexican-American War ; served with distinction in many key battles such as the Battle of Chickamauga and Siege of Petersburg ; professor of philosophy , chemistry , and engineering ; co-chancellor of the University of Nashville ( 1870-1875 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Seminole_War", "summary": "The Seminole Wars ( also known as the Florida Wars ) were three related military conflicts in Florida between the United States Army and the Seminole , a Native American group which had coalesced in Spanish Florida during the early 1700s . The fighting occurred between about 1816 and 1858 , with two periods of uneasy truce between active conflict . Both in human and monetary terms , the Seminole Wars were the longest and most expensive of the Indian Wars in United States history ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mexican–American_War", "summary": "The Mexican-American War , [ a ] also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the Intervención Estadounidense en México ( American intervention in Mexico ) , [ b ] was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 . It followed in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas , which was not formally recognized by the Mexican government , who disputed the Treaties of Velasco signed by Mexican caudillo President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna after the Texas Revolution a decade earlier . In 1845 , newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk , who saw the annexation of Texas as the first step towards a further expansion of the United States , sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico . After Mexican forces attacked U.S. forces , the United States Congress declared war . U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast province of Alta California , and then moved south . Meanwhile , the Pacific Squadron of the U.S. Navy blockaded the Pacific coast farther south in the lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army , under Major General Winfield Scott , eventually captured Mexico City through stiff resistance , having marched west from the port of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast , where the U.S. staged its first ever major amphibious landing . The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , forced onto the remnant Mexican government , ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States . The U.S. agreed to pay $ 15 million in compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $ 3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens . Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States . The victory and territorial expansion Polk envisioned inspired great patriotism in the United States , but the war and treaty drew some criticism in the U.S. for their casualties , monetary cost , and heavy-handedness , particularly early on . The question of how to treat the new acquisitions also intensified the debate over slavery ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga", "summary": "The Battle of Chickamauga , fought on September 18 - 20 , 1863 , between U.S. and Confederate forces in the American Civil War , marked the end of a Union offensive , the Chickamauga Campaign , in southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia . It was the first major battle of the war fought in Georgia , the most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater , and involved the second-highest number of casualties after the Battle of Gettysburg . The battle was fought between the Army of the Cumberland under Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans and the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Braxton Bragg , and was named for Chickamauga Creek , which meanders near the battle area in northwest Georgia ( and ultimately flows into the Tennessee River about 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) northeast of downtown Chattanooga ) . After his successful Tullahoma Campaign , Rosecrans renewed the offensive , aiming to force the Confederates out of Chattanooga . In early September , Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Bragg 's army out of Chattanooga , heading south . The Union troops followed it and brushed with it at Davis 's Cross Roads . Bragg was determined to reoccupy Chattanooga and decided to meet a part of Rosecrans 's army , to defeat it , and then to move back into the city . On September 17 he headed north , intending to attack the isolated XXI Corps . As Bragg marched north on September 18 , his cavalry and infantry fought with Union cavalry and mounted infantry , which were armed with Spencer repeating rifles . Fighting began in earnest on the morning of September 19 . Bragg 's men strongly assaulted but could not break the Union line . The next day , Bragg resumed his assault ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg", "summary": "The Richmond-Petersburg campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg , Virginia , fought from June 15 , 1864 , to April 2 , 1865 , during the American Civil War . Although it is more popularly known as the siege of Petersburg , it was not a classic military siege , in which a city is usually surrounded and all supply lines are cut off , nor was it strictly limited to actions against Petersburg . The campaign consisted of nine months of trench warfare in which Union forces commanded by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines that eventually extended over 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the eastern outskirts of Richmond , Virginia , to around the eastern and southern outskirts of Petersburg . Petersburg was crucial to the supply of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's army and the Confederate capital of Richmond . Numerous raids were conducted and battles fought in attempts to cut off the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad . Many of these battles caused the lengthening of the trench lines . Lee finally gave in to the pressure and abandoned both cities in April 1865 , leading to his retreat and surrender at Appomattox Court House . The Siege of Petersburg foreshadowed the trench warfare that was common in World War I , earning it a prominent position in military history . It also featured the war 's largest concentration of African-American troops , who suffered heavy casualties at such engagements as the Battle of the Crater and Chaffin 's Farm ." } ] }, { "value": "Josiah Gorgas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas", "summary": "Josiah Gorgas ( July 1 , 1818 - May 15 , 1883 ) was one of the few Northern-born Confederate generals and was later president of the University of Alabama . As chief of ordnance during the American Civil War , Gorgas managed to keep the Confederate armies well supplied with weapons and ammunition , despite the Union blockade and even though the South had hardly any munitions industry before the war began . In this effort he also worked closely with the Fraser , Trenholm shipping company that brought in shipments of ordnance by means of blockade runners . He kept diaries during the Civil War which are now a popular subject of study for historians ." } ] }, { "value": "1841", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Captain USA , Brigadier General in Confederate States Army ; Mexican-American War ; chief of ordnance for the Confederacy ; president of University of Alabama ( 1878-1883 ) ; son William C. Gorgas became Surgeon General of the United States Army", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Captain_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States uniformed services , captain is a commissioned-officer rank . In keeping with the traditions of the militaries of most nations , the rank varies between the services , being a senior rank in the naval services and a junior rank in the ground and air forces ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mexican–American_War", "summary": "The Mexican-American War , [ a ] also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the Intervención Estadounidense en México ( American intervention in Mexico ) , [ b ] was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 . It followed in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas , which was not formally recognized by the Mexican government , who disputed the Treaties of Velasco signed by Mexican caudillo President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna after the Texas Revolution a decade earlier . In 1845 , newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk , who saw the annexation of Texas as the first step towards a further expansion of the United States , sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico . After Mexican forces attacked U.S. forces , the United States Congress declared war . U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast province of Alta California , and then moved south . Meanwhile , the Pacific Squadron of the U.S. Navy blockaded the Pacific coast farther south in the lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army , under Major General Winfield Scott , eventually captured Mexico City through stiff resistance , having marched west from the port of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast , where the U.S. staged its first ever major amphibious landing . The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , forced onto the remnant Mexican government , ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States . The U.S. agreed to pay $ 15 million in compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $ 3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens . Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States . The victory and territorial expansion Polk envisioned inspired great patriotism in the United States , but the war and treaty drew some criticism in the U.S. for their casualties , monetary cost , and heavy-handedness , particularly early on . The question of how to treat the new acquisitions also intensified the debate over slavery ." }, { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Alabama", "summary": "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ." }, { "url": "/wiki/William_C._Gorgas", "summary": "William Crawford Gorgas KCMG ( October 3 , 1854 - July 3 , 1920 ) was a United States Army physician and 22nd Surgeon General of the U.S. Army ( 1914-1918 ) . He is best known for his work in Florida , Havana and at the Panama Canal in abating the transmission of yellow fever and malaria by controlling the mosquitoes that carry these diseases . At the time , his strategy was greeted with considerable skepticism and opposition to such hygiene measures . However , the measures he put into practice as the head of the Panama Canal Zone Sanitation Commission saved thousands of lives and contributed to the success of the Canal 's construction . He was a Georgist and argued that adopting Henry George 's popular 'Single Tax ' would be a way to bring about sanitary living conditions , especially for the poor ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States_Army", "summary": "The Surgeon General of the United States Army is the senior-most officer of the U.S. Army Medical Department ( AMEDD ) . By policy , the Surgeon General ( TSG ) serves as Commanding General , U.S. Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) as well as head of the AMEDD . The surgeon general 's office and staff are known as the Office of the Surgeon General ( OTSG ) and are located in Falls Church , Virginia . Since 1959 , TSG has been appointed in the grade of lieutenant general . By law , TSG may be appointed from any of the six officer branches of the AMEDD . However , prior to the 43rd Surgeon General , Lt. Gen. Patricia Horoho - an Army Nurse Corps officer - all appointed and confirmed surgeons general have been Medical Corps officers - military physicians . The incumbent Surgeon General is medical administrator Lieutenant General R. Scott Dingle , a Medical Service Corps officer . The 44th Army Surgeon LTG Nadja West retired on July 19 , 2019 ." } ] }, { "value": "Henry L. Eustis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_L._Eustis", "summary": "Henry Lawrence Eustis ( February 1 , 1819 - January 11 , 1885 ) was a civil engineer , college professor , and soldier who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War ." } ] }, { "value": "1842", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brigadier General ; American Civil War ; founded the Lawrence Scientific School , later the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/American_Civil_War", "summary": "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences", "summary": "The Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences ( SEAS ) is the engineering school within Harvard University 's Faculty of Arts and Sciences ( FAS ) . It offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in engineering and applied sciences ( though its undergraduates are officially enrolled in Harvard College ) . Previously the Lawrence Scientific School and then the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences , the School assumed its current structure in 2007 . Francis J. Doyle III has been the School 's dean since 2015 . In June 2020 , SEAS will expand into the new Science and Engineering Complex ( SEC ) in Allston , across the Charles River from the main campus of Harvard . The SEC will be part of the Enterprise Research Campus in synergy with Harvard Business School and the Harvard Innovation Labs . Recent investments have enlarged the School 's faculty and upgraded its facilities . In 2019 , Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology by Times Higher Education . The School has produced numerous research discoveries and many distinguished alumni ." } ] }, { "value": "Daniel Harvey Hill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Daniel_Harvey_Hill", "summary": "Daniel Harvey Hill ( July 12 , 1821 - September 24 , 1889 ) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War and a Southern scholar . He is usually referred to as D. H. Hill , in part to distinguish him from unrelated Confederate general A. P. Hill , who served with him in the Army of Northern Virginia . He was known as an aggressive leader , being severely strict , deeply religious and having dry , sarcastic humor . He was brother-in-law to Stonewall Jackson , a close friend to both James Longstreet and Joseph E. Johnston , but disagreements with both Robert E. Lee and Braxton Bragg cost him favor with Confederate President Jefferson Davis . Although his military ability was well respected , he was underutilized by the end of the Civil War on account of these political feuds ." } ] }, { "value": "1842", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lieutenant General in Confederate States Army ; professor at Washington and Lee University and Davidson College ; later the first president of the University of Arkansas ( 1877-1884 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force , lieutenant general ( abbreviated LTG in the Army , Lt Gen in the Air Force , and LtGen in the Marine Corps ) is a three-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-9 . Lieutenant general ranks above major general and below general . Lieutenant general is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other uniformed services ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University", "summary": "Washington and Lee University ( Washington and Lee or W & L ) is a private liberal arts university in Lexington , Virginia . Established in 1749 , the university is a colonial-era college and the ninth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . Washington and Lee 's 325-acre campus sits at the edge of Lexington and abuts the campus of the Virginia Military Institute in the Shenandoah Valley region between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Allegheny Mountains . The campus is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast from Roanoke , 140 miles ( 230 km ) west from the state capital of Richmond , and 180 miles ( 290 km ) inland southwest from the national capital at Washington , D.C. Washington and Lee was originally founded as a small classical school named Augusta Academy ( later renamed Liberty Hall Academy ) by Scots-Irish Presbyterian pioneers , though the university has never claimed any sectarian affiliation . In 1796 , shortly before the end of his second term as US President , George Washington endowed the struggling academy with a gift of stock , one of the largest gifts to an educational institution at that time . In gratitude , the school was renamed for the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) , president at the Federal Constitutional Convention meeting in Philadelphia ( summer of 1787 ) , framer of the American Constitution ( 1787-1788 ) , and the first President of the United States ( 1789-1797 ) . In 1865 , shortly after his April 9 surrender to Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , commander of the Union Armies , former Confederate States Army General-in-Chief Robert E. Lee ( 1807-1870 ) was called and served as president of the college for five years until his death in 1870 , when the college was thereafter renamed the Washington and Lee University . One of the oldest institutions of higher education in the American South , W & L is the second-oldest in the Commonwealth of Virginia ( next to the College of William & Mary , founded in 1693 ) . The university consists of three academic units : the college itself ; the Williams School of Commerce , Economics , and Politics ; and the School of Law . The university hosts 24 intercollegiate varsity athletic teams which compete as part of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA Division III ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Davidson_College", "summary": "Davidson College is a private liberal arts college in Davidson , North Carolina . Davidson enrolls 1,843 students from 48 states and 47 countries . Of those students , 95 percent live on campus , 73 percent study abroad and about 25 percent participate in 21 NCAA Division I sports . The college has graduated 23 Rhodes Scholars . Students may choose from 29 majors and 40 minors , as well as other interdisciplinary studies . The college is governed by an honor code ." }, { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Arkansas", "summary": "The University of Arkansas ( U of A , UArk , or UA ) is a public land-grant , research university in Fayetteville , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest , best-known university in the state . Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871 , its present name was adopted in 1899 and classes were first held on January 22 , 1872 . It is noted for its strong architecture , agriculture ( particularly animal science and poultry science ) , business , communication disorders , creative writing , history , law , and Middle Eastern studies programs . Enrollment for the fall semester of 2018 was 27,778 . The university campus consists of 378 buildings spread across 512 acres ( 2.07 km2 ) of land in Fayetteville , Arkansas . Some well known architecture on campus includes Old Main , the first permanent academic building erected . Academic programs are in excess of 200 . The ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1 . The university also received a combined total of $ 103.2 million in research awards for the 2017 fiscal year . UA 's athletic teams , the Arkansas Razorbacks , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) with eight men 's teams and eleven women 's teams in thirteen sports . The University is known for its traditions , including Calling the Hogs at sports events , and Senior Walk , more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) of campus sidewalk etched with the names of all UA graduates since 1871 ." } ] }, { "value": "Edmund Kirby Smith", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith", "summary": "Edmund Kirby Smith ( May 16 , 1824 - March 28 , 1893 ) was a career United States Army officer who fought in the Mexican-American War . He later joined the Confederate States Army in the Civil War , and was promoted to general in the first months of the war . He was notable for his command of the Trans-Mississippi Department after the fall of Vicksburg to the United States Smith was wounded at First Bull Run and distinguished himself during the Heartland Offensive , the Confederacy 's unsuccessful attempt to capture Kentucky in 1862 . He was appointed as commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department in January 1863 . The area included most actions east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Mississippi River . In 1863 , Smith dispatched troops in an unsuccessful attempt to relieve the Siege of Vicksburg . After Vicksburg was captured by the Union in July , the isolated Trans-Mississippi zone was cut off from the rest of the Confederacy , and became virtually an independent nation , nicknamed 'Kirby Smithdom ' . In the Red River Campaign of Spring 1864 , he commanded victorious Confederate troops under General Richard Taylor , who defeated a combined Union army/navy assault under Nathaniel P. Banks . On June 2 , 1865 , Smith surrendered his army at Galveston , Texas , the last general with a major field force . He quickly escaped to Mexico and then to Cuba to avoid arrest for treason . His wife negotiated his return during the period when the federal government offered amnesty to those who would take an oath of loyalty . After the war , Smith worked in the telegraph and railway industries ." } ] }, { "value": "1845", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major USA , General CSA ; Mexican-American War ; Confederate commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department ; president of University of Nashville ( 1870-1875 ) ; professor of mathematics at Sewanee : The University of the South in Sewanee , Tennessee ( 1875-1893 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/General_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Air Force , and United States Space Force , general ( abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force ) is a four-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-10 . General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force ; the Marine Corps and Space Force does not have an established grade above general . General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services . Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only , and since the Marine Corps has no five-star equivalent , the grade of general is the highest appointment an officer can achieve in peacetime ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mexican–American_War", "summary": "The Mexican-American War , [ a ] also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the Intervención Estadounidense en México ( American intervention in Mexico ) , [ b ] was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 . It followed in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas , which was not formally recognized by the Mexican government , who disputed the Treaties of Velasco signed by Mexican caudillo President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna after the Texas Revolution a decade earlier . In 1845 , newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk , who saw the annexation of Texas as the first step towards a further expansion of the United States , sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico . After Mexican forces attacked U.S. forces , the United States Congress declared war . U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast province of Alta California , and then moved south . Meanwhile , the Pacific Squadron of the U.S. Navy blockaded the Pacific coast farther south in the lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army , under Major General Winfield Scott , eventually captured Mexico City through stiff resistance , having marched west from the port of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast , where the U.S. staged its first ever major amphibious landing . The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , forced onto the remnant Mexican government , ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States . The U.S. agreed to pay $ 15 million in compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $ 3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens . Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States . The victory and territorial expansion Polk envisioned inspired great patriotism in the United States , but the war and treaty drew some criticism in the U.S. for their casualties , monetary cost , and heavy-handedness , particularly early on . The question of how to treat the new acquisitions also intensified the debate over slavery ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War", "summary": "The Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War consists of the major military operations west of the Mississippi River . The area is often thought of as excluding the states and territories bordering the Pacific Ocean , which formed the Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) . The campaign classification established by the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior is more fine-grained than the one used in this article . Some minor NPS campaigns have been omitted and some have been combined into larger categories . Only a few of the 75 major battles the NPS classifies for this theater are described . Boxed text in the right margin show the NPS campaigns associated with each section . Activity in this theater in 1861 was dominated largely by the dispute over the status of the border state of Missouri . The Missouri State Guard , allied with the Confederacy , won important victories at the Battle of Wilson 's Creek and the First Battle of Lexington . However , they were driven back at the First Battle of Springfield . A Union army under Samuel Ryan Curtis defeated the Confederate forces at the Battle of Pea Ridge in northwest Arkansas in March 1862 , solidifying Union control over most of Missouri . The areas of Missouri , Kansas , and the Indian Territory ( modern-day Oklahoma ) were marked by extensive guerrilla activity throughout the rest of the war , the most well-known incident being the infamous Lawrence massacre in the Unionist town of Lawrence , Kansas of August 1863 . In the spring of 1862 , Confederate forces pushed north along the Rio Grande River from El Paso , Texas through the New Mexico Territory , but were stopped at the Battle of Glorieta Pass ( March 26-28 , 1862 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/University_of_Nashville", "summary": "The University of Nashville was an educational institution that existed as a distinct entity from 1826 until 1909 . During its history , it operated at various times a medical school , a four-year military college , a literary arts ( liberal arts ) college , and a boys preparatory school . Educational institutions in operation today that can trace their roots to the University of Nashville include Montgomery Bell Academy , an all-male preparatory school ; the Vanderbilt University Medical School ; Peabody College at Vanderbilt University ; and the University School of Nashville , a co-educational preparatory school ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sewanee:_The_University_of_the_South", "summary": "Sewanee : The University of the South , commonly known as Sewanee , is a private Episcopal liberal arts college in Sewanee , Tennessee . It is owned by 28 southern dioceses of the Episcopal Church and its School of Theology is an official seminary of the church . The university 's School of Letters offers graduate degrees in American Literature and Creative Writing . The campus ( officially called The Domain or , affectionately , The Mountain ) consists of 13,000 acres ( 53 km2 ) of scenic mountain property atop the Cumberland Plateau , with the developed portion occupying about 1,000 acres ( 4.0 km2 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Sewanee,_Tennessee", "summary": "Sewanee is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Franklin County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 2,311 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Tullahoma , Tennessee Micropolitan Statistical Area . Sewanee is best known as the home of The University of the South , commonly known as Sewanee ." } ] }, { "value": "Stonewall Jackson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson", "summary": "Thomas Jonathan Stonewall Jackson ( January 21 , 1824 - May 10 , 1863 ) served as a Confederate general ( 1861-1863 ) during the American Civil War , and became one of the best-known Confederate commanders after General Robert E. Lee . Jackson played a prominent role in nearly all military engagements in the Eastern Theater of the war until his death , and played a key role in winning many significant battles . Born in what was then part of Virginia ( in present-day West Virginia ) , Jackson received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point , served in the U.S. Army during the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 and distinguished himself at Chapultepec ( 1847 ) . From 1851 to 1863 he taught at the Virginia Military Institute , where he was unpopular with his students . During this time , he married twice . His first wife died giving birth , but his second wife , Mary Anna Morrison , lived until 1915 . When Virginia seceded from the Union in May 1861 after the attack on Fort Sumter ( April 12 , 1861 ) , Jackson joined the Confederate Army . He distinguished himself commanding a brigade at the First Battle of Bull Run ( July 21 , 1861 ) the following month , providing crucial reinforcements and beating back a fierce Union assault . In this context Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. compared him to a stone wall , hence his enduring nickname . Jackson performed well in the campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley during 1862 . Despite an initial defeat due largely to faulty intelligence , through swift and careful maneuvers Jackson was able to defeat three separate Union armies and prevent any of them from reinforcing General George B. McClellan 's Army of the Potomac in its campaign against Richmond . Jackson then quickly moved his three divisions to reinforce General Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia in defense of Richmond ." } ] }, { "value": "1846", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major in United States Army , Lieutenant General in Confederate States Army ; Mexican-American War ; professor of natural and experimental philosophy and artillery at Virginia Military Institute ( 1851-1861 ) ; excelled in several battles during the American Civil War , including the First Battle of Bull Run where he received his nickname ; accidentally shot by his own troops at the Battle of Chancellorsville and died of complications from pneumonia eight days later", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force , lieutenant general ( abbreviated LTG in the Army , Lt Gen in the Air Force , and LtGen in the Marine Corps ) is a three-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-9 . Lieutenant general ranks above major general and below general . Lieutenant general is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other uniformed services ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mexican–American_War", "summary": "The Mexican-American War , [ a ] also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the Intervención Estadounidense en México ( American intervention in Mexico ) , [ b ] was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 . It followed in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas , which was not formally recognized by the Mexican government , who disputed the Treaties of Velasco signed by Mexican caudillo President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna after the Texas Revolution a decade earlier . In 1845 , newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk , who saw the annexation of Texas as the first step towards a further expansion of the United States , sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico . After Mexican forces attacked U.S. forces , the United States Congress declared war . U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast province of Alta California , and then moved south . Meanwhile , the Pacific Squadron of the U.S. Navy blockaded the Pacific coast farther south in the lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army , under Major General Winfield Scott , eventually captured Mexico City through stiff resistance , having marched west from the port of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast , where the U.S. staged its first ever major amphibious landing . The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , forced onto the remnant Mexican government , ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States . The U.S. agreed to pay $ 15 million in compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $ 3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens . Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States . The victory and territorial expansion Polk envisioned inspired great patriotism in the United States , but the war and treaty drew some criticism in the U.S. for their casualties , monetary cost , and heavy-handedness , particularly early on . The question of how to treat the new acquisitions also intensified the debate over slavery ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute", "summary": "Virginia Military Institute ( VMI ) is a public military college in Lexington , Virginia . It was founded in 1839 and is the first public Senior Military College in the United States . In keeping with its founding principles and unlike any other Senior Military College in the United States , VMI enrolls cadets ( uniformed members of the Corps of Cadets ) only and awards baccalaureate degrees exclusively . VMI offers its students , all of whom are cadets , strict military discipline combined with a physically and academically demanding environment . The Institute grants degrees in 14 disciplines in engineering , science , and the liberal arts , and all VMI students are required to participate in ROTC . While VMI has been called The West Point of the South , it differs from the federal military service academies . As of 2019 , VMI had a total enrollment of 1,722 cadets . All cadets must participate in the Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) of the United States Armed Forces programs , but are afforded the flexibility of pursuing civilian endeavors or accepting an officer 's commission in any of the active or reserve components of any of the U.S. military branches upon graduation . VMI 's alumni include a Secretary of State , Secretary of Defense , the current Secretary of the Army , a Nobel Peace Prize winner , 7 Medal of Honor recipients , 13 Rhodes Scholars , Pulitzer Prize winners , an Academy Award winner , an Emmy Award and Golden Globe winner , a martyr recognized by the Episcopal Church , Senators and Representatives , Governors , including the current Governor of Virginia , Lieutenant Governors , a Supreme Court Justice , numerous college and university presidents , many business leaders ( presidents and CEOs ) and over 290 general and flag officers across all US service branches and several other countries ." }, { "url": "/wiki/American_Civil_War", "summary": "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ." }, { "url": "/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run", "summary": "The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the First Battle of Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was the first major battle of the American Civil War and was a Confederate victory . The battle was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington , D.C . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the Confederacy . Yielding to political pressure , Brig . Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig . Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig . Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville", "summary": "The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , and the principal engagement of the Chancellorsville campaign . It was fought from April 30 to May 6 , 1863 , in Spotsylvania County , Virginia , near the village of Chancellorsville . Two related battles were fought nearby on May 3 in the vicinity of Fredericksburg . The campaign pitted Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's Army of the Potomac against an army less than half its size , General Robert E. Lee 's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia . Chancellorsville is known as Lee 's perfect battle because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory . The victory , a product of Lee 's audacity and Hooker 's timid decision-making , was tempered by heavy casualties , including Lt. Gen. Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson . Jackson was hit by friendly fire , requiring his left arm to be amputated . He died of pneumonia eight days later , a loss that Lee likened to losing his right arm . Lee 's difficulty in replacing his lost men as well as his inability to prevent the Union withdrawal effectively have led to his great victory being regarded as a Pyrrhic one . The Chancellorsville campaign began with the crossing of the Rappahannock River by the Union army on the morning of April 27 , 1863 . Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman began a long-distance raid against Lee 's supply lines at about the same time . This operation was completely ineffectual ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pneumonia", "summary": "Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli . Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough , chest pain , fever , and trouble breathing . Severity is variable . Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms , certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases . Risk factors include cystic fibrosis , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , asthma , diabetes , heart failure , a history of smoking , a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke , and a weak immune system . Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination . Chest X-ray , blood tests , and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis . The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community , hospital , or health care associated pneumonia . Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available . Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking . Treatment depends on the underlying cause . Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics ." } ] }, { "value": "Oliver Otis Howard", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard", "summary": "Oliver Otis Howard ( November 8 , 1830 - October 26 , 1909 ) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War . As a brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac , Howard lost his right arm while leading his men against Confederate forces at the Battle of Fair Oaks/Seven Pines in June 1862 , an action which later earned him the Medal of Honor . As a corps commander , he suffered two humiliating defeats at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg in May and July 1863 , but recovered from the setbacks as a successful corps and later army commander in the Western Theater . Known as the Christian general because he tried to base his policy decisions on his deep religious piety , he was given charge of the Freedmen 's Bureau in mid-1865 , with the mission of integrating the former slaves into Southern society and politics during the second phase of the Reconstruction Era . Howard took charge of labor policy , setting up a system that required freed people to work on former plantation land under pay scales fixed by the Bureau , on terms negotiated by the Bureau with white land owners . Howard 's Bureau was primarily responsible for the legal affairs of the freedmen . He attempted to protect freed blacks from hostile conditions , but lacked adequate power , and was repeatedly frustrated by President Andrew Johnson . Howard 's allies , the Radical Republicans , won control of Congress in the 1866 elections and imposed Radical Reconstruction , with the result that freedmen were given the vote . With the help and advice of the Bureau , freedmen joined Republican coalitions and won at the ballot boxes of most of the southern states . Howard was also a leader in promoting higher education for freedmen , most notably in founding Howard University in Washington and serving as its president 1867-73 . After 1874 , Howard commanded troops in the West , conducting a famous campaign against the Nez Perce tribe . Utley ( 1987 ) concludes that his leadership against the Apaches in 1872 , against the Nez Perce in 1877 , the Bannocks and Paiutes in 1878 , and against the Sheepeaters in 1879 all add up to a lengthy record , although he did not fight as much as George Custer and Nelson Miles ." } ] }, { "value": "1854", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major General ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions leading an attack at the Battle of Seven Pines despite wound which resulted in the loss of his right arm ; led the campaign against Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce tribe ; founder of Howard University ; Superintendent of the Academy ( 1881-1882 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Medal_of_Honor", "summary": "The Medal of Honor is the United States of America 's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor . The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress . Because the medal is presented in the name of Congress , it is often referred erroneously as the Congressional Medal of Honor . However , the official name of the current award is Medal of Honor . Within the United States Code the medal is referred to as the Medal of Honor , and less frequently as Congressional Medal of Honor . U.S. awards , including the Medal of Honor , do not have post-nominal titles , and while there is no official abbreviation , the most common abbreviations are MOH and MH . There are three versions of the medal , one each for the Army , Navy and Air Force . Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version while members of the Space Force receive the Air Force version . The Medal of Honor was introduced for the Navy in 1861 , soon followed by an Army version in 1862 . The Medal of Honor is the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United States ' armed forces . The President typically presents the Medal at a formal ceremony intended to represent the gratitude of the U.S. people , with posthumous presentations made to the primary next of kin . According to the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States , there have been 3,525 Medals of Honor awarded to 3,506 individuals since the decoration 's creation , with over 40% awarded for actions during the American Civil War ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines", "summary": "The Battle of Seven Pines , also known as the Battle of Fair Oaks or Fair Oaks Station , took place on May 31 and June 1 , 1862 , in Henrico County , Virginia , as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War . It was the culmination of an offensive up the Virginia Peninsula by Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , in which the Army of the Potomac reached the outskirts of Richmond . On May 31 , Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston attempted to overwhelm two Federal corps that appeared isolated south of the Chickahominy River . The Confederate assaults , although not well coordinated , succeeded in driving back the IV Corps and inflicting heavy casualties . Reinforcements arrived , and both sides fed more and more troops into the action . Supported by the III Corps and Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick 's division of Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner 's II Corps ( which crossed the rain-swollen river on Grapevine Bridge ) , the Federal position was finally stabilized . Gen. Johnston was seriously wounded during the action , and command of the Confederate army devolved temporarily to Maj. Gen. G.W . Smith . On June 1 , the Confederates renewed their assaults against the Federals , who had brought up more reinforcements , but made little headway . Both sides claimed victory . Although the battle was tactically inconclusive , it was the largest battle in the Eastern Theater up to that time ( and second only to Shiloh in terms of casualties thus far , about 11,000 total ) . Gen. Johnston 's injury also had profound influence on the war : it led to the appointment of Robert E. Lee as Confederate commander ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chief_Joseph", "summary": "Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt ( or Hinmatóowyalahtq̓it in Americanist orthography ) , popularly known as Chief Joseph , Young Joseph , or Joseph the Younger ( March 3 , 1840 - September 21 , 1904 ) , was a leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain ( Wallowa ) band of Nez Perce , a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States , in the latter half of the 19th century . He succeeded his father Tuekakas ( Chief Joseph the Elder ) in the early 1870s . Chief Joseph led his band of Nez Perce during the most tumultuous period in their history , when they were forcibly removed by the United States federal government from their ancestral lands in the Wallowa Valley of northeastern Oregon onto a significantly reduced reservation in the Idaho Territory . A series of violent encounters with white settlers in the spring of 1877 culminated in those Nez Perce who resisted removal , including Joseph 's band and an allied band of the Palouse tribe , to flee the United States in an attempt to reach political asylum alongside the Lakota people , who had sought refuge in Canada under the leadership of Sitting Bull . At least 700 men , women , and children led by Joseph and other Nez Perce chiefs were pursued by the U.S. Army under General Oliver O. Howard in a 1,170-mile ( 1,900 km ) fighting retreat known as the Nez Perce War . The skill with which the Nez Perce fought and the manner in which they conducted themselves in the face of incredible adversity earned them widespread admiration from their military opponents and the American public , and coverage of the war in U.S. newspapers led to popular recognition of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce . In October 1877 , after months of fugitive resistance , most of the surviving remnants of Joseph 's band were cornered in northern Montana Territory , just 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the Canadian border . Unable to fight any longer , Chief Joseph surrendered to the Army with the understanding that he and his people would be allowed to return to the reservation in western Idaho . He was instead transported between various forts and reservations on the southern Great Plains before being moved to the Colville Indian Reservation in the state of Washington , where he died in 1904 . Chief Joseph 's life remains iconic of the American Indian Wars . For his passionate , principled resistance to his tribe 's forced removal , Joseph became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nez_Perce_tribe", "summary": "The Nez Perce ( /ˌnɛzˈpɜːrs/ ; autonym : Niimíipuu , meaning the walking people or we , the people ) are an Indigenous people of the Plateau who have lived on the Columbia River Plateau in the Pacific Northwest region for at least 11,500 years . Members of the Sahaptin language group , the Niimíipuu were the dominant people of the Columbia Plateau for much of that time , especially after acquiring the horses that led them to breed the appaloosa horse in the 18th century . Prior to first contact with Western civilization the Nimiipuu were economically and culturally influential in trade and war , interacting with other indigenous nations in a vast network from the western shores of Oregon and Washington , the high plains of Montana , and the northern Great Basin in southern Idaho and northern Nevada . After first contact , the name Nez Perce was given to the Niimíipuu and the nearby Chinook people by French explorers and trappers . The name means pierced nose , but only the Chinook used that form of decoration . Today they are a federally recognized tribe , the Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho , and govern their Indian reservation in Idaho through a central government headquartered in Lapwai , Idaho known as the Nez Perce Tribal Executive Committee ( NPTEC ) . They are one of five federally recognized tribes in the state of Idaho . Some still speak their traditional language , and the Tribe owns and operates two casinos along the Clearwater River in Idaho in Kamiah , Idaho and outside of Lewiston , Idaho , health clinics , a police force and court , community centers , salmon fisheries , radio station , and other things that promote economic and cultural self-determination . Cut off from most of their horticultural sites throughout the Camas Prairie by an 1863 treaty , confinement to reservations in Idaho , Washington and Oklahoma Indian Territory after the Nez Perce War of 1877 , and Dawes Act of 1887 land allotments ( today some Nez Perce lease land to farmers or loggers , but the Nez Perce only own 12% of their own reservation ) , the Nez Perce remain as a distinct culture and political economic influence within and outside their reservation . Today , hatching , harvesting and eating salmon is an important cultural and economic strength of the Nez Perce through full ownership or co-management of various salmon fish hatcheries , such as the Kooskia National Fish Hatchery in Kooskia , Idaho or the Dworshak National Fish Hatchery in Orofino , Idaho ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Howard_University", "summary": "Howard University ( Howard or simply HU ) is a private , federally chartered historically black university ( HBCU ) in Washington , D.C . It is categorized among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races . It offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees . U.S. News & World Report ranked Howard tied for 104th among national universities , and second among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) for 2020 . Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 40 on the Bloomberg Businessweek business school rankings . The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students . The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms ." } ] }, { "value": "George Washington Custis Lee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/George_Washington_Custis_Lee", "summary": "George Washington Custis Lee ( September 16 , 1832 - February 18 , 1913 ) , also known as Custis Lee , was the eldest son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Custis Lee . His grandfather George Washington Custis was the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington and grandson of Martha Custis Washington . He served as a Confederate general in the American Civil War , primarily as an aide-de-camp to President Jefferson Davis , and succeeded his father as president of Washington and Lee University in Lexington , Virginia ." } ] }, { "value": "1854", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First Lieutenant US Army , Major General CSA ; graduated first in his class at the Academy ; father Robert E. Lee , class of 1829 , graduated second in his class ; President , Washington and Lee University ( 1871-1897 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/US_First_Lieutenant", "summary": "First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Robert_E._Lee", "summary": "Robert Edward Lee ( January 19 , 1807 - October 12 , 1870 ) was an American and Confederate soldier , best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army . He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until its surrender in 1865 . A son of Revolutionary War officer Henry Light Horse Harry Lee III , Lee was a top graduate of the United States Military Academy and an exceptional officer and military engineer in the United States Army for 32 years . During this time , he served throughout the United States , distinguished himself during the Mexican-American War , and served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy . He was also the husband of Mary Anna Custis Lee , adopted great granddaughter of George Washington . When Virginia 's 1861 Richmond Convention declared secession from the Union , Lee chose to follow his home state , despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command . During the first year of the Civil War , he served as a senior military adviser to Confederate President Jefferson Davis . Once he took command of the Army of Northern Virginia in 1862 , he soon emerged as an able tactician and battlefield commander , winning most of his battles , nearly all against far larger Union armies . Lee 's two major strategic offensives into Union territory ended in defeat . His aggressive tactics , especially at the Battle of Gettysburg , which resulted in high casualties at a time when the Confederacy had a shortage of manpower , have come under criticism in recent years . Lee surrendered the remnant of his army to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9 , 1865 . Since Confederate Congress had appointed him supreme commander of Confederate armies , the remaining Confederate forces capitulated after his surrender ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University", "summary": "Washington and Lee University ( Washington and Lee or W & L ) is a private liberal arts university in Lexington , Virginia . Established in 1749 , the university is a colonial-era college and the ninth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . Washington and Lee 's 325-acre campus sits at the edge of Lexington and abuts the campus of the Virginia Military Institute in the Shenandoah Valley region between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Allegheny Mountains . The campus is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast from Roanoke , 140 miles ( 230 km ) west from the state capital of Richmond , and 180 miles ( 290 km ) inland southwest from the national capital at Washington , D.C. Washington and Lee was originally founded as a small classical school named Augusta Academy ( later renamed Liberty Hall Academy ) by Scots-Irish Presbyterian pioneers , though the university has never claimed any sectarian affiliation . In 1796 , shortly before the end of his second term as US President , George Washington endowed the struggling academy with a gift of stock , one of the largest gifts to an educational institution at that time . In gratitude , the school was renamed for the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) , president at the Federal Constitutional Convention meeting in Philadelphia ( summer of 1787 ) , framer of the American Constitution ( 1787-1788 ) , and the first President of the United States ( 1789-1797 ) . In 1865 , shortly after his April 9 surrender to Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , commander of the Union Armies , former Confederate States Army General-in-Chief Robert E. Lee ( 1807-1870 ) was called and served as president of the college for five years until his death in 1870 , when the college was thereafter renamed the Washington and Lee University . One of the oldest institutions of higher education in the American South , W & L is the second-oldest in the Commonwealth of Virginia ( next to the College of William & Mary , founded in 1693 ) . The university consists of three academic units : the college itself ; the Williams School of Commerce , Economics , and Politics ; and the School of Law . The university hosts 24 intercollegiate varsity athletic teams which compete as part of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA Division III ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Stephen D. Lee", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stephen_D._Lee", "summary": "Lieutenant-General Stephen Dill Lee ( September 22 , 1833 - May 28 , 1908 ) was an American politician who served as the first president of Mississippi State University from 1880 to 1899 . Prior to that , he was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army in the Eastern and Western theaters of the American Civil War ." } ] }, { "value": "1854", "urls": [] }, { "value": "First Lieutenant USA , Lieutenant General CSA ; Seminole Wars , American Indian Wars ; youngest Lieutenant General in the Confederate States Army ; first president of Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi ( 1880-1899 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/US_First_Lieutenant", "summary": "First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force , lieutenant general ( abbreviated LTG in the Army , Lt Gen in the Air Force , and LtGen in the Marine Corps ) is a three-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-9 . Lieutenant general ranks above major general and below general . Lieutenant general is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other uniformed services ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Seminole_Wars", "summary": "The Seminole Wars ( also known as the Florida Wars ) were three related military conflicts in Florida between the United States Army and the Seminole , a Native American group which had coalesced in Spanish Florida during the early 1700s . The fighting occurred between about 1816 and 1858 , with two periods of uneasy truce between active conflict . Both in human and monetary terms , the Seminole Wars were the longest and most expensive of the Indian Wars in United States history ." }, { "url": "/wiki/American_Indian_Wars", "summary": "The American Indian Wars ( also known as the Indian Wars or the First Nations Wars ; French : Guerres des Premières Nations ) is the collective name for the various armed conflicts that were fought by European governments and colonists , and later by the governments and settlers , against various American Indian and First Nation tribes . These conflicts occurred in North America from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the early 20th century . The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors , including cultural clashes , land disputes , and criminal acts committed by both sides . The European powers and their colonies also enlisted Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other 's colonial settlements . After the American Revolution , many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use ; some entailed cycles of violent reprisal . In Canada , 11 Numbered Treaties covering most of the First Nations lands limited the number of such conflicts . As settlers spread westward across America and Canada after 1780 , armed conflicts increased in size , duration , and intensity between settlers and various Indian and First Nation tribes . The climax came in the War of 1812 , when major Indian coalitions in the Midwest and the South fought against the United States and lost . Conflict with settlers became much less common and was usually resolved by treaty , often through sale or exchange of territory between the federal government and specific tribes . The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the American government to enforce the Indian removal from east of the Mississippi River to the west on the American frontier , especially Oklahoma . The federal policy of removal was eventually refined in the West , as American settlers kept expanding their territories , to relocate Indian tribes to specially designated and federally protected and subsidized reservations ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Confederate_States_Army", "summary": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mississippi_State_University", "summary": "Mississippi State University for Agriculture and Applied Science , commonly known as Mississippi State University ( MSU ) , is a public land-grant research university adjacent to Starkville , Mississippi . It is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very High Research Activity and has a total research and development budget of $ 239.4 million , the largest in Mississippi . The university was chartered as Mississippi Agricultural & Mechanical College on February 28 , 1878 and admitted its first students in 1880 . Organized into 12 colleges and schools , the university offers over 180 baccalaureate , graduate , and professional degree programs , and is home to Mississippi 's only accredited programs in architecture and veterinary medicine . Mississippi State participates in the National Sea Grant College Program and National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program . The university 's main campus in Starkville is supplemented by auxiliary campuses in Meridian , Biloxi , and Vicksburg . The 19th and current president of Mississippi State is Mark E. Keenum , a former United States Under Secretary of Agriculture . Mississippi State 's intercollegiate sports teams , the Mississippi State Bulldogs , compete in NCAA Division I athletics as members of the Southeastern Conference 's western division . Mississippi State was a founding member of the SEC in 1932 . In their more-than 120-year history , the Bulldogs have won 21 individual national championships and 30 regular season conference championships . The school is noted for a pervasive baseball fan culture , with Dudy Noble Field holding 17 of the top 25 all-time NCAA attendance records and the school 's Left Field Lounge being described as an epicenter of college baseball ." } ] }, { "value": "Alexander S. Webb", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb", "summary": "Alexander Stewart Webb ( February 15 , 1835 - February 12 , 1911 ) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honor for gallantry at the Battle of Gettysburg . After the war , he was a prominent member of New York Society and served as president of the City College of New York for thirty-three years ." } ] }, { "value": "1855", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Major General ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg for personal bravery and leadership repulsing Pickett 's Charge ; president of the City College of New York ( 1869-1902 )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)", "summary": "In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Medal_of_Honor", "summary": "The Medal of Honor is the United States of America 's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor . The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress . Because the medal is presented in the name of Congress , it is often referred erroneously as the Congressional Medal of Honor . However , the official name of the current award is Medal of Honor . Within the United States Code the medal is referred to as the Medal of Honor , and less frequently as Congressional Medal of Honor . U.S. awards , including the Medal of Honor , do not have post-nominal titles , and while there is no official abbreviation , the most common abbreviations are MOH and MH . There are three versions of the medal , one each for the Army , Navy and Air Force . Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version while members of the Space Force receive the Air Force version . The Medal of Honor was introduced for the Navy in 1861 , soon followed by an Army version in 1862 . The Medal of Honor is the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United States ' armed forces . The President typically presents the Medal at a formal ceremony intended to represent the gratitude of the U.S. people , with posthumous presentations made to the primary next of kin . According to the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States , there have been 3,525 Medals of Honor awarded to 3,506 individuals since the decoration 's creation , with over 40% awarded for actions during the American Civil War ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg", "summary": "The Battle of Gettysburg ( locally /ˈɡɛtɪsbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) ) was fought July 1-3 , 1863 , in and around the town of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War . The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war 's turning point . Union Maj. Gen. George Meade 's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , halting Lee 's invasion of the North . After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863 , Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North - the Gettysburg Campaign . With his army in high spirits , Lee intended to shift the focus of the summer campaign from war-ravaged northern Virginia and hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their prosecution of the war by penetrating as far as Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , or even Philadelphia . Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit , but was relieved of command just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade . Elements of the two armies initially collided at Gettysburg on July 1 , 1863 , as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there , his objective being to engage the Union army and destroy it . Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division under Brig . Gen. John Buford , and soon reinforced with two corps of Union infantry . However , two large Confederate corps assaulted them from the northwest and north , collapsing the hastily developed Union lines , sending the defenders retreating through the streets of the town to the hills just to the south . On the second day of battle , most of both armies had assembled . The Union line was laid out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pickett's_Charge", "summary": "Pickett 's Charge was an infantry assault ordered by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee against Maj. Gen. George G. Meade 's Union positions on July 3 , 1863 , the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg in the state of Pennsylvania during the American Civil War . Its futility was predicted by the charge 's commander , Lt. Gen. James Longstreet , and it was arguably an avoidable mistake from which the Southern war effort never fully recovered militarily or psychologically . The farthest point reached by the attack has been referred to as the high-water mark of the Confederacy . The charge is named after Maj. Gen. George Pickett , one of three Confederate generals who led the assault under Longstreet . Pickett 's Charge was part of Lee 's general plan to take Cemetery Hill and the network of roads it commanded . His military secretary , Armistead Lindsay Long , described Lee 's thinking :" }, { "url": "/wiki/City_College_of_New_York", "summary": "The City College of the City University of New York ( City College of New York , or simply City College , CCNY , or City ) is a public senior college of the City University of New York ( CUNY ) system in New York City . Founded in 1847 , City College was the first free public institution of higher education in the United States . It is the oldest of CUNY 's 24 institutions of higher learning , and is considered its flagship college . Located in Hamilton Heights overlooking Harlem in Manhattan , City College 's 35-acre ( 14 ha ) Collegiate Gothic campus spans Convent Avenue from 130th to 141st Streets . It was initially designed by renowned architect George B . Post , and many of its buildings have achieved landmark status . The college has graduated ten Nobel Prize winners , one Fields Medalist , one Turing Award winner , three Pulitzer Prize winners , and three Rhodes Scholars . Among these alumni , the latest is a Bronx native , John O'Keefe ( 2014 Nobel Prize in Medicine ) . City College 's satellite campus City College Downtown in the Cunard Building at 25 Broadway has been in operation since 1981 . It specializes in degree programs for working adults . Other primacies at City College that helped shape the culture of American higher education include the first student government in the nation ( Academic Senate , 1867 ) ; the first national fraternity to accept members without regard to religion , race , color or creed ( Delta Sigma Phi , 1899 ) ; the first degree-granting evening program ( School of Education , 1907 ) ; and , with the objective of racially integrating the college dormitories , the first general strike at a municipal institution of higher learning led by students ( 1949 ) ." } ] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_academicians_educated_at_the_United_States_Military_Academy_0", "intro": "The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York that educates and commissions officers for the United States Army. This list is drawn from alumni of the Academy who became university educators or administrators, such as Dennis Hart Mahan (class of 1824), George Washington Custis Lee (class of 1854), Dwight D. Eisenhower (class of 1915), and Wesley Posvar (class of 1946)." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_Japan_during_World_War_II", "title": "List of aircraft of Japan during World War II", "header": [ "Aircraft", "Allied Code name", "First flown", "Number built", "Service" ], "data": [ { "value": "Aichi M6A1-K Nanzan Navy Special Strike Submarine Bomber trainer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aichi_M6A", "summary": "The Aichi M6A Seiran ( 晴嵐 , Clear Sky Storm ) was a submarine-launched attack floatplane designed for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II . It was intended to operate from I-400 class submarines whose original mission was to conduct aerial attacks against the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "n/a", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Kawanishi N1K2-K Shiden Navy Land Interceptor modified as Fighter Trainer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K", "summary": "The Kawanishi N1K Kyōfū ( 強風 Strong Wind , Allied reporting name Rex ) is an Imperial Japanese Navy floatplane fighter . The Kawanishi N1K-J Shiden ( 紫電 Violet Lightning ) was an Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service land-based version of the N1K . Assigned the reporting name George , the N1K-J was considered by both its pilots and opponents to be one of the finest land-based fighters flown by the Japanese during World War II . The Shiden Kai possessed heavy armament as well as surprisingly good maneuverability , due to a mercury switch that automatically extended the flaps during turns . These combat flaps created more lift , thereby allowing tighter turns . Unlike the Mitsubishi A6M Zero , the Shiden Kai could compete against the best late-war Allied fighters , such as the F6F Hellcat , F4U Corsair , and P-51 Mustang ." } ] }, { "value": "George", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Kyushu K10W1 Navy Type 2 Land-based Intermediate Trainer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kyushu_K10W", "summary": "The Kyushu K10W Type 2 Land based intermediate trainer ( Code Named Oak by the Allies ) was a single engine low wing fixed undercarriage monoplane training aircraft which served in the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in the latter part of World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Oak", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1941", "urls": [] }, { "value": "176", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Kyushu K11W1 Shiragiku Navy Operations Trainer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kyushu_K11W", "summary": "The Kyūshū K11W Shiragiku ( 白菊 , White Chrysanthemum ) made by the Kyūshū Aircraft Company , was a land-based bombing trainer aircraft which served in the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in the latter years of World War II . As indicated by its Japanese designation , training aircraft for on-board work ( 機上作業練習機 , kijō sagyō renshū-ki ? ) , it was designed to train crews in operating equipment for bombing , navigation , and communication , as well as navigation techniques . A total of 798 K11Ws were manufactured , including a small number of K11W2 ASW and transport aircraft alongside the K11W1 trainer variant . These aircraft were also used in kamikaze mission during the last stages of the Pacific War ." } ] }, { "value": "n/a", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1942", "urls": [] }, { "value": "798", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Kyushu Q1W1-K Tokai-Ren", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kyushu_Q1W", "summary": "The Kyūshū Q1W Tokai ( 東海 Eastern Sea ) , was a land-based anti-submarine patrol bomber aircraft developed for the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II . The Allied reporting name was Lorna . Although similar in appearance to the German Junkers Ju 88 medium bomber , the Q1W was a much smaller aircraft with significantly different design details ." } ] }, { "value": "Lorna", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1943", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Mansyu Ki-79 Army Type 2 Advanced Trainer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mansyu_Ki-79", "summary": "The Nakajima Ki-27 ( 九七式戦闘機 , Kyūnana-shiki sentōki , or Type 97 Fighter ) was the main fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force up until 1940 . Its Allied nickname was Nate , although it was called Abdul in the China Burma India ( CBI ) theater by many post war sources ; Allied Intelligence had reserved that name for the nonexistent Mitsubishi Navy Type 97 fighter , expected to be the successor to the carrier-borne Type 96 ( Mitsubishi A5M ) with retractable landing gear and an enclosed cockpit ." } ] }, { "value": "Nate", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1936", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,329", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training ." } ] }, { "value": "Mitsubishi A5M4-K Navy Carrier Fighter Type 96 , model 4", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mitsubishi_A5M", "summary": "The Mitsubishi A5M , formal Japanese Navy designation Mitsubishi Navy Type 96 Carrier-based Fighter ( 九六式艦上戦闘機 ) , experimental Navy designation Mitsubishi Navy Experimental 9-Shi Carrier Fighter , company designation Mitsubishi Ka-14 , was a Japanese carrier-based fighter aircraft . It was the world 's first monoplane shipboard fighter to enter service and the direct predecessor of the famous Mitsubishi A6M Zero . The Allied reporting name was Claude ." } ] }, { "value": "Claude", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1935", "urls": [] }, { "value": "103", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Mitsubishi A6M2-K & A6M5-K Navy Carrier Fighter Type 0", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero", "summary": "The Mitsubishi A6M Zero is a long-range fighter aircraft formerly manufactured by Mitsubishi Aircraft Company , a part of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1940 to 1945 . The A6M was designated as the Mitsubishi Navy Type 0 carrier fighter ( 零式艦上戦闘機 , rei-shiki-kanjō-sentōki ) , or the Mitsubishi A6M Rei-sen . The A6M was usually referred to by its pilots as the Reisen ( 零戦 , zero fighter ) , 0 being the last digit of the imperial year 2600 ( 1940 ) when it entered service with the Imperial Navy . The official Allied reporting name was Zeke , although the use of the name Zero ( from Type 0 ) was used colloquially by the Allies as well . The Zero is considered to have been the most capable carrier-based fighter in the world when it was introduced early in World War II , combining excellent maneuverability and very long range . The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service ( IJNAS ) also frequently used it as a land-based fighter . In early combat operations , the Zero gained a reputation as a dogfighter , achieving an outstanding kill ratio of 12 to 1 , but by mid-1942 a combination of new tactics and the introduction of better equipment enabled Allied pilots to engage the Zero on generally equal terms . By 1943 , due to inherent design weaknesses , such as a lack of hydraulic ailerons and rudder rendering it extremely unmaneuverable at high speeds , and an inability to equip it with a more powerful aircraft engine , the Zero gradually became less effective against newer Allied fighters . By 1944 , with opposing Allied fighters approaching its levels of maneuverability and consistently exceeding its firepower , armor , and speed , the A6M had largely become outdated as a fighter aircraft . However , as design delays and production difficulties hampered the introduction of newer Japanese aircraft models , the Zero continued to serve in a front-line role until the end of the war in the Pacific . During the final phases , it was also adapted for use in kamikaze operations . Japan produced more Zeros than any other model of combat aircraft during the war ." } ] }, { "value": "Zeke", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "243", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Mitsubishi G3M1/2-K", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M", "summary": "The Mitsubishi G3M ( Kyūroku-shiki rikujō kōgeki-ki ( 九六式陸上攻撃機 ) : Type 96 land-based attack aircraft Rikko ; Allied reporting name Nell ) was a Japanese bomber and transport aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service ( IJNAS ) during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Nell", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1935", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,048", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Mitsubishi G6M1-K Navy Land Trainer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M", "summary": "The Mitsubishi G4M ( long designation : Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 attack bomber : 一式陸上攻撃機 , 一式陸攻 Ichishiki rikujō kōgeki ki , Ichishikirikkō ) was the main twin-engine , land-based bomber used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in World War II . The Allies gave the G4M the reporting name Betty . Japanese Navy pilots called it Hamaki ( 葉巻 , cigar , lit . leaf roll ) due to its cylindrical shape . The G4M had very good performance , especially in operational range ; this was achieved by its structural lightness and an almost total lack of protection for the crew , with no armor plating or self-sealing fuel tanks . These omissions proved to be the aircraft 's weakness when confronted with American fighter aircraft during the Pacific War ." } ] }, { "value": "Betty", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Mitsubishi K3M Navy Type 90 Crew Training Aircraft", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mitsubishi_K3M", "summary": "The Mitsubishi K3M2 ( 九〇式機上作業練習機 , Kyūrei-shiki kijō sagyō renshūki ) was a trainer built by Mitsubishi which was used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in an extremely wide variety of roles , including light transport , liaison aircraft , utility aircraft and occasionally light bomber . Its Allied reporting name was Pine ." } ] }, { "value": "Pine", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1930", "urls": [] }, { "value": "625", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Nakajima A4N1-K", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nakajima_A4N", "summary": "The Nakajima A4N was a carrier-based fighter used by the Imperial Japanese Navy , and the last biplane designed by Nakajima . The first prototype was completed in 1934 , but due to engine trouble the aircraft did not see service until 1936 . Given the Nakajima internal designation Nakajima YM , the Japanese Navy designation was Type 95 Carrier-based Fighter . A total of 221 were built ." } ] }, { "value": "n/a", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1934", "urls": [] }, { "value": "221", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Tachikawa Ki-9 Army Type 95-1 Medium Grade Trainer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-9", "summary": "The Tachikawa Ki-9 ( 九五式一型練習機 , Kyūgo-shiki ichigata renshuki ) was an intermediate training aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force built by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd in the 1930s . It was known to the Allies under the nickname of Spruce during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Spruce", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1935", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2,618", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training ." } ] }, { "value": "Tachikawa Ki-17 Army Type 95-3 Basic Grade Trainer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-17", "summary": "The Tachikawa Ki-17 ( 九五式三型練習機 , Kyugoshiki san-gata renshuki ) was a basic training aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force built by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd in the 1930s . It was known to the Allies under the nickname of Cedar during World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Cedar", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1935", "urls": [] }, { "value": "560", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training ." } ] }, { "value": "Tachikawa Ki-55 Army Type 99 Advanced Trainer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-55", "summary": "The Tachikawa Ki-55 was a Japanese advanced trainer ." } ] }, { "value": "Ida", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1939", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1,389", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training ." } ] }, { "value": "Yokosuka K5Y1", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yokosuka_K5Y", "summary": "The 九三式中間練習機 ( Yokosuka K5Y , kuusanshikichuukanrenshuuki ) was a two-seat unequal-span biplane trainer ( Allied reporting name : Willow ) that served in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II . Due to its bright orange paint scheme ( applied to all Japanese military trainers for visibility ) , it earned the nickname aka-tombo , or red dragonfly , after a type of insect common throughout Japan . A K5Y of the Kamikaze Special Attack Corps 3rd Ryuko Squadron was credited with sinking the destroyer USS Callaghan on July 29 , 1945 , the last US warship lost to kamikaze attack during the war ." } ] }, { "value": "Willow", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1933", "urls": [] }, { "value": "5,770", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka Model 43 K-1 Kai", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY-7", "summary": "The Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka ( 櫻花 , Ōka , cherry blossom ; 桜花 in modern orthography ) was a purpose-built , rocket-powered human-guided kamikaze attack aircraft employed by Japan against Allied ships towards the end of World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "n/a", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1944", "urls": [] }, { "value": "45", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] }, { "value": "Yokosuka MXY-8 Akigusa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY8", "summary": "The Yokosuka MXY8 Akigusa ( 秋草 , Autumn grass ) was a training glider built in parallel with the Mitsubishi J8M rocket-powered interceptor aircraft ." } ] }, { "value": "n/a", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1945", "urls": [] }, { "value": "50-60", "urls": [] }, { "value": "IJN", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy", "summary": "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Trainers", "section_text": "World War II Imperial Japanese Navy trainer aircraft were frequently modified from operational aircraft and differentiated by the suffix letter `` K '' . Japanese training aircraft were red-orange where combat aircraft would have been camouflaged .", "uid": "List_of_aircraft_of_Japan_during_World_War_II_4", "intro": "This is a list of aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(musician)", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (musician)", "header": [ "Year", "Title", "Label" ], "data": [ { "value": "1971", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jonathan Edwards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(album)", "summary": "Jonathan Edwards is the first album by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards . The album received some mainstream attention thanks to the catchy political-pop single , Sunshine ." } ] }, { "value": "Capricorn", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Capricorn_Records", "summary": "Capricorn Records was an independent record label founded by Phil Walden and Frank Fenter in 1969 in Macon , Georgia . Capricorn Records is often credited as creating southern rock ." } ] }, { "value": "1972", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Honky-Tonk Stardust Cowboy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Honky-Tonk_Stardust_Cowboy", "summary": "Honky-Tonk Stardust Cowboy is the second studio album by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards , released in 1972 ." } ] }, { "value": "Atco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atco_Records", "summary": "ATCO Records is an American record company and label founded in 1955 as a division of Atlantic Records . It was devised as an outlet for productions by one of Atlantic 's founders , Herb Abramson , who had returned to the company from military service . It was also intended as a home for acts that did not fit the format of Atlantic , which was releasing blues , jazz , rhythm and blues , and soul . The Atco name is an abbreviation of ATlantic COrporation . Atco also provided distribution for other labels , including RSO Records , Volt , Island , Modern , Ruthless , Hansa Records and Rolling Stones Records ." } ] }, { "value": "1973", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Have a Good Time for Me", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Have_a_Good_Time_for_Me", "summary": "Have a Good Time for Me is the third studio album by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards , released in 1973 . Unlike his previous two albums , Have a Good Time for Me contained no original new material from Edwards , but covers of songs by Jimmie Rodgers , Joe Dolce , Malcolm McKinney and Eric Lilljequist . The result was the most country album Jonathan had released to date ." } ] }, { "value": "Atco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atco_Records", "summary": "ATCO Records is an American record company and label founded in 1955 as a division of Atlantic Records . It was devised as an outlet for productions by one of Atlantic 's founders , Herb Abramson , who had returned to the company from military service . It was also intended as a home for acts that did not fit the format of Atlantic , which was releasing blues , jazz , rhythm and blues , and soul . The Atco name is an abbreviation of ATlantic COrporation . Atco also provided distribution for other labels , including RSO Records , Volt , Island , Modern , Ruthless , Hansa Records and Rolling Stones Records ." } ] }, { "value": "1974", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lucky Day", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lucky_Day_(Jonathan_Edwards_album)", "summary": "Lucky Day is the first live album ( fourth overall ) released by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards . It was recorded on March 22 and 23 , 1974 , at the Performance Center in Harvard Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts with Orphan as his backing band . Half of the tracks are cover versions and half are originals . The medley of You Are My Sunshine and Edwards ' own Sunshine included the lyrics But Nixon got cards he ai n't showing instead of the original lyrics But he 's got cards he ai n't showing ." } ] }, { "value": "Atco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Atco_Records", "summary": "ATCO Records is an American record company and label founded in 1955 as a division of Atlantic Records . It was devised as an outlet for productions by one of Atlantic 's founders , Herb Abramson , who had returned to the company from military service . It was also intended as a home for acts that did not fit the format of Atlantic , which was releasing blues , jazz , rhythm and blues , and soul . The Atco name is an abbreviation of ATlantic COrporation . Atco also provided distribution for other labels , including RSO Records , Volt , Island , Modern , Ruthless , Hansa Records and Rolling Stones Records ." } ] }, { "value": "1976", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rockin ' Chair", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rockin'_Chair_(Jonathan_Edwards_album)", "summary": "Rockin ' Chair is the fourth studio album ( fifth overall ) released by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards ." } ] }, { "value": "Reprise", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Reprise_Records", "summary": "Reprise Records is an American record label founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra . It is owned by Warner Music Group , and operates through Warner Records , one of its flagship labels . Artists currently signed to Reprise Records include Enya , Michael Bublé , Eric Clapton , Green Day , Stevie Nicks , Neil Young , Deftones , Mastodon , Josh Groban , Disturbed , Idina Menzel , Gerard Way , Dwight Yoakam , and Never Shout Never ." } ] }, { "value": "1977", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sailboat", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sailboat_(album)", "summary": "Sailboat is the fifth studio album ( sixth overall ) released by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards ." } ] }, { "value": "Warner Bros", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records", "summary": "Warner Records Inc. ( formerly Warner Bros. Records Inc. ) is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group and headquartered in Los Angeles , California . It was founded in 1958 as the recorded music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. , and was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations for much of its existence . The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a convoluted series of corporate mergers and acquisitions from the early 1960s to the early 2000s . Over this period , Warner Bros. Records grew from a struggling minor player in the music industry to one of the top record labels in the world . In 2004 , these music assets were divested by then-owner Time Warner and purchased by a private equity group . This independent company traded as Warner Music Group and was the world 's last publicly traded major music company before being bought and privatized by Access Industries in 2011 . Warner Music Group is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates that include Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment . Max Lousada oversees recorded music operations of the company . In 2019 , the label was officially renamed Warner Records . Notable artists who recorded for Warner Records have included Madonna , Prince , Cher , Alice Cooper , Kylie Minogue , Kimbra , Goo Goo Dolls , Sheryl Crow , Gorillaz , Adam Lambert , Bette Midler , Grateful Dead , Blur , Duran Duran , Deep Purple , Fleetwood Mac , Liam Gallagher , Fleet Foxes , James Taylor , Lily Allen , Tegan and Sara , Dua Lipa , JoJo , Linkin Park , Muse , Nile Rodgers , Black Sabbath , Red Hot Chili Peppers , the Black Keys , Mr. Bungle , Regina Spektor , Van Halen , Pendulum , My Chemical Romance , Foals , and Tevin Campbell ." } ] }, { "value": "1980", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Live !", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Live!_(Jonathan_Edwards)", "summary": "Live ! is the second live album ( seventh total album ) released by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards . It was recorded in September 1980 and released later that year ." } ] }, { "value": "Chronic", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1985", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Blue Ridge", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Blue_Ridge_(album)", "summary": "Blue Ridge is the sixth studio album ( eighth total album ) released by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards . It features the Bluegrass band , The Seldom Scene ." } ] }, { "value": "Sugar Hill", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sugar_Hill_Records_(bluegrass)", "summary": "Sugar Hill Records is an American bluegrass and Americana record label . It was founded in Durham , North Carolina in 1978 by Barry Poss and David Freeman , the owner of County Records and Rebel Records . Poss acquired full control of Sugar Hill in 1980 and owned the label until 1998 , when he sold it to the Welk Music Group , owner of Vanguard Records . Poss stayed on as president , and in 2002 was promoted to chairman . Sugar Hill remained in Durham until 2007 , when Poss moved the label to Nashville , Tennessee . Among the many notable artists who have released albums on the label are Nickel Creek , Doc Watson , Townes Van Zandt , Ricky Skaggs , Guy Clark , Robert Earl Keen , Sam Bush and Dolly Parton . One of Parton 's albums for Sugar Hill , Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) , included a song called Sugar Hill , which she wrote as a tribute to the label . In 2008 , Welk Music Group appointed EMI as distributor of its labels including Sugar Hill . In 2006 , Sugar Hill executive Barry Poss won a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Americana Music Association . The label was acquired by Concord Bicycle Music in April 2015 . It is not related to the hip hop label of the same name ." } ] }, { "value": "1987", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Little Hands", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Little_Hands_(Jonathan_Edwards_album)", "summary": "Little Hands is the seventh studio album ( ninth overall ) released by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards . It differs from his previous releases in being targeted for children . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "American Melody", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1989", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Natural Thing", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Natural_Thing_(Jonathan_Edwards_album)", "summary": "The Natural Thing is the eighth studio album ( tenth overall ) released by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards . The album was recorded in Nashville , Tennessee , and contains predominately songs written by other musicians and session players . Edwards wrote the chart hit Look What We Made . The album was re-released on Rising Records in 1997 with new cover art ." } ] }, { "value": "MCA", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Music_Corporation_of_America", "summary": "MCA Inc. ( originally an initialism for Music Corporation of America ) was an American media company founded in 1924 . Originally was a talent agency involved only work with talented musicians in the music business as clients , the company next became a major force in the film industry , and later expanded into television production . MCA published music , booked acts , ran a record company , represented film , television , and radio stars , and eventually produced and sold television programs to the three major television networks , but had an especially good relationship with NBC . MCA was the legal predecessor of Vivendi Universal and thereby NBCUniversal . Its other legal successor is Universal Studios Holding I Corp , a holding company owned by Vivendi , who also owns its former music assets through Universal Music Group ( which has absorbed PolyGram ) and Universal Music Publishing Group ." } ] }, { "value": "1994", "urls": [] }, { "value": "One Day Closer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/One_Day_Closer", "summary": "One Day Closer is the ninth studio album ( eleventh overall ) released by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards . It contains many ballads and love songs ." } ] }, { "value": "Rising Records", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1998", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Man in the Moon", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon_(Jonathan_Edwards_album)", "summary": "Man in the Moon is the tenth studio album ( twelfth overall ) released by the singer-songwriter Jonathan Edwards ." } ] }, { "value": "Rising Records", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2001", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cruising America 's Waterways", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2006", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Live in Massachusetts", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rising Records", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rollin ' Along : Live in Holland", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Strictly Country", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "My Love Will Keep", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Appleseed Recordings", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tomorrow 's Child", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rising Records", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Top 40", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rising Records", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Discography -- Albums", "section_text": "", "uid": "Jonathan_Edwards_(musician)_0", "intro": "Jonathan Edwards (born July 28, 1946) is an American singer-songwriter and musician best known for his 1971 hit single Sunshine." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico", "title": "29th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico", "header": [ "Name", "President", "Vice President", "Secretary" ], "data": [ { "value": "Agriculture , Natural Resources , and Environmental Affairs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "César Hernández Alfonzo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/César_Hernández_Alfonzo", "summary": "César Hernández Alfonzo ( born July 27 , 1977 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 15 ." } ] }, { "value": "Tony Rodriguez Quiles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/José_Rodríguez_Quiles", "summary": "José Antonio Tony Rodríguez Quiles is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 16 . He is a member of Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity ." } ] }, { "value": "Lydia Méndez Silva", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lydia_Méndez_Silva", "summary": "Lydia Méndez Silva is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . She has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 1997 representing District 21 ." } ] }, { "value": "Calendars and Special Rules of Debate", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Charlie Hernández", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charlie_Hernández", "summary": "Carlos M. Charlie Hernández López ( born February 19 , 1965 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives from January , 2001 until December , 2016 . From 2001 to 2012 he represented District 19 ( which includes the cities of Mayagüez and San Germán ) . In 2012 , he was reelected , this time as a Representative At-large until 2016 . After his retirement from politics in 2016 , he reopened his law firm and became a professor at the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico ." } ] }, { "value": "N/A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "N/A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Consumer Affairs and Anti-Monopolistic Practices", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nelson Torres Yordán", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nelson_Torres_Yordán", "summary": "Nelson Torres Yordán ( born October 7 , 1981 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was the Speaker in the city legislature of Guayanilla , Puerto Rico , and he was later elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 23 . Torres resigned to his seat in January 2016 to be sworn in as Mayor of Guayanilla . Nelson Torres Yordán earned a Juris Doctor from the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico in Ponce , Puerto Rico . Torres Yordán was mayor of Guayanilla on January 7 , 2020 when a 6.4 magnitude earthquake destroyed the parish church and other structures in Guayanilla Pueblo . A day before a 5.7 magnitude earthquake had destroyed various structures and cars ." } ] }, { "value": "Ángel Matos García", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ángel_Matos_García", "summary": "Angel Matos García is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 40 . He has a Bachelor of Arts of the administration of the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico . He made his practice in advertising at the technological Institute of higher education TEC in Monterrey , Mexico and the Center Euro Latin American youth in Mollina Malaga in Spain ." } ] }, { "value": "Piti Gándara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luisa_Gándara", "summary": "Luisa Piti Gándara Menéndez is a Puerto Rican politician and wife of former Governor of Puerto Rico Aníbal Acevedo Vilá . As Acevedo Vilá 's wife , Gándara served as First Lady from 2005 to 2009 . In 2013 , Gándara was elected by the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) to fill the vacancy left by Jorge Colberg Toro as representative at-large in the 29th House of Representatives ." } ] }, { "value": "Cooperatives and Nonprofit Organizations", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sonia Pacheco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sonia_Pacheco", "summary": "Sonia Pacheco Irigoyen is a Puerto Rican born in Ponce , PR and resident of San Juan , PR is a politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . She was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 3 . She did a Masters in marketing at the University of Phoenix in Puerto Rico . she also earned a master 's degree in public relations from the Sacred Heart University of Puerto Rico ." } ] }, { "value": "José Luis Báez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/José_Luis_Báez", "summary": "José Luis Báez is a Puerto Rican politician born in Mayagüez , PR and resident of San Juan , PR affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives on 2012 to represent District 4 . Jose Luis Báez is the son of former senator Eudaldo Báez Galib . In December 2015 , Báez announced that he would not run for an elective position in the 2016 general elections . He attributed his retirement from active politics to the discontent with how the members of his party , the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , were handling differences between them ." } ] }, { "value": "Carlos Vargas Ferrer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carlos_Vargas_Ferrer", "summary": "Carlos J. Vargas Ferrer ( June 28 , 1971 - November 2 , 2015 ) was a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 29 . Vargas died on the morning of November 2 , 2015 , after a car accident . He was 44 years old ." } ] }, { "value": "Development of the Metropolitan Region", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luis Raúl Torres Cruz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luis_Raúl_Torres_Cruz", "summary": "Luis Raúl Torres Cruz ( born March 5 , 1960 in San Juan , Puerto Rico ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He is a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2000 , representing the 2nd District . Since February 2012 , he is serving as Minority Leader for his party , after the resignation of Héctor Ferrer ." } ] }, { "value": "Sonia Pacheco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sonia_Pacheco", "summary": "Sonia Pacheco Irigoyen is a Puerto Rican born in Ponce , PR and resident of San Juan , PR is a politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . She was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 3 . She did a Masters in marketing at the University of Phoenix in Puerto Rico . she also earned a master 's degree in public relations from the Sacred Heart University of Puerto Rico ." } ] }, { "value": "José Luis Báez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/José_Luis_Báez", "summary": "José Luis Báez is a Puerto Rican politician born in Mayagüez , PR and resident of San Juan , PR affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives on 2012 to represent District 4 . Jose Luis Báez is the son of former senator Eudaldo Báez Galib . In December 2015 , Báez announced that he would not run for an elective position in the 2016 general elections . He attributed his retirement from active politics to the discontent with how the members of his party , the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , were handling differences between them ." } ] }, { "value": "Development of the Tourism Industry", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ángel Matos García", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ángel_Matos_García", "summary": "Angel Matos García is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 40 . He has a Bachelor of Arts of the administration of the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico . He made his practice in advertising at the technological Institute of higher education TEC in Monterrey , Mexico and the Center Euro Latin American youth in Mollina Malaga in Spain ." } ] }, { "value": "Efraín de Jesús", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Efraín_de_Jesús", "summary": "Efraín de Jesús Rodríguez is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 19 . De Jesús worked as a commissioner for the Mayagüez Municipal police and as Director of contracts of the same municipality . At the island level , he chaired the Association of Municipal Commissioners . Before being elected , he served as Director of legal affairs for the Municipality of Mayagüez , a position he held for the last seven years . He has a Juris Doctor degree he has a master 's and doctoral studies in literature and Hispanic studies ." } ] }, { "value": "Carlos Bianchi Angleró", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carlos_Bianchi_Angleró", "summary": "Carlos A. Bianchi Angleró ( born February 10 , 1974 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 20 . Bianchi Angleró was appointed by his party to serve as Majority Whip of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives ." } ] }, { "value": "Education for the Promotion of Arts and Culture", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brenda López de Arrarás", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brenda_López_de_Arrarás", "summary": "Brenda López de Arrarás is a Puerto Rican politician . She is currently a member of the Puerto Rico Chamber of Representatives since 2009 , and is affiliated to the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) and serves as the party 's Vice President . She is the first woman , who has reached that position , unanimously elected ." } ] }, { "value": "Sonia Pacheco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sonia_Pacheco", "summary": "Sonia Pacheco Irigoyen is a Puerto Rican born in Ponce , PR and resident of San Juan , PR is a politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . She was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 3 . She did a Masters in marketing at the University of Phoenix in Puerto Rico . she also earned a master 's degree in public relations from the Sacred Heart University of Puerto Rico ." } ] }, { "value": "Piti Gándara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Piti_Gándara", "summary": "Luisa Piti Gándara Menéndez is a Puerto Rican politician and wife of former Governor of Puerto Rico Aníbal Acevedo Vilá . As Acevedo Vilá 's wife , Gándara served as First Lady from 2005 to 2009 . In 2013 , Gándara was elected by the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) to fill the vacancy left by Jorge Colberg Toro as representative at-large in the 29th House of Representatives ." } ] }, { "value": "Ethics", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Nelson Torres Yordán", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nelson_Torres_Yordán", "summary": "Nelson Torres Yordán ( born October 7 , 1981 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was the Speaker in the city legislature of Guayanilla , Puerto Rico , and he was later elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 23 . Torres resigned to his seat in January 2016 to be sworn in as Mayor of Guayanilla . Nelson Torres Yordán earned a Juris Doctor from the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico in Ponce , Puerto Rico . Torres Yordán was mayor of Guayanilla on January 7 , 2020 when a 6.4 magnitude earthquake destroyed the parish church and other structures in Guayanilla Pueblo . A day before a 5.7 magnitude earthquake had destroyed various structures and cars ." } ] }, { "value": "N/A", "urls": [] }, { "value": "César Hernández Alfonzo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/César_Hernández_Alfonzo", "summary": "César Hernández Alfonzo ( born July 27 , 1977 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 15 ." } ] }, { "value": "Federal and International Affairs and Veterans ' Affairs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "vacant", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ángel Matos García", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ángel_Matos_García", "summary": "Angel Matos García is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 40 . He has a Bachelor of Arts of the administration of the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico . He made his practice in advertising at the technological Institute of higher education TEC in Monterrey , Mexico and the Center Euro Latin American youth in Mollina Malaga in Spain ." } ] }, { "value": "Rafael Hernández Montañez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rafael_Hernández_Montañez", "summary": "Rafael Tatito Hernández Montañez ( born April 14 , 1972 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He is also a Democrat . He has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2009 , representing District 11 , which includes the town of Dorado and parts of the towns of Vega Alta and Vega Baja ." } ] }, { "value": "Government", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Conny Varela", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/José_Varela_Fernández", "summary": "José Manuel Conny Varela Fernández ( born February 13 , 1954 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 1997 representing District 32 ." } ] }, { "value": "José Luis Báez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/José_Luis_Báez", "summary": "José Luis Báez is a Puerto Rican politician born in Mayagüez , PR and resident of San Juan , PR affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives on 2012 to represent District 4 . Jose Luis Báez is the son of former senator Eudaldo Báez Galib . In December 2015 , Báez announced that he would not run for an elective position in the 2016 general elections . He attributed his retirement from active politics to the discontent with how the members of his party , the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , were handling differences between them ." } ] }, { "value": "Nelson Torres Yordán", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nelson_Torres_Yordán", "summary": "Nelson Torres Yordán ( born October 7 , 1981 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was the Speaker in the city legislature of Guayanilla , Puerto Rico , and he was later elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 23 . Torres resigned to his seat in January 2016 to be sworn in as Mayor of Guayanilla . Nelson Torres Yordán earned a Juris Doctor from the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico in Ponce , Puerto Rico . Torres Yordán was mayor of Guayanilla on January 7 , 2020 when a 6.4 magnitude earthquake destroyed the parish church and other structures in Guayanilla Pueblo . A day before a 5.7 magnitude earthquake had destroyed various structures and cars ." } ] }, { "value": "Health", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lydia Méndez Silva", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lydia_Méndez_Silva", "summary": "Lydia Méndez Silva is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . She has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 1997 representing District 21 ." } ] }, { "value": "Piti Gándara", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Piti_Gándara", "summary": "Luisa Piti Gándara Menéndez is a Puerto Rican politician and wife of former Governor of Puerto Rico Aníbal Acevedo Vilá . As Acevedo Vilá 's wife , Gándara served as First Lady from 2005 to 2009 . In 2013 , Gándara was elected by the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) to fill the vacancy left by Jorge Colberg Toro as representative at-large in the 29th House of Representatives ." } ] }, { "value": "Narden Jaime Espinosa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Narden_Jaime_Espinosa", "summary": "Narden Jaime Espinosa ( born August 6 , 1971 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2009 representing District 35 ." } ] }, { "value": "Housing and Urban Development", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Carlos Vargas Ferrer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carlos_Vargas_Ferrer", "summary": "Carlos J. Vargas Ferrer ( June 28 , 1971 - November 2 , 2015 ) was a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 29 . Vargas died on the morning of November 2 , 2015 , after a car accident . He was 44 years old ." } ] }, { "value": "Armando Franco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Armando_Franco", "summary": "Armando Franco ( born October 30 , 1964 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 17 ." } ] }, { "value": "Luis Ortíz Lugo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luis_Ortíz_Lugo", "summary": "Luis R. Narmito Ortiz Lugo is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 30 Has Bachelor in business administration with a specialty in management from the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico , Metropolitan Campus ." } ] }, { "value": "Integrated Development of the Eastern Region", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Narden Jaime Espinosa", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Narden_Jaime_Espinosa", "summary": "Narden Jaime Espinosa ( born August 6 , 1971 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2009 representing District 35 ." } ] }, { "value": "Ramón Luis Cruz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramón_Luis_Cruz", "summary": "Ramón Luis Cruz Burgos ( born September 27 , 1985 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . Cruz Burgos studied in Manuel Ortiz Elementary School and attended Luis Muñoz-Marín High School in Yabucoa , Puerto Rico . At the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao he studied Applied Physics . He represented Puerto Rico in several national competitions at NASA , including three times in the Great Moonbuggy Race . As a student , he worked at Farmacias Feliciano in Yabucoa as a technician and was in charge of the delivery system of medicines to patient homes Then he became a businessman , opening a local gym in Yabucoa . At 27 , he has been a public servant for several years . He was a legislative aide at the minority leaders office in the Senate , and the minority leader of the legislative assembly in his hometown of Yabucoa . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in November 6 , 2012 , to represent District 34 , that includes the municipalities of Maunabo , Patillas and Yabucoa , Puerto Rico and parts of San Lorenzo , with more than 50% of the votes . Since January 2 , 2013 , he has been focusing on his job as chairman of the House of Representatives Transportation , Infraestructure , Sports and Recreations Committee and of the Joint Committee of the Legislative Assembly for Students Internships . Cruz-Burgos , as one of the youngest members of the legislative assembly , served for a brief period as chairman of the Youth Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ." } ] }, { "value": "Javier Aponte Dalmau", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Javier_Aponte_Dalmau", "summary": "Javier Aponte Dalmau is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 38 . Has a Bachelor 's degree in business administration with a concentration in finance from the University of Puerto Rico . Master in Business Administration with a concentration in finance from the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico . Earned a Juris Doctor from the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law ." } ] }, { "value": "Integrated Development of the Northern Region", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Armando Franco", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Armando_Franco", "summary": "Armando Franco ( born October 30 , 1964 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 17 ." } ] }, { "value": "César Hernández Alfonzo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/César_Hernández_Alfonzo", "summary": "César Hernández Alfonzo ( born July 27 , 1977 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 15 ." } ] }, { "value": "Tony Rodríguez Quiles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/José_Rodríguez_Quiles", "summary": "José Antonio Tony Rodríguez Quiles is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 16 . He is a member of Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity ." } ] }, { "value": "Integrated Development of the South Center Region", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luis Raúl Torres", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luis_Raúl_Torres", "summary": "Luis Raúl Torres Cruz ( born March 5 , 1960 in San Juan , Puerto Rico ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He is a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2000 , representing the 2nd District . Since February 2012 , he is serving as Minority Leader for his party , after the resignation of Héctor Ferrer ." } ] }, { "value": "Carlos Vargas Ferrer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carlos_Vargas_Ferrer", "summary": "Carlos J. Vargas Ferrer ( June 28 , 1971 - November 2 , 2015 ) was a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 29 . Vargas died on the morning of November 2 , 2015 , after a car accident . He was 44 years old ." } ] }, { "value": "Jesús Santa Rodríguez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jesús_Santa_Rodríguez", "summary": "Jesús Santa Rodríguez ( born 1964 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 31 ." } ] }, { "value": "Integrated Development of the Southern Region", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cacho Vassallo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Víctor_Vassallo", "summary": "Víctor Lorenzo Vassallo Anadón ( born October 11 , 1960 ) is a Puerto Rican businessman , athlete , and politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2009 representing District 25 . Before that , Vassallo distinguished himself as a businessman within Vassallo , Inc. , and as a swimmer ." } ] }, { "value": "Nelson Torres Yordán", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nelson_Torres_Yordán", "summary": "Nelson Torres Yordán ( born October 7 , 1981 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was the Speaker in the city legislature of Guayanilla , Puerto Rico , and he was later elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 23 . Torres resigned to his seat in January 2016 to be sworn in as Mayor of Guayanilla . Nelson Torres Yordán earned a Juris Doctor from the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico in Ponce , Puerto Rico . Torres Yordán was mayor of Guayanilla on January 7 , 2020 when a 6.4 magnitude earthquake destroyed the parish church and other structures in Guayanilla Pueblo . A day before a 5.7 magnitude earthquake had destroyed various structures and cars ." } ] }, { "value": "Lydia Méndez Silva", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Lydia_Méndez_Silva", "summary": "Lydia Méndez Silva is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . She has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 1997 representing District 21 ." } ] }, { "value": "Integrated Development of the Western Region", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Efraín de Jesús", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Efraín_de_Jesús", "summary": "Efraín de Jesús Rodríguez is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 19 . De Jesús worked as a commissioner for the Mayagüez Municipal police and as Director of contracts of the same municipality . At the island level , he chaired the Association of Municipal Commissioners . Before being elected , he served as Director of legal affairs for the Municipality of Mayagüez , a position he held for the last seven years . He has a Juris Doctor degree he has a master 's and doctoral studies in literature and Hispanic studies ." } ] }, { "value": "Carlos Bianchi Angleró", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Carlos_Bianchi_Angleró", "summary": "Carlos A. Bianchi Angleró ( born February 10 , 1974 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 20 . Bianchi Angleró was appointed by his party to serve as Majority Whip of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives ." } ] }, { "value": "Tony Rodríguez Quiles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/José_Rodríguez_Quiles", "summary": "José Antonio Tony Rodríguez Quiles is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 16 . He is a member of Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity ." } ] }, { "value": "Internal Affairs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pito Torres", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/José_Torres_Ramírez", "summary": "José Pito Torres Ramírez is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2009 representing District 27 ." } ] }, { "value": "Conny Varela", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/José_Varela_Fernández", "summary": "José Manuel Conny Varela Fernández ( born February 13 , 1954 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 1997 representing District 32 ." } ] }, { "value": "Luis Raúl Torres Cruz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luis_Raúl_Torres_Cruz", "summary": "Luis Raúl Torres Cruz ( born March 5 , 1960 in San Juan , Puerto Rico ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He is a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2000 , representing the 2nd District . Since February 2012 , he is serving as Minority Leader for his party , after the resignation of Héctor Ferrer ." } ] }, { "value": "Judiciary", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Luis Vega Ramos", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luis_Vega_Ramos", "summary": "Luis Vega Ramos ( born June 11 , 1970 ) is a Puerto Rican lawyer and politician . He is currently a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2006 ." } ] }, { "value": "Nelson Torres Yordán", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Nelson_Torres_Yordán", "summary": "Nelson Torres Yordán ( born October 7 , 1981 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was the Speaker in the city legislature of Guayanilla , Puerto Rico , and he was later elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 23 . Torres resigned to his seat in January 2016 to be sworn in as Mayor of Guayanilla . Nelson Torres Yordán earned a Juris Doctor from the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico in Ponce , Puerto Rico . Torres Yordán was mayor of Guayanilla on January 7 , 2020 when a 6.4 magnitude earthquake destroyed the parish church and other structures in Guayanilla Pueblo . A day before a 5.7 magnitude earthquake had destroyed various structures and cars ." } ] }, { "value": "Efraín de Jesús", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Efraín_de_Jesús", "summary": "Efraín de Jesús Rodríguez is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 19 . De Jesús worked as a commissioner for the Mayagüez Municipal police and as Director of contracts of the same municipality . At the island level , he chaired the Association of Municipal Commissioners . Before being elected , he served as Director of legal affairs for the Municipality of Mayagüez , a position he held for the last seven years . He has a Juris Doctor degree he has a master 's and doctoral studies in literature and Hispanic studies ." } ] }, { "value": "Labor and Public Service Retirement Systems", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Jesús Santa Rodríguez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Jesús_Santa_Rodríguez", "summary": "Jesús Santa Rodríguez ( born 1964 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 2012 to represent District 31 ." } ] }, { "value": "Rafael Hernández Montañez", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rafael_Hernández_Montañez", "summary": "Rafael Tatito Hernández Montañez ( born April 14 , 1972 ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He is also a Democrat . He has been a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2009 , representing District 11 , which includes the town of Dorado and parts of the towns of Vega Alta and Vega Baja ." } ] }, { "value": "Luis Raúl Torres Cruz", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Luis_Raúl_Torres_Cruz", "summary": "Luis Raúl Torres Cruz ( born March 5 , 1960 in San Juan , Puerto Rico ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He is a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2000 , representing the 2nd District . Since February 2012 , he is serving as Minority Leader for his party , after the resignation of Héctor Ferrer ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Commissions -- Standing commissions", "section_text": "Further information : List of current House of Representatives of Puerto Rico commissions", "uid": "29th_House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico_1", "intro": "The 29th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico is the lower house of the 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico and will meet from January 14, 2013, to January 8, 2017. All members were elected in the General Elections of 2012. The House has a majority of members from the Popular Democratic Party (PPD). The body is counterparted by the 25th Senate of Puerto Rico in the upper house." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games_in_Belgium", "title": "Video games in Belgium", "header": [ "Company", "Location", "Founded", "Type" ], "data": [ { "value": "Apocalypse Hunters", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brussels and Namur", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2015_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2015 saw releases of numerous video games as well as a follow-up to Nintendo 's portable 3DS console , the New Nintendo 3DS . Top-rated games originally released in 2015 included Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain , The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt , Bloodborne , Undertale , and Fallout 4 . Sales of video games in 2015 reached $ 61 billion , according to analysis firm SuperData , an 8% increase from 2014 . Of this , the largest sector was in computer game sales and subscription services , accounting for $ 32 billion . Mobile games revenues were at $ 25.1 billion , a 10% increase from 2014 . Digital sales on consoles made up the remaining $ 4 billion . In the United States , the Entertainment Software Association ( ESA ) and the NPD Group estimated total video game market revenues at $ 23.5 billion , a 5% increase from 2014 . Of this , the total software market was $ 16.5 billion , with the NPD Group estimating retail sales subset at $ 13.1 billion . The ESA reported that there were 2,457 companies in the United States involved in developing or publishing video games that directly supported 65,678 workers ( 37,122 in developing , 28,556 in publishing ) with about another 154,000 indirectly supporting the industry , such as through contracting or video game journalism . The total contribution to the US 's gross national product from the industry was $ 11.7 billion . In the United Kingdom , the total video game market was valued at nearly GB£4.2 billion , according to figures from Ukie and MCV . The largest segments were in digital software ( £1.2 billion ) and mobile games ( £664 million ) , while sales of consoles dropped to £689 million ." } ] }, { "value": "Location Based and AR mobile games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hellion Cat", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mons", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2016", "urls": [] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Invisible Ink Studios", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wavre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wavre", "summary": "Wavre ( French pronunciation : ​ [ wavʁ ] , Dutch : Waver ) is a city and municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant , of which it is the capital . Wavre is in the Dyle valley . Most inhabitants speak French as their mother tongue and are called Wavriens and Wavriennes . The municipality includes the sub-municipalities of Limal and Bierges . Wavre is also called the City of the Maca , referring to the statue of the small boy trying to climb the wall of the city hall . Tradition holds that touching the Maca 's buttocks brings a year of luck ." } ] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2015_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2015 saw releases of numerous video games as well as a follow-up to Nintendo 's portable 3DS console , the New Nintendo 3DS . Top-rated games originally released in 2015 included Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain , The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt , Bloodborne , Undertale , and Fallout 4 . Sales of video games in 2015 reached $ 61 billion , according to analysis firm SuperData , an 8% increase from 2014 . Of this , the largest sector was in computer game sales and subscription services , accounting for $ 32 billion . Mobile games revenues were at $ 25.1 billion , a 10% increase from 2014 . Digital sales on consoles made up the remaining $ 4 billion . In the United States , the Entertainment Software Association ( ESA ) and the NPD Group estimated total video game market revenues at $ 23.5 billion , a 5% increase from 2014 . Of this , the total software market was $ 16.5 billion , with the NPD Group estimating retail sales subset at $ 13.1 billion . The ESA reported that there were 2,457 companies in the United States involved in developing or publishing video games that directly supported 65,678 workers ( 37,122 in developing , 28,556 in publishing ) with about another 154,000 indirectly supporting the industry , such as through contracting or video game journalism . The total contribution to the US 's gross national product from the industry was $ 11.7 billion . In the United Kingdom , the total video game market was valued at nearly GB£4.2 billion , according to figures from Ukie and MCV . The largest segments were in digital software ( £1.2 billion ) and mobile games ( £664 million ) , while sales of consoles dropped to £689 million ." } ] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pajama Llama Games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ghent", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ghent", "summary": "Ghent ( /ɡɛnt/ ; Dutch : Gent [ ɣɛnt ] ( listen ) ; French : Gand [ ɡɑ̃ ] ( listen ) , traditional English Gaunt ) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province , and the second largest municipality in Belgium , after Antwerp . The city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe , with some 50,000 people in 1300 . It is a port and university city . The municipality comprises the city of Ghent proper and the surrounding suburbs of Afsnee , Desteldonk , Drongen , Gentbrugge , Ledeberg , Mariakerke , Mendonk , Oostakker , Sint-Amandsberg , Sint-Denijs-Westrem , Sint-Kruis-Winkel , Wondelgem and Zwijnaarde . With 262,219 inhabitants at the beginning of 2019 , Ghent is Belgium 's second largest municipality by number of inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,205 km2 ( 465 sq mi ) and has a total population of 560,522 as of 1 January 2018 , which ranks it as the fourth most populous in Belgium . The current mayor of Ghent , Mathias De Clercq is from the liberal & democratic party Open VLD . The ten-day-long Ghent Festival ( Gentse Feesten in Dutch ) is held every year and attended by about 1-1.5 million visitors ." } ] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2015_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2015 saw releases of numerous video games as well as a follow-up to Nintendo 's portable 3DS console , the New Nintendo 3DS . Top-rated games originally released in 2015 included Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain , The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt , Bloodborne , Undertale , and Fallout 4 . Sales of video games in 2015 reached $ 61 billion , according to analysis firm SuperData , an 8% increase from 2014 . Of this , the largest sector was in computer game sales and subscription services , accounting for $ 32 billion . Mobile games revenues were at $ 25.1 billion , a 10% increase from 2014 . Digital sales on consoles made up the remaining $ 4 billion . In the United States , the Entertainment Software Association ( ESA ) and the NPD Group estimated total video game market revenues at $ 23.5 billion , a 5% increase from 2014 . Of this , the total software market was $ 16.5 billion , with the NPD Group estimating retail sales subset at $ 13.1 billion . The ESA reported that there were 2,457 companies in the United States involved in developing or publishing video games that directly supported 65,678 workers ( 37,122 in developing , 28,556 in publishing ) with about another 154,000 indirectly supporting the industry , such as through contracting or video game journalism . The total contribution to the US 's gross national product from the industry was $ 11.7 billion . In the United Kingdom , the total video game market was valued at nearly GB£4.2 billion , according to figures from Ukie and MCV . The largest segments were in digital software ( £1.2 billion ) and mobile games ( £664 million ) , while sales of consoles dropped to £689 million ." } ] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Studio Raef", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Turnhout", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Turnhout", "summary": "Turnhout ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈtʏrnɦʌut ] ) is a Belgian municipality located in the Flemish province of Antwerp . The municipality comprises only the city of Turnhout proper . On January 1 , 2015 , Turnhout had a total population of 42,637 . The total area is 56.06 km² which gives a population density of 835.5 inhabitants per km² . The agglomeration , however , is much larger , accounting up to 81,473 inhabitants . Turnhout is known for its playing card industry , as it houses the head office of the world 's largest manufacturer of playing cards , Cartamundi . Turnhout is also the capital of the administrative district with the same name . The Turnhout city council often promotes the city as the capital of the Kempen area . This designation is entirely unofficial , since the Kempen area is far larger than the Turnhout district and does not form an administrative unit . Turnhout serves as the economic and cultural center for other communities in the immediate vicinity with more than 40 schools . There is also an important services sector with two hospitals , a two-stage theatre , an eight-screen cinema and one of the largest cultural centres of Belgium . Turnhout is located at about 51.3 North and 4.9 East , 42 km from the centre of Antwerp , 30 km from Breda and Tilburg , 40 km from Eindhoven ." } ] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2014_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2014 saw a number of events in the video game industry . No new major consoles were released , but updates and upgrades were : the New Nintendo 3DS was released in Japan and Oceania , and Sony released new model 2000 PS Vita systems in Europe & North America . In video game-related corporate acquisitions , Amazon purchased the online video game streaming service Twitch , and Facebook acquired the virtual reality company and product Oculus . Nintendo released Amiibo in 2014 , companion figurines that could be scanned by the 3DS and WiiU systems . On Twitter and other Internet social media , the Gamergate controversy began . Among video games originally released in 2014 , critics gave the highest reviews to Super Smash Bros. for Wii U , Dark Souls II , Bayonetta 2 , Shovel Knight , Velocity 2X , Dragon Age : Inquisition , Mario Kart 8 , and Hearthstone : Heroes of Warcraft . Other significant games that won awards included Destiny , Middle-Earth : Shadow of Mordor , and Monument Valley ." } ] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "TerraNovita Software", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rumst", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rumst", "summary": "Rumst ( Dutch pronunciation : [ rʏmst ] , old spelling : Rumpst ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp . Since 1976 the municipality not only comprises Rumst proper but also the towns of Reet ( old spelling : Reeth ) and Terhagen , which were independent municipalities before that year . Industry in Rumst , like Boom , was heavily focused around the production of clay products like bricks . This industry has largely disappeared after 1970 . In Rumst , the river Rupel starts as a combination of the Dijle and Nete ( river ) rivers . On January 1 , 2006 , Rumst had a total population of 14,628 . The total area is 19.90 km² ( 7.7 sq mi ) which gives a population density of 735 inhabitants per km² ( 1899.7/sq mi ) ." } ] }, { "value": "2005", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2005_in_video_gaming", "summary": "2005 saw the release of many sequels and prequels in video games , such as Brothers in Arms : Road to Hill 30 , Mario Kart DS , Mario & Luigi : Partners in Time and Need for Speed : Most Wanted , alongside several prominent new releases including F.E.A.R. , Forza Motorsport , God of War , Guitar Hero , Shadow of the Colossus , and Sniper Elite ." } ] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Happy Volcano", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Leuven", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leuven", "summary": "Leuven ( /ˈlɜːvən/ , Dutch : [ ˈløːvə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ) or Louvain ( /luːˈvæ̃/ , also US : /luːˈveɪn/ , French : [ luvɛ̃ ] ; German : Löwen [ ˈløːvn̩ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It is located about 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) east of Brussels . The municipality itself comprises the historic city and the former neighbouring municipalities of Heverlee , Kessel-Lo , a part of Korbeek-Lo , Wilsele and Wijgmaal . It is the eighth largest city in Belgium and the fourth in Flanders with more than 100,244 inhabitants . KU Leuven , Belgium 's largest university , has its flagship campus in Leuven , which has been a university city since 1425 . This makes it the oldest university city in the Low Countries . The city is also known for being the headquarters of Anheuser-Busch InBev , the world 's largest beer brewer and sixth-largest fast-moving consumer goods company ." } ] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2015_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2015 saw releases of numerous video games as well as a follow-up to Nintendo 's portable 3DS console , the New Nintendo 3DS . Top-rated games originally released in 2015 included Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain , The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt , Bloodborne , Undertale , and Fallout 4 . Sales of video games in 2015 reached $ 61 billion , according to analysis firm SuperData , an 8% increase from 2014 . Of this , the largest sector was in computer game sales and subscription services , accounting for $ 32 billion . Mobile games revenues were at $ 25.1 billion , a 10% increase from 2014 . Digital sales on consoles made up the remaining $ 4 billion . In the United States , the Entertainment Software Association ( ESA ) and the NPD Group estimated total video game market revenues at $ 23.5 billion , a 5% increase from 2014 . Of this , the total software market was $ 16.5 billion , with the NPD Group estimating retail sales subset at $ 13.1 billion . The ESA reported that there were 2,457 companies in the United States involved in developing or publishing video games that directly supported 65,678 workers ( 37,122 in developing , 28,556 in publishing ) with about another 154,000 indirectly supporting the industry , such as through contracting or video game journalism . The total contribution to the US 's gross national product from the industry was $ 11.7 billion . In the United Kingdom , the total video game market was valued at nearly GB£4.2 billion , according to figures from Ukie and MCV . The largest segments were in digital software ( £1.2 billion ) and mobile games ( £664 million ) , while sales of consoles dropped to £689 million ." } ] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bunnycopter", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Leuven", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Leuven", "summary": "Leuven ( /ˈlɜːvən/ , Dutch : [ ˈløːvə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ) or Louvain ( /luːˈvæ̃/ , also US : /luːˈveɪn/ , French : [ luvɛ̃ ] ; German : Löwen [ ˈløːvn̩ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It is located about 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) east of Brussels . The municipality itself comprises the historic city and the former neighbouring municipalities of Heverlee , Kessel-Lo , a part of Korbeek-Lo , Wilsele and Wijgmaal . It is the eighth largest city in Belgium and the fourth in Flanders with more than 100,244 inhabitants . KU Leuven , Belgium 's largest university , has its flagship campus in Leuven , which has been a university city since 1425 . This makes it the oldest university city in the Low Countries . The city is also known for being the headquarters of Anheuser-Busch InBev , the world 's largest beer brewer and sixth-largest fast-moving consumer goods company ." } ] }, { "value": "2014", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2014_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2014 saw a number of events in the video game industry . No new major consoles were released , but updates and upgrades were : the New Nintendo 3DS was released in Japan and Oceania , and Sony released new model 2000 PS Vita systems in Europe & North America . In video game-related corporate acquisitions , Amazon purchased the online video game streaming service Twitch , and Facebook acquired the virtual reality company and product Oculus . Nintendo released Amiibo in 2014 , companion figurines that could be scanned by the 3DS and WiiU systems . On Twitter and other Internet social media , the Gamergate controversy began . Among video games originally released in 2014 , critics gave the highest reviews to Super Smash Bros. for Wii U , Dark Souls II , Bayonetta 2 , Shovel Knight , Velocity 2X , Dragon Age : Inquisition , Mario Kart 8 , and Hearthstone : Heroes of Warcraft . Other significant games that won awards included Destiny , Middle-Earth : Shadow of Mordor , and Monument Valley ." } ] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bazookas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bazookas", "summary": "Bazooka ( /bəˈzuːkə/ ) is the common name for a man-portable recoilless anti-tank rocket launcher weapon , widely deployed by the United States Army . Also referred to as the Stovepipe , the innovative bazooka was among the first generation of rocket-propelled anti-tank weapons used in infantry combat . Featuring a solid-propellant rocket for propulsion , it allowed for high-explosive anti-tank ( HEAT ) warheads to be delivered against armored vehicles , machine gun nests , and fortified bunkers at ranges beyond that of a standard thrown grenade or mine . The universally-applied nickname arose from the M1 variant 's vague resemblance to the musical instrument called a bazooka invented and popularized by 1930s U.S. comedian Bob Burns . During World War II , German armed forces captured several bazookas in early North Africa and Eastern Front encounters and soon reverse engineered their own version , increasing the warhead diameter to 8.8 cm ( among other minor changes ) and widely issuing it as the Raketenpanzerbüchse Panzerschreck ( Tank scare ) . Near the end of the war , the Japanese developed a similar weapon , the Type 4 70 mm AT Rocket Launcher , which featured a rocket propelled grenade of a different design . The term bazooka still sees informal use as a generic term referring to any ground-to-ground shoulder-fired missile weapon ( mainly rocket propelled grenade launchers or recoilless rifles ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Bruges", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bruges", "summary": "Bruges ( /bruːʒ/ BROOZH , French : [ bʁyʒ ] ( listen ) ; Flemish : Brugge [ ˈbrʏɣə ] ( listen ) ; German : Brügge [ ˈbʁʏɡə ] ) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium , in the northwest of the country , and the seventh largest city of the country by population . The area of the whole city amounts to more than 13,840 hectares ( 138.4 km2 ; 53.44 sq miles ) , including 1,075 hectares off the coast , at Zeebrugge ( from Brugge aan zee , meaning Bruges by the Sea ) . The historic city centre is a prominent World Heritage Site of UNESCO . It is oval in shape and about 430 hectares in size . The city 's total population is 117,073 ( 1 January 2008 ) , of whom around 20,000 live in the city centre . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 616 km2 ( 238 sq mi ) and has a total of 255,844 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008 . Along with a few other canal-based northern cities , such as Amsterdam and St Petersburg , it is sometimes referred to as the Venice of the North . Bruges has a significant economic importance , thanks to its port , and was once one of the world 's chief commercial cities . Bruges is well known as the seat of the College of Europe , a university institute for European studies ." } ] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2012_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2012 saw the release of numerous sequels to critically acclaimed video games , such as Alan Wake , Assassin 's Creed , Borderlands , Call of Duty , Counter-Strike , Darksiders , Dead or Alive , Diablo , Fable , Far Cry , Forza Motorsport , Halo , Hitman , Mario Party , Marvel vs. Capcom , Mass Effect , Max Payne , Medal of Honor , Modern Combat , Need for Speed , Ninja Gaiden , PlanetSide , Pokémon , Prototype , Resident Evil , Silent Hill , Sniper Elite , Spec Ops , Super Mario , Tekken , The Darkness , Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon , Transformers , Trials and X-COM . In addition , it saw the release of many new intellectual properties , such as Asura 's Wrath , Dishonored , Journey , Lollipop Chainsaw and Sleeping Dogs . Many awards went to games such as Borderlands 2 , Far Cry 3 , Journey , Mass Effect 3 , The Walking Dead and XCOM : Enemy Unknown . It began with the worldwide release of Sony 's newest handheld game console , the PlayStation Vita , that was launched in Japan in December 2011 . The end of the year marked the worldwide release of the second most recent home console by Nintendo , the Wii U ." } ] }, { "value": "serious , educational and entertainment games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Firewolf Engineering", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Hasselt", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hasselt", "summary": "Hasselt ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɦɑsəlt ] ( listen ) ) is a Flemish city and municipality , and capital and largest city of the province of Limburg in the Flemish Region of Belgium . The Hasselt municipality includes the original city of Hasselt , plus the old communes of Sint-Lambrechts-Herk , Wimmertingen , Kermt , Spalbeek , Kuringen , Stokrooie , Stevoort and Runkst , as well as the hamlets and parishes of Kiewit , Godsheide and Rapertingen . On 31 December 2007 Hasselt had a total population of 71,520 ( 34,951 men and 36,569 women ) . Both the Demer river and the Albert Canal run through the municipality . Hasselt is located in between the Campine region , north of the Demer river , and the Hesbaye region , to the south . On a larger scale , it is also situated in the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion ." } ] }, { "value": "2012", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2012_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2012 saw the release of numerous sequels to critically acclaimed video games , such as Alan Wake , Assassin 's Creed , Borderlands , Call of Duty , Counter-Strike , Darksiders , Dead or Alive , Diablo , Fable , Far Cry , Forza Motorsport , Halo , Hitman , Mario Party , Marvel vs. Capcom , Mass Effect , Max Payne , Medal of Honor , Modern Combat , Need for Speed , Ninja Gaiden , PlanetSide , Pokémon , Prototype , Resident Evil , Silent Hill , Sniper Elite , Spec Ops , Super Mario , Tekken , The Darkness , Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon , Transformers , Trials and X-COM . In addition , it saw the release of many new intellectual properties , such as Asura 's Wrath , Dishonored , Journey , Lollipop Chainsaw and Sleeping Dogs . Many awards went to games such as Borderlands 2 , Far Cry 3 , Journey , Mass Effect 3 , The Walking Dead and XCOM : Enemy Unknown . It began with the worldwide release of Sony 's newest handheld game console , the PlayStation Vita , that was launched in Japan in December 2011 . The end of the year marked the worldwide release of the second most recent home console by Nintendo , the Wii U ." } ] }, { "value": "game development and visualizations", "urls": [] }, { "value": "FrostyFroggs", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bruxelles", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bruxelles", "summary": "Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city ." } ] }, { "value": "2015", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2015_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2015 saw releases of numerous video games as well as a follow-up to Nintendo 's portable 3DS console , the New Nintendo 3DS . Top-rated games originally released in 2015 included Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain , The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt , Bloodborne , Undertale , and Fallout 4 . Sales of video games in 2015 reached $ 61 billion , according to analysis firm SuperData , an 8% increase from 2014 . Of this , the largest sector was in computer game sales and subscription services , accounting for $ 32 billion . Mobile games revenues were at $ 25.1 billion , a 10% increase from 2014 . Digital sales on consoles made up the remaining $ 4 billion . In the United States , the Entertainment Software Association ( ESA ) and the NPD Group estimated total video game market revenues at $ 23.5 billion , a 5% increase from 2014 . Of this , the total software market was $ 16.5 billion , with the NPD Group estimating retail sales subset at $ 13.1 billion . The ESA reported that there were 2,457 companies in the United States involved in developing or publishing video games that directly supported 65,678 workers ( 37,122 in developing , 28,556 in publishing ) with about another 154,000 indirectly supporting the industry , such as through contracting or video game journalism . The total contribution to the US 's gross national product from the industry was $ 11.7 billion . In the United Kingdom , the total video game market was valued at nearly GB£4.2 billion , according to figures from Ukie and MCV . The largest segments were in digital software ( £1.2 billion ) and mobile games ( £664 million ) , while sales of consoles dropped to £689 million ." } ] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Crazy Monkey Studios", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Crazy_Monkey_Studios", "summary": "Crazy Monkey Studios is an independent video game development studio . Founded in 2010 , Crazy Monkey Studios is based in Kontich , Belgium ." } ] }, { "value": "Kontich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Kontich", "summary": "Kontich ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkɔntɪx ] , old spelling : Contich ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp . The municipality comprises the towns of Kontich proper and Waarloos . On December 31 , 2010 , Kontich had a total population of 20,584 . The total area is 23.67 km³ which gives a population density of 866 inhabitants per km³ . Kontich exists of three parts : Kontich Centrum , Waarloos and Kontich Kazerne . Kontich Kazerne has a big industrial center and a train station on the line between Antwerp and Mechelen . The barracks ( kazerne in Dutch ) which gave the name to the settlement have closed however . The Centrum part of Kontich has the town center . The E19 highway between Antwerp and Brussels passes through Kontich . Kontich comes from the Latin word condacum which means confluence of 2 streams ." } ] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2011_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2011 saw many new video games , as well the release of numerous sequels to critically acclaimed games , such as Ace Combat , Assassin 's Creed , Batman : Arkham , Battlefield , Call of Duty , Call of Juarez , Cities XL , Crysis , Dead Space , Deus Ex , Dragon Age , Driver , Duke Nukem , Dynasty Warriors , F.E.A.R , Forza Motorsport , Gears of War , Infamous , Killzone , LittleBigPlanet , Mario Kart , Modern Combat , Mortal Kombat , MX vs. ATV , Need for Speed , Operation Flashpoint , Pokémon , Portal , Rayman , Red Faction , Red Orchestra , Resistance , Saints Row , Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic , The Elder Scrolls , The Legend of Zelda , The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings , Total War , Tropico and Uncharted . In addition , it saw the release of many new intellectual properties , such as Bastion , Dark Souls , Dead Island , Homefront , L.A. Noire , Minecraft and Rage . Many awards went to games such as Batman : Arkham City , Portal 2 , The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim , The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword and Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception . 2011 also marked the worldwide release of the Nintendo 3DS ." } ] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quantum Game Studio", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ostend", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ostend", "summary": "Ostend ( Dutch : Oostende , pronounced [ ˌoːstˈɛndə ] ; French : Ostende [ ɔstɑ̃d ] ; German : Ostende [ ɔstˈʔɛndə ] ; West Flemish : Ostende ) is a coastal city and municipality , located in the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerke , Raversijde , Stene and Zandvoorde , and the city of Ostend proper - the largest on the Belgian coast ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2013_in_video_gaming", "summary": "Numerous games were released in 2013 , including new installments for well-received franchises , such as Ace Attorney , Army of Two , Assassin 's Creed , Batman : Arkham , Battlefield , BioShock , Call of Duty , Crysis , Dead Rising , Dead Space , Devil May Cry , Final Fantasy , Fire Emblem , Forza Motorsport , God of War , Gears of War , Gran Turismo , Grand Theft Auto , Killer Instinct , Killzone , Lost Planet , Luigi 's Mansion , Mario Party , Metal Gear , Metro , Need for Speed , Pokémon , Rayman , Pikmin , Saints Row , SimCity , Sly Cooper , Sonic The Hedgehog , StarCraft , Super Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell , Tomb Raider , Total War and Zoo Tycoon . In addition , it saw the release of many new intellectual properties , such as Beyond : Two Souls , Papers , Please , Tearaway , The Wonderful 101 and The Last of Us . Many awards went to games such as BioShock Infinite , Grand Theft Auto V , The Last of Us and The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds . New video game consoles were also released in 2013 with the PlayStation 4 from Sony Computer Entertainment and the Xbox One from Microsoft ." } ] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Abrakam Creative Entertainment", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Liège", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Liège", "summary": "Liège ( /liˈɛʒ , liˈeɪʒ/ lee-EZH , lee-AYZH , French : [ ljɛʒ ] ( listen ) , locally [ li.eʃ ] ; Walloon : Lidje Walloon : [ liːtʃ ] ( listen ) ; Dutch : Luik [ lœyk ] ( listen ) ; German : Lüttich [ ˈlʏtɪç ] ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège . The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse , in the east of Belgium , not far from borders with the Netherlands ( Maastricht is about 33 km ( 20.5 mi ) to the north ) and with Germany ( Aachen is about 53 km ( 32.9 mi ) north-east ) . At Liège , the Meuse meets the River Ourthe . The city is part of the sillon industriel , the former industrial backbone of Wallonia . It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region . The Liège municipality ( i.e . the city proper ) includes the former communes of Angleur , Bressoux , Chênée , Glain , Grivegnée , Jupille-sur-Meuse , Rocourt , and Wandre . In November 2012 , Liège had 198,280 inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,879 km2 ( 725 sq mi ) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008 . This includes a total of 52 municipalities , among others , Herstal and Seraing . Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium , after Brussels and Antwerp , and the fourth municipality after Antwerp , Ghent and Charleroi ." } ] }, { "value": "2013", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2013_in_video_gaming", "summary": "Numerous games were released in 2013 , including new installments for well-received franchises , such as Ace Attorney , Army of Two , Assassin 's Creed , Batman : Arkham , Battlefield , BioShock , Call of Duty , Crysis , Dead Rising , Dead Space , Devil May Cry , Final Fantasy , Fire Emblem , Forza Motorsport , God of War , Gears of War , Gran Turismo , Grand Theft Auto , Killer Instinct , Killzone , Lost Planet , Luigi 's Mansion , Mario Party , Metal Gear , Metro , Need for Speed , Pokémon , Rayman , Pikmin , Saints Row , SimCity , Sly Cooper , Sonic The Hedgehog , StarCraft , Super Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell , Tomb Raider , Total War and Zoo Tycoon . In addition , it saw the release of many new intellectual properties , such as Beyond : Two Souls , Papers , Please , Tearaway , The Wonderful 101 and The Last of Us . Many awards went to games such as BioShock Infinite , Grand Theft Auto V , The Last of Us and The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds . New video game consoles were also released in 2013 with the PlayStation 4 from Sony Computer Entertainment and the Xbox One from Microsoft ." } ] }, { "value": "core games and indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "I-Illusions", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brussels", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brussels", "summary": "Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city ." } ] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rusty Bolt", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bruges", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bruges", "summary": "Bruges ( /bruːʒ/ BROOZH , French : [ bʁyʒ ] ( listen ) ; Flemish : Brugge [ ˈbrʏɣə ] ( listen ) ; German : Brügge [ ˈbʁʏɡə ] ) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium , in the northwest of the country , and the seventh largest city of the country by population . The area of the whole city amounts to more than 13,840 hectares ( 138.4 km2 ; 53.44 sq miles ) , including 1,075 hectares off the coast , at Zeebrugge ( from Brugge aan zee , meaning Bruges by the Sea ) . The historic city centre is a prominent World Heritage Site of UNESCO . It is oval in shape and about 430 hectares in size . The city 's total population is 117,073 ( 1 January 2008 ) , of whom around 20,000 live in the city centre . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 616 km2 ( 238 sq mi ) and has a total of 255,844 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008 . Along with a few other canal-based northern cities , such as Amsterdam and St Petersburg , it is sometimes referred to as the Venice of the North . Bruges has a significant economic importance , thanks to its port , and was once one of the world 's chief commercial cities . Bruges is well known as the seat of the College of Europe , a university institute for European studies ." } ] }, { "value": "2011", "urls": [] }, { "value": "indie games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Monkube", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brussels", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brussels", "summary": "Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city ." } ] }, { "value": "2010", "urls": [] }, { "value": "indie games and mobile games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Larian Studios", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Larian_Studios", "summary": "Larian Studios is a Belgian video game developer founded in 1996 by Swen Vincke . It focuses on developing role-playing video games and has previously worked on educational games and a number of casino games ." } ] }, { "value": "Ghent", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ghent", "summary": "Ghent ( /ɡɛnt/ ; Dutch : Gent [ ɣɛnt ] ( listen ) ; French : Gand [ ɡɑ̃ ] ( listen ) , traditional English Gaunt ) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province , and the second largest municipality in Belgium , after Antwerp . The city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe , with some 50,000 people in 1300 . It is a port and university city . The municipality comprises the city of Ghent proper and the surrounding suburbs of Afsnee , Desteldonk , Drongen , Gentbrugge , Ledeberg , Mariakerke , Mendonk , Oostakker , Sint-Amandsberg , Sint-Denijs-Westrem , Sint-Kruis-Winkel , Wondelgem and Zwijnaarde . With 262,219 inhabitants at the beginning of 2019 , Ghent is Belgium 's second largest municipality by number of inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,205 km2 ( 465 sq mi ) and has a total population of 560,522 as of 1 January 2018 , which ranks it as the fourth most populous in Belgium . The current mayor of Ghent , Mathias De Clercq is from the liberal & democratic party Open VLD . The ten-day-long Ghent Festival ( Gentse Feesten in Dutch ) is held every year and attended by about 1-1.5 million visitors ." } ] }, { "value": "1996", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/1996_in_video_gaming", "summary": "1996 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Blazing Heroes , Super Mario 64 , NiGHTS into Dreams. , Crash Bandicoot , Resident Evil , Dead or Alive , Duke Nukem 3D and Tomb Raider ." } ] }, { "value": "core games and educational games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "CatLab Interactive", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/CatLab_Interactive", "summary": "CatLab Interactive is a Belgian browser based games development company . It was founded in 2009 and has so far released one Massive Multiplayer Online Game and a couple of facebook apps ." } ] }, { "value": "Ghent", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ghent", "summary": "Ghent ( /ɡɛnt/ ; Dutch : Gent [ ɣɛnt ] ( listen ) ; French : Gand [ ɡɑ̃ ] ( listen ) , traditional English Gaunt ) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province , and the second largest municipality in Belgium , after Antwerp . The city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe , with some 50,000 people in 1300 . It is a port and university city . The municipality comprises the city of Ghent proper and the surrounding suburbs of Afsnee , Desteldonk , Drongen , Gentbrugge , Ledeberg , Mariakerke , Mendonk , Oostakker , Sint-Amandsberg , Sint-Denijs-Westrem , Sint-Kruis-Winkel , Wondelgem and Zwijnaarde . With 262,219 inhabitants at the beginning of 2019 , Ghent is Belgium 's second largest municipality by number of inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,205 km2 ( 465 sq mi ) and has a total population of 560,522 as of 1 January 2018 , which ranks it as the fourth most populous in Belgium . The current mayor of Ghent , Mathias De Clercq is from the liberal & democratic party Open VLD . The ten-day-long Ghent Festival ( Gentse Feesten in Dutch ) is held every year and attended by about 1-1.5 million visitors ." } ] }, { "value": "2009", "urls": [] }, { "value": "web and mobile games", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Newfort", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ghent", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ghent", "summary": "Ghent ( /ɡɛnt/ ; Dutch : Gent [ ɣɛnt ] ( listen ) ; French : Gand [ ɡɑ̃ ] ( listen ) , traditional English Gaunt ) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province , and the second largest municipality in Belgium , after Antwerp . The city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe , with some 50,000 people in 1300 . It is a port and university city . The municipality comprises the city of Ghent proper and the surrounding suburbs of Afsnee , Desteldonk , Drongen , Gentbrugge , Ledeberg , Mariakerke , Mendonk , Oostakker , Sint-Amandsberg , Sint-Denijs-Westrem , Sint-Kruis-Winkel , Wondelgem and Zwijnaarde . With 262,219 inhabitants at the beginning of 2019 , Ghent is Belgium 's second largest municipality by number of inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,205 km2 ( 465 sq mi ) and has a total population of 560,522 as of 1 January 2018 , which ranks it as the fourth most populous in Belgium . The current mayor of Ghent , Mathias De Clercq is from the liberal & democratic party Open VLD . The ten-day-long Ghent Festival ( Gentse Feesten in Dutch ) is held every year and attended by about 1-1.5 million visitors ." } ] }, { "value": "2002 ( as Endrone )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/2002_in_video_gaming", "summary": "The year 2002 in video games saw the release of many sequels and prequels in video games such as The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind , and several new titles and franchises such as Battlefield 1942 , Dungeon Siege , Kingdom Hearts , Mafia : The City of Lost Heaven , Ratchet & Clank , Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus , SOCOM : U.S. Navy SEALs , Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell , Metroid Prime and Super Mario Sunshine ." } ] }, { "value": "online and mobile games", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Video game development -- Game developers from Belgium", "section_text": "[ 3 ] [ 4 ] There are 64 game developers registered with the Flemish Games Association . [ 5 ] Some of the game development studios in Belgium include :", "uid": "Video_gaming_in_Belgium_0", "intro": "This article is about the video game market and culture in Belgium." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lemur_species", "title": "List of lemur species", "header": [ "Scientific name", "Common name", "Classified", "Average size", "Conservation status" ], "data": [ { "value": "Avahi betsileo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Betsileo woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Betsileo_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The Betsileo woolly lemur or Betsileo avahi ( Avahi betsileo ) is a species of woolly lemur native to southeastern Madagascar , in the District of Fandriana . It weighs about 1 kg . The pelage differs significantly from other southeastern woolly lemurs in that it is primarily light reddish brown on most of the body and grey under the jaw and on the extremities . The pelage is thicker on the head than other eastern woolly lemurs ." } ] }, { "value": "2007 , Andriantompohavana et al", "urls": [] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi cleesei", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Cleese 's woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Cleese's_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The Bemaraha woolly lemur ( Avahi cleesei ) , also known as Cleese 's woolly lemur , is a species of woolly lemur native to western Madagascar , named after John Cleese . The scientist who discovered the species named it after Cleese , star of Monty Python , mainly because of Cleese 's fondness for lemurs , as shown in Operation Lemur With John Cleese and Fierce Creatures , and his efforts at protecting and preserving them . The species was first discovered in 1990 by a team of scientists from Zurich University led by Urs Thalmann , but was n't formally described as a species until November 11 , 2005 . The diurnal animal weighs about 5-6 kilograms ( 11-13 lb ) , has brown skin with white regions on the rear and inside of the thighs and has a short damp nose , large plate eyes , and ears which hardly stand out from the skin . It typically has a strictly vegetarian diet of leaves and buds , living together in small families . The local population calls the species dadintsifaky , which means Grandfather of the sifaka , because it is similarly sized to sifakas , but more ponderous , heavyset and has ample greyish-brown fur . The habitat is limited to the Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve in western Madagascar , which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The animal is probably threatened with becoming extinct in the long run , since the size of the population is unknown so far and its habitat shrinks continuously ." } ] }, { "value": "2005 , Thalmann and Geissmann", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0.83 kg ( 1.8 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi laniger", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Eastern woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eastern_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The eastern woolly lemur ( Avahi laniger ) , also known as the eastern avahi or Gmelin 's woolly lemur , is a species of woolly lemur native to eastern Madagascar , where it lives in the wet tropical rainforest at low elevations along the eastern coast of the island or they can also inhabit the northern tip of the island with other species . The woolly lemur name refers to their thick , tightly-curled hair , whereas their generic name avahi refers to their high-pitched defensive call . The eastern woolly lemur almost has an owl-look with its large eyes , small rounded head , and ears that are mostly hidden . This nocturnal animal weighs 1.0-1.3 kg and reaches a length of 27-29 cm with a tail of 33-37 cm . Its diet consists mainly of leaves and buds with fruits , flowers , and bark . Eastern woolly lemurs live in monogamous pairs together with their offspring . The eastern woolly lemur 's breeding season ranges from March to May with the baby lemurs being born around August to September . Other lemur species that live in the same rainforests as eastern woolly lemur are the diademed sifaka ( Propithecus diadema ) and the red-bellied lemur ( Eulemur rubriventer ) . In southeastern rainforests , sympatric lemur species of A. meridionalis are the brown mouse lemur ( Microcebus rufus ) , the greater dwarf lemur ( Cheirogaleus major ) , the fat-tailed dwarf lemur ( Cheirogaleus medius ) and the collared brown lemur ( Eulemur collaris ) in Sainte Luce Forest , and the southern lesser bamboo lemur ( Hapalemur meridionalis ) in Mandena Forest . According to the study conducted in Diet and Behaviour of a Nocturnal Lemur , Avahi Laniger , in the Wild ( 1991 ) , a male lemur rarely interacts with more than one other individual when sleeping , traveling or grooming . At night , he would spend about 40% of the time with his partner either grooming or resting ." } ] }, { "value": "1788 , Gmelin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin", "summary": "Johann Friedrich Gmelin ( 8 August 1748 - 1 November 1804 ) was a German naturalist , botanist , entomologist , herpetologist , and malacologist ." } ] }, { "value": "0.9-1.3 kg ( 2.0-2.9 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vulnerable", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vulnerable_species", "summary": "A vulnerable species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as likely to become endangered unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve . Vulnerability is mainly caused by habitat loss or destruction of the species home . Vulnerable habitat or species are monitored and can become increasingly threatened . Some species listed as vulnerable may be common in captivity , an example being the military macaw . There are currently 5196 animals and 6789 plants classified as vulnerable , compared with 1998 levels of 2815 and 3222 , respectively . Practices such as Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources have been enforced in efforts to conserve vulnerable breeds of livestock specifically ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi meridionalis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Southern woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Southern_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The southern woolly lemur ( Avahi meridionalis ) , or southern avahi , has been recently recognized as a separate species of woolly lemur in 2006 by Zaramody et al . It is a nocturnal and pair-living species . Groups can range from 2 ( the parental pair only ) to 5 individuals ( including the offspring of subsequent years ) . A study in Sainte Luce forest revealed home range varied from 2.2 to 3.5 ha and that males can have larger home range and cover longer daily distances than females ( which can spend more time feeding ) , in agreement with the territory defence and mate guarding hypotheses ." } ] }, { "value": "2006 , Zaramody et al", "urls": [] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi mooreorum", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Moore 's woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Moore's_woolly_lemur", "summary": "Moore 's woolly lemur ( Avahi mooreorum ) , or the Masoala woolly lemur , is a woolly lemur endemic to Madagascar . It has brown-grey fur and a reddish tail . It is named in honor of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation of San Francisco ." } ] }, { "value": "2008 , Lei et al", "urls": [] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi occidentalis", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Western woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Western_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The western woolly lemur or western avahi ( Avahi occidentalis ) is a species of woolly lemur native to western Madagascar , where they live in dry deciduous forests . These nocturnal animals weigh 0.7-0.9 kg . It is a folivorous species . The western woolly lemurs live in monogamous pairs together with their offspring ." } ] }, { "value": "1898 , von Lorenz-Liburnau", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0.7-0.9 kg ( 1.5-2.0 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi peyrierasi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Peyrieras 's woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Peyrieras's_woolly_lemur", "summary": "Peyrieras 's woolly lemur or Peyrieras 's avahi ( Avahi peyrierasi ) is a species of woolly lemur native to southeastern Madagascar . It weighs about 1 kg ." } ] }, { "value": "2006 , Zaramody et al", "urls": [] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vulnerable", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vulnerable_species", "summary": "A vulnerable species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as likely to become endangered unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve . Vulnerability is mainly caused by habitat loss or destruction of the species home . Vulnerable habitat or species are monitored and can become increasingly threatened . Some species listed as vulnerable may be common in captivity , an example being the military macaw . There are currently 5196 animals and 6789 plants classified as vulnerable , compared with 1998 levels of 2815 and 3222 , respectively . Practices such as Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources have been enforced in efforts to conserve vulnerable breeds of livestock specifically ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi ramanantsoavani", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ramanantsoavana 's woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ramanantsoavana's_woolly_lemur", "summary": "Ramanantsoavana 's woolly lemur ( Avahi ramanantsoavanai ) , also known as Ramanantsoavana 's avahi or the Manombo woolly lemur , is a species of woolly lemur native to southeastern Madagascar . It weighs about 1 kg . It was originally considered a subspecies of the southern woolly lemur ( A. meridionalis ) , A. m. ramanantsoavana , but was elevated to a separate species in 2006 based on molecular , phenotypic and morphological data ." } ] }, { "value": "2006 , Zaramody et al", "urls": [] }, { "value": "unknown", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vulnerable", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vulnerable_species", "summary": "A vulnerable species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as likely to become endangered unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve . Vulnerability is mainly caused by habitat loss or destruction of the species home . Vulnerable habitat or species are monitored and can become increasingly threatened . Some species listed as vulnerable may be common in captivity , an example being the military macaw . There are currently 5196 animals and 6789 plants classified as vulnerable , compared with 1998 levels of 2815 and 3222 , respectively . Practices such as Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources have been enforced in efforts to conserve vulnerable breeds of livestock specifically ." } ] }, { "value": "Avahi unicolor", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sambirano woolly lemur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Sambirano_woolly_lemur", "summary": "The Sambirano woolly lemur ( Avahi unicolor ) , also known as the Sambirano avahi or unicolor woolly lemur , is a species of woolly lemur native to western Madagascar ." } ] }, { "value": "2000 , Thalmann and Geissmann", "urls": [] }, { "value": "0.7-1 kg ( 1.5-2.2 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Indri indri", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Indri", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Indri", "summary": "The indri ( /ˈɪndri/ ( listen ) ; Indri indri ) , also called the babakoto , [ citation needed ] is one of the largest living lemurs , with a head-and-body length of about 64-72 cm ( 25-28 in ) and a weight of between 6 to 9.5 kg ( 13 to 21 lb ) . It has a black and white coat and maintains an upright posture when climbing or clinging . It is monogamous and lives in small family groups , moving through the canopy , and is purely herbivorous , feeding mainly on leaves but also seeds , fruits , and flowers . The groups are quite vocal , communicating with other groups by singing , roaring and other vocalisations . It is a diurnal tree-dweller related to the sifakas and , like all lemurs , it is native to Madagascar . It is revered by the Malagasy people and plays an important part in their myths and legends with various stories in existence accounting for its origin . The main threats faced by the indri are habitat destruction and fragmentation due to slash and burn agriculture , fuelwood gathering , and logging . It is also hunted despite taboos against this . The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as critically endangered ." } ] }, { "value": "1788 , Gmelin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin", "summary": "Johann Friedrich Gmelin ( 8 August 1748 - 1 November 1804 ) was a German naturalist , botanist , entomologist , herpetologist , and malacologist ." } ] }, { "value": "6-9.5 kg ( 13-21 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critically Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critically_Endangered", "summary": "A critically endangered ( CR ) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . As of 2014 , there are 2,464 animal and 2,104 plant species with this assessment . As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive , targeted surveys have been conducted , species that are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered . IUCN maintains a list of possibly extinct CR ( PE ) and possibly extinct in the wild CR ( PEW ) species , modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus candidus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silky sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Silky_sifaka", "summary": "The silky sifaka ( Propithecus candidus ) is a large lemur characterized by long , silky , white fur . It has a very restricted range in northeastern Madagascar , where it is known locally as the simpona . It is one of the rarest mammals on Earth , and is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as one of the world 's 25 most critically endangered primates . The silky sifaka is one of nine sifaka species ( genus Propithecus ) , and one of four former subspecies of diademed sifaka ( P. diadema ) . Studies in 2004 and 2007 compared external proportions , genetics , and craniodental anatomy supporting full species status , which has generally been accepted . The silky sifaka has a variable social structure , and lives in groups of two to nine individuals . It spends most of its day feeding and resting , though it also devotes a considerable amount of time to social behaviors , such as playing and grooming , as well as travelling . Females occasionally take priority over males during feeding . Like other eastern sifakas , it consumes mainly leaves and seeds , but also fruit , flowers , and even soil on occasion . It is a seasonal breeder and only mates one day a year during the start of the rainy season . As with other sifaka species , nonmaternal infant care is common . Group members of all ages and both sexes often groom , play with , occasionally carry , and even nurse infants that are not their own ." } ] }, { "value": "1871 , A. Grandidier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Grandidier", "summary": "Alfred Grandidier ( 20 December 1836 - 13 September 1921 ) was a French naturalist and explorer . From a very wealthy family , at the age of 20 , he and his brother , Ernest Grandidier ( 1833-1912 ) , undertook a voyage around the world . At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen ( 1824-1907 ) , but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months , the brothers continued the journey . They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes , Peru , Chile , Bolivia , Argentina and Brazil . During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed , in 1860 , by Ernest . The two brothers parted ways after this . Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum . Alfred travelled to India , reaching it in 1863 . He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet , but was prevented by a severe attack of fever . Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate , remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings . He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar . He became devoted to the study of the island , revisiting in 1866 and 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "5-6 kg ( 11-13 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critically Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critically_Endangered", "summary": "A critically endangered ( CR ) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . As of 2014 , there are 2,464 animal and 2,104 plant species with this assessment . As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive , targeted surveys have been conducted , species that are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered . IUCN maintains a list of possibly extinct CR ( PE ) and possibly extinct in the wild CR ( PEW ) species , modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus coquereli", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Coquerel 's sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Coquerel's_sifaka", "summary": "Coquerel 's sifaka ( Propithecus coquereli ) is a diurnal , medium-sized lemur of the sifaka genus Propithecus . It is native to Madagascar . Coquerel 's sifaka was once considered to be a subspecies of Verreaux 's sifaka , but was eventually granted full species level ." } ] }, { "value": "1867 , A. Grandidier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Grandidier", "summary": "Alfred Grandidier ( 20 December 1836 - 13 September 1921 ) was a French naturalist and explorer . From a very wealthy family , at the age of 20 , he and his brother , Ernest Grandidier ( 1833-1912 ) , undertook a voyage around the world . At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen ( 1824-1907 ) , but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months , the brothers continued the journey . They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes , Peru , Chile , Bolivia , Argentina and Brazil . During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed , in 1860 , by Ernest . The two brothers parted ways after this . Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum . Alfred travelled to India , reaching it in 1863 . He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet , but was prevented by a severe attack of fever . Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate , remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings . He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar . He became devoted to the study of the island , revisiting in 1866 and 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "3.7-4.3 kg ( 8.2-9.5 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus coronatus", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Crowned sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Crowned_sifaka", "summary": "The crowned sifaka ( Propithecus coronatus ) is a sifaka endemic to western Madagascar . It is of comparable size to the Golden-crowned sifaka and up to a meter in length , of which 47-57 centimeters are tail . The species is an arboreal vertical climber and leaper whose diet consists of leaves , fruits and flowers . It is threatened by habitat destruction and currently classified as Endangered by the IUCN ." } ] }, { "value": "1871 , Milne-Edwards", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards", "summary": "Henri Milne-Edwards ( 23 October 1800 - 29 July 1885 ) was an eminent French zoologist ." } ] }, { "value": "3.5-4.3 kg ( 7.7-9.5 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus deckenii", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Von der Decken 's sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Von_der_Decken's_sifaka", "summary": "Von der Decken 's sifaka ( Propithecus deckenii ) is a sifaka endemic to Madagascar . It has a length of 92 to 107 centimeters , of which 42-48 centimeters are tail . Von der Decken 's Sifaka lives in western Madagascar . It lives in dry deciduous forest . Its pelage is usually creamy white , with tinges of yellow-gold , silver grey or pale brown on the neck , shoulders , back and limbs . The face is entirely black . Group size is between 2 and 10 individuals , with groups of 3 to 6 most common . The IUCN lists its status as endangered , and it is listed in CITES Appendix I ." } ] }, { "value": "1870 , A. Grandidier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Grandidier", "summary": "Alfred Grandidier ( 20 December 1836 - 13 September 1921 ) was a French naturalist and explorer . From a very wealthy family , at the age of 20 , he and his brother , Ernest Grandidier ( 1833-1912 ) , undertook a voyage around the world . At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen ( 1824-1907 ) , but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months , the brothers continued the journey . They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes , Peru , Chile , Bolivia , Argentina and Brazil . During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed , in 1860 , by Ernest . The two brothers parted ways after this . Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum . Alfred travelled to India , reaching it in 1863 . He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet , but was prevented by a severe attack of fever . Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate , remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings . He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar . He became devoted to the study of the island , revisiting in 1866 and 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "3-4.5 kg ( 6.6-9.9 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus diadema", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Diademed sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Diademed_sifaka", "summary": "The diademed sifaka ( Propithecus diadema ) , or diademed simpona , is an endangered species of sifaka , one of the lemurs endemic to certain rainforests in eastern Madagascar . Along with the indri , this species is one of the two largest living lemurs , with an average weight of 6.5 kg and a total adult length of approximately 105 centimetres ( 41 inches ) , half of which is its tail . Russell Mittermeier , one of the contemporary authorities on lemurs , describes the diademed sifaka as one of the most colorful and attractive of all the lemurs , having a long and silky coat . P. diadema is also known by the Malagasy names simpona , simpony and ankomba joby . The term diademed sifaka is also used as a group species designation formerly encompassing four distinct subspecies ." } ] }, { "value": "1832 , Bennett", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Edward_Turner_Bennett", "summary": "Edward Turner Bennett ( 6 January 1797 - 21 August 1836 ) was an English zoologist and writer . He was the elder brother of the botanist John Joseph Bennett . Bennett was born at Hackney and practiced as a surgeon , but his chief pursuit was always zoology . In 1822 he attempted to establish an entomological society , which later became a zoological society in connection with the Linnean Society . This in turn became the starting point of the Zoological Society of London , of which Bennett was Secretary from 1831 to 1836 . His works included The Tower Menagerie ( 1829 ) and The Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society ( 1831 ) . He also wrote , in conjunction with G. T. Lay , the section on Fishes in the Zoology of Beechey 's Voyage ( 1839 ) . In 1835 he described a new species of African crocodile , Mecistops leptorhynchus , the validity of which was confirmed in 2018 ." } ] }, { "value": "6-8.5 kg ( 13-19 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critically Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critically_Endangered", "summary": "A critically endangered ( CR ) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . As of 2014 , there are 2,464 animal and 2,104 plant species with this assessment . As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive , targeted surveys have been conducted , species that are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered . IUCN maintains a list of possibly extinct CR ( PE ) and possibly extinct in the wild CR ( PEW ) species , modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus edwardsi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Milne-Edwards 's sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Milne-Edwards's_sifaka", "summary": "Milne-Edwards 's sifaka ( Propithecus edwardsi ) , or Milne-Edwards 's simpona , is a large arboreal , diurnal lemur endemic to the eastern coastal rainforest of Madagascar . Milne-Edwards 's sifaka is characterized by a black body with a light-colored saddle on the lower part of its back . It is closely related to the diademed sifaka , and was until recently considered a subspecies of it . Like all sifakas , it is a primate in the family Indriidae ." } ] }, { "value": "1871 , A. Grandidier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Grandidier", "summary": "Alfred Grandidier ( 20 December 1836 - 13 September 1921 ) was a French naturalist and explorer . From a very wealthy family , at the age of 20 , he and his brother , Ernest Grandidier ( 1833-1912 ) , undertook a voyage around the world . At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen ( 1824-1907 ) , but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months , the brothers continued the journey . They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes , Peru , Chile , Bolivia , Argentina and Brazil . During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed , in 1860 , by Ernest . The two brothers parted ways after this . Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum . Alfred travelled to India , reaching it in 1863 . He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet , but was prevented by a severe attack of fever . Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate , remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings . He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar . He became devoted to the study of the island , revisiting in 1866 and 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "5-6.5 kg ( 11-14 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus perrieri", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Perrier 's sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Perrier's_sifaka", "summary": "Perrier 's sifaka ( Propithecus perrieri ) is a lemur endemic to Madagascar . It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of diademed sifaka It has a very small range in northeastern Madagascar where its habitat is dry deciduous or semihumid forest . Part of its range is in protected areas . It is an almost entirely black sifaka and measures about 90 cm ( 35 in ) , half of which is a bushy tail . Females are slightly larger than males . It moves in small family groups through the canopy feeding on fruit , leaves , flowers , buds , and seeds . Groups have territories around one hectare and vocalise with each other . The main threats faced by this sifaka are habitat destruction and fragmentation due to slash-and-burn agriculture , charcoal gathering , and logging . The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as critically endangered and is considered to be one of the 25 most endangered primates in the world ." } ] }, { "value": "1931 , Lavauden", "urls": [] }, { "value": "4.3-5 kg ( 9.5-11.0 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critically Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critically_Endangered", "summary": "A critically endangered ( CR ) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . As of 2014 , there are 2,464 animal and 2,104 plant species with this assessment . As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive , targeted surveys have been conducted , species that are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered . IUCN maintains a list of possibly extinct CR ( PE ) and possibly extinct in the wild CR ( PEW ) species , modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus tattersalli", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Golden-crowned sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Golden-crowned_sifaka", "summary": "The golden-crowned sifaka or Tattersall 's sifaka ( Propithecus tattersalli ) is a medium-sized lemur characterized by mostly white fur , prominent furry ears , and a golden-orange crown . It is one of the smallest sifakas ( genus Propithecus ) , weighing around 3.5 kg ( 7.7 lb ) and measuring approximately 90 cm ( 35 in ) from head to tail . Like all sifakas , it is a vertical clinger and leaper , and its diet includes mostly seeds and leaves . The golden-crowned sifaka is named after its discoverer , Ian Tattersall , who first spotted the species in 1974 . However , it was not formally described until 1988 , after a research team led by Elwyn L. Simons observed and captured some specimens for captive breeding . The golden-crowned sifaka most closely resembles the western forest sifakas of the P. verreauxi group , yet its karyotype suggests a closer relationship with the P. diadema group of eastern forest sifakas . Despite the similarities with both groups , more recent studies of its karyotype support its classification as a distinct species . Found in gallery , deciduous , and semi-evergreen forest , its restricted range includes 44 forest fragments , totaling an area of 44,125 hectares ( 109,040 acres ; 170.37 sq mi ) , centered on the town of Daraina in northeast Madagascar . Its estimated population is 18,000 individuals . It is primarily active during the day , although it also tends to be active at dawn and dusk during the rainy season . It sleeps in tall emergent trees and is preyed upon by the fossa . The golden-crowned sifaka lives in groups of around five to six individuals , containing a balanced number of adult males and females ." } ] }, { "value": "1988 , Simons", "urls": [] }, { "value": "3.4-3.6 kg ( 7.5-7.9 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Critically Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Critically_Endangered", "summary": "A critically endangered ( CR ) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . As of 2014 , there are 2,464 animal and 2,104 plant species with this assessment . As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive , targeted surveys have been conducted , species that are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered . IUCN maintains a list of possibly extinct CR ( PE ) and possibly extinct in the wild CR ( PEW ) species , modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa ." } ] }, { "value": "Propithecus verreauxi", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Verreaux 's sifaka", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Verreaux's_sifaka", "summary": "Verreaux 's sifaka ( Propithecus verreauxi ) , or the white sifaka , is a medium-sized primate in one of the lemur families , the Indriidae . It lives in Madagascar and can be found in a variety of habitats from rainforest to western Madagascar dry deciduous forests and dry and spiny forests . Its fur is thick and silky and generally white with brown on the sides , top of the head , and on the arms . Like all sifakas , it has a long tail that it uses as a balance when leaping from tree to tree . However , its body is so highly adapted to an arboreal existence , on the ground its only means of locomotion is hopping . The species lives in small troops which forage for food . Four subspecies of this lemur are described . Many things are unknown about Verreaux 's sifaka , so their lifespan in the wild has not been approximated , but in captivity , they generally live to up to 18 years old . [ citation needed ]" } ] }, { "value": "1867 , A. Grandidier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alfred_Grandidier", "summary": "Alfred Grandidier ( 20 December 1836 - 13 September 1921 ) was a French naturalist and explorer . From a very wealthy family , at the age of 20 , he and his brother , Ernest Grandidier ( 1833-1912 ) , undertook a voyage around the world . At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen ( 1824-1907 ) , but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months , the brothers continued the journey . They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes , Peru , Chile , Bolivia , Argentina and Brazil . During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed , in 1860 , by Ernest . The two brothers parted ways after this . Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum . Alfred travelled to India , reaching it in 1863 . He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet , but was prevented by a severe attack of fever . Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate , remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings . He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar . He became devoted to the study of the island , revisiting in 1866 and 1868 ." } ] }, { "value": "3-3.5 kg ( 6.6-7.7 lb )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Endangered", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endangered", "summary": "An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were 1,102 and 1,197 respectively . Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating protected areas . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Extant species -- Family : Indriidae", "section_text": "Family Indriidae consists of the indri ( the largest extant lemur ) , the woolly lemurs and the sifakas . There are 19 extant species . The indri is one of the two largest extant lemurs . Sifakas are vertical clingers and jumpers and are represented by 9 species .", "uid": "List_of_lemur_species_3", "intro": "Lemurs are strepsirrhine primates, all species of which are endemic to Madagascar. They include the smallest primate in the world, Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, which weighs 30 grams (1.1 oz), and range up to the size of the indri, which can weigh as much as 9.5 kilograms (21 lb). However, recently extinct species grew much larger. As of 2010, five families, 15 genera, and 101 species and subspecies of lemur were formally recognized. From 2000 through 2008, 39 new species were described and nine other taxa resurrected. By 2014, the number of species and subspecies recognized had increased to 113; of these, the IUCN classified 24 as Critically Endangered, 49 as Endangered, 20 as Vulnerable, three as Near Threatened, three as Least Concern and four as Data Deficient; two were yet to be evaluated. The number of lemur species is likely to continue growing in the coming years, as field studies, cytogenetic and molecular genetic research continues. There is not complete agreement over the latest revisions to lemur taxonomy, with some experts preferring an estimated 50 lemur species. The debates are likely to continue, as some scholars label the explosive growth of species numbers as taxonomic inflation. In many cases, classifications will ultimately depend upon which species concept is used. In the case of the lemurs of Madagascar, which have suffered extensively from deforestation and habitat fragmentation, nearly 25% of all species are either Endangered or Critically Endangered, most have yet to be extensively studied, and nearly all populations are in decline. For these reasons, taxonomists and conservationists favor splitting them into separate species to develop an effective strategy for the conservation of the full range of lemur diversity." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_medical_treatments", "title": "List of eponymous medical treatments", "header": [ "Letter", "Treatment", "Name", "Specialty", "Description", "Reference/External link" ], "data": [ { "value": "B", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Brandt-Daroff manoeuvre", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Thomas Brandt , Robert B. Daroff", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Otolaryngology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Otolaryngology", "summary": "Otorhinolaryngology /oʊtoʊˌraɪnoʊˌlærənˈɡɒlədʒi/ ( also called otolaryngology or otolaryngology-head and neck surgery ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions in the head and neck . Doctors who specialize in this area are called otolaryngologists , head and neck surgeons , or ENT surgeons . Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear , nose , throat , base of the skull , head , and neck which encompasses the surgical management and reconstruction of cancers and benign tumors of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face and neck ( facial plastic surgery ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Exercises used to treat benign paroxysmal positional vertigo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Benign_paroxysmal_positional_vertigo", "summary": "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ( BPPV ) is a disorder arising from a problem in the inner ear . Symptoms are repeated , brief periods of vertigo with movement , that is , of a spinning sensation upon changes in the position of the head . This can occur with turning in bed or changing position . Each episode of vertigo typically lasts less than one minute . Nausea is commonly associated . BPPV is one of the most common causes of vertigo . BPPV can result from a head injury or simply occur among those who are older . A specific cause is often not found . The underlying mechanism involves a small calcified otolith moving around loose in the inner ear . It is a type of balance disorder along with labyrinthitis and Ménière 's disease . Diagnosis is typically made when the Dix-Hallpike test results in nystagmus ( a specific movement pattern of the eyes ) and other possible causes have been ruled out . In typical cases , medical imaging is not needed ." } ] }, { "value": "Brandt-Daroff manoeuvre at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "C", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Carrel-Dakin treatment", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Alexis Carrel , Henry Drysdale Dakin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Alexis_Carrel", "summary": "Alexis Carrel ( French : [ alɛksi kaʁɛl ] ; 28 June 1873 - 5 November 1944 ) was a French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques . He invented the first perfusion pump with Charles A. Lindbergh opening the way to organ transplantation . His positive description of an allegedly miraculous healing he witnessed during a pilgrimage earned him scorn of some of his colleagues . This prompted him to relocate to the United States , where he lived most of his life . He had a leading role in implementing eugenic policies in Vichy France . A Nobel Prize laureate in 1912 , Alexis Carrel was also elected twice , in 1924 and 1927 , as an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Drysdale_Dakin", "summary": "Henry Drysdale Dakin FRS ( 12 March 1880 - 10 February 1952 ) was an English chemist . He was born in London as the youngest of 8 children to a family of steel merchants from Leeds . As a school boy he did water analysis with the Leeds City Analyst . He studied chemistry at the University of Leeds with Julius B. Cohen and after he worked with Albrecht Kossel on arginase at the University of Heidelberg he joined Columbia University in 1905 , working in the lab of Christian Herter . During his work on amino acids he obtained his PhD from Leeds . In 1905 , he was one of the first scientists to successfully synthesise adrenaline in the laboratory ( see : History of catecholamine research ) . In 1914 he went back to England to offer his service with the war effort . Due to a request for a chemist by Alexis Carrel to the Rockefeller Institute , Dakin joined Carrel in 1916 at a temporary hospital in Compiègne . There they developed the Carrel-Dakin method of wound treatments . This consisted of intermittently irrigating the wound with Dakin 's solution , a dilute solution of sodium hypochlorite ( the active ingredient in common liquid bleach products ) and boric acid . In the process , he analyzed more than 200 candidate substances , and developed quantitative methods to evaluate their effectiveness for disinfection and wound healing . The solution is still widely used for that purpose , as of 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "General surgery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/General_surgery", "summary": "General surgery is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal contents including esophagus , stomach , small intestine , large intestine , liver , pancreas , gallbladder , appendix and bile ducts , and often the thyroid gland ( depending on local referral patterns ) . They also deal with diseases involving the skin , breast , soft tissue , trauma , [ [ Peripheral artery disease| and hernias and perform endoscopic procedures such as gastroscopy and colonoscopy ." } ] }, { "value": "Irrigation of wounds with the antiseptic Dakin 's solution ( no longer used )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Wound", "summary": "A wound is a type of injury which happens relatively quickly in which skin is torn , cut , or punctured ( an open wound ) , or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion ( a closed wound ) . In pathology , it specifically refers to a sharp injury which damages the Epidermis of the skin ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Antiseptic", "summary": "Antiseptics ( from Greek ἀντί anti , against and σηπτικός sēptikos , putrefactive ) are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection , sepsis , or putrefaction . Antiseptics are generally distinguished from antibiotics by the latter 's ability to safely destroy bacteria within the body , and from disinfectants , which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects . Some antiseptics are true germicides , capable of destroying microbes ( bacteriocidal ) , while others are bacteriostatic and only prevent or inhibit their growth . Antibacterials include antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria . Microbicides which destroy virus particles are called viricides or antivirals . Antifungals , also known as an antimycotics , are pharmaceutical fungicides used to treat and prevent mycosis ( fungal infection ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Carrel-Dakin treatment at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "E", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Epley 's manoeuvre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Epley_maneuver", "summary": "The Epley maneuver or repositioning maneuver is a maneuver used by medical professionals to treat one common cause of vertigo , benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ( BPPV ) [ needs update ] of the posterior or anterior canals of the ear . It works by allowing free-floating particles from the affected semicircular canal to be relocated , using gravity , back into the utricle , where they can no longer stimulate the cupula , therefore relieving the patient of bothersome vertigo . This maneuver was developed by Dr. John Epley and first described in 1980 . A version of the maneuver called the modified Epley does not include vibrations of the mastoid process originally indicated by Epley , as they have since been shown not to improve the efficacy of the treatment ." } ] }, { "value": "John Epley", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Otolaryngology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Otolaryngology", "summary": "Otorhinolaryngology /oʊtoʊˌraɪnoʊˌlærənˈɡɒlədʒi/ ( also called otolaryngology or otolaryngology-head and neck surgery ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions in the head and neck . Doctors who specialize in this area are called otolaryngologists , head and neck surgeons , or ENT surgeons . Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear , nose , throat , base of the skull , head , and neck which encompasses the surgical management and reconstruction of cancers and benign tumors of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face and neck ( facial plastic surgery ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Manoeuvre used to treat benign paroxysmal positional vertigo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Benign_paroxysmal_positional_vertigo", "summary": "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ( BPPV ) is a disorder arising from a problem in the inner ear . Symptoms are repeated , brief periods of vertigo with movement , that is , of a spinning sensation upon changes in the position of the head . This can occur with turning in bed or changing position . Each episode of vertigo typically lasts less than one minute . Nausea is commonly associated . BPPV is one of the most common causes of vertigo . BPPV can result from a head injury or simply occur among those who are older . A specific cause is often not found . The underlying mechanism involves a small calcified otolith moving around loose in the inner ear . It is a type of balance disorder along with labyrinthitis and Ménière 's disease . Diagnosis is typically made when the Dix-Hallpike test results in nystagmus ( a specific movement pattern of the eyes ) and other possible causes have been ruled out . In typical cases , medical imaging is not needed ." } ] }, { "value": "Epley JM ( September 1992 ) . The canalith repositioning procedure : for treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 107 ( 3 ) : 399-404. doi : 10.1177/019459989210700310 . 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An implementation of the Handle System , DOIs are in wide use mainly to identify academic , professional , and government information , such as journal articles , research reports and data sets , and official publications though they also have been used to identify other types of information resources , such as commercial videos . A DOI aims to be resolvable , usually to some form of access to the information object to which the DOI refers . This is achieved by binding the DOI to metadata about the object , such as a URL , indicating where the object can be found . Thus , by being actionable and interoperable , a DOI differs from identifiers such as ISBNs and ISRCs which aim only to identify their referents uniquely . The DOI system uses the indecs Content Model for representing metadata . The DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document , whereas its location and other metadata may change . Referring to an online document by its DOI is supposed to provide a more stable link than simply using its URL . But every time a URL changes , the publisher has to update the metadata for the DOI to link to the new URL . It is the publisher 's responsibility to update the DOI database . If they fail to do so , the DOI resolves to a dead link leaving the DOI useless . The developer and administrator of the DOI system is the International DOI Foundation ( IDF ) , which introduced it in 2000 ." }, { "url": "/wiki/PubMed_Identifier", "summary": "PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics . The United States National Library of Medicine ( NLM ) at the National Institutes of Health maintain the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval . From 1971 to 1997 , online access to the MEDLINE database had been primarily through institutional facilities , such as university libraries . PubMed , first released in January 1996 , ushered in the era of private , free , home- and office-based MEDLINE searching . The PubMed system was offered free to the public starting in June 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "H", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Heimlich manoeuvre", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Heimlich_manoeuvre", "summary": "This article is about the specific anti-choking procedure of abdominal thrusts ." } ] }, { "value": "Henry Heimlich", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Heimlich", "summary": "Henry Judah Heimlich ( German pronunciation : [ haɪ̯mlɪç ] ; February 3 , 1920 - December 17 , 2016 ) was an American thoracic surgeon and medical researcher . He is widely credited as the inventor of the Heimlich maneuver , a technique of abdominal thrusts for stopping choking , described in Emergency Medicine in 1974 . He also invented the Micro Trach portable oxygen system for ambulatory patients and the Heimlich Chest Drain Valve , or flutter valve , which drains blood and air out of the chest cavity ." } ] }, { "value": "Emergency medicine", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emergency_medicine", "summary": "Emergency medicine , also known as accident and emergency medicine , is the medical specialty concerned with the care of illnesses or injuries requiring immediate medical attention . Emergency physicians care for unscheduled and undifferentiated patients of all ages . As first-line providers , their primary responsibility is to initiate resuscitation and stabilization and to start investigations and interventions to diagnose and treat illnesses in the acute phase . Emergency physicians generally practise in hospital emergency departments , pre-hospital settings via emergency medical services , and intensive care units , but may also work in primary care settings such as urgent care clinics . Sub-specializations of emergency medicine include disaster medicine , medical toxicology , ultrasonography , critical care medicine , hyperbaric medicine , sports medicine , palliative care , or aerospace medicine . Different models for emergency medicine exist internationally . In countries following the Anglo-American model , emergency medicine was originally the domain of surgeons , general practitioners , and other generalist physicians , but in recent decades it has become recognised as a speciality in its own right with its own training programmes and academic posts , and the specialty is now a popular choice among medical students and newly qualified medical practitioners . By contrast , in countries following the Franco-German model , the speciality does not exist and emergency medical care is instead provided directly by anesthesiologists ( for critical resuscitation ) , surgeons , specialists in internal medicine , pediatricians , cardiologists or neurologists as appropriate . In developing countries , emergency medicine is still evolving and international emergency medicine programs offer hope of improving basic emergency care where resources are limited ." } ] }, { "value": "Abdominal thrust used to clear airway obstruction by foreign body", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Choking", "summary": "Choking occurs when breathing is impeded by a constricted or obstructed throat or windpipe . In some cases the air flow is completely blocked , in other cases some amount of air can pass to the lungs . Insufficient oxygen being delivered to the body will result in oxygen deprivation . Although oxygen stored in the blood and lungs can keep a person alive for several minutes after breathing stops , this sequence of events can lead to death . Choking was the fourth most common cause of unintentional injury-related death in the US in 2011 . Deaths from choking most often occur in the very young ( children under 1 years old ) and in the elderly ( adults over 75 years ) . Obstruction of the airway can occur at the level of the pharynx or the trachea . Foods that can adapt their shape to that of the pharynx ( such as bananas , marshmallows , or gelatinous candies ) can be a danger not just for children but for persons of any age . Choking is one type of airway obstruction , which includes any blockage of the air-conducting passages , including blockage due to tumors , swelling of the airway tissues , and compression of the laryngopharynx , larynx or vertebrate trachea in strangulation ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Foreign_body", "summary": "A foreign body ( FB ) is any object originating outside the body of an organism . In machinery , it can mean any unwanted intruding object . Most references to foreign bodies involve propulsion through natural orifices into hollow organs . Foreign bodies can be inert or irritating . If they irritate they will cause inflammation and scarring . They can bring infection into the body or acquire infectious agents and protect them from the body 's immune defenses . They can obstruct passageways either by their size or by the scarring they cause . Some can be toxic or generate toxic chemicals from reactions with chemicals produced by the body , as is the case with many examples of ingested metal objects . With sufficient force ( as in firing of bullets ) , a foreign body can become lodged into nearly any tissue ." } ] }, { "value": "Heimlich 's manoeuvre at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "K", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Kocher 's method", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Emil Theodor Kocher", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher", "summary": "Emil Theodor Kocher ( 25 August 1841 - 27 July 1917 ) was a Swiss physician and medical researcher who received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in the physiology , pathology and surgery of the thyroid . Among his many accomplishments are the introduction and promotion of aseptic surgery and scientific methods in surgery , specifically reducing the mortality of thyroidectomies below 1% in his operations . He was the first Swiss citizen and the first surgeon to ever receive a Nobel Prize . He was considered a pioneer and leader in the field of surgery in his time ." } ] }, { "value": "Orthopaedics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery", "summary": "Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics , also spelled orthopaedics , is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system . Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma , spine diseases , sports injuries , degenerative diseases , infections , tumors , and congenital disorders ." } ] }, { "value": "Method used to reduce dislocated shoulders", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Dislocated_shoulder", "summary": "A dislocated shoulder is when the head of the humerus is out of the shoulder joint . Symptoms include shoulder pain and instability . Complications may include a Bankart lesion , Hill-Sachs lesion , rotator cuff tear , or injury to the axillary nerve . A shoulder dislocation often occurs as a result of a fall onto an outstretched arm or onto the shoulder . Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and confirmed by X-rays . They are classified as anterior , posterior , inferior , and superior with most being anterior . Treatment is by shoulder reduction which may be accomplished by a number of techniques . These include traction-countertraction , external rotation , scapular manipulation , and the Stimson technique . After reduction X-rays are recommended for verification . The arm may then be placed in a sling for a few weeks . Surgery may be recommended in those with recurrent dislocations . About 1.7% of people have a shoulder dislocation within their lifetime ." } ] }, { "value": "Kocher 's method III at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "M", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mitchell 's rest cure", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Silas Weir Mitchell", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Silas_Weir_Mitchell_(physician)", "summary": "Silas Weir Mitchell ( February 15 , 1829 - January 4 , 1914 ) was an American physician , scientist , novelist , and poet . He is considered the father of medical neurology , and he discovered causalgia ( complex regional pain syndrome ) and erythromelalgia , and pioneered the rest cure ." } ] }, { "value": "Psychiatry", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Psychiatry", "summary": "Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of mental disorders . These include various maladaptations related to mood , behaviour , cognition , and perceptions . See glossary of psychiatry . Initial psychiatric assessment of a person typically begins with a case history and mental status examination . Physical examinations and psychological tests may be conducted . On occasion , neuroimaging or other neurophysiological techniques are used . Mental disorders are often diagnosed in accordance with clinical concepts listed in diagnostic manuals such as the International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) , edited and used by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the widely used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) , published by the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) . The fifth edition of the DSM ( DSM-5 ) was published in 2013 which re-organized the larger categories of various diseases and expanded upon the previous edition to include information/insights that are consistent with current research . The combined treatment of psychiatric medication and psychotherapy has become the most common mode of psychiatric treatment in current practice , but contemporary practice also includes a wide variety of other modalities , e.g. , assertive community treatment , community reinforcement , and supported employment . Treatment may be delivered on an inpatient or outpatient basis , depending on the severity of functional impairment or on other aspects of the disorder in question . An inpatient may be treated in a psychiatric hospital . Research and treatment within psychiatry as a whole are conducted on an interdisciplinary basis with other professionals , such as epidemiologists , nurses , or psychologists ." } ] }, { "value": "Treatment involving bed rest for anxiety disorders", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bed_rest", "summary": "Bed rest , also referred to as the rest-cure , is a medical treatment in which a person lies in bed for most of the time to try to cure an illness . Bed rest refers to voluntarily lying in bed as a treatment and not being confined to bed because of a health impairment which physically prevents leaving bed . The practice is still used although a 1999 systematic review found no benefits for any of the 17 conditions studied and no proven benefit for any conditions at all , beyond that imposed by symptoms . In the United States , nearly 20% of pregnant women have some degree of restricted activity prescribed despite the growing data showing it to be dangerous , causing some experts to call its use unethical ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Anxiety_disorder", "summary": "Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by significant feelings of anxiety and fear . Anxiety is a worry about future events , and fear is a reaction to current events . These feelings may cause physical symptoms , such as a fast heart rate and shakiness . There are several anxiety disorders , including generalized anxiety disorder , specific phobia , social anxiety disorder , separation anxiety disorder , agoraphobia , panic disorder , and selective mutism . The disorder differs by what results in the symptoms . People often have more than one anxiety disorder . The cause of anxiety disorders is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors . Risk factors include a history of child abuse , family history of mental disorders , and poverty . Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental disorders , particularly major depressive disorder , personality disorder , and substance use disorder . To be diagnosed symptoms typically need to be present for at least 6 months , be more than what would be expected for the situation , and decrease functioning . Other problems that may result in similar symptoms include hyperthyroidism ; heart disease ; caffeine , alcohol , or cannabis use ; and withdrawal from certain drugs , among others . Without treatment , anxiety disorders tend to remain ." } ] }, { "value": "Mitchell 's rest cure at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "O", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ochsner-Sherren treatment", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Albert John Ochsner , James Sherren", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Sherren", "summary": "James Sherren ( 1872-1945 ) was a British surgeon . Two medical terms related to appendicitis - a diagnostic sign and a conservative treatment regimen - bear his name ." } ] }, { "value": "General surgery", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/General_surgery", "summary": "General surgery is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal contents including esophagus , stomach , small intestine , large intestine , liver , pancreas , gallbladder , appendix and bile ducts , and often the thyroid gland ( depending on local referral patterns ) . They also deal with diseases involving the skin , breast , soft tissue , trauma , [ [ Peripheral artery disease| and hernias and perform endoscopic procedures such as gastroscopy and colonoscopy ." } ] }, { "value": "Conservative ( i.e . non-operative ) management of appendicitis ( no longer used )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Appendicitis", "summary": "Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix . Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain , nausea , vomiting , and decreased appetite . However , approximately 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms . Severe complications of a ruptured appendix include widespread , painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis . Appendicitis is caused by a blockage of the hollow portion of the appendix . This is most commonly due to a calcified stone made of feces . Inflamed lymphoid tissue from a viral infection , parasites , gallstone , or tumors may also cause the blockage . This blockage leads to increased pressures in the appendix , decreased blood flow to the tissues of the appendix , and bacterial growth inside the appendix causing inflammation . The combination of inflammation , reduced blood flow to the appendix and distention of the appendix causes tissue injury and tissue death . If this process is left untreated , the appendix may burst , releasing bacteria into the abdominal cavity , leading to increased complications . The diagnosis of appendicitis is largely based on the person 's signs and symptoms . In cases where the diagnosis is unclear , close observation , medical imaging , and laboratory tests can be helpful ." } ] }, { "value": "Ochsner-Sherren treatment at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "P", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pasteur 's treatment", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joseph_Meister", "summary": "Joseph Meister ( 21 February 1876 - 24 June 1940 ) was the first person to be inoculated against rabies by Louis Pasteur , and the first person to be successfully treated for the infection . In 1885 , nine-year-old Meister was badly bitten by a rabid dog . After consulting with Alfred Vulpian and Jacques-Joseph Grancher and obtaining their assistance , Louis Pasteur agreed to inoculate the boy with spinal tissue from rabid rabbits , which he had successfully used to prevent rabies in dogs . The treatment was successful and the boy did not develop rabies . As an adult , Meister served as a caretaker at the Pasteur Institute until his death in 1940 at age 64 . On 24 June 1940 , ten days after the German army occupied Paris during World War II , Meister committed suicide with his gas gun . Although often repeated , the version of his suicide stating he chose to commit suicide rather than allow the Wehrmacht to enter the Pasteurs ' crypt is not sustainable . Instead , a contemporary journal article as well as the testimony of Meister 's granddaughter indicate that he was overwhelmed by the guilt of having sent his family away , thinking it had resulted in their deaths . In a tragic irony , they actually came back the same day he took his life ." } ] }, { "value": "Louis Pasteur", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Louis_Pasteur", "summary": "Louis Pasteur ( /ˈluːi pæˈstɜːr/ , French : [ lwi pastœʁ ] ; December 27 , 1822 - September 28 , 1895 ) was a French biologist , microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination , microbial fermentation and pasteurization . He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of diseases , and his discoveries have saved many lives ever since . He reduced mortality from puerperal fever , and created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax . His medical discoveries provided direct support for the germ theory of disease and its application in clinical medicine . He is best known to the general public for his invention of the technique of treating milk and wine to stop bacterial contamination , a process now called pasteurization . He is regarded as one of the three main founders of bacteriology , together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch , and is popularly known as the father of microbiology . Pasteur was responsible for disproving the doctrine of spontaneous generation . He performed experiments that showed that without contamination , microorganisms could not develop . Under the auspices of the French Academy of Sciences , he demonstrated that in sterilized and sealed flasks nothing ever developed , and in sterilized but open flasks microorganisms could grow . Although Pasteur was not the first to propose the germ theory , his experiments indicated its correctness and convinced most of Europe that it was true . Today , he is often regarded as one of the fathers of germ theory . Pasteur made significant discoveries in chemistry , most notably on the molecular basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals and racemization ." } ] }, { "value": "Virology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Virology", "summary": "Virology is the study of viral - submicroscopic , parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat - and virus-like agents . It focuses on the following aspects of viruses : their structure , classification and evolution , their ways to infect and exploit host cells for reproduction , their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity , the diseases they cause , the techniques to isolate and culture them , and their use in research and therapy . Virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology or of medicine ." } ] }, { "value": "Daily inoculations of suspensions of partially inactivated rabies , used to treat or prevent rabies ( no longer used )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Inoculation", "summary": "The terms inoculation , vaccination , and immunization are often used synonymously to refer to artificial induction of immunity against various infectious diseases . However , there are some important historical and current differences . In English medicine , inoculation referred only to the practice of variolation until the very early 1800s . When Edward Jenner introduced smallpox vaccine in 1798 , this was initially called cowpox inoculation or vaccine inoculation . Soon , to avoid confusion , smallpox inoculation continued to be referred to as variolation ( from Variola = smallpox ) and cowpox inoculation was referred to as vaccination ( from Jenner 's use of variolae vaccinae = smallpox of the cow ) . Then , in 1891 , Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms vaccine and vaccination should be extended to include the new protective procedures being developed . Immunization refers to the use of all vaccines but also extends to the use of antitoxin , which contains preformed antibody such as to diphtheria or tetanus exotoxins . Inoculation is now more or less synonymous in nontechnical usage with injection and the like , and questions along the lines of Have you had your flu injection/vaccination/inoculation/immunization ? should not cause confusion . The focus is on what is being given and why , not the literal meaning of the technique used . [ citation needed ] Inoculation also has a specific meaning for procedures done in vitro . These include the transfer of microorganisms into and from laboratory apparatus such as test tubes and petri dishes in research and diagnostic laboratories , and also in commercial applications such as brewing , baking , oenology ( wine making ) , and the production of antibiotics ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rabies", "summary": "Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals . Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure . These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms : violent movements , uncontrolled excitement , fear of water , an inability to move parts of the body , confusion , and loss of consciousness . Once symptoms appear , the result is nearly always death . The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months , but can vary from less than one week to more than one year . The time depends on the distance the virus must travel along peripheral nerves to reach the central nervous system . Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses , including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus . It is spread when an infected animal bites or scratches a human or other animal . Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes , mouth , or nose . Globally , dogs are the most common animal involved . In countries where dogs commonly have the disease , more than 99% of rabies cases are the direct result of dog bites . In the Americas , bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans , and less than 5% of cases are from dogs ." } ] }, { "value": "Pasteur 's treatment at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "P", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Plummer treatment", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Henry Stanley Plummer", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Henry_Stanley_Plummer", "summary": "Henry Stanley Plummer , M.D . ( ( 1874-03-03 ) March 3 , 1874 - ( 1936-12-31 ) December 31 , 1936 ) was a prominent internist and endocrinologist who , along with William Mayo , Charles Mayo , Stinchfield , E. Starr Judd , Christopher Graham , and Donald Balfour founded Mayo Clinic . Plummer is also immortalized as the driving force behind the Plummer Building , which still stands as a part of the Clinic he helped establish ." } ] }, { "value": "Endocrinology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Endocrinology", "summary": "Endocrinology ( from endocrine + -ology ) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system , its diseases , and its specific secretions known as hormones . It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation , growth , and differentiation , and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism , growth and development , tissue function , sleep , digestion , respiration , excretion , mood , stress , lactation , movement , reproduction , and sensory perception caused by hormones . Specializations include behavioral endocrinology and comparative endocrinology . The endocrine system consists of several glands , all in different parts of the body , that secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than into a duct system . Therefore , endocrine glands are regarded as ductless glands . Hormones have many different functions and modes of action ; one hormone may have several effects on different target organs , and , conversely , one target organ may be affected by more than one hormone ." } ] }, { "value": "Use of iodine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Iodine", "summary": "Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53 . The heaviest of the stable halogens , it exists as a lustrous , purple-black non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 degrees Celsius , and boils to a violet gas at 184 degrees Celsius . The element was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 . It was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac , after the Greek ἰώδης violet-coloured . Iodine occurs in many oxidation states , including iodide ( I− ) , iodate ( IO−3 ) , and the various periodate anions . It is the least abundant of the stable halogens , being the sixty-first most abundant element . It is the heaviest essential mineral nutrient . Iodine is essential in the synthesis of thyroid hormones . Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities . The dominant producers of iodine today are Chile and Japan . Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition . Due to its high atomic number and ease of attachment to organic compounds , it has also found favour as a non-toxic radiocontrast material ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Hyperthyroidism", "summary": "Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland . Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism . Some , however , use the terms interchangeably . Signs and symptoms vary between people and may include irritability , muscle weakness , sleeping problems , a fast heartbeat , heat intolerance , diarrhea , enlargement of the thyroid , hand tremor , and weight loss . Symptoms are typically less severe in the elderly and during pregnancy . An uncommon complication is thyroid storm in which an event such as an infection results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a high temperature and often results in death . The opposite is hypothyroidism , when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone . Graves ' disease is the cause of about 50% to 80% of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States . Other causes include multinodular goiter , toxic adenoma , inflammation of the thyroid , eating too much iodine , and too much synthetic thyroid hormone . A less common cause is a pituitary adenoma . The diagnosis may be suspected based on signs and symptoms and then confirmed with blood tests . Typically blood tests show a low thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and raised T3 or T4 ." } ] }, { "value": "Plummer treatment at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Semont manoeuvre", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A Semont", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Otolaryngology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Otolaryngology", "summary": "Otorhinolaryngology /oʊtoʊˌraɪnoʊˌlærənˈɡɒlədʒi/ ( also called otolaryngology or otolaryngology-head and neck surgery ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions in the head and neck . Doctors who specialize in this area are called otolaryngologists , head and neck surgeons , or ENT surgeons . Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear , nose , throat , base of the skull , head , and neck which encompasses the surgical management and reconstruction of cancers and benign tumors of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face and neck ( facial plastic surgery ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Manoeuvre used to treat benign paroxysmal positional vertigo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Benign_paroxysmal_positional_vertigo", "summary": "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ( BPPV ) is a disorder arising from a problem in the inner ear . Symptoms are repeated , brief periods of vertigo with movement , that is , of a spinning sensation upon changes in the position of the head . This can occur with turning in bed or changing position . Each episode of vertigo typically lasts less than one minute . Nausea is commonly associated . BPPV is one of the most common causes of vertigo . BPPV can result from a head injury or simply occur among those who are older . A specific cause is often not found . The underlying mechanism involves a small calcified otolith moving around loose in the inner ear . It is a type of balance disorder along with labyrinthitis and Ménière 's disease . Diagnosis is typically made when the Dix-Hallpike test results in nystagmus ( a specific movement pattern of the eyes ) and other possible causes have been ruled out . In typical cases , medical imaging is not needed ." } ] }, { "value": "Semont A , Freyss G , Vitte E ( 1988 ) . Curing the BPPV with a liberatory maneuver . Adv . Otorhinolaryngol . 42 : 290-3 . PMID 3213745", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/PubMed_Identifier", "summary": "PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics . The United States National Library of Medicine ( NLM ) at the National Institutes of Health maintain the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval . From 1971 to 1997 , online access to the MEDLINE database had been primarily through institutional facilities , such as university libraries . PubMed , first released in January 1996 , ushered in the era of private , free , home- and office-based MEDLINE searching . The PubMed system was offered free to the public starting in June 1997 ." } ] }, { "value": "S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Sippy diet", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bertram Sippy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gastroenterology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gastroenterology", "summary": "Gastroenterology is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders . Diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract , which include the organs from mouth into anus , along the alimentary canal , are the focus of this speciality . Physicians practicing in this field are called gastroenterologists . They have usually completed about eight years of pre-medical and medical education , a year-long internship ( if this is not a part of the residency ) , three years of an internal medicine residency , and two to three years in the gastroenterology fellowship . Gastroenterologists perform a number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including colonoscopy , endoscopy , endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) , endoscopic ultrasound and liver biopsy . Some gastroenterology trainees will complete a fourth-year ( although this is often their seventh year of graduate medical education ) in transplant hepatology , advanced endoscopy , inflammatory bowel disease , motility or other topics . Hepatology , or hepatobiliary medicine , encompasses the study of the liver , pancreas , and biliary tree , while proctology encompasses the fields of anus and rectum diseases . They are traditionally considered sub-specialties of gastroenterology ." } ] }, { "value": "Diet of milk and antacid powders to treat gastric ulcer ( no longer used )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Milk", "summary": "Milk is a nutrient-rich , white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals . It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals ( including humans who are breastfed ) before they are able to digest other types of food . Early-lactation milk contains colostrum , which carries the mother 's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases . It contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose . Interspecies consumption of milk is not uncommon , particularly among humans , many of whom consume the milk of other mammals . As an agricultural product , milk , also called dairy milk , is extracted from farm animals during or soon after pregnancy . Dairy farms produced about 730 million tonnes of milk in 2011 , from 260 million dairy cows . India is the world 's largest producer of milk , and is the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder , yet it exports few other milk products . The ever-increasing rise in domestic demand for dairy products and a large demand-supply gap could lead to India being a net importer of dairy products in the future . New Zealand , Germany and the Netherlands are the largest exporters of milk products . China and Russia were the world 's largest importers of milk and milk products until 2016 when both countries became self-sufficient , contributing to a worldwide glut of milk . Throughout the world , more than six billion people consume milk and milk products ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Antacid", "summary": "An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn , indigestion or an upset stomach ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Peptic_ulcer", "summary": "Peptic ulcer disease ( PUD ) is a break in the inner lining of the stomach , the first part of the small intestine , or sometimes the lower esophagus . An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer , while one in the first part of the intestines is a duodenal ulcer . The most common symptoms of a duodenal ulcer are waking at night with upper abdominal pain and upper abdominal pain that improves with eating . With a gastric ulcer , the pain may worsen with eating . The pain is often described as a burning or dull ache . Other symptoms include belching , vomiting , weight loss , or poor appetite . About a third of older people have no symptoms . Complications may include bleeding , perforation , and blockage of the stomach . Bleeding occurs in as many as 15% of cases . Common causes include the bacteria Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) . Other , less common causes include tobacco smoking , stress due to serious illness , Behcet disease , Zollinger-Ellison syndrome , Crohn disease , and liver cirrhosis . Older people are more sensitive to the ulcer-causing effects of NSAIDs ." } ] }, { "value": "Sippy diet at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "S", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Stroganoff ' method", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Vasilii Vasilovich Stroganoff", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Vasilii_Vasilovich_Stroganoff", "summary": "Vasily Vasilyevich Stroganov , also known as Stroganoff , ( Russian : Василий Васильевич Строганов , 10 January [ O.S . 29 December ] 1858 , Vyazma , - 24 September 1938 ) was a Russian physician specializing in obstetrics and gynaecology . His works mostly dealt with treatment of eclampsia . The Stroganoff method is named after him ." } ] }, { "value": "Obstetrics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Obstetrics", "summary": "Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy , childbirth , and the postpartum period . As a medical specialty , obstetrics is combined with gynaecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology ( OB/GYN ) , which is a surgical field ." } ] }, { "value": "Treatment of eclampsia with morphine , chloral hydrate , quiet and rapid delivery ( obsolete term )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Eclampsia", "summary": "Eclampsia is the onset of seizures ( convulsions ) in a woman with pre-eclampsia . Pre-eclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy in which there is high blood pressure and either large amounts of protein in the urine or other organ dysfunction . Onset may be before , during , or after delivery . Most often it is during the second half of pregnancy . The seizures are of the tonic-clonic type and typically last about a minute . Following the seizure there is typically either a period of confusion or coma . Complications include aspiration pneumonia , cerebral hemorrhage , kidney failure , and cardiac arrest . Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are part of a larger group of conditions known as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy . Recommendations for prevention include aspirin in those at high risk , calcium supplementation in areas with low intake , and treatment of prior hypertension with medications . Exercise during pregnancy may also be useful . The use of intravenous or intramuscular magnesium sulfate improves outcomes in those with eclampsia and is generally safe . This is true in both the developed and developing world ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Morphine", "summary": "Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate family which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals , including humans . It acts directly on the central nervous system ( CNS ) to decrease the feeling of pain . It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain . It is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction and during labor . It can be given by mouth , by injection into a muscle , by injection under the skin , intravenously , injection into the space around the spinal cord , or rectally . Maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when given intravenously and after 60 minutes when given by mouth , while duration of effect is 3-7 hours . Long-acting formulations also exist . Potentially serious side effects include decreased respiratory effort and low blood pressure . Morphine is addictive and prone to abuse . If the dose is reduced after long-term use , opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur . Common side effects include drowsiness , vomiting , and constipation . Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast feeding , as morphine may affect the baby ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Chloral_hydrate", "summary": "Chloral hydrate is a geminal diol with the formula C2H3Cl3O2 . It is a colorless solid . It has limited use as a sedative and hypnotic pharmaceutical drug . It is also a useful laboratory chemical reagent and precursor . It is derived from chloral ( trichloroacetaldehyde ) by the addition of one equivalent of water . It was discovered in 1832 by Justus von Liebig in Gießen when a chlorination ( halogenation ) reaction was performed on ethanol . Its sedative properties were observed by Rudolf Buchheim in 1861 , but only described in detail and published by Oscar Liebreich in 1869 ; subsequently , because of its easy synthesis , its use became widespread . It was widely used for sedation in asylums and in general medical practice , and also became a popular drug of abuse in the late 19th century . One notable recreational user , for instance , was the poet and illustrator Dante Gabriel Rossetti . Chloral hydrate is soluble in both water and ethanol , readily forming concentrated solutions . A solution of chloral hydrate in ethanol called knockout drops was used to prepare a Mickey Finn . More reputable uses of chloral hydrate include as a clearing agent for chitin and fibers and as a key ingredient in Hoyer 's mounting medium , which is used to prepare permanent or semipermanent microscope slides of small organisms , histological sections , and chromosome squashes ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Silence", "summary": "Silence is the absence of ambient audible sound , the emission of sounds of such low intensity that they do not draw attention to themselves , or the state of having ceased to produce sounds ; this latter sense can be extended to apply to the cessation or absence of any form of communication , whether through speech or other medium . Sometimes speakers fall silent when they hesitate in searching for a word , or interrupt themselves before correcting themselves . Discourse analysis shows that people use brief silences to mark the boundaries of prosodic units , in turn-taking , or as reactive tokens , e.g. , as a sign of displeasure , disagreement , embarrassment , desire to think , confusion , and the like . Relatively prolonged intervals of silence can be used in rituals ; in some religious disciplines , people maintain silence for protracted periods , or even for the rest of their lives , as an ascetic means of spiritual transformation ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Childbirth", "summary": "Childbirth , also known as labour and delivery , is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section . In 2015 , there were about 135 million births globally . About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation , while between 3 and 12 percent were born after 42 weeks . In the developed world most deliveries occur in hospitals , while in the developing world most births take place at home with the support of a traditional birth attendant . The most common way of childbirth is a vaginal delivery . It involves three stages of labour : the shortening and opening of the cervix , descent and birth of the baby , and the delivery of the placenta . The first stage typically lasts 12 to 19 hours , the second stage 20 minutes to two hours , and the third stage five to 30 minutes . The first stage begins with crampy abdominal or back pain that last around half a minute and occur every 10 to 30 minutes . The pain becomes stronger and closer together over time . During the second stage , pushing with contractions may occur . In the third stage , delayed clamping of the umbilical cord is generally recommended . A number of methods can help with pain , such as relaxation techniques , opioids , and spinal blocks ." } ] }, { "value": "Stroganoff 's method at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "W", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Wagner-Jauregg treatment", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Julius Wagner Jauregg", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Infectious diseases", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Infectious_disease", "summary": "Infection is the invasion of an organism 's body tissues by disease-causing agents , their multiplication , and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce . Infectious disease , also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease , is illness resulting from an infection . Infections are caused by infectious agents ( pathogens ) including :" } ] }, { "value": "Treatment of general paresis of the insane by infecting the patient with malaria", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/General_paresis_of_the_insane", "summary": "General paresis , also known as general paralysis of the insane ( GPI ) or paralytic dementia , is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder , classified as an organic mental disorder and caused by the chronic meningoencephalitis that leads to cerebral atrophy in late-stage syphilis . Degenerative changes are associated primarily with the frontal and temporal lobar cortex . The disease affects approximately 7% of infected individuals . It is more common among men . GPI was originally considered to be a type of madness due to a dissolute character , when first identified in the early 19th century . The condition 's connection with syphilis was discovered in the late 1880s . Subsequently , the discovery of penicillin and its use in the treatment of syphilis rendered paresis curable and avoidable . Prior to these events , paresis was inevitably fatal unless another terminating illness intervened , and it accounted for as much as 25% of the primary diagnoses for residents in public psychiatric hospitals ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Malaria", "summary": "Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals . Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever , tiredness , vomiting , and headaches . In severe cases it can cause yellow skin , seizures , coma , or death . Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito . If not properly treated , people may have recurrences of the disease months later . In those who have recently survived an infection , reinfection usually causes milder symptoms . This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria . It is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group . The disease is most commonly spread by an infected female Anopheles mosquito . The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito 's saliva into a person 's blood . The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce . Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans ." } ] }, { "value": "Wagner-Jauregg therapy at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "W", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Williams Flexion Exercises", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Williams_Flexion_Exercises", "summary": "Williams flexion exercises ( WFE ) - also called Williams lumbar flexion exercises - are a set or system of related physical exercises intended to enhance lumbar flexion , avoid lumbar extension , and strengthen the abdominal and gluteal musculature in an effort to manage low back pain non-surgically . The system was first devised in 1937 by Dr. Paul C. Williams ( 1900-1978 ) , then a Dallas orthopedic surgeon . WFEs have been a cornerstone in the management of lower back pain for many years for treating a wide variety of back problems , regardless of diagnosis or chief complaint . In many cases they are used when the disorders cause or characteristics were not fully understood by the physician , Athletic trainer or physical therapist . Also , physical therapists and athletic trainers often teach these exercises with their own modifications ." } ] }, { "value": "Paul C. Williams", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Orthopedics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Orthopedics", "summary": "Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics , also spelled orthopaedics , is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system . Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma , spine diseases , sports injuries , degenerative diseases , infections , tumors , and congenital disorders ." } ] }, { "value": "Treatment of low back pain by enhancing lumbar flexion", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Low_back_pain", "summary": "Low back pain ( LBP ) is a common disorder involving the muscles , nerves , and bones of the back . Pain can vary from a dull constant ache to a sudden sharp feeling . Low back pain may be classified by duration as acute ( pain lasting less than 6 weeks ) , sub-chronic ( 6 to 12 weeks ) , or chronic ( more than 12 weeks ) . The condition may be further classified by the underlying cause as either mechanical , non-mechanical , or referred pain . The symptoms of low back pain usually improve within a few weeks from the time they start , with 40-90% of people completely better by six weeks . In most episodes of low back pain , a specific underlying cause is not identified or even looked for , with the pain believed to be due to mechanical problems such as muscle or joint strain . If the pain does not go away with conservative treatment or if it is accompanied by red flags such as unexplained weight loss , fever , or significant problems with feeling or movement , further testing may be needed to look for a serious underlying problem . In most cases , imaging tools such as X-ray computed tomography are not useful and carry their own risks . Despite this , the use of imaging in low back pain has increased . Some low back pain is caused by damaged intervertebral discs , and the straight leg raise test is useful to identify this cause . In those with chronic pain , the pain processing system may malfunction , causing large amounts of pain in response to non-serious events . Initial management with non-medication based treatments is recommended ." } ] }, { "value": "Williams P.C . ( 1937 ) , Lesions of the Lumbosacral Spine : 2 . Chronic Traumatic ( postural ) Destruction of the Lumbosacral Intervertebral Disc , J Bone Joint Surgery ; 29:690-703", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Y", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yeo 's treatment", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Isaac Burney Yeo", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bariatrics", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bariatrics", "summary": "Bariatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the causes , prevention , and treatment of obesity ." } ] }, { "value": "Treatment of obesity using hot drinks and carbohydrate avoidance", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Obesity", "summary": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that it may have a negative effect on health . People are generally considered obese when their body mass index ( BMI ) , a measurement obtained by dividing a person 's weight by the square of the person 's height , is over 30 kg/m2 ; the range 25-30 kg/m2 is defined as overweight . Some East Asian countries use lower values . Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases and conditions , particularly cardiovascular diseases , type 2 diabetes , obstructive sleep apnea , certain types of cancer , osteoarthritis , and depression . Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake , lack of physical activity , and genetic susceptibility . A few cases are caused primarily by genes , endocrine disorders , medications , or mental disorder . The view that obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is not medically supported . On average , obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their normal counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass . Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices . Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments . Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods , such as those high in fat or sugars , and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber . Medications can be used , along with a suitable diet , to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Carbohydrate", "summary": "A carbohydrate ( /kɑːrboʊˈhaɪdreɪt/ ) is a biomolecule consisting of carbon ( C ) , hydrogen ( H ) and oxygen ( O ) atoms , usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 ( as in water ) and thus with the empirical formula Cm ( H2O ) n ( where m may be different from n ) . This formula holds true for monosaccharides . Some exceptions exist ; for example , deoxyribose , a sugar component of DNA , has the empirical formula C5H10O4 . The carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon ; structurally it is more accurate to view them as aldoses and ketoses . The term is most common in biochemistry , where it is a synonym of saccharide , a group that includes sugars , starch , and cellulose . The saccharides are divided into four chemical groups : monosaccharides , disaccharides , oligosaccharides , and polysaccharides . Monosaccharides and disaccharides , the smallest ( lower molecular weight ) carbohydrates , are commonly referred to as sugars . The word saccharide comes from the Greek word σάκχαρον ( sákkharon ) , meaning sugar . While the scientific nomenclature of carbohydrates is complex , the names of the monosaccharides and disaccharides very often end in the suffix -ose , as in the monosaccharides fructose ( fruit sugar ) and glucose ( starch sugar ) and the disaccharides sucrose ( cane or beet sugar ) and lactose ( milk sugar ) . Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in living organisms . Polysaccharides serve for the storage of energy ( e.g . starch and glycogen ) and as structural components ( e.g ." } ] }, { "value": "Yeo 's treatment at Who Named It ?", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Who_Named_It?", "summary": "Whonamedit ? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification . Though it is a dictionary , many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies . The dictionary is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen ." } ] }, { "value": "Y", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Yuzpe regimen", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Yuzpe_regimen", "summary": "The Yuzpe regimen is a method of emergency contraception that uses a combination of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel . It is less effective and less commonly used than a larger dose of levonorgestrel alone , a dose of ulipristal acetate , or insertion of a copper intrauterine device . It is designed to be used within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse because it works by inhibiting ovulation . Typically , the Yuzpe regimen uses several doses of combined oral contraceptive pills . It may be preferred in locations where other forms of emergency contraception are unavailable or accessing emergency contraception carries a societal stigma . In these places , people often self-administer combined oral contraceptives as emergency contraception . Subsequently , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) undertook an investigation into the use of progestogen-only tablets as an Emergency Hormonal Contraceptive ( i.e . without any estrogen component ) . This showed greater efficacy with reduced side effects and has therefore superseded the Yuzpe method . A single dose of 10 mg mifepristone is also more effective than the Yuzpe regime ." } ] }, { "value": "A. Albert Yuzpe", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/A._Albert_Yuzpe", "summary": "Abraham Albert Al Yuzpe ( born 1938 ) is a Canadian obstetrician-gynecologist known for his work on human fertility and emergency contraception . The Yuzpe regimen , named after him , is a method of reducing potential unwanted pregnancies , including pregnancy from rape . He published the first studies demonstrating the method 's safety and efficacy in 1974 ." } ] }, { "value": "Gynecology", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gynecology", "summary": "Gynaecology or gynecology ( see spelling differences ) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive system ( vagina , uterus , and ovaries ) . Outside medicine , the term means the science of women . Its counterpart is andrology , which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system . Almost all modern gynaecologists are also obstetricians ( see obstetrics and gynaecology ) . In many areas , the specialities of gynaecology and obstetrics overlap ." } ] }, { "value": "Two sequential high female hormone doses as emergency contraception", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Emergency_contraception", "summary": "Emergency contraception ( EC ) are birth control measures that may be used after sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy . Emergency contraception has not been shown to affect the rates of abortion within a country . There are different forms of EC . Emergency contraceptive pills ( ECPs ) - sometimes simply referred to as emergency contraceptives ( ECs ) or the morning-after pill - are medications intended to disrupt or delay ovulation or fertilization , which are necessary for pregnancy . ECPs and abortion pills are not the same . ECPs work by preventing or delaying ovulation and therefore preventing pregnancy , not by abortion . Intrauterine devices ( IUDs ) - usually used as a primary contraceptive method - are sometimes used as the most effective form of emergency contraception . However , use of IUDs for emergency contraception is relatively rare ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "", "section_text": "Eponymous medical treatments are generally named after the physician or surgeon who described the treatment .", "uid": "List_of_eponymous_medical_treatments_0", "intro": "Eponymous medical treatments are generally named after the physician or surgeon who described the treatment." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan", "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan", "header": [ "", "Name on the Register", "Date listed", "Location", "City or town", "Description" ], "data": [ { "value": "1", "urls": [] }, { "value": "S.S. Badger ( carferry )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/SS_Badger", "summary": "SS Badger is a passenger and vehicle ferry in the United States that has been in service on Lake Michigan since 1953 . Currently , the ship shuttles between Ludington , Michigan , and Manitowoc , Wisconsin , a distance of 62 miles ( 100 km ) , connecting U.S. Highway 10 ( US 10 ) between those two cities . It is the last coal-fired passenger vessel operating on the Great Lakes , and was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 20 , 2016 . The ship is named after the University of Wisconsin 's athletic teams , the Wisconsin Badgers . Badger runs on Michigan time ( Eastern Time Zone , whereas Wisconsin is in the Central Time Zone ) and riders pay Michigan taxes on their fares . It runs on a seasonal basis from May to October ." } ] }, { "value": "December 11 , 2009 ( # 09000679 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "700 S. William Street 43°56′57″N 86°27′05″W / 43.949211°N 86.451342°W / 43.949211 ; -86.451342 ( S.S. Badger ( carferry ) )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ludington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan", "summary": "Ludington /ˈlʌdɪŋtən/ is a city in the state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 8,076 . It is the county seat of Mason County . Ludington is a harbor town located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River . Many people come to Ludington year round for recreation , including boating and swimming on Lake Michigan , Hamlin Lake , and other smaller inland lakes , as well as hunting , fishing , and camping . Nearby are Ludington State Park ( which includes the Big Sable Point Light ) , Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness , and Manistee National Forest . Ludington is also the home port of the SS Badger , a vehicle and passenger ferry with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc , Wisconsin . Watching the Badger come into port in the evening from the end of the north breakwall by the Ludington lighthouse is a favorite local pastime . Ludington has multiple golf and disc golf courses , attracting numerous players . In summer , the city hosts quite a few large events . Examples are one of the largest Gus Macker basketball tournaments ( with 35,500 spectators ) , the Ludington Area Jaycees Freedom Festival ( July 4 ) , the Lakestride Half Marathon in June , and the West Shore Art League 's Art Fair . As a result of its many attractions ( based on AAA 's 2005 TripTik requests ) , Ludington is the fifth-most-popular tourist city in Michigan , behind Mackinaw City , Traverse City , Muskegon , and Sault Ste ." } ] }, { "value": "The SS Badger is a coal -fired ferry carrying both passengers and vehicles . The ship has operated in Lake Michigan since 1953 , and is the only remaining coal-fired passenger vessel operating on the Great Lakes . The Badger was originally built as a rail car ferry , but in 1991-92 was refit to exclusively carry passengers and automobiles . She was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2016", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Coal", "summary": "Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock , formed as rock strata called coal seams . Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements ; chiefly hydrogen , sulfur , oxygen , and nitrogen . Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years . Vast deposits of coal originate in former wetlands - called coal forests - that covered much of the Earth 's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous ( Pennsylvanian ) and Permian times . As a fossil fuel burned for heat , coal supplies about a quarter of the world 's primary energy and two-fifths of its electricity . Some iron and steel making and other industrial processes burn coal . The extraction and use of coal causes many premature deaths and much illness . The coal industry damages the environment , including by climate change as it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide , 14 gigatonne ( Gt ) in 2016 , which is 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions and almost 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions . As part of the worldwide energy transition many countries have stopped using or use less coal , and the UN Secretary General has asked governments to stop building new coal plants by 2020 . To meet the Paris Agreement target of keeping global warming to well below 2 °C ( 3.6 °F ) coal use needs to halve from 2020 to 2030 . The largest consumer and importer of coal is China . China mines almost half the world 's coal , followed by India with about a tenth ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Ferry", "summary": "A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers , and sometimes vehicles and cargo , across a body of water . A passenger ferry with many stops , such as in Venice , Italy , is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi . Ferries form a part of the public transport systems of many waterside cities and islands , allowing direct transit between points at a capital cost much lower than bridges or tunnels . Ship connections of much larger distances ( such as over long distances in water bodies like the Mediterranean Sea ) may also be called ferry services , especially if they carry vehicles ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Lake_Michigan", "summary": "Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America . It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume ( 1,180 cu mi ( 4,900 km3 ) ) and the third-largest by surface area ( 22,404 sq mi ( 58,030 km2 ) ) , after Lake Superior and Lake Huron ( and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia ) . To the east , its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the narrow Straits of Mackinac , giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart ; the two are technically a single lake . Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes located entirely within the territory of the United States . It is shared , from west to east , by the U.S. states of Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , and Michigan . Ports along its shores include Chicago ; Milwaukee ; Green Bay , Wisconsin ; Gary , Indiana ; and Muskegon , Michigan . The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself , and is believed to come from the Ojibwe word michi-gami meaning great water ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Great_Lakes", "summary": "The Great Lakes ( French : les Grands Lacs ) , also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America , are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America , on the Canada-United States border , which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River . They comprise Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron , Erie , and Ontario . Hydrologically , there are only four lakes , because Lakes Michigan and Huron join at the Straits of Mackinac . The lakes form the Great Lakes Waterway . The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area , and second-largest by total volume , containing 21% of the world 's surface fresh water by volume . The total surface is 94,250 square miles ( 244,106 km2 ) , and the total volume ( measured at the low water datum ) is 5,439 cubic miles ( 22,671 km3 ) , slightly less than the volume of Lake Baikal ( 5,666 cu mi or 23,615 km3 , 22-23% of the world 's surface fresh water ) . Due to their sea-like characteristics ( rolling waves , sustained winds , strong currents , great depths , and distant horizons ) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas . Lake Superior is the second-largest lake in the world by area , and the largest freshwater lake by area . Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country . The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the last glacial period around 14,000 years ago , as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land which then filled with meltwater . The lakes have been a major source for transportation , migration , trade , and fishing , serving as a habitat to many aquatic species in a region with much biodiversity . The surrounding region is called the Great Lakes region , which includes the Great Lakes Megalopolis ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Rail_car_ferry", "summary": "A train ferry is a ship ( ferry ) designed to carry railway vehicles . Typically , one level of the ship is fitted with railway tracks , and the vessel has a door at the front and/or rear to give access to the wharves . In the United States , train ferries are sometimes referred to as car ferries , as distinguished from auto ferries used to transport automobiles . The wharf ( sometimes called a slip ) has a ramp , and a linkspan or apron , balanced by weights , that connects the railway proper to the ship , allowing for the water level to rise and fall with the tides . While railway vehicles can be and are shipped on the decks or in the holds of ordinary ships , purpose-built train ferries can be quickly loaded and unloaded by roll-on/roll-off , especially as several vehicles can be loaded or unloaded at once . A train ferry that is a barge is called a car float or rail barge ." }, { "url": "/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark", "summary": "A National Historic Landmark ( NHL ) is a building , district , object , site , or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance . Only some 2,500 ( ~3% ) of over 90,000 places listed on the country 's National Register of Historic Places are recognized as National Historic Landmarks . A National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings , structures , sites or objects , and it may include non-contributing properties . Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed ." } ] }, { "value": "2", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Big Sable Point Light Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Big_Sable_Point_Light", "summary": "The Big Sable Point Light is a lighthouse on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan near Ludington in Mason County , Michigan , at the Ludington State Park . It is an active aid to navigation ." } ] }, { "value": "August 4 , 1983 ( # 83004296 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Big Sable Point 44°03′26″N 86°30′54″W / 44.057222°N 86.515°W / 44.057222 ; -86.515 ( Big Sable Point Light Station )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ludington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan", "summary": "Ludington /ˈlʌdɪŋtən/ is a city in the state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 8,076 . It is the county seat of Mason County . Ludington is a harbor town located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River . Many people come to Ludington year round for recreation , including boating and swimming on Lake Michigan , Hamlin Lake , and other smaller inland lakes , as well as hunting , fishing , and camping . Nearby are Ludington State Park ( which includes the Big Sable Point Light ) , Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness , and Manistee National Forest . Ludington is also the home port of the SS Badger , a vehicle and passenger ferry with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc , Wisconsin . Watching the Badger come into port in the evening from the end of the north breakwall by the Ludington lighthouse is a favorite local pastime . Ludington has multiple golf and disc golf courses , attracting numerous players . In summer , the city hosts quite a few large events . Examples are one of the largest Gus Macker basketball tournaments ( with 35,500 spectators ) , the Ludington Area Jaycees Freedom Festival ( July 4 ) , the Lakestride Half Marathon in June , and the West Shore Art League 's Art Fair . As a result of its many attractions ( based on AAA 's 2005 TripTik requests ) , Ludington is the fifth-most-popular tourist city in Michigan , behind Mackinaw City , Traverse City , Muskegon , and Sault Ste ." } ] }, { "value": "The Big Sable Point Light was built in 1867 ; at 112 feet it is one of the few Michigan lights over 100 feet in height . The tower is built of brick , but in 1900 a steel plate encasement was constructed around the tower to protect the bricks . The station was the last light on the Great Lakes to be electrified , in 1949 . The light was automated in 1968 , and still serves as an aid to navigation", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Great_Lakes", "summary": "The Great Lakes ( French : les Grands Lacs ) , also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America , are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America , on the Canada-United States border , which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River . They comprise Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron , Erie , and Ontario . Hydrologically , there are only four lakes , because Lakes Michigan and Huron join at the Straits of Mackinac . The lakes form the Great Lakes Waterway . The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area , and second-largest by total volume , containing 21% of the world 's surface fresh water by volume . The total surface is 94,250 square miles ( 244,106 km2 ) , and the total volume ( measured at the low water datum ) is 5,439 cubic miles ( 22,671 km3 ) , slightly less than the volume of Lake Baikal ( 5,666 cu mi or 23,615 km3 , 22-23% of the world 's surface fresh water ) . Due to their sea-like characteristics ( rolling waves , sustained winds , strong currents , great depths , and distant horizons ) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas . Lake Superior is the second-largest lake in the world by area , and the largest freshwater lake by area . Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country . The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the last glacial period around 14,000 years ago , as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land which then filled with meltwater . The lakes have been a major source for transportation , migration , trade , and fishing , serving as a habitat to many aquatic species in a region with much biodiversity . The surrounding region is called the Great Lakes region , which includes the Great Lakes Megalopolis ." } ] }, { "value": "3", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Warren A. and Catherine Cartier House", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Warren_A._and_Catherine_Cartier_House", "summary": "The Warren A. and Catherine Cartier House ( sometimes erroneously referred to as the William A. and Catherine Cartier House ) is a single family house located at 409 East Ludington Avenue in Ludington , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 . It is currently the Cartier Mansion Bed and Breakfast ." } ] }, { "value": "December 10 , 2014 ( # 14001007 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "409 E. Ludington Ave. 43°57′21″N 86°26′33″W / 43.955926°N 86.442523°W / 43.955926 ; -86.442523 ( Warren A. and Catherine Cartier House )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ludington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan", "summary": "Ludington /ˈlʌdɪŋtən/ is a city in the state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 8,076 . It is the county seat of Mason County . Ludington is a harbor town located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River . Many people come to Ludington year round for recreation , including boating and swimming on Lake Michigan , Hamlin Lake , and other smaller inland lakes , as well as hunting , fishing , and camping . Nearby are Ludington State Park ( which includes the Big Sable Point Light ) , Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness , and Manistee National Forest . Ludington is also the home port of the SS Badger , a vehicle and passenger ferry with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc , Wisconsin . Watching the Badger come into port in the evening from the end of the north breakwall by the Ludington lighthouse is a favorite local pastime . Ludington has multiple golf and disc golf courses , attracting numerous players . In summer , the city hosts quite a few large events . Examples are one of the largest Gus Macker basketball tournaments ( with 35,500 spectators ) , the Ludington Area Jaycees Freedom Festival ( July 4 ) , the Lakestride Half Marathon in June , and the West Shore Art League 's Art Fair . As a result of its many attractions ( based on AAA 's 2005 TripTik requests ) , Ludington is the fifth-most-popular tourist city in Michigan , behind Mackinaw City , Traverse City , Muskegon , and Sault Ste ." } ] }, { "value": "This house was built in 1905 for local businessman and politician Warren Antoine Cartier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Warren_Antoine_Cartier", "summary": "Warren Antoine Cartier ( January 12 , 1866 - November 7 , 1934 ) was a northern Michigan businessman famous for helping to develop the beginnings of Ludington , Michigan , in the nineteenth century ." } ] }, { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lake Michigan Beach House , Ludington State Park", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludington_State_Park_Beach_House", "summary": "The Lake Michigan Beach House at Ludington State Park is a public building located at 8800 West M-116 in Hamlin Township . It is the only Arts and Crafts beachhouse on Lake Michigan , and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 ." } ] }, { "value": "September 30 , 2013 ( # 13000798 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "8800 W. M-116 44°01′56″N 86°30′29″W / 44.032155°N 86.507948°W / 44.032155 ; -86.507948 ( Lake Michigan Beach House , Ludington State Park )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/M-116_(Michigan_highway)", "summary": "M-116 is a 7.018-mile-long ( 11.294 km ) state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that begins in Ludington at an intersection with US Highway 10 ( US 10 ) at James Street and Ludington Avenue . The road travels northward , much of it along the shore of Lake Michigan before reaching its terminus at the entrance to Ludington State Park . The roadway has been in the state highway system since the late 1920s . It has been realigned a few times , most recently in the late 1990s ." } ] }, { "value": "Hamlin Township", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Hamlin_Township,_Mason_County,_Michigan", "summary": "Hamlin Township is a civil township of Mason County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 3,192 at the 2000 census ." } ] }, { "value": "Architect Ralph B. Herrick designed this beach house for the Ludington State Park in 1933 ; the beach house was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1935", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludington_State_Park", "summary": "Ludington State Park is a state park located just north of Ludington , Michigan between the shores of Lake Michigan and Hamlin Lake . The park encompasses nearly 5,300 acres ( 2,100 ha ) and contains several ecosystems , including : forests , sand dunes , a dam , a Great Lake , and a river ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps", "summary": "The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed , unmarried men . Originally for young men ages 18-25 , it was eventually expanded to ages 17-28 . Robert Fechner was the first director of this agency , succeeded by James McEntee following Fechner 's death . The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal that provided manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal , state , and local governments . The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States . Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000 . Through the course of its nine years in operation , 3 million young men participated in the CCC , which provided them with shelter , clothing , and food , together with a wage of $ 30 ( equivalent to $ 590 in 2019 ) per month ( $ 25 of which had to be sent home to their families ) ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ludington North Breakwater Light", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludington_Light", "summary": "The Ludington Light is a 57-foot ( 17 m ) tall steel-plated lighthouse in Ludington , Michigan , which lies along the eastern shores of Lake Michigan , at the end of the breakwater on the Pere Marquette Harbor . Given its location on the northern breakwater where the Pere Marquette River meets Lake Michigan , it is sometimes known as the Ludington North Breakwater Light . Underlying the building itself is a prow-like structure , which is designed to break waves ." } ] }, { "value": "September 6 , 2005 ( # 05000982 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "North Breakwater offshore end , 0.5 miles west of Ludington Ave. at M-116 43°57′13″N 86°28′10″W / 43.953611°N 86.469444°W / 43.953611 ; -86.469444 ( Ludington North Breakwater Light )", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/M-116_(Michigan_highway)", "summary": "M-116 is a 7.018-mile-long ( 11.294 km ) state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that begins in Ludington at an intersection with US Highway 10 ( US 10 ) at James Street and Ludington Avenue . The road travels northward , much of it along the shore of Lake Michigan before reaching its terminus at the entrance to Ludington State Park . The roadway has been in the state highway system since the late 1920s . It has been realigned a few times , most recently in the late 1990s ." } ] }, { "value": "Ludington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan", "summary": "Ludington /ˈlʌdɪŋtən/ is a city in the state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 8,076 . It is the county seat of Mason County . Ludington is a harbor town located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River . Many people come to Ludington year round for recreation , including boating and swimming on Lake Michigan , Hamlin Lake , and other smaller inland lakes , as well as hunting , fishing , and camping . Nearby are Ludington State Park ( which includes the Big Sable Point Light ) , Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness , and Manistee National Forest . Ludington is also the home port of the SS Badger , a vehicle and passenger ferry with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc , Wisconsin . Watching the Badger come into port in the evening from the end of the north breakwall by the Ludington lighthouse is a favorite local pastime . Ludington has multiple golf and disc golf courses , attracting numerous players . In summer , the city hosts quite a few large events . Examples are one of the largest Gus Macker basketball tournaments ( with 35,500 spectators ) , the Ludington Area Jaycees Freedom Festival ( July 4 ) , the Lakestride Half Marathon in June , and the West Shore Art League 's Art Fair . As a result of its many attractions ( based on AAA 's 2005 TripTik requests ) , Ludington is the fifth-most-popular tourist city in Michigan , behind Mackinaw City , Traverse City , Muskegon , and Sault Ste ." } ] }, { "value": "The Ludington Light Station was established in 1871 , but the first light was not lit until 1924 . The light tower is structurally part of the reinforced concrete pier beneath it . The light was automated in 1972 , and is still used", "urls": [] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ludington United States Coast Guard Station", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludington_United_States_Coast_Guard_Station", "summary": "The Ludington United States Coast Guard Station is a Coast Guard facility located at 101 South Lakeshore Drive in Ludington , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 . The building is planned to be used as a maritime museum slated to open in early 2017" } ] }, { "value": "May 17 , 2010 ( # 10000264 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "101 S Lakeshore Dr. 43°57′12″N 86°27′34″W / 43.953333°N 86.459444°W / 43.953333 ; -86.459444 ( Ludington United States Coast Guard Station )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ludington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan", "summary": "Ludington /ˈlʌdɪŋtən/ is a city in the state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 8,076 . It is the county seat of Mason County . Ludington is a harbor town located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River . Many people come to Ludington year round for recreation , including boating and swimming on Lake Michigan , Hamlin Lake , and other smaller inland lakes , as well as hunting , fishing , and camping . Nearby are Ludington State Park ( which includes the Big Sable Point Light ) , Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness , and Manistee National Forest . Ludington is also the home port of the SS Badger , a vehicle and passenger ferry with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc , Wisconsin . Watching the Badger come into port in the evening from the end of the north breakwall by the Ludington lighthouse is a favorite local pastime . Ludington has multiple golf and disc golf courses , attracting numerous players . In summer , the city hosts quite a few large events . Examples are one of the largest Gus Macker basketball tournaments ( with 35,500 spectators ) , the Ludington Area Jaycees Freedom Festival ( July 4 ) , the Lakestride Half Marathon in June , and the West Shore Art League 's Art Fair . As a result of its many attractions ( based on AAA 's 2005 TripTik requests ) , Ludington is the fifth-most-popular tourist city in Michigan , behind Mackinaw City , Traverse City , Muskegon , and Sault Ste ." } ] }, { "value": "The first life-saving station at Ludington . was built in 1883 . In 1933 , the original station was moved to become a private residence , and the set of building currently at the site were constructed . In 2003 , ground was broken on a new station nearby , and the Coast Guard moved into this building the next year", "urls": [] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mason County Courthouse", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mason_County_Courthouse_(Michigan)", "summary": "The Mason County Courthouse is in Mason County , Michigan . It is in the town of Ludington in Michigan 's Lower Peninsula ." } ] }, { "value": "May 19 , 1988 ( # 88000602 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "300 E. Ludington Ave. 43°57′17″N 86°26′40″W / 43.954722°N 86.444444°W / 43.954722 ; -86.444444 ( Mason County Courthouse )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ludington", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan", "summary": "Ludington /ˈlʌdɪŋtən/ is a city in the state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 8,076 . It is the county seat of Mason County . Ludington is a harbor town located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River . Many people come to Ludington year round for recreation , including boating and swimming on Lake Michigan , Hamlin Lake , and other smaller inland lakes , as well as hunting , fishing , and camping . Nearby are Ludington State Park ( which includes the Big Sable Point Light ) , Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness , and Manistee National Forest . Ludington is also the home port of the SS Badger , a vehicle and passenger ferry with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc , Wisconsin . Watching the Badger come into port in the evening from the end of the north breakwall by the Ludington lighthouse is a favorite local pastime . Ludington has multiple golf and disc golf courses , attracting numerous players . In summer , the city hosts quite a few large events . Examples are one of the largest Gus Macker basketball tournaments ( with 35,500 spectators ) , the Ludington Area Jaycees Freedom Festival ( July 4 ) , the Lakestride Half Marathon in June , and the West Shore Art League 's Art Fair . As a result of its many attractions ( based on AAA 's 2005 TripTik requests ) , Ludington is the fifth-most-popular tourist city in Michigan , behind Mackinaw City , Traverse City , Muskegon , and Sault Ste ." } ] }, { "value": "The Mason County Courthouse was built in 1893-94 , and is the fourth structure to serve as a courthouse for Mason County . It is a Richardsonian Romanesque structure built of Jacobsville sandstone from Houghton County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque", "summary": "Richardsonian Romanesque is a style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after architect Henry Hobson Richardson ( 1838-1886 ) . The revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French , Spanish and Italian Romanesque characteristics . Richardson first used elements of the style in his Richardson Olmsted Complex in Buffalo , New York , designed in 1870 . Multiple architects followed in this style in the late 1800s ; Richardsonian Romanesque later influenced modern styles of architecture as well ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Jacobsville_sandstone", "summary": "Jacobsville Sandstone is a red sandstone formation , marked with light-colored streaks and spots , primarily found in northern Upper Michigan , portions of Ontario , and under much of Lake Superior . Desired for its durability and aesthetics , the sandstone was used as an architectural building stone both locally and around the United States . The stone was extracted by thirty-two quarries throughout the Upper Peninsula approximately between 1870 and 1915 . The sandstone has been variously called redstone , brownstone , Lake Superior Sandstone , and Eastern Sandstone . In 1907 , the Jacobsville Formation was given its current classification and the name Jacobsville , in honor of Jacobsville , Michigan , a town known for its production of the sandstone . There is disagreement regarding the age of the sandstone , though it dates to sometime between the Mesoproterozoic Era and the Middle Cambrian . The formation is of terrestrial origin and is entirely devoid of fossils ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Houghton_County,_Michigan", "summary": "Houghton County is a county in the Upper peninsula in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 36,628 . The county seat is Houghton . The county was named for geologist and Detroit Mayor Douglass Houghton . Houghton County is part of the Houghton Micropolitan Statistical Area , which also includes Keweenaw County , and was part of Copper Country during the mining boom of the latter half of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Not-A-Pe-Ka-Gon Site", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Not-A-Pe-Ka-Gon_Site", "summary": "The Not-A-Pe-Ka-Gon Site or Notipekago Site , also known as the Quick Site , is a multi-component archaeological site located near where South Custer Road crosses the Pere Marquette River in Mason County , Michigan . It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1993 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 ." } ] }, { "value": "July 27 , 1973 ( # 73002155 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Address Restricted", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mason County", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mason_County,_Michigan", "summary": "Mason County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 28,705 . The county seat is Ludington . Mason County comprises the Ludington , MI Micropolitan Statistical Area ." } ] }, { "value": "The oral tradition of the Odawa people holds that the Not-A-Pe-Ka-Gon Site , along the Pere Marquette River , was the site of an important 17th century battle between the Odawa and Mascouten peoples . Many men from both sides of the conflict died in the battle , and their skulls were placed on sticks along the riverbank ; the site became known as Notipekago or Notipekagon - literally , heads on sticks", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Odawa_people", "summary": "The Odawa ( also Ottawa or Odaawaa /oʊˈdɑːwə/ ) , said to mean traders , are an Indigenous American ethnic group who primarily inhabit land in the Eastern Woodlands region , commonly known as the northern United States and southern Canada . They have long had territory that crosses the current border between the two countries , and they are federally recognized as Native American tribes in the United States and have numerous recognized First Nations bands in Canada . They are one of the Anishinaabeg , related to but distinct from the Ojibwe and Potawatomi peoples . After migrating from the East Coast in ancient times , they settled on Manitoulin Island , near the northern shores of Lake Huron , and the Bruce Peninsula in the present-day province of Ontario , Canada . They considered this their original homeland . After the 17th century , they also settled along the Ottawa River , and in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin , as well as through the Midwest south of the Great Lakes in the latter country . In the 21st century , there are approximately 15,000 Odawa living in Ontario , and Michigan and Oklahoma ( former Indian Territory , United States ) . The Ottawa dialect is part of the Algonquian language family . This large family has numerous smaller tribal groups or bands , commonly called Tribe in the United States and First Nation in Canada . Their language is considered a divergent dialect of Ojibwe , characterized by frequent syncope ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Pere_Marquette_River", "summary": "The Pere Marquette River is a river in Michigan in the United States . The main stream of this river is 63.9 miles ( 102.8 km ) long , running from Lake County south of Baldwin into the Pere Marquette Lake , and from there into Lake Michigan . This river is named after the French Roman Catholic missionary Jacques Marquette , who explored the Great Lakes and Mississippi River areas during the mid-17th century . He died in the vicinity of the river in spring 1675 on his way from Chicago to the French fort at Mackinaw ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Mascouten", "summary": "The Mascouten ( also Mascoutin , Mathkoutench , Muscoden , or Musketoon ) were a tribe of Algonquian-speaking Native Americans located in the Midwest . They are believed to have dwelt on both sides of the Mississippi River , adjacent to the present-day Wisconsin-Illinois border , after being driven out of Michigan by the Odawa . The accounts of the Jesuit Relations frequently refer to the Mascouten as the Fire Nation or Nation of Fire . One Jesuit writes : The Fire Nation is erroneously so called , its correct name being Maskoutench , which means a treeless country , like that inhabited by these people ; but as , by changing a few letters , this Word is made to signify fire , therefore the people have come to be called the Fire Nation . Their name apparently comes either from a Fox word meaning Little Prairie People or from the Sauk term Mashkotêwi ( Prairie ) or Mashkotêwineniwa ( Plains Indians ) and shkotêwi ( fire ) which would fit the Jesuits statement . Historians do not know what they called themselves ( autonym ) .The Huron knew them also as Atsistaeronnon ( people of the fire ) . They are first mentioned in historic records by French missionaries , who described the people as inhabiting the southern area of present-day Michigan . The missionaries reported the Mascouten as being more populous than all the Neutral Nation , the Huron , and the Iroquois nations , put together . In 1712 , the Mascouten united with the Kickapoo and the Fox , after almost being exterminated by the French and the Potawatomi . Survivors migrated westward . The Mascouten are last referred to as a band in historic records in 1779 , when they were living on the Wabash River ( in present-day Indiana ) with peoples of the Piankashaw and the Kickapoo . The surviving Mascouten are noted in United States records of 1813 and 1825 as being part of the Kickapoo Prairie Band ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scottville School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scottville_School", "summary": "The Scottville School , also known as the Old School House , is a school located at 209 North Main Street in Scottville , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 ." } ] }, { "value": "May 30 , 2001 ( # 01000571 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "209 N. Main St. 43°57′25″N 86°16′48″W / 43.956944°N 86.28°W / 43.956944 ; -86.28 ( Scottville School )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Scottville", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Scottville,_Michigan", "summary": "Scottville is a city located in the north west of the U.S. state of Michigan in rural Mason County . The population was 1,214 at the 2010 census . Scottville was named for Hiram Scott in a coin toss . On July 23 , 2007 Governor Jennifer Granholm announced Scottville as the community chosen by the Michigan State Housing Development Authority ( MSHDA ) to take part in the Cool Cities Michigan Main Street program . Scottville will receive five years of intensive technical assistance through MSHDA , to help create opportunities for new development , economic growth and jobs . A similar award , the Blueprints for Downtowns award , were announced to be received by the communities of Caro , Clio and Ypsilanti ." } ] }, { "value": "The Scottville School was constructed in 1888 , and served as Scottville 's only school until the 1950s . Additions were made to the school in 1893 , 1903 , 1911 , and 1927 . It was used as the high school and middle school until 1976", "urls": [] } ], "section_title": "Mason County", "section_text": "", "uid": "National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan_17", "intro": "This is a list of properties on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Michigan." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_bears", "title": "List of fictional bears", "header": [ "Character", "Origin", "Author", "Notes" ], "data": [ { "value": "Aloysius", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Aloysius", "summary": "Aloysius ( /ˌæloʊˈɪʃəs/ AL-oh-ISH-əs ) is a given name . It is a Latinisation of the names Alois , Louis , Lewis , Luis , Luigi , Ludwig , and other cognate names ( traditionally in Medieval Latin as Ludovicus or Chlodovechus ) , ultimately from Frankish *Hlūdawīg , from Proto-Germanic *Hlūdawīgą ( famous battle ) . In the US , the name is rare , with babies receiving the name less than 0.001% since the 1940s and mainly among Roman Catholics , according to Social Security Administration data ." } ] }, { "value": "Brideshead Revisited", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited", "summary": "Brideshead Revisited , The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder is a novel by English writer Evelyn Waugh , first published in 1945 . It follows , from the 1920s to the early 1940s , the life and romances of the protagonist Charles Ryder , including his friendship with the Flytes , a family of wealthy English Catholics who live in a palatial mansion called Brideshead Castle . Ryder has relationships with two of the Flytes : Sebastian and Julia . The novel explores themes including nostalgia for the age of English aristocracy , Catholicism , and the nearly overt homosexuality of Sebastian Flyte 's coterie at Oxford University . A faithful and well-received television adaptation of the novel was produced in an 11-part miniseries by Granada Television in 1981 ." } ] }, { "value": "Evelyn Waugh", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh", "summary": "Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh ( /ˈiːvlɪn ˈsɪndʒən ˈwɔː/ ; 28 October 1903 - 10 April 1966 ) was an English writer of novels , biographies , and travel books ; he was also a prolific journalist and book reviewer . His most famous works include the early satires Decline and Fall ( 1928 ) and A Handful of Dust ( 1934 ) , the novel Brideshead Revisited ( 1945 ) , and the Second World War trilogy Sword of Honour ( 1952-1961 ) . He is recognised as one of the great prose stylists of the English language in the 20th century . Waugh was the son of a publisher , educated at Lancing College and then at Hertford College , Oxford . He worked briefly as a schoolmaster before he became a full-time writer . As a young man , he acquired many fashionable and aristocratic friends and developed a taste for country house society . He travelled extensively in the 1930s , often as a special newspaper correspondent ; he reported from Abyssinia at the time of the 1935 Italian invasion . He served in the British armed forces throughout the Second World War , first in the Royal Marines and then in the Royal Horse Guards . He was a perceptive writer who used the experiences and the wide range of people whom he encountered in his works of fiction , generally to humorous effect . Waugh 's detachment was such that he fictionalised his own mental breakdown which occurred in the early 1950s . Waugh converted to Catholicism in 1930 after his first marriage failed . His traditionalist stance led him to strongly oppose all attempts to reform the Church , and the changes by the Second Vatican Council ( 1962-65 ) greatly disturbed his sensibilities , especially the introduction of the vernacular Mass ." } ] }, { "value": "Sebastian Flyte 's teddy bear", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Teddy_bear", "summary": "A teddy bear is a stuffed toy in the form of a bear . Developed apparently simultaneously by toymakers Morris Michtom in the U.S. and Richard Steiff in Germany in the early years of the 20th century , and named after President Theodore Teddy Roosevelt , the teddy bear became an iconic children 's toy , celebrated in story , song , and film . Since the creation of the first teddy bears which sought to imitate the form of real bear cubs , teddies have greatly varied in form , style , color , and material . They have become collector 's items , with older and rarer teddies appearing at public auctions . Teddy bears are among the most popular gifts for children and are often given to adults to signify love , congratulations , or sympathy ." } ] }, { "value": "Baloo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Baloo", "summary": "Baloo ( /bəˈluː/ , from Hindi : भालू bhālū bear ) is a main fictional character featured in Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book from 1894 and The Second Jungle Book from 1895 . Baloo , a sloth bear , is the strict teacher of the cubs of the Seeonee wolf pack . His most challenging pupil is the man-cub Mowgli . Baloo and Bagheera , a panther , save Mowgli from Shere Khan the tiger , and endeavor to teach Mowgli the Law of the Jungle in many of The Jungle Book stories ." } ] }, { "value": "The Jungle Book , The Second Jungle Book", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Jungle_Book", "summary": "The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling . Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear , though a principal character is the boy or man-cub Mowgli , who is raised in the jungle by wolves . The stories are set in a forest in India ; one place mentioned repeatedly is Seonee ( Seoni ) , in the central state of Madhya Pradesh . A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering , as in the life of Mowgli , echoing Kipling 's own childhood . The theme is echoed in the triumph of protagonists including Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal over their enemies , as well as Mowgli 's . Another important theme is of law and freedom ; the stories are not about animal behaviour , still less about the Darwinian struggle for survival , but about human archetypes in animal form . They teach respect for authority , obedience , and knowing one 's place in society with the law of the jungle , but the stories also illustrate the freedom to move between different worlds , such as when Mowgli moves between the jungle and the village . Critics have also noted the essential wildness and lawless energies in the stories , reflecting the irresponsible side of human nature . The Jungle Book has remained popular , partly through its many adaptations for film and other media . Critics such as Swati Singh have noted that even critics wary of Kipling for his supposed imperialism have admired the power of his storytelling . The book has been influential in the scout movement , whose founder , Robert Baden-Powell , was a friend of Kipling 's . Percy Grainger composed his Jungle Book Cycle around quotations from the book ." }, { "url": "/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book", "summary": "The Second Jungle Book is a sequel to The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling . First published in 1895 , it features five stories about Mowgli and three unrelated stories , all but one set in India , most of which Kipling wrote while living in Vermont . All of the stories were previously published in magazines in 1894-5 , often under different titles . The 1994 film The Jungle Book used it as a source ." } ] }, { "value": "Rudyard Kipling", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling", "summary": "Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( /ˈrʌdjərd/ RUD-yərd ; 30 December 1865 - 18 January 1936 ) was an English journalist , short-story writer , poet , and novelist . He was born in India , which inspired much of his work . Kipling 's works of fiction include The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) , Kim ( 1901 ) , and many short stories , including The Man Who Would Be King ( 1888 ) . His poems include Mandalay ( 1890 ) , Gunga Din ( 1890 ) , The Gods of the Copybook Headings ( 1919 ) , The White Man 's Burden ( 1899 ) , and If - ( 1910 ) . He is seen as an innovator in the art of the short story . His children 's books are classics ; one critic noted a versatile and luminous narrative gift . Kipling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was among the United Kingdom 's most popular writers . Henry James said , Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius , as distinct from fine intelligence , that I have ever known . In 1907 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , as the first English-language writer to receive the prize , and at 41 , its youngest recipient to date . He was also sounded for the British Poet Laureateship and several times for a knighthood , but declined both . Following his death in 1936 , his ashes were interred at Poets ' Corner , part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey . Kipling 's subsequent reputation has changed with the political and social climate of the age ." } ] }, { "value": "A sloth bear who is Mowgli 's mentor and friend", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bear", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Franklin", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Franklin_the_Turtle_(books)", "summary": "Franklin the Turtle is a Canadian children 's book franchise . All of the books in the original series were authored by Paulette Bourgeois and illustrated by Brenda Clark . The book series has been adapted twice into television series : the 1997 animated series Franklin and its 2011 CGI-animated series , Franklin and Friends . The first books in the Franklin and Friends series were adapted by Harry Endrulat , while later books were adapted by Caitlin Drake Smith . Actors like Noah Reid , Leah Renee , and Elizabeth Saunders played roles in the television show ." } ] }, { "value": "Paulette Bourgeois", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Paulette_Bourgeois", "summary": "Paulette Bourgeois , CM ( born July 20 , 1951 ) is a Canadian writer best known for creating Franklin the Turtle , the character who appears in picture books illustrated by Toronto native Brenda Clark . The books have sold more than 60 million copies around the world and have been translated into 38 languages . An animated television series , merchandise , DVDs and full-feature movies are based on the character ." } ] }, { "value": "A brown bear who is Franklin 's best friend", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bear", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Honey and Bear Stories", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ursula Dubosarsky", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ursula_Dubosarsky", "summary": "Ursula Dubosarsky ( born Ursula Coleman , Sydney , 1961 ) is an Australian writer of fiction and non-fiction for children and young adults , whose work is characterised by a child 's vision and voice of both clarity and ambiguity . She has won nine national literary prizes , including five New South Wales Premier 's Literary Awards , more than any other writer in the Awards ' 30-year history . She was appointed the Australian Children 's Laureate for 2020-2021 . She is the author of illustrated books and novels , and also three works of non-fiction about the English language , grammar and etymology for children , featuring a character known as The Word Spy . These Word Spy books , illustrated by Tohby Riddle , have won the New South Wales Premier 's Literary Award , the Children 's Book Council of Australia Junior Judges ' Award and Book of the Year Award . In the United States and Canada The Word Spy is published under the title The Word Snoop . Her novel The Red Shoe is included in 1001 Children 's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up and is one of 200 significant works of Australian literature in the Copyright Agency 's Reading Australia program . Three of her books have been adapted for theatre - The Red Shoe , The Terrible Plop and Too Many Elephants In This House . In 2014 , the annual Christmas Windows of the department store David Jones were based on her story Reindeer 's Christmas Surprise . In 2018 the National Library of Australia published Midnight At the Library , illustrated by Ron Brooks , to help celebrate the Library 's 50-year anniversary . She is the third child of Peter Coleman and Verna Susannah Coleman . Her name was suggested by the character of Ursula Brangwen in the 1915 novel The Rainbow by D.H. Lawrence ." } ] }, { "value": "Bear lives with the little bird Honey , a silvereye , native to Australia", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Silvereye", "summary": "The silvereye or wax-eye ( Zosterops lateralis ) is a very small omnivorous passerine bird of the south-west Pacific . In Australia and New Zealand its common name is sometimes white-eye , but this name is more commonly used to refer to all members of the genus Zosterops , or the entire family Zosteropidae . In New Zealand , the silvereye was first recorded in 1832 . It arrived in greater numbers in 1856 , and it is assumed that a migrating flock was swept eastwards by a storm . As an apparently self-introduced bird it is protected as a native New Zealand species . Its Māori name , tauhou , means stranger or more literally , new arrival ." } ] }, { "value": "Bear", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bear", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bear_(novel)", "summary": "Bear is a novel by Canadian author Marian Engel , published in 1976 . It won the Governor General 's Literary Award the same year . It is Engel 's fifth novel , and her most famous . The story tells of a lonely librarian in northern Ontario who enters into a sexual relationship with a bear . The book has been called the most controversial novel ever written in Canada ." } ] }, { "value": "Marian Engel", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marian_Engel", "summary": "Marian Ruth Engel , OC , ( née Passmore ; May 24 , 1933 - February 16 , 1985 ) was a Canadian novelist and a founding member of the Writers ' Union of Canada . Her most famous and controversial novel was Bear ( 1976 ) , a tale of erotic love between a librarian and a bear ." } ] }, { "value": "The titular unnamed bear whose relationship with a librarian is the subject of the novel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bear Family", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Berenstain Bears", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Berenstain_Bears", "summary": "The Berenstain Bears is a children 's literature franchise created by Stan and Jan Berenstain and continued by their son , Mike Berenstain , who assumed partial authorship in 2002 , and full authorship in 2012 following Jan 's death . The books feature a family of anthropomorphic grizzly bears who generally learn a moral or safety-related lesson in the course of each story . Since the 1962 debut of the first Berenstain Bears book , The Big Honey Hunt , the series has grown to over 300 titles , which have sold approximately 260 million copies in 23 languages . The Berenstain Bears franchise has also expanded well beyond the books , encompassing two television series and a wide variety of other products and licenses . While enjoying decades of popularity and receiving numerous awards , the series has been criticized for its perceived saccharine tone and formulaic storytelling ." } ] }, { "value": "Stan and Jan Berenstain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Stan_and_Jan_Berenstain", "summary": "Stanley Melvin Berenstain ( September 29 , 1923 - November 26 , 2005 ) and Janice Marian Berenstain ( née Grant ; July 26 , 1923 - February 24 , 2012 ) were American writers and illustrators best known for creating the children 's book series The Berenstain Bears . Both Stan and Jan were born and raised in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Jan attended Radnor High School in Radnor , Pennsylvania . Stan was Jewish and Jan was Episcopalian . They were married for 59 years until Stan 's death in 2005 ." } ] }, { "value": "The Family consists of Father Bear , Mother Bear , Brother Bear , Sister Bear and eventually Honey Bear", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ben", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_Grizzly_Adams", "summary": "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams is a 1974 independent feature film inspired by a 1972 historical fiction novella written by Charles E. Sellier Jr . The film 's popularity led to an NBC television series of the same name . The title character , played by Dan Haggerty , was loosely based on California mountain man James Grizzly Adams ( 1812-1860 ) . The film and TV series portrayed the fictional Grizzly Adams as a frontier woodsman who fled into the mountains after he was wrongly accused of murder . While struggling to survive , Adams saves an orphaned grizzly bear cub he adopts and names Ben . The bear , while growing to its huge adult size , becomes Adams ' closest companion . Consistently kind and gentle , Adams discovers and demonstrates an uncanny ability to gain the trust of most of the indigenous wildlife of the region , and he helps , sometimes rescues , takes in and tames many species . Originally a hunter , with his learned affection for wildlife Adams resolves never to harm another animal whenever possible . In the television series , Adams had two human friends , an old mountain man trader named Mad Jack played by Denver Pyle who was often featured with his mule ( Number Seven ) , and a Native American by the name of Nakoma played by Don Shanks . Adams , Mad Jack , and Nakoma helped myriad mountain visitors while protecting wildlife at the same time . NBC aired the series finale on February 21 , 1982 by way of a two-hour TV movie called The Capture of Grizzly Adams where a bounty hunter used Adams ' daughter , who was not seen or mentioned since the 1974 film , in a kidnap-extortion ploy to lure the fugitive mountain man back to civilization . In the end Adams proves his innocence ." } ] }, { "value": "Charles Sellier", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Charles_Sellier", "summary": "Charles Edward Sellier Jr. ( November 9 , 1943 - January 31 , 2011 ) was an American television producer , screenwriter , novelist and director , best known for creating the American book and television series The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams . He was also known for directing the notorious Christmas themed slasher film Silent Night , Deadly Night He also wrote and produced more than thirty films and 230 television shows during his career , which spanned four decades ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Big Double", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Little Tricker the Squirrel Meets Big Double the Bear", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Ken Kesey Barry Moser", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Ken_Kesey", "summary": "Kenneth Elton Kesey ( /ˈkiːziː/ ; September 17 , 1935 - November 10 , 2001 ) was an American novelist , essayist , and countercultural figure . He considered himself a link between the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the hippies of the 1960s . Kesey was born in La Junta , Colorado , and grew up in Springfield , Oregon , graduating from the University of Oregon in 1957 . He began writing One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest in 1960 following the completion of a graduate fellowship in creative writing at Stanford University ; the novel was an immediate commercial and critical success when published two years later . During this period , Kesey participated in government studies involving hallucinogenic drugs ( including mescaline and LSD ) to supplement his income . Following the publication of One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , he moved to nearby La Honda , California , and began hosting happenings with former colleagues from Stanford , miscellaneous bohemian and literary figures ( most notably Neal Cassady ) , and other friends collectively known as the Merry Pranksters ; these parties , known as Acid Tests , integrated the consumption of LSD with multimedia performances . He mentored the Grateful Dead ( the de facto house band of the Acid Tests ) throughout their incipience and continued to exert a profound influence upon the group throughout their long career . Sometimes a Great Notion - an epic account of the vicissitudes of an Oregon logging family that aspired to the modernist grandeur of William Faulkner 's Yoknapatawpha saga - was a commercial success that polarized critics and readers upon its release in 1964 , although Kesey regarded the novel as his magnum opus . In 1965 , following an arrest for marijuana possession and subsequent faked suicide , Kesey was imprisoned for five months . Shortly thereafter , he returned home to the Willamette Valley and settled in Pleasant Hill , Oregon , where he maintained a secluded , family-oriented lifestyle for the rest of his life . In addition to teaching at the University of Oregon - an experience that culminated in Caverns ( 1989 ) , a collaborative novel written by Kesey and his graduate workshop students under the pseudonym of O.U . Levon - he continued to regularly contribute fiction and reportage to such publications as Esquire , Rolling Stone , Oui , Running , and The Whole Earth Catalog ; various iterations of these pieces were collected in Kesey 's Garage Sale ( 1973 ) and Demon Box ( 1986 ) ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Barry_Moser", "summary": "Barry Moser ( born 1940 ) is an artist , known as a printmaker and illustrator of numerous works of literature . He is also the owner , operator , and proprietor of Pennyroyal Press ." } ] }, { "value": "An obese grizzly bear , who is the main antagonist . He terrorizes the animals of Topple 's Bottom just by eating them all up in one single solitary operation , until he gets outmatched by Little Tricker the Squirrel", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bluebear", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The 13 1/2 Lives of Captain Bluebear", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_13½_Lives_of_Captain_Bluebear", "summary": "The 13​1⁄2 Lives of Captain Bluebear is a 1999 fantasy novel by German writer and cartoonist Walter Moers which details the numerous lives of a human-sized bear with blue fur . The captain 's name is originally a pun in German , based upon the fact that the German words for bears ( Bären ) and berries ( Beeren ) sound very much alike , whereas Blaubeere ( lit . blueberry ) is actually the German word for bilberry ( a number of other German cartoonists have made similar puns relating to bear names in their stories , including Rötger Feldmann aka Brösel ) , that a typical sailorish sailor is called an ( old ) seabear , and that sailors are prejudiced to be quite often blue , i.e . drunk . The novel was originally written in German , an English translation was published in the United Kingdom in 2000 and in the United States in 2005 , an Italian translation in 2000 , a Chinese translation in 2002 , and a French translation in 2005 . The novel attained considerable popularity in Germany and the United Kingdom while experiencing relative obscurity in the United States ." } ] }, { "value": "Walter Moers", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Walter_Moers", "summary": "Walter Moers ( born 24 May 1957 in Mönchengladbach ) is a German comic creator and author ." } ] }, { "value": "A Chromabear living in Zamonia who has many adventures . He is intelligent and amiable", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Br'er Bear", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Br'er_Bear", "summary": "Br'er Fox and Br'er Bear ( also spelled Brer Fox and Brer Bear , /ˈbrɛər/ ) are fictional characters from the Uncle Remus folktales adapted and compiled by Joel Chandler Harris . In the animated sequences of the 1946 Walt Disney-produced film Song of the South like in the tales , Brer Fox is the stories ' antagonist , while Brer Bear is his dim-witted henchman . Brer Fox was voiced by actor James Baskett , who also portrayed the live-action character Uncle Remus , and Brer Bear was voiced by Nick Stewart . In later appearances of the characters , the two were voiced by Jess Harnell and James Avery . In contrast to the earlier illustrations of Frederick S. Church , A . B . Frost , and E. W. Kemble , the Disney animators depict the characters in a more slapstick , cartoony style . The cult film Coonskin , directed by Ralph Bakshi , focuses on a trio of characters inspired by the original folktales . Br'er Rabbit , Br'er Bear and Br'er Fox ( renamed Preacher Fox in the film ) all appear , and the elements of the stories are moved to a then-contemporary urban setting ." } ] }, { "value": "Uncle Remus stories", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Uncle_Remus", "summary": "Uncle Remus is the fictional title character and narrator of a collection of black American folktales compiled and adapted by Joel Chandler Harris and published in book form in 1881 . Harris was a journalist in post-Reconstruction Atlanta , and he produced seven Uncle Remus books . He wrote these stories to represent the struggle in the Southern United States , and more specifically in the plantations . He did so by introducing tales that he had heard and framing them in the plantation context . He wrote his stories in a dialect which represented the voice of the narrators and their subculture . For this choice of framing , his collection has encountered controversy ." } ] }, { "value": "Joel Chandler Harris", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Joel_Chandler_Harris", "summary": "Joel Chandler Harris ( December 9 , 1848 - July 3 , 1908 ) was an American journalist , fiction writer , and folklorist best known for his collection of Uncle Remus stories . Harris was born in Eatonton , Georgia , where he served as an apprentice on a plantation during his teenage years . He spent most of his adult life in Atlanta working as an associate editor at the Atlanta Constitution . Harris led two professional lives : as the editor and journalist known as Joe Harris , he supported a vision of the New South with the editor Henry W. Grady ( 1880-1889 ) , stressing regional and racial reconciliation after the Reconstruction era . As Joel Chandler Harris , fiction writer and folklorist , he wrote many 'Brer Rabbit ' stories from the African-American oral tradition and helped to revolutionize literature in the process ." } ] }, { "value": "A slow witted bear working with Br'er Fox to capture and eat Br'er Rabbit", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Corduroy", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Corduroy", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Corduroy_(book)", "summary": "Corduroy is a 1968 children 's book written and illustrated by Don Freeman , and published by Viking Press . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children . It was one of the Top 100 Picture Books of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal ." } ] }, { "value": "Don Freeman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Don_Freeman", "summary": "Don Freeman ( August 11 , 1908 - January 1 , 1978 ) was an American painter , printmaker , cartoonist , and an illustrator and writer of children 's books . He was active from the 1930s to the 1970s and often used Times Square as the backdrop of his memorable works ." } ] }, { "value": "A teddy bear who hopes to be owned by a girl named Lisa", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gentle Ben", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Gentle Ben", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gentle_Ben", "summary": "Gentle Ben is a bear character created by author Walt Morey and first introduced in a 1965 children 's novel , Gentle Ben . The original novel told the story of the friendship between a large male bear named Ben and a boy named Mark . The story provided the basis for the 1967 film Gentle Giant ( 1967 ) , the popular late 1960s U.S. television series Gentle Ben , a 1980s animated cartoon and two early 2000s made-for-TV movies ." } ] }, { "value": "Walt Morey", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Walt_Morey", "summary": "Walter Walt Morey ( February 3 , 1907 - January 12 , 1992 ) , was an author of numerous works of children 's fiction , set in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Alaska , the places where Morey lived for all of his life . His book Gentle Ben was the basis for the 1967 movie Gentle Giant and the 1967-1969 television show Gentle Ben . He wrote a total of 17 published books , most of which involve as a central plot element the relationship between man and animals . Many of his works involve survival stories , or people going into the wild to discover themselves ; redemption through nature is a common theme of Morey 's works ." } ] }, { "value": "A grizzly bear in the book , though the TV series and movies make him a black bear", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Harvey", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A Father 's Day Thank You", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/A_Father's_Day_Thank_You", "summary": "A Father 's Day Thank You is a 2007 children 's picture book by Janet Nolan and illustrated by Kathi Ember . It is about Harvey , a bear cub , who , unlike his siblings , does not know what to give his dad for Father 's Day until receiving all sorts of help from him comes up with a card of appreciation ." } ] }, { "value": "Janet Nolan", "urls": [] }, { "value": "A bear cub who gives a thankyou card to his dad", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Iorek Byrnison", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/List_of_His_Dark_Materials_characters", "summary": "This is a list of characters from the two Philip Pullman trilogies , His Dark Materials andThe Book of Dust ." } ] }, { "value": "His Dark Materials", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/His_Dark_Materials", "summary": "His Dark Materials is a trilogy of fantasy novels by Philip Pullman consisting of Northern Lights ( 1995 ) ( published as The Golden Compass in North America ) , The Subtle Knife ( 1997 ) , and The Amber Spyglass ( 2000 ) . It follows the coming of age of two children , Lyra Belacqua and Will Parry , as they wander through a series of parallel universes . The novels have won a number of awards , including the Carnegie Medal in 1995 for Northern Lights and the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year for The Amber Spyglass . In 2003 , the trilogy was ranked third on the BBCs The Big Read poll . Although His Dark Materials has been marketed as young adult fiction , Pullman wrote with no target audience in mind . The fantasy elements include witches and armoured polar bears ; the trilogy also alludes to concepts from physics , philosophy , and theology . It functions in part as a retelling and inversion of John Milton 's epic Paradise Lost , with Pullman commending humanity for what Milton saw as its most tragic failing , original sin . The series has attracted controversy for its criticism of religion . The London Royal National Theatre staged a two-part adaptation of the series in 2003-2004 . New Line Cinema released a film adaptation of Northern Lights , The Golden Compass , in 2007 . A BBC television series based on the novels commenced broadcast in November 2019 . Pullman followed the trilogy with two novellas set in the Northern Lights universe ; Lyra 's Oxford ( 2003 ) and Once Upon a Time in the North ( 2008 ) ." } ] }, { "value": "Philip Pullman", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Philip_Pullman", "summary": "Sir Philip Pullman , CBE , FRSL ( born 19 October 1946 ) is an English novelist . He is the author of several best-selling books , including the fantasy trilogy His Dark Materials and the fictionalised biography of Jesus , The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ . In 2008 , The Times named Pullman one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945 . In a 2004 poll for the BBC , Pullman was named the eleventh most influential person in British culture . He was knighted in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to literature . Northern Lights , the first volume of Pullman 's His Dark Materials trilogy , won the 1995 Carnegie Medal from the Library Association , recognising the year 's outstanding English-language children 's book . For the 70th anniversary of the medal it was named one of the top ten winning works by a panel assembled to compose the ballot for a public election of the all-time favourite . It won the public vote from that shortlist and was thus named the all-time Carnegie of Carnegies in June 2007 . It was adapted as a film under the book 's US title , The Golden Compass . In 2003 , His Dark Materials trilogy was ranked third in the BBC 's The Big Read , a poll of the Top 200 novels voted by the British public ." } ] }, { "value": "A male armored polar bear . An honorable friend to Lyra and the rightful king of Svalbard", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Issi Noho", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Issi Noho", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Issi_Noho", "summary": "Issi Noho is the eponymous main character in a series of books and children 's television programmes created , written and narrated by author Keith Chatfield . Issi Noho was originally published by Heinemann and Piccolo , and 52 episodes of the television programme were produced for Thames Television between 1974 and 1978 ." } ] }, { "value": "Keith Chatfield", "urls": [] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Lars", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Little Polar Bear", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Little_Polar_Bear", "summary": "The Little Polar Bear ( in Dutch : Lars de kleine ijsbeer ) is a franchise about a polar bear cub named Lars who first starred in a number of books written by Dutch author , Hans de Beer . The first of several animated adaptations of the books is a Japanese original video animation , released on April 28 , 1990 , with animation production by I.G Tatsunoko ( now known as Production I.G ) . It later became an animated TV series for BBC TV , Lars , der kleine Eisbär , in the 1990s . The show proved to be popular in Germany , but its English-dubbed version ( titled The Little Polar Bear ) had also gained a cult following with UK viewers . The show was later revived between 2001 and 2003 . For its first film , subtitled Der Kinofilm , Warner Bros. and animation studio Rothkirch Cartoon Film bought the rights to adapt the children 's books into a feature-length film , released in 2001 . Following the success of the feature , several direct-to-video features were released , one of the new characters included was a tiger cub . In 2005 , another film , The Little Polar Bear 2 : The Mysterious Island ( German : Der kleine Eisbär 2 : Die geheimnisvolle Insel ) was released and also proved successful . The score to The Little Polar Bear ( 1 ) was composed by Nigel Clarke & Michael Csanyi-Wills and recorded by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London and was nominated for several awards ." } ] }, { "value": "Hans de Beer", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Adapted into a TV Series for BBC in 1990s and four films by Warner Bros", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Little Bear", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Little Bear", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Little_Bear_(book)", "summary": "Little Bear is a series of children 's books , primarily involving the interaction of Little Bear ( a small cub ) and Mother Bear ( his mother ) , written by Else Holmelund Minarik and illustrated by Maurice Sendak . Initially , the stories were simple , but eventually became more sophisticated in subsequent books as the plot and characters expanded . The first four Little Bear books consist of four stories , each of which involves Little Bear and a slowly expanding cast of support characters , each named after their respective species . The Little Bear character and his immediate family display many bear-like characteristics and mannerisms , but only on occasion . They live in a culture and technology which seems to be the woodland equivalent of a Little House on the Prairie setting , but with richer items . Little Bear is depicted as friendly and adventurous with his animal friends . This series of books went on to spawn a TV series , Little Bear , including specials and a feature length direct-to-video release , the movie entitled The Little Bear Movie . The series was produced by Nelvana and starred Kristin Fairlie as the voice of Little Bear . The five original Little Bear books were illustrated by Maurice Sendak . In 2010 , two years before her death , Minarik published a sixth book , Little Bear and the Marco Polo , which was illustrated by Dorothy Doubleday ." } ] }, { "value": "Else Holmelund Minarik", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Else_Holmelund_Minarik", "summary": "Else Holmelund Minarik ( September 13 , 1920 - July 12 , 2012 ) was an American author of more than 40 children 's books . She was most commonly associated with her Little Bear series of children 's books , which were adapted for television . Minarik was also the author of another well-known book , No Fighting , No Biting !" } ] }, { "value": "Illustrated by Maurice Sendak and adapted into a TV Series by Nelvana", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Maurice_Sendak", "summary": "Maurice Bernard Sendak ( /ˈsɛndæk/ ; June 10 , 1928 - May 8 , 2012 ) was an American illustrator and writer of children 's books . He became widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are , first published in 1963 . Born to Polish-Jewish parents , his childhood was affected by the death of many of his family members during the Holocaust . Sendak also wrote works such as In the Night Kitchen , Outside Over There , and illustrated many works by other authors including the Little Bear books by Else Holmelund Minarik ." }, { "url": "/wiki/Nelvana", "summary": "Nelvana Enterprises , Inc. ( previously known as Nelvana Ltd. ) is a Canadian animation studio and children 's media company owned by Corus Entertainment . Founded in 1971 , it was named by founders Michael Hirsh , Patrick Loubert and Clive A. Smith after a Canadian comic book superheroine created by Adrian Dingle in the 1940s . The company 's production logo is a polar bear looking at the North Star . Most of its films , shows and specials are based on licensed properties , mainly children 's literature , but original programming is also part of its roster such as Corn & Peg . It ventured into the world of live action from its establishment and continues to do so . Nelvana also distributes internationally two Nickelodeon shows : Taina and the first five seasons of The Fairly OddParents . As of 2001 [ update ] , its library comprises more than 1,650 cumulative half-hours of original programming . The company has international offices in France , Ireland and Japan ." } ] }, { "value": "Mary Plain", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mary Plain", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Mary_Plain", "summary": "Mary Plain is a fictional bear character in British children 's literature who figures in a series of novels based on her adventures . The character was created by the Welsh author Gwynedd Rae and first appeared in the book Mostly Mary in 1930 . The last original book , Mary Plain 's Whodunnit , was published in 1965 . The books were reissued as paperbacks in the 1970s , and new editions of Mostly Mary and All Mary were published in the 1990s . In 2017 , further editions of four of the books were issued by Egmont ." } ] }, { "value": "Gwynedd Rae", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Gwynedd_Rae", "summary": "Gwynedd Rae ( b 23 July 1892 Gipsy Hill , Norwood , Surrey - d 14 November 1977 Tott Close , Burwash , Sussex aged 85 ) , daughter of George Bentham Rae , stockbroker b Birkenhead 1846 and Mary Victoria Rae b San Francisco 1858 , was the author of children 's books about a bear called Mary Plain . Her stories were read on BBC Radio Children 's Hour in the 1930s and by Richard Briers on BBC TV 's Jackanory in 1969 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Misha", "urls": [] }, { "value": "The Foundation Pit", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/The_Foundation_Pit", "summary": "The Foundation Pit ( Russian : Котлован , kotlovan ) is a gloomy symbolic and semi-satirical novel by Andrei Platonov . The plot of the novel concerns a group of workers living in the early Soviet Union . They attempt to dig out a huge foundation pit on the base of which a gigantic house will be built for the country 's proletarians . The workers dig each day but slowly cease to understand the meaning of their work . The enormous foundation pit sucks out all of their physical and mental energy . In terms of creative works , Platonov depicted one of the first state-controlled dystopias of the 20th century . The novel is often compared to George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four and Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World . However , both English novels were published long before a translation of The Foundation Pit became available . [ citation needed ] Platonov 's work is a representation of the conflict that arose between Russian individuals and the increasingly collectivized Soviet state in the late 1920s . The Foundation Pit critiques Joseph Stalin 's domestic policies and questions the validity of any regime advocating the belief that the only existence a person can have is being one part of a whole . [ citation needed ] Finished in 1930 , the novel was not published in the Soviet Union until 1987 due to censorship ." } ] }, { "value": "Andrei Platonov", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andrei_Platonov", "summary": "Andrei Platonov ( Russian : Андре́й Плато́нов , IPA : [ ɐnˈdrʲej pɫɐˈtonəf ] ; 28 August [ O.S . 16 August ] 1899 - 5 January 1951 ) was the pen name of Andrei Platonovich Klimentov ( Russian : Андре́й Плато́нович Климе́нтов ) , a Soviet Russian writer , philosopher , playwright , and poet , whose works anticipate existentialism . Although Platonov was a Communist , most of his works were banned in his own lifetime for their skeptical attitude toward collectivization and other Stalinist policies , as well as for its experimental , avant-garde form . His famous works include the novels The Foundation Pit ( Котлован ) and Chevengur ( Чевенгур ) . New York Review Books Classics issued a collection of short stories , including his most famous story , The Potudan River , with an introduction by Tatyana Tolstaya , in 2000 . New York Review Books reissued a collection of Platonov 's work including the novella Soul ( Dzhan ) , the short story The Return , and six other stories in 2007 . This was followed by a reissue of The Foundation Pit in 2009 , and Happy Moscow , an unfinished novel that was left unpublished in Platonov 's lifetime , in 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Mister Bultitude", "urls": [] }, { "value": "That Hideous Strength", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/That_Hideous_Strength", "summary": "That Hideous Strength ( subtitled A Modern Fairy-Tale for Grown-Ups ) is a 1945 novel by C. S. Lewis , the final book in Lewis 's theological science fiction Space Trilogy . The events of this novel follow those of Out of the Silent Planet and Perelandra ( also titled Voyage to Venus ) and once again feature the philologist Elwin Ransom . Yet unlike the principal events of those two novels , the story takes place on Earth rather than in space or on other planets in the solar system . The story involves an ostensibly scientific institute , the N.I.C.E. , which is a front for sinister supernatural forces . The novel was heavily influenced by the writing of Lewis 's friend and fellow Inkling Charles Williams , and is markedly dystopian in style . In the book 's preface Lewis acknowledges science-fiction writer Olaf Stapledon and his work : Mr. Stapledon is so rich in invention that he can well afford to lend , and I admire his invention ( though not his philosophy ) so much that I should feel no shame to borrow . In the foreword , Lewis states that the novel 's point is the same as that in his non-fiction work The Abolition of Man , which argues that there are natural laws and objective values , which education should teach children to recognise . The novel 's title is taken from a poem written by David Lyndsay in 1555 , Ane Dialog betuix Experience and ane Courteour , also known as The Monarche . The couplet in question , The shadow of that hyddeous strength , sax myle and more it is of length , refers to the Tower of Babel ." } ] }, { "value": "C. S. Lewis", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/C._S._Lewis", "summary": "Clive Staples Lewis ( 29 November 1898 - 22 November 1963 ) was a British writer and lay theologian . He held academic positions in English literature at both Oxford University ( Magdalen College , 1925-1954 ) and Cambridge University ( Magdalene College , 1954-1963 ) . He is best known for his works of fiction , especially The Screwtape Letters , The Chronicles of Narnia , and The Space Trilogy , and for his non-fiction Christian apologetics , such as Mere Christianity , Miracles , and The Problem of Pain . Lewis and fellow novelist J. R. R. Tolkien were close friends . They both served on the English faculty at Oxford University and were active in the informal Oxford literary group known as the Inklings . According to Lewis 's memoir Surprised by Joy , he was baptised in the Church of Ireland , but fell away from his faith during adolescence . Lewis returned to Anglicanism at the age of 32 , owing to the influence of Tolkien and other friends , and he became an ordinary layman of the Church of England . Lewis 's faith profoundly affected his work , and his wartime radio broadcasts on the subject of Christianity brought him wide acclaim . Lewis wrote more than 30 books which have been translated into more than 30 languages and have sold millions of copies . The books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia have sold the most and have been popularised on stage , TV , radio , and cinema . His philosophical writings are widely cited by Christian apologists from many denominations . In 1956 , Lewis married American writer Joy Davidman ; she died of cancer four years later at the age of 45 ." } ] }, { "value": "The Great Bear of Logres , resident at St. Anne 's", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Logres", "summary": "Logres ( also Logris or Loegria ) is King Arthur 's realm in the Matter of Britain . It derives from the medieval Welsh word Lloegyr , a name of uncertain origin referring to England ( Lloegr in modern Welsh ) . In Arthurian contexts , Logres is often used to describe the Brittonic territory roughly corresponding to the borders of England before the area was taken by the Anglo-Saxons . According to Geoffrey of Monmouth 's influential pseudohistory Historia Regum Britanniae , the realm was named after the legendary king Locrinus , the oldest son of Brutus of Troy . In his Historia , Geoffrey uses the word Loegria to describe a province containing most of England excluding Cornwall and possibly Northumberland , as in this example from section iv.20 ( from the Puffin Classics translation by Lewis Thorpe ) :" } ] } ], "section_title": "Literature", "section_text": "", "uid": "List_of_fictional_bears_3", "intro": "This is a list of fictional bears that appear in video games, film, television, animation, comics and literature. This also includes pandas, but not the unrelated red panda species. The list is limited to notable, named characters. This list is a subsidiary to the List of fictional animals article." }

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIBA_Under-17_World_Championship_squads", "title": "2010 FIBA Under-17 World Championship squads", "header": [ "#", "Pos", "Name", "DoB/Age", "Height", "Club" ], "data": [ { "value": "4", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guard", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Quinn Cook", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Quinn_Cook", "summary": "Quinn Alexander Cook ( born March 23 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils and was one of the top rated basketball recruits in the class of 2011 . Cook won an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors in 2018 . He has also played for the Dallas Mavericks and the New Orleans Pelicans ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-03-23 ) 23 March 1993 ( aged 17 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.86 metres ( 6.1 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "DeMatha Catholic High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/DeMatha_Catholic_High_School", "summary": "DeMatha Catholic High School , named after John of Matha , is a four-year Catholic high school for boys located in Hyattsville , Maryland , United States . A member of the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference , DeMatha is under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington ." } ] }, { "value": "5", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guard", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Anthony Wroten", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Anthony_Wroten", "summary": "Tony LeonDre Wroten Jr. ( born April 13 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Joventut Badalona of the Liga ACB . He played college basketball for the Washington Huskies , where he was a first-team all-conference selection in the Pac-12 before being drafted by the Memphis Grizzlies with the 25th overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-04-13 ) 13 April 1993 ( aged 17 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.96 metres ( 6.4 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Garfield High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Garfield_High_School_(Seattle,_Washington)", "summary": "James A. Garfield High School is a public high school in the Seattle Public Schools district of Seattle , Washington , United States . Located along 23rd Avenue between E. Alder and E. Jefferson Streets in Seattle 's urban Central District , Garfield draws students from all over the city . Garfield is also one of two options for the district 's Highly Capable Cohort for academically highly gifted students , with the other being Ingraham International School . As a result , it has many college-level classes available ranging from calculus-based physics to Advanced Placement ( AP ) studio art ." } ] }, { "value": "6", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guard", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Marquis Teague", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Marquis_Teague", "summary": "Marquis Devante Teague ( born February 28 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Memphis Hustle of the NBA G League . He was one of the top-rated high school basketball players in the class of 2011 ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-02-28 ) 28 February 1993 ( aged 17 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.89 metres ( 6.2 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Pike High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Pike_High_School", "summary": "Pike High School is a public high school on the northwest side of Indianapolis , Indiana ." } ] }, { "value": "7", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guard", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chasson Randle", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chasson_Randle", "summary": "Chasson Randle ( born February 5 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Stanford Cardinal . As a senior in 2014-15 , he was considered one of the top point guards in the country . Born in Rock Island , Illinois , Randle played basketball for Rock Island High School ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-02-05 ) 5 February 1993 ( aged 17 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.89 metres ( 6.2 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Rock Island High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Rock_Island_High_School", "summary": "Rock Island High School , also known as Rocky , is a public four-year high school located in Rock Island , Illinois , United States . Rocky is within the Rock Island-Milan School District No . 41 , and the school colors are crimson and gold ." } ] }, { "value": "8", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guard", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Bradley Beal", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Bradley_Beal", "summary": "Bradley Emmanuel Beal ( born June 28 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Florida Gators before being selected by the Wizards with the third overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft . He was selected in the 2013 NBA All-Rookie First Team , and is a two time All-Star ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-06-28 ) 28 June 1993 ( aged 17 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.91 metres ( 6.3 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Chaminade College Preparatory School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Chaminade_College_Preparatory_School_(Missouri)", "summary": "Chaminade College Preparatory School is an independent Roman Catholic school , of the Marianist Order , for boys in grades six through twelve in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis . The school is located in Creve Coeur , in west St. Louis County , Missouri . The school offers 7-day , 5-day , and temporary boarding . Students come from throughout the United States and from countries throughout the world . Canning Hall , the name of the dormitory , accommodates up to sixty-five residents . The school bears the name of Father William Joseph Chaminade , a priest who lived during the era of the French Revolution and who founded the religious order known as the Society of Mary ( Marianists ) . The school maintains an active relationship with the Society of Mary through governance structures and the employment of lay and religious Marianists and maintaining this charism ." } ] }, { "value": "9", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Michael Gilchrist", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Michael_Kidd-Gilchrist", "summary": "Michael Anthony Edward Kidd-Gilchrist ( né Gilchrist ; born September 26 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-09-26 ) 26 September 1993 ( aged 16 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.01 metres ( 6.6 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. Patrick High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Patrick_High_School_(New_Jersey)", "summary": "St. Patrick High School Academy was a co-educational four-year Catholic high school in Elizabeth , New Jersey , United States . The school operated under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark . The school was founded as a vocational school in 1863 as part of Saint Patrick 's Parish in Elizabeth , making it the oldest parochial high school in New Jersey . The school was closed in June 2012 by the Newark Archdiocese in the face of increasing costs and declining enrollment , though administrators and parents affiliated with the defunct school opened an independent non-denominational school located on Morris Avenue in Elizabeth called The Patrick School in September 2012 ." } ] }, { "value": "10", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guard/Forward", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Justin Anderson", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Justin_Anderson_(basketball)", "summary": "Justin Lamar Anderson ( born November 19 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Long Island Nets of the NBA G League . He played college basketball for the Virginia Cavaliers before being selected with the 21st overall pick in the 2015 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks . After one and a half seasons with the Mavericks , Anderson was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in February 2017 . In July 2018 , he was traded to the Atlanta Hawks ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-11-19 ) 19 November 1993 ( aged 16 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.99 metres ( 6.5 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Montrose Christian School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Montrose_Christian_School", "summary": "Montrose Christian School is a private Christian school in Rockville , Maryland , operated by the Montrose Baptist Church , Maryland 's second largest Southern Baptist church . It educates around 370 students . Its first Senior High School class graduated in 1986 ." } ] }, { "value": "11", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Guard/Forward", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Adonis Thomas", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Adonis_Thomas", "summary": "Adonis Michael Thomas ( born March 25 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Mineros de Zacatecas of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional ( LNBP ) . He played college basketball for the University of Memphis ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-03-25 ) 25 March 1993 ( aged 17 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "1.99 metres ( 6.5 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Melrose High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Melrose_High_School_(Memphis,_Tennessee)", "summary": "Melrose High School is a public high school located in Memphis , Tennessee , in the Orange Mound area , serving 1557 students in grades 9-12 . It is a part of the Shelby County Unified School District ." } ] }, { "value": "12", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [] }, { "value": "James Michael McAdoo", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/James_Michael_McAdoo", "summary": "James Michael Ray McAdoo ( born January 4 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Partizan of the ABA League and the EuroCup . He played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels , and twice earned second-team all-conference honors in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . He won two NBA championships with the Golden State Warriors ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-01-04 ) 4 January 1993 ( aged 17 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.03 metres ( 6.7 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Norfolk Christian Schools", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Norfolk_Christian_Schools", "summary": "Founded in 1952 , Norfolk Christian Schools ( NCS ) is a private , coeducational Christian day school serving Grades K3 through 12 . The school is recognized by the Virginia State Board of Education as an accredited school and is accredited by the Virginia Association of Independent Schools , and Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The schools three campuses ( two in Norfolk and one in Virginia Beach ) serve the major Hampton Roads cities of Norfolk , Virginia Beach , Chesapeake , Portsmouth , and Suffolk . Athletically , Norfolk Christian is a member of the Tidewater Conference of Independent Schools and the Virginia Independent Schools Athletic Association ." } ] }, { "value": "13", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Forward", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Johnny O'Bryant", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Johnny_O'Bryant", "summary": "Johnny Lee O'Bryant III ( born June 1 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Lokomotiv Kuban of the VTB United League . He played college basketball for Louisiana State University ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-06-01 ) 1 June 1993 ( aged 17 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.09 metres ( 6.9 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "East Side High School", "urls": [] }, { "value": "14", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Center", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Tony Parker", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Tony_Parker_(basketball,_born_1993)", "summary": "Virgil Anthony Parker ( born September 18 , 1993 ) is an American basketball player who last played for the Aguacateros de Michoacán of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional ( LNBP ) . He played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins at both the center and power forward positions . He has also played for the Iowa Wolves of the NBA G League . As a high school player in Georgia , Parker won four consecutive state championships and was named the top player in the state . He also earned national All-American honors . Parker joined UCLA in 2012 as part of the top recruiting class in the nation , and helped the school to three NCAA Tournaments , including consecutive Sweet 16 appearances in 2014 and 2015 . He became a starter in his junior year and finished his four-year college career ranked No . 6 in UCLA history in career games played . After graduating , he played in the G League before playing in Mexico ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-09-18 ) 18 September 1993 ( aged 16 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.03 metres ( 6.7 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Miller Grove High School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Miller_Grove_High_School_(Lithonia,_Georgia)", "summary": "Miller Grove High School is a senior high school in unincorporated DeKalb County , Georgia , near Lithonia . It is a part of the DeKalb County School District . As of 2017 [ update ] it is the largest high school facility in the district ." } ] }, { "value": "15", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Center", "urls": [] }, { "value": "Andre Drummond", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/Andre_Drummond", "summary": "Andre Jamal Drummond ( born August 10 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the first round of the 2012 NBA draft with the ninth overall pick . A two-time NBA All-Star , he has led the league in rebounding three times and also been named to the All-NBA Third Team . Drummond was one of the top-rated basketball players in the high school class of 2011 , and played one season of college basketball with the Connecticut Huskies before declaring for the draft . He was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team in 2013 , and was named an All-Star for the first time in 2016 . He has perennially been among the league leaders in rebounding . Drummond was a member of the 2014 US national team that won a gold medal in the FIBA Basketball World Cup ." } ] }, { "value": "( 1993-08-10 ) 10 August 1993 ( aged 16 )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "2.11 metres ( 6.9 ft )", "urls": [] }, { "value": "St. Thomas More School", "urls": [ { "url": "/wiki/St._Thomas_More_School_(Connecticut)", "summary": "St. Thomas More School is an all-male , private , Roman Catholic-affiliated Christian college-preparatory school in Oakdale , Connecticut , United States . The school serves grades 8-12 and postgraduate courses . It is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges and is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools ." } ] } ], "section_title": "Group A -- United States", "section_text": "Head coach : Don Showalter", "uid": "2010_FIBA_Under-17_World_Championship_squads_5", "intro": "Players' ages as of the tournament's opening day (2 July 2010)." }